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make a list of the gases present in the earth atmosphere	Major constituents of dry air , by volume Gas Volume Name Formula in ppmv in % Nitrogen 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 1.79 0.000179 Not included in above dry atmosphere : Water vapor H O 10 -- 50,000 0.001 % -- 5 % notes : volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only , also see volume ( thermodynamics ) ppmv : parts per million by volume Water vapor is about 0.25 % by mass over full atmosphere Water vapor strongly varies locally		Atmosphere of Earth	atmosphere of earth	The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases , commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth 's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth 's surface , absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ) , and reducing temperature extremes between day and night ( the diurnal temperature variation ) .	By volume , dry air contains 78.09 % nitrogen , 20.95 % oxygen , 0.93 % argon , 0.04 % carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases . Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1 % at sea level , and 0.4 % over the entire atmosphere . Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers , and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth 's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres . The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 × 10 kg , three quarters of which is within about 11 km ( 6.8 mi ; 36,000 ft ) of the surface . The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude , with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km ( 62 mi ) , or 1.57 % of Earth 's radius , is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space . Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km ( 75 mi ) . Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere , based on characteristics such as temperature and composition . The study of Earth 's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science ( aerology ) . Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Structure of the atmosphere 2.1 Principal layers 2.1. 1 Exosphere 2.1. 2 Thermosphere 2.1. 3 Mesosphere 2.1. 4 Stratosphere 2.1. 5 Troposphere 2.2 Other layers 3 Physical properties 3.1 Pressure and thickness 3.2 Temperature and speed of sound 3.3 Density and mass 4 Optical properties 4.1 Scattering 4.2 Absorption 4.3 Emission 4.4 Refractive index 5 Circulation 6 Evolution of Earth 's atmosphere 6.1 Earliest atmosphere 6.2 Second atmosphere 6.3 Third atmosphere 6.4 Air pollution 7 Images from space 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition Main article : Atmospheric chemistry Mean atmospheric water vapor The three major constituents of Earth 's atmosphere , are nitrogen , oxygen , and argon . Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25 % of the atmosphere by mass . The concentration of water vapor ( a greenhouse gas ) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5 % by volume in hot , humid air masses , and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air ( without water vapor ) . The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases , among which are the greenhouse gases , principally carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds . Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample , including dust of mineral and organic composition , pollen and spores , sea spray , and volcanic ash . Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols , such as chlorine ( elemental or in compounds ) , fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor . Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide ( SO ) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution . Major constituents of dry air , by volume Gas Volume Name Formula in ppmv in % Nitrogen 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 1.79 0.000179 Not included in above dry atmosphere : Water vapor H O 10 -- 50,000 0.001 % -- 5 % notes : volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only , also see volume ( thermodynamics ) ppmv : parts per million by volume Water vapor is about 0.25 % by mass over full atmosphere Water vapor strongly varies locally The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m ( 33,000 ft ) . Structure of the atmosphere Earth 's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase . Layers drawn to scale , objects within the layers are not to scale . Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer . Principal layers In general , air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere . However , temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude , and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions ( see the temperature section , below ) . Because the general pattern of the temperature / altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers . In this way , Earth 's atmosphere can be divided ( called atmospheric stratification ) into five main layers . Excluding the exosphere , the atmosphere has four primary layers , which are the troposphere , stratosphere , mesosphere , and thermosphere . From highest to lowest , the five main layers are : Exosphere : 700 to 10,000 km ( 440 to 6,200 miles ) Thermosphere : 80 to 700 km ( 50 to 440 miles ) Mesosphere : 50 to 80 km ( 31 to 50 miles ) Stratosphere : 12 to 50 km ( 7 to 31 miles ) Troposphere : 0 to 12 km ( 0 to 7 miles ) Exosphere Main article : Exosphere The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth 's atmosphere ( i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere ) . It extends from the exobase , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level , to about 10,000 km ( 6,200 mi ; 33,000,000 ft ) where it merges into the solar wind . This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen , helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen , oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase . The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another . Thus , the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas , and the particles constantly escape into space . These free - moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind . The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible . However , the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere , where they overlap into the thermosphere . The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth . Thermosphere Main article : Thermosphere The thermosphere is the second - highest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It extends from the mesopause ( which separates it from the mesosphere ) at an altitude of about 80 km ( 50 mi ; 260,000 ft ) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500 -- 1000 km ( 310 -- 620 mi ; 1,600,000 -- 3,300,000 ft ) . The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity . Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere , it is also referred to as the exobase . The lower part of the thermosphere , from 80 to 550 kilometres ( 50 to 342 mi ) above Earth 's surface , contains the ionosphere . The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height . Unlike the stratosphere beneath it , wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone , the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules . The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 ° C ( 2700 ° F ) , though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful . The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule ( of oxygen , for example ) travels an average of 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ; 3300 ft ) between collisions with other molecules . Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy , it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact , because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin . This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor . However , non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere . The International Space Station orbits in this layer , between 350 and 420 km ( 220 and 260 mi ) . Mesosphere Main article : Mesosphere The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth 's atmosphere , occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere . It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km ( 31 mi ; 160,000 ft ) to the mesopause at 80 -- 85 km ( 50 -- 53 mi ; 260,000 -- 280,000 ft ) above sea level . Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere . It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around − 85 ° C ( − 120 ° F ; 190 K ) . Just below the mesopause , the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar - mesospheric noctilucent clouds . These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise . They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon . Lightning - induced discharges known as transient luminous events ( TLEs ) occasionally form in the mesosphere above tropospheric thunderclouds . The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance . It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet - powered aircraft and balloons , and too low to permit orbital spacecraft . The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket - powered aircraft . Stratosphere Main article : Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second - lowest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km ( 7.5 mi ; 39,000 ft ) above Earth 's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km ( 31 to 34 mi ; 164,000 to 180,000 ft ) . The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1 / 1000 the pressure at sea level . It contains the ozone layer , which is the part of Earth 's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas . The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude . This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer , which restricts turbulence and mixing . Although the temperature may be − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ; 210 K ) at the tropopause , the top of the stratosphere is much warmer , and may be near 0 ° C . The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions , so the stratosphere lacks the weather - producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere . Consequently , the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather . However , polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest . The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet - powered aircraft . Troposphere Main article : Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It extends from Earth 's surface to an average height of about 12 km , although this altitude actually varies from about 9 km ( 30,000 ft ) at the poles to 17 km ( 56,000 ft ) at the equator , with some variation due to weather . The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause , a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion ( i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one ) , and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height . Although variations do occur , the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface . Thus , the lowest part of the troposphere ( i.e. Earth 's surface ) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere . This promotes vertical mixing ( hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος , tropos , meaning `` turn '' ) . The troposphere contains roughly 80 % of the mass of Earth 's atmosphere . The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed . Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) of the troposphere . Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere , so it is the layer where most of Earth 's weather takes place . It has basically all the weather - associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation , although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere . Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere , and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller - driven aircraft . Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere . Because of the angle of the photo , it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below . The orange layer is the troposphere , which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere . Other layers Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature , several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties : The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere . In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million , which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere . It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15 -- 35 km ( 9.3 -- 21.7 mi ; 49,000 -- 115,000 ft ) , though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically . About 90 % of the ozone in Earth 's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere . The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation . It is responsible for auroras . During daytime hours , it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km ( 31 to 621 mi ; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft ) and includes the mesosphere , thermosphere , and parts of the exosphere . However , ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night , so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere . The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because it influences , for example , radio propagation on Earth . The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed . The surface - based homosphere includes the troposphere , stratosphere , mesosphere , and the lowest part of the thermosphere , where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence . This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km ( 62 mi ; 330,000 ft ) , the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI , which places it about 20 km ( 12 mi ; 66,000 ft ) above the mesopause . Above this altitude lies the heterosphere , which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere . Here , the chemical composition varies with altitude . This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing . This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight , with the heavier ones , such as oxygen and nitrogen , present only near the bottom of the heterosphere . The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen , the lightest element . The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth 's surface and is directly affected by it , mainly through turbulent diffusion . During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well - mixed , whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing . The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres ( 330 ft ) on clear , calm nights to 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) or more during the afternoon in dry regions . The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth 's surface is 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ; 287 K ) or 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ; 288 K ) , depending on the reference . Physical properties Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density , pressure , the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects . Pressure and thickness Main article : Atmospheric pressure The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals ( 760.00 Torr ; 14.6959 psi ; 760.00 mmHg ) . This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres ( atm ) . Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480 × 10 kg ( 1.135 × 10 lb ) , about 2.5 % less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth 's area of 51007.2 megahectares , this portion being displaced by Earth 's mountainous terrain . Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured . Thus air pressure varies with location and weather . If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level , it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km ( 27,900 ft ) . It actually decreases exponentially with altitude , dropping by half every 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) or by a factor of 1 / e every 7.64 km ( 25,100 ft ) , the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km ( 43 mi ; 230,000 ft ) . However , the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature , molecular composition , solar radiation and gravity into account . In summary , the mass of Earth 's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows : 50 % is below 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) . 90 % is below 16 km ( 52,000 ft ) . 99.99997 % is below 100 km ( 62 mi ; 330,000 ft ) , the Kármán line . By international convention , this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts . By comparison , the summit of Mt . Everest is at 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) ; commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 km ( 33,000 ft ) and 13 km ( 43,000 ft ) where the thinner air improves fuel economy ; weather balloons reach 30.4 km ( 100,000 ft ) and above ; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km ( 354,300 ft ) . Even above the Kármán line , significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur . Meteors begin to glow in this region , though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply . The various layers of Earth 's ionosphere , important to HF radio propagation , begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km . By comparison , the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350 -- 400 km , within the F - layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months . Depending on solar activity , satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700 -- 800 km . Temperature and speed of sound Main articles : Atmospheric temperature and Speed of sound Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA weather satellites . The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere . Source : The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above . Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level , but variations in this trend begin above 11 km , where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere . In the stratosphere , starting above about 20 km , the temperature increases with height , due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region . Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes , in the aptly - named thermosphere above 90 km . Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density , the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile ( see illustration to the right ) , and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure . Density and mass Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE - 00 standard atmosphere model ( the eight dotted lines in each `` decade '' are at the eight cubes 8 , 27 , 64 , ... , 729 ) Main article : Density of air The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg / m ( 1.2 g / L , 0.0012 g / cm ) . Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature , pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air ( a form of the ideal gas law ) . Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases . This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula . More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites . The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion ( 5 × 10 ) tonnes or 1 / 1,200,000 the mass of Earth . According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , `` The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 kg , depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used ; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate . The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ± 0.0003 × 10 kg . '' Optical properties This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Sunlight Solar radiation ( or sunlight ) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Earth also emits radiation back into space , but at longer wavelengths that we can not see . Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere . In May 2017 , glints of light , seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away , were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere . Scattering Main article : Scattering When light passes through Earth 's atmosphere , photons interact with it through scattering . If the light does not interact with the atmosphere , it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun . Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere . For example , on an overcast day when you can not see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you , it has all been scattered . As another example , due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering , shorter ( blue ) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer ( red ) wavelengths . This is why the sky looks blue ; you are seeing scattered blue light . This is also why sunsets are red . Because the Sun is close to the horizon , the Sun 's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye . Much of the blue light has been scattered out , leaving the red light in a sunset . Absorption Main article : Absorption ( electromagnetic radiation ) Rough plot of Earth 's atmospheric transmittance ( or opacity ) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation , including visible light . Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation . For example , O and O absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers . Water ( H O ) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm . When a molecule absorbs a photon , it increases the energy of the molecule . This heats the atmosphere , but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation , as discussed below . The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave `` windows '' of low opacity , allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light . The optical window runs from around 300 nm ( ultraviolet - C ) up into the range humans can see , the visible spectrum ( commonly called light ) , at roughly 400 -- 700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm . There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths . For example , the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven - meter waves . Emission Main article : Emission ( electromagnetic radiation ) Emission is the opposite of absorption , it is when an object emits radiation . Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their `` black body '' emission curves , therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation , with shorter wavelengths . Colder objects emit less radiation , with longer wavelengths . For example , the Sun is approximately 6,000 K ( 5,730 ° C ; 10,340 ° F ) , its radiation peaks near 500 nm , and is visible to the human eye . Earth is approximately 290 K ( 17 ° C ; 62 ° F ) , so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm , and is much too long to be visible to humans . Because of its temperature , the atmosphere emits infrared radiation . For example , on clear nights Earth 's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights . This is because clouds ( H O ) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation . This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations . The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect . Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation , but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum . Common examples of these are CO and H O . Refractive index See also : Scintillation ( astronomy ) The refractive index of air is close to , but just greater than 1 . Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths . One example is that , under some circumstances , observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth 's surface . The refractive index of air depends on temperature , giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large . An example of such effects is the mirage . Circulation Main article : Atmospheric circulation An idealised view of three large circulation cells . Atmospheric circulation is the large - scale movement of air through the troposphere , and the means ( with ocean circulation ) by which heat is distributed around Earth . The large - scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year , but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth 's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles . Evolution of Earth 's atmosphere See also : History of Earth and Paleoclimatology Earliest atmosphere The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula , primarily hydrogen . There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ) , notably water vapor , methane and ammonia . Second atmosphere Outgassing from volcanism , supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids , produced the next atmosphere , consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases . A major part of carbon - dioxide emissions dissolved in water and reacted with metals such as calcium and magnesium during weathering of crustal rocks to form carbonates that were deposited as sediments . Water - related sediments have been found that date from as early as 3.8 billion years ago . About 3.4 billion years ago , nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable `` second atmosphere '' . The influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere , because hints of early life - forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago . How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life , if the early Sun put out 30 % lower solar radiance than today , is a puzzle known as the `` faint young Sun paradox '' . The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth -- with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago . In the late Archean Eon an oxygen - containing atmosphere began to develop , apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria ( see Great Oxygenation Event ) , which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago . The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions ) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current , and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago . Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth 's dynamic oxygenation evolution . These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion . Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long - term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores . Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations . Before this time , any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials , notably iron . Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen . This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere . O showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15 % by the end of the Precambrian . The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon , during the earliest period of which , the Cambrian , oxygen - requiring metazoan life forms began to appear . The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years , reaching a peak of about 30 % around 280 million years ago , significantly higher than today 's 21 % . Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere : Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , releasing oxygen . Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere , which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere . However , volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide , which plants can convert to oxygen . The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known . Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals . Today 's atmosphere contains 21 % oxygen , which is great enough for this rapid development of animals . Air pollution Main article : Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms . Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution , chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone - depleting substances . The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming . Play media Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May . The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer . Following the peak in vegetation , the drawdown of atmospheric CO due to photosynthesis is apparent , particularly over the boreal forests . Images from space On October 19 , 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) and show Earth as it rotates during a day . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere , giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space . The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere . Limb view , of Earth 's atmosphere . Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere . This image shows the Moon at the centre , with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange - colored troposphere . The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause , which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange - and blue - colored atmosphere . The silvery - blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth 's troposphere . Earth 's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969 . See also Aerial perspective Air ( classical element ) Air glow Airshed Atmosphere ( on atmospheres in general ) Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric models Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility ( ARM ) ( in the U.S. ) Atmospheric stratification Aviation Biosphere Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere Compressed air COSPAR international reference atmosphere ( CIRA ) Environmental impact of aviation Global dimming Historical temperature record Hydrosphere Hypermobility ( travel ) Kyoto Protocol Leaching ( agriculture ) Lithosphere Standard Dry Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Warm period Water vapor in Earth 's atmosphere Ozone layer Atmosphere portal Environment portal References Jump up ^ `` Gateway to Astonaut Photos of Earth '' . NASA . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Earth 's Oxygen : A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted '' . New York Times . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lide , David R. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , FL : CRC , 1996 : 14 - 7 Jump up ^ M. Vázquez ; A. Hanslmeier ( 2006 ) . Ultraviolet Radiation in the Solar System . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3730 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , John M. and Peter V. Hobbs . Atmospheric Science ; An Introductory Survey. Elsevier . Second Edition , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 732951 - 2 . Chapter 1 Jump up ^ `` Trace Gases '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Source for figures : Carbon dioxide , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , ( updated 2013 - 03 ) . Methane , IPCC TAR table 6.1 Archived 2007 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , ( updated to 1998 ) . The NASA total was 17 ppmv over 100 % , and CO was increased here by 15 ppmv . To normalize , N should be reduced by about 25 ppmv and O by about 7 ppmv . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Adam ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Global carbon dioxide levels break 400ppm milestone '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Air Composition '' . The Engineering ToolBox . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . The composition of air is unchanged until elevation of approximately 10.000 m Jump up ^ Zell , Holly ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Earth 's Upper Atmosphere '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Randy Russell ( 2008 ) . `` The Thermosphere '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The height of the tropopause '' . Das.uwyo.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ahrens , C. Donald . Essentials of Meteorology . Published by Thomson Brooks / Cole , 2005 . Jump up ^ States , Robert J. ; Gardner , Chester S. ( January 2000 ) . `` Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region ( 80 -- 105 km ) at 40 ° N Latitude . Part I : Seasonal Variations '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . 57 : 66 -- 77 . Bibcode : 2000JAtS ... 57 ... 66S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 2000 ) 057 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Joe Buchdahl . `` Atmosphere , Climate & Environment Information Programme '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ( 1993 ) . `` stratopause '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Barry , R.G. & Chorley R.J. ( 1971 ) . Atmosphere , Weather and Climate . London , Menthuen & Co Ltd. , p. 65 Jump up ^ Tyson , P.D. , Preston - Whyte , R.A. ( 2013 ) . The Weather and Climate of Southern Africa . ( Second Edition ) . Oxford , Oxford University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology . ( 1984 ) . Troposphere . `` It contains about four - fifths of the mass of the whole atmosphere . '' Jump up ^ `` ISS022 - E-062672 caption '' . NASA . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' homosphere ' ' -- AMS Glossary '' . Amsglossary.allenpress.com . Archived from the original on 14 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Atmosphere '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Earth Fact Sheet '' . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Global Surface Temperature Anomalies '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Radiation Balance and Oceanic Heat Fluxes '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Control Run '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Geometric altitude vs. temperature , pressure , density , and the speed of sound derived from the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere . Jump up ^ `` The Mass of the Atmosphere : A Constraint on Global Analyses '' . Ams.allenpress.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lutgens , Frederick K. and Edward J. Tarbuck ( 1995 ) The Atmosphere , Prentice Hall , 6th ed. , pp14 - 17 , ISBN 0 - 13 - 350612 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Temperature Trends , 1979 -- 2005 : Image of the Day '' . Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` Spotting Mysterious Twinkles on Earth From a Million Miles Away '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshak , Alexander ; Várnai , Tamás ; Kostinski , Alexander ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Terrestrial glint seen from deep space : oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 44 ( 10 ) : 5197 . Bibcode : 2017GeoRL ... 44.5197 M . doi : 10.1002 / 2017GL073248 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zahnle , K. ; Schaefer , L. ; Fegley , B. ( 2010 ) . `` Earth 's Earliest Atmospheres '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 2 ( 10 ) : a004895 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a004895 . PMC 2944365 . PMID 20573713 . Jump up ^ B. Windley : The Evolving Continents . Wiley Press , New York 1984 Jump up ^ J. Schopf : Earth 's Earliest Biosphere : Its Origin and Evolution . Princeton University Press , Princeton , N.J. , 1983 Jump up ^ Timothy W. Lyons , Christopher T. Reinhard & Noah J. Planavsky ( 2014 ) . `` Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago '' . Nature . 506 ( 7488 ) : 307 -- 15 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 506 ... 307L . doi : 10.1038 / nature13068 . PMID 24553238 . Jump up ^ Martin , Daniel ; McKenna , Helen ; Livina , Valerie ( 2016 ) . `` The human physiological impact of global deoxygenation '' . The Journal of Physiological Sciences . 67 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 106 . doi : 10.1007 / s12576 - 016 - 0501 - 0 . ISSN 1880 - 6546 . PMID 27848144 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309100615/gifmid/30.gif Jump up ^ Christopher R. Scotese , Back to Earth History : Summary Chart for the Precambrian , Paleomar Project Jump up ^ Peter Ward : ( 1 ) Out of Thin Air : Dinosaurs , Birds , and Earth 's Ancient Atmosphere Jump up ^ Starting from ( 2 ) Pollution -- Definition from the Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Summary for Policymakers '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 5 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Northon , Karen . `` Daily Views of Earth Available on New NASA Website '' . NASA . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth 's atmosphere . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Air Interactive global map of current atmospheric and ocean surface conditions . 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when was the last time a detroit sports team won a championship	2008 The Detroit Shock earn their third WNBA Championship in the WNBA Finals . It is the team 's third title in six seasons .	2008	List of Michigan sport championships	list of michigan sport championships	The following are Michigan 's professional sports league champions , NCAA Division I basketball and hockey champions , and NCAA Division II football champions :	1887 The Detroit Wolverines win the National League baseball pennant and defeat the American Association 's St. Louis Browns in the World Series . 1895 The Page Fence Giants , based in Adrian , are the Western Negro baseball league champions . 1896 The Page Fence Giants , based in Adrian , win the Negro World Series . 1897 The Page Fence Giants , based in Adrian , are the Western Negro baseball league champions . 1898 The Page Fence Giants , based in Adrian , claim the Western Negro baseball league championship . 1932 The Detroit Wolves are the Negro East - West League champions . 1935 The Detroit Tigers win their first World Series . 1935 The Detroit Lions win their first National Football League championship . 1936 The Detroit Red Wings win their first Stanley Cup . 1937 The Detroit Red Wings win their second Stanley Cup . 1941 The Detroit Eagles basketball team wins the World Professional Tournament in Chicago . 1943 The Detroit Red Wings win their third Stanley Cup . 1945 The Detroit Tigers win their second World Series . 1946 The Detroit Auto Club of the International Hockey League win the first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1947 The Grand Rapids Chicks are the All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Play - Off Champions . 1948 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their first NCAA Division I hockey title . 1950 The Detroit Red Wings win their fourth Stanley Cup . 1951 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their second NCAA hockey title . 1952 The Detroit Red Wings win their fifth Stanley Cup . 1952 The Detroit Lions win their second National Football League championship . 1952 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their third NCAA hockey title . 1953 The Grand Rapids Chicks are the All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Play - Off Champions for the second time . 1953 The Detroit Lions win their third National Football League championship . 1953 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their fourth NCAA hockey title . 1954 The Detroit Red Wings win their sixth Stanley Cup . 1954 The Kalamazoo Lassies are the last All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Play - Off Champions . 1955 The Detroit Red Wings win their seventh Stanley Cup . ( They would not win another for 42 years . ) 1955 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their fifth NCAA hockey title . 1956 The Detroit Stars win the Negro American League pennant . 1956 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their sixth NCAA hockey title in nine years . 1957 The Detroit Lions win their fourth National Football League championship . 1962 The Muskegon Zephyrs of the International Hockey League win Muskegon 's first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1962 The Michigan Technological University Huskies win their first NCAA hockey title . 1964 The Grand Rapids Tackers win the Mid-West Professional Basketball League championship . 1964 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their seventh NCAA hockey title ( their last for 32 years ) . 1965 The Grand Rapids Tackers win their first North American Basketball League championship . 1965 The Michigan Tech Huskies win their second NCAA hockey title . 1966 The Port Huron Flags of the International Hockey League win Port Huron 's first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1966 The Michigan State University Spartans win their first NCAA hockey title . 1968 The Grand Rapids Tackers win their second North American Basketball League championship . 1968 The Muskegon Mohawks of the International Hockey League win Muskegon 's second Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1968 The Detroit Tigers win the World Series for the third time . 1971 The Port Huron Flags of the International Hockey League win Port Huron 's second Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1972 The Port Huron Wings of the International Hockey League win Port Huron 's third and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1974 The Central Michigan University Chippewas win the NCAA Division II Football Championship . 1975 The Northern Michigan University Wildcats win their first NCAA Division II Football Championship . 1975 The Michigan Tech Huskies win their third NCAA hockey title . 1977 The Grand Rapids Blades win the United States Hockey League championship in their only season of play . 1977 The Saginaw Gears of the International Hockey League win their first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1977 The Detroit Caesars win their first American Professional Slow Pitch League world series . 1978 The Detroit Caesars win their second and last American Professional Slow Pitch League world series . 1979 The Michigan State University Spartans become the first college in the state to win the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . 1979 The Kalamazoo Wings win their first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL Championship . 1980 The Kalamazoo Wings win their second and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL Championship . 1981 The Saginaw Gears of the International Hockey League win their second and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1983 The Detroit Spirits win the Continental Basketball Association championship series . 1983 The Michigan Panthers win the first United States Football League championship . 1984 The Flint Generals win their only Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL Championship . 1984 The Detroit Tigers win the World Series for the fourth time . 1986 The Muskegon Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League win Muskegon 's third Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1986 The Michigan State University Spartans win their second NCAA hockey title . 1987 The Grand Rapids Pacers win the National Wheelchair Basketball Association championship . 1988 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl II and their first ArenaBowl championship . 1988 The Lake Superior State University Lakers win their first NCAA hockey title . 1989 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their first NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . 1989 The Muskegon Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League win Muskegon 's fourth and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1989 The Detroit Pistons win their first NBA Championship . 1989 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl III and their second ArenaBowl championship . 1990 The Detroit Pistons win their second NBA Championship . 1990 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl IV and their third ArenaBowl championship . 1991 The Detroit Turbos win the National Lacrosse League championship ( indoor lacrosse ) . 1991 The Northern Michigan University Wildcats win their first NCAA hockey title . 1992 The Detroit Rockers win the National Professional Soccer League championship ( indoor soccer ) . 1992 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl VI and their fourth and final ArenaBowl championship . 1992 The Lake Superior State University Lakers win their second NCAA hockey title . 1994 The Lake Superior State University Lakers win their third NCAA hockey title . 1995 The Detroit Junior Red Wings win the Ontario Hockey League Championship Series and receive the J. Ross Robertson Cup . 1996 The Class A Minor League West Michigan Whitecaps ( Grand Rapids ) win their first Midwest League Championship Series . 1996 The Flint Generals of the Colonial Hockey League win their first Colonial Cup . 1996 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their eighth NCAA hockey title . 1997 The Detroit Red Wings bring home the Stanley Cup after a 42 - year drought dating back to 1955 . 1997 The Detroit Vipers of the International Hockey League win their only Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . It marked the first time two professional hockey teams from the same metropolitan area won championships in the same year . 1997 The Class A Minor League Lansing Lugnuts win their first Midwest League Championship Series . 1998 The Detroit Red Wings claim their ninth Stanley Cup . 1998 The Class A Minor League West Michigan Whitecaps ( Grand Rapids ) win their second Midwest League Championship Series . 1998 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their ninth NCAA hockey title . 1999 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League with their first Colonial Cup . 2000 The Michigan State University Spartans win their second NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . 2000 The Flint Generals of the United Hockey League win their second Colonial Cup . 2000 The Class A Minor League Michigan Battle Cats ( Battle Creek ) win their first Midwest League Championship Series . 2001 The Detroit Dogs are the American Basketball Association ( ABA 2000 ) champions . 2001 The Arena Football League Grand Rapids Rampage win ArenaBowl XV and their first ArenaBowl championship . 2002 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League with their second Colonial Cup . 2002 The Detroit Red Wings win their tenth Stanley Cup . 2002 The Detroit Demolition ( known as the Detroit Danger at the time ) win their first National Women 's Football Association ( NWFA ) championship . 2002 The Grand Valley State University Lakers win their first NCAA Division II Football Championship . 2003 The Detroit Shock win their first WNBA Championship in the WNBA Finals . 2003 The Class A Minor League Lansing Lugnuts win their second Midwest League Championship Series . 2003 The Detroit Demolition win their second NWFA Championship . 2003 The Grand Valley State University Lakers win their second NCAA Division II Football Championship . 2004 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League skate to their third Colonial Cup league championship . 2004 The Detroit Pistons win their third NBA Championship . 2004 The Class A Minor League West Michigan Whitecaps ( Grand Rapids ) win their third Midwest League Championship Series . 2004 The Detroit Demolition win their third NWFA Championship . 2005 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League win their fourth Colonial Cup . 2005 The Kalamazoo Kings achieve their first League Championship in the independent professional baseball Frontier League . 2005 The Detroit Demolition win their fourth NWFA Championship . 2005 The Grand Valley State University Lakers win their third NCAA Division II Football Championship . 2006 The Kalamazoo Wings of the United Hockey League earn their first Colonial Cup . 2006 The Port Huron Pirates win their first Great Lakes Indoor Football League championship . 2006 The Detroit Shock win their second WNBA Championship in the WNBA Finals . 2006 The West Michigan Whitecaps from Grand Rapids prevail in the Midwest League Championship Series for the fourth time . 2006 The Grand Valley State University Lakers claim their fourth NCAA Division II Football Championship in five years . 2007 The West Michigan Whitecaps from Grand Rapids win their fifth Midwest League Championship Series in twelve seasons . 2007 The Michigan State University Spartans win their third NCAA hockey title . 2008 The Detroit Red Wings win the Stanley Cup -- their eleventh National Hockey League championship and fourth in twelve seasons . 2008 The Detroit Shock earn their third WNBA Championship in the WNBA Finals . It is the team 's third title in six seasons . The following are other Michigan sports team champions : 1902 The University of Michigan Wolverines win the first Rose Bowl ( game ) . 1983 The Livonia United premier soccer team wins MSYSA premier championship . 1996 Michigan Madness win USISL Midwest division regular season championship . 1997 The Michigan Wolverines won a share of the NCAA Division I-A National Football Championship ; Shared with Nebraska 2006 The Michigan Bucks win their first USL Premier Development League championship . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Michigan_sport_championships&oldid=726111652 '' Categories : Sports in Michigan Michigan sports - related lists Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from November 2009 All orphaned articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 June 2016 , at 03 : 14 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Michigan%20sport%20championships	878
who plays brian in up in the air			Up in the Air ( 2009 Film )	up in the air ( 2009 film )	Up in the Air is a 2009 American comedy - drama film directed by Jason Reitman and written by Reitman and Sheldon Turner , based on the 2001 novel of the same name , written by Walter Kirn . The story is centered on corporate `` downsizer '' Ryan Bingham ( George Clooney ) and his travels . Vera Farmiga , Anna Kendrick and Danny McBride also star . Filming was primarily in St. Louis , Missouri , which substituted for a number of other cities . Several scenes were filmed in Detroit , Omaha , Las Vegas and Miami .	Reitman promoted Up in the Air with personal appearances at film festivals and other showings , starting with the Telluride Film Festival on September 5 , 2009 . The Los Angeles premiere was at the Mann Village Theater on November 30 , 2009 . Paramount scheduled a limited North American release on December 4 , 2009 , broadening the release on December 11 , 2009 , with a wide release on December 23 , 2009 . The National Board of Review and the Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association named Up in the Air the Best Picture of 2009 . It received eight Broadcast Film Critics Association nominations and garnered a win for Adapted Screenplay , six Golden Globe nominations , earning a win for Best Screenplay , and three Screen Actors Guild nominations . It received six Academy Award nominations and recognition from numerous critics ' associations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 Production 4.1 Background 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Editing 5 Soundtrack 6 Release 6.1 Strategy 6.1. 1 September 2009 6.1. 2 October 2009 6.1. 3 November 2009 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Ryan Bingham works for a Human Resources consultancy firm which specializes in termination assistance , and makes his living traveling to workplaces across the United States , conducting company layoffs and firings on behalf of employers . He also gives motivational speeches , using the analogy `` What 's in Your Backpack ? '' to extol the virtues of a life free of burdensome relationships with people as well as things . A frequent flyer , Ryan has no fixed abode , relishes his travels , and desires to become the seventh and youngest person to earn ten million frequent flyer miles with American Airlines . During his travels , he meets another frequent flyer named Alex , and they begin a casual relationship . Ryan is called back to his company 's offices in Omaha , Nebraska . Natalie Keener , a young and ambitious new hire , promotes a program designed to cut costs by conducting layoffs via videoconferencing . Ryan raises concerns that the program could be seen as detached and apathetic , arguing that Natalie knows nothing about the reality of the firing process or how to handle upset people . He then plays the role of a fired employee to demonstrate her inexperience . Ryan 's boss assigns him to bring Natalie on his next round of terminations to show her the ropes . As they travel together , Natalie questions Ryan 's philosophies on life , particularly on relationships and love , but Ryan is adamant that he is more than happy with his lifestyle . During the trip , Natalie is shattered when her boyfriend unceremoniously dumps her by text message , and Ryan and Alex try to comfort her . Natalie later lectures Ryan about his refusal to consider a commitment to Alex in spite of their obvious compatibility , and becomes infuriated ; she apologizes later , but soon afterward they are both ordered back to Omaha to implement Natalie 's program . On the test run , the earlier concerns Ryan raised prove valid ; one laid - off person breaks down in tears before the camera , and Natalie is unable to comfort him . Another threatens to commit suicide . Instead of returning immediately to Omaha , Ryan convinces Alex to accompany him to his younger sister 's wedding . He learns that the reason the couple had him take photos of a cutout picture of them in various places was because they can not afford a honeymoon . When the groom gets cold feet , Ryan 's older sister talks Ryan into using his motivational skills to persuade the groom to go through with the wedding . Although this runs counter to Ryan 's personal philosophy , he successfully argues that the important moments in life are rarely unshared . The wedding goes off without any further hitches . Ryan begins having second thoughts about his life and philosophies . As he starts delivering his `` What 's in Your Backpack ? '' speech at a convention in Las Vegas , he realizes he no longer believes it , and walks off the stage . On an impulse , he flies to Alex 's home in Chicago . When she opens the door , Ryan is stunned to discover she is married and has children , and leaves before her husband can suspect anything . She later tells him over the phone that her family is her real life and he is an escape . ( Why she has appeared throughout the film not wearing her wedding ring is not explained . ) On Ryan 's flight home , the crew announces that he has just crossed the ten million mile mark , and a small celebration is thrown . The airline 's chief pilot comes out of the cockpit to meet Ryan . He notes that Ryan is the youngest person to reach the milestone . When asked where he is from , a disheartened Ryan can only respond , `` here . '' Ryan calls the airline to transfer five hundred thousand miles each to his sister and brother - in - law , enough for them to fly around the world for their honeymoon . His boss tells Ryan that a woman he and Natalie fired during their travels has killed herself , and that an upset Natalie has quit via text message . The company also puts the remote - layoff program on hold . Natalie applies for a job in San Francisco , where she was offered a job before following her now ex-boyfriend to Omaha . The interviewer is impressed by her qualifications and a glowing recommendation from Ryan , and hires her . The film concludes with Ryan standing in front of a vast destination board , looking up , and letting go of his luggage . Cast ( edit ) George Clooney as Ryan Bingham , `` a suave , smartly dressed businessman in his 40s '' Anna Kendrick as Natalie Keener , an ambitious 23 - year - old Vera Farmiga as Alex Goran , a 34 - year - old constantly traveling businesswoman Jason Bateman as Craig Gregory , owner of Career Transition Counseling Amy Morton as Kara Bingham , Ryan 's older sister Melanie Lynskey as Julie Bingham , Ryan 's younger sister Danny McBride as Jim Miller , Julie 's fiancé Zach Galifianakis as Steve , a fired employee J.K. Simmons as Bob , a fired employee Sam Elliott as Maynard Finch , Chief Pilot Tamala Jones as Karen Barnes , a fired employee Adhir Kalyan as a fired IT worker Ashton Kutcher as an uncredited role as Natalie Keener 's boyfriend . Keri Maletto as a software convention geek Themes ( edit ) The film has a thematic connection to the children 's book The Velveteen Rabbit , which appears in the film , before the wedding . Reitman noted that In one sense , it 's a movie about a man who fires people for a living . In another sense , it 's a movie about a man who collects air miles excessively . In another sense , it 's about a man who meets a woman who 's so similar to him that even though they both believe in the idea of living solo , they begin to fall in love . '' Reitman also later stated that `` the movie is about the examination of a philosophy . What if you decided to live hub to hub , with nothing , with nobody ? '' . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Walter Kirn wrote Up in the Air , the book on which the film is based , during a snowbound winter on a ranch in rural Montana , while thinking about airports , airplanes and first - class passengers he had met who would strongly resemble Ryan Bingham . The novel was published in 2001 and , shortly after , Sheldon Turner discovered the book and wrote a screenplay adaptation , which he sold to DreamWorks in 2003 . Canadian - American filmmaker Jason Reitman later came upon the novel ( initially attracted by the Christopher Buckley blurb on the cover ) while browsing in the Los Angeles bookstore Book Soup . Reitman persuaded his father , Canadian - American filmmaker Ivan Reitman , to purchase the book 's film rights , and the elder Reitman commissioned a screenplay from Ted Griffin and Nicholas Griffin , who used some elements from Turner 's script in their work . Jason Reitman then developed his own screenplay , incorporating some of the original script that was ( unbeknownst to Reitman ) written by Turner . Some Turner inventions that were used in the film include Ryan 's boilerplate termination speech ( `` Anyone who ever built an empire or changed the world sat where you 're sitting right now ... '' ) , a key plot point involving a suicide , and the character of Ryan 's partner ( written by Turner as male ) . Reitman initially attempted to claim sole credit for writing the film , then later admitted to confusion when the Writers Guild of America ruled that he should share credit with Turner , whose script Reitman claimed to have never read . He and Turner later appeared at a WGA event where both said they were happy to share credit , after Turner 's contribution to the final product was made clear . At a press screening , Reitman also said that his father Ivan had written `` the best line in the movie . '' Casting ( edit ) Though Reitman has claimed in countless interviews that he wrote the parts specifically for George Clooney , Vera Farmiga , Anna Kendrick , Jason Bateman , Danny McBride , Melanie Lynskey , Amy Morton , Sam Elliott and Zach Galifianakis , some of the actors publicly stated their confusion in Reitman 's assertion , if only because they knew he was meeting with other actors all along including his choice to fill his last lead role with Ellen Page ( who starred in Reitman 's previous film Juno ) for the part that Kendrick ultimately played . On the part played by Farmiga , he cited her ability to walk a fine line between aggressiveness and femininity . On Kendrick , Reitman cited that he was inspired by her performance in Rocket Science . On Clooney , he said , `` If you 're going to make a movie about a guy who fires people for a living and you still want to like him , that actor better be damn charming and I do n't think there 's a more charming actor alive than George Clooney . I was very lucky he said yes . '' Reitman said , on the B.S. Report with Bill Simmons , that he considered Steve Martin for the part if Clooney declined the role . Reitman said that he would have changed the movie with Martin and given Martin `` his Lost in Translation . '' Approximately 4,600 people applied to be extras in the film during the open call on January 24 , 2009 and January 25 , 2009 , at Crestwood Court in St. Louis , Missouri . Up in the Air cast 2,000 extras with 15 to 25 Missouri actors in minor speaking roles . About 250 extras were used from the Omaha , Nebraska , area . They were used for filming inside and outside the terminal at Eppley Airfield , while Clooney acted out most of his scenes inside the terminal . While filming in St. Louis and Detroit , Reitman placed an ad in the paper asking if people who recently lost their job wanted to be in a documentary about job loss . He specified `` documentary '' in the ad so that actors would not respond . Reitman was amazed by how many people of different age , race , and gender were willing to speak frankly about what happened and what a cathartic experience it had been . The film crew received a startling 100 responses , including 60 people filmed ( 30 in Detroit and 30 in St. Louis ) . Twenty - two are seen in the film . The interviews ran for about ten minutes on what it is like to lose their job in this poor economy , and after that they would `` fire '' them on camera and ask them to either respond the way they did the day they lost their job or , if they preferred , the way they wished they had responded . Filming ( edit ) Filming was mostly done in the St. Louis area . Several scenes were filmed at the Berry and McNamara Terminals at Detroit Metro Airport in late February 2009 with minimal filming in Omaha , in Las Vegas and in Miami , Florida . Missouri and St. Louis leaders provided $4.1 million in tax credits for the $25 million film . Producers set up a St. Louis , Missouri production office on January 5 , 2009 . Filming began in St. Louis on March 3 , 2009 , and continued through the end of April . The film includes 80 different sets at 50 locations throughout the St. Louis area , including St. Louis Lambert International Airport Concourse C and Concourse D ( which played the part of several airports across America ) , the Mansion House apartments in downtown St. Louis , Hilton St. Louis at the Ballpark , Hilton St. Louis Airport , the Cheshire Inn , the GenAmerica building ( 700 Market ) , Renaissance Grand Hotel , Maplewood United Methodist Church , and Affton High School . The film was shot at Lambert - St. Louis International Airport for five days , twenty hours each day . In October 2008 , Production Services of Omaha scouted locations in Omaha , Nebraska for three days of filming in late April with Clooney . Some of the scenes were shot inside the Visitor 's Bureau and in a condo in the Old Market area of downtown Omaha and at the south end of the main terminal at Eppley Airfield . Reitman needed fifty days to film Up in the Air , eight of which were devoted to aerial shooting . The aerial shots turned out to be more difficult than expected . He was unable to use three days of the aerial filming . Many aerial shots , such as the crop circle on fire , are seen in the Paramount trailer , but are not used in the film . The pilot who flies the Boeing 747 that carried the space shuttle flew the aircraft for the aerial shots . The film features heavy product placement , with American Airlines , Chrysler , Hertz , Travelpro , and Hilton Hotels all featured prominently . Competing brands are displayed as blurs in scene backgrounds or are replaced with pseudonyms in dialogue . However , the brands did not pay for the exposure ; rather , they waived the fees for the producers to shoot on location , such as at AA 's airport areas and inside Hilton hotels . Reitman expressed his desire to use actual brands as he finds them less distracting . Editing ( edit ) The post-production schedule for Up in the Air was shorter than Jason Reitman 's previous two films . The editing team had only 16 to 17 weeks post-schedule , whereas an editing deadline is usually from 22 to 26 weeks . Reitman was involved in post-production while shooting . The film was shot entirely on location and Glauberman stayed in Los Angeles to cut . She would send him scenes every day or every other day as she finished them , and he would view them . He flew home every weekend to work with her for a few hours on Saturday or Sunday in order to stay on schedule . Editing helped determine how nonverbal moments shape the first meeting between Ryan and Alex , who become lovers . `` In a scene like that , there is a sort of playfulness that goes on , '' editor , Dana E. Glauberman said . `` There were little looks that they gave each other . Sometimes I stayed a beat longer on a take to get that little sparkle in their eyes ... You can see a lot of playfulness in the quick cuts back and forth when they are teasing each other , but then there are also certain moments that Vera would give a little raise of an eyebrow , or George would give the same thing . Those tiny nuances are really helpful to show their character and show what they are after . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Up in the Air ( soundtrack ) Up in the Air : Music from the Motion Picture is the official soundtrack to the film , released by Warner Music on November 9 , 2009 , and composed by Rolfe Kent , who recorded his score with a 55 - piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage . It was orchestrated by Tony Blondal . Kevin Renick wrote the song `` Up in the Air '' two years prior to knowing that Reitman was working on a film adaptation to the book . He had been laid off at the time , and was an unrecorded , unemployed St. Louis musician . When Renick researched the film he discovered that the theme of the film was much the same as the song he had written . `` The song is about uncertainty , disconnection and loneliness , while alluding to career transition , '' Renick explained . `` It 's a melancholy song , and a narrative about finding out where your life 's going to go . '' He handed a cassette to Reitman after the director did an interview at Webster University . Renick included a spoken - word introduction about the song on the cassette so that Reitman would know why he was given the song . Reitman found a tape deck , listened , liked the song and placed the original introduction and song from the cassette midway through the credits . Reitman stated that the song has a do - it - yourself authenticity . Release ( edit ) Strategy ( edit ) Anna Kendrick at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival for a panel on the film . Reitman heavily promoted Up in the Air with personal appearances at film festivals and other showings . He stated that he could relate to and enjoys the idea of Ryan Bingham 's lifestyle . `` Yesterday ( October 28 , 2009 ) I took my 10th flight in 10 days so I live that life myself and I kinda enjoy it , '' Reitman said , `` I think when you 're in an airplane it 's the last refuge for the people who enjoy being alone and reading a book . '' Reitman documented his experiences promoting the film . He took photos of everyone who interviewed him and recorded videos in every city he visited . He edited these images into a short video titled Lost In The Air : The Jason Reitman Press Tour Simulator . Up in the Air was screened as a `` sneak preview '' at the Telluride Film Festival on September 6 , 2009 , before its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) on September 12 . The film was initially not scheduled to be completed for another three months , but Reitman rushed production in order to maintain a streak of debuting his films at TIFF . During October and November 2009 , Up in the Air screened at festivals including the Aspen Filmfest , the Woodstock Film Festival , the Hamptons International Film Festival , the Mill Valley Film Festival , the Austin Film Festival , the London Film Festival , the St. Louis International Film Festival , the Starz Denver Film Festival , and the Stockholm International Film Festival . It was the only American film to compete for the Golden Marc'Aurelio Audience Award for Best Film at the International Rome Film Festival . On November 6 , The New York Times film critic Janet Maslin interviewed Reitman and Kirn at the Jacob Burns Film Center following a screening of the film . Following the positive response the film received at the Telluride Film Festival , Paramount intended to move Up in the Air from its original release date of December 4 , 2009 , planning for a November 13 limited release going wide before the Thanksgiving holiday . However , this schedule conflicted with the release of The Men Who Stare at Goats , another Clooney film . The film was eventually released on December 4 in fifteen theaters spanning twelve markets , broadening in the next week to 72 theaters and going into wide release on December 23 , 2009 . It was released in other countries beginning in early 2010 . September 2009 ( edit ) Up in the Air was shown at a sneak preview on September 5 , 2009 and September 6 , 2009 at the Telluride Film Festival . Reitman had fueled speculation that he would give a sneak preview at that festival . He posted pictures from Telluride on his Twitter account . Prior to the first showing , people waited two hours to get into Up in the Air and hundreds were turned away . The world premiere for Up in the Air occurred at 2009 's Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) which ran from September 10 to 19 , 2009 . The press showing was on Friday September 11 , 2009 . Public screenings were on September 12 , 13 , and 19 . Reitman originally did not plan to debut the film at TIFF , since it was not scheduled to be ready for another three months . He rushed production to keep his Toronto debut streak going . The first clip of the film debuted on Apple Inc. website on September 8 , 2009 . The first trailer was available on iTunes on September 10 , 2009 and on September 18 , 2009 , it screened before the new movies The Informant ! and Love Happens . The second trailer became available on October 1 , 2009 . October 2009 ( edit ) Reitman received Aspen Film 's first New Directions Award and participated in a question and answer session following a screening of Up in the Air on Friday October 2 , 2009 at the Wheeler Opera House . The Aspen Film Festival ran from September 30 , 2009 through October 4 , 2009 . It was shown twice at the Tinker Street Cinema on the closing day of the Tenth Annual Woodstock Film Festival 2009 on October 4 , 2009 . Vera Farmiga and Lucy Liu participated in a question and answer session moderated by entertainment journalist Martha Frankel after the film and in the Sunday noontime WFF Actor 's Dialogue panel . The 2009 Hamptons International Film Festival showed Up in the Air on October 10 , 2009 during its run at Long Island , New York 's east end from October 8 to October 12 , 2009 . The Spotlight Tribute held during the 32nd edition of Mill Valley Film Festival hosted an interview with Reitman and a screening of Up in the Air on Wednesday October 14 , 2009 in the Smith Rafael Film Center , San Rafael , California . The Mill Valley Film Festival ran from October 8 to October 18 , 2009 . It was also shown four times at the 53rd London Film Festival which was held from October 14 -- 19 , 2009 . Up in the Air was the only American film to compete for the Golden Marc'Aurelio Audience Award for Best Film at the fourth annual International Rome Film Festival which ran from October 15 through October 23 , 2009 . It was shown three times from October 17 to October 19 , 2009 . Reitman showed Up in the Air at ShowEast in Orlando , Florida on October 26 and October 27 , 2009 , and asked for the movie theater owners and managers to support the picture as fervently as they did his film Juno two years earlier . Reitman also held a Q&A and pep talk with film students at the University of Central Florida . The first St. Louis press screening happened on October 28 , 2009 at the Tivoli Theater . Up in the Air closed the Austin Film Festival on October 29 , 2009 at the Paramount . Reitman attended the screening . The Austin Film Festival ran from October 22 to October 29 , 2009 . The Palm Springs International Film Society showed Up in the Air on Thursday , October 29 , 2009 at the Regal Cinema in Palm Springs , California . Anna Kendrick was present at the showing . November 2009 ( edit ) Vera Farmiga and Anna Kendrick hosted a screening of Up in the Air at the Paris Theatre , New York City , New York on Thursday November 5 , 2009 . On November 6 , 2009 , the New York City Apple Store in SoHo hosted a conversation with director Jason Reitman . On November 6 , 2009 The New York Times critic Janet Maslin interviewed Reitman and Kirn during a Q&A session held at the Jacob Burns Film Center after a screening of Up in the Air . The question and answer session was followed by a reception in the Jane Peck Gallery . The Boston Sunday Night Film Club had a free screening on Sunday November 8 , 2009 , with a Q&A session with Reitman following the screening . Up in the Air was the centerpiece for the 18th Annual St. Louis International Film Festival , which was held from November 12 to November 22 , 2009 . The film was shown November 14 , 2009 at the Tivoli Theater in University City , Missouri with Jason Reitman and Michael Beugg in attendance . Kevin Renick , the St. Louis musician who wrote the song Up in the Air , performed half an hour prior to the screening . Yukon Jake , who performed in the wedding scene in Up in the Air , provided entertainment during the party prior to the screening . The party took place at the St. Louis Ballpark Hilton and the Airport Hilton . Both are featured in the film . On November 14 , 2009 , Paramount flew 50 members of the press to New York with Anna Kendrick , Sad Brad Smith and representatives of American Airlines to promote Up in the Air . The film was shown on the aircraft 's video monitors during the flight from New York to Los Angeles . American Airlines provided the Boeing 767 gratis. Smith performed a few songs including Help Yourself in the aisle of the aircraft . On November 18 , 2009 , Backstage and Paramount Pictures had a special screening of Up in the Air for Screen Actors Guild and Backstage members at The Paramount Theatre ( on the Paramount Lot ) , Los Angeles , California . The screening of the film was followed by a conversation with cast members Vera Farmiga and Anna Kendrick . The Starz Denver Film Festival closed on November 22 , 2009 with a screening of Up in the Air , with an introduction by J.K. Simmons , who was in town to accept the festival 's Cassavetes Award earlier that afternoon . The 20th Stockholm International Film Festival , which ran from November 18 to November 29 , 2009 , closed with a screening of Up in the Air on November 29 , 2009 . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released in both DVD and Blu - ray Disc formats on March 9 , 2010 , and sold 536,441 units in its first week of release , worth $9,114,133 of consumer spending . To date the film has sold 1,162,509 home copies , equivalent to $18,517,122 of sales . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Up in the Air was released in 15 theaters in the U.S. on December 4 , 2009 and ranked number 13 . It took in $1,181,450 , with an average of $78,763 per theater . After three days it expanded to 72 theaters and took in $2,394,344 ( $33,255 per theater ) , during the second weekend . During its third weekend , it broke into the top 10 as it widened to 175 theaters ahead of its nationwide expansion on December 23 , 2009 . It came in at number 8 with $3,210,132 -- $18,344 per theater . The film expanded to 1,895 theaters on December 23 . It completed its domestic run on April 8 , 2010 , with a total domestic gross of $83,823,381 and a foreign total of $83,019,358 for a worldwide gross of $166,842,739 . Critical response ( edit ) George Clooney 's performance was critically lauded . Up in the Air received critical acclaim , with Clooney 's performance receiving widespread praise , as well as Kendrick and Farmiga . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 91 % based on 269 reviews , with a rating average of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Led by charismatic performances by its three leads , director Jason Reitman delivers a smart blend of humor and emotion with just enough edge for mainstream audiences . '' On Metacritic , the film has a rating score of 83 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The sneak preview of Up in the Air was the highest profile hit during the Telluride film festival . The film also tied for third place in the Toronto International Film Festival Indiewire poll . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` Up in the Air makes it look easy . Not just in its casual and apparently effortless excellence , but in its ability to blend entertainment and insight , comedy and poignancy , even drama and reality , things that are difficult by themselves but a whole lot harder in combination . This film does all that and never seems to break a sweat . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Owen Gleiberman agreed , rating the film an A as a `` rare and sparkling gem of a movie , directed by Jason Reitman with the polish of a master . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today praised the film 's sense of timeliness , writing , `` It 's tough to capture an era while it 's still happening , yet Up in the Air does so brilliantly , with wit and humanity ... Reitman emerges as a modern - day Frank Capra , capturing the nation 's anxieties and culture of resilience . '' Stephen Saito of IFC.com wrote , `` It touches on larger themes of mass unemployment , cultural alienation and technology as a crutch . But ultimately , it 's really an expertly done character study that 's a dramatic change of pace from director Jason Reitman 's previous two films . '' Jonathan Romney of The Independent wrote , `` Its cynical wit almost places it in the Billy Wilder bracket : Up In The Air is as eloquent about today 's executive culture as The Apartment was about that of 1960 . It is a brutal , desolate film -- but also a superb existential rom - com , and the most entertaining lesson in contemporary socio - economics that you could hope for . '' Roger Ebert gave the film four stars and wrote , `` This is n't a comedy . If it were , it would be hard to laugh in these last days of 2009 . Nor is it a tragedy . It 's an observant look at how a man does a job . '' Calling the film `` a slickly engaging piece of lightweight existentialism , '' Todd McCarthy wrote in Variety that `` Clooney owns his role in the way first - rate film stars can , so infusing the character with his own persona that everything he does seems natural and right . The timing in the Clooney - Farmiga scenes is like splendid tennis . '' The New York Times ' Manohla Dargis especially appreciated the film 's strong female roles , noting that `` the ferocious Ms. Kendrick , her ponytail swinging like an ax , grabs every scene she 's in , '' but wrote that the film `` is an assertively , and unapologetically , tidy package , from its use of romance to instill some drama ... and the mope rock tunes that Mr. Reitman needlessly overuses . '' The Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips wrote , `` Up in the Air is a slickly crafted disappointment . ( It ) feels tailor - made for George Clooney , who is very good . But the stakes remain frustratingly low and it 's one of those contemporary middlebrow projects that asks us to root for a genial , shallow individual as he learns to be a little less the man he was . '' Julian Sancton of Vanity Fair wrote , `` There are two movies in Up in the Air : one about a guy who 's flying around the country firing people , and one about a commitment - phobe who 's flying away from responsibility and a shot at true love , as embodied by Farmiga . There is no attempt to braid these two threads together , and that 's where the movie feels unsatisfying . '' J. Hoberman of The Village Voice wrote , `` Like Juno , Up in the Air conjures a troubling reality and then wishes it away . The filmmakers have peeked into the abyss and averted their eyes ... ( the film ) warns that you ca n't go home again -- and then , full of false cheer and false consciousness , pretends you can . '' Shave Magazine 's Jake Tomlinson gave the film four out of five stars and wrote , `` There is a very strong sense of humor as well as emotional depth , yet the scope of the film sometimes limits these sentiments . As a moviegoer , this film provides a satisfying experience where one can take a step back to ponder some of the finer points in our daily lives , but do n't expect to find all the answers here . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Up in the Air Up in the Air earned various awards and nominations , in categories ranging from recognition of the film itself to its screenplay , direction and editing , to the performance of the three primary actors -- George Clooney , Vera Farmiga , and Anna Kendrick . The film received six Academy Award nominations and Farmiga and Kendrick both received nominations for Best Supporting Actress , although the film failed to win any of the awards . At the 63rd British Academy Film Awards , Up in the Air won one award -- Best Adapted Screenplay , awarded to Reitman and Turner -- out of the five for which it was nominated . The Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association named Up in the Air Best Picture and awarded Reitman Best Director and Best Screenplay with Turner , and Clooney was given the award for Best Actor . The film also received five nominations at the 67th Golden Globe Awards , with Reitman and Turner taking the award for Best Screenplay . Reitman and Turner also received recognition for the film 's screenplay from the Writers Guild of America , where they won the Best Adapted Screenplay award . The film garnered five nominations from the Satellite Awards , with Rolfe Kent , the film 's score composer , winning the Best Original Score award . Clooney , Farmiga and Kendrick were each nominated for an award at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards , but ultimately lost out . Kendrick earned an MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance and the Rising Star Award from Palm Springs International Film Festival for her role in the film . Up in the Air won Best Film from eleven awards ceremonies , including the Florida Film Critics Circle , Iowa Film Critics , Southeastern Film Critics , and Vancouver Film Critics Circle . The film earned four nominations for the Best Cast from the Broadcast Film Critics Association , Central Ohio Film Critics , Denver Film Critics Society , and the Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . At the Kansas City Film Critics Circle and the National Board of Review , Up in the Air won each of the awards for which it was nominated . Costume Designer Danny Glicker was nominated for his work by the Costume Designers Guild in the Contemporary Film category . In addition , the film was included on lists of the ten best films of 2009 by Roger Ebert , the American Film Institute , and The New York Times . 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( December 28 , 2009 ) . `` The Velveteen Man '' . Wunderkammer Magazine . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Karger , Dave ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Toronto preview : All eyes on ' Up in the Air ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schuker , Lauren A.E. ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood Hits the Books : Mr. Fox , Sherlock Holmes and a crew of wild things leap to the screen '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nemiroff , Perri ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Interview : Up In The Air 's Jason Reitman , Vera Farmiga , Anna Kendrick and Walter Kirn '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved November 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Up in the Air ' Holds a Damage - Control Screening '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reitman on origins of ' Air ' '' . Variety . 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Jump up ^ Kaufman , Anthony ( September 13 , 2009 ) . `` Toronto Film Festival : George Clooney 's `` Up In the Air '' Spotlights Economic Trouble `` . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clooney , Swank movies planned for Michigan sites '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alicia ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` George Clooney Filming at Metro Airport '' . WXYZ - TV . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( November 24 , 2008 ) . `` Vera Farmiga Also Joins Jason Reitman 's Up in the Air '' . First Showing . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abravanel , Lesley ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` George Clooney @ Delano '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Logan , Tim ( November 28 , 2010 ) . `` Movie to create 500 jobs , $50 million for St. Louis '' . St. Louis Business Journal . 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Jump up ^ Fischbach , Bob ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Omaha gets more exposure on ' Up in the Air ' DVD '' . Omaha World - Herald . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Actor George Clooney coming to Omaha '' . KHAS - TV . January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Up In the Air '' Looking for Extras `` . Nebraska Independent Film Projects . March 31 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Matt ( February 7 , 2009 ) . `` Actor George Clooney to make a film in Omaha - Council Bluffs '' . Radio Iowa News . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Clifford , Stephanie ( April 4 , 2010 ) . `` Before the Actors , Filmmakers Cast Products '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` How American Airlines Got a Free Ride in ' Up in the Air ' : Airline , Hilton Hotels Trade Production Savings for Product Integrations in George Clooney 's Latest Movie '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoad , Phil ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Know your film product placement : A vanguard of brands on the frontline of product placement are exposing themselves to negative associations '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Andrew Adam ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` A Dream for an Airline and a Hotel Chain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vanairsdale , S.T. ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Meet Dana E. Glauberman , Jason Reitman 's Editor Extraordinaire '' . Movieline . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Hidden key to thesps ' success : editors '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Up In the Air ( Music from the Motion Picture ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Rolfe Kent scores Up in the Air '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Joe ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` ' Up in the Air ' gives St. Louis musician a big break '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wichern , Amanda ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` '' Up In The Air `` : A dream came true for Kirkwood High grad Kevin Renick when his song was featured in new George Clooney movie '' . Webster - Kirkwood Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 7 , 2009 ) . `` ' Up in the Air ' Sounds Great , Too '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitlock , Cordell ; Bush , Mike ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` St. Louisan pens title track for locally filmed `` Up In The Air '' `` . KSDK . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Held , Kevin ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Kevin Renick delighted to hear his song in `` Up In The Air '' credits `` . KSDK . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Victor ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Clooney 's newest movie closes Austin Film Festival '' . News 8 Austin . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` VOTD : Lost In The Air : The Jason Reitman Press Tour Simulator '' . / Film . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( September 6 , 2009 ) . `` Clooney 's `` Up in the Air '' Premieres at Telluride `` . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ( September 5 , 2009 ) . `` Telluride Film Festival : Jason Reitman returns flying high '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Eugene ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` Celebrating Cinema as an Art , Telluride Unveils ' 09 Fest '' . Indiewire . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` The ' Juno ' midwives return to Toronto with new films '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` With ' Up in the Air , ' Jason Reitman tries another fall take - off '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Writer - Director Jason Reitman to receive Aspen Film 's New Directions Award '' . Aspen Film Fest . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Malcolm , Timothy ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Clooney movie ' Up in the Air ' to close Woodstock Film Festival '' . Times - Herald Record . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gaita , Paul ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Air , ' Nair added to Hamptons Film Festival '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Up in the Air : Spotlight on Jason Reitman '' . Mill Valley Film Festival . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hebron , Sandra . `` Up in the Air '' . The Times BFI 53rd London Film Festival 14 -- 29 October 2009 . London Film Festival . Archived from the original on 14 September 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fees , Alex ( November 14 , 2009 ) . `` ' Up In the Air ' debuts in University City '' . KSDK . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Michael ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` Denver Film Festival closes with weak surprise , strong film : George Clooney 's Up in the Air '' . West Word . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Roxborough , Scott ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Stockholm fest sets lineup : Nov. event will open with ' Precious , ' close with ' Up in the Air ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Vivarelli , Nick ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' Up in the Air ' tops Rome lineup '' . Variety . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Up in the Air '' . Jacob Burns Film Center . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` '' Shutter Island '' release postponed to February `` . Reuters . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Up in The Air Gets Early Release '' . / Film . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` Clooney film ' Air ' gets release date '' . Variety . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DiOrio , Carl ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` ' Up in the Air ' shifted to Dec. 4 : Overlapped with ' Men Who Stare at Goats ' release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Release Schedule : December 4 , 2009 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DiOrio , Carl ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` ' Princess ' poised to reign at box office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Up in the Air ' Official Website '' . Paramount Pictures . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Up in the Air : Global Sites & Release Dates '' . Paramount . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2009 . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reitman , Jason ( September 6 , 2009 ) . `` Twitter Account : Jason Reitman '' . Jason Reitman . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( September 5 , 2009 ) . `` Celebrating Cinema as an Art , Telluride Unveils ' 09 Fest '' . In Contention . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reitman , Jason ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` Twitter Picture Account : Jason Reitman '' . Jason Reitman . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` Reitman 's `` Up in the Air '' and More Added to Hamptons Fest `` . Indiewire . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Up in the Air '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website '' . International Rome Film Festival . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Program Schedule '' ( PDF ) . International Rome Film Festival . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lunch date with Mr. Best Director ? '' . Orlando Sentinel . October 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DiOrio , Carl ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Exhibitors party as ShowEast wraps '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Keegan ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Shhh ! It 's A Sneak Peek of Up In the Air '' . Riverfront Times . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Opening and Closing Night Films Announced ! '' . Austin Film Festival . September 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Events Special Member Screenings '' . Palm Springs International Film Society . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Uhovski , Valentine ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Up in the Air and Precious are set for a same - night Gotham screening showdown next week '' . Fashion Week Daily . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gaffney , Adrienne ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Up in the Air Screening Has New York Elites Pondering Layoffs '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Filmmaker / Apple Presents Meet the Filmmaker : Jason Reitman '' . Filmmaker Magazine . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Up in the Air ( Screening ) '' -- Nov 8th `` . Boston Sunday Night Film Club . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clooney Film Shot In St. Louis Generating Oscar Buzz : Major Coup For St. Louis As STL International Film Festival Features Clooney Movie '' . KTVI . October 9 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sells , George ( November 14 , 2009 ) . `` Clooney Film `` Up in the Air '' Makes St. Louis Debut `` . KTVI . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( November 14 , 2009 ) . `` Up in the Air Literally '' . AwardsDaily . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ellwood , Gregory ( November 15 , 2009 ) . `` 20,000 ft . ' Up in the Air ' with ' New Moon 's ' Anna Kendrick '' . Hit Fix . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sharon ( November 15 , 2009 ) . `` A Paramount - American Airlines Junket , Up In the Air '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Countess , Jemal ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Up in the Air ' Screening with Vera Farmiga and Anna Kendrick '' . Backstage . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Up in the Air ' gets DVD release date '' . UPI . February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Up in the Air - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : ' Up in the Air ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Movies , Weekend of December 18 , 2009 '' . The Numbers . December 22 , 2009 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( September 6 , 2009 ) . `` Up in the Air '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Up in the Air ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ( September 7 , 2009 ) . `` Optimism in ' Air ' as Telluride ends '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Up in the Air : Reviews ( 2009 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( September 7 , 2009 ) . `` Telluride rides out tough time '' . Variety . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Indiewire Poll Names A Serious Man Best Film of TIFF '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` ' Up in the Air ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` Up in the Air ( 2009 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` Timely ' Up in the Air ' rises to challenge with humor , heart '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Saito , Stephen ( September 12 , 2009 ) . `` Toronto 2009 : `` Up in the Air '' Flies High `` . IFC . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` Up In The Air , Jason Reitman , 109 Mins '' . IFC . London . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Up in the Air '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` Neither Here Nor There '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Toronto fest : `` A Serious Man , '' and a shallow one `` . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sancton , Julian ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Is Up In The Air Rising on Hot Air ? '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , J. ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` George Clooney in Up in the Air : Getting fired sux , but Jason Reitman says u will b OK l8r '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jake Tomlinson ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Review : Up in the Air '' . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( March 7 , 2010 ) . `` In Full : Oscars 2010 -- The Winners '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi ( UK ) Ltd . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees & Winners for the 82nd Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Winners 2010 '' . British Academy Film Awards . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . January 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Name `` Up in the Air '' Best Picture of 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilonsky , Robert ( December 16 , 2009 ) . `` DFW Crix Up in the Air With Year - End Tally '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved December 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ciarrocchi , Justine ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` Golden Globes 2010 : Christoph Waltz Wins for Best Supporting Actor '' . Screen Crave . uCrave . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes nominations : the 2010 list in full '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards - Previous nominees and winners '' . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 14th Annual Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` SAG Awards Nominations Led By ' Up In The Air , ' Precious ' '' . MTV . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Esmailian , Ani ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` 2010 Screen Actors Guild Awards Nominations List '' . Hollyscoop . DNA Group , Inc . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . MTV.com . MTV Networks . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Serpe , Gina ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Mariah 's Acceptance Speech More Lush - ious Than Precious ? '' . E !. Comcast . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Florida Critics Circle joins the Up in the Air bandwagon '' . Orlando Sentinel . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Good Morning , Oscar : January 15 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Anna ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` 2009 Southeastern Film Critics Association winners '' . Alt Film Guide . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Film Critics Circle '' . Kansas City Film Critics Circle . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 National Board of Review Awards '' . National Board of Review . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 12th Annual Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Costume Designers Guild . January 26 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` Roger Ebert 's Journal : The best films of 2009 '' . Chicago Sun Times . Chicago , Illinois : Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Long Shadows of an Economy and a War '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` AFI Honors Hangover , Mad Men and Hurt Locker '' . People . Time Warner . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Up in the Air ( 2009 film ) Official website Up in the Air on IMDb Up in the Air at Virtual History hide Works by Jason Reitman As director Thank You for Smoking ( 2005 ) Juno ( 2007 ) Up in the Air ( 2009 ) Young Adult ( 2011 ) Labor Day ( 2013 ) Men , Women & Children ( 2014 ) Tully ( 2018 ) The Front Runner ( TBA ) As writer Thank You for Smoking ( 2005 ) Up in the Air ( 2009 ) Labor Day ( 2013 ) Men , Women & Children ( 2014 ) The Front Runner ( TBA ) As producer Up in the Air ( 2009 ) Jennifer 's Body ( 2009 ) Jeff , Who Lives at Home ( 2011 ) Young Adult ( 2011 ) Labor Day ( 2013 ) Men , Women & Children ( 2014 ) Tully ( 2018 ) The Front Runner ( TBA ) Television work The Office ( 2005 -- 2013 ) : `` Local Ad '' `` Frame Toby '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Up_in_the_Air_(2009_film)&oldid=844947815 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films American business films American comedy - drama films American aviation films American films Films directed by Jason Reitman Films set in Dallas Films set in Nebraska Films set in St. Louis Films set in Kansas Films set in Kansas City , Missouri Films set in Tulsa , Oklahoma Films set in Iowa Films set in Miami Films set in Detroit Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in Milwaukee Films set in Chicago Films set in San Francisco The Montecito Picture Company films Films shot in Miami Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in the future Films set in 2010 Films set in airports Paramount Pictures films DreamWorks Pictures films Termination of employment in popular culture Films based on American novels Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award Films produced by Jason Reitman Screenplays by Jason Reitman American Airlines Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 08 : 29 . 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national commission for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes chairman			National Commission for Scheduled Castes	national commission for scheduled castes		This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National Commission for Scheduled Castes ( NCSC ) is an Indian constitutional body established with a view to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes to promote and protect their social , educational , economic and cultural interests , special provisions were made in the Constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Commission for SCs and STs 1.2 NCSC 2 Functions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Commission for SCs and STs ( edit ) The first Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was set up in August 1978 with Bhola Paswan Shastri as Chairman and other four Members . In 1990 the Commission for SCs and STs was renamed as the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were formed as per 1987 and it was set up as a National Level Advisory Body to advise the Government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . The first Commission was constituted in 1992 with S.H. Ramdhan as Chairman . The second Commission was constituted in October 1995 with H. Hanumanthappa as chairman . The third Commission was constituted in December 1998 with Dileep Singh Bhuria as the Chairman . The fourth Commission was constituted in March 2002 with Dr. Bizay Sonkar Shastri as the Chairperson . Consequent upon the Constitution ( Eighty - Ninth Amendment ) Act , 2003 the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been replaced by ( 1 ) National Commission for Scheduled Castes and ( 2 ) National Commission for Scheduled Tribes . NCSC ( edit ) The first NCSC was constituted in 2004 with Suraj Bhan as the Chairman . The second was constituted on May 2007 ( chairperson : Buta Singh ) ; the third from October 2010 ( P.L. Punia ) ; and the fourth from 2013 , also with Punia as chairperson . The fifth NCSC began work in 2017 under chairmanship of Ram Shankar Katheria . Functions ( edit ) The following are the functions of the commission : To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards ; To inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Scheduled Castes ; To participate and advise on the planning process of socio - economic development of the Scheduled Castes and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any State ; To present to the President , annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit , reports upon the working of those safeguards ; To make in such reports recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the protection , welfare and socio - economic development of the Scheduled Castes ; and To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection , welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Castes as the President may , subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament , by rule specify . See also ( edit ) National Commission for Backward Classes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Commission for Schedule Castes India Environment Portal Jump up ^ `` Genesis Genesis '' . ncsc.nic.in . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who '' . National Commission for Scheduled Castes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( EIGHTY - NINTH AMENDMENT ) ACT , 2003 '' . by Government of India . indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ II . Provisions relating to SCs ( Page 6 ) -- Constitutional Provisions : Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment , Government of India External links ( edit ) Official Website hide Indian commissions Permanent Agricultural Costs and Prices Agriculture Atomic Energy Backward Classes Cattle Competition Consumer Disputes Redressal Cooperation with UNESCO Delimitation Denotified , Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes Election Electricity Regulation Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector Farmers Finance Forward Markets Human Resources for Health Human Rights Investment Knowledge Labour Law Minorities Minority Educational Institutions Pay Planning Protection of Child Rights Public Service Railway Safety Safai Karamcharis Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Statistics University Grants Women Vigilance Ad hoc Administrative Reforms Gadgil Kalelkar Kapur Khosla Laththa Commission Liberhan Mandal Mukherjee Nanavati Narendran Ranganath Misra ( Minorities ) Sarkaria Shah States Reorganisation Category List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Commission_for_Scheduled_Castes&oldid=850117752 '' Categories : Indian commissions and inquiries Constitution of India Hidden categories : EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 18 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Commission%20for%20Scheduled%20Castes	880
who has scored the most goals in the english premier league	List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Rank Player Premier League club ( s ) Goals Played Ratio Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United 260 441 0.59 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Everton , Manchester United 208 491 0.42 Cole , Andy Andy Cole Newcastle United , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Fulham , Manchester City , Portsmouth 187 414 0.45 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard West Ham United , Chelsea , Manchester City 177 609 0.29 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal 175 258 0.68 6 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler Liverpool , Leeds United , Manchester City 163 379 0.43 7 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe West Ham United , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Bournemouth 162 491 0.33 8 Owen , Michael Michael Owen Liverpool , Newcastle United , Manchester United , Stoke City 150 326 0.46 9 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand Queens Park Rangers , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , West Ham United , Leicester City , Bolton Wanderers 149 351 0.42 10 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Nottingham Forest , Tottenham Hotspur , Manchester United , Portsmouth , West Ham United 146 418 0.35 11 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal , Manchester United 144 280 0.51 12 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City 143 206 0.69 13 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Leeds United , Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Charlton Athletic 127 288 0.44 14 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Coventry City , Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur , Liverpool , West Ham United , Aston Villa 126 349 0.36 15 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Arsenal , Liverpool , Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion 125 364 0.34 16 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Aston Villa , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City , Sunderland 123 375 0.33 17 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool 120 504 0.24 18 Wright , Ian Ian Wright Arsenal , West Ham United 113 213 0.53 19 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Manchester United , Coventry City , Aston Villa 111 312 0.36 20 Heskey , Emile Emile Heskey Leicester City , Liverpool , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Aston Villa 110 516 0.21 21 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United 109 632 0.17 22 Kane , Harry Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur 108 153 0.71 23 Crouch , Peter Peter Crouch Aston Villa , Southampton , Liverpool , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City 108 462 0.23 23 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United 107 499 0.21 25 Bent , Darren Darren Bent Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Aston Villa , Fulham 106 276 0.38 26 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Chelsea 104 254 0.41 27 Lukaku , Romelu Romelu Lukaku West Bromwich Albion , Everton , Manchester United 101 220 0.46 28 Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier Southampton 100 270 0.37 Italics show players still playing professional football ; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League .	Alan Shearer	List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals	list of premier league players with 100 or more goals	Since the Premier League 's formation at the start of the 1992 -- 93 season , 28 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition .	During the 1995 -- 96 season , Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals , and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100 , doing so in 124 appearances . He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League . After Shearer , Harry Kane is the second - fastest to 100 goals , doing so in 141 games . Players ( edit ) As of 13 May 2018 . Sources : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Rank Player Premier League club ( s ) Goals Played Ratio Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United 260 441 0.59 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Everton , Manchester United 208 491 0.42 Cole , Andy Andy Cole Newcastle United , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Fulham , Manchester City , Portsmouth 187 414 0.45 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard West Ham United , Chelsea , Manchester City 177 609 0.29 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal 175 258 0.68 6 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler Liverpool , Leeds United , Manchester City 163 379 0.43 7 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe West Ham United , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Bournemouth 162 491 0.33 8 Owen , Michael Michael Owen Liverpool , Newcastle United , Manchester United , Stoke City 150 326 0.46 9 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand Queens Park Rangers , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , West Ham United , Leicester City , Bolton Wanderers 149 351 0.42 10 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Nottingham Forest , Tottenham Hotspur , Manchester United , Portsmouth , West Ham United 146 418 0.35 11 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal , Manchester United 144 280 0.51 12 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City 143 206 0.69 13 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Leeds United , Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Charlton Athletic 127 288 0.44 14 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Coventry City , Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur , Liverpool , West Ham United , Aston Villa 126 349 0.36 15 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Arsenal , Liverpool , Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion 125 364 0.34 16 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Aston Villa , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City , Sunderland 123 375 0.33 17 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool 120 504 0.24 18 Wright , Ian Ian Wright Arsenal , West Ham United 113 213 0.53 19 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Manchester United , Coventry City , Aston Villa 111 312 0.36 20 Heskey , Emile Emile Heskey Leicester City , Liverpool , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Aston Villa 110 516 0.21 21 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United 109 632 0.17 22 Kane , Harry Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur 108 153 0.71 23 Crouch , Peter Peter Crouch Aston Villa , Southampton , Liverpool , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City 108 462 0.23 23 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United 107 499 0.21 25 Bent , Darren Darren Bent Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Aston Villa , Fulham 106 276 0.38 26 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Chelsea 104 254 0.41 27 Lukaku , Romelu Romelu Lukaku West Bromwich Albion , Everton , Manchester United 101 220 0.46 28 Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier Southampton 100 270 0.37 Italics show players still playing professional football ; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League . See also ( edit ) English football first tier top scorers List of top Premier League goal scorers by season List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bent poised to join 100 club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 30 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bent delighted to join 100 goals club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Kilpatrick ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` Tottenham striker Harry Kane scores 100th Premier League goal '' . ESPN . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Player Stats : Goals '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Players -- Overview and Stats '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . 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when does solar eclipse start for new york			Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017	solar eclipse of august 21, 2017	The solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 , dubbed `` The Great American Eclipse '' by the media , was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States , passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts . As a partial solar eclipse , it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America . In northwestern Europe and Africa , it was partially visible in the late evening . In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity , the Chukchi Peninsula .	Play media Video of the eclipse second contact in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Crowd reaction is heard on audio . Prior to this event , no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8 , 1918 ; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States . The path of totality touched 14 states , and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse . The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States , with most of this area over the ocean , not land . The event 's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4 : 05 p.m. UTC ( 9 : 05 a.m. PDT ) , with the total eclipse beginning there at 5 : 16 p.m. UTC ( 10 : 16 a.m. PDT ) ; the total eclipse 's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6 : 44 p.m. UTC ( 2 : 44 p.m. EDT ) . Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu , Hawaii began with sunrise at 4 : 20 p.m. UTC ( 6 : 20 a.m. HST ) and ended by 5 : 25 p.m. UTC ( 7 : 25 a.m. HST ) . This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America . Information , personal communication , and photography were widely available as never before , capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience . Marriage proposals took place coinciding with the eclipse , and at least one wedding was also planned and took place to coincide with the eclipse . Logistical problems were expected with the influx of visitors , especially for smaller communities . The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries . Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 ( 12 states ) and August 2045 ( 10 states ) , and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 ( 9 states ) and June 2048 ( 9 states ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visibility 2 Other celestial bodies 3 Other eclipses over the United States 4 Total eclipse viewing events 4.1 Oregon 4.2 Idaho 4.3 Wyoming 4.4 Nebraska 4.5 Kansas 4.6 Missouri 4.7 Illinois 4.8 Kentucky 4.9 Tennessee 4.10 North Carolina 4.11 Georgia 4.12 South Carolina 5 Viewing from outside the United States 5.1 Canada 5.2 Mexico , Central America , Caribbean islands , South America 5.3 Russia 5.4 Europe 5.5 West Africa 6 Media and scientific coverage 7 Counterfeit eclipse glasses 8 Eye damage 9 Planning 10 Post-eclipse traffic problems 11 Impact on solar power 12 Commemorative stamp 13 Videos 14 Gallery 14.1 Totality 14.2 Transition 14.3 Partial 14.4 Images produced by natural pinholes 14.5 Views outside of the US 15 Related eclipses 15.1 Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 15.2 Saros series 145 15.3 Metonic series 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Visibility ( edit ) Play media Time - lapse footage of Falls Park on the Reedy in Greenville , South Carolina during the eclipse Play media Video of shadow bands on the ground as seen in Simpsonville , South Carolina . The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles ( 110 km ) wide , crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States : Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10 : 15 a.m. PDT ( 17 : 15 UTC ) at Oregon 's Pacific coast , and then it progressed eastward through Salem , Oregon ; Idaho Falls , Idaho ; Casper , Wyoming ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; Kansas City , Missouri ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Hopkinsville , Kentucky ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Columbia , South Carolina about 2 : 41 p.m. ; and finally Charleston , South Carolina . A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period , beginning shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon . Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states , but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast . Animation of the eclipse shadow . The dot in the center represents the path of totality . View of the lunar shadow tracking across Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) satellite The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37 ° 35 ′ 0 '' N 89 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W / 37.58333 ° N 89.11667 ° W / 37.58333 ; - 89.11667 in Giant City State Park , just south of Carbondale , Illinois , and the greatest extent ( width ) was at 36 ° 58 ′ 0 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 18 '' W / 36.96667 ° N 87.67167 ° W / 36.96667 ; - 87.67167 near the village of Cerulean , Kentucky , located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton . This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7 , 1970 . Two NASA WB - 57F flew above the clouds , prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra . A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon 's penumbra , including all of North America , particularly areas just south of the totality pass , where the eclipse lasted about 3 -- 5 hours , northern South America , Western Europe , and some of Africa and north - east Asia . Other celestial bodies ( edit ) During totality stars and 4 planets were visible , including Regulus close to the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Solar eclipse and star - system Regulus ( upper left ) viewed from Cullowhee , NC . During the eclipse for a long span of its path of totality , several bright stars and four planets were visible . The star - system Regulus was visible slightly to the west of the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Other eclipses over the United States ( edit ) This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11 , 1991 -- which was seen only from part of Hawaii -- and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979 . An eclipse of comparable length ( up to 3 minutes , 8 seconds , with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds ) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7 , 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard , from Florida to Virginia . The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26 , 1979 crossed only the states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho , Montana , and North Dakota . Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse , since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades . Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four - day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10 , 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia . ( This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song `` You 're So Vain '' in the lyric , `` Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun . '' ) Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements , emphasizing the rarity of the event . The path of totality across the United States The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918 . Also , its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States , making it the first such eclipse since the country 's declaration of independence in 1776 . Prior to this , the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13 , 1257 , was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States . The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 , with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake , just south of Carbondale . An area of about 9,000 square miles , including the cities of Makanda , Carbondale , Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and Paducah , Kentucky , will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years . The cities of Benton , Carbondale , Chester , Harrisburg , Marion , and Metropolis in Illinois ; Cape Girardeau , Farmington , and Perryville in Missouri , as well as Paducah , Kentucky , will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse , thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years . The solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse : about 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the southwest , also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country ; however , totality will be more than twice as long . Total eclipse viewing events ( edit ) Oregon ( edit ) Viewing the eclipse at Oregon State University Campers on a field near Madras , Oregon , three days before the eclipse Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon Diamond ring effect and some prominences at the end of totality in Oregon Corvallis -- The Corvallis campus of Oregon State University hosted `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' , a weekend - long celebration of the eclipse . A watch party was also hosted on campus the day of the eclipse . Huntington -- Historic Farewell Bend State Recreation Area hosted the RASC : Yukon Centre ( Yukon Astronomical Society ) and the RASC : Okanagan Centre . Solar viewing and presentations on the eclipse were given along with a dark - sky presentation Keizer -- The Salem - Keizer Volcanoes , a Class A baseball team , played a morning game against the visiting Hillsboro Hops that featured the first ever `` eclipse delay '' in baseball history . Madras -- The city sponsored a four - day Solarfest at two locations . Prineville -- Symbiosis Gathering hosted a seven - day eclipse festival which included rave - style music dubbed `` Oregon Eclipse '' . Rickreall -- The Polk County Fairgrounds organized a series of events and an eclipse gathering . Salem -- The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry hosted an event at the Oregon State Fairgrounds . Idaho ( edit ) A display of books related to eclipses and astronomy Total eclipse from Weiser , Idaho Arco -- High altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA . Craters of the Moon -- The National Monument and Preserve hosted NASA presentations , evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society , and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project . Idaho Falls -- Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse - watching event at the Museum of Idaho ( an official NASA viewing site ) and elsewhere , and a free eclipse - watching event at Melaleuca Field . Rexburg -- Brigham Young University Idaho offered a series of eclipse - related educational events . Weiser -- The city sponsored a five - day festival prior to the eclipse . Wyoming ( edit ) People watching and photographing the eclipse in Yellowstone National Park Casper -- The Astronomical League , an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs , held its annual Astrocon conference , and there were other public events , called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 . Fort Laramie -- Fort Laramie held an eclipse viewing event , which included a Special `` Great American Eclipse '' Program . Nebraska ( edit ) A crowd observes the eclipse in Ravenna , Nebraska Alliance -- Entertainment and educational seminars were offered . ABC News reported live from Carhenge during totality . Auburn -- Nemaha County Hospital hosted an eclipse viewing event , including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center . Beatrice -- Homestead National Monument of America -- Events were held with representatives from NASA on Saturday , Sunday and the day of the eclipse . Grand Island -- Stuhr Museum hosted an eclipse viewing event , including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon . Lincoln -- At Haymarket Park , the Lincoln Saltdogs , an independent baseball team in the American Association , defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats 8 - 5 in a special eclipse game , with 6,956 in attendance . The game was paused for 26 minutes in the middle of the third inning to observe the eclipse . The Saltdogs players wore special eclipse - themed uniforms that were auctioned off after the game . Kansas ( edit ) Atchison -- Benedictine College hosted thousands in its football stadium . There were students from schools from Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska and Oklahoma attending , plus numerous other guests who heard from , amongst others , astronomers from the Vatican Observatory . Missouri ( edit ) Columbia -- The Cosmo Park and the Gans Creek Park were open for the eclipse . There was a watch party on campus for the students of the University of Missouri , and the MU Health Care system released eye safety information . Kansas City -- A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) bicycle ride from downtown KCMO ( where totality only lasted about 30 seconds ) to Macken Park in North Kansas City ( where totality lasted 1 minute 13 seconds ) was organized by KC Pedal Party Club , a local Meetup group . Lathrop -- The city celebrated its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival . Parkville -- TotalEclipseofthePark -- August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant , ' 61 , and August 21 watch party organized by Park University . Potosi -- Hora Eclipse , an Israeli folkdance camp coordinated with the eclipse , was held at YMCA Trout Lodge and Camp Lakewood , near the Mark Twain National Forest . More information at the event 's website , especially its post-mortem page . St. Clair -- An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce . St. Joseph -- An event organized by Front Page Science was held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport . St. Louis -- David Tipper hosted his Tipper & Friends 4321 electronic music event at Astral Valley Art Park featuring 5 days of music , art , and eclipse viewing . Illinois ( edit ) Carbondale -- Southern Illinois University sponsored many eclipse related educational events , including the two day Crossroads Astronomy , Science and Technology Expo , and viewing at Saluki Stadium . Amtrak ran a special train , the Eclipse Express , from Chicago to Carbondale . NASA EDGE was there broadcasting live from Southern Illinois University Carbondale with a four - hour and thirty - minute show ( 11 : 45 a.m. -- 4 : 15 p.m. EDT ) . Carterville -- A three - day rock festival called Moonstock was headlined by Ozzy Osbourne , who performed during the eclipse . Goreville -- View the eclipse with the University of Illinois Astronomy Department . Kentucky ( edit ) An eclipse photographer in Madisonville , Kentucky Bowling Green -- Western Kentucky University hosted thousands of K - 12 students in its football stadium . At Bowling Green Ballpark , the Bowling Green Hot Rods , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Michigan Whitecaps . Hopkinsville -- A four - day eclipse festival was held at Jefferson Davis State Historic Site . Tennessee ( edit ) Totality from Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville , Tennessee NASA TV 's live coverage was being watched by 4.4 million people at 1 : 40 EDT , accounting for 87 % of all traffic to U.S. federal government websites Athens -- The City of Athens hosted `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' at Athens Regional Park , including entertainment , food , and vendors . Clarksville -- Austin Peay State University presented several educational events , including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon . Cookeville -- Tennessee Technological University hosted a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium . Cookeville hosted special events Saturday - Monday . McMinnville -- celebrated the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017 , an eclipse viewing event held in the city square . In addition to the viewing , a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who performed Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event . Memphis -- At AutoZone Park , the Memphis Redbirds , a Class AAA baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting New Orleans Baby Cakes . Nashville -- offered many special events , including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center . The Italian Lights Festival hosted the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville , a free NASA - Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall . Two astrophysicists from NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory emceed the countdown . North Carolina ( edit ) Bryson City -- Planetarium shows were offered , as well as rides on the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad to an eclipse location . Cullowhee -- The eclipse was visible in totality , and classes were cancelled for several hours during the first day of classes at Western Carolina University . Rosman -- Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute ( PARI ) hosted a viewing event . The event at PARI has garnered international attention and the visitors included amateur astronomers . Georgia ( edit ) Athens -- Viewing at Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia . Blairsville -- Get off the Grid Festival on three days preceding the eclipse . Elberty County - Approximately 400 people gathered at the Georgia Guidestones . South Carolina ( edit ) Anderson - Viewing at the Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell with food trucks , astronomer , and music . Unfortunately clouds blocked the sun at the time of totality . Charleston - The College of Charleston hosted NASA 's `` eclipse headquarters '' broadcast as part of an afternoon eclipse viewing celebration on the green behind the campus library . Clemson -- Viewing at Clemson University . Columbia -- The South Carolina State Museum hosted four days of educational events , including an appearance by Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke . At Spirit Communications Park , the Columbia Fireflies , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting Rome Braves . Greenville -- Viewing at Furman University . Events include streaming coverage from NASA , educational activities , and live music . At Fluor Field , the Greenville Drive , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Virginia Power . Sumter -- Viewing at Dillon Park . Eclipse viewing glasses given away for free . Viewing from outside the United States ( edit ) Boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe Canada ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada , ranging from 89 percent in Victoria , British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute , Nunavut . In Ottawa , viewing parties were held at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum . In Toronto , viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre Mexico , central America , Caribbean islands , South America ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible from Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean islands , and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans , as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia , Venezuela , and several others . Russia ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula . In Anadyr , the maximum obscuration was 27.82 % . Europe ( edit ) In northwestern Europe , a partial eclipse was visible in the evening or at sunset . Only those in Iceland , Ireland , Northern Ireland , Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end ; in the rest of the UK , Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Spain , and Portugal , sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse . In Germany , the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country . In all regions east of the orange line on the map , the eclipse was not visible . West Africa ( edit ) In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa , a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset . Media and scientific coverage ( edit ) The Moon 's umbra , as seen from the International Space Station A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse , including television and internet outlets . NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets , using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality , along with cameras on high - altitude balloons , jets , and coverage from the International Space Station ; NASA stated that `` never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points -- from space , from the air , and from the ground . '' ABC , CBS , and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality , along with CNN , Fox News Channel , Science , and The Weather Channel . The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien , and aired a special episode chronicling the event -- `` Eclipse Over America '' -- later in the day ( which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history ) . Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse , including the Exploratorium in San Francisco , the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald , Tennessee , the Slooh robotic telescope app , and The Virtual Telescope Project . The Eclipse Ballooning Project , a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high - altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments , provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches . Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment , launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale , Oregon , was lost at 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) . Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet ( 30,000 m ) it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell , Idaho ( most likely ) to Sun Valley , Idaho ; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery . The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse . In orbit , the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , the International Space Station , the Solar Dynamics Observatory , the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer , Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse . A viewing party was held at the White House , during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump . With the sun partially eclipsed , President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses . The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses , considering that `` our ancestors ai n't have no fancy eyewear ( and ) they ai n't all go blind '' . Unlike the US president , he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse . Later , he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland , Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour , due to `` unforeseen circumstances '' . The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life . Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming , usually an evening activity . Horses also displayed increased whinnying , running , and jumping after the event . Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality . Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations . Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night , before opening again after the solar event . NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites , making it the agency 's biggest online event ever , beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over . Counterfeit eclipse glasses ( edit ) See also : Solar viewer In the months leading up to the eclipse , many counterfeit glasses were put up for sale . Effective eclipse glasses must not only block most visible light , but most UV and infrared light as well . For visible light , the user should only be able to see the Sun , sunglint reflected off shiny metal , halogen bulbs , the filament in unfrosted incandescent bulbs , and similarly intense sources . Determining whether the glasses effectively block enough UV and infrared light requires the use of spectrophotometer , which is a rather expensive piece of lab equipment . The eye 's retina lacks pain receptors , and thus damage can occur without one 's awareness . The American Astronomical Society ( AAS ) said products meeting the ISO 12312 - 2 standard avoid risk to one 's eyes , and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses . The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification or even citing the same number , but not tested by an accredited laboratory . Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors ' products , some even claiming the company 's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits . Andrew Lund , the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses , noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe . He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum , concluding that `` the IP is getting ripped off , but the good news is there are no long - term harmful effects . '' As one example , the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses , but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage . On July 27 , 2017 , Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information , and proof of an accredited ISO certification . In mid-August 2017 , Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that `` may not comply with industry standards '' , and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them . Eye damage ( edit ) Short - term damage includes solar keratitis , which is similar to sunburn of the cornea . Symptoms usually occur within twenty - four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity . Long - term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy , which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina , usually at the fovea ( the focus of the retina ) . Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident , and can include loss of central vision and / or other vision , as well as eye pain and light sensitivity , afterimages , and changes in color vision . Depending on the severity of damage , vision problems can last for several months or be permanent . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta , an ophthalmologist in New York , states that , `` `` If you 're looking at the sun you 're actually focusing , intentionally , the light of the sun onto the spot ( fovea ) where you want the most precise vision . '' Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999 , at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed . One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki , who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse , leaving him with a pea - sized blind spot for the rest of his life . During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did . While some can recover , the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun . Planning ( edit ) A message board on U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina alerting drivers of the eclipse Officials inside and near the path of totality planned -- sometimes for years -- for the sudden influx of people . Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster . In the American West , illegal camping was a major concern , including near cities like Jackson Hole , Wyoming . Idaho 's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state , and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases ; nearly every hotel and motel room , campground , and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months , if not years , in advance . The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents . Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state 's fire season . Hospital staffing , and supplies of blood and anti -- snake bite antidote , were augmented along the totality line . In Oregon , there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate , sometimes threefold or more , for guests staying to view the eclipse . The Oregon Department of Justice ( DOJ ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state . These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ . Post-eclipse traffic problems ( edit ) Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse , there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended . Michael Zeiler , an eclipse cartographer , had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse . In Oregon , an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97 . Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse . Officials in Idaho , where the totality path crossed the center of the state , began planning for the eclipse a year in advance . The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15 , which traverses Eastern Idaho , from August 18 -- 22 in order to have all lanes open ; their counterparts in neighboring Utah , where many were expected to travel the 220 miles ( 350 km ) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , did the same . On the morning of the eclipse , many drivers left before dawn , creating traffic volume along I - 15 normally not seen until morning rush hour ; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10 -- 15 miles per hour ( 16 -- 24 km / h ) . The Idaho State Police ( ISP ) stationed a patrol car along I - 15 every 15 miles ( 24 km ) between Shelley and the Utah border . Traffic backed up on I - 15 / US 26 south of Idaho Falls After the eclipse , traffic more than doubled along I - 15 southbound , with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south . The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper - to - bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls . Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles ( 76 km ) from that city to Pocatello to the south , a journey that normally takes 45 minutes . Others reported that it took three hours to travel from Idaho Falls to the closer city of Blackfoot , 30 miles ( 48 km ) farther north of Pocatello . In the rest of the state the impact was less severe . Traffic nearly doubled on US 93 , and was up 55 percent on US 20 . For some northbound travelers on I - 15 , the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho , scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane , near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon . Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1,000 vehicles per day , on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times . As a result , traffic backed up as far as Lima , creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward . Further , as construction had not yet begun , drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road . While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods , a state official admitted `` we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard . '' Traffic waiting to get on Interstate 25 at Glendo , Wyoming , after the eclipse In Wyoming , estimates were that the population of the state , officially 585,000 , may have doubled or even tripled , with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five - year average for the third Monday in August ; a 68 percent increase . One official offered an estimate of `` two people in every car '' to arrive at a one - million - visitor figure , and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one - day traffic count of limited portions of major highways . There were additional arrivals by aircraft , plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days . Two days before the eclipse , traffic increased 18 percent over a five - year average , with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road . Sunday saw an additional 217,000 - vehicle increase . Following the eclipse , more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads , creating large traffic jams , particularly on southbound and eastbound highways . Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles ( 260 km ) into northern Colorado . There was one traffic fatality , and another fatality related to an off - highway ATV accident , but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated . In Tennessee , the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state . One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles ( 55 km ) in length , between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut . A spokesman for the state 's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job , noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows , attributed the I - 75 congestion to Knoxville - area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city 's normal afternoon rush hour . Before the eclipse , state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival , the twice - a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly - held Boomsday fireworks festival . `` Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events '' , the News Sentinel commented . The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that `` ( e ) very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave ( wa ) s working '' the day of the eclipse ; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency - aid HELP trucks were available as well . Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles . In North Carolina , the Department of Transportation added cameras , message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place , as well as stopping road work . The department warned that due to `` unprecedented '' traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult , and advised people to act as if there were snow . In Kentucky , particularly around the Hopkinsville area , which was dubbed `` Eclipseville , USA '' , post-eclipse traffic caused extensive delays . The en masse departure of tourists via Interstate 69 as well as the Western Kentucky Parkway resulted in commute times double or even triple of normal . The Hopkinsville - to - Lexington commute under normal circumstances lasts three and a half hours . Impact on solar power ( edit ) An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel , as do clouds . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts , and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse . In California , solar power was projected to decrease by 4 -- 6,000 megawatts at 70 MW / minute , and then ramp up by 90 MW / minute as the shadow passes . CAISO 's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute . Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured . After the 2017 eclipse , grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000 -- 3,500 megawatts of utility - scale solar power , which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected , mimicking the usual duck curve . Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop . NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states . When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness , which reduced its usual amount of solar - generated electricity , NV Energy sent power there . Likewise , when Nevada received less sunlight , other west coast states supplied electricity to it . During the solar eclipse , the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity , the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences . The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe ; in Germany , solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW , of a 38 GW solar power capacity . Commemorative stamp ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp On June 20 , 2017 , the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . When pressed with a finger , body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon . The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29 , 2006 seen in Jalu , Libya . The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak . Videos ( edit ) Play media Illustration showing umbra ( black oval ) , penumbra ( concentric shaded ovals ) , and path of totality ( red ) . Play media Illustration featuring several visualizations of the event . Play media Short time - lapse showing umbra as it moves across the clouds . Play media Video of the moment totality occurred in Newberry , South Carolina Gallery ( edit ) Totality ( edit ) ( Images where the sun is completely eclipsed by the moon ) Sequence starting at 9 : 06am , totality at 10 : 19am , and ending at 10 : 21am PDT , as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Totality and prominences as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming Totality as seen from Columbia , Missouri Totality as seen from Sweetwater , Tennessee Totality as seen from Saint Paul , Clarendon County , South Carolina Totality as seen from Newberry , South Carolina Transition ( edit ) ( Images showing Baily 's beads or a Diamond ring , which occur just as totality begins or ends ) Beginning of Diamond ring as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming Diamond ring as seen from Jay Em , Wyoming Baily 's beads before totality from far western Nebraska Diamond ring as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Diamond ring as seen from Saint Paul , South Carolina Diamond ring as seen from Newberry , South Carolina Diamond ring ( with large flare ) as seen from Cullowhee , NC Partial ( edit ) ( Images where the sun is partially eclipsed by the moon ) Seattle , Washington North Cascades National Park , Washington San Francisco , California Mira Mesa in San Diego , California Far western Nebraska White House , Tennessee Maine at 2 : 41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68 % coverage at 2 : 45 p.m. Brooklyn , New York Ellicott City , Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse ( ~ 80 % ) Virginia Beach , Virginia Simpsonville , South Carolina Newberry , South Carolina Images produced by natural pinholes ( edit ) ( Images of the eclipse created by natural pinholes formed by tree leaves ) North Cascade mountains ( British Columbia and Washington ) . Moon , Pennsylvania Views outside of the U.S. ( edit ) Tuxtla Gutiérrez ( Chiapas ) , Mexico at 12 : 36 GMT - 6 . Chihuahua , Mexico at 11 : 40 a.m. Sunset from Zarautz , Basque Country Spain Sunset , viewed from Coimbra , Portugal Related eclipses ( edit ) Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2 , 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26 , 2019 . A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7 , 2017 , in the same eclipse season . It was visible over Africa , Asia , Australia , and eastern Europe . Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours ( a semester ) at alternating nodes of the Moon 's orbit . ( show ) Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 -- 18 Descending node Ascending node Saros Map Saros Map 120 Longyearbyen , Svalbard March 20 , 2015 Total 125 September 13 , 2015 Partial 130 Balikpapan , Indonesia March 9 , 2016 Total 135 L'Étang - Salé , Réunion September 1 , 2016 Annular 140 Partial from Buenos Aires February 26 , 2017 Annular 145 Oregon August 21 , 2017 Total 150 February 15 , 2018 Partial 155 August 11 , 2018 Partial Partial solar eclipses on July 13 , 2018 , and January 6 , 2019 , occur during the next semester series . Saros series 145 ( edit ) This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145 , repeating every 18 years , 11 days , 8 hours , containing 77 events . The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4 , 1639 , and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6 , 1891 . It was a hybrid event on June 17 , 1909 , and total eclipses from June 29 , 1927 , through September 9 , 2648 . The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17 , 3009 . The longest eclipse will occur on June 25 , 2522 , with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes , 12 seconds . ( show ) Series members 16 -- 26 occur between 1901 and 2100 16 17 18 June 17 , 1909 June 29 , 1927 July 9 , 1945 19 20 21 July 20 , 1963 July 31 , 1981 August 11 , 1999 22 23 24 August 21 , 2017 September 2 , 2035 September 12 , 2053 25 26 September 23 , 2071 October 4 , 2089 Metonic series ( edit ) The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years ( 6939.69 days ) , lasting about 5 cycles . Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date . In addition , the octon subseries repeats 1 / 5 of that or every 3.8 years ( 1387.94 days ) . ( show ) 21 eclipse events , progressing from north to south between June 10 , 1964 , and August 21 , 2036 June 10 -- 11 March 27 -- 29 January 15 -- 16 November 3 August 21 -- 22 117 119 121 123 125 June 10 , 1964 March 28 , 1968 January 16 , 1972 November 3 , 1975 August 22 , 1979 127 129 131 133 135 June 11 , 1983 March 29 , 1987 January 15 , 1991 November 3 , 1994 August 22 , 1998 137 139 141 143 145 June 10 , 2002 March 29 , 2006 January 15 , 2010 November 3 , 2013 August 21 , 2017 147 149 151 153 155 June 10 , 2021 March 29 , 2025 January 14 , 2029 November 3 , 2032 August 21 , 2036 See also ( edit ) List of solar eclipses visible from the United States Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of June 8 , 1918 Solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 Solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of May 10 , 1994 Solar eclipse of October 14 , 2023 Solar eclipse of June 11 , 2048 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steed , Edward ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Great American Eclipse of 2017 '' -- via www.newyorker.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Local Circumstances of the partial eclipse in Anadyr '' . Jump up ^ Littmann , Espenak , Willcox : Totality : Eclipses of the Sun . pp 253ff ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Molly ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` How to watch the Great American Eclipse , no matter where you are in the world '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , A.J. ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are The TV Network Plans For Covering the Total Solar Eclipse '' . TVNewser . Adweek . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Coverage : TV Goes Totally Looney for Lunar Moment '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potenza , Alessandra ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why NASA is sending bacteria into the sky on balloons during the eclipse '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MOELLER , KATY ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse observation balloon went missing . Did it land in Treasure Valley ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . 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Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Signs of Potential Eye Damage After Watching Solar Eclipse , According to an Eye Care Expert '' . NBC Chicago . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Questions and answers with Linda Chous , a doctor and `` chief eye care officer for UnitedHealthcare '' . Jump up ^ Price , Mark ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) . `` What are the symptoms of eye damage from viewing a solar eclipse ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Will eye damage follow the Great American Eclipse ? , Los Angeles Times , Amina Khan , August 22 , 2017 . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta is an ophthalmologist at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai . Jump up ^ Do n't let the solar eclipse destroy your eyes : Experts explain signs , symptoms of vision damage , Ashley Williams , AccuWeather staff writer . ^ Jump up to : `` Man With Eye Damage From 1962 Eclipse Warns Others To Be Careful '' . simplemost.com . August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What looking at the solar eclipse without glasses could do to your eyes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mariano , Nick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local tourism , businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017 '' . The Southern Illinosian . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serven , Ruth ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom -- if they can get ready '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richy , Brad ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Letter to Eclipse Communities '' ( PDF ) . Idaho Office of Emergency Management . Jump up ^ Moeller , Katy ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up . Idaho has an app for that . '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse '' . KBTX - TV . Associated Press . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynne , Terry ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse 2017 : Hospitals stock up on blood , rattlesnake bite antidote '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Oregon hotels unapologetic , silent about widespread eclipse cancellations '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Guevarra , Ericka ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Customers Get Payments From Oregon Hotels That Canceled , Raised Prices For Eclipse '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bach , Jonathan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Hotel to pay customers for eclipse reservation problems '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , David ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse : Construction causes huge I - 15 traffic jam ; Montana official apologizes '' . Missoulian . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , Joe ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for Major Traffic Jams During the 2017 Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Russ ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse gridlock : It was so busy in Madras , Ore. , they called in the National Guard '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harbager , Molly ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse jams traffic on runways , not just roads , with hundreds of planes in Madras waiting '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I - 15 projects to shut down for eclipse '' . KIFI - TV . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mims , Bob ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Traffic into Utah jammed as eclipse fans head home on Interstate 15 '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ; Breslin , Sean ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Traffic : Interstates Busy as Final Travelers Hit the Road '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Nate ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bumper - to - bumper traffic on I - 15 as eclipse viewers leave Idaho '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse Traffic Counts '' . Idaho Transportation Department . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` More than a million people may have visited Wyoming for eclipse ; one person came by sea plane '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic increases 18 percent over a five - year average on Saturday as Aug. 21 eclipse nears '' . Wyoming Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Libby ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wyoming solar eclipse traffic jam was one for the record books '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Highway patrol releases new details about Colorado motorcyclist killed in Eclipse traffic '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane . `` Eclipse keeps highway patrol busy , but local authorities respond to fewer incidents than expected '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Don ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Worst traffic snarls ever seen in East Tennessee . '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western NC ready for eclipse , but roads clogged '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Chris ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Welcome to ' Eclipseville , ' Hopkinsville , Ky , USA '' . WHAS . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stunson , Mike ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` The rare eclipse was memorable . The ride home was something they want to forget . '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Once we left Hopkinsville ... It took us 10 hours to go 210 miles , and we did n't return to our home in Lexington until just after midnight . Jump up ^ Helmer , Katrina ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` As solar eclipse ends , traffic stalls heading out of Hopkinsville '' . WDRB . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . As of 10 p.m. , drivers were still on the roads trying to get back to Louisville more than seven hours after leaving Hopkinsville . Jump up ^ `` A Wide - Area Perspective on the August 21 , 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . April 2017 . p. 20 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system ( BPS ) operations . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Long - Term Reliability Assessment '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . December 2016 . p. 70 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . causes substantial effects to wide - scale solar generation within a very short amount of time . The output generated by PV / solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event . Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind - the - meter DERs . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country -- Today in Energy '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Summer 's Eclipse Will Put California 's Solar - Powered Grid to the Test '' . Greentech Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grandoni , Dino ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California is the state that most depends on the sun for energy . It survived the eclipse without losing any . '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California power grid survives solar eclipse unscathed '' . SFGate . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Looking Beyond the Eclipse : How the Historic Event Tested Customer Engagement on the Electric Grid '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Today 's eclipse is a test run for the electricity community . So we have exactly the same challenge on a regular basis within the grid because of solar . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Jullie Anne ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` NV Energy all set for solar eclipse in Nevada , despite loss of power '' . Centrio News . Henderson , Nevada : Centrio Media Network . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse '' . Reuters . March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` German power net survives solar eclipse '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp '' . United States Postal Service . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' . United States Postal Service ( store ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Wait ! Dig those eclipse glasses out of the garbage Here comes the sun . Astronomers Without Borders will be collecting the protective eyewear for use in future eclipses worldwide . '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 145 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Bakich , Michael E. ( 2016 ) . Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 27630 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSolar eclipse of August 21 , 2017at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata August 21 , 2017 eclipse -- NASA Color map -- NASA Eclipse 2017 : One Nation Under The Sun ( NPR ) A synopsis of people 's reactions as the eclipse moved across the U.S. , ( published August 27 , 2017 ) . Eclipse Across America ( Celestron ) A synopsis of people 's reactions as the eclipse moved across the U.S. , ( published September 26 , 2017 ) . Photos and videos Space.com Gallery of photos from Casper , Wyoming Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 Apr 8 1902 May 7 1902 Oct 31 1906 Feb 23 1906 Jul 21 1906 Aug 20 1909 Dec 12 1910 Nov 2 1913 Apr 6 1913 Aug 31 1913 Sep 30 1916 Dec 24 1917 Jan 23 1917 Jun 19 1917 Jul 19 1920 May 18 1920 Nov 10 1924 Mar 5 1924 Jul 31 1924 Aug 30 1927 Dec 24 1928 Jun 17 1928 Nov 12 1931 Apr 18 1931 Sep 12 1931 Oct 11 1935 Jan 5 1935 Feb 3 1935 Jun 30 1935 Jul 30 1938 Nov 21 1942 Mar 16 1942 Aug 12 1942 Sep 10 1946 Jan 3 1946 May 30 1946 Jun 29 1946 Nov 23 1949 Apr 28 1949 Oct 21 1953 Feb 14 1953 Jul 11 1953 Aug 9 1956 Dec 2 1960 Mar 27 1960 Sep 20 1964 Jan 14 1964 Jun 10 1964 Jul 9 1964 Dec 4 1967 May 9 1968 Mar 28 1971 Feb 25 1971 Jul 22 1971 Aug 20 1974 Dec 13 1975 May 11 1975 Nov 3 1978 Apr 7 1978 Oct 2 1982 Jan 25 1982 Jun 21 1982 Jul 20 1982 Dec 15 1985 May 19 1986 Apr 9 1989 Mar 7 1989 Aug 31 1992 Dec 24 1993 May 21 1993 Nov 13 1996 Apr 17 1996 Oct 12 1997 Sep 2 2000 Feb 5 2000 Jul 1 2000 Jul 31 2000 Dec 25 2004 Apr 19 2004 Oct 14 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how many hits did the jackson 5 have			The Jackson 5	the jackson 5	The Jackson 5 , or Jackson Five , currently known as the Jacksons , are a popular American family music group . Formed around 1964 , the founding members were elder brothers Jackie , Tito and Jermaine . Younger brothers Marlon and Michael would join soon after . They participated in talent shows and performed in clubs on the Chitlin ' Circuit . They entered the professional music scene in 1967 , signing with Steeltown Records and releasing two singles with the Steeltown label . In 1969 , the group left Steeltown Records and signed with Motown .	The Jackson 5 was one of the first groups of black American performers to attain a crossover following , preceded by the Supremes , the Four Tops and the Temptations . They were also the first group to debut with four consecutive number one hits on the Hot 100 with the songs `` I Want You Back '' , `` ABC '' , `` The Love You Save '' , and `` I 'll Be There '' . Scoring 16 top forty singles on the Hot 100 , after continuing with further hits such as `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' and `` Dancing Machine '' , most of the group with the exception of Jermaine , left Motown for Epic Records in 1975 . At that time , with brother Randy taking Jermaine 's place , they released five albums between 1976 and 1981 , including the hit albums , Destiny ( 1978 ) and Triumph ( 1980 ) , and the hit singles , `` Enjoy Yourself '' , `` Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) '' and `` Can You Feel It '' . In 1983 , Jermaine reunited with the band to perform on Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever and subsequently released the Victory album the following year . After the end of their tour to promote the album , Michael and Marlon Jackson promptly left the group . The remaining four released the poorly received 2300 Jackson Street album in 1989 before being dropped from their label . They have sold approximately 100 million records worldwide . Inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999 , the Jacksons reunited in 2001 on Michael 's 30th anniversary television special . Following the death of Michael Jackson in 2009 , the four eldest of the brothers embarked on their Unity Tour in 2012 , and planned several major performances for 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Jacksonmania 1.3 Decline and exit 1.4 The Jacksons CBS / Epic Records 1.5 Later years 1.6 The Jacksons : Unity Tour 2 Legacy 3 Band members 4 Timeline 5 Discography 5.1 Top Forty singles 5.2 Studio albums 6 Tours 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early years ( edit ) The five Jackson brothers ' interest in music began in Gary , Indiana , a part of the Chicago metropolitan area , bolstered by their father , Joe Jackson . In 1962 , Joe caught Tito playing with his guitar after a string broke . Upon fixing the string , threatening punishment , Tito 's father had him play and was impressed enough to buy him his own guitar . Along with their father , Tito , Jermaine and Jackie formed their own group , named `` the Jackson Brothers , '' with a five - year - old Michael playing congas and childhood buddies Reynaud Jones and Milford Hite playing keyboards and drums , respectively . Marlon , then seven years old , eventually joined , playing the tambourine . In August 1965 , before a show at Gary 's Tiny Tots Jamboree held on Michael 's seventh birthday , Evelyn LaHaie suggested the group rename themselves `` the Jackson Five Singing Group '' , later shortened simply to `` the Jackson Five '' . In 1965 , the group won a talent show at Gary 's Theodore Roosevelt High School , where Jermaine performed several Motown numbers , including the Temptations ' `` My Girl '' and Michael performed Robert Parker 's `` Barefootin ' '' , winning the talent show instantly . Johnny Jackson and Ronnie Rancifer eventually replaced Milford Hite and Reynaud Jones . After several more talent show wins , Joe Jackson booked his sons to perform at several respected music venues of the chitlin ' circuit , including Chicago 's Regal Theater and Harlem 's Apollo Theater , winning the talent competitions on both shows in 1967 . After they won the Apollo contest on August 13 , 1967 , singer Gladys Knight sent a tape of the boys ' demo to Motown Records , hoping to get them to sign , only to have their tape rejected and sent back to Gary . In November 1967 , Joe Jackson signed the group 's first contract with Gordon Keith , an owner and producer of Steeltown Records , and the Jackson Five recorded and released two singles , `` Big Boy '' which was sung by Michael and `` We Do n't Have to Be Over 21 '' . During early 1968 , the group also performed at strip clubs on Joe 's behest to earn extra income . While performing a week - long run of shows at the Regal Theater as the opening act for Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers , an impressed Taylor sent the Jacksons to Detroit to help with their Motown audition , which was set for July 23 at Motown 's headquarters on Woodward Avenue . Following the taped audition , which was sent to CEO Berry Gordy 's office in Hollywood , Gordy originally turned them down again , since he had Stevie Wonder in his spotlight , but later changed his mind , and had requested the group to be signed , with final negotiations completed by early 1969 , leading to the group to be signed on March 11 . Following initial recordings at Detroit 's Hitsville USA studio , Berry Gordy sent the Jacksons to Hollywood in July , hiring Suzanne de Passe to become a mentor of the brothers . Starting in August , the Jackson Five performed as the opening act for the Supremes , whose lead singer Diana Ross was planning to leave for a solo career at the end of the year . After performing at the Daisy in Los Angeles and at the Miss Black America Pageant in New York , the group recorded their first single , `` I Want You Back '' , written by a newly assembled Motown team called the Corporation , which consisted of three composers and songwriters Freddie Perren , Deke Richards and Alphonzo Mizell with Gordy as a fourth partner . In October , their first single for Motown was released and the group promoted it while performing at the Hollywood Palace with Ross hosting . In December , the brothers made their first appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show . Afterwards , their debut album , Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5 , was released that same month . Jacksonmania ( edit ) In January 1970 , `` I Want You Back '' topped the Billboard Hot 100 . Led by the Corporation , the Jackson 5 released two more number - one singles , `` ABC '' and `` The Love You Save '' . A fourth single , `` I 'll Be There '' , co-written and produced by Hal Davis , became the band 's fourth number - one single , making them the first recording act to have their first four singles reach the top of the Hot 100 . All four singles were almost as popular in other countries as they were in the United States . Releasing a succession of four albums in one year , the Jackson 5 replaced the Supremes as Motown 's best - selling group . They continued their success with singles such as `` Mama 's Pearl '' , `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' and `` Sugar Daddy '' , giving them a total of seven top ten singles within a two - year period . As the Jackson Five became Motown 's main marketing focus , the label capitalized on the group 's youth appeal , licensing dozens of products , including the J5 heart logo located on Johnny Jackson 's drum set , the group 's album covers , stickers , posters and coloring books , as well as a board game and a Saturday morning cartoon series produced by Rankin / Bass . In view of their lack of covers on otherwise predominantly white teen - oriented magazines including Tiger Beat and Seventeen , a black publication , Right On ! , began in 1971 and initially focused heavily on the Jackson 5 , with at least one of the five members adorning a single cover between January 1972 and April 1974 . In addition , the Jackson 5 appeared in several television specials including Diana Ross ' 1971 special , Diana ! . Later that September , they starred on their first of two Motown - oriented television specials , Goin ' Back to Indiana ; their second , The Jackson 5 Show , debuted in November of the following year . During the Vietnam War period , the group was often joined by Bob Hope on USO - benefited performances to support military troops . In order to continue increasing sales , Motown launched Michael Jackson 's solo career in 1971 , with the single , `` Got to Be There '' , released in November of that year . Following several top 40 follow - ups , Michael 's 1972 song , `` Ben '' , became his first to top the charts . Jermaine was the second to release a solo project ; his most successful hit of the period was a cover of the doo - wop song , `` Daddy 's Home '' . Decline and exit ( edit ) By 1972 , despite Michael and Jermaine 's solo successes , the Jackson 5 's own records began plummeting on the charts . Partially credited to the changing musical landscape , the Corporation , which had produced most of their hit singles , split up in 1973 . Focusing their attention on the emerging disco scene , the brothers recorded the charted song , `` Get It Together '' , followed by their hit , `` Dancing Machine '' , their first to crack the top ten since `` Sugar Daddy '' nearly three years before . Despite those successes , most of the Jackson 5 's follow - ups were not as successful and by 1973 , Joe Jackson had grown tired of Motown 's uneasiness to continue producing hits for the brothers . Joe began producing a nightclub act around his sons and daughters , first starting in Las Vegas and spreading throughout the states . By 1975 , most of the Jacksons opted out of recording any more music for Motown desiring creative control and royalties . Learning that they were earning only 2.8 % of royalties from Motown , Joe Jackson began negotiating to have his boys sign a lucrative contract with another company , settling for Epic Records , which had offered a royalty rate of 20 % per record , signing with the company in June 1975 . Absent from the deal was Jermaine Jackson , who decided to stay in Motown , followed by his marriage to Berry 's daughter Hazel . Randy Jackson formally replaced him . After initially suing them for breach of contract , Motown allowed the group to record for Epic , as long as they changed their name , since the name Jackson 5 was owned by Motown . The brothers renamed themselves , simply , the Jacksons . The Jacksons cbs / Epic Records ( edit ) In November 1976 , following the debut of the family 's weekly variety series , the Jacksons released their self - titled Epic debut under the Philadelphia International subsidiary , produced by Gamble & Huff . Featuring `` Enjoy Yourself '' and `` Show You the Way to Go '' , the album went gold but failed to generate the sales the brothers had enjoyed while at Motown . A follow - up , Goin ' Places , fizzled . Renewing their contract with Epic , the Jacksons were allowed full creative control on their next recording , Destiny , released in December 1978 . Featuring their best - selling Epic single to date , `` Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) '' , written by Michael and Randy , the album sold over a million copies . Its follow - up , 1980 's Triumph , also sold a million copies , spawning hits such as `` Lovely One '' and `` Can You Feel It '' . In 1981 , they released their fifth album , a live album that eventually sold half a million copies . The live album was culled from recordings of performances on their Triumph Tour . In between the releases of Destiny and Triumph , Michael Jackson released the best - selling solo effort , Off the Wall . Its success led to rumors of Jackson 's alleged split from his brothers . After Triumph , Jackson worked on his second Epic solo release , which was released in November 1982 as Thriller , which later went on to become the best - selling album of all time , winning eight Grammy Awards including Album of the Year , plus two number one hit singles `` Billie Jean , '' and `` Beat It , '' and three breakthrough MTV music videos `` Billie Jean , '' `` Beat It , '' and 14 minute zombie music video `` Thriller . '' Jermaine Jackson was reportedly upset at not being invited to the Thriller One Night Only concert which took place in January 1983 . In March 1983 , with Jermaine , the Jacksons performed on Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever , the same show where Michael debuted the moonwalk during a solo performance of `` Billie Jean '' . Following the success of the reunion , all six brothers agreed to record a sixth album for Epic , later released as Victory in 1984 . Their biggest - selling album to date , it included their final top ten single , `` State of Shock '' . The song was actually a duet between Michael and Mick Jagger and did n't feature participation from any other Jackson besides Marlon and Jackie who were credited as background vocalists . Most of the album was produced in this way , with each brother essentially recording solo songs . Another hit was the top 20 single `` Torture '' , a duet between Michael and Jermaine , with Jackie singing several parts . In the same year , the brothers participated in a Pepsi Commercial where Michael suffered burns to his scalp due to a pyrotechnic fault , followed by his recovery , he continued filming the commercial . In July 1984 , the Jacksons launched their Victory Tour , which was overshadowed by Jackie 's leg injury , ticket issues , friction between the brothers , and a shakeup in the promotion and marketing team , initially headed by Don King , who was later fired . Michael announced he was leaving the group after their final performance at Dodger Stadium that December to continue his solo career . The following January , Marlon Jackson also announced he was leaving the group to pursue a solo career . In 1989 , five years after their last album , the remaining quartet of Jackie , Tito , Jermaine and Randy released 2300 Jackson Street , which performed badly on the charts . After a brief promotional tour , the band went into hiatus and never recorded another album together . Later years ( edit ) In September 2001 , nearly 17 years after their last performance together , all six Jackson brothers reunited for two performances at Madison Square Garden for a 30th anniversary special commemorating Michael 's solo career , which aired in November . In early 2009 , the four elder brothers began filming a reality show to make their attempt on reuniting the band , later debuting in December 2009 as The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty . During the middle of the project , Michael had announced his concert comeback in London was scheduled on July 13 , 2009 . Michael died that same year on June 25 , putting efforts on halt . `` This Is It '' A sample of Michael and the Jacksons ' `` This Is It '' . The song was the first song for the Jacksons to chart on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks since 1970 . ( The song was originally recorded by Michael alone , and served as the title track for his posthumous concert film . ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Later in 2009 , following the death of brother Michael , the surviving Jacksons recorded background vocals for a previously unreleased song , `` This Is It '' ( the theme for the movie of the same name ) , which had originally been a demo . The radio - only single was released in October of that same year . The song did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , but charted at number nineteen on Billboards Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks . `` This Is It '' returned the Jacksons to the chart . The surviving members of the Jacksons were in talks of planning a reunion concert tour ( which was to be served as a tribute to Michael ) for 2010 , and were in talks in working on their first new studio album in over 20 years . However , neither plan was put into action . The Jacksons : Unity tour ( edit ) In September 2010 , Jermaine Jackson held his own `` tribute '' concert to Michael in Las Vegas . In 2011 , Jackie Jackson released a solo single to iTunes , while Jermaine released his first solo album in 21 years , I Wish U Love . Following the release of one solo album , Marlon Jackson quit the music business in 1989 and invested in real estate . Randy Jackson has n't been active in the industry since he disbanded the group Randy & the Gypsys in 1991 . In August 2011 , there appeared to be a discord between the brothers concerning a tribute concert dedicated to Michael . While Jackie , Tito and Marlon were present alongside mother Katherine and sister La Toya for a tribute concert in Cardiff at the Millennium Stadium for a press conference concerning the tour , a couple of days after the press conference , both Randy and Jermaine issued a statement denouncing the tribute tour as the date of it occurred around the time of Conrad Murray 's manslaughter trial in relation to Michael 's death . The show carried on with Jackie , Tito and Marlon performing without Jermaine . In April 2012 , Jackie , Tito , Jermaine and Marlon announced that they would reunite for several United States concerts for their Unity Tour . Thirty - eight dates were announced , however , eleven shows in the U.S. were canceled . The tour started at Casino Rama in Rama , Canada on June 20 , 2012 . Thirty - two additional dates were eventually added , and the tour ended on July 27 , 2013 in Atlantic City , United States . Legacy ( edit ) In 1980 , the brothers , under their `` Jacksons '' moniker , were honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . As `` the Jackson 5 '' they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999 . Two of the band 's recordings ( `` ABC '' and `` I Want You Back '' ) are among the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll , while the latter track also included in the Grammy Hall of Fame . On September 8 , 2008 , the Jacksons were honored as BMI Icons at the annual BMI Urban Awards . In 1992 , Suzanne de Passe , Jermaine Jackson , and Jermaine 's then common - law wife Margaret Maldonado , worked with Motown to produce The Jacksons : An American Dream , a five - hour television miniseries broadcast based on the history of the Jackson family in a two - part special on ABC . Influenced by the Temptations , the Supremes , James Brown , Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers and Sly & the Family Stone , the group eventually served as the inspiration for several generations of boy bands , including New Edition , Menudo , New Kids on the Block , N * SYNC , the Jonas Brothers , Backstreet Boys , One Direction , and many more . The rise of the Jackson 5 in the 1960s and 1970s coincided with the rise of a very similar musical family , the Osmonds . The Osmonds had risen to fame as regular performers on The Andy Williams Show ; Jay Osmond would later note : `` Michael had a unique sense of humor about him , and told us he was so tired of watching the Osmonds on The Andy Williams Show . He explained this was something their father had them do , and Michael joked he became really tired of it ! '' The song `` One Bad Apple '' , written by George Jackson , who had the Jackson Five in mind when he wrote it , was originally presented to Motown Record 's Chairman of the Board Berry Gordy for the group to record , but he turned it down . It was then presented to MGM Records for the Osmonds . `` One Bad Apple '' , which the Osmonds recorded in a similar style to the songs of the Jackson 5 at the time , reached number one and began a string of several hits for the Osmonds . Both bands followed a similar career trajectory : a string of several hits as a group , which eventually led to a breakout star ( Michael for the Jacksons , Donny for the Osmonds ) becoming a solo artist , a little sister not originally part of the group also rising to fame ( Janet Jackson and Marie Osmond respectively ) , and eventual decline as a smaller group in the 1980s . The two groups ' members eventually became friends , despite public perception of a rivalry between the two and allegations that the Osmonds , white Mormon brothers from Utah , were an imitation of the black Jackson 5 . Band members ( edit ) Main article : List of The Jackson 5 band members Current members Jermaine Jackson -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , bass guitar ( 1964 -- 1975 , 1983 -- 1989 , 2001 , 2012 -- present ) Jackie Jackson -- vocals , tambourine , percussion ( 1964 -- 1989 , 2001 , 2012 -- present ) Tito Jackson -- vocals , lead guitar , bass guitar , piano , electric guitar ( 1964 -- 1989 , 2001 , 2012 -- present ) Marlon Jackson -- vocals , conga , tambourine , percussion ( 1964 -- 1985 , 2001 , 2012 -- present ) Former members Michael Jackson -- lead vocals , conga , percussion ( 1964 -- 1984 , 2001 ; died 2009 ) Randy Jackson -- percussion , keyboards , vocals ( 1975 -- 1989 , 2001 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Jackson 5 discography Top Forty singles ( edit ) The following singles reached the Top Forty on the US or UK Pop Singles Charts : Year Song Title Peak Chart Positions Label US US R&B UK 1969 `` I Want You Back '' Motown 1970 `` ABC '' 8 `` The Love You Save '' 7 `` I 'll Be There '' `` Mama 's Pearl '' 25 1971 `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' 33 `` Maybe Tomorrow '' 20 -- `` Sugar Daddy '' 10 -- 1972 `` Little Bitty Pretty One '' 13 8 -- `` Lookin ' Through The Windows '' 16 5 9 `` Doctor My Eyes '' -- -- 9 `` Corner Of The Sky '' 18 9 -- 1973 `` Hallelujah Day '' 28 10 20 `` Skywriter '' -- -- 25 `` Get It Together '' 28 -- `` Dancing Machine '' 53 `` Whatever You Got , I Want '' 38 -- `` I Am Love '' 15 5 -- 1976 `` Enjoy Yourself '' 6 42 Epic 1977 `` Show You The Way To Go '' 28 6 `` Dreamer '' -- -- 22 `` Goin ' Places '' 52 8 26 1978 `` Blame It on the Boogie '' 54 8 1979 `` Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) '' 7 `` Destiny '' -- -- 39 1980 `` Lovely One '' 12 29 `` This Place Hotel '' 22 44 1981 `` Can You Feel It ? '' 77 30 6 `` Walk Right Now '' 73 50 7 1984 `` State of Shock '' ( with Mick Jagger ) 14 `` Torture '' 17 12 26 `` Nothin ' ( That Compares 2 U ) '' 77 33 `` 2300 Jackson Street '' − 9 39 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Studio albums ( edit ) Motown releases ( as Jackson 5 ) Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 ( 1969 ) ABC ( 1970 ) Third Album ( 1970 ) Jackson 5 Christmas Album ( 1970 ) Maybe Tomorrow ( 1971 ) Goin ' Back to Indiana ( 1971 ) Lookin ' Through the Windows ( 1972 ) Skywriter ( 1973 ) G.I.T. : Get It Together ( 1973 ) Dancing Machine ( 1974 ) Moving Violation ( 1975 ) Joyful Jukebox Music ( 1976 ) CBS / Epic releases ( as The Jacksons ) The Jacksons ( 1976 ) Goin ' Places ( 1977 ) Destiny ( 1978 ) Triumph ( 1980 ) The Jacksons Live ! ( 1981 ) Victory ( 1984 ) 2300 Jackson Street ( 1989 ) Tours ( edit ) Main article : List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5 The Jacksons Tour ( 1977 ) ( May 19 -- 24 , 1977 ) Goin ' Places Tour ( 1978 ) ( January 22 -- May 13 , 1978 ) Destiny Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) ( January 22 , 1979 -- September 26 , 1980 ) Triumph Tour ( 1981 ) ( July 8 -- September 26 , 1981 ) Victory Tour ( 1984 ) ( July 6 -- December 9 , 1984 ) Unity Tour ( 2012 -- 2013 ) ( June 20 , 2012 -- July 27 , 2013 ) See also ( edit ) Book : The Jackson 5 Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Jackson 5 . Indiana portal Biography portal The Jackson Family portal Michael Jackson portal List of best - selling music artists List of number - one hits ( United States ) List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance hits ( United States ) List of highest - grossing concert tours Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) 45 RPM Records Jump up ^ `` The Jackson 5 Biography & History AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Jeff ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` The Jacksons Hollywood Star Walk '' . LA Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gordy , Berry ( July 19 , 2009 ) . Eulogy for Michael Jackson ( Speech ) . Los Angeles , CA . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` The Jackson 5 '' . Macrovision Corp . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Hale ( 2009 - 12 - 11 ) . `` No Longer One for All , but Still All From One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New Michael Jackson song , ' This Is It ' , premieres online '' . Rolling Stones . October 12 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Chart Beat Thursday : Michael Buble , Michael Jackson , Kiss '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bill Zwecker ( 2010 - 02 - 24 ) . `` J - Lo spins record discord '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media , LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jane ( 2012 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Casino Rama , Rama Ont . June 20 , 2012 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : George , p. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ `` Music muse '' . Erie Times - News . May 6 , 1999 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 500 songs that shaped rock '' . The Denver Post . September 3 , 1995 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Honors The Jacksons , T - Pain and Many More at Urban Awards in Los Angeles '' . bmi.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Osmond Official Website '' . Jayosmond.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=9173 Jump up ^ `` The Osmonds Hot 100 Hitsory '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/music/the-jacksons/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-songs Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/13914/jackson-5/ Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/16176/jacksons/ Jump up ^ Grant , p. 37 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 40 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 42 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 55 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 83 References ( edit ) Brooks , Darren ( 2002 ) . Michael Jackson : An Exceptional Journey . Chrome Dreams . ISBN 1 - 84240 - 178 - 5 . Grant , Adrian ( 2009 ) . Michael Jackson : The Visual Documentary . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84938 - 261 - 8 . George , Nelson ( 2004 ) . Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection booklet . Sony BMG . Bierbaum , Tom ( November 18 , 1992 ) . Week 's Nielsen win easy as ABC . Variety . Cadman , Chris and Craig Halstead . Michael Jackson : the Early Years . Authors Online . ISBN 0 - 7552 - 0064 - 0 Green , Dave ( producer / director ) . ( January 29 , 2005 ) . VH1 News Presents : Michael Jackson 's Secret Childhood ( television broadcast ) . New York , NY : MTV Networks . Manning , Steve . The Jacksons . Indianapolis . Bobbs - Merrill . 1976 . Posner , Gerald ( 2002 ) . Motown : Music , Money , Sex , and Power . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50062 - 6 . Ward , Ed , Geoffrey Stokes and Ken Tucker ( 1986 ) . Rock of Ages : The Rolling Stone History of Rock and Roll . Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 0 - 671 - 54438 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Taraborrelli , J. Randy ( 2004 ) . The Magic and the Madness . Terra Alta , WV : Headline . ISBN 0 - 330 - 42005 - 4 . Neely , Tim ( 2000 ) . Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1950 - 1975 2nd Ed . Iola , WI : Krause . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 934 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Jackson 5 Jackson Five documentary on BBC Radio The Jackson 5 at AllMusic `` The Jackson 5 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . ' Jackson Five ' Vocal Group Hall of Fame Page The Jackson Five Video Archive Jackson 5 on The Ed Sullivan Show The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons Jackie Jackson Tito Jackson Jermaine Jackson Marlon Jackson Michael Jackson Randy Jackson Studio albums The Jackson 5 Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 ABC Third Album Jackson 5 Christmas Album Maybe Tomorrow Goin ' Back to Indiana Lookin ' Through the Windows Skywriter G.I.T. : Get It Together Dancing Machine Moving Violation The Jacksons The Jacksons Goin ' Places Destiny Triumph Victory 2300 Jackson Street Live albums The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jacksons Live ! Live at the Forum Compilations Greatest Hits Anthology Joyful Jukebox Music Boogie Soulsation ! Jackson 5 : The Ultimate Collection The Essential Jacksons The Very Best of The Jacksons I Want You Back ! Unreleased Masters Come and Get It : The Rare Pearls Concert tours First National Tour Second National Tour Destiny World Tour Triumph Tour Victory Tour Unity Tour Television The Jackson 5ive The Jacksons The Jacksons : An American Dream The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty Specials Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special Related articles Discography Songs Chronology Jackson family Steeltown Records Book Category Portal The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons singles Singles on Steeltown Records `` Big Boy '' Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 `` I Want You Back '' ABC `` ABC '' `` The Love You Save '' `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' `` Do n't Know Why I Love You '' `` La La ( Means I Love You ) '' Third Album `` I 'll Be There '' `` Mama 's Pearl '' `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' Jackson 5 Christmas Album `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Give Love on Christmas Day '' Maybe Tomorrow `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` Maybe Tomorrow '' `` 16 Candles '' Greatest Hits `` Sugar Daddy '' Lookin ' Through the Windows `` Little Bitty Pretty One '' `` Lookin ' Through the Windows '' `` Doctor My Eyes '' Skywriter `` Skywriter '' G.I.T. : Get It Together `` Get It Together '' `` Dancing Machine '' Dancing Machine `` Dancing Machine '' `` I Am Love '' Moving Violation `` Forever Came Today '' `` All I Do Is Think of You '' The Jacksons `` Enjoy Yourself '' `` Show You the Way to Go '' Destiny `` Blame It on the Boogie '' `` Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) '' Triumph `` Lovely One '' `` This Place Hotel '' `` Can You Feel It '' `` Walk Right Now '' Victory `` State of Shock '' `` Torture '' 2300 Jackson Street `` Nothin ' ( That Compares 2 U ) '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' Notable collaborations and album tracks `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' `` Hum Along and Dance '' `` Feelin ' Alright '' `` This Is It '' Book Category Portal Jackson family Parents Joseph Walter Jackson : 1928 Katherine Esther Jackson ( neé Scruse ) : 1930 Children Maureen Reillette ( Rebbie ) : 1950 Sigmund Esco ( Jackie ) : 1951 Toriano Adaryll ( Tito ) : 1953 Jermaine La Jaune : 1954 La Toya Yvonne : 1956 Marlon David : 1957 Michael Joseph : 1958 -- 2009 Steven Randall ( Randy ) : 1961 Janet Damita Jo : 1966 Grandchildren T.J. Jackson : 1978 Austin Brown : 1985 Paris Jackson : 1998 Musical groups The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons 3T Television The Jacksons The Jacksons : An American Dream The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty The Jacksons : Next Generation Portal Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 1997 Performers Bee Gees ( Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , Robin Gibb ) Buffalo Springfield ( Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , Neil Young ) Crosby , Stills , & Nash ( David Crosby , Graham Nash , Stephen Stills ) The Jackson 5 ( Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , Tito Jackson ) Joni Mitchell Parliament - Funkadelic ( Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , Billy Bass Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , Bernie Worrell ) The ( Young ) Rascals ( Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , Dino Danelli ) Early influences Mahalia Jackson Bill Monroe Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Syd Nathan VIAF : 121010065 LCCN : n82017439 ISNI : 0000 0001 2259 2391 GND : 5229653 - 2 SUDOC : 094535019 BNF : cb139041638 ( data ) MusicBrainz : e5257dc5 - 1edd - 4fca - b7e6 - 1158e00522c8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jackson_5&oldid=833684592 '' Categories : The Jackson 5 Jackson family ( show business ) African - American musical groups American dance groups American disco groups American funk musical groups American pop music groups American rhythm and blues musical groups American soul musical groups Bubblegum pop Child musical groups Epic Records artists Family musical groups Motown artists Musical groups disestablished in 1989 Musical groups established in 1964 Musical groups from Indiana Musical quintets Musicians from Indiana Philadelphia International Records artists Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from October 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 23 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Jackson%205	882
what is the difference between priest and bishop	All clergy , including deacons , priests , and bishops , may preach , teach , baptize , witness marriages , and conduct funeral liturgies . Only priests and bishops can celebrate the sacraments of the Eucharist ( though others may be ministers of Holy Communion ) , Penance ( Reconciliation , Confession ) , Confirmation ( priests may administer this sacrament with prior ecclesiastical approval ) , and Anointing of the Sick . Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders , by which men are ordained as bishops , priests or deacons .		Hierarchy of the Catholic Church	hierarchy of the catholic church	The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops , priests , and deacons . In the ecclesiological sense of the term , `` hierarchy '' strictly means the `` holy ordering '' of the Church , the Body of Christ , so to respect the diversity of gifts and ministries necessary for genuine unity . ( 1 Cor 12 )	In canonical and general usage , it refers to those who exercise authority within a Christian church . In the Catholic Church , authority rests chiefly with the bishops , while priests and deacons serve as their assistants , co-workers or helpers . Accordingly , `` hierarchy of the Catholic Church '' is also used to refer to the bishops alone . As of 31st of December 2014 , the Catholic Church consisted of 2,998 dioceses or equivalent jurisdictions , each overseen by a bishop . Dioceses are divided into individual communities called parishes , each staffed by one or more priest , deacon , or lay ecclesial minister . Ordinarily , care of a parish is entrusted to a priest , though there are exceptions . Approximately 22 % of all parishes do not have a resident pastor , and 3,485 parishes worldwide are entrusted to a deacon or lay ecclesial minister . All clergy , including deacons , priests , and bishops , may preach , teach , baptize , witness marriages , and conduct funeral liturgies . Only priests and bishops can celebrate the sacraments of the Eucharist ( though others may be ministers of Holy Communion ) , Penance ( Reconciliation , Confession ) , Confirmation ( priests may administer this sacrament with prior ecclesiastical approval ) , and Anointing of the Sick . Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders , by which men are ordained as bishops , priests or deacons . Contents 1 Bishop 1.1 Pope ( Bishop of Rome ) 1.1. 1 Offices and titles 1.1. 2 Election 1.2 Patriarchs 1.3 Major archbishops 1.4 Cardinals 1.5 Primates 1.6 Metropolitan bishops 1.7 Archbishops 1.8 Diocesan bishops 1.8. 1 Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law 1.9 Other bishops 2 Ordinaries and local ordinaries 3 Presbyterate 3.1 In general 3.2 Priests in service outside their diocese 3.3 Positions within a diocese at diocesan level 3.4 Vicars Forane or Deans 3.5 Parish priest / pastor 3.6 Assistant priests / parochial vicars 3.7 Honorary titles 4 Diaconate 5 Laity 6 Religious 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bishop ( edit ) Main article : Bishop ( Catholic Church ) The bishops , who possess the fullness of orders , and therefore the fullness of both priesthood and diaconate , are as a body ( the College of Bishops ) considered the successors of the Apostles and are `` constituted Pastors in the Church , to be the teachers of doctrine , the priests of sacred worship and the ministers of governance '' and `` represent the Church . '' In the year 2012 , there were 5,133 Catholic bishops ; at the end of 2014 , there were 5,237 Catholic bishops . The Pope himself is a bishop ( the bishop of Rome ) and traditionally uses the title `` Venerable Brother '' when writing formally to another bishop . The typical role of a bishop is to provide pastoral governance for a diocese . Bishops who fulfill this function are known as diocesan ordinaries , because they have what canon law calls ordinary ( i.e. not delegated ) authority for a diocese . These bishops may be known as hierarchs in the Eastern Catholic Churches . Other bishops may be appointed to assist ordinaries ( auxiliary bishops and coadjutor bishops ) or to carry out a function in a broader field of service to the Church , such as appointments as papal nuncios or as officials in the Roman Curia . Bishops of a country or region may form an episcopal conference and meet periodically to discuss current problems . Decisions in certain fields , notably liturgy , fall within the exclusive competence of these conferences . The decisions of the conferences are binding on the individual bishops only if agreed to by at least two - thirds of the membership and confirmed by the Holy See . Bishops are normally ordained to the episcopate by at least three other bishops , though for validity only one is needed and a mandatum from the Holy See is required . Ordination to the episcopate is considered the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders ; even when a bishop retires from his active service , he remains a bishop , since the ontological effect of Holy Orders is permanent . On the other hand , titles such as archbishop or patriarch imply no ontological alteration , and existing bishops who rise to those offices do not require further ordination . Sacramentally , all bishops are equal . According to jurisdiction , office , and privileges , however , various ranks are distinguished , as indicated below . All bishops are `` vicars of Christ '' . Pope ( bishop of Rome ) ( edit ) Main article : Pope Pope Francis , bishop of Rome The pope is the bishop of Rome . He is also , by virtue of that office : Vicar of Jesus Christ , Successor of the Prince of the Apostles , Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church , Patriarch of the Latin Church , Primate of Italy , Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province , Sovereign of the Vatican City State , Servant of the servants of God . Offices and titles ( edit ) `` Pope '' is a pronominal honorific , not an office or a title , meaning `` Father '' ( the common honorific for all clergy ) . The honorific `` pope '' was from the early 3rd century used for any bishop in the West , and is known in Greek as far back as Homer 's Odyssey ( 6 : 57 ). ( 18 ) In the East , `` pope '' is still a common form of address for clergy in the Russian Orthodox Church , and is the style of the Bishop of Alexandria . Pope Marcellinus ( d . 304 ) is the first Bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title `` pope '' used of him . From the 6th century , the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. ( 18 ) From the early 6th century , it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome , a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century , when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome . As bishop of the Church of Rome , he is successor to the co-patrons of that local Church , Saint Peter and Saint Paul . As such , the Church of Rome , and its bishop , has always had a prominence in the Catholic communion and at least to some degree primacy among his peers , the other bishops , as Peter had a certain primacy among his peers , the other apostles . The exact nature of that primacy is one of the most significant ecumenical issues of the age , and has developed as a doctrine throughout the entire history of the Church . The Catechism of the Catholic Church , quoting the Second Vatican Council 's document Lumen gentium , states : `` The pope , Bishop of Rome and Peter 's successor , ' is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful . ' '' Communion with bishop of Rome has become such a significant identifier of Catholic identity that at times the Catholic Church has been known in its entirety as `` Roman Catholic '' , though this is inaccurate in Catholic theology ( ecclesiology ) . Three other of the pope 's offices stem directly from his office as bishop of the Church of Rome . As the Latin Church owes its identity and development to its origins in the liturgical , juridical , and theological patrimony of Rome , the bishop of Rome is de facto the patriarch of the Latin Church . According to no less than Pope Benedict XVI , there has been much ' confusion ' between the pope 's primacy as patriarch of the western church and his primacy as first patriarch among equals , that this `` failure to distinguish '' between the roles and responsibilities of these two distinct positions lead in time to the `` extreme centralization of the Catholic Church '' and the schism between East and West . As the first local Church of Italy , the bishop of Rome is the Primate of Italy and is empowered to appoint the president of the Italian Bishops ' Conference . The Church of Rome is also the principal church of the Province of Rome , so the bishop of Rome is Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman province . As a bishop , the pope is referred to as a Vicar of Christ . This title was common to all bishops from the fourth through twelfth centuries , reserved to the bishop of Rome from the twelfth through early twentieth centuries , and restored to all bishops at the Second Vatican Council . The pope resides in Vatican City , an independent state within the city of Rome , set up by the 1929 Lateran Pacts between the Holy See and Italy . As popes were sovereigns of the papal states ( 754 -- 1870 ) , so do they exercise absolute civil authority in the microstate of Vatican City since 1929 . Ambassadors are accredited not to Vatican City State but to the Holy See , which was a subject of international law even before the state was instituted . The body of officials that assist the Pope in governance of the Church as a whole is known as the Roman curia . The term `` Holy See '' ( i.e. of Rome ) is generally used only of Pope and curia , because the Code of Canon Law , which concerns governance of the Latin Church as a whole and not internal affairs of the see ( diocese ) of Rome itself , necessarily uses the term in this technical sense . Finally , the title `` Servant of the servants of God '' was an addition of Pope Gregory the Great , a reminder that in Christianity , leadership is always about service / ministry ( diakonia ) . The style of address for the bishop of Rome is `` His Holiness '' . Election ( edit ) The present rules governing the election of a pope are found in the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis . This deals with the powers , from the death of a pope to the announcement of his successor 's election , of the cardinals and the departments of the Roman curia ; with the funeral arrangements for the dead pope ; and with the place , time and manner of voting of the meeting of the cardinal electors , a meeting known as a conclave . This word is derived from Latin com - ( together ) and clavis ( key ) and refers to the locking away of the participants from outside influences , a measure that was introduced first as a means instead of forcing them to reach a decision . Like all bishops , the pope has the option of resigning , though unlike other bishops , it is not required . The best known cases are those of Pope Celestine V in 1294 , Pope Gregory XII in 1415 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 . Approximately 10 % of all popes left or were removed from office before death . Patriarchs ( edit ) The heads of some autonomous ( in Latin , sui iuris ) particular Churches consisting of several local Churches ( dioceses ) have the title of Patriarch . The pope , as patriarch of the Latin Church , is the head of the only sui iuris Church in the West , leading to the relatively short - lived title Patriarch of the West ( in use 1863 -- 2006 ) . Eastern patriarchs are elected by the synod of bishops of their particular Church . The Patriarchs who head autonomous particular Churches are : The Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria ( Coptic Catholic Church ) The Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch ( Melkite Greek Catholic Church ) The Maronite Patriarch of Antioch ( Maronite Church ) The Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch ( Syriac Catholic Church ) The Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia ( Armenian Catholic Church ) The Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylonia ( Chaldean Catholic Church ) These have authority not only over the bishops of their particular Church , including metropolitans , but also directly over all the faithful . Eastern Catholic patriarchs have precedence over all other bishops , with the exceptions laid down by the Pope . The honorary title prefixed to their names is `` His Beatitude '' . There are also titular patriarchs in the Latin Church , who , for various historical reasons , were granted the title , but never the corresponding office and responsibilities , of `` patriarch '' . They include the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem , the Patriarch of Venice , the Patriarch of Lisbon , and the Patriarch of the East Indies . All of these offices are honorary , and the patriarchs are not the heads of autonomous particular Churches . The Patriarch of the East Indies is the archbishop of Goa , while the other patriarchs are the archbishops of the named cities . The title of Patriarch of the West Indies was in the past granted to some Spanish bishops ( not always of the same see ) , but is long in abeyance . Current and historical Catholic patriarchates Type Church Patriarchate Patriarch Patriarchs of sui iuris Churches Coptic Alexandria Patriarch Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak Greek - Melkite Antioch Patriarch Youssef Absi Maronite Antioch Patriarch Bechara Boutros al - Rahi Syriac Antioch Patriarch Ignatius Joseph III Younan Armenian Cilicia Patriarch Gregory Petros XX Gabroyan Chaldean Babylon Patriarch Louis Raphaël I Sako Titular Patriarchs Latin Jerusalem Sede vacante Latin East Indies Patriarch Filipe Neri Ferrão Latin Lisbon Cardinal Manuel Clemente Latin Venice Patriarch Francesco Moraglia Suppressed or vacant titles Latin Alexandria suppressed in 1964 Latin Antioch suppressed in 1964 Latin Constantinople suppressed in 1964 Latin West Indies vacant from 1963 Latin Aquileia suppressed in 1751 Latin Grado transferred to Venice in 1451 Major archbishops ( edit ) Sviatoslav Shevchuk , the Major Archbishop of Kiev -- Galicia Other autonomous particular Churches are headed by a major archbishop . The Syro - Malankara Catholic Church uses the title Catholicos for their major archbishop . With few exceptions , the authority of a major archbishop in his sui iuris Church is equivalent to that of a patriarch in his Church . This less prestigious office was established in 1963 for those Eastern Catholic Churches which have developed in size and stability to allow full self - governance if historical , ecumenical , or political conditions do not allow their elevation to a patriarchate . At present , there are four major archbishops : Major archdiocese Country Church Archbishop Ernakulam - Angamaly India Syro - Malabar Cardinal George Alencherry Făgăraş and Alba Iulia Romania Romanian Cardinal Lucian Mureșan Kiev -- Galicia Ukraine Ukrainian Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk Trivandrum India Syro - Malankara Cardinal Baselios Cleemis Cardinals ( edit ) Main article : Cardinal ( Catholicism ) A cardinal ( second from left ) and bishops Cardinals are princes of the Church appointed by the Pope . He generally chooses bishops who head departments of the Roman Curia or important episcopal sees throughout the world . As a whole , the cardinals compose a College of Cardinals which advises the Pope , and those cardinals under the age of 80 at the death or resignation of a Pope elect his successor . Their heraldic achievement is surmounted by the red galero and tassels as a form of martyred position in the Church . Not all cardinals are bishops . Domenico Bartolucci , Karl Josef Becker , Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye are examples of 21st - century non-bishop cardinals . The 1917 Code of Canon Law introduced the requirement that a cardinal must be at least a priest . Previously , they need only be in minor orders and not even deacons . Teodolfo Mertel , who died in 1899 , was the last non-priest cardinal . In 1962 , Pope John XXIII made it a rule that a man who has been nominated a cardinal is required to be consecrated a bishop , if not one already , but some ask for and obtain dispensation from this requirement . It is rare that the Pope will appoint Cardinals who are priests only and not consecrated as a bishop . The 1917 Code of Canon Law , continuing the tradition observed , for instance , at the First Vatican Council , laid down that cardinals have precedence over all other prelates , even patriarchs . The 1983 Code of Canon Law did not deal with questions of precedence . The cardinalate is not an integral part of the theological structure of the Catholic Church , but largely an honorific distinction that has its origins in the 1059 assignation of the right of electing the Pope exclusively to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian dioceses . Because of their resulting importance , the term cardinal ( from Latin cardo , meaning `` hinge '' ) was applied to them . In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began . Each cardinal is still assigned a church in Rome as his `` titular church '' or is linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses . Of these sees , the Dean of the College of Cardinals holds that of Ostia , while keeping his preceding link with one of the other six sees . Traditionally , only six cardinals held the rank of Cardinal Bishop , but when Eastern patriarchs are made cardinals , they too hold the rank of Cardinal Bishop , without being assigned a suburbicarian see . The other cardinals have the rank either of Cardinal Priest or Cardinal Deacon , the former rank being normally assigned to bishops in charge of dioceses , and the latter to officials of the Curia and to priests raised to the cardinalate . Primates ( edit ) The Latin Church title of primate has in some countries been granted to the bishop of a particular ( usually metropolitan ) see . It once involved authority over all the other sees in the country or region , but now only gives a `` prerogative of honor '' with no power of governance unless an exception is made in certain matters by a privilege granted by the Holy See or by an approved custom . The title is usually assigned to the ordinary of the first diocese or the oldest archdiocese in the country . Thus in Poland , the primate is the archbishop of the oldest archdiocese ( Gniezno , founded in 1000 ) , and not the oldest diocese ( Poznań , founded in 968 ) . Notably , the Archbishop of Baltimore is not formally considered a primate of the Catholic Church in the United States , but `` prerogative of the place '' . The closest equivalent position in Eastern Orthodoxy is an exarch holding authority over other bishops without being a patriarch . In the Eastern Catholic Churches , exarchs , whether apostolic or patriarchal , do not hold authority over other bishops ( see below , # Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law ) . Metropolitan bishops ( edit ) Archbishop Robert Carlson , Metropolitan Archbishop of St. Louis . Note he is wearing the pallium . A Latin Church Metropolitan is the bishop of the principal ( the `` metropolitan '' ) see of an ecclesiastical province composed of several dioceses . The metropolitan receives a pallium from the pope as a symbol of his office . The metropolitan bishop has limited oversight authority over the suffragan dioceses in their province , including ensuring that the faith and ecclesiastical discipline are properly observed . He also has the power to name a diocesan administrator for a vacant suffragan see if the diocesan council of consultors fails to properly elect one . His diocesan tribunal additionally serves by default as the ecclesiastical court of appeal for suffragans ( court of second instance ) , and the metropolitan has the option of judging those appeals personally . Eastern metropolitans in patriarchal or major archiepiscopal churches have a level of authority similar to that of Latin metropolitans , subject to the specific laws and customs of their sui iuris church . Eastern metropolitans who head a metropolitan sui iuris church have much greater authority within their church , although it is less than that of a major archbishop or patriarch . All metropolitans have the title of Archbishop , and the metropolitan see is usually referred to as an archdiocese or archeparchy , a title held not only by the 553 metropolitan sees but also by 77 other sees . An exception is the metropolitan Diocese of Rome . Archbishops ( edit ) The title of archbishop is held not only by bishops who head metropolitan sees , but also by those who head archdioceses that are not metropolitan sees ( most of these are in Europe and the Levant ) . In addition , it is held by certain other bishops , referred to as `` Titular Archbishops '' ( see `` Other Bishops '' below ) who have been given no - longer - residential archdioceses as their titular sees -- many of these in administrative or diplomatic posts , for instance as papal nuncios or secretaries of curial congregations . The bishop of a non-archiepiscopal see may be given the personal title of archbishop without also elevating his see ( such a bishop is known as an archbishop ad personam ) , though this practice has seen significantly reduced usage since the Second Vatican Council . Diocesan bishops ( edit ) The bishop or eparch of a see , even if he does not also hold a title such as Archbishop , Metropolitan , Major Archbishop , Patriarch or Pope , is the centre of unity for his diocese or eparchy , and , as a member of the College of Bishops , shares in responsibility for governance of the whole Church ( cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , 886 ) . As each local particular Church is an embodiment of the whole Catholic Church , not just an administrative subdivision of something larger , the bishop who is its head is not a delegate of the Pope . Instead , he has of himself primary teaching , governance and sanctifying responsibility for the see for which he has been ordained bishop . Within each diocese , even if the Eucharist is celebrated by another bishop , the necessary communion with the Bishop of the diocese is signified by the mention of his name . In Eastern eparchies the name of the patriarch , major archbishop or metropolitan is also mentioned , because these also have direct responsibility within all the eparchies of the particular Church in question . For the same reason , every Catholic celebration of the Eucharist has a mention of the Pope by name . Ordination to the episcopate is the fullness of the priesthood and the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders . Bishops are considered the successors of the apostles . Within the Catholic Church the following posts have similarities to that of a diocesan bishop , but are not necessarily held by a bishop . Equivalents of diocesan bishops in Law ( edit ) Canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law lists five Latin Church jurisdictional areas that are considered equivalent to a diocese . These are headed by : A Territorial Prelate , formerly called a Prelate nullius dioceseos ( of no diocese ) , in charge of a geographical area that has not yet been raised to the level of diocese A Territorial Abbot , in charge of an area , which in mission countries can be quite vast , associated with an abbey A Vicar Apostolic ( normally a bishop of a titular see ) , in charge of an apostolic vicariate , usually in a mission country , not yet ready to be made a diocese A Prefect Apostolic ( usually not a bishop ) , in charge of an apostolic prefecture , not yet ready to be made an apostolic vicariate A Permanent Apostolic Administrator , in charge of a geographical area that for serious reasons can not be made a diocese . To these may be added : An Apostolic Exarch ( normally a bishop of a titular see ) , in charge of an apostolic exarchate -- not yet ready to be made an eparchy -- for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area that is situated outside the home territory of that Eastern Church . A Patriarchal Exarch , a bishop in charge of a patriarchal exarchate -- not yet ready to be made an eparchy -- for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area situated within the home territory of that patriarchal Eastern Church . A Military Ordinary , serving Catholics in a country 's armed forces A Personal Prelate , in charge of a group of persons without regard to geography : the only personal prelature existing is that of Opus Dei . An Apostolic Administrator of a Personal Apostolic Administration : only one exists , the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney An Ordinary of a personal ordinariate for former Anglicans A Superior of an autonomous mission Of somewhat similar standing is the Diocesan Administrator ( formerly called a Vicar Capitular ) elected to govern a diocese during a vacancy . Apart from certain limitations of nature and law , he has , on a caretaker basis , the same obligations and powers as a Diocesan Bishop ( canons 427 -- 429 of the Code of Canon Law ) . Occasionally an Apostolic Administrator is appointed by the Holy See to run a vacant diocese , or even a diocese whose bishop is incapacitated or otherwise impeded . Other bishops ( edit ) A Diocesan Bishop may have bishops who assist in his ministry . The Coadjutor Bishop of a see has the right of succession on the death or resignation of the Diocesan Bishop , and , if the see is an archdiocese , holds the title of Archbishop . Similarly , a retired Diocesan Bishop keeps his connection with the see to which he was appointed , and is known as Bishop ( or Archbishop ) Emeritus of that see . On the other hand , an Auxiliary Bishop , who may also hold posts such as vicar general or episcopal vicar , is appointed bishop of a titular see , a see that in the course of history has ceased to exist as an actual jurisdictional unit . The titular sees -- which may be archiepiscopal or simply episcopal -- assigned to such bishops were once known as sees in partibus infidelium , because they were situated in areas lost to Christianity as a result of Muslim conquests . Now former sees even in Christian countries are assigned as titular sees . These sees are also assigned to bishops who serve in the Roman Curia , as Papal Nuncios , or as equivalents of Diocesan Bishops in law ( see above ) , such as Vicars Apostolic and Apostolic Exarchs . The term `` Titular Bishop '' is frequently used for such bishops , but is , strictly speaking , inaccurate , since they are indeed bishops , even if they do not serve the see to which they are appointed , and are not merely holders of an honorary title of bishop . They are members of the College of Bishops as much as the Diocesan Bishops . In most English - speaking countries , the honorary title prefixed to the name of a bishop is `` The Most Reverend '' . However , in the United Kingdom and in those countries most strongly influenced by English ( not Irish ) practice , `` The Most Reverend '' is reserved for archbishops , and other bishops are called `` The Right Reverend '' . Important titles or functions usually , but not necessarily , held by ( arch ) bishops who are not in charge of a diocese or an equivalent community include those of Apostolic Delegate , Apostolic Nuncio , Papal Legate , Patriarchal Vicar , Pontifical Delegate . Ordinaries and local ordinaries ( edit ) Main article : Ordinary ( officer ) Local ordinaries are placed over or exercise ordinary executive power in particular churches or equivalent communities . The Supreme Pontiff ( the Pope ) is a local ordinary for the whole Catholic Church . In Eastern Catholic Churches , Patriarchs , major archbishops , and metropolitans have ordinary power of governance for the whole territory of their respective autonomous particular churches . Diocesan / eparchial bishops / eparchs Other prelates who head , even if only temporarily , a particular church or a community equivalent to it ( see above # Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law ) Vicars general and protosyncelli Main article : Vicar general Episcopal vicars and syncelli Main article : Vicar general Major superiors of religious institutes ( including abbots ) and of societies of apostolic life are ordinaries of their respective memberships , but not local ordinaries . Presbyterate ( edit ) Main article : Priesthood in the Catholic Church In general ( edit ) Bishops are assisted by priests and deacons . All priests and deacons are incardinated in a diocese or religious order . Parishes , whether territorial or person - based , within a diocese are normally in the charge of a priest , known as the parish priest or the pastor . In the Latin Church , only celibate men , as a rule , are ordained as priests , while the Eastern Churches , again as a rule , ordain both celibate and married men . Among the Eastern particular Churches , the Ethiopic Catholic Church ordains only celibate clergy , while also having married priests who were ordained in the Orthodox Church , while other Eastern Catholic Churches , which do ordain married men , do not have married priests in certain countries . The Western or Latin Church does sometimes , though rarely , ordain married men , usually Protestant clergy who have become Catholics . All sui iuris Churches of the Catholic Church maintain the ancient tradition that , following ordination , marriage is not allowed . Even a married priest whose wife dies may not then marry again . The Catholic Church and the ancient Christian Churches see priestly ordination as a sacrament dedicating the person ordained to a permanent relationship of service , and , like Baptism and Confirmation , having an ontological effect on the person . It is for this reason that a person may be ordained to each of the three orders only once . They also consider that ordination can be conferred only on males . Priests in service outside their diocese ( edit ) Although priests are incardinated into a diocese or order , they may obtain the permission of their diocesan ordinary or religious superior to serve outside the normal jurisdiction of the diocese or order . These assignments may be temporary or more permanent in nature . Temporary assignments may include studying for an advanced degree at a Pontifical University in Rome . They may also include short - term assignments to the faculty of a seminary located outside the diocese 's territory . Long - term assignments include serving the universal church on the staff of a dicastery or tribunal of the Roman Curia or in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See . They may also be appointed the rector or to long - term teaching assignments to the faculty of a seminary or Catholic university . Priests may also serve on the staff of their episcopal conference , as military chaplains in the military ordinariates , or as missionaries . Positions within a diocese at diocesan level ( edit ) The diocesan bishop appoints a vicar general to assist him in the governance of the diocese . Usually , only one vicar general is appointed ; particularly large dioceses may have more than one vicar general . The vicar general or one of them is usually appointed moderator of the curia who coordinates the diocesan administrative offices and ministries . A diocesan bishop can also appoint one or more episcopal vicars for the diocese . They have the same ordinary power as a vicar general , however , it is limited to a specified division of the diocese , to a specific type of activity , to the faithful of a particular rite , or to certain groups of people . Vicars general and episcopal vicars must be priests or bishops . In the Eastern Catholic Churches , they are called protosyncelli and syncelli ( canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ) . Diocesan bishops are required to appoint a judicial vicar to whom is delegated the bishop 's ordinary power to judge cases ( canon 1420 of the Code of Canon Law , canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ) . In the Latin church , the judicial vicar may also be called officialis . The person holding this post must be a priest , have earned a doctorate in canon law ( or at least a license ) , be at least thirty years old , and , unless the smallness of the diocese or the limited number of cases suggests otherwise , must not be the vicar general . As one of the jobs of the judicial vicar is to preside over collegiate tribunals , many dioceses have adjutant judicial vicars who can preside over collegiate tribunals in place of the judicial vicar and must have the same qualifications . The diocesan bishop appoints a chancellor , possibly a vice-chancellor , and notaries to the diocesan chancery . These officials maintain the records and archives of the diocese . They also serve as the secretaries of the diocesan curia . The bishop also appoints a finance officer and a finance council to oversee the budget , temporal goods , income , and expenses of the diocese . The diocesan bishop may appoint priests to be members of the chapter of his cathedral or of a collegiate church ( so called after their chapter ) . These priests are given the title of canon . He also appoints six to twelve priests from the presbyteral council to serve as a college of consultors . They have the responsibility to elect the diocesan administrator in the event of the vacancy of the see . The bishop appoints priests and other members of the faithful to various advisory bodies . These include the presbyteral council , the diocesan synod , and the pastoral council . Vicars forane or deans ( edit ) `` The Vicar Forane known also as the Dean or the Archpriest or by some other title , is the priest who is placed in charge of a vicariate forane '' ( canon 553 of the Code of Canon Law ) , namely of a group of parishes within a diocese . Unlike a regional Episcopal Vicar , a Vicar Forane acts as a help for the Parish Priests and other priests in the vicariate forane , rather than as an intermediate authority between them and the Diocesan Bishop . Parish priest / pastor ( edit ) This section concerns the priest who in the Code of Canon Law is referred to by the term parochus , which is some English - speaking countries is rendered as `` the parish priest '' , in others as `` the pastor '' . The English term `` pastor '' is also used in a more generic sense corresponding instead to the Latin term pastor : The parish priest is the proper pastor of the parish entrusted to him . He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the diocesan Bishop , whose ministry of Christ he is called to share , so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching , sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ 's faithful , in accordance with the law -- canon 519 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland , assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society The pastor ( parochus ) is the proper pastor ( pastor ) of the parish entrusted to him , exercising the pastoral care of the community committed to him under the authority of the diocesan bishop in whose ministry of Christ he has been called to share , so that for that same community he carries out the functions of teaching , sanctifying , and governing , also with the cooperation of other presbyters or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of the Christian faithful , according to the norm of law -- canon 519 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America ) . Assistant priests / parochial vicars ( edit ) The parish priest / pastor may be assisted by one or more other priests : Whenever it is necessary or opportune for the due pastoral care of the parish , one or more assistant priests can be joined with the parish priest . As cooperators with the parish priest and sharers in his concern , they are , by common counsel and effort with the parish priest and under his authority , to labour in the pastoral ministry -- canon 545 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland , assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society Whenever it is necessary or opportune in order to carry out the pastoral care of a parish fittingly , one or more parochial vicars can be associated with the pastor . As co-workers with the pastor and sharers in his solicitude , they are to offer service in the pastoral ministry by common counsel and effort with the pastor and under his authority -- canon 545 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America Honorary titles ( edit ) The honorary title of monsignor is conferred by the Pope upon diocesan priests ( not members of religious institutes ) in the service of the Holy See , and may be granted by him also to other diocesan priests at the request of the priest 's bishop . The priest so honored is considered to be a member of the papal household . The title goes with any of the following three awards : Chaplain of His Holiness ( called Papal Chamberlain until a 1969 reform ) , the lowest level , distinguished by purple buttons and trim on the black cassock , with a purple sash . Honorary Prelate ( until 1969 called Domestic Prelate ) , the middle level , distinguished by red buttons and trim on the black cassock , with a purple sash , and by choir dress that includes a purple cassock . Protonotary Apostolic , the highest level , with the same dress as that of an Honorary Prelate , except that the non-obligatory purple silk cape known as a ferraiolo may be worn also . In December 2013 , Pope Francis decided to make future grants of the title of Monsignor to priests not in the service of the Holy See only in the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness and only to priests aged 65 or over . Under legislation of Pope Pius X , vicars general and vicars capitular ( the latter are now called diocesan administrators ) are titular ( not actual ) Protonotaries durante munere , i.e. , as long as they hold those offices , and so are entitled to be addressed as Monsignor , as indicated also by the placing of the abbreviated title `` Mons . '' before the name of every member of the secular ( diocesan ) clergy listed as a vicar general in the Annuario Pontificio . ( Honorary titles such as that of `` Monsignor '' are not considered appropriate for religious . ) Some of the Eastern Catholic Churches of Syriac tradition use the title Chorbishop , roughly equivalent to the Western title of Monsignor . Other Eastern Catholic Churches bestow the honorific title of Archimandrite upon unmarried priests as a mark of respect or gratitude for their services . Married presbyters may be honored with the position of Archpriest , which has two grades , the higher is `` Mitred Archpriest '' which permits the priest to wear a mitre . In the Latin Church titles of Archpriest is sometimes attached to the pastor of a few number of historic churches including the major basilicas in Rome . These archpriests are not presbyers , but bishops or cardinals . Similarly , the title of Archdeacon is sometimes conferred on presbyters . Diaconate ( edit ) Deacons are ordained ministers of the Church who are co-workers with the bishop alongside presbyters , but are intended to focus on the ministries of direct service and outreach to the poor and needy , rather than pastoral leadership . They are usually related to a parish , where they have a liturgical function as the ordinary minister of the Gospel and the Prayers of the Faithful , They may preach homilies , and in the Roman Rite , may preside at non-Eucharistic liturgies such as baptisms , weddings , funerals , and adoration / benediction . In the Eastern Catholic Churches , in the absence of a priest , deacons do not vest and may only lead services as a reader , never presiding at weddings or funerals . The scriptural basis and description of the role and qualifications of the deacon can be found in Acts 6 : 1 -- 9 , and in 1 Timothy 3 : 1 -- 13 . They may be seminarians preparing for ordination to the priesthood , `` transitional deacons '' , or `` permanent deacons '' who do not intend to be ordained as priests . To be ordained deacons , the latter must be at least 25 years old , if unmarried ; if married , a prospective deacon must be at least 35 years old and have the consent of his wife . In the Latin Church , married deacons are permanent deacons . In most diocese there is a cut - off age for being accepted into formation for the diaconate . The passage from membership of the laity to that of the clergy occurs with ordination to the diaconate . Previously , the Latin Church rule was that one became a cleric on receiving clerical tonsure , which was followed by minor orders and by the subdiaconate , which was reckoned as one of the major orders . By his motu proprio Ministeria quaedam of 15 August 1972 , Pope Paul VI decreed : `` The orders hitherto called minor are henceforth to be spoken of as ' ministries ' . '' The same motu proprio also decreed that the Latin Church would no longer have the major order of subdiaconate , but it permitted any episcopal conference that so desired to apply the term `` subdeacon '' to those who hold the ministry ( formerly called the minor order ) of `` acolyte '' . Even in those societies within the Latin Church that , with the approval of the Holy See , continue to administer the rites of tonsure , minor orders and subdiaconate , those who receive those rites remain lay people , becoming clerics only on being ordained as deacons . Laity ( edit ) Most of the people of God are the laity , a term derived from Greek λαὸς Θεοῦ ( Laos Theou ) , meaning `` people of God '' . All Christian faithful have the right and duty to bring the gospel message increasingly to `` all people in every age and every land '' . They all have a share in the Church 's mission and have the right to undertake apostolic activity according to their own state and condition . Lay ministry can take the form of exercising the priesthood of all the baptized , and more specifically undertaking the work of catechists . serving the Church pastorally , administratively , and in other ways , including the liturgical services as acolytes , lectors , cantors , and the like , initiation sponsors , pastoral care ministers , and members of parish and diocesan consultative bodies . Some lay Catholics carry out full - time professional and vocational service in the name of the Church , rather than in a secular calling . Though the phenomenon is widespread in North America and much of Europe , the organization and definition of the ministry is left to national bishops conferences . The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has adopted the term lay ecclesial ministry for these individuals , as intentionally distinct from the general apostolate or ministry of the laity described above . The consultative leadership of the church , in both the diocese and the parish , usually comprises a Pastoral Council and a Finance Council , as well as several Commissions usually focusing on major aspects of the church 's life and mission , such as Faith Formation or Christian Education , Liturgy , Social Justice , Ecumenism , or Stewardship . Religious ( edit ) See also : Religious institute ( Catholic ) Religious -- who can be either lay people or clergy -- are members of religious institutes , societies in which the members take public vows and live a fraternal life in common . This is a form of consecrated life distinct from other forms , such as that of secular institutes . It is distinct also from forms that do not involve membership of an institute , such as that of consecrated hermits , that of consecrated virgins , and other forms whose approval is reserved to the Holy See . Religious institutes have historically been subdivided into the categories of orders and congregations . See also ( edit ) Order of precedence in the Catholic Church Catholic Church by country Global organisation of the Catholic Church List of Roman Catholic dioceses ( alphabetical ) List of Roman Catholic dioceses ( structured view ) List of Roman Catholic archdioceses List of Roman Catholic military dioceses List of Roman Catholic apostolic administrations List of Roman Catholic apostolic vicariates List of Eastern Catholic exarchates List of Roman Catholic apostolic prefectures List of Roman Catholic territorial prelatures List of Roman Catholic missions sui juris Lists of patriarchs , archbishops , and bishops Anglican ministry Apostolic Syndic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 873 Archived 2010 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` If any one saith , that , in the Catholic Church there is not a hierarchy by divine ordination instituted , consisting of bishops , priests , and ministers ; let him be anathema '' ( Council of Trent , session XXIII , canon VI on the sacrament of Order ) . Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 1911 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ __P2A. HTM Catechism of the Catholic Church , 874 -- 896 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 886 , 888 , 893 , 939 Archived 2011 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy '' in John Hardon , Modern Catholic Dictionary Jump up ^ Vatican , Annuario Pontificio 2016 , p. 1142 . Jump up ^ Barry , p. 52 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Requested Church Statistics '' . Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate . Georgetown University . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Committee on the Diaconate . `` Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons '' . United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone '' ( __P38. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 900 § 1 ) . While in the English language , the word `` priest '' usually means someone received into the second of the three holy orders ( also called the presbyterate ) but not into the highest , that of bishop , the Latin text underlying this statement uses the Latin term sacerdos , which comprises both bishops and , in the common English sense , priests . To refer exclusively to priests in the more common English sense , Latin uses the word presbyter . See Dennis Chester Smolarski , The General Instruction of the Roman Missal , 1969 -- 2002 : A Commentary ( Liturgical Press 2003 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2936 - 9 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Canon 42 Catholic Church Canon Law . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Canon 375 Archived 2008 - 02 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Catholic Church Canon Law . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Barry , p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 42 '' . Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The College of Bishops '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : __P1D. HTM `` Canon 375 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of Theologian , 19 Member of the Episcopal College by virtue of his sacramental ordination and hierarchical communion , the bishop represents his Church just as all the bishops , in union with the Pope , represent the Church universal in the bonds of peace , love , unity , and truth . Jump up ^ Carol Glatz , Vatican statistics : Church growth remains steady worldwide , Catholic Herald ( May 5 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Junno Arocho Esteves , Vatican statistics report increase in baptized Catholics worldwide , Catholic News Service ( March 7 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Canon 1014 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ __P3O. HTM `` Canon 1013 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lumen Gentium . Catholic Church . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Annuario Pontificio , published annually by Libreria Editrice Vaticana , p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 209 - 8722 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : Apostolic Succession '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 331 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ __P15. HTM `` Canon 330 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schatz , Klaus ( 1996 ) . Papal Primacy : From its Origins to the Present . Michael Glazier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5522 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` # 882 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 336 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Adam A.J. ( 2011 ) . Orthodoxy and the Roman Papacy : Ut Unum Sint and the Prospects of East - West Unity . University of Notre Dame Press . Jump up ^ `` Second Vatican Council , Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen gentium § 27 '' . Site da Santa Sé . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II ( February 22 , 1996 ) . `` Apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 55 '' . Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 63 '' . Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Coptic Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Melkite Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Maronite Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Syrian Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Armenian Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Chaldean Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Canon 53 , 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canon 58 , Ibid Jump up ^ __P1J. HTM Canon 438 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 151 , 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ `` Syro Malankara Church says it can use Catholicos title '' , Indian Catholic News Service , July 21 , 2005 Jump up ^ Canon 152 , 1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canon 154 , 1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The Roman Curia and the College of Cardinals '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law ( 1917 ) , canon 232 § 1 Jump up ^ Pope John XXIII ( 15 April 1962 ) . `` Cum gravissima '' . Jump up ^ Chas . Augustine , A Commentary on the New Code of Canon Law ( Herder 1918 ) , book II , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law ( 1917 ) , canon 239 § 1 21 ° ^ Jump up to : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Primate '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 438 Jump up ^ Canons 435 -- 437 , Ibid . Jump up ^ __P1H. HTM Canon 421 § 2 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canon 1438 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canon 1419 § 1 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canons 133 - 139 , Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canons 155 - 173 , Ibid Jump up ^ Annuario Pontificio 2017 . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . p. 1136 . ISBN 9788820999759 . Jump up ^ According to Catholic-Hierarchy.org , as of 2007 , non-metropolitan archdioceses include 37 in Europe ( 10 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop , 25 suffragan archdioceses , and 1 military archdiocese ) , 37 in Southwest Asia ( 3 immediately subject to the Holy See , 21 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs , 4 suffragan archdioceses ) , 4 in Africa ( 2 immediately subject to the Holy See , 2 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs ) , 2 in North America ( 1 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 military archdiocese ) , 2 in South America ( 1 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 military archdiocese ) , 2 in Australia ( both immediately subject to the Holy See ) , 1 in Southeast Asia ( immediately subject to the Holy See ) , and 1 in South Asia ( immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop ) Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canon 314 § 1 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. ; cf . Bert Groen , William Peter van den Bercken ( editors ) , Four Hundred Years Union of Brest ( Peeters 1998 ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 0670 - 9 ) , p. 197 , which also mentions Eastern Catholic exarchs appointed in the past even by a metropolitan Jump up ^ Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum coetibus of 4 November 2009 Archived 27 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Id. c. 134 § § 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ __P1D. HTM `` Canon 134 , § 1 and § 2 '' Check url = value ( help ) . 1983 Code of Canon Law . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canons 43 and 45 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canons 78 , 152 and 157 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The priesthood '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 475 '' . 1983 Code of Canon Law . The Holy See . 1983 - 01 - 28 . ISBN 0 - 943616 - 79 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 476 '' . __P1O. HTM 1983 Code of Canon Law Check url = value ( help ) . The Holy See . 1983 - 01 - 28 . ISBN 0 - 943616 - 79 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church -- Guide Jump up ^ O'Connell , Gerard ( 4 January 2014 ) . `` Pope abolishes honorary title of monsignor for diocesan priests under the age of 65 '' . Vatican Insider . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pariter , qui vicarii generalis aut etiam capitularis munere fungitur , hoc munere dumtaxat perdurante , erit protonotarius titularis '' ( Pope Pius X , Inter multiplices curas , 62 . 21 February 1905 ) Jump up ^ See Archpriest # Roman Catholicism . Jump up ^ `` The Deacon '' . St. Brendan Church . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 266 Jump up ^ Ministeria quaedam Archived 2011 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , II Jump up ^ Ministeria quaedam Archived 2011 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , IV Jump up ^ Instruction on the Application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum Archived 2016 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , 30 Jump up ^ Canon 211 Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 216 Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __PV. HTM Canon 230 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The laity '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Canon 228 § 2 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Co-Workers in the Vineyard ( pdf ) , United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , 2005 Jump up ^ __P1T. HTM Canon 512 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 536 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __P1Q. HTM Canon 492 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 537 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __P1Z. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 607 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 710 Jump up ^ __P1Y. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 603 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 604 Archived 2016 - 04 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ __P1Y. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 605 External links ( edit ) Explanations of the hierarchy Book II : The People of God Liber II . De Populo Dei , Part II : The Hierarchical Constitution from the Code of Canon Law on the Holy See official website Catholic Encyclopedia `` hierarchy '' article Barry , Rev. Msgr . John F ( 2001 ) . One Faith , One Lord : A Study of Basic Catholic Belief . Gerard F. Baumbach , Ed. D. ISBN 0 - 8215 - 2207 - 8 . Directory of officials Catholic-Hierarchy.org . This is an online database of bishops and dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church . It contains geographical , organizational and address information on each Catholic diocese in the world , including Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with the Holy See , such as the Maronite Catholic Church or the Syro - Malabar Church . It also gives biographical information on current and previous bishops of each diocese , such as dates of birth , ordinations and ( when applicable ) death . Not officially sanctioned by the church , the website is run as a private project by David M. Cheney in Kansas City . For the sources used by Cheney in his compilation , see http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/sources.html . 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where was the aquarium scene in pitch perfect 3 filmed			Pitch Perfect 3	pitch perfect 3	Pitch Perfect 3 is a 2017 American musical comedy film directed by Trish Sie and written by Kay Cannon and Mike White . A sequel to Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) , and the third installment in the Pitch Perfect series , the film stars Anna Kendrick , Anna Camp , Rebel Wilson , Brittany Snow , Hailee Steinfeld , Hana Mae Lee , Ester Dean , Chrissie Fit , Alexis Knapp , John Lithgow , Matt Lanter , Ruby Rose , Kelley Jakle , Shelley Regner , Elizabeth Banks , and John Michael Higgins . The film follows the Bellas , now graduated from college , reuniting for one final performance together during an overseas USO tour .	Principal photography on the film began in January 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia and ended in April 2017 . The film was released in the United States on December 22 , 2017 , received mixed reviews from critics , and has grossed $183 million worldwide . It became the second - highest - grossing musical comedy film of all time , behind only its predecessor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Bellas 2.2 Additional characters 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Music 6 Possible sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Three years after the events of the second movie , the Bellas have graduated college , but have jobs which they all hate . Desperate to see each other again to sing once more , Beca ( Anna Kendrick ) , Fat Amy ( Rebel Wilson ) , Chloe ( Brittany Snow ) , Aubrey ( Anna Camp ) , Lilly ( Hana Mae Lee ) , Stacie ( Alexis Knapp ) , Cynthia Rose ( Ester Dean ) , Florencia ( Chrissie Fit ) , Jessica ( Kelley Jakle ) , and Ashley ( Shelley Regner ) are all thrilled to learn that Emily ( Hailee Steinfeld ) , now a senior at Barden and leader of the Barden Bellas , has seemingly asked for the Bellas to reunite at an event in New York Aquarium to sing with each other once more . Upon arriving at the reunion they are told that the reunion was not for the Bellas to sing together , but to watch Emily sing with the new Bellas . They later gather at a bar in disappointment and Emily apologizes as she thought it would be the only way for them to see each other again . They all express how much they miss each other . Suddenly , Aubrey convinces them to join a USO performance accessed by her Army officer father . If they win the competition , they get to open for DJ Khaled . The Bellas gladly accept , all except for Stacie who is eight months pregnant at the moment and is unable to go with them . The Bellas later arrive at a hangar where two soldiers , Chicago ( Matt Lanter ) and Zeke ( Troy Ian Hall ) introduce them to their competition , revealed to be three other groups who use instruments , unlike the Bellas . When the band Evermoist , led by their leader Calamity ( Ruby Rose ) begin to mock and belittle the Bellas , the competitors are challenged to a riff - off by the Bellas , who leave defeated when the other groups compete using their musical instruments . The Bellas are taken to a fancy hotel in Spain , where Chloe begins to catch an eye for Chicago . Fat Amy finds an old stuffed bunny sitting in her bed , which she recognizes as an old toy she used to hold when she was very little as her father Fergus ( John Lithgow ) sang her to sleep every night . Amy then realizes that her father is staying in the same hotel she is in and is shocked upon the discovery , seeing as how Fergus is a ruthless international crime lord . Later that night , the Bellas are invited to a party at DJ Khaled 's suite at the hotel , where Fat Amy splits with the group when she is called to be at a poker tournament . The tournament was set up by Fergus , who promptly begs for Amy to be back in his life . A hesitant Amy finally agrees to do so after seeing how much he has changed . Beca , after having her breasts grabbed by Chloe , who develops a friendship with DJ Khaled 's music producer Theo ( Guy Burnet ) , is taken to DJ Khaled 's music editing room . Beca produces a mix which impresses Theo who is prompted to send the mix to DJ Khaled . Moments later , the party is thrown into chaos when Aubrey accidentally sets the suite on fire . The Bellas are left in disgrace after the incident with no hopes of winning the competition until Stacie calls the girls to inform she has given birth to a baby girl and named her Bella . This motivates the Bellas to just perform their hearts out without trying to win . Back at the USO competition , the Bellas perform tremendously to adoring crowds through different performances , repairing their reputation and chances to win in the process . Fergus is accepted by Amy , who believes he came to one of their performances to see her . He accidentally reveals that he has not seen her perform at all , while confessing that he is only trying to acquire an offshore account Amy 's mother set up which contains US $ 180 million . After Amy shuts out Fergus again , Chicago and Zeke escort her away from her father , who swears revenge on her . Meanwhile , only Beca is asked personally by DJ Khaled to open for him , disregarding the other Bellas . Beca politely declines the offer and leaves to her room . Later , the Bellas are taken away by a Frenchman in a dark grey van out onto a yacht in a nearby harbor . The yacht belongs to Fergus , who is using the Bellas as a means to get Amy to come for him . Amy and Beca hear of the kidnapping and decide to rescue the Bellas . Beca distracts Fergus by having the Bellas perform `` Toxic '' for him and two of his men , just as Amy sets the yacht to explode . The Bellas escape the yacht just before it blows . Fergus survives the explosion and is arrested for his crimes . After the Bellas are rescued by the military , Fat Amy reveals DJ Khaled 's proposition to Beca to the others . They encourage her to take the chance , and they all agree that now it 's time to move on with their lives , with Amy using her bank account for multiple tributes to singers named Amy , Aubrey trying to be a birthing coach , Flo 's juice cart becoming part of an international brand , Chloe getting accepted into vet school , Cynthia - Rose staying at the base to get into flight school , Emily going back to Barden to prepare for her upcoming abnormal psychology test while continuing her songwriting , and Lilly revealing that the reason she was quiet was because she was possessed by Satan and the yacht incident snapped her out of it , and that her real name is Ester . They know very well they 'll be separated , but still be connected to each other as a family . Later at the USO 's final performance , Beca opens for DJ Khaled and sings on stage , and afterwards brings up the Bellas onstage for the girls to sing their final performance with the other competitors gladly watching the Bellas sing `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' to their hearts ' content . Gail ( Elizabeth Banks ) and John ( John Michael Higgins ) ( who were the Bellas ' public announcers in the previous installments ) finish filming the Bellas as part of a documentary they have been making about the girls throughout the whole film , only to be appalled when John realizes they did n't record the Bellas ' final performance , which was supposed to be the documentary 's big ending . A series of mid credit scenes reveal the Bellas ' separate story arcs closed out to their mostly happy endings , with Lilly hanging around with DJ Dragon Nutz , whom she flirted with earlier , Aubrey reconnects with her father and Chloe and Chicago share a passionate kiss , witnessed by a somewhat grimaced looking Beca , who is now the boss of Theo . Cast ( edit ) The Bellas ( edit ) Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell , an alumna and the former leader of The Barden Bellas , who works as a producer but quits due to creative differences , before joining the tour . She has been sharing an apartment in New York City with her best friends Chloe and Fat Amy for the last three years . Rebel Wilson as Patricia `` Fat Amy '' Hobart , a super confident comedic alumna of The Barden Bellas , from Australia . She held a one - woman show , `` Fat Amy Winehouse '' , before joining the tour . Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale , a Barden Bellas alumna and former co-leader , who longs for glory days with the Bellas . She applied to attend a vet school before joining the tour . Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen , a Barden Bellas alumna and former leader , before Beca , who worked at the Lodge of Fallen Leaves . Through her father , The Bellas were invited to the USO tour . Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk , a senior student at Barden University and the current leader of the new Barden Bellas , who joins her former seniors for the tour . Ester Dean as Cynthia Rose Adams , a tough tomboy Barden Bellas alumna , who failed the Flight School simulation before joining the tour . Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakuramara / Esther , a Barden Bellas alumna known for her quiet speaking voice and odd remarks . She worked as a tailor before joining the tour . Kelley Jakle as Jessica Smith , a Barden Bellas alumna . Shelley Regner as Ashley Jones , a Barden Bellas alumna . Chrissie Fit as Florencia `` Flo '' Fuentes , a Barden Bellas alumna , from Guatemala . She worked at a juice truck before joining the tour . Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad , a Barden Bellas alumna , known for being overly sexual . She works as a pilates instructor and despite wanting to , could not join the tour due to her pregnancy Additional characters ( edit ) Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy - McKadden - Feinberger , an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas John Michael Higgins as John Smith , an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas John Lithgow as Fergus Hobart , Fat Amy 's estranged criminal father Matt Lanter as Chicago Walp , a U.S. soldier guiding the Bellas during the tour , and Chloe 's love interest . Guy Burnet as Theo , DJ Khaled 's music producer , who takes a liking to Beca DJ Khaled as himself Troy Ian Hall as Zeke , a U.S. soldier , partners with Chicago Michael Rose as Aubrey 's father Jessica Chaffin as Evan Moises Arias as Pimp - Lo Ruby Rose , Andy Allo , Venzella Joy Williams , and Hannah Fairlight as Calamity , Serenity , Charity , and Veracity , respectively , members of the band Evermoist Whiskey Shivers as Saddle Up , a country - bluegrass - based band competing against the Bellas Trinidad James and D.J. Looney as Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz , respectively Production ( edit ) On April 11 , 2015 , a month before the release of the second film , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film , although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or other cast members would also reprise their roles . She added that she would be `` up for a Fat Amy spin - off . '' Director , star , and producer of the second film Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film during promotion of Pitch Perfect 2 , saying , `` I will say , it would be disingenuous to say that no one 's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3 ; the possibility of it . '' On June 10 , 2015 , a third film was officially confirmed , and Kay Cannon was set to return to write the script . On June 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Kendrick and Wilson would both reprise their roles , and on July 28 , 2015 , Brittany Snow signed on to return . Paul Brooks again produced for Gold Circle Films , along with Max Handelman and Banks for Brownstone Productions . On October 27 , 2015 , Banks was officially announced to return as director for the film , though she exited in that capacity on June 3 , 2016 . On September 1 , 2016 , Trish Sie was confirmed to direct the film . On December 13 , 2016 , it was reported that Ruby Rose was in talks to join the film , while Anna Camp also signed on to return for the sequel . Cannon wrote the script with later drafts by Mike White and Dana Fox ; White would eventually receive screenwriting credits alongside Cannon . On January 5 , 2017 , a table read occurred , with Ester Dean , Hana Mae Lee , Chrissie Fit , Kelley Jakle , and Shelley Regner also being confirmed to reprise their roles , and singer Andy Allo joining as Charity , a rival in a group opposing the Bellas . While it was revealed by vocal director Deke Sharon that Alexis Knapp is returning , she was n't spotted during the first month of filming , leading fans to show concerns that she might not be returning at all . However , on February 6 , she posted a photo on Instagram , confirming her return , and was on set the following day . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on January 5 , 2017 , and took place in Atlanta , Georgia , and Cádiz , Spain and wrapped on April 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 3 was initially scheduled for July 21 , and August 4 , 2017 . It had its world premiere in Sydney , Australia , on November 29 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on December 22 , 2017 . Box Office ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 3 has grossed $104.9 million in the United States and Canada and $79 million in other territories , for a total of $183.9 million , against a production budget of $45 million . In the United States and Canada , Pitch Perfect 3 was released alongside the openings of Downsizing and Father Figures , and the wide expansions of The Shape of Water and Darkest Hour , and was projected to gross $27 -- 35 million from 3,447 theaters in its opening weekend . The film took in $2.1 million from Thursday night previews , about half of the $4.6 million earned by its predecessor . Over the three - day weekend , which included Christmas Eve , it grossed $19.9 million ( down nearly 70 % from the second film 's $69.2 million debut ) , finishing third at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi and Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . It grossed an additional $6.5 million on Christmas Day , for a four - day total of $26.4 million . It dropped 15 % the following weekend , grossing $16.8 million , and a total of $21.7 million over the four - day New Year 's frame . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 31 % based on 118 reviews and an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Pitch Perfect 3 strains to recapture the magic that helped the original spawn a franchise , but ends up sending this increasingly unnecessary trilogy out on a low note . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by its predecessor . Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the cast and said , `` The new film does n't add anything revolutionary to the Pitch Perfect formula . It still sounds like we 're in middle - period Glee written by someone who finds Ryan Murphy too solemn . But as directed by Trish Sie , the movie is bubbly , it 's fast , it 's hella synthetic - clever , and it 's an avid showcase for the personalities of its stars . '' Frank Scheck for The Hollywood Reporter wrote `` ... what started out as a charmingly offbeat comic premise has inevitably degenerated into the sort of crass commercialism that probably would make the Bellas themselves turn up their noses . '' Music ( edit ) The official soundtrack was released on December 15 , 2017 . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Universal Fanfare '' The Bellas 0 : 38 2 . `` Toxic '' The Bellas 3 : 21 3 . `` Sit Still , Look Pretty '' The New Bellas 3 : 06 4 . `` Riff Off ( Get the Party Started / Shut Up and Dance / Ignition / Let Me Ride / Fly Away / One More Night / Call Me / Love Me Harder / If I Were a Boy / Zombie / Stronger ( What Does n't Kill You ) / Human / Wake Me Up / Grenade ) '' The Bellas , Evermoist , Saddle Up , Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz & Soldiers 4 : 48 5 . `` You Got It '' Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz 3 : 16 6 . `` Ex 's & Oh 's '' Saddle Up 2 : 49 7 . `` How a Heart Unbreaks '' Evermoist 3 : 44 8 . `` Cheap Thrills '' The Bellas 3 : 40 9 . `` I Do n't Like It , I Love It '' The Bellas 3 : 59 10 . `` Cake by the Ocean '' The Bellas 3 : 14 11 . `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' The Bellas 5 : 16 12 . `` Soy Yo '' Bomba Estéreo 2 : 41 13 . `` Boom Boom ( feat . Zedd ) '' Iggy Azalea 3 : 08 14 . `` Tribe '' Kim Viera 3 : 09 15 . `` Score Suite From Pitch Perfect 3 '' Christopher Lennertz 3 : 46 16 . `` Silent Night ( feat . 80fitz ) '' Hana Mae Lee 1 : 50 17 . `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Kelley Jakle & Shelley Regner 2 : 52 18 . `` Feliz Navidad '' Chrissie Fit 2 : 37 19 . `` Freedom ! ' 90 x Cups '' The Bellas & The Voice Season 13 Top 12 Contestants 2 : 27 Total length : 60 : 30 Possible sequel ( edit ) When Kay Cannon was asked about a sequel to Pitch Perfect 3 , she said , `` Of course that 's above my pay grade and I have no idea and am not the one making the decisions but as far as I am concerned , I would see these movies on and on and on until they start sucking . I think whether it 's these women in the next stage of life or it 's a new group of women going through these things , I think there are endless ways to chart the course of the girls ' lives and a woman 's life . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 ' is ... fine , and you ca n't have expected more than that '' . Mashable . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Giles ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Top Grossing Music Comedy Films , 1984 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' in the Works ; Rebel Wilson to Return '' . Collider . Complex Media . April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks Talks PITCH PERFECT 2 ( and 3 ) , WET HOT AMERICAN SUMMER and THE LEGO MOVIE Sequel '' . Collider.com . May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Moving Forward at Universal With Writer Kay Cannon ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ′ Chimes In With Summer 2017 Date ; Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson Back '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Brittany Snow Set to Return for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks to Direct ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks Exits as Director of ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Finds New Director in Trish Sie '' . Variety . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ruby Rose in Talks to Join ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Anna Camp Returning for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by @ kelleyjakle Jan 5 , 2017 '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Protege Andy Allo Joins ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' '' . Ew.com . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deke Sharon - Music rehearsal , day one ! # PitchPerfect3 '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by @ alexisknapp Feb 6 , 2017 '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Rebel . `` And that 's a wrap on @ PitchPerfect 3 ! All day today I 'm sleeping and eating chocolate xpic.twitter.com/KhW9nkvKCB '' . Twitter . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Pitch Perfect 3 Filming Begins ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' is now casting extras in Atlanta '' . On Location Vacations . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 Australian Premiere '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Moves Up To Middle Of Summer 2017 '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji , ' ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Pitch Perfect ' to Challenge the ' Star Wars ' Box Office Force '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 24 , 2017 ) . `` Last Jedi ' Lords Over Christmas Weekend B.O. With $100 M+ As ' Jumanji ' Roars $65 M+ & ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Sings $27 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Has Upper Hand Over ' Jumanji ' In New Year 's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1 B -- Monday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Last Call Pitches -- Pitch Perfect 3 Soundtrack Available Today Jump up ^ `` Spotify '' . spotify.com . Jump up ^ Pitch Perfect 3 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) - Original Soundtrack _ Songs , Reviews , Credits _ AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Sequel Bits : Pitch Perfect 4 , Ridley Scott Talks More Alien , Neill Blomkamp Has Moved On From Alien 5 , and More -- / Film '' . / Film . 2018 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Official website Pitch Perfect 3 on IMDb Pitch Perfect Films Pitch Perfect ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Soundtrack albums Pitch Perfect More from Pitch Perfect Ultimate Pitch Perfect Pitch Perfect 2 Pitch Perfect 3 Songs `` Cups '' `` Flashlight '' Films directed by Trish Sie Step Up : All In ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitch_Perfect_3&oldid=843534651 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s sequel films American films American sequel films Films set in New York City Films set in Paris Films set in Spain Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 19 : 32 . 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what is the elevation of uluru-kata (in meters) in australia	Uluru ( Uluṟu ) Ayers Rock Aerial view of Uluru Country Australia State Northern Territory Elevation 863 m ( 2,831 ft ) Prominence 348 m ( 1,142 ft ) Coordinates 25 ° 20 ′ 42 '' S 131 ° 02 ′ 10 '' E / 25.34500 ° S 131.03611 ° E / - 25.34500 ; 131.03611 Coordinates : 25 ° 20 ′ 42 '' S 131 ° 02 ′ 10 '' E / 25.34500 ° S 131.03611 ° E / - 25.34500 ; 131.03611 Geology arkose Orogeny Petermann UNESCO World Heritage Site Name Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park Year 1987 ( # 11 ) Number 447 Criteria v , vi , vii , ix Location in Australia Wikimedia Commons : Uluru Website : www.environment.gov.au/	863 m	Uluru	uluru	Uluru / ˌuːləˈruː / ( Pitjantjatjara : Uluṟu ) , also known as Ayers Rock / ˌɛərz ˈrɒk / and officially gazetted as `` Uluru / Ayers Rock '' , is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia . It lies 335 km ( 208 mi ) south west of the nearest large town , Alice Springs , 450 km ( 280 mi ) by road .	Uluru is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara Anangu , the Aboriginal people of the area . The area around the formation is home to an abundance of springs , waterholes , rock caves and ancient paintings . Uluru is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Uluru and Kata Tjuta , also known as the Olgas , are the two major features of the Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Description 3 Geology 3.1 Composition 3.2 Age and origin 4 Fauna and flora 5 Climate and five seasons 6 Aboriginal myths , legends and traditions 7 History 8 Tourism 8.1 Admission 8.2 Climbing 8.3 Photography 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Name The local Anangu , the Pitjantjatjara people , call the landmark Uluṟu ( Pitjantjatjara ( uluɻu ) ) . This word is a proper noun , with no further particular meaning in the Pitjantjatjara dialect , although it is used as a local family name by the senior Traditional Owners of Uluru . On 19 July 1873 , the surveyor William Gosse sighted the landmark and named it Ayers Rock in honour of the then Chief Secretary of South Australia , Sir Henry Ayers . Since then , both names have been used . In 1993 , a dual naming policy was adopted that allowed official names that consist of both the traditional Aboriginal name and the English name . On 15 December 1993 , it was renamed `` Ayers Rock / Uluru '' and became the first official dual - named feature in the Northern Territory . The order of the dual names was officially reversed to `` Uluru / Ayers Rock '' on 6 November 2002 following a request from the Regional Tourism Association in Alice Springs . Description Uluru is one of Australia 's most recognisable natural landmarks . The sandstone formation stands 348 m ( 1,142 ft ) high , rising 863 m ( 2,831 ft ) above sea level with most of its bulk lying underground , and has a total circumference of 9.4 km ( 5.8 mi ) . Both Uluru and the nearby Kata Tjuta formation have great cultural significance for the Aṉangu people , the traditional inhabitants of the area , who lead walking tours to inform visitors about the local flora and fauna , bush food and the Aboriginal dreamtime stories of the area . Uluru is notable for appearing to change colour at different times of the day and year , most notably when it glows red at dawn and sunset . Kata Tjuta , also called Mount Olga or the Olgas , lies 25 km ( 16 mi ) west of Uluru . Special viewing areas with road access and parking have been constructed to give tourists the best views of both sites at dawn and dusk . Panorama of Uluru around sunset , showing its distinctive red colouration at dusk . Geology Uluru rock formations Panorama from the top of Uluru , showing a typical gully Close - up view of Uluru 's surface , composed of arkose Uluru is an inselberg , literally `` island mountain '' . An inselberg is a prominent isolated residual knob or hill that rises abruptly from and is surrounded by extensive and relatively flat erosion lowlands in a hot , dry region . Uluru is also often referred to as a monolith , although this is a somewhat ambiguous term that is generally avoided by geologists . The remarkable feature of Uluru is its homogeneity and lack of jointing and parting at bedding surfaces , leading to the lack of development of scree slopes and soil . These characteristics led to its survival , while the surrounding rocks were eroded . For the purpose of mapping and describing the geological history of the area , geologists refer to the rock strata making up Uluru as the Mutitjulu Arkose , and it is one of many sedimentary formations filling the Amadeus Basin . Composition Uluru is dominantly composed of coarse - grained arkose ( a type of sandstone characterized by an abundance of feldspar ) and some conglomerate . Average composition is 50 % feldspar , 25 -- 35 % quartz and up to 25 % rock fragments ; most feldspar is K - feldspar with only minor plagioclase as subrounded grains and highly altered inclusions within K - feldspar . The grains are typically 2 -- 4 millimetres ( 0.079 -- 0.157 in ) in diameter , and are angular to subangular ; the finer sandstone is well sorted , with sorting decreasing with increasing grain size . The rock fragments include subrounded basalt , invariably replaced to various degrees by chlorite and epidote . The minerals present suggest derivation from a predominantly granite source , similar to the Musgrave Block exposed to the south . When relatively fresh , the rock has a grey colour , but weathering of iron - bearing minerals by the process of oxidation gives the outer surface layer of rock a red - brown rusty colour . Features related to deposition of the sediment include cross-bedding and ripples , analysis of which indicated deposition from broad shallow high energy fluvial channels and sheet flooding , typical of alluvial fans . Age and origin Rain water flows off Uluru along channels marked by dark algae , forming small ponds at the base The Mutitjulu Arkose is believed to be of about the same age as the conglomerate at Kata Tjuta , and to have a similar origin despite the rock type being different , but it is younger than the rocks exposed to the east at Mount Conner , and unrelated to them . The strata at Uluru are nearly vertical , dipping to the south west at 85 ° , and have an exposed thickness of at least 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) . The strata dip below the surrounding plain and no doubt extend well beyond Uluru in the subsurface , but the extent is not known . The rock was originally sand , deposited as part of an extensive alluvial fan that extended out from the ancestors of the Musgrave , Mann and Petermann Ranges to the south and west , but separate from a nearby fan that deposited the sand , pebbles and cobbles that now make up Kata Tjuta . The similar mineral composition of the Mutitjulu Arkose and the granite ranges to the south is now explained . The ancestors of the ranges to the south were once much larger than the eroded remnants we see today . They were thrust up during a mountain building episode referred to as the Petermann Orogeny that took place in late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian times ( 550 -- 530 Ma ) , and thus the Mutitjulu Arkose is believed to have been deposited at about the same time . The arkose sandstone which makes up the formation is composed of grains that show little sorting based on grain size , exhibit very little rounding and the feldspars in the rock are relatively fresh in appearance . This lack of sorting and grain rounding is typical of arkosic sandstones and is indicative of relatively rapid erosion from the granites of the growing mountains to the south . The layers of sand were nearly horizontal when deposited , but were tilted to their near vertical position during a later episode of mountain building , possibly the Alice Springs Orogeny of Palaeozoic age ( 400 -- 300 Ma ) . Fauna and flora Black - flanked rock - wallaby ( Petrogale lateralis ) Historically , 46 species of native mammals are known to have been living near Uluru ; according to recent surveys there are currently 21 . Aṉangu acknowledge that a decrease in the number has implications for the condition and health of the landscape . Moves are supported for the reintroduction of locally extinct animals such as malleefowl , common brushtail possum , rufous hare - wallaby or mala , bilby , burrowing bettong , and the black - flanked rock - wallaby . The mulgara , the only mammal listed as vulnerable , is mostly restricted to the transitional sand plain area , a narrow band of country that stretches from the vicinity of Uluru to the northern boundary of the park and into Ayers Rock Resort . This area also contains the marsupial mole , woma python , and great desert skink . Trees at the base of Uluru The bat population of the park comprises at least seven species that depend on day roosting sites within caves and crevices of Uluru and Kata Tjuta . Most of the bats forage for aerial prey within 100 m ( 330 ft ) or so from the rock face . The park has a very rich reptile fauna of high conservation significance , with 73 species having been reliably recorded . Four species of frogs are abundant at the base of Uluru and Kata Tjuta following summer rains . The great desert skink is listed as vulnerable . Aṉangu continue to hunt and gather animal species in remote areas of the park and on Aṉangu land elsewhere . Hunting is largely confined to the red kangaroo , bush turkey , emu , and lizards such as the sand goanna and perentie . Of the 27 mammal species found in the park , six are introduced : the house mouse , camel , fox , cat , dog , and rabbit . These species are distributed throughout the park , but their densities are greatest near the rich water run - off areas of Uluru and Kata Tjuta . Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park flora represents a large portion of plants found in Central Australia . A number of these species are considered rare and restricted in the park or the immediate region . Many rare and endemic plants are found in the park . The growth and reproduction of plant communities rely on irregular rainfall . Some plants are able to survive fire and some are dependent on it to reproduce . Plants are an important part of Tjukurpa , and ceremonies are held for each of the major plant foods . Many plants are associated with ancestral beings . Flora in Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park can be broken into these categories : Punu -- trees Puti -- shrubs Tjulpun - tjulpunpa -- flowers Ukiri -- grasses Trees such as the mulga and centralian bloodwood are used to make tools such as spearheads , boomerangs , and bowls . The red sap of the bloodwood is used as a disinfectant and an inhalant for coughs and colds . Several rare and endangered species are found in the park . Most of them , like adder 's tongue ferns , are restricted to the moist areas at the base of the formation , which are areas of high visitor use and subject to erosion . Since the first Europeans arrived , 34 exotic plant species have been recorded in the park , representing about 6.4 % of the total park flora . Some , such as perennial buffel grass ( Cenchrus ciliaris ) , were introduced to rehabilitate areas damaged by erosion . It is the most threatening weed in the park and has spread to invade water - and nutrient - rich drainage lines . A few others , such as burrgrass , were brought in accidentally , carried on cars and people . Climate and five seasons The park has a hot desert climate and receives an average rainfall of 284.6 mm ( 11.2 in ) per year . The average high temperature in summer ( December -- January ) is 37.8 ° C ( 100.0 ° F ) , and the average low temperature in winter ( June -- July ) is 4.7 ° C ( 40.5 ° F ) . Temperature extremes in the park have been recorded at 46 ° C ( 115 ° F ) during the summer and − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ) during winter . UV levels are extreme between October and March , averaging between 11 and 15 on the UV index . Local Aboriginal people recognise five seasons : Wanitjunkupai ( April / May ) -- Cooler weather Wari ( June / July ) -- Cold season bringing morning frosts Piriyakutu ( August / September / October ) -- Animals breed and food plants flower Mai Wiyaringkupai ( November / December ) -- The hot season when food becomes scarce Itjanu ( January / February / March ) -- Sporadic storms can roll in suddenly ( hide ) Climate data for Yulara Aero Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 46.4 ( 115.5 ) 45.8 ( 114.4 ) 42.9 ( 109.2 ) 39.6 ( 103.3 ) 35.7 ( 96.3 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 38.7 ( 101.7 ) 42.3 ( 108.1 ) 45.0 ( 113 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 38.4 ( 101.1 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 35.1 ( 95.2 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) ( 34 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 3.6 ( 25.5 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) − 1.0 ( 30.2 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) − 3.6 ( 25.5 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 25.8 ( 1.016 ) 39.6 ( 1.559 ) 35.1 ( 1.382 ) 14.7 ( 0.579 ) 13.0 ( 0.512 ) 17.4 ( 0.685 ) 18.4 ( 0.724 ) 4.3 ( 0.169 ) 7.4 ( 0.291 ) 20.7 ( 0.815 ) 34.2 ( 1.346 ) 40.2 ( 1.583 ) 274.6 ( 10.811 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 3.2 2.9 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.0 1.4 2.7 3.9 4.7 28.8 Source : Bureau of Meteorology Aboriginal myths , legends and traditions According to the Aṉangu , traditional landowners of Uluru : The world was once a featureless place . None of the places we know existed until creator beings , in the forms of people , plants and animals , traveled widely across the land . Then , in a process of creation and destruction , they formed the landscape as we know it today . Aṉangu land is still inhabited by the spirits of dozens of these ancestral creator beings which are referred to as Tjukuritja or Waparitja . There are a number of differing accounts given , by outsiders , of Aboriginal ancestral stories for the origins of Uluru and its many cracks and fissures . One such account , taken from Robert Layton 's ( 1989 ) Uluru : An Aboriginal history of Ayers Rock , reads as follows : Uluru was built up during the creation period by two boys who played in the mud after rain . When they had finished their game they travelled south to Wiputa ... Fighting together , the two boys made their way to the table topped Mount Conner , on top of which their bodies are preserved as boulders . ( Page 5 ) Two other accounts are given in Norbert Brockman 's ( 1997 ) Encyclopedia of Sacred Places . The first tells of serpent beings who waged many wars around Uluru , scarring the rock . The second tells of two tribes of ancestral spirits who were invited to a feast , but were distracted by the beautiful Sleepy Lizard Women and did not show up . In response , the angry hosts sang evil into a mud sculpture that came to life as the dingo . There followed a great battle , which ended in the deaths of the leaders of both tribes . The earth itself rose up in grief at the bloodshed , becoming Uluru . The Commonwealth Department of Environment 's webpage advises : Many ... Tjukurpa such as Kalaya ( Emu ) , Liru ( poisonous snake ) , Lungkata ( blue tongue lizard ) , Luunpa ( kingfisher ) and Tjintir - tjintirpa ( willie wagtail ) travel through Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park . Other Tjukurpa affect only one specific area . Kuniya , the woma python , lived in the rocks at Uluru where she fought the Liru , the poisonous snake . It is sometimes reported that those who take rocks from the formation will be cursed and suffer misfortune . There have been many instances where people who removed such rocks attempted to mail them back to various agencies in an attempt to remove the perceived curse . History Petroglyphs on Uluru Aerial view of Uluru Archaeological findings to the east and west indicate that humans settled in the area more than 10,000 years ago . Europeans arrived in the Australian Western Desert in the 1870s . Uluru and Kata Tjuta were first mapped by Europeans in 1872 during the expeditionary period made possible by the construction of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line . In separate expeditions , Ernest Giles and William Gosse were the first European explorers to this area . While exploring the area in 1872 , Giles sighted Kata Tjuta from a location near Kings Canyon and called it Mount Olga , while the following year Gosse observed Uluru and named it Ayers Rock , in honour of the Chief Secretary of South Australia , Sir Henry Ayers . Further explorations followed with the aim of establishing the possibilities of the area for pastoralism . In the late 19th century , pastoralists attempted to establish themselves in areas adjoining the Southwestern / Petermann Reserve and interaction between Aṉangu and white people became more frequent and more violent . Due to the effects of grazing and drought , bush food stores became depleted . Competition for these resources created conflict between the two groups , resulting in more frequent police patrols . Later , during the depression in the 1930s , Aṉangu became involved in dingo scalping with ' doggers ' who introduced Aṉangu to European foods and ways . Between 1918 and 1921 , large adjoining areas of South Australia , Western Australia , and the Northern Territory were declared as Aboriginal reserves , sanctuaries for nomadic people who had virtually no contact with European settlers . In 1920 , part of Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park was declared an Aboriginal Reserve ( commonly known as the South - Western or Petermann Reserve ) by the Australian government under the Aboriginals Ordinance . The first tourists arrived in the Uluru area in 1936 . Beginning in the 1940s , permanent European settlement of the area for reasons of the Aboriginal welfare policy and to help promote tourism of Uluru . This increased tourism prompted the formation of the first vehicular tracks in 1948 and tour bus services began early in the 1950s . In 1958 , the area that would become the Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park was excised from the Petermann Reserve ; it was placed under the management of the Northern Territory Reserves Board and named the Ayers Rock -- Mount Olga National Park . The first ranger was Bill Harney , a well - recognised central Australian figure . By 1959 , the first motel leases had been granted and Eddie Connellan had constructed an airstrip close to the northern side of Uluru . On 26 October 1985 , the Australian government returned ownership of Uluru to the local Pitjantjatjara Aborigines , with one of the conditions being that the Aṉangu would lease it back to the National Parks and Wildlife agency for 99 years and that it would be jointly managed . An agreement originally made between the community and Prime Minister Bob Hawke that the climb to the top by tourists would be stopped was later broken . The Aboriginal community of Mutitjulu , with a population of approximately 300 , is located near the eastern end of Uluru . From Uluru it is 17 km ( 11 mi ) by road to the tourist town of Yulara , population 3,000 , which is situated just outside the national park . On 8 October 2009 , the Talinguru Nyakuntjaku viewing area opened to public visitation . The A $ 21 million project about 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) on the east side of Uluru involved design and construction supervision by the Aṉangu traditional owners , with 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) of roads and 1.6 kilometres ( 1 mi ) of walking trails being built for the area . Tourism Driving on Lasseter Highway from Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park , April 2007 The development of tourism infrastructure adjacent to the base of Uluru that began in the 1950s soon produced adverse environmental impacts . It was decided in the early 1970s to remove all accommodation - related tourist facilities and re-establish them outside the park . In 1975 , a reservation of 104 square kilometres ( 40 sq mi ) of land beyond the park 's northern boundary , 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) from Uluru , was approved for the development of a tourist facility and an associated airport , to be known as Yulara . The camp ground within the park was closed in 1983 and the motels closed in late 1984 , coinciding with the opening of the Yulara resort . In 1992 , the majority interest in the Yulara resort held by the Northern Territory Government was sold and the resort was renamed Ayers Rock Resort . Since the park was listed as a World Heritage Site , annual visitor numbers rose to over 400,000 visitors by the year 2000 . Increased tourism provides regional and national economic benefits . It also presents an ongoing challenge to balance conservation of cultural values and visitor needs . Admission Admission to the park costs A $25 per person and provides a three - day pass . Passes are non-transferable and all passes are checked by park rangers . Climbing Climbers and a warning sign The local Aṉangu do not climb Uluru because of its great spiritual significance . They request that visitors do not climb the rock , partly due to the path crossing a sacred traditional Dreamtime track , and also due to a sense of responsibility for the safety of visitors . The visitors guide says `` the climb is not prohibited , but we prefer that , as a guest on Aṉangu land , you will choose to respect our law and culture by not climbing . '' Despite being discouraged by its traditional owners , over one third of visitors climb Uluru . A chain handhold added in 1964 and extended in 1976 makes the hour - long climb easier , but it is still a steep , 800 m ( 0.5 mi ) hike to the top , where it can be quite windy . It is recommended individuals drink plenty of water while climbing , and those who are unfit , suffer from vertigo or medical conditions restricting exercise , do not attempt it . Climbing Uluru is generally closed to the public when high winds are present at the top . There have been at least 35 deaths relating to recreational climbing since such incidents began being recorded . On 11 December 1983 , the Prime Minister of Australia , Bob Hawke , promised to hand back the land title to the Aṉangu traditional custodians and caretakers and agreed to the community 's 10 - point plan which included forbidding the climbing of Uluru . The government , however , set access to climb Uluru and a 99 - year lease , instead of the previously agreed upon 50 - year lease , as conditions before the title was officially given back to the Aṉangu on 26 October 1985 . The Aboriginal traditional owners of Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park ( Nguraritja ) and the Federal Government 's National Parks share decision - making on the management of Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park . Under their joint Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park Management Plan 2010 -- 20 , issued by the Director of National Parks under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 , clause 6.3. 3 provides that the Director and the Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa Board of Management work towards closure of the climb and , additionally , provides that it will close upon any of three conditions being met : there are `` adequate new visitor experiences '' , less than 20 per cent of visitors make the climb or the `` critical factors '' in decisions to visit are `` cultural and natural experiences '' . Despite cogent evidence the second condition was met by July 2013 , the climb remains open . Several controversial incidents on top of Uluru in 2010 , including a striptease , golfing and nudity , led to renewed calls for banning the climb . Prince Charles and Diana , The Princess of Wales returning from photo session on Uluru , March 1983 Sign informing tourists that the climb is closed due to strong winds Photography The Aṉangu also request that visitors do not photograph certain sections of Uluru , for reasons related to traditional Tjukurpa beliefs . These areas are the sites of gender - linked rituals and are forbidden ground for Aṉangu of the opposite sex to those participating in the rituals in question . The photographic restriction is intended to prevent Aṉangu from inadvertently violating this taboo by encountering photographs of the forbidden sites in the outside world . See also Northern Territory portal Mountains portal List of mountains of the Northern Territory Mount Augustus National Park Indigenous Australian art Pitjantjatjara § Recognition of sacred sites Protected areas of the Northern Territory References Notes Jump up ^ `` Place Names Register Extract : Uluru / Ayers Rock '' . Northern Territory Place Names Register . Northern Territory Government . 6 November 2002 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Issacs , Jennifer ( 1980 ) . Australian Dreaming : 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History . Sydney : Lansdowne Press . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 7018 - 1330 - X . OCLC 6578832 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Early European history '' . Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dual Naming of Features '' . NT.gov.au . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Welcome to Aboriginal land : Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Visitor guide and maps ( PDF ) . Canberra : Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources . October 2005 . OCLC 754614279 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Young , David N. ; Duncan , N. ; Camacho , A. ; Ferenczi , P.A. ; Madigan , T.L.A. ( 2002 ) . Ayers Rock , Northern Territory , Map Sheet GS52 - 8 ( 2nd edition ) ( Map ) . 1 : 250 000 . Northern Territory Geological Survey . Geological Map Series Explanatory Notes . Jump up ^ Twidale , C.R. ; Campbell , Elizabeth M. ( 2005 ) . Australian Landforms . Rosenberg . p. 141 . ISBN 1 - 877058 - 32 - 7 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Joyce Ann ; Woodward , Susan L. , eds. ( 2015 ) . Earth 's Landscape : An Encyclopedia of the World 's Geographic Features . ABC - CLIO . pp. 719 -- 720 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 446 - 9 . Jump up ^ Neuendorf , Klaus K.E. ; Mehl , Jr. , James P. ; Jackson , Julia A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Glossary of Geology ( 5th ed . ) . Alexandria , VA : American Geological Institute . ISBN 0 - 922152 - 76 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Sweet , I.P. ; Crick , I.H. ( 1992 ) . Uluru & Kata Tjuta : A Geological History ( Monograph ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Canberra : Australian Geological Survey Organisation . ISBN 0 - 644 - 25681 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Geology '' . Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa Board of Management ( 2000 ) . Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park Plan of Management ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . Canberra : Environment Australia . ISBN 0 - 642 - 54673 - 8 . OCLC 57667136 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yulara Aero '' . Climate statistics for Australian locations . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Yulara Ultraviolet ( UV ) Index Forecast Graph . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Climate Averages : Ultra violet index ( Climatology 1979 -- 2007 ) '' . Bureau of Meteorology , Australian Government . 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Creation Period '' . Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Layton , Robert ( August 2001 ) . Uluru : An Aboriginal History of Ayers Rock ( 2001 revised ed . ) . Canberra : Aboriginal Studies Press . ISBN 0 - 85575 - 202 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brockman , Norbert C ( June 1997 ) . Encyclopedia of Sacred Places . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - Clio Inc . pp. 292 -- 93 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512739 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Rock theft brings bad luck '' . The Age . 7 March 2003 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Marks , Kathy ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Uluru tourists return ' cursed ' souvenirs '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Tlozek , Eric ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` ' Spectacular ' sunrise platform at Uluru '' . ABC News . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hall , Lex ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` New Uluru view spares desert songlines '' . The Australian . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage and International Significance '' . Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Management Plan 2010 -- 2020 . Canberra : Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . 2010 . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9807460 - 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Toyne , Phillip ; Vachon , Daniel ( 1984 ) . Growing Up the Country : the Pitjantjatjara Struggle for Their Land . Fitzroy , Victoria : McPhee Gribble . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 007641 - 7 . OCLC 12611425 . Jump up ^ Swallow , Julian ( 26 October 2010 ) . `` On this day : Aboriginal Australians get Uluru back '' . Australian Geographic . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Management Plan 2010 -- 2020 . Canberra : Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . 2010 . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9807460 - 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Laughland , Oliver ( 8 July 2013 ) . `` People still climbing Uluru despite closure condition being met '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rock rage rolls on '' . Northern Territory News . 30 June 2010 . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Shears , Richard ( 28 June 2010 ) . `` Stripper sparks fury among Aboriginals after YouTube exotic dance on sacred Ayers Rock '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Tjukurpa '' . Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources . Archived from the original on 7 March 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Bibliography Breeden , Stanley ( 1995 ) . Growing Up at Uluru , Australia . Fortitude Valley , Queensland : Steve Parish Publishing . ISBN 0 - 947263 - 89 - 6 . OCLC 34351662 . Breeden , Stanley ( 2000 ) ( 1994 ) . Uluru : Looking After Uluru -- Kata Tjuta , the Anangu Way . Roseville Chase , NSW : Simon & Schuster Australia . ISBN 0 - 7318 - 0359 - 0 . OCLC 32470148 . Hill , Barry ( 1 November 1994 ) . The Rock : Travelling to Uluru . St Leonards , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 778 - 2 . OCLC 33146858 . Mountford , Charles P. ( 1977 ) ( 1965 ) . Ayers Rock : Its People , Their Beliefs and Their Art . Adelaide : Rigby Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7270 - 0215 - 5 . OCLC 6844898 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uluru . Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources Northern Territory official tourism site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uluru&oldid=797525538 '' Categories : Australian Aboriginal culture Inselbergs Monoliths of Australia Mountains of the Northern Territory Sacred mountains Sacred rocks Tourist attractions in the Northern Territory Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Australian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for other type Articles containing Pitjantjatjara - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 16 : 17 . 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what kind of society was the shang dynasty			Four occupations	four occupations	The four occupations or `` four categories of the people '' ( simplified Chinese : 士农工商 ; traditional Chinese : 士農工商 ) was a hierarchic social class structure developed in ancient China by either Confucian or Legalist scholars as far back as the late Zhou Dynasty and is considered a central part of the feudalism social structure ( c. 1046 -- 256 BC ) .	In descending order , these were the shi ( gentry scholars ) , the nong ( peasant farmers ) , the gong ( artisans and craftsmen ) , and the shang ( merchants and traders ) . In some manner this system of social order was adopted throughout the Chinese cultural sphere . In Japanese it is called mibunsei ( 身分制 ) and is sometimes stated as `` Shi , nō , kō , shō '' ( 士農工商 , , shinōkōshō ) , in Korean as `` Sa , nong , gong , sang '' ( 사농공상 ) , and in Vietnamese as `` Sĩ , nông , công , thương ( 士農工商 ) . The main difference in adaptation was the definition of the shi ( 士 ) . The system did not figure in all other social groups present in premodern Chinese society , and its broad categories were more an idealization than a practical reality . The commercialization of Chinese society in the Song and Ming periods further blurred the lines between these four hierarchic social distinctions . The definition of the identity of the shi class changed over time -- from an ancient warrior class , to an aristocratic scholarly elite , and finally to a bureaucratic scholarly elite with less emphasis on archaic noble lineage . There was also a gradual fusion of the wealthy merchant and landholding gentry classes , culminating in the late Ming Dynasty . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The shi ( 士 ) 1.1. 1 Outside China 1.2 The nong ( 农 / 農 ) 1.3 The gong ( 工 ) 1.4 The shang ( 商 ) 2 Analysis 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References History ( edit ) From existing literary evidence , commoner rankings in China were employed for the first time during the Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) . Despite this , Eastern - Han ( AD 25 -- 220 ) historian Ban Gu ( AD 32 -- 92 ) asserted in his Book of Han that the four occupations for commoners had existed in the Western Zhou ( c. 1050 -- 771 BC ) era , which he considered a golden age . However , it is now known that the classification of four occupations as Ban Gu understood it did not exist until the 2nd century BC . Ban explained the social hierarchy of each group in descending order : Scholars , farmers , artisans , and merchants ; each of the four peoples had their respective profession . Those who studied in order to occupy positions of rank were called the shi ( scholars ) . Those who cultivated the soil and propagated grains were called nong ( farmers ) . Those who manifested skill ( qiao ) and made utensils were called gong ( artisans ) . Those who transported valuable articles and sold commodities were called shang ( merchants ) . Anthony J. Barbieri - Low , Professor of Early Chinese History at the University of California , Santa Barbara , writes that the classification of `` four occupations '' can be viewed as a mere rhetorical device that had no effect on government policy . However , he notes that although no statute in the Qin or Han law codes specifically mentions the four occupations , some laws did treat these broadly classified social groups as separate units with different levels of legal privilege . The shi ( 士 ) ( edit ) During the ancient Shang and Zhou dynasties , the shi were regarded as a knightly social order of low - level aristocratic lineage compared to dukes and marquises . This social class was distinguished by their right to ride in chariots and command battles from mobile chariots , while they also served civil functions . They were also known by the weaponry they used , the double - edged sword , or jian . The type of clothing worn by the shi class also distinguished them from others ; the shi wore long flowing silken robes , while all other men wore trousers . As chariot warfare became eclipsed by mounted cavalry and infantry units with effective crossbowmen in the Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) , the participation of the shi in battle dwindled as rulers sought men with actual military training , not just aristocratic background . This was also a period where philosophical schools flourished in China , while intellectual pursuits became highly valued amongst statesmen . Thus , the shi eventually became renowned not for their warrior 's skills , but for their scholarship , abilities in administration , and sound ethics and morality supported by competing philosophical schools . Under Duke Xiao of Qin and the chief minister and reformer Shang Yang ( d . 338 BC ) , the ancient State of Qin was transformed by a new meritocratic yet harsh philosophy of Legalism . This philosophy stressed stern punishments for those who disobeyed the publicly known laws while rewarding those who labored for the state and strove diligently to obey the laws . It was a means to diminish the power of the nobility , and was another force behind the transformation of the shi class from warrior - aristocrats into merit - driven officials . The Qin Dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) unified China under the Legalist system , but became infamous for its oppressive measures , and so collapsed into a state of civil war . The victor of this war was Liu Bang , who initiated four centuries of unification of China proper under the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- AD 220 ) . One of his later successors was Emperor Wu ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) , who not only cemented the ideology of Confucius into mainstream Chinese thought , governance , and social order , but also installed a system of recommendation and nomination in government service known as xiaolian . After the Han period , this system was replaced by the nine - rank system , a similar means of recruiting officials through recommendation . Both systems favored the wealthy , those of noble background , and the well - connected . It was not until the Sui Dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) that a new beginning of change in the shi class would present itself by means of the civil service examination system . The civil service recruitment system during the subsequent Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) followed the Sui model of partial recruitment of those who passed standard exams and earned an official degree . Yet recruitment by recommendations to office was still prominent in both dynasties . It was not until the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) that the recruitment of those who passed the exams and earned degrees was given greater emphasis and significantly expanded . The shi class also became less aristocratic and more bureaucratic due to the highly competitive nature of the exams during the Song period . From the 11th to 13th centuries , the number of exam candidates participating in taking the exams increased dramatically from merely 30,000 to 400,000 by the dynasty 's end . Widespread printing through woodblock and movable type enhanced the spread of knowledge amongst the literate in society , enabling more people to become candidates and competitors vying for a prestigious degree . With a dramatically expanding population matching a growing amount of gentry , scholar - officials needed the gentry to perform local services such as funding public works , prefectural and county schools , or aiding in tax collection . Outside China ( edit ) In Korea , the noble yangban class prevented the lower classes from taking the advanced gwageo exams so they could dominate the bureaucracy . Below the yangban were the chungin , a class of privileged commoners who were petty bureaucrats , scribes , and specialists . The chungin were actually the least populous class , even smaller than the yangban . A similar situation occurred in the Ryūkyū Kingdom with the hereditary yukatchu but yukatchu status can be bought from the government as the kingdom 's finances were frequently deficient . Due to the growth of this class and the lack of government positions open for them , Sai On allowed yukatchu to become merchants and artisans while keeping their high status . In Japan , this role was taken by the hereditary samurai class . Originally a martial class , the samurai became civil administrators to their daimyo during the Tokugawa shogunate . No exams were needed as the positions were inherited . They constituted about 5 % of the population and were allowed to have a proper surname . ( see Edo society ) . The nong ( 农 / 農 ) ( edit ) A farmer ( nong ) operating a pulley wheel to lift a bucket , from the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia by Song Yingxing ( 1587 -- 1666 ) Since Neolithic times in China , agriculture was a key element to the rise of China 's civilization and every other civilization . The food that farmers produced sustained the whole of society , while the land tax exacted on farmers ' lots and landholders ' property produced much of the state revenue for China 's pre-modern ruling dynasties . Therefore , the farmer was a valuable member of society , and even though he was not considered one with the shi class , the families of the shi were still landholders that often produced crops and foodstuffs . Soldiers were not highly respected members of society . Soldiers traditionally came from farming families , while some were simply debtors who fled their land ( whether owned or rented ) to escape lawsuits by creditors or imprisonment for failing to pay taxes . Soldiers along China 's frontiers were also encouraged by the state to settle down on their own farm lots in order for the food supply of the military to become self - sufficient . Farmers were also encouraged to join peasant militias to act as supporting units to the official standing army . By the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , the socioeconomic class of farmers grew more and more indistinct from another social class in the four occupations : the artisan . Artisans began working on farms in peak periods and farmers often traveled into the city to find work during times of dearth . The distinction between what was town and country was blurred in Ming China , since suburban areas with farms were located just outside and in some cases within the walls of a city . The gong ( 工 ) ( edit ) Artisans and craftsmen -- their class identified with the Chinese character meaning labor -- were much like farmers in the respect that they produced essential goods needed by themselves and the rest of society . Although they could not provide the state with much of its revenues since they often had no land of their own to be taxed , artisans and craftsmen were still given a higher place than merchants . Since ancient times , the skilled work of artisans and craftsmen was handed down orally from father to son , although the work of architects and structural builders were sometimes codified , illustrated , and categorized in Chinese written works . One example of this would be the Yingzao Fashi printed in 1103 , an architectural building manual written by an official put in charge of government agencies for construction . Artisans and craftsmen were either government - employed or worked privately . A successful and highly skilled artisan could often gain enough capital in order to hire others as apprentices or additional laborers that could be overseen by the chief artisan as a manager . Hence , artisans could create their own small enterprises in selling their work and that of others , and like the merchants , they formed their own guilds . The shang ( 商 ) ( edit ) Painting of a woman and children surrounding a peddler of goods in the countryside , by Li Song ( c. 1190 -- 1225 ) , dated 1210 AD The merchants , traders , and peddlers of goods were viewed by the scholarly elite as essential members of society , yet were placed on the lowest of the four grades in the official Chinese social hierarchy , due to the view that they do not produce anything , only profit from others ' creations . This was in spite of the fact that throughout Chinese history , the merchant class were often wealthy and held considerable influence above and beyond their supposed social standing . The scholars ' attitudes towards commerce and business was almost universally apparent in their writings which denounced the merchant class as greedy and lacking moral character . It was also unacceptable for scholar - officials to engage in personal profiteering outside their official salary , even though by the Song period they were using intermediary agents to handle their anonymous business affairs for them . Merchants were seen as somewhat parasitic to the needs of all other groups in society , since it was acknowledged that they used the goods that others produced and made their own profits from them . In essence , they were seen as business savvy , but not morally cultivated enough to be leading members of society or highly venerated representatives of Chinese culture . Despite this disdain for the merchants , by the mid Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , many families who produced scholar - officials had members who were merchants or had a merchant as a descendant of some kind . Even more significant was the fact that scholar - officials who had familial ties with merchants from the past or in the present became unabashed about these ties and made it publicly known in the writing of their official family histories . During the beginning of the Ming Dynasty , scholar - officials could derive enough of their own revenues to fund vital public works . By the late Ming Dynasty , they often needed to solicit funds from powerful merchants to build new roads , schools , bridges , pagodas , or engage in essential industries , such as book - making , which aided the gentry class in education for the imperial examinations . Merchants began to imitate the highly cultivated nature and manners of scholar - officials in order to appear more cultured and gain higher prestige and acceptance by the scholarly elite . They even purchased printed books that served as guides to proper conduct and behavior and which promoted merchant morality and business ethics . Analysis ( edit ) The renowned Emperor Taizong of Tang ( r . 626 -- 649 ) ; the emperor represented the pinnacle of traditional Chinese society , and was above that of the scholar - official . There were many social groups that were excluded from the four broad categories in the social hierarchy . These included soldiers and guards , religious clergy and diviners , eunuchs and concubines , entertainers and courtiers , domestic servants and slaves , prostitutes , and low class laborers other than farmers and artisans . The emperor -- embodying a heavenly mandate to judicial and executive authority -- was on a social and legal tier above the gentry and the exam - drafted scholar - officials . Although his royal family and noble extended family were also highly respected , they did not command the same level of authority . There were motives behind the aristocratic officials and later scholar - officials ' classifying of certain groups in the hierarchy and leaving others out . The scholar - officials placed farmers as the second most prestigious group because the aristocratic officials and scholar - officials were landholders themselves , much like farmers ( the ones who were n't tenant farmers or serfs ) . Both farmers and artisans were placed on a higher tier than merchants because the two former groups produced crops and manufactured goods , essential things needed by the whole of society . The merchants were seen as merely talented at business and trading , and were often seen as greedy and even parasitic to the needs of all other groups . The social category of the soldier was left out of the social hierarchy due to the gentry scholars ' embracing of intellectual cultivation ( wen ) and detest for violence ( wu ) . The scholars did not want to legitimize those whose professions centered chiefly around violence , so to leave them out of the social hierarchy altogether was a means to keep them in an unrecognized and undistinguished social tier . Entertainers and courtiers were often dependents upon the wealthy or were associated with the often - perceived immoral pleasure grounds of urban entertainment districts . To give them official recognition would have given them more prestige . Although shamans and diviners in Bronze Age China had some authority as religious leaders in society , the scholars did not want religious leaders amassing too much power and influence like military strongmen ( one example of this would be Zhang Jiao , who led a Taoist sect into open rebellion against the Han government 's authority ) . There were also multiple persecutions of Buddhism in China , a lot of the contention being over Buddhist monasteries ' exemption from government taxation , but also because later Neo-Confucian scholars saw Buddhism as an alien ideology and threat to the moral order of society . The court eunuchs were also viewed with some suspicion by the scholar - officials , since there were several instances in Chinese history where influential eunuchs came to dominate the emperor , his imperial court , and the whole of the central government . In an extreme example , the eunuch Wei Zhongxian ( 1568 -- 1627 ) had his critics from the orthodox Confucian ' Donglin Society ' tortured and killed while dominating the court of the Tianqi Emperor -- Wei was dismissed by the next ruler and committed suicide . See also ( edit ) China portal Yangban , Chungin , Sangmin and Cheonmin in Korea Japanese castes under the ritsuryō Edo society Estates of the realm Economic history of China before 1912 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brook , 72 . ^ Jump up to : Fairbank , 108 . ^ Jump up to : Barbieri - Low ( 2007 ) , 37 . Jump up ^ Barbieri - Low ( 2007 ) , 36 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey ( 2006 ) , 22 . Jump up ^ Gernet , 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 2006 ) , 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 2006 ) , 32 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 2006 ) , 32 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , 145 -- 146 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey ( 2006 ) , 159 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 2006 ) , 160 . Jump up ^ Fairbank , 94 . Jump up ^ Fairbank , 101 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Michael , 420 -- 421 . Jump up ^ Yuan , 196 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Smits , 73 . Jump up ^ Steben , 47 . Jump up ^ Gernet , 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Gernet , 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Gernet , 102 -- 103 . ^ Jump up to : Spence , 13 . Jump up ^ Gernet , 88 -- 94 Jump up ^ Gernet , 88 -- 94 Jump up ^ Gernet , 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Gernet , 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Brook , 161 . Jump up ^ Brook , 190 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Brook , 90 -- 93 , 129 -- 130 , 151 . Jump up ^ Brook , 128 -- 129 , 134 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Brook , 215 -- 216 . ^ Jump up to : Fairbank , 109 . Jump up ^ Wright , 88 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Spence , 17 -- 18 . References ( edit ) Barbieri - Low , Anthony J. ( 2007 ) . Artisans in Early Imperial China . Seattle & London : University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98713 - 8 . Brook , Timothy . ( 1998 ) . The Confusions of Pleasure : Commerce and Culture in Ming China . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22154 - 0 Ebrey , Patricia Buckley , Anne Walthall , James Palais. ( 2006 ) . East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 . __________. ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X ( paperback ) . Fairbank , John King and Merle Goldman ( 1992 ) . China : A New History ; Second Enlarged Edition ( 2006 ) . Cambridge : MA ; London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01828 - 1 Gernet , Jacques ( 1962 ) . Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion , 1250 -- 1276 . Translated by H.M. Wright . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0720 - 0 Michael , Franz . `` State and Society in Nineteenth - Century China , '' World Politics : A Quarterly Journal of International Relations ( Volume 3 , Number 3 , April 1955 ) : 419 -- 433 . Smits , Gregory ( 1999 ) . `` Visions of Ryukyu : Identity and Ideology in Early - Modern Thought and Politics . '' Honolulu : University of Hawai'i Press . Spence , Jonathan D. ( 1999 ) . The Search For Modern China ; Second Edition . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97351 - 4 ( Paperback ) . Steben , Barry D . `` The Transmission of Neo-Confucianism to the Ryukyu ( Liuqiu ) Islands and its Historical Significance '' . Wright , Arthur F. ( 1959 ) . Buddhism in Chinese History . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Yuan , Zheng . `` Local Government Schools in Sung China : A Reassessment , '' History of Education Quarterly ( Volume 34 , Number 2 ; Summer 1994 ) : 193 -- 213 . 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who has the highest goal scoring average in the top 5 england goal scorers			England national football team records and statistics	england national football team records and statistics	This article lists various football records in relation to the England national football team . The page is updated where necessary after each England match , and is correct as of 4 September 2017 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 2 Goals 3 Captains 4 Discipline 5 Team records 6 Miscellaneous 7 References 8 Notes 9 General references Appearances ( edit ) See also : Progression of England association football caps record Most appearances Peter Shilton , 125 , 25 November 1970 -- 7 July 1990 Most appearances by an outfield player Wayne Rooney , 119 , 12 February 2003 -- 11 November 2016 Other centurions David Beckham , 115 , 1 September 1996 -- 14 October 2009 Steven Gerrard , 114 , 31 May 2000 -- 24 June 2014 Bobby Moore , 108 , 20 May 1962 -- 14 November 1973 Ashley Cole , 107 , 28 March 2001 -- 5 March 2014 Bobby Charlton , 106 , 19 April 1958 -- 14 June 1970 Frank Lampard , 106 , 10 October 1999 -- 24 June 2014 Billy Wright , 105 , 28 September 1946 -- 28 May 1959 First player to reach 100 appearances Billy Wright , 11 April 1959 , 1 -- 0 vs. Scotland Fastest to reach 100 appearances Bobby Moore , 10 years 271 days , 20 May 1962 -- 14 February 1973 Most consecutive appearances Billy Wright , 70 , 3 October 1951 -- 28 May 1959 Most appearances as a substitute Jermain Defoe , 35 , 31 March 2004 -- 22 June 2017 Most consecutive appearances as a substitute Owen Hargreaves , 14 , 1 June 2004 -- 10 June 2006 Most appearances as a substitute without ever starting a game Carlton Cole , 7 , 11 January 2009 -- 3 March 2010 Most appearances without ever playing a complete game Danny Murphy , 9 , 10 November 2001 -- 16 November 2003 Most appearances in competitive matches ( World Cup , European Championship and qualifiers ) Wayne Rooney , 74 , 29 March 2003 -- 11 November 2016 Longest England career Stanley Matthews , 22 years 228 days , 29 September 1934 -- 15 May 1957 Shortest England career Martin Kelly , 2 minutes , 26 May 2012 , 1 -- 0 vs. Norway Most consecutive appearances comprising entire England career Roger Byrne , 33 , 3 April 1954 -- 27 November 1957 Youngest player Theo Walcott , 17 years 75 days , 30 May 2006 , 3 -- 1 vs. Hungary Oldest player Stanley Matthews , 42 years 103 days , 15 May 1957 , 4 -- 1 vs. Denmark Oldest debutant Alexander Morten , 41 years 113 days , 8 March 1873 , 4 -- 2 vs. Scotland Oldest outfield debutant Leslie Compton , 38 years 64 days , 15 November 1950 , 4 -- 2 vs. Wales Most appearances at the World Cup finals Peter Shilton , 17 , 16 June 1982 -- 7 July 1990 Most appearances without ever playing at the World Cup finals Dave Watson , 65 , 3 April 1974 -- 2 June 1982 Appearances at three World Cup final tournaments Tom Finney , 1950 , 1954 and 1958 Billy Wright , 1950 , 1954 and 1958 Bobby Charlton , 1962 , 1966 and 1970 Bobby Moore , 1962 , 1966 and 1970 Peter Shilton , 1982 , 1986 and 1990 Bryan Robson , 1982 , 1986 and 1990 Terry Butcher , 1982 , 1986 and 1990 David Beckham , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Michael Owen , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Sol Campbell , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Ashley Cole , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 Steven Gerrard , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 Frank Lampard , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 Wayne Rooney , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 Most non-playing selections for the World Cup finals Alan Hodgkinson , 2 , 1958 and 1962 George Eastham , 2 , 1962 and 1966 Viv Anderson , 2 , 1982 and 1986 Chris Woods , 2 , 1986 and 1990 Nigel Martyn , 2 , 1998 and 2002 Martin Keown , 2 , 1998 and 2002 David James , 2 , 2002 and 2006 Oldest player to feature at the World Cup finals Peter Shilton , 40 years , 292 days , 7 July 1990 , 1 -- 2 vs. Italy Oldest outfield player to feature at the World Cup finals Stanley Matthews , 39 years , 145 days , 26 June 1954 , 2 -- 4 vs. Uruguay Youngest player to feature at the World Cup finals Michael Owen , 18 years , 183 days , 15 June 1998 , 2 -- 0 vs. Tunisia Oldest player to feature in a World Cup qualifying match Stanley Matthews , 42 years , 103 days , 5 May 1957 , 4 -- 1 vs. Denmark Youngest player to feature in a World Cup qualifying match Wayne Rooney , 18 years , 351 days , 9 October 2004 , 2 -- 0 vs. Wales First player to debut at the World Cup finals Laurie Hughes , 25 June 1950 , 2 -- 0 vs. Chile Last player to debut at the World Cup finals Allan Clarke , 7 June 1970 , 1 -- 0 vs. Czechoslovakia Most appearances at the European Championship finals Gary Neville , 11 , 8 June 1996 -- 24 June 2004 Most consecutive appearances at the European Championship finals Stuart Pearce , 8 , 11 June 1992 -- 26 June 1996 Alan Shearer , 8 , 8 June 1996 -- 20 June 2000 Ashley Cole , 8 , 13 June 2004 -- 24 June 2012 Steven Gerrard , 8 , 13 June 2004 -- 24 June 2012 Most appearances without ever playing at the European Championship finals Rio Ferdinand , 81 , 15 November 1997 -- 4 June 2011 Appearances at three European Championship final tournaments Tony Adams , 1988 , 1996 and 2000 Alan Shearer , 1992 , 1996 and 2000 Gary Neville , 1996 , 2000 and 2004 Sol Campbell , 1996 , 2000 and 2004 Steven Gerrard , 2000 , 2004 and 2012 Wayne Rooney , 2004 , 2012 and 2016 Most non-playing selections for the European Championship finals Tony Dorigo , 2 , 1988 and 1992 Ian Walker , 2 , 1996 and 2004 Oldest player to feature at the European Championship finals Peter Shilton , 38 years , 271 days , 15 June 1988 , 1 -- 3 vs. Netherlands Oldest outfield player to feature at the European Championship finals Stuart Pearce , 34 years , 63 days , 26 June 1996 , 1 -- 1 vs. Germany Youngest player to feature at the European Championship finals Marcus Rashford , 18 years , 228 days , 16 June 2016 , 2 -- 1 vs. Wales Oldest player to feature in a European Championship qualifying match David Seaman , 39 years , 27 days , 16 October 2002 , 2 -- 2 vs. Macedonia Oldest outfield player to feature in a European Championship qualifying match Stuart Pearce , 37 years , 137 days , 8 September 1999 , 0 -- 0 vs. Poland Youngest player to feature in a European Championship qualifying match Wayne Rooney , 17 years , 156 days , 29 March 2003 , 2 -- 0 vs. Liechtenstein First player to debut at the European Championship finals Tommy Wright , 8 June 1968 , 0 -- 1 vs. Yugoslavia Most appearances on aggregate at the World Cup and European Championship finals Ashley Cole , 22 , 2 June 2002 -- 24 June 2012 Most appearances without ever playing at the World Cup finals or the European Championship finals Emlyn Hughes , 62 , 5 November 1969 -- 24 May 1980 Fewest appearances while still playing at the World Cup finals and European Championship finals Tommy Wright , 11 , 8 June 1968 -- 7 June 1970 Most appearances without ever being in a World Cup or European Championship finals squad Mick Channon , 46 , 11 October 1972 -- 7 September 1977 Most appearances without featuring in a competitive match George Eastham , 19 , 8 May 1963 -- 3 July 1966 Most Home International ( British Championship ) appearances Billy Wright , 38 , 28 September 1946 -- 11 April 1959 Most appearances without ever playing on a losing team David Rocastle , 14 , 14 September 1988 -- 17 May 1992 Most appearances without ever playing on a winning team Tommy Banks , 6 , 18 May 1958 -- 4 October 1958 Most appearances against a single opponent Billy Wright , 13 vs. Ireland / Northern Ireland , 28 September 1946 -- 4 October 1958 and vs. Scotland , 12 April 1947 -- 11 April 1959 Most appearances against a single non-British opponent Alan Ball , 8 vs. West Germany , 12 May 1965 -- 12 March 1975 Most appearances at the old Wembley Peter Shilton , 52 , 25 November 1970 -- 22 May 1990 Most appearances at the new Wembley Wayne Rooney , 36 , 13 October 2007 -- 11 November 2016 Most appearances at a single non-English ground Billy Wright , 7 , Windsor Park , Belfast , 28 September 1946 -- 4 October 1958 Most appearances at a single non-British ground Glenn Hoddle , 5 , Azteca Stadium , Mexico City , 6 June 1985 -- 22 June 1986 Kenny Sansom , 5 , Azteca Stadium , Mexico City , 6 June 1985 -- 22 June 1986 Most consecutive years of appearances David Seaman , 15 , 1988 to 2002 inclusive Rio Ferdinand , 15 , 1997 to 2011 inclusive Most appearances in a single calendar year Jack Charlton , 16 , 1966 Longest wait between appearances Ian Callaghan , 11 years 49 days , 20 July 1966 , 2 -- 0 vs. France -- 7 September 1977 , 0 -- 0 vs. Switzerland Most tournaments appeared in consecutively Sol Campbell , 6 , 1996 European Championships -- 2006 World Cup Wayne Rooney , 6 , 2004 European Championships -- 2016 European Championships Appearances in three separate decades Sam Hardy , 1900s , 1910s , 1920s Jesse Pennington , 1900s , 1910s , 1920s Stanley Matthews , 1930s , 1940s , 1950s Bobby Charlton , 1950s , 1960s , 1970s Emlyn Hughes , 1960s , 1970s , 1980s Peter Shilton , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s Tony Adams , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s David Seaman , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s Wes Brown , 1990s , 2000s , 2010s Jamie Carragher , 1990s , 2000s , 2010s Rio Ferdinand , 1990s , 2000s , 2010s Emile Heskey , 1990s , 2000s , 2010s David James , 1990s , 2000s , 2010s Frank Lampard , 1990s , 2000s , 2010s First player to make tournament appearances in three separate decades Tony Adams , 1988 European Championships ; 1996 European Championships and 1998 World Cup ; 2000 European Championships Most appearances on aggregate by a set of brothers Gary and Philip Neville , 144 , 1995 -- 2007 Most appearances in the same team by a set of brothers Gary and Philip Neville , 31 , 23 May 1996 -- 7 February 2007 Most consecutive appearances by an unchanged team 6 , 23 July 1966 -- 16 November 1966 Appearances under most different managers Gareth Barry , 8 , 31 May 2000 -- 26 May 2012 First appearance by a player who had never played for an English club Joe Baker , of Hibernian , 18 November 1959 , 2 -- 1 vs. Northern Ireland First player to debut as a substitute Norman Hunter , 8 December 1965 , 2 -- 0 vs. Spain Last appearance by a player from outside the top division of a country Tom Heaton , 27 May 2016 , 2 -- 1 vs. Australia Most appearances by a player from outside the top division of a country Johnny Haynes , 32 , 2 October 1954 -- 28 May 1959 Most appearances by a player from outside the top two divisions Reg Matthews , 5 , 14 April 1956 -- 6 October 1956 Most appearances by a player from outside the English League system David Beckham , 55 , 20 August 2003 -- 14 October 2009 Club providing the most England internationals in total Tottenham Hotspur , 77 ( as of 8 October 2017 ) Most appearances per English club Club Player Caps ( total ) First cap -- last cap Arsenal Kenny Sansom 77 ( 86 ) 10 September 1980 -- 18 June 1988 Aston Villa Gareth Southgate 42 ( 57 ) 12 December 1995 -- 25 May 2001 Barnsley George Utley 15 February 1913 Birmingham City Harry Hibbs 25 20 November 1929 -- 5 February 1936 Blackburn Rovers Bob Crompton 41 3 March 1902 -- 4 April 1914 Blackpool Jimmy Armfield 43 13 May 1959 -- 26 June 1966 Bolton Wanderers Nat Lofthouse 33 22 November 1950 -- 26 November 1958 Bradford City Evelyn Lintott 4 ( 7 ) 13 February 1909 -- 31 May 1909 Brentford Billy Scott 17 October 1936 Leslie Smith 24 May 1939 Brighton & Hove Albion Steve Foster 23 February 1982 -- 25 June 1982 Bristol City William Wedlock 26 16 February 1907 -- 16 March 1914 Bristol Rovers Geoff Bradford 2 October 1955 Burnley Bob Kelly 11 ( 14 ) 10 April 1920 -- 4 April 1925 Bury Jimmy Settle 3 ( 6 ) 18 February 1899 -- 8 April 1899 Norman Bullock 19 March 1923 -- 20 October 1926 Charlton Athletic Luke Young 7 28 May 2005 -- 12 November 2005 Chelsea Frank Lampard 104 ( 106 ) 15 August 2001 -- 24 June 2014 Coventry City Reg Matthews 5 14 April 1956 -- 6 October 1956 Crewe Alexandra John Pearson 5 March 1892 Crystal Palace Kenny Sansom 9 ( 86 ) 23 May 1979 -- 15 June 1980 Geoff Thomas 9 1 May 1991 -- 19 February 1992 Derby County Peter Shilton 34 ( 125 ) 9 September 1987 -- 7 July 1990 Everton Phil Jagielka 40 1 June 2008 -- 15 November 2016 Fulham Johnny Haynes 56 2 October 1954 -- 10 June 1962 Grimsby Town Jackie Bestall 6 February 1935 George Tweedy 2 December 1936 Harry Betmead 20 May 1937 Huddersfield Town Ray Wilson 30 ( 63 ) 9 April 1960 -- 6 June 1964 Ipswich Town Terry Butcher 45 ( 77 ) 31 May 1980 -- 22 June 1986 Leeds United Jack Charlton 35 10 April 1965 -- 11 June 1970 Leicester City Gordon Banks 37 ( 73 ) 6 April 1963 -- 15 April 1967 Leyton Orient Owen Williams 21 October 1922 -- 5 March 1923 John Townrow 4 April 1925 -- 1 March 1926 Liverpool Steven Gerrard 114 31 May 2000 -- 24 June 2014 Luton Town Robert Hawkes 5 16 February 1907 -- 13 June 1908 Paul Walsh 5 12 June 1983 -- 2 May 1984 Manchester City Joe Hart 64 ( 73 ) 1 June 2008 -- 4 September 2017 Manchester United Bobby Charlton 106 19 April 1958 -- 14 June 1970 Middlesbrough Wilf Mannion 26 28 September 1946 -- 3 October 1951 Millwall Leonard Graham 28 February 1925 -- 4 April 1925 Reg Smith 9 November 1938 -- 16 November 1938 Newcastle United Alan Shearer 35 ( 63 ) 1 September 1996 -- 20 June 2000 Norwich City Dave Watson 6 ( 12 ) 10 June 1984 -- 23 April 1986 Nottingham Forest Stuart Pearce 76 ( 78 ) 19 May 1987 -- 4 June 1997 Notts County Henry Cursham 8 15 March 1880 -- 23 February 1884 Oldham Athletic John Hacking 22 October 1928 -- 13 April 1929 Portsmouth Jimmy Dickinson 48 18 May 1949 -- 5 December 1956 Preston North End Tom Finney 76 28 September 1946 -- 22 October 1958 Queens Park Rangers Terry Fenwick 19 ( 20 ) 2 May 1984 -- 22 June 1986 Reading Herbert Smith 27 March 1905 -- 19 March 1906 Sheffield United Ernest Needham 16 7 April 1894 -- 3 March 1902 Sheffield Wednesday Ron Springett 33 18 November 1959 -- 29 June 1966 Southampton Peter Shilton 49 ( 125 ) 22 September 1982 -- 19 May 1987 Stockport County Harry Hardy 8 December 1924 Stoke City Gordon Banks 36 ( 73 ) 21 October 1967 -- 27 May 1972 Sunderland Dave Watson 14 ( 65 ) 3 April 1974 -- 24 May 1975 Swindon Town Harold Fleming 11 3 April 1909 -- 4 April 1914 Tottenham Hotspur Jermain Defoe 49 ( 57 ) 31 March 2004 -- 15 November 2013 Walsall Alf Jones 2 ( 3 ) 11 March 1882 -- 13 March 1882 Watford John Barnes 31 ( 79 ) 28 May 1983 -- 19 May 1987 West Bromwich Albion Jesse Pennington 25 18 March 1907 -- 10 April 1920 West Ham United Bobby Moore 108 20 May 1962 -- 14 November 1973 Wigan Athletic Emile Heskey 7 ( 62 ) 8 September 2007 -- 15 October 2008 Wolverhampton Wanderers Billy Wright 105 28 September 1946 -- 28 May 1959 Most appearances with non-English clubs Club Country Player Caps ( total ) First cap -- last cap Barcelona Gary Lineker 24 ( 80 ) 15 October 1986 -- 7 June 1989 Bari David Platt 10 ( 62 ) 11 September 1991 -- 17 June 1992 Bayern Munich Owen Hargreaves 39 ( 42 ) 15 August 2001 -- 28 Mar 2007 Bursaspor Scott Carson 1 ( 4 ) 15 November 2011 Cardiff City Jay Bothroyd 17 November 2010 Celtic Fraser Forster 2 ( 6 ) 15 November 2013 -- 7 June 2014 1 . FC Köln Tony Woodcock 18 ( 42 ) 22 November 1979 -- 5 July 1982 Hamburger SV Kevin Keegan 25 ( 63 ) 8 June 1977 -- 18 June 1980 Hibernian Joe Baker 5 ( 8 ) 18 November 1959 -- 22 May 1960 Inter Milan Paul Ince 17 ( 53 ) 27 March 1996 -- 10 June 1997 Juventus David Platt 10 ( 62 ) 9 September 1992 -- 19 June 1993 Lazio Paul Gascoigne 12 ( 57 ) 14 October 1992 -- 11 June 1995 LA Galaxy David Beckham 14 ( 115 ) 22 August 2007 -- 14 October 2009 Marseille Chris Waddle 18 ( 62 ) 6 September 1989 -- 16 October 1991 Milan Ray Wilkins 22 ( 84 ) 12 September 1984 -- 12 November 1986 Monaco Glenn Hoddle 9 ( 53 ) 9 September 1987 -- 18 June 1988 Rangers Terry Butcher 32 ( 77 ) 10 September 1986 -- 4 July 1990 Real Madrid David Beckham 36 ( 115 ) 20 August 2003 -- 6 June 2007 Sampdoria Trevor Francis 20 ( 52 ) 22 September 1982 -- 23 April 1986 Swansea City Jonjo Shelvey 5 ( 6 ) 5 September 2015 -- 17 November 2015 Torino Joe Hart 5 ( 68 ) 4 September 2016 -- 15 November 2016 Werder Bremen Dave Watson 2 ( 65 ) 12 September 1979 -- 17 October 1979 England starting XI based on appearances # Position Name Caps Years Goalkeeper Peter Shilton 125 1970 -- 1990 Right back Gary Neville 85 1995 -- 2007 5 Central defence Billy Wright 105 1946 -- 1959 6 Central defence Bobby Moore 108 1962 -- 1973 Left back Ashley Cole 107 2001 -- 2014 7 Midfield David Beckham 115 1996 -- 2009 Midfield Steven Gerrard 114 2000 -- 2014 8 Midfield Frank Lampard 106 1999 -- 2014 9 Forward Bobby Charlton 106 1958 -- 1970 10 Forward Wayne Rooney 119 2003 -- 2016 11 Forward Michael Owen 89 1998 -- 2008 Goals ( edit ) See also : Progression of England association football goalscoring record First goal William Kenyon - Slaney , 8 March 1873 , 4 -- 2 vs. Scotland Most goals Wayne Rooney , 53 , 6 September 2003 -- 27 June 2016 Most goals in competitive matches ( World Cup , European Championship and qualifiers ) Wayne Rooney , 37 , 6 September 2003 -- 27 June 2016 Most goals in a match Howard Vaughton , Steve Bloomer , Willie Hall and Malcolm Macdonald , all five Four goals or more in a single match on the greatest number of occasions Steve Bloomer , Vivian Woodward , Tommy Lawton , Jimmy Greaves and Gary Lineker , twice each Three goals or more in a single match on the greatest number of occasions Jimmy Greaves , six times Scoring in most consecutive internationals Tinsley Lindley , 6 , 5 February 1887 -- 7 April 1888 Jimmy Windridge , 6 , 16 March 1908 -- 13 June 1908 Tommy Lawton , 6 , 22 October 1938 -- 13 May 1939 Scoring in most consecutive appearances Steve Bloomer , 10 , 9 March 1895 -- 20 March 1899 Most goals on debut Howard Vaughton , 5 , 18 February 1882 , 13 -- 0 vs. Ireland Most goals in a single World Cup tournament Gary Lineker , 6 , 1986 World Cup Most goals in total at World Cup tournaments Gary Lineker , 10 , 11 June 1986 -- 4 July 1990 Most goals in a single World Cup qualifying campaign Wayne Rooney , 9 , 2010 World Cup qualifying , 2008 -- 09 Most goals in a single World Cup finals match Geoff Hurst , 3 , 30 July 1966 , 4 -- 2 vs. West Germany Gary Lineker , 3 , 11 June 1986 , 3 -- 0 vs. Poland Most goals in a single World Cup qualifying match Jack Rowley , 4 , 15 October 1949 , 9 -- 2 vs. Northern Ireland David Platt , 4 , 17 February 1993 , 6 -- 0 vs. San Marino Ian Wright , 4 , 17 November 1993 , 7 -- 1 vs. San Marino First goal in a World Cup finals match Stan Mortensen , 25 June 1950 , 2 -- 0 vs. Chile First goal in a World Cup qualifying campaign Stan Mortensen , 15 October 1949 , 4 -- 1 vs. Wales Oldest goalscorer at the World Cup finals Tom Finney , 36 years , 64 days , 8 June 1958 , 2 -- 2 vs. Soviet Union Youngest goalscorer at the World Cup finals Michael Owen , 18 years , 190 days , 22 June 1998 , 1 -- 2 vs. Romania Oldest goalscorer in a World Cup qualifying match Teddy Sheringham , 35 years , 187 days , 6 October 2001 , 2 -- 2 vs. Greece Youngest goalscorer in a World Cup qualifying match Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain , 19 years , 58 days , 12 October 2012 , 5 -- 0 vs. San Marino Most goals in a single European Championship tournament Alan Shearer , 5 , 1996 European Championship Most goals in total at European Championship tournaments Alan Shearer , 7 , 8 June 1996 -- 20 June 2000 Most goals in a single European Championship qualifying campaign Kevin Keegan , 7 , 1980 European Championship qualifying , 1978 -- 80 Most goals in a single European Championship finals match Alan Shearer , 2 , 18 June 1996 , 4 -- 1 vs. Netherlands Teddy Sheringham , 2 , 18 June 1996 , 4 -- 1 vs. Netherlands Wayne Rooney , 2 , 17 June 2004 , 3 -- 0 vs. Switzerland Wayne Rooney , 2 , 21 June 2004 , 4 -- 2 vs. Croatia Most goals in a single European Championship qualifying match Malcolm Macdonald , 5 , 16 April 1975 , 5 -- 0 vs. Cyprus First goal in a European Championship finals match Bobby Charlton , 8 June 1968 , 2 -- 0 vs. Soviet Union First goal in a European Championship qualifying campaign Ron Flowers , 3 October 1962 , 1 -- 1 vs. France Oldest goalscorer at the European Championship finals Trevor Brooking , 31 years , 260 days , 18 June 1980 , 2 -- 1 vs. Spain Youngest goalscorer at the European Championship finals Wayne Rooney , 18 years , 236 days , 17 June 2004 , 3 -- 0 vs. Switzerland Oldest goalscorer in a European Championship qualifying match David Watson , 33 years , 48 days , 22 November 1979 , 2 -- 0 vs. Bulgaria Youngest goalscorer in a European Championship qualifying match Wayne Rooney , 17 years , 317 days , 6 September 2003 , 2 -- 1 vs. Macedonia Most Home International ( British Championship ) goals Steve Bloomer , 28 , 9 March 1895 -- 6 April 1907 Most goals in a single calendar year George Hilsdon , 12 , 1908 Dixie Dean , 12 , 1927 Most goals in an English season Jimmy Greaves , 13 , 1960 -- 61 Most goals against a single opponent Steve Bloomer , 12 vs. Wales , 16 March 1896 -- 18 March 1901 Most goals against a single non-British opponent Vivian Woodward , 8 vs. Austria , 6 June 1908 -- 1 June 1909 Most goals scored from penalties Frank Lampard , 9 , 8 October 2005 -- 11 September 2012 Most penalty goals scored in a match Tom Finney , 2 , 14 May 1950 , 5 -- 2 vs. Portugal Geoff Hurst , 2 , 13 March 1969 , 5 -- 0 vs. France Gary Lineker , 2 , 1 July 1990 , 3 -- 2 vs. Cameroon Most goals in penalty shoot - outs Michael Owen , David Platt and Alan Shearer , 3 Most goals scored by a defender Jack Charlton , 6 , 10 April 1965 -- 10 December 1969 John Terry , 6 , 3 June 2003 -- 1 April 2009 Oldest goalscorer Stanley Matthews , 41 years , 248 days , 6 October 1956 , 1 -- 1 vs. Northern Ireland Youngest goalscorer Wayne Rooney , 17 years , 317 days , 6 September 2003 , 2 -- 1 vs. Macedonia First goal by a substitute Jimmy Mullen , 18 May 1950 , 4 -- 1 vs. Belgium Fastest goal from kickoff Tommy Lawton , 17 seconds , 25 May 1947 , 10 -- 0 vs. Portugal Fastest goal at Wembley Bryan Robson , 38 seconds , 13 December 1989 , 2 -- 1 vs. Yugoslavia Fastest goal at the World Cup finals Bryan Robson , 27 seconds , 16 June 1982 , 3 -- 1 vs. France Fastest goal at the European Championship finals Michael Owen , 2 minutes 24 seconds , 24 June 2004 , 2 -- 2 vs. Portugal Fastest goal by a substitute Teddy Sheringham , 15 seconds , 6 October 2001 , 2 -- 2 vs. Greece , 2002 World Cup qualifier First player to score hat - trick Digger Brown or Howard Vaughton , 18 February 1882 , 13 -- 0 vs. Ireland Oldest player to score hat - trick Gary Lineker , 30 years , 194 days , 12 June 1991 , 4 -- 2 vs. Malaysia Youngest player to score hat - trick Theo Walcott , 19 years , 178 days , 10 September 2008 , 4 -- 1 vs. Croatia Most appearances for an outfield player without ever scoring Ashley Cole , 107 , 28 March 2001 -- 5 March 2014 Most different goalscorers in one match 7 , 15 December 1982 , 9 -- 0 vs. Luxembourg 7 , 22 March 2013 , 8 -- 0 vs. San Marino Goals in three separate decades Stanley Matthews , 1930s , 1940s , 1950s Bobby Charlton , 1950s , 1960s , 1970s Most consecutive goalscoring tournaments Michael Owen , 4 , v Romania and Argentina , 1998 World Cup ; v Romania , 2000 European Championships ; v Denmark and Brazil , 2002 World Cup ; v Portugal , 2004 European Championships Longest wait between goals Tony Adams , 11 years 196 days , 16 November 1988 , 1 -- 1 vs. Saudi Arabia -- 31 May 2000 , 2 -- 0 vs. Ukraine Last England goalscorer at the old Wembley Tony Adams , 31 May 2000 , 2 -- 0 vs. Ukraine First England goalscorer at the new Wembley John Terry , 1 June 2007 , 1 -- 1 vs. Brazil Highest goals to games average George Camsell , 18 goals in 9 games , average 2.0 goals per game . Most goals by a player from outside the top division of a country Vivian Woodward , 29 , 14 February 1903 -- 3 March 1911 Most goals by a player from outside the top two divisions Tommy Lawton , Joe Payne and Peter Taylor , all 2 Most goals by a player from outside the English League system David Platt , 19 , 17 May 1992 -- 8 June 1995 Most goals per English club Club Player Goals ( total ) First goal -- last goal Arsenal Cliff Bastin 12 13 May 1933 -- 26 May 1938 Aston Villa Billy Walker 9 23 October 1920 -- 12 February 1927 Birmingham City Joe Bradford 7 20 October 1923 -- 22 November 1930 Blackburn Rovers Bryan Douglas 11 19 April 1958 -- 5 June 1963 Blackpool Stan Mortensen 23 25 May 1947 -- 25 November 1953 Bolton Wanderers Nat Lofthouse 30 22 November 1950 -- 22 October 1958 Bristol City John Atyeo 5 30 November 1955 -- 19 May 1957 Bristol Rovers Geoff Bradford 2 October 1955 Burnley Bob Kelly 6 ( 8 ) 10 April 1920 -- 22 October 1924 Bury Jimmy Settle 4 ( 6 ) 18 February 1899 -- 8 April 1899 Charlton Athletic Harold Miller 24 May 1923 Harold Hobbis 9 May 1936 Don Welsh 24 May 1939 Chelsea Frank Lampard 29 20 August 2003 -- 29 May 2013 Crystal Palace Peter Taylor 24 March 1976 -- 8 May 1976 Derby County Steve Bloomer 27 ( 28 ) 9 March 1895 -- 25 February 1905 Everton Dixie Dean 18 12 February 1927 -- 9 December 1931 Fulham Johnny Haynes 18 2 October 1954 -- 15 April 1961 Huddersfield Town George Brown 5 20 October 1926 -- 26 May 1927 Ipswich Town Paul Mariner 13 12 October 1977 -- 16 November 1983 Leeds United Allan Clarke 10 11 June 1970 -- 17 October 1973 Leicester City Jamie Vardy 6 26 March 2016 -- 26 March 2017 Liverpool Michael Owen 26 ( 40 ) 27 May 1998 -- 24 June 2004 Luton Town Joe Payne 20 May 1937 Manchester City Eric Brook 10 14 October 1933 -- 23 October 1937 Francis Lee 10 12 March 1969 -- 29 April 1972 Manchester United Bobby Charlton 49 19 April 1958 -- 20 May 1970 Middlesbrough George Camsell 18 9 May 1929 -- 9 May 1936 Millwall Reg Smith 9 November 1938 Newcastle United Alan Shearer 20 ( 30 ) 1 September 1996 -- 20 June 2000 Nottingham Forest Stuart Pearce 5 25 April 1990 -- 15 November 1995 Notts County Henry Cursham 5 18 February 1882 -- 23 February 1884 Portsmouth Jack Smith 17 October 1931 -- 9 December 1931 Preston North End Tom Finney 30 28 September 1946 -- 4 October 1958 Queens Park Rangers Gerry Francis 24 May 1975 -- 11 May 1976 Les Ferdinand 3 ( 5 ) 17 February 1993 -- 17 November 1993 Sheffield United Ernest Needham 29 March 1897 -- 18 March 1901 Colin Grainger 9 May 1956 -- 26 May 1956 Sheffield Wednesday Fred Spiksley 5 13 March 1893 -- 3 March 1894 Southampton Mick Channon 21 14 February 1973 -- 4 June 1977 Stoke City Stanley Matthews 8 ( 11 ) 29 September 1934 -- 16 November 1938 Freddie Steele 8 17 April 1937 -- 20 May 1937 Sunderland George Holley 8 15 March 1909 -- 23 March 1912 Swindon Town Harold Fleming 9 29 May 1909 -- 4 April 1914 Tottenham Hotspur Jimmy Greaves 28 ( 44 ) 20 May 1962 -- 24 May 1967 Watford Luther Blissett 15 December 1982 John Barnes 3 ( 11 ) 10 June 1984 -- 14 November 1984 West Bromwich Albion Billy Bassett 8 23 February 1889 -- 4 April 1896 Derek Kevan 8 6 April 1957 -- 28 May 1959 West Ham United Geoff Hurst 24 2 April 1966 -- 1 December 1971 Wolverhampton Wanderers Dennis Wilshaw 10 10 October 1953 -- 20 May 1956 Ron Flowers 10 28 May 1959 -- 3 October 1962 Most goals with non-English clubs Club Country Player Goals ( total ) First goal -- last goal Barcelona Gary Lineker 17 ( 48 ) 15 October 1986 -- 7 June 1989 Bari David Platt 4 ( 27 ) 17 May 1992 -- 17 June 1992 1 . FC Köln Tony Woodcock 5 ( 16 ) 26 March 1980 -- 25 May 1982 Hamburger SV Kevin Keegan 12 ( 21 ) 16 November 1977 -- 13 May 1980 Hibernian Joe Baker 1 ( 3 ) 18 November 1959 Inter Milan Gerry Hitchens 2 ( 5 ) 9 May 1962 -- 10 June 1962 Juventus David Platt 9 ( 27 ) 14 October 1992 -- 19 June 1993 Lazio Paul Gascoigne 4 ( 10 ) 18 November 1992 -- 8 September 1993 Marseille Trevor Steven 1 ( 4 ) 29 April 1992 Milan Mark Hateley 8 ( 9 ) 17 October 1984 -- 24 May 1986 Rangers Paul Gascoigne 4 ( 10 ) 23 May 1996 -- 10 September 1997 Real Madrid David Beckham 6 ( 17 ) 20 August 2003 -- 25 June 2006 Michael Owen 6 ( 40 ) 18 August 2004 -- 31 May 2005 Sampdoria David Platt 6 ( 27 ) 9 March 1994 -- 8 June 1995 Captains ( edit ) First captain Cuthbert Ottaway , 30 November 1872 , 0 -- 0 vs. Scotland Most appearances as captain Billy Wright and Bobby Moore , both 90 Youngest captain Bobby Moore , 22 years 47 days , 29 May 1963 , 4 -- 2 vs. Czechoslovakia Oldest captain Alexander Morten , 41 years 113 days , 8 March 1873 , 4 -- 2 vs. Scotland Discipline ( edit ) Most yellow cards David Beckham , 17 Most red cards David Beckham , 2 Wayne Rooney , 2 List of all England players sent off Player Date Against Location Result Type of Game Alan Mullery 5 June 1968 Yugoslavia Stadio Artemio Franchi , Florence 0 -- 1 1968 European Championship Alan Ball 6 June 1973 Poland Silesian Stadium , Chorzów 0 -- 2 1974 World Cup Qualifier Trevor Cherry 12 June 1977 Argentina Buenos Aires 1 -- 1 Friendly Ray Wilkins 6 June 1986 Morocco Estadio Tecnológico , Monterrey 0 -- 0 1986 FIFA World Cup David Beckham 30 June 1998 Argentina Stade Geoffroy - Guichard , Saint - Étienne 2 -- 2 1998 World Cup Paul Ince 5 September 1998 Sweden Råsunda Stadium , Solna Municipality 1 -- 2 2000 European Championship Qualifier Paul Scholes 5 June 1999 Sweden Wembley Stadium , London 0 -- 0 2000 European Championship Qualifier David Batty 8 September 1999 Poland Wembley Stadium , London 0 -- 0 2000 European Championship Qualifier Alan Smith 16 October 2002 Macedonia St Mary 's Stadium , Southampton 2 -- 2 2004 European Championship Qualifier David Beckham 8 October 2005 Austria Old Trafford , Manchester 1 -- 0 2006 World Cup Qualifier Wayne Rooney 1 July 2006 Portugal Veltins - Arena , Gelsenkirchen 0 -- 0 2006 World Cup Robert Green 10 October 2009 Ukraine Dnipro - Arena , Dnipropetrovsk 0 -- 1 2010 World Cup Qualifier Wayne Rooney 7 October 2011 Montenegro Podgorica City Stadium , Podgorica 2 -- 2 2012 European Championship Qualifier Steven Gerrard 11 September 2012 Ukraine Wembley Stadium , London 1 -- 1 2014 World Cup Qualifier Raheem Sterling 4 June 2014 Ecuador Sun Life Stadium , Miami 2 -- 2 Friendly Team records ( edit ) Biggest victory 13 -- 0 vs. Ireland , 18 February 1882 Heaviest defeat 1 -- 7 vs. Hungary , 23 May 1954 Biggest home victory 13 -- 2 vs. Ireland , 18 February 1899 Biggest home defeat 1 -- 6 vs. Scotland , 12 March 1881 Biggest victory at the World Cup finals 3 -- 0 vs. Poland , 11 June 1986 3 -- 0 vs. Paraguay , 18 June 1986 3 -- 0 vs. Denmark , 15 June 2002 Heaviest defeat at the World Cup finals 1 -- 4 vs. Germany , 27 June 2010 Biggest victory at the European Championship finals 4 -- 1 vs. Netherlands , 18 June 1996 3 -- 0 vs. Switzerland , 17 June 2004 Heaviest defeat at the European Championship finals 1 -- 3 vs. Netherlands , 15 June 1988 1 -- 3 vs. Soviet Union , 18 June 1988 Biggest victory in a competitive international ( World Cup , European Championship and qualifiers ) 9 -- 0 vs. Luxembourg , 19 October 1960 9 -- 0 vs. Luxembourg , 15 December 1982 Heaviest defeat in a competitive international ( World Cup , European Championship and qualifiers ) 2 -- 5 vs. France , 27 February 1963 1 -- 4 vs. Germany , 27 June 2010 First defeat to a non-British team 3 -- 4 vs. Spain , 15 May 1929 First defeat to a non-British team on home soil 0 -- 2 vs. Republic of Ireland , 21 September 1949 First defeat to a non-European team 0 -- 1 vs. United States , 29 June 1950 Most consecutive victories 10 , 6 June 1908 vs. Austria -- 1 June 1909 vs. Austria Most consecutive victories in competitive internationals ( World Cup , European Championship and qualifiers ) 10 , 7 September 2014 vs. Switzerland -- 12 October 2015 vs. Lithuania Most consecutive matches without defeat 20 , 15 March 1890 vs. Wales -- 16 March 1896 vs. Wales Most consecutive defeats 3 , Achieved on six occasions , most recently 12 June 1988 vs. Republic of Ireland -- 18 June 1988 vs. Soviet Union Most consecutive matches without victory 7 , 11 May 1958 vs. Yugoslavia -- 4 October 1958 vs. Northern Ireland Most consecutive draws 4 , Achieved on three occasions , most recently 7 June 1989 vs. Denmark -- 15 November 1989 vs. Italy Most consecutive matches without a draw 21 , 16 May 1936 vs. Austria -- 15 April 1939 vs. Scotland Most consecutive matches scoring 52 , 17 March 1884 vs. Wales -- 30 March 1901 vs. Scotland Most consecutive matches without scoring 4 , 29 April 1981 vs. Romania -- 23 May 1981 vs. Scotland Most consecutive matches conceding a goal 13 , 6 May 1959 vs. Italy -- 8 October 1960 vs. Northern Ireland Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal 6 , Achieved on four occasions , most recently 25 June 2006 vs. Ecuador -- 7 October 2006 vs. Macedonia Miscellaneous ( edit ) First substitute Jimmy Mullen ( for Jackie Milburn ) , 18 May 1950 , 4 -- 1 vs. Belgium Players appearing both before and after World War II Raich Carter , Tommy Lawton , Stanley Matthews Non-English club providing the most England internationals in total Rangers , 7 ( as of 12 August 2009 ) Club providing the most players in a single match Starting XI -- Arsenal , 7 , 14 November 1934 vs. Italy Including substitutes -- Manchester United , 7 , 28 March 2001 vs. Albania Major tournament -- Liverpool , 6 , 19 June 2014 vs. Uruguay Club providing the most players in a major tournament squad Liverpool , 6 , 1980 European Championships , 2012 European Championships , 2014 World Cup ( three separate occasions ) Most appearances on aggregate from one club 's players Manchester United , 1,253 ( as of 10 November 2017 ) Most goals on aggregate from one club 's players Manchester United , 228 ( as of 10 November 2017 ) Last amateur to appear Bernard Joy , 9 May 1936 , 2 -- 3 vs. Belgium Most consecutive clean sheets Gordon Banks , 7 , 26 June 1966 -- 23 July 1966 Most penalty saves Ron Springett , 2 , from Jimmy McIlroy of Northern Ireland , 18 November 1959 and from Oscar Montalvo of Peru , 20 May 1962 Most penalty saves in shoot outs David Seaman , 2 , from Miguel Ángel Nadal of Spain , 22 June 1996 and from Hernán Crespo of Argentina , 30 June 1998 Most penalty misses Ernest Needham , Roger Byrne , Francis Lee , David Beckham and Frank Lampard , all 2 Father and son both capped George Eastham , Sr. , ( 1 cap , 1935 ) and George Eastham ( 19 caps , 1963 -- 1966 ) Brian Clough ( 2 caps , 1959 ) and Nigel Clough ( 14 caps , 1989 -- 1993 ) Frank Lampard Sr. ( 2 caps , 1972 -- 1980 ) and Frank Lampard ( 106 caps , 1999 -- 2014 ) Ian Wright ( 33 caps , 1991 -- 1998 ) and Shaun Wright - Phillips ( 36 caps , 2004 -- ) Mark Chamberlain ( 8 caps , 1982 -- 1984 ) and Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain ( 30 caps , 2012 -- ) Grandfather and grandson both capped Bill Jones , ( 2 caps , 1950 ) and Rob Jones ( 8 caps , 1992 -- 1995 ) Most clubs represented by one player in an England career Peter Shilton , 5 , Leicester City , Stoke City , Nottingham Forest , Southampton and Derby County , 25 November 1970 -- 7 July 1990 Dave Watson , 5 , Sunderland , Manchester City , Werder Bremen , Southampton and Stoke City , 3 April 1974 -- 2 June 1982 David Platt , 5 , Aston Villa , Bari , Juventus , Sampdoria and Arsenal , 15 November 1989 -- 26 June 1996 David James , 5 , Liverpool , Aston Villa , West Ham United , Manchester City and Portsmouth , 29 March 1997 -- 27 June 2010 Emile Heskey , 5 , Leicester City , Liverpool , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic and Aston Villa , 28 April 1999 -- 27 June 2010 Scott Parker , 5 , Charlton Athletic , Chelsea , Newcastle United , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur , 16 November 2003 -- 22 March 2013 England players who later became manager / head coach Alf Ramsey , 32 appearances as a player , 1948 -- 1953 , 113 matches as manager , 1963 -- 1974 Joe Mercer , 5 appearances as a player , 1938 -- 1939 , 7 matches as manager , 1974 Don Revie , 6 appearances as a player , 1954 -- 1956 , 29 matches as manager , 1974 -- 1977 Bobby Robson , 20 appearances as a player , 1957 -- 1962 , 95 matches as manager , 1982 -- 1990 Terry Venables , 2 appearances as a player , 1964 , 23 matches as head coach , 1994 -- 1996 Glenn Hoddle , 53 appearances as a player , 1979 -- 1988 , 28 matches as manager , 1996 -- 1999 Kevin Keegan , 63 appearances as a player , 1972 -- 1982 , 18 matches as manager , 1999 -- 2000 Peter Taylor , 4 appearances as a player , 1976 , 1 match as manager , 2000 Stuart Pearce , 78 appearances as a player , 1987 -- 1999 , 1 match as manager , 2012 Gareth Southgate , 57 appearances as a player , 1999 -- 2004 , 13 matches as manager , 2016 -- References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Peter Shilton '' . www.thefa.com . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EnglandStats '' . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All of Steven Gerrard 's appearances were made while playing for Liverpool and he holds the record for most appearances with one club . Jump up ^ Billy Wright 's consecutive appearances were the last 70 of his international career . He had a further streak of 33 consecutive appearances at the start of his career , a total only exceeded by Ron Flowers ( 40 ) and Kenny Sansom ( 37 ) , and equalled by Roger Byrne and David Watson . Jump up ^ Jermain Defoe remains an active England international , and this record may extend as a consequence . He has made an additional 22 appearances as a starter and has himself been substituted in all except two of them . Jump up ^ Carlton Cole remains eligible for international callup , and may extend or relinquish this record as a consequence . If Cole ultimately starts a match , the record would revert to Ugo Ehiogu who played 4 times as a substitute without starting a match . Jump up ^ Jermain Defoe did not play a complete 90 minutes until his 51st appearance for England . Jump up ^ Eight of Danny Murphy 's appearances were as a substitute . In his only start , he was substituted at half - time . Jump up ^ Of players who are no longer active internationals , the shortest career is six minutes , by Peter Ward , whose only appearance was as an 85th - minute substitute on 31 May 1980 vs. Australia . Jim Barrett appeared once for England , against Ireland on 22 October 1928 . He was injured after four minutes and left the field shortly after . Jump up ^ Martin Kelly remains available for selection and may relinquish this record as a consequence . Jump up ^ Roger Byrne was killed in the Munich Air Disaster in February 1958 . Jump up ^ Theo Walcott made his England debut before he had made his debut for Arsenal , who had signed him four months earlier from Southampton but chosen to introduce him to the top - flight game on a gradual basis . Jump up ^ There is some dispute about Alexander Morten 's date of birth , which is usually cited as 15 November 1831 . If Morten is excluded , the oldest England debutant is Leslie Compton ( q.v. ) . Jump up ^ Peter Shilton played in every World Cup finals match of his career , and his record also stands as the most consecutive World Cup finals appearances . Five other players , Billy Wright , Bobby Charlton , Bobby Moore , Steven Gerrard and Ashley Cole , have also played in every England match at three ( consecutive ) World Cups , Wright appearing in 10 matches , Gerrard 12 , and the remaining players each appearing in 14 . Jump up ^ Dave Watson won his 65th England cap in the penultimate warm - up game before the 1982 World Cup but was then left out of the final squad , and was not recalled afterwards . Jump up ^ David Seaman was in the squads at three World Cup tournaments , but only made appearances at the latter two . He was sent home from his first tournament with an injury before the competition began . Rio Ferdinand was in the squads at four World Cup tournaments , but only made appearances at the middle two and was replaced after suffering a pre-tournament injury at the fourth . Joe Cole was in the squad at three World Cup tournaments but only made appearances at the latter two . Jump up ^ Bobby Charlton was also in the squad for the 1958 World Cup but did not make an appearance . He remains the only England player selected for four World Cup squads Jump up ^ Of these players , only David James played in a World Cup finals match at any other tournament , when he featured at the 2010 competition . All bar Alan Hodgkinson and George Eastham featured at some stage at the European Championship finals . Hodgkinson and Eastham 's international careers were over by the time England had qualified for their first tournament in 1968 . Viv Anderson and Nigel Martyn were also selected to a European Championship finals squad without playing . Jump up ^ Alan Hodgkinson was a non-travelling reserve in 1958 . However , FIFA 's official World Cup records include him in the squad . Jump up ^ This is significant as it is rare for an outfield player of such age to be selected for a World Cup finals squad . The closest any player has coming to matching Stanley Matthews ' record of more than 50 years ' standing is Teddy Sheringham , who was 36 when he appeared at the 2002 World Cup . Jump up ^ Theo Walcott was 17 years old when he was selected for the 2006 World Cup squad but did not get on to the pitch during the tournament . Jump up ^ This was Stanley Matthews ' last international match , and therefore the oldest anyone has appeared for England . Jump up ^ Laurie Hughes has an international record which is unlikely to be equalled -- all of his England 's games were at the World Cup finals . He was uncapped prior to the 1950 tournament , featured in all three group games and was not recalled after England 's exit . Jump up ^ Allan Clarke also scored England 's goal on his debut . Including Hughes and Clarke , a total of eight players have made their debuts at the World Cup finals . The others are Eddie Baily and Bill Eckersley ( 1950 ) , Bill McGarry ( 1954 ) , Peter Brabrook and Peter Broadbent ( 1958 ) and Alan Peacock ( 1962 ) . Only one entirely uncapped outfield player has been selected for a World Cup since 1970 , when Michael Dawson featured in the squad for the 2010 squad , but did not play . Jump up ^ Gary Neville only missed one European Championship finals match during his entire career , due to suspension . Jump up ^ Stuart Pearce missed both the 1988 and 2000 European Championship finals through injury . Jump up ^ Alan Shearer also played one match in the 1992 finals , but then missed the next one at the same tournament . Jump up ^ England did not qualify for the 2008 European Championships . Ashley Cole did not miss a European Championship finals match over his entire career . Jump up ^ England did not qualify for the 2008 European Championships . Steven Gerrard also played one match in the 2000 finals , but then missed the next one at the same tournament . Jump up ^ Billy Wright made 105 appearances for England , but all prior to the founding of the European Championships . Jump up ^ Rio Ferdinand was an England player during the period when the team qualified for the 2000 and 2004 European Championship finals , but he was not selected for the 2000 squad and missed the 2004 finals due to a suspension for failing to take a drugs test . England failed to qualify for the 2008 finals . He was subsequently not selected for the 2012 squad Jump up ^ Philip Neville was in the squads at three European Championship tournaments , but only made appearances at the latter two . He also has the unusual honour of featuring in three European Championship squads without ever being selected for a World Cup . Jump up ^ Tony Adams was denied a place in England 's 1992 European Championship squad by UEFA after the ruling body said his call - up as a replacement for an injured player was too late . Jump up ^ After Stuart Pearce withdrew with injury , Tony Dorigo was selected very late as a back - up player for the 1988 squad when he had never played for England . It would take until the end of 1989 before he finally made his debut . Jump up ^ Tommy Wright 's achievement has yet to be equalled . Three other players , Gordon West in 1968 , Tony Dorigo in 1988 and Jack Butland in 2012 have gone to a European Championship tournament without a cap to their name , but were not selected to play during the tournament . Jump up ^ Ashley Cole did not miss a tournament game for which he was available from his debut to his retirement from international soccer . Jump up ^ Emlyn Hughes was in the England squads at the 1970 World Cup and the 1980 European Championships , but did not make an appearance at either . Jump up ^ Tommy Wright made his England debut in the third - place play - off match at the 1968 European Championships and won his last cap at the 1970 World Cup . Jump up ^ England did not qualify for the final stages of three tournaments during Mick Channon 's five - year international career . Jump up ^ ' Competitive matches ' include World Cup , European Championship and qualifiers . Bob Crompton appeared 41 times for England ( 3 March 1902 -- 4 April 1914 ) , but all before their first competitive match in October 1949 . Sixteen additional players accumulated more than 19 caps during this period . If Home International appearances are included as `` competitive '' , Tim Flowers ( 13 June 1993 -- 27 May 1998 ) holds the record with 11 appearances . If Flowers is excluded because of participation in minor tournaments , Kevin Phillips ( 28 April 1999 -- 13 February 2002 ) holds the record with 8 appearances . Jump up ^ George Eastham was selected for the squads for both the 1962 and 1966 World Cup finals , but featured in neither competition . His debut occurred after England had been eliminated in the qualifying stage of the 1964 European Championships . As hosts , England played no qualifying matches for the 1966 World Cup Jump up ^ Six of Billy Wright 's Home International appearances were also qualifiers for the 1950 and 1954 World Cups . The record for `` non-qualifier '' Home International appearances is 34 , by Bob Crompton ( 3 March 1902 -- 4 April 1914 ) . Jump up ^ The record for most appearances before playing on a losing team is held by Steven Gerrard who appeared in 21 internationals before featuring in a loss to Sweden on 31 March 2004 . Jump up ^ The record for most appearances before playing on a winning team is held by Steve McMahon , who appeared in eight internationals before featuring in a victory over Yugoslavia on 13 December 1989 . Jump up ^ Glenn Hoddle and Kenny Sansom played in the same five international matches at the Azteca Stadium . Only one of the matches was against Mexico , as the matches were either preparation for , or part of the 1986 World Cup . The most appearances at a single non-British ground against a non-neutral team is 3 . This has been accomplished once by a number of players , and twice by Bobby Charlton ( v Brazil at the Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro , 13 May 1959 -- 12 June 1969 and v Spain at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid , 15 May 1960 -- 8 May 1968 . ) Jump up ^ David Seaman and Rio Ferdinand 's records are based on their winning at least one cap in each of the years stated . Peter Shilton played for England between 1970 and 1990 , but was not selected for any games in 1976 , leaving him with a record of 14 consecutive years of playing at least one match , one below Seaman and Ferdinand 's , although the 20 calendar years total in which he played is a record . Stanley Matthews spent 24 calendar years as an England player ( 1934 -- 1957 ) but played no games during the World War II years of 1940 to 1945 inclusive , nor in 1936 , 1946 or 1952 . Jump up ^ England played 17 matches in 1966 ; in no other year have they played more than 15 . Gary Lineker and Des Walker appeared in all 15 of England 's internationals in 1990 . Jump up ^ England played 108 internationals between these two appearances , Ian Callaghan 's second and third caps . This is also a record . Jump up ^ The only other England player to appear in six major tournaments is Steven Gerrard . However , Gerrard 's tournament appearances were not consecutive , his having missed the 2002 World Cup through injury . Although Wayne Rooney 's six tournament appearances were for consecutive tournaments for which England qualified , they were not for consecutive tournaments played , as England failed to qualify for the 2008 European Championships . Jump up ^ Tony Adams holds this record exclusively . Jump up ^ Gary Neville made 85 and Philip Neville 59 of their collective 144 appearances . Jump up ^ The eleven players in question were Gordon Banks , George Cohen , Ray Wilson , Nobby Stiles , Jack Charlton , Bobby Moore , Alan Ball , Geoff Hurst , Bobby Charlton , Roger Hunt and Martin Peters . The sequence was broken in 1967 when Jimmy Greaves was recalled in place of Hunt , and subsequently the eleven players never again played together for England . During this unbroken sequence of unchanged sides , England won the World Cup . Jump up ^ Only David Seaman has appeared under six non-caretaker ( appointed ) managers . These were Bobby Robson , Graham Taylor , Terry Venables , Glenn Hoddle , Kevin Keegan and Sven - Göran Eriksson . Jump up ^ Three of the managers under whom Gareth Barry appeared were caretaker managers only appointed for a single game ( Howard Wilkinson , Peter Taylor and Stuart Pearce ) . He additionally appeared 4 times under Kevin Keegan , twice under Sven - Göran Eriksson , 8 times under Steve McClaren , 35 times under Fabio Capello and once under Roy Hodgson . Barry remains available for selection and this record may extend as a consequence . Jump up ^ Only Owen Hargreaves has since matched this achievement . Baker eventually played for an English club only after his international career had begun . Hargreaves also did so in the autumn of 2007 following his transfer to Manchester United . Jump up ^ Tom Heaton was playing for Burnley in the second tier of English football at the time of this appearance . Burnley gained promotion to the Premier League at the end of the 2015 -- 16 season . If they are therefore regarded as a Premier League club at the time of Heaton 's appearance , the record could then be attributed to Andros Townsend in the same match , as he was playing for Newcastle United , a club relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 2015 -- 16 season , at the time . Prior to these disputed cases , the last second - tier player to represent England was Wilfried Zaha on 14 November 2012 vs. Sweden . Zaha was playing for Crystal Palace at the time of this appearance . Jump up ^ Johnny Haynes played in the Second Division for Fulham from his debut in 1954 until Fulham were promoted at the end of the 1958 -- 59 season . The longest career composed entirely of appearances while playing outside the top - flight is 23 , by Gil Merrick of Birmingham City ( 1951 -- 54 ) . Coincidentally , Haynes ' debut came in the match following Merrick 's last appearance . Jump up ^ Between the introduction of the Second Division in 1894 and the introduction of the Third Division in 1920 the following players made five or more England appearances while playing for a professional club outside the league system -- Vivian Woodward ( Tottenham Hotspur , 15 ) , Harold Fleming ( Swindon Town , 11 ) , Jack Robinson ( New Brighton Tower and Southampton , 9 ) and Bob Hawkes ( Luton Town , 5 ) . Woodward and Hawkes were amateurs but played for professional clubs which would later join the league . Jump up ^ Reg Matthews , a goalkeeper , played for Coventry City in the Third Division ( South ) . These five appearances comprised his entire England career . Jump up ^ David Beckham 's caps were as follows -- 36 with Real Madrid , 14 with the LA Galaxy and 5 while on loan from the LA Galaxy to Milan . Jump up ^ Vivian Woodward was Tottenham Hotspur 's first England player in 1903 , and the 77th was Harry Winks in 2017 . Jump up ^ Only English clubs which remain in existence to this day have been included . Numerous now - defunct or franchised clubs have also provided England international players . ^ Jump up to : Peter Shilton ( Derby County and Southampton ) and Gordon Banks ( Leicester City and Stoke City ) are the only players to hold the record for England appearances with two different English clubs outright . Kenny Sansom holds one outright at Arsenal , and one jointly at Crystal Palace . Jump up ^ Phil Jagielka remains an active international and this record may extend as a consequence . ^ Jump up to : Three players , Terry Butcher ( Ipswich Town and Rangers ) , Dave Watson ( Sunderland and Werder Bremen ) and Joe Hart ( Manchester City and Torino ) hold the record for England appearances with both an English and a non-English club . Jump up ^ Leyton Orient was known as Clapton Orient during the period when their two players were capped by England . Jump up ^ While Joe Hart remains an active international on Manchester City 's books , he is currently on loan to another club . Jump up ^ The Dave Watson who made the most appearances for England while playing for Norwich City and the Dave Watson who made the most appearances while playing for Sunderland and Werder Bremen are two different players . Jump up ^ This is the David Watson who also holds Werder Bremen 's record for England appearances , not the player of the same name at Norwich City Jump up ^ While Jermain Defoe remains an active international , he no longer plays for Tottenham Hotspur . His career with them was in two separate spells ; he played six internationals while with Portsmouth in the middle of his career . Jump up ^ These are all of the non-English clubs which have supplied England international players . ^ Jump up to : David Platt ( Bari and Juventus ) and David Beckham ( Real Madrid and LA Galaxy ) are the only two players to hold an appearances record for England with two different non-English clubs . Jump up ^ Owen Hargreaves is also England 's most capped player with one single non-English club . Jump up ^ While Scott Carson remains eligible for international callup , he no longer plays for Bursaspor . Jump up ^ Cardiff City is a Welsh club operating within the English league system . Jump up ^ While Jay Bothroyd remains eligible for international callup , he no longer plays for Cardiff City . Jump up ^ While Fraser Forster remains an active international , he no longer plays for Celtic . Jump up ^ Kevin Keegan 's first appearance after joining Hamburger SV was also the first by any player representing a non-British side . Jump up ^ Joe Baker 's first appearance was the first by any player who had never represented an English club . Jump up ^ This record does not include five caps attained while Beckham was on loan from LA Galaxy to Milan . Jump up ^ Swansea City is a Welsh club operating within the English league system . Jump up ^ While Jonjo Shelvey remains an active international , he no longer plays for Swansea City . Jump up ^ Joe Hart is currently on loan from Manchester City to Torino . Jump up ^ This is the David Watson who also holds Sunderland 's record for England appearances , not the player of the same name at Norwich City . Jump up ^ Vivian Woodward scored 29 goals for England between 1903 and 1911 , and a further 44 goals for England Amateurs between 1906 and 1914 , giving an overall total of 73 . While the Football Association only recognizes Woodward 's goals for the full England team , the FAs of each of the Amateur team 's opponents recognize those fixtures as full internationals . See http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/woodward-intl.html Jump up ^ Wayne Rooney 's first goal in competitive football for England was against Macedonia in a qualifier for the 2004 European Championships and his 37th was against Iceland in the 2016 European Championships . Jump up ^ Playing for England Amateurs , Stanley Harris scored seven goals against France on 1 November 1906 and Vivian Woodward scored six against Netherlands on 11 December 1909 . While not recognized by the Football Association , these matches are considered full internationals by the Dutch and French FAs . Jump up ^ Of these players , only Malcolm Macdonald scored five in a competitive match , a European Championship qualifier against Cyprus . Jump up ^ None of these players scored 4 times in a competitive match . Other than Malcolm Macdonald , only Jack Rowley , David Platt and Ian Wright have scored 4 goals in a competitive international for England . Vivian Woodward scored four goals in a match on three other occasions for England Amateurs in fixtures recognized as full internationals by their opponents ' FAs . Jump up ^ Only one of Jimmy Greaves ' hat - tricks came in a competitive match . Gary Lineker holds the record for most competitive hat - tricks , with three . Vivian Woodward scored four hat - tricks for England and a further six for England Amateurs in fixtures recognized as full internationals by their opponents ' FAs . Jump up ^ This record is for scoring in consecutive England international games . The post-war record is 5 , shared by Jimmy Greaves , Tommy Lawton , Nat Lofthouse , Wayne Rooney and Bobby Smith . Jump up ^ This record is for scoring in consecutive appearances by the player for England . George Camsell played 9 internationals between 9 May 1929 and 9 May 1936 and scored in all of them . The post-war record is five , shared by Tom Finney , Jimmy Greaves , Frank Lampard , Tommy Lawton , Nat Lofthouse , Paul Mariner , Wayne Rooney ( twice ) and Bobby Smith . Jump up ^ Steve Bloomer scored 19 goals in these 10 games , and scored in three of his next four appearances . Jump up ^ The post-war record is four , by Stan Mortensen in the 10 -- 0 defeat of Portugal on 25 May 1947 . The only other player to score four goals on debut was Digger Brown , in the same game in which Howard Vaughton set the record . Jump up ^ Gary Lineker 's hat - trick came in regulation time , whereas two of Geoff Hurst 's trio came in a 30 - minute period of extra-time . Lineker therefore is the only player to score a World Cup finals hat - trick during a regular 90 - minute period . Jump up ^ All of Steve Bloomer 's international appearances and goals were in the Home International Championships . Jump up ^ The post-war record is held by Peter Crouch , who scored 11 goals in 2006 . Vivian Woodward scored 21 goals in the calendar years 1908 and 1909 . Jump up ^ To ensure tournament matches in July are included in the leading season , a season is assumed to run from 1 August to 31 July of the next year . Jump up ^ The post-war record is held by Jimmy Greaves who scored 10 goals against Northern Ireland between 1960 and 1964 . Jump up ^ The post-war record is 6 , held jointly by Tom Finney vs. Portugal ( 1947 -- 1951 ) and Gary Lineker vs. Poland ( 1986 -- 1991 ) and Turkey ( 1985 -- 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Frank Lampard 's successful kicks in penalty shoot - outs do not count . He took eleven penalties ( also a record ) , missing two . Of players who never missed a penalty for England , the top - scorer is Wayne Rooney who converted all 7 of his attempts . Rooney remains an active international , and this record may extend as a consequence . Jump up ^ Tom Finney scored two other goals in this match . Jump up ^ Geoff Hurst scored a penalty in each of his subsequent two internationals . His overall total of four penalties were scored in 59 days . Jump up ^ Gary Lineker 's brace were the only ones scored in a competitive match , the World Cup quarter final . His second penalty was the only one earned or converted during extra-time . Jump up ^ Goals scored in penalty shoot - outs do not count on a player 's overall scoring tally . Jump up ^ One of Michael Owen 's penalty shootout goals was scored in a friendly tournament , the 1998 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament . All of David Platt and Alan Shearer 's penalty shootout goals were scored in either World Cup or European Championship finals matches . Jump up ^ This game ended in defeat for England after a penalty shoot - out . Jump up ^ Digger Brown scored four and his Aston Villa colleague Howard Vaughton 5 in this game . However , contemporary reports do not record the timing of the goals so it is not possible to say who achieved the hat - trick first . Jump up ^ The goalscorers were Luther Blissett ( 3 ) , Tony Woodcock , Steve Coppell , Glenn Hoddle , Mark Chamberlain , Phil Neal and Marcel Bossi , a Luxembourg player who scored an own goal . Jump up ^ The goalscorers were Jermain Defoe ( 2 ) , Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain , Ashley Young , Frank Lampard , Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge and Allesandro Della Valle , a San Marino player who scored an own goal . Jump up ^ Tony Adams scored goals in non-consecutive decades ( 1980s and 2000s ) but failed to score in the 1990s . He scored in his last game of the 1980s and in his first game of the 2000s . Jump up ^ Dietmar Hamann was the last player to score at the old Wembley when Germany defeated England 1 -- 0 later in 2000 . Jump up ^ George Camsell 's record is for players who have appeared more than once for England . Five pre-World War I players , Albert Allen , John Yates , Walter Gilliat , John Veitch and Frank Bradshaw each scored three goals in a single appearance for England . Five additional players , William Kenyon - Slaney , Harold Halse , Billy Moore , Joe Payne and John Haines each scored twice on their sole England appearance . Jump up ^ All of Vivian Woodward 's 29 England goals were scored from outside the First Division . His first 16 goals were scored when Tottenham Hotspur were a non-league club . After Tottenham 's election to the Second division in 1908 , Woodward scored a further 11 England goals while a Tottenham player , and a further 2 after being transferred to Second Division Chelsea prior to the 1909 -- 10 season . The player with the most goals from outside the top tier since the introduction of the four division system in 1921 is Mick Channon , who scored 14 of his 21 England goals while Southampton were a Second Division club . Jump up ^ Between the introduction of the Second Division in 1894 and the introduction of the Third Division in 1920 both Vivian Woodward of Tottenham Hotspur and Harold Fleming of Swindon Town scored two or more goals for England while playing for professional clubs outside the league system , Woodward , an amateur , scoring 16 and Fleming 9 . Jump up ^ Tommy Lawton played for Notts County , Joe Payne for Luton Town and Peter Taylor for Crystal Palace . These were Payne and Taylor 's only England goals . Jump up ^ David Platt 's goals were as follows -- 4 while with Bari , 9 while with Juventus and 6 while with Sampdoria . Jump up ^ Only English clubs which remain in existence to this day , and have provided at least one international goalscorer have been included . Numerous now - defunct or franchised clubs have also provided England international goalscorers . Jump up ^ Jamie Vardy remains an active international , and this record may extend as a consequence . ^ Jump up to : Michael Owen is the only player to hold this record with an English club ( Liverpool ) and a non-English club ( Real Madrid , jointly with David Beckham ) . No player holds the record with multiple English clubs . Jump up ^ Some authorities ( e.g. englandfootballonline.com ) credit Billy Bassett with 7 goals , only counting one in the 3 -- 2 defeat by Scotland on 13 April 1889 . Jump up ^ These are all of the non-English clubs which have supplied England international goalscorers . ^ Jump up to : David Platt uniquely holds this record with three non-English clubs , Bari , Juventus and Sampdoria . Jump up ^ Kevin Keegan 's first goal after joining Hamburger SV was also the first by any player representing a non-British side . Jump up ^ There is some dispute about Alexander Morten 's date of birth , which is usually cited as 15 November 1831 . If Morten is excluded , the oldest player to captain England is Peter Shilton , who was aged 40 years and 292 days when he captained in his final international match against Italy on 7 July 1990 . Jump up ^ Until the introduction of the red and yellow card system in 1970 , records of players being booked are sketchy and unreliable . David Beckham 's total does not include the two yellow cards which led to his red card against Austria in 2005 . Jump up ^ Alan Mullery was the first England player to be sent off , and also the first and remains the only player to be sent off in the European Championship finals . Jump up ^ Trevor Cherry was the first player to be sent off in a friendly international . Jump up ^ England lost on penalties Jump up ^ Paul Ince 's red card meant that players had been sent off in two consecutive England internationals for the first time . Jump up ^ David Batty was the first and only England player to be sent off on his final international appearance . Jump up ^ With this red card , David Beckham became the first player to be sent off twice while playing for England . Jump up ^ England lost on penalties Jump up ^ Robert Green was the first goalkeeper to be sent off while playing for England . Jump up ^ Steven Gerrard was the first England player to be sent off at the new Wembley Stadium . Jump up ^ England 's two largest victories ( 13 -- 0 away and 13 -- 2 at home ) coincidentally both occurred on 18 February , against Ireland . Four of England 's five largest margins of victory occurred away from home . As well as the 13 -- 0 victory , they defeated Austria 11 -- 1 in 1908 , Portugal 10 -- 0 in 1947 and the United States 10 -- 0 in 1964 . Jump up ^ World Cup qualifier . ^ Jump up to : European Championship qualifier . Jump up ^ World Cup Finals Round of 16 . Jump up ^ The post-war record is 8 , achieved on two occasions : 29 March 2003 vs. Liechtenstein -- 10 September 2003 vs. Liechtenstein and 8 October 2005 vs. Austria -- 15 June 2006 vs. Trinidad & Tobago . Jump up ^ These games comprised the qualifying competition for the 2016 European Championship Jump up ^ The post-war record is 19 , 10 November 1965 vs. Northern Ireland -- 16 November 1966 vs. Wales . These games included England 's 1966 World Cup victory . Jump up ^ These games occurred in the group stages of the 1988 European Championship . Jump up ^ These games included England 's participation in the 1958 World Cup . Jump up ^ The post-war record is 19 , 19 October 1948 vs. Northern Ireland -- 15 November 1950 vs. Wales . These games included England 's participation in the 1950 World Cup . Jump up ^ The post-war record is 18 , 7 October 1950 vs. Northern Ireland -- 18 April 1953 vs. Scotland . Jump up ^ England were defeated in a penalty shoot - out to Portugal in the second of these games , the 2006 World Cup quarter - final . The previous occasion was 30 March 1983 vs. Greece -- 15 June 1983 vs. Australia . Jump up ^ The players in question were Terry Butcher , Chris Woods , Gary Stevens , Trevor Steven , Mark Walters , Mark Hateley and Paul Gascoigne . Butcher was Rangers ' first England player in 1986 , and the seventh was Gascoigne in 1995 . No player from Rangers has been called up to an England squad since Gascoigne 's departure in 1997 . Jump up ^ The players in question were Frank Moss , George Male , Eddie Hapgood , Wilf Copping , Ray Bowden , Ted Drake and Cliff Bastin Jump up ^ Five Manchester United players started : Gary Neville , David Beckham , Nicky Butt , Paul Scholes and Andrew Cole . Wes Brown ( 29 min ) and Teddy Sheringham ( 84 min ) came on as substitutes . Jump up ^ The players in question were Steven Gerrard , Jordan Henderson , Glen Johnson , Raheem Sterling and Daniel Sturridge , who started the match , and Rickie Lambert who came on as an 87th - minute substitute . Jump up ^ Liverpool have achieved this feat of having six players in a squad three times ; no other team has achieved this once . Everton provided five players to the 1968 European Championships squad , Tottenham Hotspur provided five players to the 2010 World Cup squad and both Liverpool and Tottenham Hotspur provided five players to the 2016 European Championships squad . The Liverpool players in question were : ( 1980 European Championships ) -- Ray Clemence , David Johnson , Ray Kennedy , Terry McDermott , Phil Neal and Phil Thompson ; ( 2012 European Championships ) -- Andy Carroll , Stewart Downing , Steven Gerrard , Jordan Henderson , Glen Johnson and Martin Kelly ; ( 2014 World Cup ) -- Steven Gerrard , Jordan Henderson , Glen Johnson , Rickie Lambert , Raheem Sterling and Daniel Sturridge Jump up ^ Manchester United 's total remains over 100 ahead of second - placed Liverpool as England games continue , although they have used fewer players ( 67 vs. 70 as of October 2016 ) . This can be attributed to the 106 caps won by Bobby Charlton , the 102 won by Wayne Rooney as a Manchester United player and the 85 won by Gary Neville , whereas only Steven Gerrard won a similar number of caps while playing for Liverpool . Charlie Roberts made the first England appearance by a Manchester United player in 1905 , and the 1,232 nd was made by Marcus Rashford as a substitute on 15 November 2016 . The total does not include two England appearances by Kieran Richardson in 2005 while on loan at West Bromwich Albion , one appearance by Ben Foster in 2007 while on loan at Watford or one appearance by Danny Welbeck in 2011 while on loan at Sunderland . Jump up ^ England 's most prolific goalscorer , Wayne Rooney , scored 42 of his 53 England goals while a Manchester United player , while the second most prolific goalscorer , Bobby Charlton , scored all 49 of his England goals while at the club . George Wall scored the first England goal by a Manchester United player in 1909 , and the 228th was scored by Marcus Rashford on 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon Banks did not concede a goal for 721 minutes during this run , from Jimmy Johnstone 's 81st - minute goal for Scotland on 2 April 1966 to Eusébio 's 82nd - minute penalty for Portugal in the World Cup semi-final on 26 July 1966 . England did concede a goal to Norway during this run but Banks did not play in that match . Jump up ^ This record is specific to penalties ' saved ' rather than ' not scored ' . Two goalkeepers , Harry Hibbs and David Seaman , have faced three penalties from which the opposition failed to score . Each only actually saved one of the penalties faced , however . In both cases , one of the remaining penalties hit the crossbar and the other was sent wide . Jump up ^ Of these five players , only David Beckham missed his kicks in competitive internationals : a European Championship qualifier and a group match at a European Championship finals . Ernest Needham , Roger Byrne , Francis Lee and Frank Lampard 's kicks were not in tournament or qualifying matches , although both of Needham 's and one of Lee 's occurred in Home International matches . This statistic does not include misses in penalty shoot - outs , as they do not go on a player 's overall record . For that , Beckham and Lampard have also missed a kick in a shoot - out , though no player has ever missed in more than one shoot - out . In total , England have missed twelve shoot - out penalties , taken by twelve different players , in competitive internationals . These have been , in sequence , Stuart Pearce , Chris Waddle ( 1990 World Cup vs. West Germany ) , Gareth Southgate ( 1996 European Championship vs. Germany ) , Paul Ince , David Batty ( 1998 World Cup vs. Argentina ) , David Beckham , Darius Vassell ( 2004 European Championship vs. Portugal ) , Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , Jamie Carragher ( 2006 World Cup vs. Portugal ) , Ashley Young , Ashley Cole ( 2012 European Championship vs. Italy ) . In addition , Robert Lee and Les Ferdinand missed shoot - out penalties in the minor 1998 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament vs. Belgium . Jump up ^ Shaun Wright - Phillips remains available for selection , and this record may extend as a consequence . Jump up ^ Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain remains an active international , and this record may extend as a consequence . Jump up ^ Scott Parker played for his fifth club , Tottenham Hotspur , in only his seventh international appearance . Uniquely , his first four appearances were with four different clubs . Jump up ^ Joe Mercer was appointed on a temporary basis between the dismissal of Alf Ramsey and the appointment of Don Revie . Jump up ^ Peter Taylor was appointed on a temporary basis between the resignation of Kevin Keegan and the appointment of Sven - Göran Eriksson . Jump up ^ Stuart Pearce was appointed on a temporary basis between the resignation of Fabio Capello and the appointment of Roy Hodgson . General references ( edit ) Goodwin , C. ; Isherwood , G. ; Young , P. `` England Football Online '' . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Naylor , D. `` englandstats.com - England International Database '' . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . `` 11v11.com - Home of football statistics and history '' . Association of Football Statisticians . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . ( hide ) England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000s Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players Alphabetical World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 European Championships 1968 1980 1988 1992 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_national_football_team_records_and_statistics&oldid=815588219 '' Categories : Association football in England lists England national football team records and statistics British records Hidden categories : Wikipedia references cleanup from September 2015 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from September 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from May 2015 Use British English from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 19 : 34 . 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a great day in harlem who is who	Red Allen Buster Bailey Count Basie Emmett Berry Art Blakey Lawrence Brown Scoville Browne Buck Clayton Bill Crump Vic Dickenson Roy Eldridge Art Farmer Bud Freeman Dizzy Gillespie Tyree Glenn Benny Golson Sonny Greer Johnny Griffin Gigi Gryce Coleman Hawkins J.C. Heard Jay C. Higginbotham Milt Hinton Chubby Jackson Hilton Jefferson Osie Johnson Hank Jones Jo Jones Jimmy Jones Taft Jordan Max Kaminsky Gene Krupa Eddie Locke Marian McPartland Charles Mingus Miff Mole Thelonious Monk Gerry Mulligan Oscar Pettiford Rudy Powell Luckey Roberts Sonny Rollins Jimmy Rushing Pee Wee Russell Sahib Shihab Horace Silver Zutty Singleton Stuff Smith Rex Stewart Maxine Sullivan Joe Thomas Wilbur Ware Dickie Wells George Wettling Ernie Wilkins Mary Lou Williams Lester Young		A Great Day in Harlem ( photograph )	a great day in harlem ( photograph )	A Great Day in Harlem or Harlem 1958 is a 1958 black - and - white group portrait of 57 notable jazz musicians photographed in front of a brownstone in Harlem , New York City . The photo has remained an important object in the study of the history of jazz .	A rt Kane , a freelance photographer working for Esquire magazine , took the picture around 10 a.m. on August 12 in the summer of 1958 . The musicians had gathered at 17 East 126th Street , between Fifth and Madison Avenues in Harlem . Esquire published the photo in its January 1959 issue . Kane calls it `` the greatest picture of that era of musicians ever taken . '' As of 2018 , only two of the 57 musicians who participated are still living ( Benny Golson and Sonny Rollins ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Musicians in the photograph 2 Children in the picture 3 Film 4 Homages 5 References 6 External links Musicians in the photograph ( edit ) A Great Day in Harlem . Red Allen Buster Bailey Count Basie Emmett Berry Art Blakey Lawrence Brown Scoville Browne Buck Clayton Bill Crump Vic Dickenson Roy Eldridge Art Farmer Bud Freeman Dizzy Gillespie Tyree Glenn Benny Golson Sonny Greer Johnny Griffin Gigi Gryce Coleman Hawkins J.C. Heard Jay C. Higginbotham Milt Hinton Chubby Jackson Hilton Jefferson Osie Johnson Hank Jones Jo Jones Jimmy Jones Taft Jordan Max Kaminsky Gene Krupa Eddie Locke Marian McPartland Charles Mingus Miff Mole Thelonious Monk Gerry Mulligan Oscar Pettiford Rudy Powell Luckey Roberts Sonny Rollins Jimmy Rushing Pee Wee Russell Sahib Shihab Horace Silver Zutty Singleton Stuff Smith Rex Stewart Maxine Sullivan Joe Thomas Wilbur Ware Dickie Wells George Wettling Ernie Wilkins Mary Lou Williams Lester Young Children in the picture ( edit ) Count Basie , having grown tired of standing , sat down on the curb , and gradually a dozen children followed . Most of the children were neighborhood residents , although the second child from the right , Taft Jordan , Jr. , had accompanied his father , Taft Jordan , to the photo session . The photography crew was already having trouble directing the adults , and the presence of the children added to the chaos : one of the children appearing in the window kept yelling at a sibling on the curb ; another kept playing with Basie 's hat ; Taft Jordan , Jr. had been scuffling with the older child seated to his left . Ultimately , Art Kane realized that any further attempt to organize the proceedings would be futile , and he decided to incorporate the subjects ' actions . Film ( edit ) Jean Bach , a radio producer of New York , recounted the story behind the photograph in her 1994 documentary film , A Great Day in Harlem . The film was nominated in 1995 for an Academy Award for Documentary Feature . Bach described how , upon the film 's release , a number of similar photographs employed the `` A Great Day in ... '' theme . Hugh Hefner assembled Hollywood - area musicians for `` A Great Day in Hollywood '' in conjunction with a sneak preview of A Great Day in Harlem . Soon after , `` A Great Day in Philadelphia '' included musicians such as Jimmy Heath , Benny Golson and Ray Bryant . During the filming of Kansas City ( 1996 ) , musicians including Jay McShann posed for `` A Great Day in Kansas City '' . A multi-page supplement in The Star - Ledger featured `` A Great Day in Jersey , '' while a Dutch photograph was titled `` A Great Day in Haarlem . '' In 1998 `` Great Day in St Paul '' , was taken by Byron Nelson . The trend spread to other styles of music , with Houston blues musicians posing for `` A Great Day in Houston . '' `` A Great Day in Hip Hop '' was followed by XXL 's `` The Greatest Day in Hip Hop . '' An Atlanta radio station gathered musicians for `` A Great Day in Doo - Wop . '' A New York cellist , inspired by both the original photograph and the film , assembled chamber musicians for `` A Great Day in New York . '' The New York Post ran `` A Great Day in Spanish Harlem . '' The photograph was a key plot point in Steven Spielberg 's 2004 film The Terminal . The film starred Tom Hanks as Viktor Navorski , a character who comes to the United States in search of Benny Golson 's autograph , with which he can complete his deceased father 's collection of autographs from the musicians pictured in the photo . Homages ( edit ) 1998 : `` A Great Day in Hip - Hop '' -- for this photograph by Gordon Parks , commissioned by XXL magazine , 177 hip - hop artists gathered on the stoop of number 17 as well as those of the buildings on either side . 2004 : `` A Great Day in London '' -- in an initiative inspired by Art Kane 's photograph , 50 writers of Caribbean , Asian and African descent making a significant contribution to contemporary British literature gathered to be photographed on the steps of the British Museum in London . 2008 : `` A Great Day in Paris '' -- more than 50 musicians from the US who were then residing in Paris , France , took part in a historic photo session . The project was initiated by Ricky Ford , who has said : `` 2008 was the 50th anniversary of the photo `` A Great Day in Harlem '' that Art Kane had taken in 1958 of all those jazz musicians in Harlem . I thought it would be a good idea to do the same thing with the American jazz musicians that lived in France . It took a year to prepare . Musicians from all over France came . Philippe Lévy - Stab took a group photo on the steps of Montmartre and Michka Saäl started to work on a documentary film of those musicians . '' 2016 : `` A Great Day in Hackney '' -- in the spirit of Art Kane 's photograph , British jazz musicians assembled to celebrate the 30th anniversary of The Premises Studios in Hackney . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Marian McPartland -- A Great Day in Harlem '' . Clarehansson.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Allmusic Bill Crump biography ^ Jump up to : Bach , Jean ( 2005 ) ( 1994 ) . A Great Day in Harlem ( DVD ) . Event occurs at 34 : 55 . ^ Jump up to : Jean Bach , Susan Peehl , and Matthew Seig ( 2005 ) ( 1994 ) . `` The Copycat Photos '' . A Great Day in Harlem ( DVD ) . Image Entertainment . Jump up ^ Andrea Canter , `` Attention All Twin Cities Jazz Artists ! `` Great Day in St Paul '' Photo Shoot May 22 ! `` , Jazz Police , May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lorne Graham , `` A Great Day in Harlem / The Terminal '' , NEMC article . Jump up ^ `` The Terminal - Jazz Scenes - Benny Golson and A Great Day in Harlem '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Michael A. Gonzales , `` XXL 's A Great Day in Hip Hop : 16 Years Later '' , Red Bull Music Academy Daily , September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarah Goodyear , `` Stoop Summit -- How a Harlem brownstone was immortalized when the living legends of jazz assembled there for an iconic photograph '' , New York Daily News , August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrea Levy , `` Made in Britain . To celebrate the impact of their different perspectives , 50 writers of Caribbean , Asian and African descent gathered to be photographed ... '' , The Guardian , September 18 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Kevin Le Gendre , `` Books : A great day for a family get together ; Who are the movers and shakers in black British writing ? And can they all fit on one staircase ? '' , The Independent on Sunday , October 17 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Day in Paris - Trailer '' on YouTube . Jump up ^ Mathieu Perez , `` Ricky Ford : Five or Six Shades of Jazz '' ( interview ) , Jazz Hot # 668 , Summer 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NEWS : `` Great Day in Hackney '' Photo taken to celebrate 30 Years of Premises Studios `` , London Jazz News , October 18 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Sarah Goodyear , `` Stoop Summit -- How a Harlem brownstone was immortalized when the living legends of jazz assembled there for an iconic photograph '' , New York Daily News , 12 August 2016 ( including interactive photo leading to performance clips by each musician ) . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . `` Art Kane : Harlem 1958 '' . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . `` Jazz 's Most Iconic Photo is Half a Century Old '' by Alan Kurtz ( Jazz.com ) An interactive version of A Great Day in Harlem showing the musicians ' names Coordinates : 40 ° 48 ′ 25 '' N 73 ° 56 ′ 27 '' W / 40.80694 ° N 73.94083 ° W / 40.80694 ; - 73.94083 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Great_Day_in_Harlem_(photograph)&oldid=837751518 '' Categories : Jazz publications 1958 photographs 1958 in New York ( state ) Black - and - white photographs Works originally published in Esquire ( magazine ) Photographs of the United States Harlem Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский ไทย Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 20 : 29 . 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where does the word cnidarian come from and what does it mean			Coelenterata	coelenterata	Coelenterata is an obsolete term encompassing the animal phyla Cnidaria ( coral animals , true jellies , sea anemones , sea pens , and their allies ) and Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) . The name comes from the Greek `` koilos '' ( `` hollow '' ) and `` enteron '' ( `` intestine '' ) , referring to the hollow body cavity common to these two phyla . They have very simple tissue organization , with only two layers of cells ( external and internal ) , and radial symmetry . Some examples are corals , which are typically colonial , and hydra , jelly fish and sea anemones which are solitary . Coelenterata lack a specialized circulatory system relying instead on diffusion across the tissue layers .	Characteristics ( edit ) All coelenterates are aquatic , mostly marine . The bodyform is radially symmetrical . The body has a single opening , the hypostome , surrounded by sensory tentacles equipped with either nematocysts or colloblasts to capture mostly planktonic prey . These tentacles surround a spacious cavity called the gastrovascular cavity or coelenteron . Digestion is both intracellular and extracellular . Respiration and excretion are accomplished by simple diffusion . A network of nerves is spread throughout the body . Many Cnidaria exhibit polymorphism , wherein different types of individuals are present in a colony for different functions . These individuals are called Zooids . These animals generally reproduce asexually by budding , though sexual reproduction does occur in some groups . History of classification ( edit ) The scientific validity of the term coelenterate is currently disputed , as the Cnidaria and Ctenophora have less in common than previously assumed . Coelentera may only be monophyletic if both Placozoa and Bilateria are included . In particular , the phylogenetic position of Ctenophora is controversial ; it was first considered a sub-group of coelenterata but Hyman regarded it as a separate phylum . Some researchers suggest that Coelenterata is not monophyletic , and therefore any group containing Cnidaria and Ctenophora but excluding other phyla would be paraphyletic . However , some genomic studies have found support for monophyletic coelenterates . Despite this uncertainty , the term coelenterate is still used in informal settings to refer to the Cnidaria and Ctenophora . Complicating the issue is the 1997 work of Lynn Margulis ( revising an earlier model by Thomas Cavalier - Smith ) that placed the Cnidaria and Ctenophora alone in the branch Radiata within Eumetazoa . ( The latter refers to all the animals except the sponges , Trichoplax , and the still poorly understood Mesozoa . ) Neither grouping is accepted universally ; however , both are commonly encountered in taxonomic literature . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` coelenterate - definition of coelenterate in English Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries English . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of COELENTERATE '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunn , Casey W. ; Leys , Sally P. ; Haddock , Steven H.D. ( May 2015 ) . `` The hidden biology of sponges and ctenophores '' . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 30 ( 5 ) : 282 -- 291 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2015.03. 003 . ^ Jump up to : Pisani , Davide ; Pett , Walker ; Dohrmann , Martin ; Feuda , Roberto ; Rota - Stabelli , Omar ; Philippe , Hervé ; Lartillot , Nicolas ; Wörheide , Gert ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 112 ( 50 ) : 15402 -- 15407 . Bibcode : 2015PNAS ... 11215402P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1518127112 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 4687580 . PMID 26621703 . Jump up ^ Whelan , Nathan V. ; Kocot , Kevin M. ; Moroz , Leonid L. ; Halanych , Kenneth M. ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Error , signal , and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 112 ( 18 ) : 5773 -- 5778 . Bibcode : 2015PNAS ... 112.5773 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1503453112 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 4426464 . PMID 25902535 . ^ Jump up to : Philippe , Hervé ; Derelle , Romain ; Lopez , Philippe ; Pick , Kerstin ; Borchiellini , Carole ; Boury - Esnault , Nicole ; Vacelet , Jean ; Renard , Emmanuelle ; Houliston , Evelyn ( April 2009 ) . `` Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships '' . Current Biology . 19 ( 8 ) : 706 -- 712 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2009.02. 052 . ISSN 0960 - 9822 . PMID 19345102 . Jump up ^ Nosenko , Tetyana ; Schreiber , Fabian ; Adamska , Maja ; Adamski , Marcin ; Eitel , Michael ; Hammel , Jörg ; Maldonado , Manuel ; Müller , Werner E.G. ; Nickel , Michael ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Deep metazoan phylogeny : When different genes tell different stories '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67 ( 1 ) : 223 -- 233 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.01. 010 . PMID 23353073 . Jump up ^ Margulis , Lynn and Karlene V. Schwartz , 1997 , Five Kingdoms : An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth , W.H. Freeman & Company , ISBN 0 - 613 - 92338 - 3 Jump up ^ NCBI Taxonomy Browser GND : 4160449 - 0 NDL : 00566842 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coelenterata&oldid=815409538 '' Categories : Obsolete animal taxa Cnidarian taxonomy Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Bosanski Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 17 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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how many seasons are there of knight rider	The original Knight Rider series followed the adventures of Michael Knight , a modern - day crime fighter who uses a technologically advanced , artificially intelligent automobile . This car is virtually indestructible , due to a high - tech coating applied to it . This series debuted in 1982 and ran for four seasons on NBC . These adventures were continued with the television films Knight Rider 2000 and Knight Rider 2010 and the short - lived Team Knight Rider . One other television movie , Knight Rider , served as a pilot for the 2008 television series Knight Rider . In 1985 , a spin - off series , Code of Vengeance , also premiered .	four	Knight Rider ( franchise )	knight rider ( franchise )	Knight Rider is an American entertainment franchise created by Glen A. Larson . The core of Knight Rider is its three television series : Knight Rider ( 1982 -- 1986 ) ; Team Knight Rider ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ; and Knight Rider ( 2008 -- 2009 ) . The franchise also includes three television films , computer and video games , and novels , as well as KnightCon , a Knight Rider convention . Beginning with the original television series and continuing with the subsequent films and series , the franchise has developed a cult following and spawned many pop culture references .	The original Knight Rider series followed the adventures of Michael Knight , a modern - day crime fighter who uses a technologically advanced , artificially intelligent automobile . This car is virtually indestructible , due to a high - tech coating applied to it . This series debuted in 1982 and ran for four seasons on NBC . These adventures were continued with the television films Knight Rider 2000 and Knight Rider 2010 and the short - lived Team Knight Rider . One other television movie , Knight Rider , served as a pilot for the 2008 television series Knight Rider . In 1985 , a spin - off series , Code of Vengeance , also premiered . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception and setting 2 Television series 2.1 Main series 2.1. 1 Knight Rider ( 1982 -- 1986 ) 2.1. 2 Team Knight Rider ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 2.1. 3 Knight Rider ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 2.1. 4 Knight Rider ( 2017 ) 2.2 Spin - off series 2.2. 1 Code of Vengeance ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 3 Television films 4 Spin - off media 5 References Conception and setting ( edit ) Knight Rider stories usually depict either average citizens , or ethical heads of corporations , being bullied into subservience to an overbearing or ruthless criminal organization . The protagonist ( s ) of each particular series is instructed by the Foundation for Law and Government ( FLAG ) to assist in some manner . The protagonist ( s ) has the assistance of a high - tech , self - aware , and nearly indestructible vehicle . Television series ( edit ) Three television series make up the bulk of the Knight Rider mythos : Knight Rider ( 1982 -- 1986 ) , Team Knight Rider ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and Knight Rider ( 2008 -- 2009 ) . There also was a spin - off series , Code of Vengeance , that ran for one season ( 1985 -- 1986 ) . In total , 133 Knight Rider episodes have been produced across the 7 seasons of the four various TV series . Main series ( edit ) Knight Rider ( 1982 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) Main article : Knight Rider ( 1982 TV series ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) The original Knight Rider series saw Michael Knight , a crime fighter who uses a high tech , artificially intelligent automobile , the Knight Industries Two Thousand ( KITT ) . This car is a virtually indestructible weapon that fights for justice . Team Knight Rider ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : Team Knight Rider This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) This series , set ten years after the original series , sees that the Foundation of Law and Government ( FLAG ) has used a team of five `` highly skilled operatives '' to do the job that Michael Knight used to do . They each drive a high tech vehicle . Knight Rider ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Knight Rider ( 2008 TV series ) This series followed Michael Traceur , the estranged son of Michael Knight , as he takes up the mantle of the FLAG driver . This time , he is driving the Knight Industries Three Thousand , also known as `` KITT '' . The series stars Justin Bruening as Mike Traceur , the estranged son of Michael Knight , and Deanna Russo as Sarah Graiman , Traceur 's former girlfriend and love interest . Sarah is the daughter of Charles Graiman . Graiman , played by Bruce Davison , is the creator of a new generation of KITT ( Knight Industries Three Thousand ) , which is voiced by Val Kilmer . The series was in production for just one season . Knight Rider ( 2017 ) ( edit ) It was announced that Machinima , YOMYOMF and NBCUniversal Brand Development are developing a Knight Rider reboot with Justin Lin producing and directing the series . Spin - off series ( edit ) Code of Vengeance ( 1985 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) Main article : Code of Vengeance This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) The Knight Rider episode `` Mouth of the Snake '' , was a backdoor pilot for this series . In it , David Dalton , a Vietnam veteran - turned - drifter , travels across the United States in a camper van , with only his dog for company . Dalton involves himself in the personal lives of people he meets . In a similar fashion to Knight Rider , he uses his fighting skills to help them gain justice over their enemies . Television films ( edit ) Main articles : Knight Rider 2000 , Knight Rider 2010 , and Knight Rider ( 2008 film ) Number Title Original air date Knight Rider 2000 May 19 , 1991 Knight Rider 2010 February 13 , 1994 Knight Rider February 17 , 2008 Spin - off media ( edit ) The Knight Rider franchise has a number of novels , video games , and other materials that cover many aspects of the various series and films . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Knight Rider Reboot Coming from Justin Lin and Machinima '' . ComingSoon.net . Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent ( November 1985 ) . Encyclopedia of Television Series , Pilots and Specials : 1974 -- 1984 . 2 . Baseline Books . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0918432612 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KNIGHT RIDER Rides Again In New Comic Series '' . Jump up ^ Dulin , Ron ( April 25 , 2003 ) . `` Knight Rider Review '' . ( hide ) Knight Rider TV series Knight Rider ( 1982 -- 1986 ) Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Team Knight Rider ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Knight Rider ( 2008 -- 2009 ) TV films Knight Rider 2000 ( 1991 ) Knight Rider 2010 ( 1994 ) Knight Rider ( 2008 ) Video games Knight Rider Knight Rider Special Knight Rider : The Game Spin - off Code of Vengeance ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Characters Michael Knight KITT KARR Guest stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knight_Rider_(franchise)&oldid=801305296 '' Categories : Knight Rider Television franchises Artificial intelligence in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles needing cleanup from March 2012 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2012 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 22 : 17 . 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who the girl in somebody that i used to know	`` Somebody That I Used To Know '' has been performed several times on major US TV shows such as The Voice , American Idol , and Saturday Night Live . It was covered by Canadian indie rock group Walk off the Earth using a single guitar played simultaneously by all five band members and by actors Darren Criss and Matt Bomer in the Glee episode `` Big Brother '' . The hit song 's accompanying music video was directed by Australian artist Natasha Pincus . The video , which has received over 1.1 billion views on YouTube as of August 2018 , premiered on 5 July 2011 . It shows Gotye and Kimbra naked against a white backdrop . While they sing , a pattern of paint gradually covers their skin and the backdrop via stop motion animation .	Kimbra	Somebody That I Used to Know	somebody that i used to know		`` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Single by Gotye featuring Kimbra from the album Making Mirrors Released 5 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 05 ) Format CD single , digital download , 7 '' vinyl ( promotional only ) Recorded January -- May 2011 The Barn ( Merricks , Australia ) , Lucas Taranto 's lounge room ( Melbourne , Australia ) Genre Art pop Length 4 : 04 ( Album version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio mix ) Label Eleven Songwriter ( s ) Wally de Backer Producer ( s ) De Backer Gotye singles chronology `` Eyes Wide Open '' ( 2010 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2011 ) `` I Feel Better '' ( 2011 ) `` Eyes Wide Open '' ( 2010 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2011 ) `` I Feel Better '' ( 2011 ) Kimbra singles chronology `` Cameo Lover '' ( 2011 ) Cameo Lover 2011 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2011 ) Somebody That I Used to Know2011 `` Good Intent '' ( 2011 ) Good Intent 2011 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' is a song written by Belgian - Australian singer - songwriter Gotye , featuring New Zealand singer Kimbra . The song was released in Australia and New Zealand by Eleven Music on 5 July 2011 as the second single from Gotye 's third studio album , Making Mirrors ( 2011 ) . It was later released by Universal Music in December 2011 in the United Kingdom , and in January 2012 in the United States and Ireland . `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' was written and recorded by Gotye at his parents ' house on the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria and is lyrically related to the experiences he has had with relationships . `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' is a mid-tempo ballad . It samples Luiz Bonfá 's instrumental `` Seville '' from his 1967 album Luiz Bonfa Plays Great Songs . The song received a positive reception from critics , who noted the similarities between the song and works by Sting , Peter Gabriel , and American folk band Bon Iver . In Australia , the song won the Triple J Hottest 100 poll at the end of 2011 , as well as ARIA Awards for song of the year and best video , while Kimbra was voted best female artist and Gotye was named best male artist and producer of the year . The song came ninth in the Triple J Hottest 100 of the Past 20 Years , 2013 . In 2013 , the song won two Grammy Awards for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance and Record of the Year . Commercially , `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' is Gotye 's most successful and signature song . It has topped charts in the US , UK , and Australia , as well as 23 other national charts , and reached the top 10 in more than 30 countries around the world . The song has sold more than 13 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the best - selling digital singles of all time . It was also placed at the top of a number of year - end charts by Billboard Magazine ( including the Hot 100 , Adult Pop Songs , and Alternative Songs ) and other record chart companies around the world . `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' has been performed several times on major US TV shows such as The Voice , American Idol , and Saturday Night Live . It was covered by Canadian indie rock group Walk off the Earth using a single guitar played simultaneously by all five band members and by actors Darren Criss and Matt Bomer in the Glee episode `` Big Brother '' . The hit song 's accompanying music video was directed by Australian artist Natasha Pincus . The video , which has received over 1.1 billion views on YouTube as of August 2018 , premiered on 5 July 2011 . It shows Gotye and Kimbra naked against a white backdrop . While they sing , a pattern of paint gradually covers their skin and the backdrop via stop motion animation . Contents 1 Composition and recording 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Accolades 5 Music video 6 Cover versions and media appearances 7 Track listing 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 All - time charts 10 Certifications and sales 11 Release history 12 Walk Off the Earth version 12.1 Track listing 12.2 Charts 12.3 Certifications 13 Glee Cast version 13.1 Charts 14 Mayday Parade version 14.1 Charts 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Composition and Recording ( edit ) Gotye discussed writing `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' in an interview with Sound on Sound : `` Writing ' Somebody ' was a gradual and linear process . I started with the Luiz Bonfa sample , then I found the drums , and after that I started working on the lyric and the melody , and added the wobbly guitar - sample melody . After that , I took a break , and a few weeks later I came back to the session and decided on the chorus chord progression , wrote the chorus melody , and combined that with sounds like the Latin loop and some of the percussion and the flute sounds that further filled the space . At that point I hit a brick wall . I was thinking : ' This is pretty good , how can I get to the end really quickly ? ' and I was trying to take lazy decisions to finish the song . I considered repeating the chorus , an instrumental bridge , a change in tempo or key , I even considered finishing the song after the first chorus . But nothing felt like it was strong enough . So the third session was all about writing the female part and changing the perspective . The arrangement of ' Somebody ' is reflective of me moving towards using sounds that provide me with inspiration for a texture or a platform for an idea , and then through sonic manipulation and coming up with original melodies and harmonic ideas to make it my own . I guess the balance of sounds taken from records and samples I created myself is perhaps 50 - 50 . '' `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2011 ) A 23 - second sample of `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' , featuring the first chorus as sung by Gotye , showing the octave leap in respect to the previous verse . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' is an art pop song and has a length of four minutes and five seconds long . Gotye uses a sample of Brazilian jazz guitarist Luiz Bonfá 's 1967 instrumental song `` Seville '' , with additional instrumentations of beats and a xylophone . It was written and produced by Gotye himself , while in his parents ' barn on the Mornington Peninsula , Victoria . Gotye commented that he wrote the song `` in quite a linear way '' , explaining that `` I wrote the first verse , the second verse , and I 'd got to the end of the first chorus and for the first time ever I thought , ' There 's no interesting way to add to this guy 's story ' . It felt weak . '' The track was recorded between January and May 2011 with Gotye struggling to find a suitable female vocalist , as a `` ' high profile ' female vocalist '' cancelled the collaboration at the last minute , and Kimbra `` lucked out as the replacement '' . He tested his girlfriend , Tash Parker , but `` somehow their happiness meant that it did n't work out '' so he followed the recommendation of the song 's mixer and used Kimbra 's vocals . Martin Davies from Click Music considered the song `` instantly captivating '' , and named Kimbra 's voice `` clean and sugar - soaked '' , further commenting that it bears an `` uncanny resemblance '' to singer Katy Perry . Gotye stated that the song was `` definitely drawn from various experiences I 've had in relationships breaking up , and in the parts of the more reflective parts of the song , in the aftermath and the memory of those different relationships and what they were and how they broke up and what 's going on in everyone 's minds . Yeah , so it 's an amalgam of different feelings but not completely made up as such '' . In an interview with Rolling Stone ( Australia ) , he described the song as `` a curated reflection of multiple past relationships '' . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received generally positive reviews , winning the Grammy for Record of the Year . Take 40 Australia elaborated on the audience 's reception at the July 2011 Splendour in the Grass festival , `` Gotye 's latest song featuring Kimbra ' Somebody That I Used To Know ' had become somewhat of an unofficial anthem for the festival ... every car was cranking it over their speakers all day , every day ... and the question on everyone 's lips was whether or not Kimbra would join him on the track . Fortunately , dreams came true ... he smashed out an incredible set climaxing with a version of the song with Kimbra on co-lead vocals that people could n't stop talking about all weekend long '' . Allmusic 's Jon O'Brien felt the track was an `` unexpected chart - topper ... ( it ) is an oddball break - up song whose stuttering rhythms , reggae hooks , and hushed vocals sound like The Police as remixed by the XX '' . Writing for Digital Spy , Lewis Corner rated the song four stars out of five and described it as `` a Bon Iver - styled ballad for the music - buying masses '' . Martin Davies from Click Music gave the song five stars out of five and stated that the song is `` that rare example of a track that hits you squarely between the eyes '' . In November 2011 , music blog This Must Be Pop predicted the song as a post-Christmas UK hit . John Watson , who co-manages Gotye with Danny Rogers , said of the single 's success : `` We 've never seen any song make a deeper or more immediate connection with so many people . It 's a really special recording and video '' . Talking about the overwhelming reception and the amount of coverage received , Gotye commented that `` I do n't really feel like it ( the song ) belongs to me anymore . '' He further explained that `` sometimes I feel like I 'm a bit sick of it . My inbox , on any given day , has at least five covers or parodies or remixes of it and there 's only so many times you can listen to the one song . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) In the week commencing 18 July 2011 , `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' debuted at number 27 on the ARIA Singles Chart . It was released on 5 July 2011 in Australia and New Zealand by Eleven Music as the second single from his third studio album , Making Mirrors ( 2011 ) . Despite an initial lack of airplay on major radio stations , the song reached number 1 in the week ending 15 August , becoming the first single by either artist to do so and their most successful single . Until 2014 , the song was one of the two second - longest - running Australian number - one songs , with eight weeks at the top , tied with Savage Garden 's 1997 song `` Truly Madly Deeply '' , and behind Daddy Cool 's 1971 hit `` Eagle Rock '' , which stayed there for ten weeks . On August 2011 the song was released in Belgium and the Netherlands . After a few weeks in the charts , it reached number 1 in both countries , topping the Belgian Singles Chart for 12 weeks . Also in August , `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' debuted at number 4 in New Zealand on the RIANZ Singles Chart , reaching number 1 three weeks later , thus making Gotye the first Australian artist to reach number 1 since Guy Sebastian did so in February 2011 with `` Who 's That Girl '' . The song debuted on the Irish Singles Chart on 13 January 2012 at number 47 , later reaching number 1 position . In the United Kingdom , `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' spent five non-consecutive weeks at number 1 . In the United States , it debuted at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 January 2012 . In its fifteenth week on the chart -- after it was performed by Matt Bomer and Darren Criss on Glee on 10 April ; by Phillip Phillips and Elise Testone on the eleventh season of American Idol before more than 16 million viewers on 11 April ; and by Gotye and Kimbra on Saturday Night Live on 14 April -- the song rose to number 1 , where it stayed for eight consecutive weeks . thus becoming the longest - running number 1 by a solo male artist since Flo Rida 's `` Low '' led for ten weeks in 2008 . The song had the fourth highest - selling single week ever with 542,000 digital downloads sold , and was the first Australian single to top the Hot 100 since Savage Garden 's `` I Knew I Loved You '' in 2000 . The song also topped the Alternative Songs chart for twelve weeks tying with Fuel 's Hemorrhage ( In My Hands ) and Linkin Park 's Numb and New Divide , as well as topping the Radio Songs , Digital Songs , On - Demand Songs , Pop Songs , Adult Pop Songs , Adult Contemporary , and Hot Dance Club Songs charts in that country . On 2 May 2012 the song became the first to reach digital sales of at least 400,000 for three consecutive weeks , and the following week it became the first to simultaneously top the Alternative Songs , Hot Dance Club Songs , and Dance Mix Show Airplay charts . It also became the number 1 song of 2012 on the Alternative Songs , Adult Pop Songs , and Billboard Hot 100 charts . By 22 February 2013 , the song became the tenth longest - charting song in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 , at 59 weeks on the chart . As of October 2015 , the song has sold 7.9 million copies in the US , making it the country 's fourth all - time best - selling digital single . `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' reached number one in more than 23 national charts and charted inside the top ten in more than 30 countries around the world . By the end of 2012 , the song became the best - selling song of that year with 11.8 million copies sold , ranking among the best - selling digital singles of all time . As of April 2012 , it is the most downloaded song ever in Belgium , as well as being the third best - selling digital single in Germany with sales between 500,000 and 600,000 copies , and the most successful song in the history of the Dutch charts . As of January 2013 it has received eleven Platinum certifications in Australia , accounting for shipments exceeding 770,000 units . In New Zealand , it was certified four times Platinum . The song was the best - selling single of 2012 in the UK with 1,318,000 copies sold . Accolades ( edit ) On 15 July 2011 , the song finished third in the 2011 Vanda & Young Songwriting Competition , with the winning song , `` Cameo Lover '' , by Kimbra . Earlier that year , Gotye had first noticed Kimbra when both were short - listed as finalists for the competition . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011 , `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' won Single of the Year , Best Pop Release , Best Video ( for Natasha Pincus ) , Engineer of the Year ( for François Tétaz ) and Producer of the Year ( for Gotye ) . Gotye also won Best Male Artist for the song while Kimbra won Best Female Artist for her previous single , `` Cameo Lover '' . At the APRA Music Awards of 2012 , `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' won Most Played Australian Work and Song of the Year and Gotye won Songwriter of the Year . It was also nominated at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for `` Choice Rock Song '' and `` Choice Break - Up Song '' . The song was nominated at the 55th Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo / Group Performance , winning both awards . The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll ranked `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' at number eight to find the best music of 2012 . Music video ( edit ) Gotye and Kimbra sing while painted to blend with the background . The music video for `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' was produced , directed and edited by Australian artist Natasha Pincus and filmed by Australian cinematographer Warwick Field . It shows Gotye and Kimbra naked throughout the clip , and as they sing , his skin is gradually painted into the backdrop via stop motion animation . In the director 's cut , it features concealed nudity . The director 's cut was never posted . The painting used in the video 's background , painted by Howard Clark , is based on a 1980s artwork created by Gotye 's father , Frank de Backer , who also designed the cover art for the related album , Making Mirrors . Emma Hack , an Australian artist and skin illustrator based in Adelaide , was hired by Pincus to work on the body paintings for Gotye and Kimbra . Melbourne Scenic Artist Howard Clark painted the backdrop . According to Hack , it took more than 23 hours to paint both Gotye and Kimbra to fit with Howard 's background . Their painting symbolises their combined relationship . Before its official premiere , the music video was leaked on Take 40 Australia 's website . According to Pincus , `` It was stolen out of our system . I guess it 's always wanted to get out there . Within five minutes it was everywhere '' . On 30 July 2011 it was officially premiered on YouTube and on the Australian music show Rage . The music video was well received for its artistic style , picking up 200,000 views in its first two weeks , as well as receiving promotion on Twitter by actor Ashton Kutcher and Katy Perry . `` What a video ! '' Snow Patrol 's Gary Lightbody enthused to Q. `` I have become obsessed with it and not just because I 'm in love with Kimbra . Gotye himself is an engaging character for sure ... his solemnly expressive eyes finish a journey his lyrics only begin . ' Told myself that you were right for me but felt so lonely in your company ' -- simple , pure , and devastating . None more than the title line when it speaks of the end of love with prosaic brutality : ' Now you 're just somebody that I used to know . ' Great video , powerful lyrics , and a stunning voice . Oh , and Kimbra ... my poor heart ... '' As of August 2018 , the video has been viewed over 1.1 billion times on YouTube . The video for `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' was voted number 1 in the annual Rage Fifty countdown . Andy Samberg and Taran Killam parodied the video in a Saturday Night Live `` digital short '' that coincided with Gotye 's 14 April 2012 performance on the show . The video was nominated for Video of the Year and Best Editing in a Video at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards . As of January 2015 , Billboard named the video as one of the 20 best of the 2010s ( so far ) . Cover versions and Media appearances ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' has been covered by several artists including a cappella group Pentatonix who created a viral YouTube video in February 2012 and released the track on their EP , `` PTX Volume 1 '' on 26 June 2012 In addition Ingrid Michaelson , The Fergies , and Sam Tsui have covered the song . In February 2012 , Rita Ora covered the song at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . A cover by Right the Stars featuring Karmina , which was also uploaded to YouTube , was recommended by Miley Cyrus . Dutch DJ Tiësto remixed the song for his album Club Life : Volume Two Miami . Phillip Phillips and Elise Testone covered the song on the eleventh season of American Idol on 11 April 2012 . In February 2012 , Gotye made his American television debut on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! where he performed the song . The song has since been featured on the TV series 90210 , Gossip Girl , and The Voice of Ireland by Andy Mac Unfraidh . The song was featured in the film Boyhood . On 16 May 2012 , fun . along with Paramore 's front vocalist Hayley Williams covered the song at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . On 23 May 2012 , Internet cartoon band Your Favorite Martian did a cover of the song . `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' was also first played live by Coheed and Cambria on 29 April 2012 , as a frequent feature on their 2012 headlining tour . In May 2012 , American duo Karmin made a cover of the song on Sirius XM Hits . The song was covered in the Glee episode `` Big Brother '' and performed by Darren Criss ( as Blaine Anderson ) and Matt Bomer ( as Cooper Anderson ) . It sold 152,000 digital downloads in its first week of release and debuted on the Digital Songs chart at number 10 and the Hot 100 at number 26 . Samples of the song were also used in ODESZA 's Without You . Gotye paid tribute to the overwhelming number of cover versions of the song by personally creating a video remix , released in August 2012 , using segments from hundreds of online covers to create a new , unique version of the track , titled `` Somebodies : A YouTube Orchestra '' . Gotye states the concept `` was directly inspired here by Kutiman 's Thru - You project '' , released in March 2009 , which edited numerous YouTube videos to create a new cohesive song . A similar mixing style is seen in the performance of `` Since U Been Gone '' in the September 2012 film release Pitch Perfect . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded a cover as part of his polka medley `` NOW That 's What I Call Polka ! '' for his 2014 album Mandatory Fun . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( Gotye featuring Kimbra ) -- 4 : 04 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( Radio Mix ) ( Gotye featuring Kimbra ) -- 3 : 33 `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' ( Instrumental ) ( Gotye ) -- 4 : 04 Digital download -- Remix `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( Gotye featuring Kimbra ) ( Tiësto Remix ) -- 4 : 33 7 '' Vinyl single `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( Gotye featuring Kimbra ) -- 4 : 04 `` Bronte '' -- 3 : 13 CD single `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( Gotye featuring Kimbra ) -- 4 : 04 `` Easy Way Out '' -- 1 : 57 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Wally de Backer -- songwriter , producer , assistant mixer , recording , lead and backing vocals , guitar , synthesizer , xylophone , flutes , percussion , samples François Tétaz -- mixer , engineer Lucas Taranto -- bass guitar Kimbra -- lead and backing vocals William Bowden -- mastering Frank de Backer -- artwork ( back and inside cover painting , handwriting ) Kat Kallady -- artwork ( front cover painting ) Credits adapted from `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' CD single liner notes . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 -- 13 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Honduras ( Honduras Top 50 ) 33 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Billboard Japan Hot 100 ) 10 Mexico Top Inglés ( Monitor Latino ) Mexican Airplay Chart ( Billboard International ) 8 Portugal ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 17 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 73 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 32 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 40 Austrian Singles Chart Belgian ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgian ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 11 Poland ( ZPAV ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 6 US Adult Pop Songs US Alternative Songs US Hot Dance Club Songs 6 US Mainstream Top 40 8 US Rock Songs Chart ( 2013 ) Position Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 100 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 33 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 45 US Billboard Hot 100 32 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 11 × Platinum 770,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Canada 653,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 6,774 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 900,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 × Platinum 75,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 8 × Platinum 7,900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Version Australia 5 July 2011 Digital download Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Eleven Music Album Version New Zealand Belgium 29 July 2011 Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / V2 Benelux Netherlands Germany 11 November 2011 Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Universal Music United Kingdom 30 December 2011 Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Universal Island Records United States 20 January 2012 Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Universal Music 12 March 2012 Contemporary hit radio Fairfax Records / Universal Republic Records 17 April 2012 Digital download Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Universal Music Tiesto Remix United Kingdom 4 May 2012 Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Universal Island Records Walk off the Earth version ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Single by Walk Off the Earth from the album R.E.V.O. Released 6 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) Format CD single , digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Indie rock acoustic rock Length 4 : 08 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Wally de Backer Producer ( s ) Gianni Luminati Walk Off the Earth singles chronology `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2012 ) `` Red Hands '' ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2012 ) `` Red Hands '' ( 2012 ) In January 2012 , Canadian indie rock group Walk Off the Earth uploaded a cover of `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' to YouTube . Their version uses a single guitar played simultaneously by all five band members . As of April 2012 , the song had sold 187,000 units in the United States . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' -- 4 : 08 `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' ( Music video ) -- 4 : 25 CD maxi - single `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' -- 4 : 08 `` Money Tree '' -- 3 : 13 `` Joan and Bobby '' -- 3 : 38 `` From Me to You '' -- 1 : 48 `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 France ( SNEP ) 80 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 45 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 54 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 80 United States ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Glee cast version ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Single by Glee Cast Released 10 April 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Pop Length 4 : 06 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Wally de Backer The song was covered in the Glee episode `` Big Brother '' and performed by Darren Criss ( as Blaine Anderson ) and Matt Bomer ( as Cooper Anderson ) . It sold 152,000 digital downloads in its first week of release and debuted on the Digital Songs chart at number 10 and the Hot 100 at number 26 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 26 Mayday Parade version ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Single by Mayday Parade featuring Vic Fuentes from the album Punk Goes Pop 5 Released 16 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) Format digital download , radio airplay Recorded 2012 Genre Alternative rock pop punk Length 3 : 24 Label Fearless Songwriter ( s ) Wally de Backer Mayday Parade singles chronology `` When You See My Friends '' ( 2011 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2012 ) `` Ghosts '' ( 2013 ) `` When You See My Friends '' ( 2011 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2012 ) `` Ghosts '' ( 2013 ) The alternative rock band Mayday Parade released a cover of this song for fifth edition of the compilation album Punk Goes Pop , which features bands of the punk , alternative , and hardcore genres covering hit pop songs . Their cover became the first single from a Punk Goes ... compilation album to chart on a Billboard chart , reaching number 18 on US Rock Songs . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position US Rock Songs 18 US Heatseekers Songs 19 See also ( edit ) List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in Australia List of best - selling singles in the United States List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of number - one singles of 2011 ( Australia ) List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2011 List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2011 List of number - one hits of 2011 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Austria ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Poland ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( UK ) List of number - one Billboard Alternative Songs of 2012 List of number - one dance singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance airplay hits of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of number - one digital songs of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2012 ( Canada ) List of Danish number - one hits of 2012 List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Italy ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Finland ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Sweden ) List of Mainstream Top 40 number - one hits of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Adult Top 40 number - one singles of 2012 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tris McCall ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Song of the Week : ' Somebody That I Used to Know , ' Gotye '' . 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Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2012 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ JAHRESHITPARADE SINGLES 2012 ( in German ) . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . ultratop.be. 2013 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- CanadianHot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahreschartes 2012 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Archived from the original on 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` most played songs of 2012 -- By Medis Forest '' . mako.co.il. 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ferro è il re degli album più venduti nel 2012 '' . TGCOM ( in Italian ) . Mediaset. 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Dutch charts portal -- 2012 Year End Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts Portal . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2012 '' . NZTop40 . Recorded Music New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP digital utworów -- 2012 '' . ZPAV . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 Official Podcast '' . Kissfm.ro . Archived from the original on 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Promuiscae.es . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 2 January 2013 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2012 Revealed ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Alternative Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Pop Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Rock Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 - radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 Slovenian official year - end singles charts ( 2013 ) '' ( in Slovenian ) . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Blurred Lines gives Pharrell his second million seller in a month '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Fred Bronson . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Gotye in the field Interpret . Enter Somebody That I Used to Know in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2012 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ MacNeil , Jason ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` Adele , Carly Rae Jepsen , Celine Dion Rule Nielsen / Billboard 2012 Canadian Music Industry Report '' . The Huffington Post Canada . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website ^ Jump up to : `` Gotye '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Gotye feat . Kimbra ; ' Somebody That I Used to Know ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2012 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Gotye ; ' Somebody That I Used to Know ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Gotye in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Somebody That I Used to Know and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Gotye Ft Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used To Know '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Somebody That I Used To Know in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know : Gotye '' . Amazon MP3 ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know ( Tiësto Remix ) -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` R&R : Going For Adds : CHR / Top 40 ( Week Of : March 12 , 2012 ) '' . Radio & Records . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know ( Tiësto Remix ) -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved on 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Smirke , Richard ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Gotye 's Smash Hit Almost Did n't Happen '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walk Off The Earth -- ' Somebody That I Used to Know ' '' ( in German ) . Sony Music Entertainment Germany GmbH . Archived from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walk off the Earth Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Walk off the Earth Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walk off the Earth -- ' Somebody That I Used to Know ' '' . The Official Charts Company . Chart Stats . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Glee Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glee : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/310218/mayday+parade/chart?f=902 Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/310218/mayday+parade/chart?f=887 External links ( edit ) Video on YouTube Gotye Discography Studio albums Boardface Like Drawing Blood Making Mirrors Other albums Mixed Blood Singles `` Learnalilgivinanlovin '' `` Hearts a Mess '' `` Eyes Wide Open '' `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' `` I Feel Better '' `` Save Me '' Related articles The Basics Kimbra Kimbra Discography Studio albums Vows ( 2011 ) The Golden Echo ( 2014 ) Primal Heart ( 2018 ) Singles `` Settle Down '' `` Cameo Lover '' `` Good Intent '' `` Warrior '' `` Two Way Street '' `` Come into My Head '' `` 90s Music '' `` Miracle '' `` Goldmine '' Featured singles `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ARIA Award for Single of the Year `` You 're the Voice '' by John Farnham ( 1987 ) `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil ( 1988 ) `` Under the Milky Way '' by The Church ( 1989 ) `` Crying in the Chapel '' by Peter Blakeley ( 1990 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Be with Nobody But You '' by Absent Friends ( 1991 ) `` Treaty ( Filthy Lucre Remix ) '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 ) `` The Day You Went Away '' by Wendy Matthews ( 1993 ) `` The Honeymoon Is Over '' by The Cruel Sea ( 1994 ) `` Tomorrow '' by Silverchair ( 1995 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue ( 1996 ) `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden ( 1997 ) `` Torn '' by Natalie Imbruglia ( 1998 ) `` The Day You Come '' by Powderfinger ( 1999 ) `` Do n't Call Me Baby '' by Madison Avenue ( 2000 ) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue ( 2002 ) `` Born to Try '' by Delta Goodrem ( 2003 ) `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' by Jet ( 2004 ) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2005 ) `` Black Fingernails , Red Wine '' by Eskimo Joe ( 2006 ) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2007 ) `` Sweet About Me '' by Gabriella Cilmi ( 2008 ) `` Walking on a Dream '' by Empire of the Sun ( 2009 ) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2010 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2011 ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Here in My Heart '' -- Al Martino 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- Royal Scots Dragoon Guards ( UK ) 1973 : `` I Love You Love Me Love '' -- Gary Glitter ( UK ) 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Tainted Love '' -- Soft Cell ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` ( Is This the Way to ) Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) APRA Award for Song of the Year `` Treaty '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 ) `` Heaven Knows '' by Rick Price ( 1993 ) `` Distant Sun '' by Crowded House ( 1994 ) `` My Island Home '' by Christine Anu ( 1995 ) `` Was n't It Good '' by Tina Arena ( 1996 ) `` Even When I 'm Sleeping '' by Leonardo 's Bride ( 1998 ) `` Buses and Trains '' by Bachelor Girl ( 1999 ) `` Passenger '' by Powderfinger ( 2000 ) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) `` Amazing '' by Alex Lloyd ( 2002 ) `` Not Pretty Enough '' by Kasey Chambers ( 2003 ) `` Zebra '' by John Butler Trio ( 2004 ) `` Scar '' by Missy Higgins ( 2005 ) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2006 ) `` One Crowded Hour '' by Augie March ( 2007 ) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2008 ) `` White Noise '' by The Living End ( 2009 ) `` Sweet Disposition '' by The Temper Trap ( 2010 ) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2011 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2012 ) `` Feels Like We Only Go Backwards '' by Tame Impala ( 2013 ) `` Riptide '' by Vance Joy ( 2014 ) `` Chandelier '' by Sia ( 2015 ) `` Let It Happen '' by Tame Impala ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somebody_That_I_Used_to_Know&oldid=857051813 '' Categories : 2011 singles 2011 songs APRA Award winners ARIA Award - winning songs Gotye songs Kimbra songs Songs written by Gotye 2010s ballads Pop ballads Rock ballads Vocal duets Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Hungary Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - 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love does not cause a thing full movie			Love Do n't Cost a Thing ( film )	love don't cost a thing ( film )	Love Do n't Cost a Thing ( stylized as Love Do n't Co $ ta Thing ) is a 2003 American teen comedy film written and directed by Troy Beyer and starring Nick Cannon and Christina Milian . It also stars Steve Harvey , Kenan Thompson and Kal Penn . The film is a remake of the 1987 film Ca n't Buy Me Love .	Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Box office 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( October 2015 ) Alvin Johnson ( Nick Cannon ) is an extremely intelligent nerd under consideration for a General Motors scholarship , as he is skilled in designing engines . He has also taken up a job as a pool cleaner , to raise money to buy an expensive car part . He 's always dreamed of hanging out with the popular kids , especially Paris Morgan ( Christina Milian ) , a beautiful , popular cheerleader dating NBA star Dru Hilton . When Paris crashes her mother 's expensive SUV during an argument with Dru , Alvin agrees to repair the car in return for two weeks of dating . Alvin uses money he had saved all summer for his project , jeopardizing his scholarship . After a few missteps , Alvin begins to integrate himself with the popular crowd . He and Paris grow closer as she shares with him her secret love of music . As they draw close to the end of the two weeks , Alvin takes Paris out on their last day being `` together '' . Paris hints that she would like to kiss Alvin , showing that she does in fact have feelings for him , but he misinterprets her feelings and instead stages a break - up planned for the next day at school . Paris began to fall in love with him after spending two weeks together , even though Alvin was unaware of it . Alvin continues to grow in popularity , alienating his former nerd friends and dating Paris 's friends . In the meantime Paris starts to realize just how shallow and vapid most of her popular friends really are and she starts to question being a part of this group . At the end of the year on Senior Ditch Day , Dru returns , but leaves after he finds out Paris had been dating Alvin . In an attempt to get him back , Paris exposes her deal with Alvin to the whole school , returning him to mediocrity and being a geek . Alvin 's father Clarence ( Steve Harvey ) agrees to pay for the part , explaining to Alvin that he 'd supported his sudden transformation because he wanted him to have some of the same experiences he did in high school . Alvin fixes a car he and his nerd friends had been working on the duration of the film . There is a school basketball game , and the nerds are threatened by the athletes to move to sit somewhere else . At the basketball game , Alvin stands up for his nerd friends against the basketball players . Alvin finally redeems himself in front of everyone . Alvin 's nerd friends begin dating popular girls too . Alvin leaves the gymnasium , and as Paris follows him out , she is stopped by Dru , but Paris blows him off for Alvin and they kiss . Cast ( edit ) Nick Cannon as Alvin Johnson Christina Milian as Paris Morgan Steve Harvey as Clarence Al Thompson as Ted Ashley Monique Clark as Aretha Johnson Elimu Nelson as Dru Hilton Russell W. Howard as Anthony Kenan Thompson as Walter Kal Penn as Kenneth Warman Melissa Schuman as Zoe Parks Nichole Robinson as Yvonne Freeman Reagan Gomez - Preston as Olivia Sam Sarpong as Kadeem Vanessa Bell Calloway as Vivian Johnson Nicole Scherzinger as Champagne Girl Production ( edit ) The school scenes were filmed at Long Beach Polytechnic High School in Long Beach , California . Soundtrack ( edit ) Love Do n't Cost a Thing Soundtrack album by Various artists Released December 9 , 2003 Recorded 2002 -- 2003 Genre Hip hop , R&B Label Hollywood A soundtrack containing hip hop music was released on December 9 , 2003 by Hollywood Records . It peaked at 22 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums and 14 on the Top Soundtracks . Allmusic rated this soundtrack three stars out of five . `` Shorty ( Put It on the Floor ) '' - 4 : 09 ( Busta Rhymes , Chingy , Fat Joe and Nick Cannon ) `` Luv Me Baby '' - 4 : 27 ( Murphy Lee featuring Jazze Pha and Sleepy Brown ) `` Ignition ( Remix ) - 3 : 08 ( R. Kelly ) `` Are You Ready '' - 4 : 13 ( Mr. Cheeks ) `` Got What It Takes '' - 3 : 00 ( Jeannie Ortega ) `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' - 4 : 11 ( Busta Rhymes featuring P. Diddy and Pharrell Williams ) `` Exgirlfriend '' - 4 : 02 ( Nivea ) `` How Far Will You Go '' - 3 : 45 ( Ginuwine ) `` Comes to Light ( Everything ) '' - 4 : 48 ( Jill Scott ) `` Always '' - 4 : 21 ( Melissa Schuman ) `` Baby Girl '' - 4 : 06 ( Joe Budden ) `` I Wanna Kiss You '' - 4 : 30 ( Nicole Wray ) `` We Rise '' - 4 : 04 ( Rama Duke ) `` Hate 2 Luv U '' - 3 : 29 ( 3LW ) `` She Is '' - 3 : 33 ( Hous'ton ) `` Spit da Flow '' - 3 : 32 ( Cash Take & B. Griffin ) Box office ( edit ) The film opened at # 4 at the U.S. Box office raking in $6,315,311 USD in its first opening weekend behind Stuck on You , The Last Samurai , and Something 's Gotta Give . Critical response ( edit ) The film has received mostly negative reviews , with a 13 % on Rotten Tomatoes and the consensus being , `` A stale , unnecessary remake of Ca n't Buy Me Love . '' Roger Ebert , film critic of the Chicago Sun - Times , gave the film a positive three - star rating after giving the original , Ca n't Buy Me Love , only half a star . Ebert describes the remake as a wiser and less cynical than the original and suggests that it might have some insight into the insecurities of high school . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 2004 BET Comedy Awards Outstanding Directing for a Box Office Movie -- Troy Beyer ( nominated ) 2004 Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout Movie Star , Female -- Christina Milian ( nominated ) Choice Movie , Date Movie ( nominated ) Choice Movie Chemistry -- Christina Milian , Nick Cannon ( nominated ) Choice Movie Liar -- Nick Cannon ( nominated ) Choice Movie Liplock -- Christina Milian , Nick Cannon ( nominated ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Love Do n't Cost a Thing ( 2003 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Jump up ^ `` Love Do n't Cost a Thing - Original Soundtrack '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Love Do n't Cost a Thing '' . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( August 14 , 1987 ) . `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Love Do n't Cost a Thing Movie Review ( 2003 ) - Roger Ebert '' . External links ( edit ) Love Do n't Co $ ta Thing Love Do n't Co $ ta Thing -- Official site Love Do n't Co $ ta Thing at Box Office Mojo Love Do n't Co $ ta Thing at AllMovie Love Do n't Co $ ta Thing on IMDb Love Do n't Co $ ta Thing at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Don%27t_Cost_a_Thing_(film)&oldid=814803870 '' Categories : English - language films 2000s comedy films 2000s teen romance films 2003 films African - American films American films Alcon Entertainment films American teen comedy films Films directed by Troy Beyer American film remakes Warner Bros. films Hip hop films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Galego Íslenska Italiano Polski Português Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 01 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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what does the 5th paragraph of the declaration of independence mean	Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America , When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers . He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 . We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward Jr. , Thomas Lynch Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton		United States Declaration of Independence	united states declaration of independence	The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( now known as Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia on July 4 , 1776 . The Declaration announced that the thirteen American colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would now regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states no longer under British rule . With the Declaration , these states formed a new nation -- the United States of America .	The Declaration was passed on July 2 with no opposing votes . A committee of five had drafted it to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams , a leader in pushing for independence , had persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress edited to produce the final version . The Declaration was a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . Adams wrote to his wife Abigail , `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America '' -- although Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand . Jefferson 's original draft is preserved at the Library of Congress , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , as well as Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress . The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III , and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Having served its original purpose in announcing independence , references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his policies and his rhetoric , as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The U.S. Declaration of Independence inspired many similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands ( modern - day Belgium ) . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence in Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 9.8 Popular culture 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf . They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense introduced no new ideas and probably had little direct effect on Congress 's thinking about independence ; its importance was in stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss . Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine 's enormously popular pamphlet . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action . Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue . As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct ( or grant permission for ) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 , by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence . In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved . Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push This idealized depiction of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration was widely reprinted ( by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure . They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 , and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress . The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . `` I am apt to believe that ( Independence Day ) will be celebrated , by succeeding Generations , as the great anniversary Festival . It ought to be commemorated , as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade , with shews , Games , Sports , Guns , Bells , Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more . '' After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 , under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America , When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers . He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 . We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward Jr. , Thomas Lynch Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . '' The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however . Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , the Declaration was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the thirteen states . The first official public reading of the document was by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall on July 8 ; public readings also took place on that day in Trenton , New Jersey and Easton , Pennsylvania . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor . Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority . An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among Creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves . William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 , under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well . The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia . Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 , it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in an archive in Sussex , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States . How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people . Legacy The Declaration was given little attention in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself . The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it . These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 , during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration . But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document . A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . John Trumbull 's painting Declaration of Independence has played a significant role in popular conceptions of the Declaration of Independence . The painting is 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size and was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 ; it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 . It is sometimes described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence , but it actually shows the Committee of Five presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . Trumbull painted the figures from life whenever possible , but some had died and images could not be located ; hence , the painting does not include all the signers of the Declaration . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact , the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull 's painting has been depicted multiple times on U.S. currency and postage stamps . Its first use was on the reverse side of the $100 National Bank Note issued in 1863 . A few years later , the steel engraving used in printing the bank notes was used to produce a 24 - cent stamp , issued as part of the 1869 Pictorial Issue . An engraving of the signing scene has been featured on the reverse side of the United States two - dollar bill since 1976 . United States two - dollar bill ( reverse ) Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves . Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement . Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' . Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln Shepherd , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers . Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said . During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . '' Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later The Declaration was chosen to be the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . The Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence was dedicated in 1984 in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . Popular culture The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 and the 1972 movie version , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . In 1970 , The 5th Dimension recorded the opening of the Declaration through the phrase `` for their future Security '' . The name of the song is `` Declaration , '' and it was performed on the Ed Sullivan Show on December 7 , 1969 . At the time , it was taken as a song of protest against the Vietnam War . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 . Jump up ^ The thirteen colonies were : New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p. 438 . Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 667 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online Archived June 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ As quoted in Adams , John ( 2007 ) . My Dearest Friend : Letters of Abigail and John Adams . Harvard University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02606 - 3 . Adams predicted that the celebration date would be July 2 , the date the independence resolution was adopted , rather than July 4 , the date the declaration was approved . Though he may have predicted the wrong celebration date , his thoughts were prophetic . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E. `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp. 42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' . Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) . In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' . Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed. , Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p. 137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 . Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 . Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) . The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed. , We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) . Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 . See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Journal Gazette Editorial Staff ( July 4 , 2010 ) . `` Independence '' . Fort Wayne Journal Gazette . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ It is found on rheir album Portrait . Bibliography Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F. `` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . 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0 SUDOC : 03432576X BNF : cb125091927 ( data ) NLA : 35068086 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=827908645 '' Categories : United States Declaration of Independence 1776 in law 1776 in the United States 1776 works American Enlightenment American political philosophy literature American Revolution Continental Congress History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) Independence Day ( United States ) National human rights instruments Official documents of the United States Thomas Jefferson United States historical documents 1776 in international relations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Spoken articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Good articles Talk Read View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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who did not receive enough votes from the electoral college			United states Presidential election , 2000	united states presidential election, 2000		United States presidential election , 2000 ← 1996 November 7 , 2000 2004 → 537 electoral votes ( 1 abstaining ) of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 51.2 % 2.2 pp Nominee George W. Bush Al Gore Party Republican Democratic Home state Texas Tennessee Running mate Dick Cheney Joe Lieberman Electoral vote 271 266 States carried 30 20 + DC Popular vote 50,456,002 50,999,897 Percentage 47.9 % 48.4 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Bush / Cheney , blue denotes those won by Gore / Lieberman . One of D.C. 's three electors abstained . Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state . President before election Bill Clinton Democratic Elected President George W. Bush Republican The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 7 , 2000 . Republican candidate George W. Bush , the Governor of Texas and the eldest son of the 41st President George H.W. Bush , narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Al Gore , the incumbent vice president . It was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote . Vice President Gore was able to secure the Democratic nomination with relative ease , defeating a challenge by former Senator Bill Bradley . Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination and , despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and other candidates , secured the nomination by Super Tuesday . Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate , while Gore chose Senator Joe Lieberman as his . The left - wing Green Party nominated a ticket consisting of political activists Ralph Nader and Winona LaDuke . Both major party candidates focused primarily on domestic issues , such as the budget , tax relief , and reforms for federal social insurance programs , although foreign policy was not ignored . Due to Clinton 's sex scandal with Monica Lewinsky and subsequent impeachment , Gore avoided campaigning with Clinton . Republicans denounced Clinton 's indiscretions , while Gore criticized Bush 's alleged lack of experience . On election night , it was unclear who had won , with the electoral votes of the state of Florida still undecided . The returns showed that Bush had won Florida by such a close margin that state law required a recount . A month - long series of legal battles led to the contentious , 5 -- 4 Supreme Court decision of Bush v. Gore , which ended the recount . With the end of the recount , Bush won Florida by a margin of . 009 % , or 537 votes . The Florida recount and subsequent litigation resulted in a major post-election controversy , and various individuals and organizations have speculated about who would have won the election in various scenarios . Ultimately , Bush won 271 electoral votes , one more than was necessary for the majority , despite Gore receiving 543,895 more votes ( 0.51 % of all votes cast ) . Contents 1 Background 2 Democratic Party nomination 2.1 Candidates gallery 3 Republican Party nomination 3.1 Candidates gallery 4 Other nominations 4.1 Reform Party nomination 4.2 Association of State Green Parties nomination 4.3 Libertarian Party nomination 4.4 Constitution Party nomination 4.5 Natural Law Party nomination 5 General election campaign 5.1 Presidential debates 5.2 Notable expressions and phrases 6 Results 6.1 Florida recount 6.2 National results 6.3 State results 6.4 Results by state 6.4. 1 Arizona results 6.4. 2 Maine and Nebraska district results 6.5 Ballot access 7 Voter demographics 8 Aftermath 8.1 Post recount 8.2 Voting machines 8.3 Exit polling and declaration of vote winners 8.4 Ralph Nader spoiler controversy 8.5 Press influence on race 8.6 Color coding 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Journal articles 12.3 Papers 13 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : United States presidential election § Procedure Bill Clinton , the incumbent president in 2000 , whose term expired on January 20 , 2001 Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural - born citizens of the United States , at least 35 years old , and a resident of the United States for a period of at least 14 years . Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties of the United States , in which case each party devises a method ( such as a primary election ) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position . Traditionally , the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate . The party 's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party 's behalf . The general election in November is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College ; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President . President Bill Clinton , a Democrat and former Governor of Arkansas , was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to restrictions of the Twenty - second Amendment . In accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment , his term expired at 12 : 00 noon EST on January 20 , 2001 . Democratic Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2000 Democratic candidates Al Gore , Vice President of the United States Bill Bradley , former U.S. Senator from New Jersey ( withdrew on March 9 , 2000 , and endorsed Al Gore ) Democratic Party Ticket , 2000 Al Gore Joe Lieberman for President for Vice President 45th Vice President of the United States ( 1993 -- 2001 ) U.S. Senator from Connecticut ( 1989 -- 2013 ) Campaign Candidates gallery ( edit ) Vice President Al Gore ( campaign ) Former Senator Bill Bradley from New Jersey ( Withdrew on March 9 , 2000 ) Al Gore from Tennessee was a consistent front - runner for the nomination . Other prominent Democrats mentioned as possible contenders included Bob Kerrey , Missouri Representative Dick Gephardt , Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone , and famous actor and director Warren Beatty , who declined to run . Of these , only Wellstone formed an exploratory committee . Running an insurgency campaign , Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore , who was a founding member of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council . While former basketball star Michael Jordan campaigned for him in the early primary states , Bradley announced his intention to campaign `` in a different way '' by conducting a positive campaign of `` big ideas '' . The focus of his campaign was a plan to spend the record - breaking budget surplus on a variety of social welfare programs to help the poor and the middle - class , along with campaign finance reform and gun control . Gore easily defeated Bradley in the primaries , largely because of support from the Democratic Party establishment and Bradley 's poor showing in the Iowa caucus , where Gore successfully painted Bradley as aloof and indifferent to the plight of farmers . The closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50 -- 46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary . On March 14 , Al Gore clinched the Democratic nomination . None of Bradley 's delegates were allowed to vote for him , so Gore won the nomination unanimously at the Democratic National Convention . Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman was nominated for vice president by voice vote . Lieberman became the first Jewish American ever to be chosen for this position by a major party . Gore chose Lieberman over five other finalists : Senators Evan Bayh , John Edwards and John Kerry , House Minority Leader Dick Gephardt , and New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen . Delegate totals : Vice President Albert Gore Jr. 4328 Abstentions 9 Republican Party nomination ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2000 Republican Party Ticket , 2000 George W. Bush Dick Cheney for President for Vice President 46th Governor of Texas ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 17th U.S. Secretary of Defense ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Campaign Republican candidates John McCain , Senator from Arizona ( withdrew on March 9 , 2000 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Alan Keyes , former U.S. ECOSOC Ambassador from Maryland ( withdrew on July 25 , 2000 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Steve Forbes , businessman from New Jersey ( withdrew on February 10 , 2000 , and endorsed John McCain . He then endorsed George W. Bush ) Gary Bauer , former Undersecretary of Education from Kentucky ( withdrew on February 4 , 2000 , and endorsed John McCain . He then endorsed George W. Bush ) Orrin Hatch , Senator from Utah ( withdrew on January 26 , 2000 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Elizabeth Dole , former Secretary of Labor from Kansas ( withdrew on October 20 , 1999 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Pat Buchanan , publisher and author from Virginia ( withdrew on October 25 , 1999 , to run for the Reform Party nomination ) Dan Quayle , former Vice President of the United States , from Indiana ( withdrew on September 27 , 1999 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Lamar Alexander , former Governor of Tennessee and former Secretary of Education ( withdrew on August 22 , 1999 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Bob Smith , Senator from New Hampshire ( withdrew in October 1999 and endorsed George W. Bush ) John Kasich , Representative from Ohio ( withdrew in July 1999 and endorsed George W. Bush ) Herman Cain , CEO of Godfather 's Pizza from Nebraska ( withdrew and endorsed Steve Forbes . He then endorsed George W. Bush ) Candidates gallery ( edit ) Senator John McCain from Arizona ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on March 9 , 2000 ) Former U.S. ECOSOC Ambassador Alan Keyes , from Maryland ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on July 25 , 2000 ) Businessman Steve Forbes from New Jersey ( Withdrew on February 10 , 2000 ) Former Undersecretary of Education Gary Bauer , from Kentucky ( Withdrew on February 4 , 2000 ) Senator Orrin Hatch from Utah ( Withdrew on January 26 , 2000 ) Publisher and author Pat Buchanan from Virginia ( Withdrew on October 25 , 1999 ) Former Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole , from Kansas ( Withdrew on October 20 , 1999 ) Senator Bob Smith from New Hampshire ( Withdrew in October 1999 ) Former Vice President Dan Quayle , from Indiana ( Withdrew on September 27 , 1999 ) Former Governor and former Secretary of Education Lamar Alexander of Tennessee ( Withdrew on August 22 , 1999 ) Representative John Kasich from Ohio ( campaign ) ( Withdrew in July 1999 ) Businessman Herman Cain from Nebraska ( Withdrew early in campaign ) George W. Bush became the early front - runner , acquiring unprecedented funding and a broad base of leadership support based on his governorship of Texas and the name recognition and connections of the Bush family . Former cabinet member George Shultz played an important early role in securing establishment Republican support for Bush . In April 1998 , he invited Bush to discuss policy issues with experts including Michael Boskin , John Taylor , and Condoleezza Rice . The group , which was `` looking for a candidate for 2000 with good political instincts , someone they could work with '' , was impressed , and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race . Several aspirants withdrew before the Iowa Caucus because they were unable to secure funding and endorsements sufficient to remain competitive with Bush . These included Elizabeth Dole , Dan Quayle , Lamar Alexander , and Bob Smith . Pat Buchanan dropped out to run for the Reform Party nomination . That left Bush , John McCain , Alan Keyes , Steve Forbes , Gary Bauer , and Orrin Hatch as the only candidates still in the race . On January 24 , Bush won the Iowa caucus with 41 % of the vote . Forbes came in second with 30 % of the vote . Keyes received 14 % , Bauer 9 % , McCain 5 % , and Hatch 1 % . Hatch dropped out . On the national stage , Bush was portrayed in the media as the establishment candidate . McCain , with the support of many moderate Republicans and Independents , portrayed himself as a crusading insurgent who focused on campaign reform . On February 1 , McCain won a 49 -- 30 % victory over Bush in the New Hampshire primary . Gary Bauer dropped out . After coming in third in Delaware Forbes dropped out , leaving three candidates . In the South Carolina primary , Bush soundly defeated McCain . Some McCain supporters blamed it on the Bush campaign , accusing them of mudslinging and dirty tricks , such as push polling that implied that McCain 's adopted Bangladeshi - born daughter was an African - American child he fathered out of wedlock . While McCain 's loss in South Carolina damaged his campaign , he won both Michigan and his home state of Arizona on February 22 . The primary election that year also affected the South Carolina State House , when a controversy about the Confederate flag flying over the capitol dome prompted the state legislature to move the flag to a less prominent position at a Civil War memorial on the capitol grounds . Most GOP candidates said the issue should be left to South Carolina voters , though McCain later recanted and said the flag should be removed . On February 24 , McCain criticized Bush for accepting the endorsement of Bob Jones University despite its policy banning interracial dating . On February 28 , McCain also referred to Rev. Jerry Falwell and televangelist Pat Robertson as `` agents of intolerance '' , a term he would later distance himself from during his 2008 bid . He lost the state of Virginia to Bush on February 29 . On Super Tuesday , March 7 , Bush won New York , Ohio , Georgia , Missouri , California , Maryland , and Maine . McCain won Rhode Island , Vermont , Connecticut , and Massachusetts , but dropped out of the race . McCain would eventually become the Republican presidential nominee 8 years later , which he then lost to Barack Obama . On March 10 , Alan Keyes got 21 % of the vote in Utah . Bush took the majority of the remaining contests and won the Republican nomination on March 14 , winning his home state of Texas and his brother Jeb 's home state of Florida among others . At the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia George W. Bush accepted the nomination of the Republican party . Bush asked former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to head up a team to help select a running mate for him , but ultimately , Bush decided that Cheney himself should be the vice presidential nominee . While the U.S. Constitution does not specifically disallow a president and a vice president from the same state , it does prohibit electors from casting both of his or her votes for persons from his or her own state . Accordingly , Cheney -- who had been a resident of Texas for nearly 10 years -- changed his voting registration back to Wyoming . Had Cheney not done this , either he or Bush would have forfeited their electoral votes from the Texas electors . Delegate totals Governor George W. Bush 1526 Senator John McCain 275 Ambassador Dr. Alan Keyes 23 Businessman Steve Forbes 10 Gary Bauer 2 None of the Names Shown 2 Uncommitted 1 Other nominations ( edit ) Reform Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : Reform Party presidential primaries , 2000 Television personality Pat Buchanan from Virginia ( campaign ) Reform Party candidates Pat Buchanan from Virginia , former speechwriter and senior advisor to President Richard Nixon John Hagelin from Iowa , Ph. D. , past and then - current Natural Law Party candidate Donald Trump from New York , had left the Republican Party in 1999 due to conflicting ideas on key issues The nomination went to Pat Buchanan and running mate Ezola Foster from California , over the objections of party founder Ross Perot and despite a rump convention nomination of John Hagelin by the Perot faction ( see Other nominations below ) . In the end , the Federal Election Commission sided with Buchanan , and that ticket appeared on 49 of 51 possible ballots . Association of state Green parties nomination ( edit ) Main article : 2000 Green National Convention Ralph Nader Founder of Public Citizen and progressive activist ( campaign ) Green Party candidates : Ralph Nader from Connecticut -- 295 Jello Biafra from California -- 10 Stephen Gaskin from Tennessee -- 11 Joel Kovel from New York -- 3 Abstain -- 1 The Greens / Green Party USA , the then - recognized national party organization , later endorsed Ralph Nader for president and he appeared on the ballots of 43 states and DC . Libertarian Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 2000 Libertarian National Convention Writer Harry Browne from Tennessee ( campaign ) Libertarian Party candidates delegate totals : Harry Browne from Tennessee -- 493 Don Gorman from New Hampshire -- 166 Jacob Hornberger from Virginia -- 120 Barry Hess from Arizona -- 53 None of the Above -- 23 other write - ins -- 15 David Hollist from California -- 8 The Libertarian Party 's National Nominating Convention nominated Harry Browne from Tennessee and Art Olivier from California for president and vice president respectively . Browne was nominated on the first ballot and Olivier received the vice presidential nomination on the second ballot . Browne appeared on every state ballot except for Arizona , due to a dispute between the Libertarian Party of Arizona ( who instead nominated L. Neil Smith ) and the national Libertarian Party . Constitution Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : Constitution Party National Convention § 1999 Convention Constitution Party candidates : Howard Phillips Herb Titus Mathew Zupan The Constitution Party nominated Howard Phillips from Virginia for a third time and Curtis Frazier from Missouri . The Constitution Party was on the ballot in 41 states . Natural law Party nomination ( edit ) John Hagelin from Iowa and Nat Goldhaber from California The Natural Law Party held its national convention in Arlington , Virginia , August 31 -- September 2 , nominating a ticket of Hagelin / Goldhaber via unanimous decision without a roll - call vote . The party was on 38 of the 51 ballots nationally . General election campaign ( edit ) Although the campaign focused mainly on domestic issues , such as the projected budget surplus , proposed reforms of Social Security and Medicare , health care , and competing plans for tax relief , foreign policy was often an issue . Bush criticized Clinton administration policies in Somalia , where 18 Americans died in 1993 trying to sort out warring factions , and in the Balkans , where United States peacekeeping troops perform a variety of functions . `` I do n't think our troops ought to be used for what 's called nation - building , '' Bush said in the second presidential debate . Bush also pledged to bridge partisan gaps in the nation 's capital , claiming the atmosphere in Washington stood in the way of progress on necessary reforms . Gore , meanwhile , questioned Bush 's fitness for the job , pointing to gaffes made by Bush in interviews and speeches and suggesting the Texas governor lacked the necessary experience to be president . Bill Clinton 's impeachment and the sex scandal that led up to it cast a shadow on the campaign , particularly on his vice president 's run to replace him . Republicans strongly denounced the Clinton scandals , particularly Bush , who made his repeated promise to restore `` honor and dignity '' to the White House a centerpiece of his campaign . Gore studiously avoided the Clinton scandals , as did Lieberman , even though Lieberman had been the first Democratic senator to denounce Clinton 's misbehavior . In fact , some media observers theorized that Gore actually chose Lieberman in an attempt to separate himself from Clinton 's past misdeeds , and help blunt the GOP 's attempts to link him to his boss . Others pointed to the passionate kiss Gore gave his wife during the Democratic Convention , as a signal that despite the allegations against Clinton , Gore himself was a faithful husband . Gore avoided appearing with Clinton , who was shunted to low visibility appearances in areas where he was popular . Experts have argued that this could have cost Gore votes from some of Clinton 's core supporters . Ralph Nader was the most successful of third - party candidates . His campaign was marked by a traveling tour of large `` super-rallies '' held in sports arenas like Madison Square Garden , with retired talk show host Phil Donahue as master of ceremonies . After initially ignoring Nader , the Gore campaign made a pitch to potential Nader supporters in the final weeks of the campaign , downplaying Gore 's differences with Nader on the issues and arguing that Gore 's ideas were more similar to Nader 's than Bush 's were , and noting that Gore had a better chance of winning than Nader . On the other side , the Republican Leadership Council ran pro-Nader ads in a few states in an effort to split the liberal vote . Nader claimed his objective in the campaign was to pass the 5 - percent threshold so his Green Party would be eligible for matching funds in future races . Both vice presidential candidates Dick Cheney and Joe Lieberman campaigned aggressively in the 2000 presidential election . Both camps made numerous campaign stops nationwide , often just missing each other such as when Cheney , Hadassah Lieberman , and Tipper Gore attended Chicago 's Taste of Polonia over Labor Day Weekend . Presidential Debates ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election debates , 2000 There were three presidential debates : October 3 , 2000 , at the University of Massachusetts in Boston October 11 , 2000 , at Wake Forest University in Winston - Salem , North Carolina October 17 , 2000 , at Washington University in Saint Louis , Missouri There was also one vice-presidential debate : October 5 , 2000 , at Centre College in Danville , Kentucky After the 1996 presidential election , the Commission on Presidential Debates set new candidate selection criteria . The new criteria required third - party candidates to poll at least 15 % of the vote in national polls in order to take part in the CPD - sponsored presidential debates . Ralph Nader was blocked from attending a closed circuit screening of the first debate in spite of his holding a ticket . He was barred from attending an interview near the site of the third debate in spite of having a `` perimeter pass '' . Nader later sued the CPD for its role in the former incident . A settlement was reached that included an apology to Nader . Notable expressions and phrases ( edit ) Lockbox / Rainy Day fund : Gore 's description of what he would do with the federal budget surplus . Al Gore invented the Internet : an interpretation of a quote by Al Gore in which he said that he `` took the initiative in creating the Internet '' , to say that he was on the committee that funded the research which led to the formation of the Internet . `` Strategery , '' a phrase uttered by Saturday Night Live 's parodic Bush character ( portrayed by Will Ferrell ) , which was jokingly picked up by Bush staffers to describe their operations . Results ( edit ) Palm Beach County recount With the exceptions of Florida and Gore 's home state of Tennessee , Bush carried the Southern states by comfortable margins ( including then - President Bill Clinton 's home state of Arkansas ) and also secured wins in Ohio , Indiana , most of the rural Midwestern farming states , most of the Rocky Mountain states , and Alaska . Gore balanced Bush by sweeping the Northeastern United States ( with the sole exception of New Hampshire , which Bush won narrowly ) , most of the Upper Midwest , and all of the Pacific Coast states as well as Hawaii and New Mexico . As the night wore on , the returns in a handful of small - to - medium - sized states , including Wisconsin and Iowa , were extremely close ; however , it was the state of Florida that would decide the winner of the election . As the final national results were tallied the following morning , Bush had clearly won a total of 246 electoral votes , while Gore had won 250 votes . Two hundred and seventy votes were needed to win . Two smaller states -- Wisconsin ( 11 electoral votes ) and Oregon ( 7 electoral votes ) -- were still too close to call . It was Florida ( 25 electoral votes ) , however , on which the news media focused its attention . Mathematically , Florida 's 25 electoral votes became the key to an election win for either candidate . Although both Wisconsin and Oregon were declared in favor of Gore over the next few days , Florida 's statewide vote took center stage because that state 's winner would ultimately win the election . The outcome of the election was not known for more than a month after the balloting ended because of the time required to count and recount Florida 's presidential ballots . Florida recount ( edit ) Main article : 2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida 2000 Palm Beach County voting stand and ballot box Between 7 : 50 p.m. and 8 : 00 p.m. EST on election day , just before the polls closed in the largely Republican Florida panhandle , which is in the Central time zone , all major television news networks ( CNN , NBC , FOX , CBS and ABC ) declared that Gore had carried Florida 's 25 electoral votes . They based this prediction substantially on exit polls . However , in the actual vote tally Bush began to take a wide lead early in Florida , and by 10 p.m. EST the networks had retracted that prediction and placed Florida back into the `` undecided '' column . At approximately 2 : 30 a.m. , with some 85 % of the votes counted in Florida and Bush leading Gore by more than 100,000 votes , the networks declared that Bush had carried Florida and therefore had been elected president . However , most of the remaining votes to be counted in Florida were located in three heavily Democratic counties -- Broward , Miami - Dade , and Palm Beach -- and as their votes were reported Gore began to gain on Bush . By 4 : 30 a.m. , after all votes were counted , Gore had narrowed Bush 's margin to under 2,000 votes , and the networks retracted their predictions that Bush had won Florida and the presidency . Gore , who had privately conceded the election to Bush , withdrew his concession . The final result in Florida was slim enough to require a mandatory recount ( by machine ) under state law ; Bush 's lead dwindled to just over 300 votes when it was completed the day after the election . On November 8 , Florida Division of Elections staff prepared a press release for Secretary of State Harris that said overseas ballots must be `` postmarked or signed and dated '' by Election Day . It was never released . A count of the overseas ballots later boosted Bush 's margin to 930 votes . ( According to a report by The New York Times , 680 of the accepted overseas ballots were received after the legal deadline , lacked required postmarks , were unsigned or undated , cast after election day , from unregistered voters or voters not requesting ballots , lacked a witness signature or address , or were double - counted . ) Florida Supreme Court during the recount Most of the post-electoral controversy revolved around Gore 's request for hand recounts in four counties ( Broward , Miami Dade , Palm Beach , and Volusia ) , as provided under Florida state law . Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris ( also the co-chair of George W. Bush 's election efforts in Florida ) announced she would reject any revised totals from those counties if they were not turned in by 5 : 00 p.m. on November 14 , the statutory deadline for amended returns . The Florida Supreme Court extended the deadline to November 26 , a decision later vacated by the U.S. Supreme Court . Miami - Dade eventually halted its recount and resubmitted its original total to the state canvassing board , while Palm Beach County failed to meet the extended deadline , turning in its completed recount results at 7 : 00 p.m. , which Harris indeed rejected . On November 26 , the state canvassing board certified Bush the winner of Florida 's electors by 537 votes . Gore formally contested the certified results . A state court decision overruling Gore was reversed by the Florida Supreme Court , which ordered a recount of over 70,000 ballots previously rejected as undervotes by machine counters . The U.S. Supreme Court halted that order the next day , with Justice Scalia issuing a concurring opinion that `` the counting of votes that are of questionable legality does in my view threaten irreparable harm to petitioner '' ( Bush ) . Supporters for the Gore - Lieberman ticket outside the U.S. Supreme Court On December 12 , the Supreme Court ruled in a 7 -- 2 vote that the Florida Supreme Court 's ruling requiring a statewide recount of ballots was unconstitutional on equal protection grounds , and in a 5 -- 4 vote reversed and remanded the case to the Florida Supreme Court for modification prior to the optional `` safe harbor '' deadline , which the Florida court had said the state intended to meet . With only two hours remaining until the December 12 deadline , the Supreme Court 's order effectively ended the recount , and the previously certified total held . Even if the Supreme Court had decided differently in Bush v. Gore , the Florida Legislature had been meeting in Special Session since December 8 with the sole stated purpose being the selection of a slate of electors on December 12 , should the dispute still be ongoing . Had the recount gone forward , it would have awarded those electors to Bush , based on the state - certified vote , and the likely last recourse for Gore would have been to contest the electors in the United States Congress . The electors would then only have been rejected if both GOP - controlled houses had agreed to reject them . National results ( edit ) Though Gore came in second in the electoral vote , he received 547,398 more popular votes than Bush , making him the first person since Grover Cleveland in 1888 to win the popular vote but lose in the Electoral College . Gore failed to win the popular vote in his home state , Tennessee , which both he and his father had represented in the Senate , making him the first major - party presidential candidate to have lost his home state since George McGovern lost South Dakota in 1972 . Furthermore , Gore lost West Virginia , a state that had voted Republican only once in the previous six presidential elections , and Bill Clinton 's home state of Arkansas , which had voted twice before to elect Gore vice president . A victory in any of these three states would have given Gore enough electoral votes to win the presidency . Bush - Cheney and Gore - Lieberman supporters protest Bush is also the first Republican in American history to win the presidency without winning Vermont or Illinois , the second Republican to win the presidency without winning California ( James A. Garfield in 1880 was the first ) or Pennsylvania ( Richard Nixon in 1968 was the first ) , and the first winning Republican not to receive any electoral votes from California ( Garfield received one vote in 1880 ) . Bush also lost in Connecticut , the state of his birth . This election marks the last time a Republican won the presidency without winning Iowa . As of 2016 , Bush is the last Republican nominee to win New Hampshire . This is the first time since Iowa entered the union in 1846 , which the state voted for a Democratic presidential candidate in four elections in a row ( 1988 , 1992 , 1996 and 2000 ) , and the last time Iowa did n't vote for the overall winner . There were only two counties in the entire nation that voted Democratic in 2000 and that had voted Republican in 1996 . Those were Charles County , Maryland and Orange County , Florida , both rapidly diversifying counties . The 2000 election was also the last time a Republican won a number of populous urban counties that have since turned into Democratic strongholds . These include Mecklenburg County , North Carolina ( Charlotte ) ; Marion County , Indiana ( Indianapolis ) , Fairfax County , Virginia ( DC Suburbs ) , and Travis County , Texas ( Austin ) . In 2016 , the most recent Presidential Election , Republican Donald Trump lost Mecklenburg by 30 % , Marion by 23 % , Fairfax by 36 % , and Travis by 38 % . Conversely , as of 2017 Gore is the last Democrat to have won any counties at all in Oklahoma . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote George Walker Bush Republican Texas 50,462,412 47.87 % 271 Richard Bruce Cheney Wyoming 271 Albert Arnold Gore , Jr . Democratic Tennessee 50,999,897 48.38 % 266 Joseph Isadore Lieberman Connecticut 266 Ralph Nader Green Connecticut 2,882,955 2.74 % 0 Winona LaDuke Minnesota 0 Pat Buchanan Reform Virginia 448,895 0.43 % 0 Ezola B. Foster California 0 Harry Browne Libertarian Tennessee 384,431 0.36 % 0 Art Olivier California 0 Howard Phillips Constitution Virginia 98,020 0.09 % 0 Curtis Frazier Missouri 0 John Hagelin Natural Law Iowa 83,714 0.08 % 0 Nat Goldhaber California 0 Other 51,186 0.05 % -- Other -- ( abstention ) -- -- -- -- ( abstention ) -- Total 105,421,423 100 % 538 538 Needed to win 270 270 Source : `` 2000 Presidential Electoral and Popular Vote '' ( Excel 4.0 ) . Federal Election Commission . Popular vote Gore 48.38 % Bush 47.87 % Nader 2.74 % Buchanan 0.43 % Browne 0.36 % Others 0.22 % Electoral vote Bush 50.37 % Gore 49.44 % Abstention 0.19 % Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote . Vote share by county for Green Party candidate Ralph Nader . Darker shades indicate a stronger Green performance . Election results by county . Results by Congressional District State results ( edit ) Al Gore George W. Bush States where the margin of victory was less than 1 % ( 55 electoral votes ) : Florida , 0.0092 % ( tipping point state ) New Mexico , 0.061 % Wisconsin , 0.22 % Iowa , 0.31 % Oregon , 0.44 % States where the margin of victory was less than 5 % ( 84 electoral votes ) : New Hampshire , 1.27 % Maine 's 2nd Congressional District , 1.87 % Minnesota , 2.40 % Missouri , 3.34 % Ohio , 3.51 % Nevada , 3.55 % Tennessee , 3.86 % Pennsylvania , 4.17 % States where the margin of victory was more than 5 % but less than 10 % ( 84 electoral votes ) : Maine , 5.11 % Michigan , 5.13 % Arkansas , 5.44 % Washington , 5.58 % Arizona , 6.29 % West Virginia , 6.32 % Louisiana , 7.68 % Maine 's 1st Congressional District , 7.93 % Virginia , 8.04 % Colorado , 8.36 % Vermont , 9.94 % Data comes from https://web.archive.org/web/20120825102042/http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#2000 , a U.S. government document . Results by state ( edit ) States / districts won by Gore / Lieberman States / districts won by Bush / Cheney George W. Bush Republican Al Gore Democratic Ralph Nader Green Pat Buchanan Reform Harry Browne Libertarian Howard Phillips Constitution John Hagelin Natural Law Others Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 9 941,173 56.48 % 9 692,611 41.57 % -- 18,323 1.10 % -- 6,351 0.38 % -- 5,893 0.35 % -- 775 0.05 % -- 447 0.03 % -- 699 0.04 % -- 248,562 14.92 % 1,666,272 AL Alaska 167,398 58.62 % 79,004 27.67 % -- 28,747 10.07 % -- 5,192 1.82 % -- 2,636 0.92 % -- 596 0.21 % -- 919 0.32 % -- 1,068 0.37 % -- 88,394 30.95 % 285,560 AK Arizona 8 781,652 51.02 % 8 685,341 44.73 % -- 45,645 2.98 % -- 12,373 0.81 % -- -- -- -- 110 0.01 % -- 1,120 0.07 % -- 5,775 0.38 % -- 96,311 6.29 % 1,532,016 AZ Arkansas 6 472,940 51.31 % 6 422,768 45.86 % -- 13,421 1.46 % -- 7,358 0.80 % -- 2,781 0.30 % -- 1,415 0.15 % -- 1,098 0.12 % -- -- -- -- 50,172 5.44 % 921,781 AR California 54 4,567,429 41.65 % -- 5,861,203 53.45 % 54 418,707 3.82 % -- 44,987 0.41 % -- 45,520 0.42 % -- 17,042 0.16 % -- 10,934 0.10 % -- 34 0.00 % -- − 1,293,774 − 11.80 % 10,965,856 CA Colorado 8 883,748 50.75 % 8 738,227 42.39 % -- 91,434 5.25 % -- 10,465 0.60 % -- 12,799 0.73 % -- 1,319 0.08 % -- 2,240 0.13 % -- 1,136 0.07 % -- 145,521 8.36 % 1,741,368 CO Connecticut 8 561,094 38.44 % -- 816,015 55.91 % 8 64,452 4.42 % -- 4,731 0.32 % -- 3,484 0.24 % -- 9,695 0.66 % -- 40 0.00 % -- 14 0.00 % -- − 254,921 − 17.47 % 1,459,525 CT Delaware 137,288 41.90 % -- 180,068 54.96 % 8,307 2.54 % -- 777 0.24 % -- 774 0.24 % -- 208 0.06 % -- 107 0.03 % -- 93 0.03 % -- − 42,780 − 13.06 % 327,622 DE D.C. 18,073 8.95 % -- 171,923 85.16 % 10,576 5.24 % -- -- -- -- 669 0.33 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 653 0.32 % − 153,850 − 76.20 % 201,894 DC Florida 25 2,912,790 48.85 % 25 2,912,253 48.84 % -- 97,488 1.63 % -- 17,484 0.29 % -- 16,415 0.28 % -- 1,371 0.02 % -- 2,281 0.04 % -- 3,028 0.05 % -- 537 0.01 % 5,963,110 FL Georgia 13 1,419,720 54.67 % 13 1,116,230 42.98 % -- 13,432 0.52 % -- 10,926 0.42 % -- 36,332 1.40 % -- 140 0.01 % -- -- -- -- 24 0.00 % -- 303,490 11.69 % 2,596,804 GA Hawaii 137,845 37.46 % -- 205,286 55.79 % 21,623 5.88 % -- 1,071 0.29 % -- 1,477 0.40 % -- 343 0.09 % -- 306 0.08 % -- -- -- -- − 67,441 − 18.33 % 367,951 HI Idaho 336,937 67.17 % 138,637 27.64 % -- 12,292 2.45 % -- 7,615 1.52 % -- 3,488 0.70 % -- 1,469 0.29 % -- 1,177 0.23 % -- 6 0.00 % -- 198,300 39.53 % 501,621 ID Illinois 22 2,019,421 42.58 % -- 2,589,026 54.60 % 22 103,759 2.19 % -- 16,106 0.34 % -- 11,623 0.25 % -- 57 0.00 % -- 2,127 0.04 % -- 0.00 % -- − 569,605 − 12.01 % 4,742,123 IL Indiana 12 1,245,836 56.65 % 12 901,980 41.01 % -- 18,531 0.84 % -- 16,959 0.77 % -- 15,530 0.71 % -- 200 0.01 % -- 167 0.01 % -- 99 0.00 % -- 343,856 15.63 % 2,199,302 IN Iowa 7 634,373 48.22 % -- 638,517 48.54 % 7 29,374 2.23 % -- 5,731 0.44 % -- 3,209 0.24 % -- 613 0.05 % -- 2,281 0.17 % -- 1,465 0.11 % -- − 4,144 − 0.31 % 1,315,563 IA Kansas 6 622,332 58.04 % 6 399,276 37.24 % -- 36,086 3.37 % -- 7,370 0.69 % -- 4,525 0.42 % -- 1,254 0.12 % -- 1,375 0.13 % -- -- -- -- 223,056 20.80 % 1,072,218 KS Kentucky 8 872,492 56.50 % 8 638,898 41.37 % -- 23,192 1.50 % -- 4,173 0.27 % -- 2,896 0.19 % -- 923 0.06 % -- 1,533 0.10 % -- 80 0.01 % -- 233,594 15.13 % 1,544,187 KY Louisiana 9 927,871 52.55 % 9 792,344 44.88 % -- 20,473 1.16 % -- 14,356 0.81 % -- 2,951 0.17 % -- 5,483 0.31 % -- 1,075 0.06 % -- 1,103 0.06 % -- 135,527 7.68 % 1,765,656 LA Maine 286,616 43.97 % -- 319,951 49.09 % 37,127 5.70 % -- 4,443 0.68 % -- 3,074 0.47 % -- 579 0.09 % -- -- -- -- 27 0.00 % -- − 33,335 − 5.11 % 651,817 ME Maryland 10 813,797 40.18 % -- 1,145,782 56.57 % 10 53,768 2.65 % -- 4,248 0.21 % -- 5,310 0.26 % -- 919 0.05 % -- 176 0.01 % -- 1,480 0.07 % -- − 331,985 − 16.39 % 2,025,480 MD Massachusetts 12 878,502 32.50 % -- 1,616,487 59.80 % 12 173,564 6.42 % -- 11,149 0.41 % -- 16,366 0.61 % -- -- -- -- 2,884 0.11 % -- 4,032 0.15 % -- − 737,985 − 27.30 % 2,702,984 MA Michigan 18 1,953,139 46.15 % -- 2,170,418 51.28 % 18 84,165 1.99 % -- 1,851 0.04 % -- 16,711 0.39 % -- 3,791 0.09 % -- 2,426 0.06 % -- -- -- -- − 217,279 − 5.13 % 4,232,501 MI Minnesota 10 1,109,659 45.50 % -- 1,168,266 47.91 % 10 126,696 5.20 % -- 22,166 0.91 % -- 5,282 0.22 % -- 3,272 0.13 % -- 2,294 0.09 % -- 1,050 0.04 % -- − 58,607 − 2.40 % 2,438,685 MN Mississippi 7 572,844 57.62 % 7 404,614 40.70 % -- 8,122 0.82 % -- 2,265 0.23 % -- 2,009 0.20 % -- 3,267 0.33 % -- 450 0.05 % -- 613 0.06 % -- 168,230 16.92 % 994,184 MS Missouri 11 1,189,924 50.42 % 11 1,111,138 47.08 % -- 38,515 1.63 % -- 9,818 0.42 % -- 7,436 0.32 % -- 1,957 0.08 % -- 1,104 0.05 % -- -- -- -- 78,786 3.34 % 2,359,892 MO Montana 240,178 58.44 % 137,126 33.36 % -- 24,437 5.95 % -- 5,697 1.39 % -- 1,718 0.42 % -- 1,155 0.28 % -- 675 0.16 % -- 11 0.00 % -- 103,052 25.07 % 410,997 MT Nebraska 5 433,862 62.25 % 5 231,780 33.25 % -- 24,540 3.52 % -- 3,646 0.52 % -- 2,245 0.32 % -- 468 0.07 % -- 478 0.07 % -- -- -- -- 202,082 28.99 % 697,019 NE Nevada 301,575 49.52 % 279,978 45.98 % -- 15,008 2.46 % -- 4,747 0.78 % -- 3,311 0.54 % -- 621 0.10 % -- 415 0.07 % -- 3,315 0.54 % -- 21,597 3.55 % 608,970 NV New Hampshire 273,559 48.07 % 266,348 46.80 % -- 22,198 3.90 % -- 2,615 0.46 % -- 2,757 0.48 % -- 328 0.06 % -- 55 0.01 % -- 1,221 0.21 % -- 7,211 1.27 % 569,081 NH New Jersey 15 1,284,173 40.29 % -- 1,788,850 56.13 % 15 94,554 2.97 % -- 6,989 0.22 % -- 6,312 0.20 % -- 1,409 0.04 % -- 2,215 0.07 % -- 2,724 0.09 % -- − 504,677 − 15.83 % 3,187,226 NJ New Mexico 5 286,417 47.85 % -- 286,783 47.91 % 5 21,251 3.55 % -- 1,392 0.23 % -- 2,058 0.34 % -- 343 0.06 % -- 361 0.06 % -- -- -- -- − 366 − 0.06 % 598,605 NM New York 33 2,403,374 35.23 % -- 4,107,697 60.21 % 33 244,030 3.58 % -- 31,599 0.46 % -- 7,649 0.11 % -- 1,498 0.02 % -- 24,361 0.36 % -- 1,791 0.03 % -- − 1,704,323 − 24.98 % 6,821,999 NY North Carolina 14 1,631,163 56.03 % 14 1,257,692 43.20 % -- -- -- -- 8,874 0.30 % -- 12,307 0.42 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1,226 0.04 % -- 373,471 12.83 % 2,911,262 NC North Dakota 174,852 60.66 % 95,284 33.06 % -- 9,486 3.29 % -- 7,288 2.53 % -- 660 0.23 % -- 373 0.13 % -- 313 0.11 % -- -- -- -- 79,568 27.60 % 288,256 ND Ohio 21 2,351,209 49.97 % 21 2,186,190 46.46 % -- 117,857 2.50 % -- 26,724 0.57 % -- 13,475 0.29 % -- 3,823 0.08 % -- 6,169 0.13 % -- 10 0.00 % -- 165,019 3.51 % 4,705,457 OH Oklahoma 8 744,337 60.31 % 8 474,276 38.43 % -- -- -- -- 9,014 0.73 % -- 6,602 0.53 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 270,061 21.88 % 1,234,229 OK Oregon 7 713,577 46.52 % -- 720,342 46.96 % 7 77,357 5.04 % -- 7,063 0.46 % -- 7,447 0.49 % -- 2,189 0.14 % -- 2,574 0.17 % -- 3,419 0.22 % -- − 6,765 − 0.44 % 1,533,968 OR Pennsylvania 23 2,281,127 46.43 % -- 2,485,967 50.60 % 23 103,392 2.10 % -- 16,023 0.33 % -- 11,248 0.23 % -- 14,428 0.29 % -- -- -- -- 934 0.02 % -- − 204,840 − 4.17 % 4,913,119 PA Rhode Island 130,555 31.91 % -- 249,508 60.99 % 25,052 6.12 % -- 2,273 0.56 % -- 742 0.18 % -- 97 0.02 % -- 271 0.07 % -- 614 0.15 % -- − 118,953 − 29.08 % 409,112 RI South Carolina 8 785,937 56.84 % 8 565,561 40.90 % -- 20,200 1.46 % -- 3,519 0.25 % -- 4,876 0.35 % -- 1,682 0.12 % -- 942 0.07 % -- -- -- -- 220,376 15.94 % 1,382,717 SC South Dakota 190,700 60.30 % 118,804 37.56 % -- -- -- -- 3,322 1.05 % -- 1,662 0.53 % -- 1,781 0.56 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 71,896 22.73 % 316,269 SD Tennessee 11 1,061,949 51.15 % 11 981,720 47.28 % -- 19,781 0.95 % -- 4,250 0.20 % -- 4,284 0.21 % -- 1,015 0.05 % -- 613 0.03 % -- 2,569 0.12 % -- 80,229 3.86 % 2,076,181 TN Texas 32 3,799,639 59.30 % 32 2,433,746 37.98 % -- 137,994 2.15 % -- 12,394 0.19 % -- 23,160 0.36 % -- 567 0.01 % -- -- -- -- 137 0.00 % -- 1,365,893 21.32 % 6,407,637 TX Utah 5 515,096 66.83 % 5 203,053 26.34 % -- 35,850 4.65 % -- 9,319 1.21 % -- 3,616 0.47 % -- 2,709 0.35 % -- 763 0.10 % -- 348 0.05 % -- 312,043 40.49 % 770,754 UT Vermont 119,775 40.70 % -- 149,022 50.63 % 20,374 6.92 % -- 2,192 0.74 % -- 784 0.27 % -- 153 0.05 % -- 219 0.07 % -- 1,789 0.61 % -- − 29,247 − 9.94 % 294,308 VT Virginia 13 1,437,490 52.47 % 13 1,217,290 44.44 % -- 59,398 2.17 % -- 5,455 0.20 % -- 15,198 0.55 % -- 1,809 0.07 % -- 171 0.01 % -- 2,636 0.10 % -- 220,200 8.04 % 2,739,447 VA Washington 11 1,108,864 44.58 % -- 1,247,652 50.16 % 11 103,002 4.14 % -- 7,171 0.29 % -- 13,135 0.53 % -- 1,989 0.08 % -- 2,927 0.12 % -- 2,693 0.11 % -- − 138,788 − 5.58 % 2,487,433 WA West Virginia 5 336,475 51.92 % 5 295,497 45.59 % -- 10,680 1.65 % -- 3,169 0.49 % -- 1,912 0.30 % -- 23 0.00 % -- 367 0.06 % -- 0.00 % -- 40,978 6.32 % 648,124 WV Wisconsin 11 1,237,279 47.61 % -- 1,242,987 47.83 % 11 94,070 3.62 % -- 11,471 0.44 % -- 6,640 0.26 % -- 2,042 0.08 % -- 853 0.03 % -- 3,265 0.13 % -- − 5,708 − 0.22 % 2,598,607 WI Wyoming 147,947 67.76 % 60,481 27.70 % -- 4,625 2.12 % -- 2,724 1.25 % -- 1,443 0.66 % -- 720 0.33 % -- 411 0.19 % -- -- -- -- 87,466 40.06 % 218,351 WY Totals 538 50,456,002 47.87 % 271 50,999,897 48.38 % 267 2,882,955 2.74 % -- 448,895 0.43 % -- 384,431 0.36 % -- 98,020 0.09 % -- 83,714 0.08 % -- 51,186 0.05 % -- − 543,895 − 0.52 % 105,405,100 US Arizona results ( edit ) The Libertarian Party of Arizona had ballot access , but opted to supplant Browne with L. Neil Smith . Thus , in Arizona , Smith received 5,775 votes , constituting 0.38 % of the Arizona vote . When adding Smith 's 5,775 votes to Browne 's 384,431 votes nationwide , that brings the total votes cast for president for the Libertarian Party in 2000 to 390,206 , or 0.37 % of the vote . Maine and Nebraska District results ( edit ) Maine and Nebraska each allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates . In both states , two electoral votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote is awarded to the winner of each congressional district . The following table records the official presidential vote tallies for Maine and Nebraska 's congressional districts . District Electors Bush % Gore % Nader % Buchanan % Browne % Phillips % Hagelin % Other % Margin % Total Maine 's 1st congressional district 148,618 42.59 % 176,293 50.52 % 20,297 5.82 % 1,994 0.57 % 1,479 0.42 % 253 0.07 % -- -- 17 0.00 % -- 27,675 -- 7.93 % 348,951 Maine 's 2nd congressional district 137,998 45.56 % 143,658 47.43 % 16,830 5.56 % 2,449 0.81 % 1,595 0.53 % 326 0.11 % -- -- 10 0.00 % -- 5,660 -- 1.87 % 302,866 Nebraska 's 1st congressional district 142,562 58.90 % 86,946 35.92 % 10,085 4.17 % 1,324 0.55 % 754 0.31 % 167 0.07 % 185 0.08 % -- -- 55,616 22.98 % 242,023 Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district 131,485 56.92 % 88,975 38.52 % 8,495 3.68 % 845 0.37 % 925 0.40 % 146 0.06 % 141 0.06 % -- -- 42,510 18.40 % 231,012 Nebraska 's 3rd congressional district 159,815 71.35 % 55,859 24.94 % 5,960 2.66 % 1,477 0.66 % 566 0.25 % 155 0.07 % 152 0.07 % -- -- 103,956 46.41 % 223,984 Ballot access ( edit ) Presidential ticket Party Ballot access Votes Gore / Lieberman Democratic 50 + DC 50,999,897 Bush / Cheney Republican 50 + DC 50,456,002 Nader / LaDuke Green 43 + DC 2,882,955 Buchanan / Foster Reform 49 448,895 Browne / Olivier Libertarian 49 + DC 384,431 Phillips / Frazier Constitution 41 98,020 Hagelin / Goldhaber Natural Law 38 83,714 Although the Libertarian Party had ballot access in all fifty United States plus D.C. , Browne 's name only appeared on the ballot in forty - nine United States plus D.C. The Libertarian Party of Arizona opted to place L. Neil Smith on the ballot in Browne 's place . When adding Smith 's 5,775 Arizona votes to Browne 's 384,431 votes nationwide , that brings the total presidential votes cast for the Libertarian Party in 2000 to 390,206 . Voter demographics ( edit ) The 2000 presidential vote by demographic subgroup Demographic subgroup Gore Bush Other % of total vote Total vote 48 48 100 Ideology Liberals 81 13 6 20 Moderates 53 45 50 Conservatives 17 82 29 Party Democrats 87 11 39 Republicans 8 91 35 Independents 46 48 6 26 Gender Men 43 54 48 Women 54 44 52 Race White 42 55 81 Black 90 9 10 Asian 55 41 Hispanic 62 35 7 Age 18 -- 24 years old 47 47 6 9 25 -- 29 years old 49 46 5 8 30 -- 49 years old 48 50 45 50 -- 64 years old 50 48 24 65 and older 51 47 14 Sexual orientation Gay , lesbian , or bisexual 71 25 Heterosexual 47 50 96 Family income Under $15,000 58 38 7 $15,000 -- 30,000 54 42 16 $30,000 -- 50,000 49 48 24 $50,000 -- 75,000 46 51 25 $75,000 -- 100,000 46 52 13 Over $100,000 43 55 15 Region East 56 40 23 Midwest 48 49 26 South 43 56 31 West 49 47 20 Union households Union 59 37 26 Non-union 45 53 74 Source : Voter News Service exit poll from the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research ( 13,225 surveyed ) Aftermath ( edit ) After Florida was decided and Gore conceded , Texas Governor George W. Bush became the president - elect and began forming his transition committee . In a speech on December 13 , in the Texas House of Representatives chamber , Bush stated he was reaching across party lines to bridge a divided America , saying , `` the President of the United States is the President of every single American , of every race , and every background . '' Post recount ( edit ) On January 6 , 2001 , a joint session of Congress met to certify the electoral vote . Twenty members of the House of Representatives , most of them members of the all - Democratic Congressional Black Caucus , rose one - by - one to file objections to the electoral votes of Florida . However , pursuant to the Electoral Count Act of 1887 , any such objection had to be sponsored by both a representative and a senator . No senator would co-sponsor these objections , deferring to the Supreme Court 's ruling . Therefore , Gore , who presided in his capacity as President of the Senate , ruled each of these objections out of order . Subsequently , the joint session of Congress certified the electoral votes from all 50 states and the District of Columbia . Bush took the oath of office on January 20 , 2001 . He would serve for the next eight years . Gore has not , as of 2018 , considered another presidential run , endorsing Howard Dean 's candidacy during the 2004 Democratic primary and remaining neutral in the Democratic primaries of 2008 and 2016 . The first independent recount of undervotes was conducted by the Miami Herald and USA Today . The commission found that under most scenarios for completion of the initiated recounts , Bush would have won the election ; however , Gore would have won using the most generous standards for undervotes . Ultimately , a media consortium -- comprising The New York Times , The Washington Post , The Wall Street Journal , Tribune Co. ( parent of the Los Angeles Times ) , Associated Press , CNN , The Palm Beach Post and the St. Petersburg Times -- hired NORC at the University of Chicago to examine 175,010 ballots that were collected from the entire state , not just the disputed counties that were recounted ; these ballots contained undervotes ( ballots with no machine - detected choice made for president ) and overvotes ( ballots with more than one choice marked ) . Their goal was to determine the reliability and accuracy of the systems used for the voting process . Based on the NORC review , the media group concluded that if the disputes over all the ballots in question had been resolved by applying statewide any of five standards that would have met Florida 's legal standard for recounts , the electoral result would have been reversed and Gore would have won by 60 to 171 votes . ( Any analysis of NORC data requires , for each punch ballot , at least two of the three ballot reviewers ' codes to agree or instead , for all three to agree . ) For all undervotes and overvotes statewide , these five standards are : Prevailing standard -- accepts at least one detached corner of a chad and all affirmative marks on optical scan ballots . County - by - county standard -- applies each county 's own standards independently . Two - corner standard -- accepts at least two detached corners of a chad and all affirmative marks on optical scan ballots . Most restrictive standard -- accepts only so - called perfect ballots that machines somehow missed and did not count , or ballots with unambiguous expressions of voter intent . Most inclusive standard -- applies uniform criteria of `` dimple or better '' on punch marks and all affirmative marks on optical scan ballots . Such a statewide review including all uncounted votes was a tangible possibility , as Leon County Circuit Court Judge Terry Lewis , whom the Florida Supreme Court had assigned to oversee the statewide recount , had scheduled a hearing for December 13 ( mooted by the U.S. Supreme Court 's final ruling on the 12th ) to consider the question of including overvotes as well as undervotes . Subsequent statements by Judge Lewis and internal court documents support the likelihood of including overvotes in the recount . Florida State University professor of public policy Lance deHaven - Smith observed that , even considering only undervotes , `` under any of the five most reasonable interpretations of the Florida Supreme Court ruling , Gore does , in fact , more than make up the deficit '' . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting 's analysis of the NORC study and media coverage of it supports these interpretations and criticizes the coverage of the study by media outlets such as The New York Times and the other media consortium members . Further , according to sociologists Christopher Uggen and Jeff Manza , the 2000 election might have gone to Gore if the disenfranchised population of Florida had voted . Florida law disenfranchises convicted felons , requiring individual applications to regain suffrage . In their 2002 American Sociological Review article , Uggen and Manza found that the released felon vote could have altered the outcome of seven senatorial races between 1978 and 2000 , and the 2000 presidential election . Matt Ford noted their study concluded `` if the state 's 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians , Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida -- and the presidency -- by more than 80,000 votes . '' The effect of Florida 's law is such that in 2014 , purportedly `` ( m ) ore than one in ten Floridians -- and nearly one in four African - American Floridians -- are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions . '' Voting machines ( edit ) Because the 2000 presidential election was so close in Florida , the United States government and state governments pushed for election reform to be prepared by the 2004 presidential election . Many of Florida 's year 2000 election night problems stemmed from usability and ballot design factors with voting systems , including the potentially confusing `` butterfly ballot '' . Many voters had difficulties with the paper - based punch card voting machines and were either unable to understand the required process for voting or unable to perform the process . This resulted in an unusual amount of overvote ( voting for more candidates than is allowed ) and undervotes ( voting for fewer than the minimum candidates , including none at all ) . Many undervotes were caused by voter error , unmaintained punch card voting booths , or errors having to do merely with the characteristics of punch card ballots ( resulting in hanging , dimpled , or pregnant chads ) . A proposed solution to these problems was the installation of modern electronic voting machines . The United States presidential election of 2000 spurred the debate about election and voting reform , but it did not end it . In the aftermath of the election , the Help America Vote Act ( HAVA ) was passed to help states upgrade their election technology in the hopes of preventing similar problems in future elections . Unfortunately , the electronic voting systems that many states purchased to comply with HAVA actually caused problems in the presidential election of 2004 . Exit polling and declaration of vote winners ( edit ) The Voter News Service 's reputation was damaged by its treatment of Florida 's presidential vote in 2000 . Breaking its own guidelines , VNS called the state as a win for Gore 12 minutes before polls closed in the Florida panhandle . Although most of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone , counties in the Florida panhandle , located in the Central Time Zone , had not yet closed their polls . Discrepancies between the results of exit polls and the actual vote count caused the VNS to change its call twice , first from Gore to Bush and then to `` too close to call '' . Due in part to this ( and other polling inaccuracies ) the VNS was disbanded in 2003 . According to Bush adviser Karl Rove , exit polls early in the afternoon on election day showed Gore winning by three percentage points , but when the networks called the state for Gore , Bush led by about 75,000 votes in raw tallies from the Florida Secretary of State . Also , charges of media bias were leveled against the networks by Republicans . They claimed that the networks called states more quickly for Al Gore than for George W. Bush . Congress held hearings on this matter , and the networks claimed to have no intentional bias in their election night reporting . However , a study of the calls made on election night 2000 indicated that states carried by Gore were called more quickly than states won by Bush ; however , notable Bush states , like New Hampshire and Florida , were very close , and close Gore states like Iowa , Oregon , New Mexico and Wisconsin were called late as well . The early call of Florida for Gore has been alleged to have cost Bush several close states , including Iowa , New Mexico , Oregon , and Wisconsin . In each of these states , Gore won by less than 10,000 votes , and the polls closed after the networks called Florida for Gore . Because the Florida call was widely seen as an indicator that Gore had won the election , it is possible that it depressed Republican turnout in these states during the final hours of voting , giving Gore the slim margin by which he carried each of them . Had Bush carried all four of these states , he would have been able to win the electoral vote , even with a loss in Florida . Likewise , the call may have affected the outcome of the Senate election in Washington state , where incumbent Republican Slade Gorton was defeated by approximately 2,000 votes statewide . Ralph Nader spoiler controversy ( edit ) Further information : Ralph Nader presidential campaign , 2000 § The `` spoiler '' controversy Many Gore supporters claimed that third - party candidate Nader acted as a spoiler in the election since Nader votes could have been cast for Gore , and for instance , Nader allegedly threw the election outcome to Bush . Nader received 2.74 percent of the popular vote nationwide , getting 97,000 votes in Florida ( by comparison , there were 111,251 overvotes ) and 22,000 votes in New Hampshire , where Bush beat Gore by 7,000 votes . Winning either state would have won the general election for Gore . Defenders of Nader , including Dan Perkins , argued that the margin in Florida was small enough that Democrats could blame any number of third - party candidates for the defeat , including Workers World Party candidate Monica Moorehead , who received 1,500 votes . But the controversy with Nader also drained energy from the Democratic party as divisive debate went on in the months leading up to the election . Nader 's reputation was hurt by this perception , which may have hindered his goals as an activist . For example , Mother Jones wrote about the so - called `` rank - and - file liberals '' who saw Nader negatively after the election and pointed that Public Citizen , the organization Nader founded in 1971 , had a new fundraising problem in its own founder , citing a drop in contributions . Mother Jones also cited a Public Citizen 's letter sent out to people interested in Nader 's relation with the organization at that time , with the disclaimer : `` Although Ralph Nader was our founder , he has not held an official position in the organization since 1980 and does not serve on the board . Public Citizen -- and the other groups that Mr. Nader founded -- act independently . '' Democratic party strategist and Democratic Leadership Council ( DLC ) chair Al From expressed a different view . In the January 24 , 2001 , issue of the DLC 's Blueprint magazine , he wrote , `` I think they 're wrong on all counts . The assertion that Nader 's marginal vote hurt Gore is not borne out by polling data . When exit pollers asked voters how they would have voted in a two - way race , Bush actually won by a point . That was better than he did with Nader in the race . '' In an online article published by Salon.com on Tuesday , November 28 , 2000 , Texan progressive activist Jim Hightower claimed that in Florida , a state Gore lost by only 537 votes , 24,000 Democrats voted for Nader , while another 308,000 Democrats voted for Bush . According to Hightower , 191,000 self - described liberals in Florida voted for Bush , while fewer than 34,000 voted for Nader . Wrote Hightower : Even when Gore went skittering across the country in August on a widely ballyhooed `` Working Families Tour , '' he had the Clinton administration 's favorite Wall Streeter , Robert Rubin , by his side , sending a stage wink to the corporate powers , assuring them that all his ( Gore 's ) quasi-populist posturing was only rhetoric -- not to worry , Rubin still has a grip on policy . Press influence on race ( edit ) In their 2007 book The Nightly News Nightmare : Network Television 's Coverage of US Presidential Elections , 1988 -- 2004 , professors Stephen J. Farnsworth and S. Robert Lichter alleged most media outlets influenced the outcome of the election through the use of horse race journalism . Some liberal supporters of Al Gore argued that the media had a bias against Gore and in favor of Bush . Peter Hart and Jim Naureckas , two commentators for Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) , called the media `` serial exaggerators '' and alleged that several media outlets were constantly exaggerating criticism of Gore : they alleged that the media falsely claimed Gore lied when he claimed he spoke in an overcrowded science class in Sarasota , Florida , and also alleged the media gave Bush a pass on certain issues , such as Bush allegedly exaggerating how much money he signed into the annual Texas state budget to help the uninsured during his second debate with Gore in October 2000 . In the April 2000 issue of Washington Monthly , columnist Robert Parry also alleged that media outlets exaggerated Gore 's supposed claim that he `` discovered '' the Love Canal neighborhood in Niagara Falls , New York during a campaign speech in Concord , New Hampshire on November 30 , 1999 , when he had only claimed he `` found '' it after it was already evacuated in 1978 because of chemical contamination . Rolling Stone columnist Eric Boehlert also alleged media outlets exaggerated criticism of Gore as early as July 22 , 1999 , when Gore , known for being an environmentalist , had a friend release 500 million gallons of water into a drought stricken river to help keep his boat afloat for a photo shoot ; Boehlert claimed that media outlets exaggerated the actual number of gallons that were released , as they claimed it was 4 billion . Color coding ( edit ) This is the election that fixed red as a color for the Republican party and blue for the Democrats . The New York Times used these colors on their full - color election maps . Senior graphics editor Archie Tse , decided that as Republican started with an R then red `` was a more natural association '' . Prior to that color coding choices were inconsistent across the media . In 1976 , NBC in its first election map on air , used bulbs that turned red for Carter - won states ( Democratic ) , and blue for Ford ( Republican ) . This original color scheme was based on the British political system , where blue is used to denote the conservative establishment minded party and red for the more liberal or socialist party . However the NBC format did not catch on long term , the media did not follow suit . The unusually long 2000 election helped to cement red and blue as colors in the collective mind . See also ( edit ) United States portal Politics portal 2000s portal Bush v. Gore First inauguration of George W. Bush History of the United States ( 1991 -- present ) List of close election results United States gubernatorial elections , 2000 United States House of Representatives elections , 2000 United States Senate elections , 2000 Ralph Nader 's presidential campaigns United States presidential election , 1824 United States presidential election , 1876 United States presidential election , 1888 United States presidential election , 2016 Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : One faithless elector from the District of Columbia , Barbara Lett - Simmons , abstained from voting in protest of the District 's lack of voting representation in the United States Congress . ( D.C. has a non-voting delegate to Congress . ) She had been expected to vote for Gore / Lieberman . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ One Democratic elector abstained in the official tally Jump up ^ Wolter , Kirk ; Jergovic , Diana ; Moore , Whitney ; Murphy , Joe ; O'Muircheartaigh , Colm ( February 2003 ) . `` Statistical Practice : Reliability of the Uncertified Ballots in the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida '' ( PDF ) . The American Statistician . American Statistical Association . 57 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1198 / 0003130031144 . JSTOR 3087271 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : deHaven - Smith , Lance , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Battle for Florida : An Annotated Compendium of Materials from the 2000 Presidential Election . Gainesville , Florida , United States : University Press of Florida . pp. 8 , 16 , 37 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTE '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` West Memphis Kerrey bows out of 2000 presidential race '' . CNN . December 13 , 1998 . Jump up ^ York , Anthony ( September 2 , 1999 ) `` Life of the Party ? '' Salon News . Jump up ^ Dessauer , Carin ( April 8 , 1998 ) . `` Wellstone Launches Presidential Exploratory Committee '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Gore , Lieberman prepare for public debut of Democratic ticket '' . CNN . August 8 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Candidacy '' . Federal Election Commission . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frontline . The Choice . Boston . October 12 , 2004 . PBS . WGBH - TV . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with John McCain '' . Dadmag.com . June 4 , 2000 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Steven A. `` After Campaigning on Candor , McCain Admits He Lacked It on Confederate Flag Issue . The New York Times . April 20 , 2000 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Confessore , Nicholas ; Haberman , Maggie ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Donald Trump Remains Defiant on News Programs Amid G.O.P. Backlash '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Mr. Trump 's flirtations with presidential runs span decades -- and parties . In 1999 , he left the Republican Party to become a member of the Reform Party Jump up ^ `` Trump officially joins Reform Party '' . CNN . October 25 , 1999 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Trump has not yet formally declared he would seek the Reform Party nomination , but he announced Sunday he was quitting the Republican Party Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Socialist Party presidential candidate Brian Moore '' . Independent Weekly . October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Green Party Presidential Ticket -- President : Ralph Nader , Vice President : Winona LaDuke '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian Party Presidential Ticket -- President : Harry Browne , Vice President : Art Olivier '' . The Green Papers . July 3 , 2000 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian Party Presidential Ticket '' . The Green Papers . July 2 , 2000 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Bickford `` 2000 Presidential Status Summary ( table ) '' Ballot Access News June 29 , 2000 `` . Web.archive.org . October 1 , 2000 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2002 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Winger `` '' Natural Law Convention '' Ballot Access News October 1 , 2000 , Volume 16 , Number 7 `` . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2002 . Retrieved June 18 , 2002 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Second Gore - Bush Presidential Debate '' . 2000 Debate Transcript . Commission on Presidential Debates. 2004 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2000 Archive '' . CNN / AllPolitics.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rather , Dan . CBSNews.com . Out of the Shadows . August 9 , 2000 . Jump up ^ The New York Times . When a Kiss Is n't Just a Kiss . August 20 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Gore 's Defeat : Do n't Blame Nader '' . Greens.org . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacob Weisberg ( November 8 , 2000 ) . `` Why Gore ( Probably ) Lost '' . Slate . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ `` Nader assails major parties : scoffs at charge he drains liberal vote '' . CBS . Associated Press . April 6 , 2000 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . There is a difference between Tweedledum and Tweedledee , but not that much . Jump up ^ CNN Transcript - CNN NewsStand : Presidential Race Intensifies ; Gore Campaign Worried Ralph Nader Could Swing Election to Bush - October 26 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` GOP Group To Air Pro-Nader TV Ads '' . Washingtonpost.com . October 27 , 2000 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nader rejects concerns about role as spoiler - tribunedigital - baltimoresun Jump up ^ `` The 2000 Campaign : Campaign Briefing Published '' . The New York Times . September 5 , 2000 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Open Debates What Happened in 2000 ? '' . opendebates.org. 2011 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Carey ( October 5 , 2000 ) . `` THE 2000 CAMPAIGN : THE GREEN PARTY ; Nader Wants Apology From Debate Panel for Turning Him Away '' . The New York Times . New York : NYTC . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nader , Ralph ( 2002 ) . `` Crashing the Party '' . naderlibrary.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( 2002 ) . `` Ballot Access News -- May 1 , 2002 '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2003 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barstow , David ; Van Natta , Don , Jr . ( July 15 , 2001 ) . `` Examining the Vote ; How Bush Took Florida : Mining the Overseas Absentee Vote '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES . No. 00 - 949 ( 00A504 ) Bush v. Gore , On Application For Stay '' ( PDF ) . December 9 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Florida legislature to appoint electors during special session Friday '' . The St. Augustine Record . December 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FLORIDA LEGISLATURE -- SPECIAL SESSION A -- 2000 ( Dec ) HISTORY OF HOUSE BILLS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College Frequently Asked Questions '' . archives.gov . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Presidential General Election Results '' . fec.gov . Jump up ^ `` Who is boycotting the Trump inauguration ? '' . BBC News . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections - Compare Data '' . uselectionatlas.org . Jump up ^ Casteel , Chris . `` Oklahoma 's 28th presidential election will be first with GOP voters in majority '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dizikes , Peter ( January 6 , 2006 ) . `` Electoral College Puts Bush Over the Top - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine General Election Tabulations , President of the United States by Congressional District '' . November 7 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Statewide General Election 2000 Results - President by Congressional District '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska Secretary of State . Jump up ^ `` How Groups Voted in 2000 '' . ropercenter.cornell.edu . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ian Christopher McCaleb ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Bush , now president - elect , signals will to bridge partisan gaps '' . CNN.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Acceptance -- December 13 , 2000 '' . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George W. Bush statement -- December 13 , 2000 '' . CNN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FDsys - Browse CREC '' . Gpo.gov . January 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Media Recount : Bush Won The 2000 election '' . PBS . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Won the Election ? Who Cares ? '' . Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Ballots Project '' . National Opinion Research Center . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2001 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolter , K.M. , Jergovic , D. , Moore , W. , Murphy , J. and O'Muirheartaigh , C. 2003 . `` Reliability of the Uncertified Ballots in the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida '' . American Statistician. 57 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Steven & Bleifuss , Joel . Was the 2000 Presidential Election Stolen ? : Exit Polls , Election Fraud , and the Official Count . Seven Stories Press , 2006 , pp. 41 - 47 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Word ? New Documents Raise Questions About News Media 's Findings On The 2000 Presidential Election '' ( archived from the original on October 30 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Florida 's ex-convicts seek right to vote '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Ford , `` Restoring Voting Rights for Felons in Maryland '' , The Atlantic , February 9 , 2016 , accessed March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Brent Staples , `` Florida Leads the Pack -- in Felon Disenfranchisement '' , New York Times , November 7 , 2014 , accessed March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Freeman , Steven & Bleifuss , Joel . Was the 2004 election stolen ? : exit polls , election fraud , and the official count . Seven Stories Press , 2006 , p. 68 - 83 . Jump up ^ Joseph Uscinski. 2007 . `` Too Close Too Call ? Uncertainty and Bias in Election Night Reporting '' Social Science Quarterly vol. 88 , ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Eric Alterman ( March 22 , 2001 ) . `` Tweedledee , Indeed '' . Jump up ^ `` Overvote county summary '' . USA Today . May 10 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Herron , Michael C. ; Lewis , Jeffrey B. ( August 2007 ) . `` Did Ralph Nader spoil Al Gore 's Presidential bid ? A ballot - level study of Green and Reform Party voters in the 2000 Presidential election '' . Quarterly Journal of Political Science . Now Publishing Inc. 2 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 226 . doi : 10.1561 / 100.00005039 . Pdf . Jump up ^ `` This Modern World '' . Salon.com Comics . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2006 . Retrieved May 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Nader Unrepentant '' . Mother Jones . July 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Building A New Progressive Majority by Al From '' . DLC . January 24 , 2001 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Leadership Council : Blueprint Magazine '' . Ndol.org . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ How Florida Democrats torpedoed Gore - Salon.com Jump up ^ Farnsworth , S.J. ; Lichter , S.R. ( 2007 ) . The Nightly News Nightmare : Network Television 's Coverage of US Presidential Elections , 1988 -- 2004 . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 159 -- 160 . ISBN 9780742553774 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Hart ; Jim Naureckas ( January 1 , 2001 ) . `` Serial Exaggerators : Media 's double standard on political lying '' . FAIR . ^ Jump up to : Robert Parry ( April 2000 ) . `` He 's No Pinocchio : How the press exaggerated Al Gores exaggerations '' . Washington Monthly . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Boehlert , Eric , ( December 6 , 2001 ) , `` The Press v. Al Gore '' , Rolling Stone Jump up ^ Streams , Kimber . `` Why are Republicans red and Democrats blue ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Brinkley , Douglas ( 2001 ) . 36 Days : The Complete Chronicle of the 2000 Presidential Election Crisis . Times Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6850 - 3 . Steed , Robert P. ( ed . ) , ed. ( 2002 ) . The 2000 Presidential Election in the South : Partisanship and Southern Party Systems in the 21st Century . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) de La Garza , Rodolfo O. ( ed . ) , ed. ( 2004 ) . Muted Voices : Latinos and the 2000 Elections . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3590 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Abramson , Paul R. ; Rohde , David W. ; Aldrich , John Herbert ( 2002 ) . Change and Continuity in the 2000 Elections . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 740 - 0 . Bugliosi , Vincent ( 2001 ) . The Betrayal of America : How the Supreme Court Undermined the Constitution and Chose Our President . Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 355 - X . Corrado , Anthony ; et al. ( 2001 ) . Election of 2000 : Reports and Interpretations . Chatham House Publishers . Denton , Robert E. , Jr. ( 2002 ) . The 2000 Presidential Campaign : A Communication Perspective . Praeger . Dershowitz , Alan M. ( 2001 ) . Supreme Injustice : How the High Court Hijacked Election 2000 . New York : Oxford Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514827 - 4 . Dover , E.D. ( 2002 ) . Missed Opportunity : Gore , Incumbency , and Television in Election 2000 . Westport , Conn. : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97638 - 6 . Dougherty , John E. ( 2001 ) . Election 2000 : How the Military Vote Was Suppressed . Cave Junction , OR : WorldNetDaily.com , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58939 - 065 - 2 . Gillman , H. ( 2001 ) . The Votes That Counted : How the Court Decided the 2000 Presidential Election . Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 29408 - 0 . Moore , David W. ( 2006 ) . How to Steal an Election : The Inside Story of How George Bush 's Brother and FOX Network Miscalled the 2000 Election and Changed the Course of History . New York : Nation Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 929 - 9 . Jacobson , Arthur J. ; Rosenfeld , Michel ( 2002 ) . The Longest Night : Polemics and Perspectives on Election 2000 . Palast , Greg ( 2002 ) . The Best Democracy Money Can Buy . Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 1846 - 0 . Posner , Richard A. ( 2001 ) . Breaking the Deadlock : The 2000 Election , the Constitution , and the Courts . Princeton : Princeton Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09073 - 4 . Rakove , Jack N. ( 2002 ) . The Unfinished Election of 2000 . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 06837 - 5 . Sabato , Larry J. ( 2001 ) . Overtime ! The Election 2000 Thriller . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 10028 - X . Sammon , Bill ( 2001 ) . At Any Cost : How Al Gore Tried to Steal the Election . Regnery Publishing , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 227 - 4 . Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2001 ) . Too Close To Call : The Thirty - Six - Day Battle to Decide the 2000 Election . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50708 - 6 . Journal articles ( edit ) Miller , Arthur H. ; Thomas F. Klobucar ( 2003 ) . `` The Role of Issues in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 33 ( 1 ) : 101 + . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2003. tb00018. x . Wattenberg , Martin P. ( 1999 ) . `` The Democrats ' Decline in the House during the Clinton Presidency : An Analysis of Partisan Swings '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 29 ( 3 ) : 685 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0268 - 2141.2003. 00057. x . Wattier , Mark J. ( 2004 ) . `` The Clinton Factor : The Effects of Clinton 's Personal Image in 2000 Presidential Primaries and in the General Election '' . White House Studies . 4 . Tribe , Laurence H. : `` Erog . v Hsub and its Disguises : Freeing Bush v. Gore from its Hall of Mirrors '' , 115 Harvard Law Review 170 ( November 2001 ) . Papers ( edit ) Keating , Dan ( The Washington Post ) . `` Democracy Counts , The Florida ballot recount project '' , paper prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association , Boston , 2002 . Underhill , Wendy `` Election 2000 : Before and After : September 2012 '' , State Legislatures Magazine , a 2012 retrospective on improvements started by the 2000 election . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 2000 . United States presidential election of 2000 at Encyclopædia Britannica 2000 popular vote by states 2000 popular vote by states ( with bar graphs ) Campaign commercials from the 2000 election CBS News Coverage of Election Night 2000 : Investigation , Analysis , Recommendations ( 231 kB PDF ) . Presidential Primaries , Caucuses , and Conventions Report from United States Commission on Civil Rights Supreme Court Decisions of December 9 , 2000 Timeline of the 2000 Presidential Election How close was the 2000 election ? at the Wayback Machine ( archived August 25 , 2012 ) Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Booknotes interview with Jeff Greenfield on Oh , Waiter ! One Order of Crow : Inside the Strangest Presidential Election Finish in American History , July 22 , 2001 . 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who was involved in the process of independence of egypt			Angolan war of independence	angolan war of independence	The Angolan War of Independence ( 1961 -- 1974 ) began as an uprising against forced cotton cultivation , and it became a multi-faction struggle for the control of Portugal 's overseas province of Angola among three nationalist movements and a separatist movement . The war ended when a leftist military coup in Lisbon in April 1974 overthrew Portugal 's Estado Novo regime , and the new regime immediately stopped all military action in the African colonies , declaring its intention to grant them independence without delay .	The conflict is usually approached as a branch or a theater of the wider Portuguese Overseas War , which also included the independence wars of Guinea - Bissau and of Mozambique . It was a guerrilla war in which the Portuguese armed and security forces waged a counter-insurgency campaign against armed groups mostly dispersed across sparsely populated areas of the vast Angolan countryside . Many atrocities were committed by all forces involved in the conflict . In the end , the Portuguese achieved overall military victory , and before the carnation revolution in Portugal most of Angola 's territory was under Portuguese control . In Angola , after the Portuguese had stopped the war , an armed conflict broke out among the nationalist movements . This war formally came to an end in January 1975 when the Portuguese government , the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) , the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , and the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) signed the Alvor Agreement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background of the territory 2 Belligerents 2.1 Portuguese forces 2.1. 1 Race and ethnicity in the Portuguese Armed Forces 2.2 Nationalist and separatist forces 2.2. 1 UPA / FNLA 2.2. 2 MPLA 2.2. 3 UNITA 2.2. 4 FLEC 2.2. 5 RDL 3 Pre-war events 3.1 International politics 3.2 Internal politics and rise of Angolan nationalism 3.3 The Baixa de Cassanje revolt 3.4 The 4 and 10 February events at Luanda 4 Course of the conflict 4.1 Beginning of the conflict 4.2 Opening of the Eastern Front 4.3 Portuguese re-focus to the East 4.4 End of the conflict 5 Foreign influence 5.1 United States of America 5.2 Rhodesia and South Africa 5.3 USSR 6 Aftermath 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background of the territory ( edit ) Main articles : History of Angola and Portuguese West Africa In 1482 , the Kingdom of Portugal 's caravels , commanded by navigator Diogo Cão , arrived in the Kingdom of Kongo . Other expeditions followed , and close relations were soon established between the two kingdoms . The Portuguese brought firearms , many other technological advances , and a new religion , Christianity . In return , the King of the Congo offered slaves , ivory and minerals . Paulo Dias de Novais founded Luanda in 1575 as São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda . Novais occupied a strip of land with a hundred families of colonists and four hundred soldiers , and established a fortified settlement . The Portuguese crown granted Luanda the status of city in 1605 . Several other settlements , forts and ports were founded and maintained by the Portuguese . Benguela , a Portuguese fort from 1587 , a town from 1617 , was another important early settlement founded and ruled by Portugal . The early period of Portuguese incursion was punctuated by a series of wars , treaties and disputes with local African rulers , particularly Nzinga Mbandi , who resisted Portugal with great determination . The conquest of the territory of contemporary Angola started only in the 19th century and was not concluded before the 1920s . In 1834 , Angola and the rest of the Portuguese overseas dominions received the status of overseas provinces of Portugal . From then on , the official position of the Portuguese authorities was always that Angola was an integral part of Portugal in the same way as were the provinces of the Metropole ( European Portugal ) . The status of province was briefly interrupted from 1926 to 1951 , when Angola had the title of `` colony '' ( itself administratively divided in several provinces ) , but it was recovered on 11 June 1951 . The Portuguese constitutional revision of 1971 , increased the autonomy of the province , which became the State of Angola . Angola has always had very low population density . Despite having a territory larger than France and Germany combined , in 1960 , Angola had just a population of 5 million , of which around 180 000 were whites , 55 000 were mixed race and the remaining were blacks . In the 1970s , the population had increased to 5 , 65 million , of which 450 000 were whites , 65 000 were mixed race and the remaining were blacks . At the time of the conflict , the government of the province of Angola was headed by the Governor - General of Angola , who had both legislative and executive powers , reporting directly to the Portuguese Minister of the Overseas . The Governor - General did not have however military responsibilities , which were vested in the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of Angola , who reported to the Minister of National Defense and the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces . However , the Governor - General was responsible for the internal security forces . The Governor - General was assisted by a cabinet made up of a Secretary - General ( that served as deputy Governor - General ) and several provincial secretaries . There was a Legislative Council - including both appointed and elected members - with legislative responsibilities that were gradually increased in the 1960s and 1970s . In 1972 , it was transformed in the Legislative Assembly . There was also a Council of Government , which included the senior public officials of the province and which was responsible to advice the Governor - General in his legislative and executive responsibilities . In 1961 , the local administration of Angola included the following districts : Cabinda , Congo , Luanda , Cuanza Norte , Cuanza Sul , Malanje , Lunda , Benguela , Huambo , Bié - Cuando - Cubango , Moxico , Moçâmedes and Huíla . In 1962 , the Congo District was divided in the Zaire and Uige districts and that of Bié - Cuando - Cubando in the Bié and Cuando - Cubango districts . In 1970 , the Cunene District was also created by the separation of the southern part of the Huíla District . Each was headed by a district governor , assisted by a district board . Following the Portuguese model of local government , the districts were made of municipalities ( concelhos ) and these were subdivided in civil parishes ( freguesias ) , each administered by local council ( respectively câmara municipal and junta de freguesia ) . In the regions where the necessary social and economical development had not yet been achieved , the municipalities and civil parishes were transitorily replaced , respectively , by administrative circles ( circunscrições ) and posts ( postos ) , each of these governed by an official appointed by the Government , who had wide administrative powers , performing local government , police , sanitary , economical , tributary and even judicial roles . The circle administrators and the chiefs of administrative posts directed the local native auxiliary police officers known as `` sepoys '' ( cipaios ) . In these regions , the traditional authorities - including native kings , rulers and tribal chiefs - were kept and integrated in the administrative system , serving as intermediaries between the provincial authorities and the local native populations . Belligerents ( edit ) Portuguese forces ( edit ) Portuguese paratroopers in the rainforest of northern Angola The Portuguese forces engaged in the conflict included mainly the Armed Forces , but also the security and paramilitary forces . The Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola included land , naval and air forces , which came under the joint command of the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of Angola . Until 17 June 1961 , there was not an appointed Commander - in - Chief , with the joint command in the early stages of the conflict being exercised by the commanders of the land forces , generals Monteiro Libório ( until June 1961 ) and Silva Freire ( from June to September , 1961 ) . From then on , the role of Commander - in - Chief was performed successively by the generals Venâncio Deslandes ( 1961 - 1962 , also serving as Governor - General ) , Holbeche Fino ( 1962 - 1963 ) , Andrade e Silva ( 1963 - 1965 ) , Soares Pereira ( 1965 - 1970 ) , Costa Gomes ( 1970 - 1972 ) , Luz Cunha ( 1972 - 1974 ) and Franco Pinheiro ( 1974 ) , all of them from the Army , except the first one who was from the Air Force . The Commander - in - Chief served as the theatre commander and coordinated the forces of the three branches stationed in the province , with the respective branch commanders serving as assistant commanders - in - chief . With the course of the conflict , the operational role of the Commander - in - Chief and of his staff was increasingly reinforced at the expense of the branch commanders . In 1968 , the Military Area 1 - responsible for the Dembos rebelled area - was established under the direct control of the Commander - in - Chief and , from 1970 , the military zones were also put under his control , with the Eastern Military Zone becoming a joint command . When the conflict erupted , the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola only included 6500 men , of which 1500 were Metropolitans ( Europeans ) and the remaining were locals . By the end of the conflict , the number had increased to more than 65 000 , of which 57.6 % were Metropolitans and the remaining were locals . The land forces in forces in Angola constituted the Military Region of Angola ( RMA ) of the Portuguese Army ( named `` 3rd Military Region '' until 1962 ) . The Military Region was foreseen to included five subordinate regional territorial commands , but these had not yet been activated . The disposition of the Army units in the province at the beginning of the conflict had been established in 1953 , at that a time when no internal conflicts were expected to happen in Angola , with the Portuguese major military concerns being a foreseen conventional war in Europe against the Warsaw Pact . So , the previous organization of the former Colonial Military Forces based in company - sized units scattered across Angola , performing also internal security duties , had shift to one along conventional lines , based in three infantry regiments and several battalion - sized units of several arms concentrated in the major urban centers , aimed at being able to raise an expeditionary field division to be deployed from Angola to reinforce the Portuguese Army in Europe if a conventional war occurred . These regiments and other units were however mostly in cadre strength , serving as training centers for the conscripts drafted in the province . During the conflict , they were responsible to raise the locally recruited field units . Besides the locally raised units , the Army forces in Angola included reinforcement units raised and sent from European Portugal . These were transitory units , mostly made of conscripts ( including most of their junior officers and non-commissioned officers ) , which existed only during usual two - year period of tour of duty of their members , being disbanded afterwards . The great majority of these units were light infantry battalions and independent companies designated caçadores . These battalions and companies were designed to operate autonomously and isolated , without much support from the higher echelons , so having a strong service support component . They were deployed in a grid system ( quadrícula ) along the theatre of operations , with each one being responsible for a given area of responsibility . Usually , a regiment - sized agrupamento ( battlegroup ) commanded a sector , with this being divided in several sub-sectors , each constituting the area of responsibility of a caçadores battalion . Each battalion , in turn , had its field companies dispersed by the sub-sector , each with part of it as its area of responsibility . From 1962 , four intervention zones ( Northern , Central , Southern and Eastern ) were established - renamed `` military zones '' in 1967 - each grouping several sectors . Due to the low scale guerrilla nature of the conflict , the caçadores company became the main tactical unit , with the standard organization in three rifle and one support platoons , being replaced by one based in four identical sub-units known as `` combat groups '' . The Army forces also included regular units of artillery , armored reconnaissance , engineering , communications , signal intelligence , military police and logistics . Besides the regular units , the Army also fielded units of special forces . Initially , these consisted of companies of special caçadores , trained for guerrilla and counter-insurgency warfare . The Army tried to extend the training of the special caçadores to all the light infantry units , so disbanding those companies in 1962 . These proved however impracticable and soon other special forces were raised again in the form of the Commandos . The Commandos and a few specially selected caçadores units were not deployed in grid , but served instead as mobile intervention units under the direct control of the higher echelons of command . An unconventional force also fielded by Army was the Dragoons of Angola , a special counterinsurgency horse unit raised in the middle 1960s . The Portuguese Navy forces were under the command of the Naval Command of Angola . These forces included the Zaire Flotilla ( with patrol boats and landing craft operating the river Zaire ) , naval assets ( including frigates and corvettes deployed to Angola in rotation ) , Marine companies and Special Marine detachments . While the Marine companies served as regular naval infantry with the role of protecting the Navy 's installations and vessels , the Special Marines were special forces , serving as mobile intervention units , specialized in amphibious assaults . The initial focus of the Navy was mainly the river Zaire , with the mission of interdicting the infiltration of guerrillas in Northern Angola from the bordering Republic of Zaire . Latter , the Navy also operated in the rivers of Eastern Angola , despite it being a remote interior region at around 1000 km distance from the Ocean . The Air forces in Angola were under the command of the 2nd Air Region of the Portuguese Air Force , with headquarters in Luanda . They included a central air base ( the Air Base 9 at Luanda ) and two sector air bases ( the Base - Aerodrome 3 at Negage , Uíge and the Base - Aerodrome 4 at Henrique de Carvalho , Lunda ) . A fourth air base was being built ( Base - Aerodrome 10 at Serpa Pinto , Cuando - Cubando ) , but it was not completed before the end of the conflict . These bases controlled a number of satellite air fields , including maneuver and alternate aerodromes . Besides these , the Air Force also could count with a number of additional airfields , including those of some of the Army garrisons , in some of which air detachments were permanently deployed . The Air Force also maintained in Angola , the Paratrooper Battalion 21 , which served as a mobile intervention unit , with its forces initially being deployed by parachute , but latter being mainly used in air assaults by helicopter . The Air Force was supported by the voluntary air formations , composed of civil pilots , mainly from local flying clubs , who operated light aircraft mainly in air logistics support missions . In the beginning of the conflict , the Air Force had only a few aircraft stationed in Angola , including 25 F - 84G jet fighter - bombers , six PV - 2 Harpoon bombers , six Nord Noratlas transport aircraft , six Alouette II helicopters , eight T - 6 light attack aircraft and eight Auster light observation aircraft . By the early 1970s , it had available four F - 84G , six PV - 2 Harpoon , 13 Nord Noratlas , C - 47 and C - 57 transport aircraft , 30 Alouette III and Puma helicopters , 18 T - 6 and 26 Dornier Do 27 observation aircraft . Despite the increase , the number of aircraft was always too few to cover the enormous Angolan territory , besides many being old aircraft difficult to maintain in flying conditions . From the late 1960s , the Portuguese forces in southern Angola were able to count with the support of helicopters and some other air assets of the South African Air Force , with two Portuguese - South African joint air support centers being established . The security forces in Angola were under the control of the civil authorities , headed by the Governor - General of the province . The three main of these forces engaged in the war was the Public Security Police ( PSP ) , the PIDE ( renamed DGS in 1969 ) and the OPVDCA . By the middle of the 1960s , these forces included 10,000 PSP constables , 1,100 PIDE agents and 20,000 OPVDCA volunteers . The PSP was the uniformed preventive police of Angola . It was modeled after the European Portuguese PSP , but it covered the whole province , including its rural areas and not only the major urban areas as in the European Portugal . The PSP of Angola included a general - command in Luanda and district commands in each of the several district capitals , with a network of police stations and posts scattered along the territory . The Angolan PSP was reinforced with mobile police companies deployed by the European Portuguese PSP . The PSP included the Rural Guard , which was responsible for the protection of farms and other agricultural companies . Besides this , the PSP was responsible to frame the district militias , which were employed mainly in the self - defense of villages and other settlements . The PIDE ( International and State Defense Police ) was the Portuguese secret and border police . The PIDE Delegation of Angola , included a number of sub-delegations , border posts and surveillance posts . In the war , it operated as an intelligence service . The PIDE raised and controlled the Flechas , a paramilitary unit of special forces made up of natives . The Flechas were initially intended to serve mostly as trackers , but due to their effectiveness they were increasingly employed in more offensive operations , including pseudo-terrorist operations . The OPVDCA ( Provincial Organization of Volunteers and Civil Defense of Angola ) was a militia - type corps responsible for internal security and civil defense roles , with similar characteristics to those of the Portuguese Legion existing in European Portugal . Its origins was the Corps of Volunteers organized in the beginning of the conflict , which became the Provincial Organization of Volunteers in 1962 , assuming also the role of civil defense in 1964 , when it became the OPVDCA . It was made up of volunteers that served in part - time , most of these being initially whites , but latter becoming increasingly multi-racial . In the conflict , the OPVDCA was mainly employed in the defense of people , lines of communications and sensitive installations . It included a central provincial command and a district command in each of the Angolan districts . The irregular paramilitary forces , included a number of different types of units , with different characteristics . Under military control , were the Special Groups ( GE ) and the Special Troops ( TE ) . The GE were platoon - sized combat groups of special forces made up of native volunteers , that operated in Eastern Angola , usually attached to Army units . The TE had similar characteristics , but were made up of defectors from FNLA , operating in Cabinda and Northern Angola . Under the control of the civil authorities were the Fieis ( Faithfuls ) and the Leais ( Loyals ) . The Fieis was a force made up mostly of exiled Katangese gendarmes from the Front for Congolese National Liberation , that opposed Mobutu regime , being organized in three battalions . The Leais was a force made up of political exiles from Zambia . Race and ethnicity in the Portuguese Armed forces ( edit ) From 1900 to the early 1950s the Portuguese maintained a separate colonial army in their African possessions , consisting mainly of a limited number of companhias indígenas ( native companies ) . Officers and senior NCOs were seconded from the metropolitan army , while junior NCOs were mainly drawn from Portuguese settlers resident in the overseas territories . The rank and file were a mixture of black African volunteers and white conscripts from the settler community doing their obligatory military service . Black assimilados were in theory also liable to conscription but in practice only a limited number were called on to serve . With the change in official status of the African territories from colonies to overseas provinces in 1951 , the colonial army lost its separate status and was integrated into the regular forces of Portugal itself . The basis of recruitment for the overseas units remained essentially unchanged . According to the Mozambican historian João Paulo Borges Coelho , the Portuguese colonial army was segregated along lines of race and ethnicity . Until 1960 , there were three classes of soldiers : commissioned soldiers ( European and African whites ) , overseas soldiers ( black African assimilados or civilizados ) , and native soldiers ( Africans who were part of the indigenato regime ) . These categories were renamed to 1st , 2nd and 3rd class in 1960 -- which effectively corresponded to the same classification . Later , although skin colour ceased to be an official discrimination , in practice the system changed little -- although from the late 1960s onward blacks were admitted as ensigns ( alferes ) , the lowest rank in the hierarchy of commissioned officers . Numerically , black soldiers never amounted to more than 41 % of the Colonial army , rising from just 18 % at the outbreak of the war . Coelho noted that perceptions of African soldiers varied a good deal among senior Portuguese commanders during the conflict in Angola , Guinea and Mozambique . General Costa Gomes , perhaps the most successful counterinsurgency commander , sought good relations with local civilians and employed African units within the framework of an organized counter-insurgency plan . General Spínola , by contrast , appealed for a more political and psycho - social use of African soldiers . General Kaúlza , the most conservative of the three , feared African forces outside his strict control and seems not to have progressed beyond his initial racist perception of the Africans as inferior beings . Native African troops , although widely deployed , were initially employed in subordinate roles as enlisted troops or noncommissioned officers . As the war went on , an increasing number of native Angolans rose to positions of command , though of junior rank . After 500 years of colonial rule , Portugal had failed to produce any native black governors , headmasters , police inspectors , or professors ; it had also failed to produce a single commander of senior commissioned rank in the overseas Army . Here Portuguese colonial administrators fell victim to the legacy of their own discriminatory and limited policies in education , which largely barred indigenous Angolans from an equal and adequate education until well after the outbreak of the insurgency . By the early 1970s , the Portuguese authorities had fully perceived these flaws as wrong and contrary to their overseas ambitions in Portuguese Africa , and willingly accepted a true color blindness policy with more spending in education and training opportunities , which started to produce a larger number of black high ranked professionals , including military personnel . Nationalist and separatist forces ( edit ) UPA / FNLA ( edit ) Main article : National Liberation Front of Angola UPA was created at 7 July 1954 , as the Union of the Peoples of Northern Angola , by Holden Roberto , a descendant of the old Kongo Royal House , who was born in Northern Angola but who lived since his early childhood in the Belgian Congo , where he came to work for the local colonial authorities . In 1958 , the movement adopts a more embracing designation , becoming the Union of the Peoples of Angola ( UPA ) . In 1960 , Holden Roberto signed an agreement with the MPLA for the two movements to fight together against the Portuguese forces , but he ended fighting alone . In 1962 , UPA merges with the Democratic Party of Angola , becoming the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) , assuming itself as a pro-American and anti-Soviet organization . In the same year , it creates the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile ( GRAE ) . UPA and later FNLA was mainly supported by the Bakongo ethnic group which occupied the regions of the old Kingdom of Kongo , including the Northwestern and Northern Angola , as well as parts of the French and Belgian Congos . It had always strong connections with the former Belgian Congo ( named `` Zaire '' from 1971 ) , including due to Holden Roberto being friend and brother in law of Mobutu Sese Seko . The armed branch of FNLA was the National Liberation Army of Angola ( ELNA ) . It was mainly supported by Congo / Zaire - where its troops were based and trained - and by Algeria . They were financed by the USA and - despite considering themselves anti-communists - received weapons from the Eastern European countries . MPLA ( edit ) Main article : MPLA The People 's Movement of Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) was founded in 1956 , by the merging of the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola ( PLUA ) and the Angolan Communist Party ( PCA ) . The MPLA was an organization of the left - wing politics , which included mixed race and white members of the Angolan intelligentsia and urban elites , supported by the Ambundu and other ethnic groups of the Luanda , Bengo , Cuanza Norte , Cuanza Sul and Mallange districts . It was headed by Agostinho Neto ( president ) and Viriato da Cruz ( secretary - general ) , both Portuguese - educated urban intellectuals . It was mainly externally supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba , with its tentative to receive support from the United States failing , as these were already supporting UPA / FNLA . The armed wing of the MPLA was the People 's Army of Liberation of Angola ( EPLA ) . In its peak , the EPLA included around 4500 fighters , being organized in military regions . It was mainly equipped with Soviet weapons , mostly received through Zambia , which included Tokarev pistol , PPS submachine guns , Simonov automatic rifles , Kalashnikov assault rifles , machine - guns , mortars , rocket - propelled grenades , anti-tank mines and anti-personnel mines UNITA ( edit ) Main article : UNITA The Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) was created in 1966 by Jonas Savimbi , a dissident of FNLA . Jonas Savimbi was the Foreign Minister of the GRAE but entered in course of clash with Holden Roberto , accusing him of having a complicity with the USA and of following an imperialist policy . Savimbi was member of the Ovimbundu tribe of Central and Southern Angola , son of an Evangelic pastor , who studied went to study medicine in European Portugal , although not graduating . The Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola ( FALA ) constituted the armed branch of UNITA . They had a small number of fighters and were not well equipped . Its high difficulties led Savimbi to make agreements with the Portuguese authorities , focusing more in fighting MPLA . FLEC ( edit ) Main article : Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda ( FLEC ) was founded in 1963 , by the merging of the Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda ( MLEC ) , the Action Committee of the Cabinda National Union ( CAUNC ) and the Mayombe National Alliance ( ALLIAMA ) . On the contrary of the remaining three movements , FLEC did not fought for the independente of the whole Angola , but only for the independence of Cabinda , which it considered a separate country . Although its activities started still before the withdrawal of Portugal from Angola , the military actions of FLEC occurred mainly after , being aimed against the Angolan armed and security forces . FLEC is the only of the nationalist and separatist movements that still maintains a guerrilla warfare until today . RDL ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Revolt The Eastern Revolt ( RDL , Revolta do Leste ) was a wing of the MPLA , created in 1973 , under the leadership of Daniel Chipenda. in oppositon to the line of Agostinho Neto . A second wing was the `` Revolta Activa '' ( Active Revolt ) , crerated at the same time . Pre-war events ( edit ) International politics ( edit ) The international politics in the late 1940s and 1950s was marked by the Cold War and the wind of change in the European colonies in Asia and Africa . In October , 1954 , the Algerian War was initiated by a series of explosions in Algiers . This conflict would lead to the presence of more than 400,000 French military in Algeria until its end in 1962 . Foreseeing a similar conflict in its African territories , the Portuguese military paid acute attention to this war , sending observers and personnel to be trained in the counter-insurgence warfare tactics employed by the French . In 1955 , the Bandung Conference is held in Indonesia , with the participation of 29 Asian and African countries , most of which were newly independent . The conference promoted the Afro - Asian economic and cultural cooperation and opposed to colonialism or neocolonialism . It was an important step toward the Non-Aligned Movement . Following the admission of Portugal to the United Nations in December 1955 , the Secretary - General officially asked the Portuguese Government if the country had non-self - governing territories under its administration . The Portuguese response was that Portugal did not have any territories that could be qualified as non-self - governing and so it did not have any obligation of providing any information requested under the Article 73 of the United Nations Charter . In 1957 , Ghana ( former British Gold Cost ) becomes the first European colony in Africa to achieve independence , under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah . Nkrumah organizes , in 1958 , the Conference of African Independent States aimed to be the African Bandung . The former Belgian Congo and northern neighbor of Angola becomes independent in 1960 , as the Republic of the Congo ( known as `` Congo - Lépoldville '' and later `` Congo - Kinshasa '' , being renamed `` Republic of Zaire '' in 1971 ) , with Joseph Kasa - Vubu as president and Patrice Lumumba as prime - minister . Immediately after independence , a number of violent disturbances occur leading to the Congo Crisis . The white population becomes a target , with more than 80 000 Belgians residents being forced to flee from the country . The Katanga secedes under the leadership of Moïse Tshombe . The crisis led to the intervention of United Nations and Belgian military forces . The Congolese internal conflicts would culminate with the ascension to power of Mobutu Sese Seko in 1965 . John F. Kennedy is inaugurated as President of the United States on 20 January 1961 . His Administration starts to support the African nationalists movements , with the objective of neutralizing the increasing Soviet influence in Africa . Regarding Angola , the United States starts to give direct support to the UPA and assumes an hostile attitude against Portugal , forbidding it to use American weapons in Africa . In 1964 , Northern Rhodesia becomes independent as Zambia , under the leadership of Kenneth Kaunda . From then on , Angola becomes almost surrounded by countries with regimes hostile to Portugal , the exception being South West Africa . Internal politics and rise of Angolan nationalism ( edit ) Main article : 1950s in Angola Angola highlighted on a map of modern - day Africa The Portuguese Colonial Act - passed on 13 June 1933 - defined the relationship between the Portuguese overseas territories and the metropole , until being repulsed in 1951 . The Colonial Act reflected an imperialistic view of the overseas territories typical among the European colonial powers of the late 1920s and 1930s . During the period in which it was in force , the Portuguese overseas territories lost the status of `` provinces '' that they have had since 1834 , becoming designated `` colonies '' , with the whole Portuguese overseas territories becoming officially designated `` Portuguese Colonial Empire '' . The Colonial Act subtly recognized the supremacy of the Portuguese over native people , and even if the natives could pursue all studies including university , the de facto situation was of clear disadvantage due to deep cultural and social differences between most of the traditional indigenous communities and the ethnic Portuguese living in the Angola . Due to its imperialist orientation , the Colonial Act started to be called into question . In 1944 , José Ferreira Bossa , former Minister of the Colonies , proposed the revision of the Act , including the end up of the designation `` colonies '' and the resume of the traditional designation `` overseas provinces '' . On 11 June 1951 , a new law passed in the Portuguese National Assembly reviewed the Constitution , finally repulsing the Colonial Act . As part of these , the provincial status was returned to all Portuguese overseas territories . By this law , the Portuguese territory of Angola ceased to be called Colónia de Angola ( Colony of Angola ) and started again to be officially called Província de Angola ( Province of Angola ) . In 1948 , Viriato da Cruz and others formed the Movement of Young Intellectuals , an organization that promoted Angolan culture . Nationalists sent a letter to the United Nations calling for Angola to be given protectorate status under UN supervision . In the 1950s , a new wave of Portuguese settlement in all of Portuguese Africa , including the overseas province of Angola , was encouraged by the ruling government of António de Oliveira Salazar . In 1953 , Angolan separatists founded the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola ( PLUA ) , the first political party to advocate Angolan independence from Portugal . In 1954 , ethnic Bakongo nationalists in the Belgian Congo and Angola formed the Union of Peoples of Northern Angola ( UPA ) , which advocated the independence of the historical Kingdom of Kongo , which included other territories outside the Portuguese overseas province of Angola . During 1955 , Mário Pinto de Andrade and his brother Joaquim formed the Angolan Communist Party ( PCA ) . In December 1956 PLUA merged with the PCA to form the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) . The MPLA , led by da Cruz , Mário Andrade , Ilidio Machado , and Lúcio Lara , derived support from the Ambundu and in Luanda . In March 1959 , when inaugurating the new military shooting range of Luanda , the Governor - General of Angola , Sá Viana Rebelo , makes the famous Shooting Range Speech , where he predicts a possible conflict in Angola . General Monteiro Libório assumes the command of the land forces of Angola , with prerogatives of commander - in - chief , in September 1959 . He would be the Portuguese military commander in office when the conflict erupts . Álvaro Silva Tavares assumes the office of Governor - General of Angola in January 1960 , being the holder of the office when the conflict erupts . During January 1961 , Henrique Galvão , heading a group of operatives of the DRIL oppositionist movement , hijacked the Portuguese liner Santa Maria . The intention of Galvão was to set sail to Angola , where he would disembark and establish a rebel Portuguese government in opposition to Salazar , but he was forced to head to Brazil , where he liberated the crew and passengers in exchange for political asylum . The first three companies of special caçadores ( special forces ) are dispatched from the Portuguese Metropole to Angola in June 1960 , mainly due to the Congo Crisis . Their main mission was to protect the Angolan regions bordering the ex-Belgian Congo , each being stationed in Cabinda ( 1st company ) , in Toto , Uíge ( 2nd ) and Malange ( 3rd ) . The Baixa de Cassanje Revolt ( edit ) Main article : Baixa de Cassanje revolt Although usually considered as an event that predates the Angolan War of Independence , some authors consider the Baixa de Cassanje revolt ( also known as the `` Maria 's War '' ) as the initial event of that Conflict . It was however a labour conflict , not related with the claiming for the independence of Angola . The Baixa do Cassanje was a rich agricultural region of the Malanje District , bordering the ex-Belgian Congo , with approximately the size of the Mainland Portugal , which was the origin of most of the cotton production of Angola . The region 's cotton fields were in the hands of the Cotonang - General Company of the Cottons of Angola , a company mostly held by Belgian capital and which employed many natives . Despite its contribution for the development of the region , Cotonang had been accused several times of disrespecting the labour legislation regarding working conditions of its employees , causing it to become under the investigation of the Portuguese authorities , but with no relevant actions against it being yet taken . Feeling discontent with Cotonang , in December 1960 , many of its workers started to boycott work , demanding better working conditions and higher wages . The discontent was seized by infiltrated indoctrinators of the Congolese PSA ( African Solidarity Party ) to foment an uprising of the local peoples . At that time , the only Portuguese Army unit stationed in the region was the 3rd Special Caçadores Company ( 3a CCE ) , tasked with the patrolling and protection of the border with the ex-Belgian Congo . Despite receiving complains from local whites who felt their security threatened , the Governor of the Malanje District , Júlio Monteiro - a mixed race Cape Verdean - did not authorized the 3a CCE to act against the rebellious and also forbade the acquisition of self - defense weapons by the white population . From the 9th to 11 January 1961 , the situation worsened , with the murder of a mixed race Cotonang foreman and with the surrounding of a 3a CCE patrol by hundreds of rebellious . Finally , on 2 February , the clashes between the rebels and the security forces erupted , with the first shots being fired , causing 11 dead . By that time , the uprising had spread to the whole Malanje District and threatened to spread to the neighboring districts . The rebellious leaders took advantage of the superstition beliefs of most of their followers to convince them that the bullets of the Portuguese military forces were made of water and so they could do them no harm . Probably because of this belief , the rebels , armed with machetes and canhangulos ( home - made shotguns ) , attacked the military en masse , in the open field , without concern to protect themselves , falling under the fire of the troops . Given the limitations of the 3a CCE to deal with the uprising in such a large region , the Command of the 3rd Military Region in Luanda decided to organize an operation with a stronger military force to subjugate it . A provisional battalion under the command of Major Rebocho Vaz was organized by the Luanda Infantry Regiment , integrating the 3a CCE , the 4a CCE ( stationed in Luanda ) and the 5a CCE ( that was still in route from the Metropole to Angola ) . On 4 February , the 4a CCE was already embarked in the train ready to be dispatched to Malanje , when an uprising at Luanda erupted , with several prisons and Police facilities being stormed . Despite the indefinite situation at Luanda and despite having few combat units available there , General Libório , commander of the 3a Military Region decided to go forward with the sending of the 4a CCE to Malanje , which arrived there on 5 February . The provisional battalion started gradually the operations to subdue the uprising . The land forces were supported by the Portuguese Air Force , which employed Auster light observation and PV - 2 ground attack aircraft . The military forces were able to assume the control of the region by 11 February . By the 16th , the provisional battalion was finally reinforced with the 5a CCE which had been held in Luanda as a reserve force after disembarking in Angola . Baixa do Cassanje was officially considered pacified on 27 February . The anti-Portuguese forces claimed that , during the subduing of the uprising , the Portuguese military bombed villages in the area , using napalm and killing between 400 and 7000 natives . However , the Portuguese military reported that no napalm was ever used in the operations and that the number of rebels dead was inferior to 300 , plus 100 registered injured treated at the Malanje Hospital . The military forces suffered two dead and four injured . After the subdue of the uprising , the Portuguese military pressed the Government - General of Angola to take actions to improve the working conditions of the Cotonang employees in order to solve definitely the situation . The Governor - General Silva Tavares took measures to calm down the situation and on 2 May 1961 , the Government decreed the change of the labor legislation related with cotton culture . Apparently , these measures were successful in deeply reducing the discontent among the laborers of the Baixa de Cassanje , with the region remaining peaceful even after the UPA attacks of 15 March 1961 . The 4 and 10 February events at Luanda ( edit ) The facts about the events of 4 and 10 February 1961 are still very much clouded by the propaganda and contradictory information issued by the various parties about what really happened . At a time when Luanda was full of foreign journalists that were covering the possible arriving at Angola of the hijacked liner Santa Maria and with the Baixa de Casanje revolt on its peak , on the early morning of 4 February 1961 , a number of black militants , mostly armed with machetes , ambushed a Public Security Police ( PSP ) patrol - car and stormed the Civil Jail of São Paulo , the Military Detection House and the PSP Mobile Company Barracks , with the apparent objective of freeing political prisoners that were being held in those facilities . They were not able to storm other planned targets like the Airport , the National Broadcast Station , post office and military barracks . Different sources indicate the number of militants evolved in the several attacks as being between 50 and several hundreds . The militants were able to kill the crew of the patrol - car , taking their weapons , but their assaults against the several facilities was repulsed , with no prisoners being released . In the assaults , the security forces suffered seven dead , including five white and one black police constables and a white Army corporal , besides having several seriously injured elements . Different sources indicate between 25 and 40 attackers killed . The MPLA always officially claimed to be the originator of the attacks . However , the MPLA origin of the attacks is contested . Several sources indicate the Angolan nationalist mixed race priest Manuel das Neves as the perpetrator of the attacks . Apparently this was also the PIDE theory , which arrested and sent him to the Metropole , where he was interned in religious houses . An emotional funeral for the deceased police constables was held on 5 February , which was attended by thousands of persons , the majority being white inhabitants of Luanda . During the funeral , riots broke out , which would cause additional dead . There are several contradictory versions of what happened . The anti-Portuguese line states that the riots were originated by the whites , who desired to revenge the dead police constables , committing random acts of violence against the ethnic black majority living in Luanda 's slums ( musseques ) . Contrary versions state that the riots were caused when provocative shots were fired near the cemetery where the funeral was being held , causing panic among the attendants . The riots caused a number of dead , which number varies accordingly with the sources . The anti-Portuguese line describes a massacre carried away by the white inhabitants and the security forces , with hundreds of blacks being killed . Following this line of thought : `` The Portuguese vengeance was awesome . The police helped civilian vigilantes organize nightly slaughters in the Luanda slums . The whites hauled Africans from their flimsy one - room huts , shot them and left their bodies in the streets . A Methodist missionary ... testified that he personally knew of the deaths of almost three hundred . '' -- John Marcum However , other sources refer that the theory of the massacre is mere anti-Portuguese false propaganda and that only 19 persons died in the riots . Following this line : `` During the funeral of the PSP constables , which reached a gigantic manifestation of grief , with the cemetery full of people , shots were heard outside that caused the widespread panic , especially in the interior , where people practically did not fit . In the ensuing confusion , and of the firing fired , resulted nineteen dead and numerous wounded , incident that gave rise to another myth of massacre , that would have reached hundreds of dead , wounded and imprisoned , completely false numbers . It must be said that many of these people were probably disarmed , even the force that was going to make the salvos of the order , to accompany the highest individualities of Luanda and that it was a military vehicle called on the occasion , that came to the place , and ended the generalized disorder . Also nobody explained , until today , who initiated these disturbances and fired the first shots . '' -- A.L. Pires Nunes On 10 February , a new similar attack is carried away against the Jail of São Paulo . This time , the security forces were better prepared and were able to repulse the attacks without suffering dead , with 22 of the attackers being killed . Apparently , other attacks were being planned , but were discovered and avoided by the security forces . Course of the conflict ( edit ) Beginning of the conflict ( edit ) Portuguese colonial troops on parade in Luanda Main articles : 1960s in Angola and Portuguese Colonial War UPA badge On 15 March , the Union of Peoples of Angola ( UPA ) , under the leadership of Holden Roberto , launched an incursion into northern Angola from its base in the Congo - Léopoldville ( ex-Belgian Congo ) , leading 4000 to 5000 militants . His forces took farms , government outposts , and trading centers , killing and mutilating officials and civilians , most of them Ovimbundu `` contract workers '' from the Central Highlands . It was the start of the Angolan War of Independence and of the wider Portuguese Overseas War . UPA militants stormed the Angolan districts of Zaire , Uíge , Cuanza Norte and Luanda , massacring the civilian population during their advance , killing 1,000 whites and 6,000 blacks ( women and children included of both white European and black African descent ) . Besides the killing of people , the UPA militants destroyed the infrastructures they found on their way , including houses , farms , roads and bridges , creating a general chaos and panic . The terrified populations took refuge in the forests or fled to nearby regions and to Congo - Léopoldville . However and contrary to the expectations of the UPA , the majority of the white inhabitants that were able to survive the initial attacks did not flee , except some women and children that were evacuated to Luanda . Instead , they entrenched themselves in several towns and villages of the region - including Carmona , Negage , Sanza Pombo , Santa Cruz , Quimbele and Mucaba - resisting the assaults almost without the support of the few existent military forces . On the same 15 March and on the 16th , the 7th and the 9th Special Caçadores companies and the 1st Paratrooper Company are dispatched from the Metropole to Angola by air . Other small units of the same type are dispatched in the following days . Also , small military columns leave Luanda and Carmona to try to rescue some of the isolated populations of the areas under the UPA attacks . On 21 March , the Provisional Battalion of Major Rebocho Vaz - which has acted in the Baixa de Cassange revolt - moves to Cuanza Norte to face the UPA advances . Without relevant military reinforcements arrived from the Metropole , on 28 March , the Corps of Volunteers of Angola is created , in order to officially frame the civil volunteers that were already fighting UPA . On the early April , the Massacre of Cólua occurs . The village of Cólua , near Aldeia Viçosa , Uíge had been attacked and its inhabitants massacred by UPA . A military column from the Provisional Battalion is sent to the village to try to collect the dead bodies . However an isolated group of soldiers ( including two officers ) which remained behind is ambushed , with their bodies being latter found horribly mutilated . Another military patrol that was sent to the area is also ambushed , with some of their members falling into UPA 's hands and being also tortured , mutilated and killed . 30 civilians and 11 military are eventually killed at Cólua . Later testimonies refer that the UPA militants practiced acts of cannibalism , eating parts of the dead bodies of the soldiers . The Cólua events had an important psychological effect in the Portuguese forces , not only due to horrifying acts practiced against its soldiers , but also because they realized that the insurgents now dared to attack military forces and not just defenseless civilians . On 11 April , the Minister of National Defense Júlio Botelho Moniz - discontent with the attitude of Prime Minister Salazar regarding the Overseas policy and the conflict in Angola - leads a coup d'état attempt , which however fails . Following the aborted coup and now realizing that the conflict in Angola was more serious than what was initially thought , Prime Minister Salazar dismisses Botelho Moniz and assumes himself the Defense portfolio . On 13 April , Salazar speaks on television about the situation in Angola , using the famous phrase Para Angola , rapidamente e em força ( To Angola , rapidly and in force ) . As part of the Government remodelation , Adriano Moreira is appointed Overseas Minister , initiating a series of liberal reforms in the Portuguese Overseas territories . A strong military mobilization is now initiated by the Portuguese Armed Forces . Finally , on 21 March , the first important military contingent from the Metropole ( including the Caçadores battalions 88 and 92 ) embark in the ocean liner Niassa , arriving at Luanda on 2 May . The cargo ship Benguela also departs to Angola , carrying war material . In a demonstration of force , the military units recently arrived at Luanda parade along the main avenue of the city . On 13 May , the units arrived from the Metropole start to move to Northern Angola , to occupy strategic positions . Until June , Army units are positioned in Damba , Sanza Pombo , São Salvador do Congo and Cuimba , while Fuzileiros ( Marines ) occupy Tomboco . Due to the blocked roads , destroyed bridges and ambushes , the movement of the units is slow , with the Portuguese forces suffering numerous casualties . After occupying these positions , the Portuguese units initiate the gradual re-occupation of the areas controlled by UPA . In June , the Air Force General Augusto Venâncio Deslandes is appointed Governor - General of Angola , replacing Silva Tavares . Also , General António Libório is replaced by General Carlos Silva Freire in the role of commander of the 3rd Military Region ( commander of land forces of Angola ) . General Silva Freire will maintain prerogatives of joint Commander - in - Chief until September , when Venâncio Deslandes is also appointed Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of Angola , accumulating this role with that of Governor - General . On 10 July , the Portuguese forces initiate its first major operation of the conflict , this being Operation Viriato ( Viriathus ) , aimed at re-conquering the town of Nambuangongo , in the Dembos forest , which had been proclaimed by UPA as its capital . The operation was still planned as a conventional - type maneuver , with Caçadores battalions 96 and 114 and Cavalry Squadron 149 converging in Nambuangongo through three axes of attack , with the support of artillery , engineering and air forces . On 9 August , the vanguard of the Battalion 96 of Lieutenant - Colonel Armando Maçanita finally arrives and re-occupies Nambuagongo . In their advance , the three military units suffer 75 casualties , including 21 dead . The Portuguese forces now focus in the re-occupation of the village of Quipedro , in order to eliminate the rebellious forces in the area and to cut of their flight from Nambuangongo to the North , as a follow - up of Operation Viriato . For this , they will carry away Operation Nema , which will include the first airborne assault in combat of the Portuguese military history . The Operation is carried away between 11 and 21 August , with the 1st Company of the recently created Paratroopers Battalion 21 of Angola jumping by parachute over the target , after preparation air strikes . The rebellious were taken by surprise , with the Paratroopers being able to occupy Quipedro almost without resistance . They then built an improvised runway and waited for the arriving of Cavalry Squadron 149 that was advancing by land from Nambuangongo . In August , by order of General Silva Freire , the Northern Intervention Zone ( ZIN ) is created , encompassing the districts of Luanda , Cabinda , Uige , Zaire , Malange and Cuanza Norte , replacing the so - called `` Northern Uprising Zone '' . Despite not existing still a conflict in this area , an Eastern Intervention Zone ( ZIL ) - covering the districts of Lunda and Moxico - is also created in the following month . As part of his reforms , Minister Adriano Moreira decrees the repulsion of the Statute of the Portuguese Indigenous of the Provinces of Guinea , Angola and Mozambique on 6 August . With the abolition of this Statute , all Angolans , independently of their race , education , religion and costumes , achieve identical Portuguese citizenship rights and obligations . On 10 April , the Operation Esmeralda ( Emerald ) - aimed at cleaning and retaking the control of Pedra Verde , UPA 's last base in northern Angola - is initiated by the Special Caçadores Battalion 261 , supported by paratroopers , artillery , armored cars and aviation elements . The initial assault is repulsed by the UPA forces , with the Portuguese suffering important casualties . The Portuguese regrouped and , days latter , launch a second assault , finally taking control of Pedra Verde on 16 September . On 9 June , the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 163 , declaring Angola a non-self - governing territory and calling on Portugal to desist from repressive measures against the Angolan people . The resolution was approved with the votes of China , United States , Soviet Union and of all the non-permanent members , with the abstaining of France and the United Kingdom . The major military operations finally terminate on 3 October , when a platoon of the Artillery Company 100 reoccupies Caiongo , in the circle of Alto Cauale , Uíge , the last abandoned administrative post that remained unrecovered . This reoccupation ended the almost six months period during which the UPA fighters were able to control a geographic area with four times the size of European Portugal . In a speech made on 7 October , the Governor - General and Commanding - in - Chief Venâncio Deslandes announces the termination of the military operations and that from then only police operations would be carried out , although partly in military scope . During an air reconnaissance in southern Angola on 10 November , the aircraft that was carrying General Silva Freire and his staff crashes , killing him and almost all the officers of the headquarters of the land forces of Angola . Because of this crash , General Francisco Holbeche Fino is appointed commander of the 3rd Military Region . In the first year of the war 20,000 to 30,000 Angolan civilians were killed by Portuguese forces and between 400,000 and 500,000 refugees went to Zaïre . UPA militants joined pro-independence refugees and continued to launch attacks from across the border in Zaire , creating more refugees and terror among local communities . A UPA patrol took 21 MPLA militants prisoners and then executed them on 9 October 1961 in the Ferreira incident , sparking further violence between the two sides . Holden Roberto merged UPA with the Democratic Party of Angola to form the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) in March 1962 . A few weeks later he established the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile ( GRAE ) on 27 March , appointing Jonas Savimbi to the position of Foreign Minister . Roberto established a political alliance with Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko by divorcing his wife and marrying a woman from Mobutu 's wife 's village . Roberto visited Israel and received aid from the Israeli government from 1963 to 1969 . The MPLA held a party congress in Leopoldville in 1962 , during which , Viriato da Cruz -- found to be slow , negligent , and adverse to planning -- was replaced by Agostinho Neto . In addition to the change in leadership , the MPLA adopted and reaffirmed its policies for an independent Angola : Democracy Multiracialism Non-alignment Nationalization National liberation of the entire colony . No foreign military bases in Angola . Savimbi left the FNLA in 1964 and founded UNITA in response to Roberto 's unwillingness to spread the war outside the traditional Kingdom of Kongo . Neto met Marxist leader Che Guevara in 1965 and soon received funding from the governments of Cuba , German Democratic Republic , and the Soviet Union . Opening of the Eastern Front ( edit ) Main article : Frente Leste In May 1966 Daniel Chipenda , then a member of MPLA , established the Frente Leste ( Eastern Front ) , significantly expanding the MPLA 's reach in Angola . When the EF collapsed , Chipenda and Neto each blamed the other 's factions . UNITA carried out its first attack on 25 December 1966 , preventing trains from passing through the Benguela railway at Teixeira de Sousa on the border with Zambia . UNITA derailed the railway twice in 1967 , angering the Zambian government , which exported copper through the railway . President Kenneth Kaunda responded by kicking UNITA 's 500 fighters out of Zambia . Savimbi moved to Cairo , Egypt , where he lived for a year . He secretly entered Angola through Zambia and worked with the Portuguese military against the MPLA . UNITA had its main base in distant south - eastern Angolan provinces , where the Portuguese and FNLA influence were for all practical purposes very low , and where there was no guerrilla war at all . UNITA was from the beginning far better organized and disciplined than either the MPLA or the FNLA . Its fighters also showed a much better understanding of guerrilla operations . They were especially active along the Benguela railway , repeatedly causing damage to the Portuguese , and to the Republic of Congo and Zambia , both of which used the railway for transportation of their exports to Angolan ports . During the late 1960s the FNLA and MPLA fought each other as much as they did the Portuguese , with MPLA forces assisting the Portuguese in finding FNLA hideouts . Portuguese re-focus to the east ( edit ) The MPLA began forming squadrons of 100 to 145 militants in 1971 . These squadrons , armed with 60 mm and 81 mm mortars , attacked Portuguese outposts . The Portuguese conducted counter-insurgency sweeps against MPLA forces in 1972 , destroying some MPLA camps . Additionally , the South African Defence Force engaged the MPLA forces in Moxico in February 1972 , destroying the Communist presence . The Portuguese Armed Forces organized a successful campaign to control and pacify the entire Eastern Front ( the Frente Leste ) . Neto , defeated , retreated with 800 militants to the Republic of the Congo . Differing factions in the MPLA then jockeyed for power , until the Soviet Union allied with the Chipenda faction . On 17 March 1,000 FNLA fighters mutinied in Kinkuzu , but the Zairian army put down the rebellion on behalf of Roberto . Training of F.N.L.A. soldiers in a camp in Zaire in 1973 In 1973 Chipenda left the MPLA , founding the Eastern Revolt with 1,500 former MPLA followers . Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere convinced the People 's Republic of China , which had begun funding the MPLA in 1970 , to ally with the FNLA against the MPLA in 1973 . Roberto visited the PRC in December and secured Chinese support . The Soviet Union cut off aid to the MPLA completely in 1974 when Revolta Activa split off from the mainstream MPLA . In November the Soviet Union resumed aid to the MPLA after Neto reasserted his leadership . The combined forces of the MPLA , the UNITA , and the FNLA succeeded in their rebellion not because of their success in battle , but because of the Movimento das Forças Armadas ' coup in Portugal . The MFA was an organisation of lower - ranked officers in the Portuguese Armed Forces which was responsible for the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974 , which ended the Portuguese Colonial War and led to the independence of the Portuguese overseas territories . The MFA overthrew the Lisbon government in protest against the authoritarian political regime and the ongoing African colonial wars , specially the particularly demanding conflict in Portuguese Guinea . The revolutionary Portuguese government removed the remaining elements of its colonial forces and agreed to a quick handover of power to the nationalist African movements . This put an immediate end to the independence war against Portugal , but opened the door for a bitter armed conflict among the independentist forces and their respectives allies . Holden Roberto , Agostinho Neto , and Jonas Savimbi met in Bukavu , Zaire in July and agreed to negotiate with the Portuguese as one political entity , but afterwards the fight broke out again . End of the conflict ( edit ) The three party leaders met again in Mombasa , Kenya on 5 January 1975 and agreed to stop fighting each other , further outlining constitutional negotiations with the Portuguese . They met for a third time , with Portuguese government officials , in Alvor , Portugal from 10 till 15 January . They signed on 15 January what became known as the Alvor Agreement , granting Angola independence on 11 November and establishing a transitional government . The agreement ended the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war . The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda ( FLEC ) and Eastern Revolt never signed the agreement as they were excluded from negotiations . The coalition government established by the Alvor Agreement soon fell as nationalist factions , doubting one another 's commitment to the peace process , tried to take control of the colony by force . The parties agreed to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975 . From 31 January until independence a transitional government consisting of the Portuguese High Commissioner Rosa Coutinho and a Prime Ministerial Council would rule . The PMC consisted of three representatives , one from each Angolan party , and a rotating premiership among the representatives . Every decision required two - thirds majority support . The twelve ministries were divided equally among the Angolan parties and the Portuguese government : three ministries for each party . Author Witney Wright Schneidman criticized this provision in Engaging Africa : Washington and the Fall of Portugal 's Colonial Empire for ensuring a `` virtual paralysis in executive authority '' . The Bureau of Intelligence and Research cautioned that an excessive desire to preserve the balance of power in the agreement hurt the transitional Angolan government 's ability to function . The Portuguese government 's main goal in negotiations was preventing the mass emigration of white Angolans . Paradoxically , the agreement only allowed the MPLA , FNLA , and UNITA to nominate candidates to the first assembly elections , deliberately disenfranchising Bakongo , Cabindans , and whites . The Portuguese reasoned that white Angolans would have to join the separatist movements and the separatists would have to moderate their platforms to expand their political bases . The agreement called for the integration of the militant wings of the Angolan parties into a new military , the Angolan Defense Forces . The ADF would have 48,000 active personnel , made up of 24,000 Portuguese and 8,000 MPLA , FNLA , and UNITA fighters respectively . Each party maintained separate barracks and outposts . Every military decision required the unanimous consent of each party 's headquarters and the joint military command . The Portuguese forces lacked equipment and commitment to the cause , while Angolan nationalists were antagonistic of each other and lacked training . The treaty , to which the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda ( FLEC ) never agreed , described Cabinda as an `` integral and inalienable part of Angola '' . Separatists viewed the agreement as a violation of Cabindan right to self - determination . All three parties soon had forces greater in number than the Portuguese , endangering the colonial power 's ability to keep the peace . Factional fighting renewed , reaching new heights as foreign supplies of arms increased . In February the Cuban government warned the Eastern Bloc that the Alvor Agreement would not succeed . By spring the African National Congress and the South West Africa People 's Organization ( SWAPO ) were echoing Cuba 's warning . Leaders of the Organization of African Unity organized a peace conference moderated by Kenyan President Jomo Kenyatta with the three leaders in Nakuru , Kenya in June . The Angolan leaders issued the Nakuru Declaration on 21 June , agreeing to abide by the provisions of the Alvor Agreement while acknowledging a mutual lack of trust which led to violence . In July fighting again broke out and the MPLA managed to force the FNLA out of Luanda ; UNITA voluntarily withdrew from the capital to its stronghold in the south from where it also engaged in the struggle for the country . By August the MPLA had control of 11 of the 15 provincial capitals , including Cabina and Luanda . South African forces invaded Angola on 23 October 1975 , covertly sending 1,500 to 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola . FNLA - UNITA - South African forces took five provincial capitals , including Novo Redondo and Benguela in three weeks . On 10 November the Portuguese left Angola . Cuban - MPLA forces defeated South African - FNLA forces , maintaining control over Luanda . On 11 November Neto declared the independence of the People 's Republic of Angola . The FNLA and UNITA responded by proclaiming their own government based in Huambo . The South African Army retreated and , with the help of Cuban forces , the MPLA retook most of the south in the beginning of 1976 . Many analysts have blamed the transitional government in Portugal for the violence that followed the Alvor Agreement , criticizing the lack of concern about internal Angolan security , and the favoritism towards the MPLA . High Commissioner Coutinho , one of the seven leaders of the National Salvation Junta , openly gave Portuguese military equipment to MPLA forces . Edward Mulcahy , Acting Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs in the United States State Department , told Tom Killoran , the U.S. Consul General in Angola , to congratulate the PMC rather than the FNLA and UNITA on their own and Coutinho for Portugal 's `` untiring and protracted efforts '' at a peace agreement . Secretary of State Henry Kissinger considered any government involving the pro-Soviet , communist MPLA , to be unacceptable and President Gerald Ford oversaw heightened aid to the FNLA . Foreign influence ( edit ) United States of america ( edit ) The situation of the Portuguese in their overseas province of Angola soon became a matter of concern for a number of foreign powers particularly her military allies in NATO . The Soviet Union , for example , was concerned with the possibility of a Marxist regime being established in Luanda . That is why it started supplying weapons and ammunition to the UPA , which meanwhile grew considerably and merged with the Democratic Party of Angola to form the FNLA . The leaders of the FNLA were , however , not satisfied with the US support . Savimbi consequently established good connections with the People 's Republic of China , from where even larger shipments started arriving . The USA granted the company Aero Associates , from Tucson , Arizona , the permission to sell seven Douglas B - 26 Invader bombers to Portugal in early 1965 , despite Portugal 's concerns about their support for the Marxists from Cuba and the USSR . The aircraft were flown to Africa by John Richard Hawke -- reportedly a former Royal Air Force - pilot -- who on the start of one of the flights to Angola flew so low over the White House , that the United States Air Force forced him to land and he was arrested . In May 1965 Hawke was indicted for illegally selling arms and supporting the Portuguese , but was imprisoned for less than a year . The B - 26s were not to see deployment in Angola until several years later . Rhodesia and South Africa ( edit ) Aside from the USA , two other nations became involved in this war . These were Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) and South Africa , both of which were ruled by the white minority . Their regimes were both concerned about their own future in the case of a Portuguese defeat . Rhodesia and South Africa initially limited their participation to shipments of arms and supplies . However , by 1968 the South Africans began providing Alouette III helicopters with crews to the Portuguese Air Force ( FAP ) , and finally several companies of South African Defence Forces ( SADF ) infantry who were deployed in southern and central Angola . However , contemporary reports about them guarding the iron mines of Cassinga were never confirmed . Finally , there were reports that a number of Rhodesian pilots were recruited to fly FAP helicopters . However , when the first Portuguese unit was equipped with Aerospatiale Puma helicopters , in 1969 , its crews were almost exclusively South Africans . Rhodesian pilots were considered too valuable by the Royal Rhodesian Air Force ( RRAF ) to be deployed in support of the Portuguese . The SADF had pilots and helicopters operating out of the Centro Conjunto de Apoio Aéreo ( CCAA -- Joint Air Support Centre ) , setting up in Cuito Cuanavale during 1968 . USSR ( edit ) During the late 1960s the USSR also became involved in the war in Angola , albeit almost exclusively via the MPLA . While the FNLA received only very limited arms shipments from the USA , and the UNITA was getting hardly any support from outside the country , the Marxist MPLA developed very close relations with Moscow and was soon to start receiving significant shipments of arms via Tanzania and Zambia . In 1969 the MPLA agreed with the USSR that in exchange for arms and supplies delivered to it the Soviets would -- upon independence -- be granted rights for establishing military bases in the country . Consequently , by the early 1970s , the MPLA developed into the strongest Angolan anti-colonial movement and the most powerful political party . Aftermath ( edit ) As soon as the agreement between the MPLA and Portugal for the transfer of power became known to the public , a mass exodus began . Over 300,000 people left Angola by November , most of them evacuated aboard TAP Boeing 707 aircraft . The British Royal Air Force also lent a hand , sending Vickers VC10 airliners to evacuate about 6,000 additional refugees . At this stage , the Angolan Civil War had started and spread out across the newly independent country . The devastating civil war lasted several decades and claimed a million lives and refugees in independent Angola . In the wake of the conflict , Angola faced deterioration in central planning , economic development and growth , security , education and health system issues . Like the other newly independent African territories involved in the Portuguese Colonial War , Angola 's rank in the human development and GDP per capita world tables fell . After independence , economic and social recession , corruption , poverty , inequality and failed central planning eroded the initial post independence expectations . A level of economic development comparable to what had existed under Portuguese rule became a major goal for the governments of the independent territory . The sharp recession and the chaos in many areas of Angolan life eroded the initial impetus of nationalistic fervor . There were also eruptions of black racism in the former overseas province against white and mulatto Angolans . See also ( edit ) Military history of Africa portal Portuguese Colonial War Portuguese West Africa Cuba in Angola References ( edit ) Jump up ^ THE BORDER WAR Jump up ^ Regional Orders : Building Security in a New World , 1997 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare : Principles , Practices , and Regional Comparisons , 1988 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Cuba : The International Dimension , 1990 , pp. 155 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Cuba in the World , 1979 , pp. 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Foreign Intervention in Africa : From the Cold War to the War on Terror , 2013 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ China and Africa : A Century of Engagement , 2012 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Armed Forces and Modern Counter-insurgency , 1985 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ The Flawed Architect : Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy , 2004 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Beit - Hallahmi , Benjamin . The Israeli connection : Whom Israel arms and why , pp. 63 - 64 . IB Tauris , 1987 . Jump up ^ FNLA -- um movimento em permanente letargia , guerracolonial.org ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ Algeria : The Politics of a Socialist Revolution , 1970 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Southern Africa in Transition , 1966 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Angola - Ascendancy of the MPLA ^ Jump up to : Crocker , Chester A. ; Fen Osler Hampson ; Pamela R. Aall ( 2005 ) . Grasping The Nettle : Analyzing Cases Of Intractable Conflict . p. 213 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Angola War 1961 - 1975 '' . Onwar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Portugal Angola ^ Jump up to : Tom Hartman , A World Atlas of Military History 1945 -- 1984 . Jump up ^ John Marcum , The Angolan Revolution , vol . I , The Anatomy of an Explosion ( 1950 -- 1962 ) , vol. II , Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare , Cambridge / Mass . & London : MIT Press , 1969 and 1978 , respectively . ^ Jump up to : António Pires Nunes , Angola 1966 -- 74 ^ Jump up to : Palmer , Alan Warwick ( 1979 ) . The Facts on File Dictionary of 20th Century History , 1900 -- 1978 . p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Dicken , Samuel Newton ; Forrest Ralph Pitts ( 1963 ) . Introduction to Human Geography . p. 359 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Peter . Modern African Wars : Angola and Mocambique 1961 -- 74 . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 843 - 9 . Jump up ^ African Troops in the Portuguese Colonial Army , 1961 -- 1974 : Angola , Guinea - Bissau and Mozambique ^ Jump up to : Coelho , João Paulo Borges , African Troops in the Portuguese Colonial Army , 1961 -- 1974 : Angola , Guinea - Bissau and Mozambique , Portuguese Studies Review 10 ( 1 ) ( 2002 ) , pp. 129 -- 50 Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) ( DADOS PARA A ) HISTÓRIA DA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA EM MOÇAMBIQUE , Instituto Camões Jump up ^ ( ADP ) Shadle , Robert ; James Stuart Olson ( 1991 ) . Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism . pp. 26 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , George ( 1997 ) . The Destruction of a Nation : United States Policy Towards Angola Since 1945 . pp. 2 , 8 -- 11 , and 57 . Jump up ^ Oyebade , Adebayo O ( 2006 ) . Culture And Customs of Angola . p . XI . Jump up ^ Africa Year Book and Who 's who . 1977 . p. 238 . ^ Jump up to : Tvedten , Inge ( 1997 ) . Angola : Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction . pp. 29 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` inapertwa : Angola '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ James Fearon and David Laitin . `` Portugal '' ( PDF ) . Stanford University . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ António Lopes Pires Nunes , `` A Sublevação da Baixa do Cassange '' , Revista Militar , 2011 Jump up ^ Wright , George ( 1997 ) . The Destruction of a Nation : United States ' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Sellstr̀eom ( 2002 ) . Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa . p. 380 . Jump up ^ António Lopes Pires Nunes , `` Os assaltos de 4 de fevereiro em Luanda eo massacre de 15 de março no norte de Angola -- antecedentes '' , Revista Militar , 2011 Jump up ^ Angola discutida na Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas , a film of a Portuguese formal protest in the United Nations ( March 1961 ) , and an anti-American riot at Lisbon , guerracolonial.org Jump up ^ Edgerton , Robert Breckenridge ( 2002 ) . Africa 's Armies : From Honor to Infamy . p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : George , Edward ( 2005 ) . The Cuban Intervention In Angola , 1965 -- 1991 : from Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale . pp. 10 , 46 and 289 . Jump up ^ For a critical and well sourced account of the 1961 events see Dalila Cabrita Mateus & Álvaro Mateus , Angola 61 : Guerra Colonial , Causas e Consequências . O 4 de Fevereiro eo 15 de Março , Alfragide : Texto Editores , 2011 . Jump up ^ A `` GUERRA '' 1o Episódio `` Massacres da UPA '' on YouTube , A Guerra ( Joaquim Furtado ) 2007 Jump up ^ NUNES , António Lopes Pires , Angola 1961 , Prefácio , 1999 Jump up ^ Wellens , Karen ; T.M.C. Asser Instituut ( 1990 ) . Resolutions and statements of the United Nations Security Council ( 1946 -- 1989 ) : a thematic guide . BRILL . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 0796 - 9 . Jump up ^ George Childs Kohn , Dictionary of Wars ( Facts on File , 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Tvedten , Inge ( 1997 ) . Angola : Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Davis , John Aubrey ( 1966 ) . Southern Africa in Transition , American Society of African Culture . p. 170 . Jump up ^ Beit - Hallahmi , Benjamin ( 1988 ) . The Israeli Connection : Whom Israel Arms and Why . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Figueiredo , António de ( 1961 ) . Portugal and Its Empire : The Truth . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Walker , John Frederick ( 2004 ) . A Certain Curve of Horn : The Hundred - Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola . pp. 146 -- 148 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Peter ; Manuel Ribeiro Rodrigues ( 1988 ) . Modern African Wars : Angola and Mozambique , 1961 -- 74 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ George , Edward ( 2005 ) . The Cuban Intervention in Angola , 1965 -- 1991 . Routledge . p. 289 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35015 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rui deAzevedo Teixeira , `` A guerra de Angola 1961 - 1974 '' , Matosinhos : Quidnovi , 2010 Jump up ^ Laidi , Zaki . The Superpowers and Africa : The Constraints of a Rivalry : 1960 -- 1990 . Chicago : Univ . Of Chicago , 1990 . Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) Movimento das Forças Armadas ( MFA ) . In Infopédia ( Em linha ) . Porto : Porto Editora , 2003 -- 2009 . ( Consult. 2009 - 01 - 07 ) . Disponível na www : . ^ Jump up to : Rothchild , Donald S. ( 1997 ) . Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa : Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation . pp. 115 -- 116 . ^ Jump up to : Schneidman , Witney Wright ( 2004 ) . Engaging Africa : Washington and the Fall of Portugal 's Colonial Empire . p. 200 . Jump up ^ Ryan , J. Atticus ( 1998 ) . Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Yearbook . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Westad , Odd Arne ( 2005 ) . The Global Cold War : Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times . p. 227 . Jump up ^ McDannald , Alexander Hopkins ( 1976 ) . The Americana Annual : An Encyclopedia of Current Events , 1877 -- 1976 . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Porter , Bruce D. ( 1986 ) . The USSR in Third World Conflicts : Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars , 1945 -- 1980 . p. 149 . Jump up ^ Stearns , Peter N. ; William Leonard Langer ( 2001 ) . The Encyclopedia of World History : Ancient , Medieval , and Modern , Chronologically Arranged . p. 1065 . Jump up ^ 1975 , Angola : Mercenaries , Murder and Corruption Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade Jump up ^ `` Jonas Savimbi : Washington 's `` Freedom Fighter , '' Africa 's `` Terrorist '' `` . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bender , Gerald J. `` KISSINGER IN ANGOLA : ANATOMY OF FAILURE '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` THE AIRFORCE -- THE BORDER WAR '' . Archived from the original on 23 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` SOVIET AND CUBAN AID TO THE MPLA IN ANGOLA FROM MARCH THROUGH DECEMBER 1975 ( NI -- CIA document '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Castro 's Secret War 1 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa : Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire by Norrie MacQueen -- Mozambique since Independence : Confronting Leviathan by Margaret Hall , Tom Young -- Author of Review : Stuart A. Notholt African Affairs , Vol. 97 , No. 387 ( Apr. , 1998 ) , pp. 276 -- 278 , JSTOR Jump up ^ Mark D. Tooley , Praying for Marxism in Africa , FrontPageMagazine.com ( Friday , 13 March 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Mario de Queiroz , AFRICA - PORTUGAL : Three Decades After Last Colonial Empire Came to an End Archived 2009 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Things are going well in Angola . They achieved good progress in their first year of independence . There 's been a lot of building and they are developing health facilities . In 1976 they produced 80,000 tons of coffee . Transportation means are also being developed . Currently between 200,000 and 400,000 tons of coffee are still in warehouses . In our talks with ( Angolan President Agostinho ) Neto we stressed the absolute necessity of achieving a level of economic development comparable to what had existed under ( Portuguese ) colonialism . '' ; `` There is also evidence of black racism in Angola . Some are using the hatred against the colonial masters for negative purposes . There are many mulattos and whites in Angola . Unfortunately , racist feelings are spreading very quickly . '' ( 1 ) Castro 's 1977 southern Africa tour : A report to Honecker , CNN . External links ( edit ) ( in Portuguese ) Guerra Colonial : 1961 -- 1974 -- State - supported historical site of the Portuguese Colonial War ( Portugal ) OnWar timeline U.S. Involvement in Angolan Conflict from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archive Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - 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when does scarecrow appear in wizard of oz	In Baum 's classic 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the living scarecrow encounters Dorothy Gale in a field in the Munchkin Country while she is on her way to the Emerald City . He tells her about his creation and of how he at first scared away the crows , before an older one realised he was a straw man , causing the other crows to start eating the corn . The old crow then told the Scarecrow of the importance of brains . The `` mindless '' Scarecrow joins Dorothy in the hope that The Wizard will give him a brain . They are later joined by the Tin Woodman and the Cowardly Lion . When the group goes to the West , he kills the Witch 's crows by twisting their necks . He is taken apart by the Flying Monkeys and his clothes thrown up a tree , but when his clothes are filled with straw he is back again . After Dorothy and her friends have completed their mission to kill the Wicked Witch of the West , the Wizard gives the Scarecrow brains ( made out of bran , pins and needles -- in reality a placebo , as he has been the most intelligent of the travelers all along ) . Before he leaves Oz in a balloon , the Wizard appoints the Scarecrow to rule the Emerald City in his stead . He accompanies Dorothy and the others to the palace of the Good Witch of the South Glinda , and she uses the Golden Cap to summon the Winged Monkeys , who take the Scarecrow back to the Emerald City .		Scarecrow ( Oz )	scarecrow ( oz )	The Scarecrow is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum and illustrator W.W. Denslow . In his first appearance , the Scarecrow reveals that he lacks a brain and desires above all else to have one . In reality , he is only two days old and merely ignorant . Throughout the course of the novel , he demonstrates that he already has the brains he seeks and is later recognized as `` the wisest man in all of Oz , '' although he continues to credit the Wizard for them . He is , however , wise enough to know his own limitations and all too happy to hand the rulership of Oz , passed to him by the Wizard , to Princess Ozma , to become one of her trusted advisors , though he typically spends more time playing games than advising .	Contents 1 In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 2 In Wicked Musical 3 In the Novel `` Wicked '' by Gregory Maguire 4 In the Novel `` Son of a Witch '' by Gregory Maguire 5 Scholarly interpretations 6 Later Oz books 7 Film portrayals 7.1 Early films 7.2 The Wizard of Oz 7.3 The Oz Kids 7.4 Oz the Great and Powerful 7.5 Other adaptations 8 Modern works 9 References In the Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( edit ) In Baum 's classic 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the living scarecrow encounters Dorothy Gale in a field in the Munchkin Country while she is on her way to the Emerald City . He tells her about his creation and of how he at first scared away the crows , before an older one realised he was a straw man , causing the other crows to start eating the corn . The old crow then told the Scarecrow of the importance of brains . The `` mindless '' Scarecrow joins Dorothy in the hope that The Wizard will give him a brain . They are later joined by the Tin Woodman and the Cowardly Lion . When the group goes to the West , he kills the Witch 's crows by twisting their necks . He is taken apart by the Flying Monkeys and his clothes thrown up a tree , but when his clothes are filled with straw he is back again . After Dorothy and her friends have completed their mission to kill the Wicked Witch of the West , the Wizard gives the Scarecrow brains ( made out of bran , pins and needles -- in reality a placebo , as he has been the most intelligent of the travelers all along ) . Before he leaves Oz in a balloon , the Wizard appoints the Scarecrow to rule the Emerald City in his stead . He accompanies Dorothy and the others to the palace of the Good Witch of the South Glinda , and she uses the Golden Cap to summon the Winged Monkeys , who take the Scarecrow back to the Emerald City . His desire for a brain notably contrasts with the Tin Woodman 's desire for a heart , reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions . Indeed , both believe they have neither . This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior ; neither convinces the other , and Dorothy , listening , is unable to decide which one is right . Symbolically , because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest , she is provided with both and need not select . In Wicked musical ( edit ) In the musical of Gregory Maguire 's interpretation of the Oz franchise , this version of the Scarecrow was Fiyero Tigelaar , the love interest of Elphaba Thropp . Fiyero attends school with Elphaba and Glinda the Good , while they were all still young . Fiyero takes a special interest in Elphaba . However , he is highly sought after by Elphaba 's roommate , Glinda . Fiyero and Elphaba share a secret romance , and when she leaves for the Emerald City , he gives her a long and meaningful goodbye . Many years later , after Elphaba goes into hiding , we are shown that Glinda and Fiyero are to be wed . However this is not because of love , at least not on Fiyero 's part , for he still loves Elphaba . Once she reappears in the Emerald City , they escape together , much to Glinda 's discontent . Elphaba then goes to the site of her sister 's death ( Dorothy 's arrival into Oz ) . Here she is ambushed by guards , and about to be taken away , when Fiyero saves her , but he is merely sacrificing himself to save her . Elphaba in a fit of rage and heartbreak reads a spell to keep Fiyero safe , with the words of the spell including pleas to let him feel no pain and never die however they try to destroy him . Although Elphaba abandons the spell as she believes it is not working , it is not until the end of the production that we are shown that Fiyero is still alive , and has been transformed into the Scarecrow from `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' . In the novel `` Wicked '' by Gregory Maguire ( edit ) In Gregory Maguire 's novel `` Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West '' The Scarecrow is a companion of Dorothy . When the quartet of Dorothy , The Scarecrow , Tin Woodman , and Lion approach Elphaba 's home in Fiyero 's castle , she thinks for a moment that maybe Fiyero is the Scarecrow , having not died earlier in the novel . She sends minions after him to tear him apart to see if Fiyero is inside , but he is not . In the novel he is NOT Fiyero , but this is probably where they got the idea for the stage version . In the novel `` son of a Witch '' by Gregory Maguire ( edit ) The Scarecrow appears briefly in this novel , first giving Liir advice . When he appears at Glinda 's induction Liir notes that it is an obvious impostor and not the same Scarecrow that he once knew . Scholarly interpretations ( edit ) Main article : Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Denslow 's drawing of scarecrow hung up on pole and helpless , from first edition of book , 1900 July 1896 Puck cartoon shows farmer hung up on pole and helpless ; was this Denslow 's inspiration ? The hat says `` silverite '' ; the locomotive is gold Economics and history professors have published scholarly studies that indicate the images and characters used by Baum and Denslow closely resembled political images that were well known in the 1890s . The Scarecrow , like other characters and elements in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , was a common theme found in editorial cartoons of the previous decade . Baum and Denslow , like most writers , used the materials at hand that they knew best . They built a story around them , added Dorothy , and added a series of lessons to the effect that everyone possesses the resources they need ( such as brains , a heart and courage ) if only they had self - confidence . Although it was a children 's book , of course , Baum noted in the preface that it was a `` modernized '' fairy tale as well . Those who interpret The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a political allegory often see the Scarecrow , a central figure , as a reflection of the popular image of the American farmer -- although he has been persuaded that he is only a dumb hick , he possesses a strong common sense , remarkable insight and quick - wittedness that needs only to be reinforced by self - confidence . The blackface minstrel star , Fred Stone , was the first to play the Scarecrow on stage , and he brought his minstrel style of performance to the role of the Scarecrow . Baum was delighted with Stone 's performance , and he wrote subsequent Oz books with Stone 's minstrel - style in mind . Later Oz books ( edit ) Cover of The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) by L. Frank Baum ; illustration by John R. Neill The Scarecrow also appears in other Oz books , sharing further adventures with Dorothy and her friends . His reign as king of the Emerald City ends in The Marvelous Land of Oz when General Jinjur and her Army of Revolt oust him in a coup . He manages to escape the palace and joins Tip and his companions in seeking the aid of Glinda the Good . He spars with H.M. Woggle - Bug T.E. on the value of education . Although he claims to be educated himself and to value education , he finds the Woggle - Bug 's learning rote and without wisdom . Although he can not eat , he tells Billina that she might be better cooked and generally seems to favor the use of animals as food , sometimes making snide remarks to that effect to his animal companions , although he himself only gathers nuts and fruit for his traveling companions , such as Dorothy and Tip , to eat . By The Road to Oz he is acknowledged , at least by the Tin Woodman , to be `` probably the wisest man in all Oz , '' and this is the caption of an illustration , suggesting that the reader take his comment at face value . Dorothy herself , in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , praises the Scarecrow 's wisdom and says the Scarecrow seemed just as wise before the Wizard gave him brains as after . In The Emerald City of Oz , the Scarecrow lives in a house shaped like an ear of corn in Winkie Country . In The Scarecrow of Oz , the Scarecrow travels to Jinxland , where he helps Cap'n Bill , Trot and Button - Bright overthrow the villainous King Krewl . In Glinda of Oz the Scarecrow serves as Regent to Ozma of Oz , demonstrating that he is Ozma 's third in command . Mostly all he does is play croquet until Ozma 's advisers , including himself , band together for a rescue operation . In The Royal Book of Oz by Ruth Plumly Thompson , Baum 's authorized successor as `` Royal Historian of Oz '' , Professor Woggle - Bug accused the Scarecrow of having no ancestry , so he returns to the pole at the cornfield where he was once hung . Sliding down it and descending underground , he first encounters the Midlings and then the Silver Islands , whose people believe themselves to be the ancestors of the Chinese . Apparently , when Emperor Chang Wang Woe defeated the king of the Golden Islands in battle , the king hired a sorcerer to sneak into the palace and transform the Emperor into a crocus , which later sprouted into a bean pole , preceding a prophecy that the first being to touch the bean pole would become possessed by the spirit of the Emperor . As it turned out , the first thing to touch the pole was the straw - stuffed human , which would become the Scarecrow . This account is not consistent with the Scarecrow 's story in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz of becoming aware of each sense as the relevant organs were painted on his head . Film portrayals ( edit ) Early films ( edit ) The Scarecrow has appeared in nearly every early Oz film , portrayed by different actors each time . The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) : Frank Burns The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) : Robert Z . Leonard The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) : Herbert Glennon His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) : Frank Moore Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) : Larry Semon ( just a man in disguise ) The Land of Oz ( 1932 ) : Donald Henderson The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) Ray Bolger , as the Scarecrow , `` The Wizard of Oz '' 1939 . In the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , the Scarecrow was played by Ray Bolger in what is arguably the actor 's most famous role . He was originally cast as the Tin Woodsman , but Bolger had always wanted to play the Scarecrow , so he was upset about it since he wanted to switch roles with Buddy Ebsen , who was originally going to play the Scarecrow . Ebsen did n't mind the swap , so Bolger and Ebsen swapped roles . While Ray was pleased with his role as the Scarecrow , the aluminum dust from Ebsen 's Tin Man make - up nearly choked him to the edge of death ( causing Ebsen to have to give up that role ) . Ebsen was replaced by Jack Haley for his role of the Tin Man . Bolger 's costume consisted of a straw - stuffed suit and a light face mask of rubber designed to simulate burlap . The mask was fragile , and usually had to be completely replaced at the start of each new day of filming . Bolger 's Scarecrow costume , minus the mask , is part of the collections of the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution . Bolger was a talented dancer , so The Scarecrow was given an extended dance sequence in the movie . However , to shorten the movie , much of this sequence was edited out since it would slow down the film . While Bolger admitted in a 1939 radio broadcast that he was too young to have seen Fred Stone play the Scarecrow in the 1902 musical extravaganza , he told Stone on the broadcast that the first play he was allowed to see was The Red Mill featuring Stone , and that his performance in that play was an inspiration . During the scene where the Wizard gives him his brains , the Scarecrow makes a mistake in his first educated pronouncement . He recites the Pythagorean theorem stating that it applies to an isosceles triangle , which is incorrect , as it applies to a right triangle ; he also refers to square roots , not to squares . This probably reflects ignorance by the scriptwriters , not the Scarecrow . Bolger also portrayed the Scarecrow 's Kansas counterpart , Hunk ( one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farmworkers ) , newly created for the film by screenwriter Noel Langley . A scene which was written in the script , but dropped before filming commenced , ended the movie by sending Hunk off to agricultural college , with Dorothy promising to write . The scene implied the potential for a romance between the two characters . He helps Zeke ( Cowardly Lion 's alter ego ) and Hickory ( Tin Man 's alter ego ) repair a wagon . Unlike Zeke , Hickory and Hunk lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches their farm . He closes and locks the cellar with Zeke when Dorothy arrives at the farmhouse . Hunk reunites with Dorothy when she awakens from being unconscious . He is seen with Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , Zeke , Hickory , and Professor Marvel ( The Wizard 's alter ego ) . The Oz Kids ( edit ) In 1996 , they made a cartoon animated The Oz Kids . He has a son named Scarecrow , Jr . His son is smart and knows everything just like him . Scarecrow , Sr. is voiced by Andy Milder . Oz the Great and Powerful ( edit ) In the 2013 film Oz the Great and Powerful , the Scarecrow 's origins are explained ; being fabricated by the townspeople of Oz as a diversionary tactic during the retaliatory attack on the Emerald City . Other adaptations ( edit ) In the 1925 film , Wizard of Oz , the Scarecrow and the Tin Man were actually human farmhands , who were blown to Oz by the tornado along with Dorothy . Dorothy , in another major departure from the novel , turns out to be the rightful ruler of Oz , having been exiled to Kansas as a baby . Hinton Battle originated the role of the Scarecrow in the 1975 Broadway musical The Wiz , and Michael Jackson played the Scarecrow in the 1978 film adaptation . This version of the Scarecrow was a more tragic character before Dorothy rescues him ; while hung on his pole , the crows he is unable to scare , who force him to humiliate himself and entertain them , torment him day and night . They force him to sing the song , `` You Ca n't Win '' , meaning that he can not escape the crows ' rule and his bad luck . While Stan Winston created Jackson 's makeup , it was applied to Jackson 's face by Michael R. Thomas who portrayed the Scarecrow in Barry Mahon 's The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) , as well as doing the makeup for that film . Elijah Kelley portrayed the Scarecrow in the TV special The Wiz Live ! , as well as the farmhand Sticks . In the animated film Journey Back to Oz ( produced in 1964 but not released until the 1970s ) , the Scarecrow was voiced by Mickey Rooney . In an episode of The World 's Greatest Super Friends , Aquaman temporarily became the Scarecrow after a tornado took him , Superman and Wonder Woman to Mister Mxyzptlk 's planet of Oz . In a 1981 episode of Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo , Shaggy is dressed as the Scarecrow after a tornado took him , Scooby , and Scrappy to `` Ahz '' , a direct spoof of Oz with a different spelling by its enunciation . Justin Case , an English bicycle acrobat , appeared briefly as the Scarecrow in the 1985 film Return to Oz . American voice actor Michael Gough voices the Scarecrow in 2011 's direct - to - DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz . The Scarecrow appeared in Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( which is based on Dorothy of Oz ) voiced by Dan Aykroyd . The Scarecrow appeared in the Once Upon a Time episode `` Our Decay '' voiced by Paul Scheer . Many years ago , Zelena the Wicked Witch of the West targeted him for his brain as part of her attempt to create a time - travel spell . Before she can remove Scarecrow 's brain , Dorothy and Toto arrived where they managed to get away from Zelena . With help from Hades who enchanted a bicycle that was found at the remains of Dorothy 's house , Zelena was able to locate where Dorothy and Scarecrow are hiding . After magically freezing Dorothy , Zelena successfully removed Scarecrow 's brain and was about to show it to Hades only to find that he is not there . Modern works ( edit ) The Scarecrow is also a minor character in author Gregory Maguire 's revisionist novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West and is made a more prominent character in its Broadway musical adaptation Wicked . In the musical , the Scarecrow is revealed to be the remnants of Fiyero after he was captured by the Wizard 's officials , but made impervious to injury by Elphaba 's incomplete spell . The Fiyero - Scarecrow executes a plan to save Elphaba through using the rumor that water will melt her ; thus she stays alive and the two move out of Oz . This has no basis in the book other than that in the final scenes Elphaba hopes that the Scarecrow is really her beloved Fiyero in disguise , which is proven to be a false hope when he is attacked and she sees that he is nothing but straw . The Scarecrow is featured more prominently in Son of a Witch , Maguire 's sequel to Wicked . In that novel , the Scarecrow helps the Witch 's son Liir avoid political turmoil in the Emerald City after the Wizard 's departure . Later , various powerful interests place a different Scarecrow on the throne of Oz to serve as a puppet ruler ; the suggestion is that most residents of Oz are unable to distinguish one Scarecrow from another . In the musical , the Fiyero - Scarecrow 's appearance and style of walking are based on Bolger 's portrayal of the Scarecrow in the 1939 film . In the Dorothy Must Die series by Danielle Paige , the Scarecrow and Dorothy 's other companions have been corrupted by their gifts and Dorothy 's use of magic . The Scarecrow has become a twisted ' mad scientist ' , performing various experiments on the animals to turn them into spies or warriors for Dorothy 's army , as well as extracting their brains to increase his own . He is ' killed ' in the second novel in the series , The Wicked Will Rise , when the Wizard takes his brains as part of a plan to bring Oz and Kansas together . Jackson Browne performed this character in the 1995 television special The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True . The Kansas farmworker Hunk does not appear in this production . Browne sang a folk music tempo of If I Only Had a Brain and the bridge verses sung by the Scarecrow in Nathan Lane 's longer version of If I Only Had the Nerve . In the 2005 ABC television movie The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz , Kermit the Frog plays the role of the Scarecrow . Kermit 's other role was himself . Prior to Dorothy 's journey , he organizes a talent scout for a star for a new show . After Dorothy 's return , he hires her . In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's , the Scarecrow and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Mr. Lunt the Gourd . In the 2007 Sci Fi television miniseries Tin Man , the Scarecrow is re-imagined as the character named `` Glitch '' ( played by Alan Cumming ) . Formerly a chief adviser to the queen of the Outer Zone ( O.Z. ) named Ambrose , he resists her usurper ( and daughter ) , the evil sorceress Azkadellia and has his brain removed by the physician as a reeducation measure . In the series , he wanders the O.Z. searching for his brain and becomes a companion of the protagonist , a girl named DG . The Scarecrow appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Ari Zigaris . He appears on Earth in the form of a man named Allen Denslow who works as the illustrator of Dorothy Gale 's books . A commercial for GE smart - grid technology , which first aired during the Super Bowl XLIII , featured a computerized Scarecrow dancing clumsily on a radio tower singing `` If I Only Had a Brain '' . A character inspired by the Scarecrow appears in Alan Moore 's Lost Girls . In the work , a young farmboy becomes Dorothy Gale 's first sex partner . However , she soon grows bored of him because of his lack of intelligence and imagination , comparing it to having sex with something you use to scare the crows . The `` scarecrow '' tries to prove to Dorothy that he does have a brain and writes her a poem . The Scarecrow ( along with his other friends from OZ ) are playable in the Nintendo 3DS game Code Name : S.T.E.A.M. In Emerald City , a more modern retelling of the series , the Scarecrow equivalent in the series is `` Lucas '' ( portrayed by Oliver Jackson - Cohen ) and is an amnesic man who is rescued by Dorothy when she finds him being crucified at the start of her journey . In the course of the film it is revealed that he is actually Rowan , the husband of Glinda , with his amnesia the result of a spell Glinda casts so that he could n't betray her secrets if he was captured , but the restoration of his memory puts him and Dorothy at odds , as his devotion to Glinda leaves him incapable of recognizing Dorothy 's real objections to Glinda 's extreme methods to train younger witches . Psychologically torn between his memories as Rowan and his new relationships as Lucas , he eventually forces Dorothy to stab him to stop himself strangling her , culminating in Dorothy leaving him strung up like a scarecrow to symbolically reflect his desire to have never met her . Despite this , he appears in Kansas in the season finale , accompanied by Toto , to ask Dorothy to return with him to Oz . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Michael Patrick Hearn , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p 141 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ Robin Bernstein , Racial Innocence : Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights , ( New York : New York University Press , 2011 ) , 159 - 168 . Jump up ^ `` Scarecrow from `` The Wizard of Oz '' `` . National Museum of American History . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Treasures of American History : The Wizard of Oz '' . National Museum of American History . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=73897 Jump up ^ Allport , Lee ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful : A Prequel at Its Best '' . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . There are other interesting `` that explains it '' moments as well . We get up close and personal with The Cowardly Lion and find out what spooked him into being afraid of his own shadow . We get to know the Tin Man 's father and the creators of the Scarecrow and learn more about Munchkinland . Culver , Stuart ( 1988 ) . `` What Manikins Want : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors '' . Representations. 21 : 97 -- 116 . doi : 10.1525 / rep. 1988.21. 1.99 p02045 . Dighe , Ranjit S. , ed. ( 2002 ) . The historian 's Wizard of Oz : reading L. Frank Baum 's classic as a political and Monetary Allegory . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97418 - 9 . Green , David L. and Dick Martin . ( 1977 ) The Oz Scrapbook . Random House . Hearn , Michael Patrick , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Annotated Wizard of Oz . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04992 - 2 . Riley , Michael O. ( 1997 ) . Oz and Beyond : The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum . University of Kansas Press . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0832 - X . Ritter , Gretchen ( August 1997 ) . `` Silver slippers and a golden cap : L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics '' . Journal of American Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 203 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021875897005628 . JSTOR 27556260 . Rockoff , Hugh ( August 1990 ) . `` The ' Wizard of Oz ' as a Monetary Allegory '' . Journal of Political Economy. 98 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 261704 . JSTOR 2937766 . Sunshine , Linda . All Things Oz ( 2003 ) Swartz , Mark Evan ( 2000 ) . Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' on Stage and Screen to 1939 . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6477 - 1 . Velde , Francois R. `` Following the Yellow Brick Road : How the United States Adopted the Gold Standard '' Economic Perspectives . Volume : 26 . Issue : 2 . 2002 . also online here Ziaukas , Tim . `` 100 Years of Oz : Baum 's ' Wizard of Oz ' as Gilded Age Public Relations '' in Public Relations Quarterly , Fall 1998 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scarecrow ( Oz ) . Preceded by The Wizard of Oz Monarch of Oz Succeeded by Jinjur The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Lion of Oz and the Badge of Courage ( 1995 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Glass Cat Jellia Jamb Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nine Tiny Piglets Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Trot Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Ozma ( album ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarecrow_(Oz)&oldid=841241847 '' Categories : Oz ( franchise ) characters Fictional scarecrows Fictional characters introduced in 1900 Male characters in film Male characters in literature Male characters in television Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 18 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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how many types of gotra in hindu religion			List of gotras	list of gotras	The word gotra means `` lineage '' in the Sanskrit language . While it is akin to a family name , the given name of a family is often different from its gotra ; given names may reflect the traditional occupation , place of residence or other important family characteristic rather than gotra .	Gotra also can mean cow , land , veda and guru . People belonging to a particular gotra may not be of same caste in the Hindu social system . However , there is a notable exception among matrilineal Tulu speakers , for whom the lineages are the same across the castes . People of the same gotra are generally not allowed to marry . At weddings , the gotras of the bride and the groom are read aloud to verify that they are not breaking this rule . Main Hindu gotras ( edit ) This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( December 2014 ) The following are the list of gotras Ayodya Arihant Aamat Aashta Adishya Agastya Agni Ahabhunasa / Abnavana Ainakula Akshinthala Alambain Allimman Anbhanandi Angirasa Arjuna Athvasia Atreya Atri Awasthi Audala Bachchas Baghwar Bajju Rajput Bantlore Valmiki Nayak Basetia Rajput Basistha Bharadwaja Bhargava Bhaskar Bilas Bhrigu Brihadbala Chandratre Chelligara Chikara Cherukunolla Chandeeswara Chandakula Choonbook Depawat Duchania Dadeya Dahiya ( clan ) Dammiwal Devarathasa Dattatreya Dattana Deval Dhananjaya Dhull Dubey Gangsahay Garg Brahmin Gaur Ghakhar Ghosh Ghritkaushik Gotama Gohel Gothwal Guntur Kirtan Harita Jadaun Jal ( gotra ) Jamadagni Jambhumaharishi Jaskasya Jatukarna Janakula Jayalwal Jayant Jhankal Jhajoria Jilakara Kadam Pandit Kadian Kadiyan Kailasa Kaim Kalhansh Kaplaksh Kapinjala Kapisa Kashav Kashyapa Kasyapasya Kasyapala Kukeeyan Kamtariya Katyayan kaunsh Kaundinya Kaushal Kaushik Kaushish / Koshish / Koushish Khatil Khanagalu Khilaivar Kini Kottanolla Krishna Trey Krishnantrey Kundal Kutsas Lohithyasa Musunulla Madhukalya Maghugallya Manu ( ( Mandlore Valmiki Nayak ) ) Marichi Markandeya Maurya Miharasa Mithunakula Mittal Mohil or mahiwal Mouna Bhargava Mudgal / Moudgalya Mundoliya ( Muhudholiya ) l Munukolukula Murav Mungeesa Nageswar Nagasya Nagesh Naglaksh Nain Nanda Narayana Narnolia Narsingh Neem Nedungal Raghupathi Pachori Palavelli Palendra Pamidipalla Parashar Pasupula Pasupunulla Payasi Phalswal Pikhur Polisthya Pourugutsa Poothamanasa Raghukula gotra Ratti Brahman Ragupathi Recharla Raghav Rathan Bharadwaja Rushipala Kapu caste Sabarniya Sabarna Sankarisan Sanakula Saliya Maharishi Sambu Maharishi Sanatana Sanap Sandilya Sankhyayana Sankritya Saraswat Sarikala Sarwar Saroha Sinduryan Shakti Shatamarshana Sheoran Shetla Shiv - adi Shringi Singhal Siwal Sotiya Soukalin Srivatsa sullaniya / sulaniya Suparnasa Tarkia Tatran Tayal Thakran Thalluru Toppo Udayagiri ( gotra ) Udityagautama Upamanyu Upreti Upendra Uttam Vipparla Vallutla Vadhula Vaid Vainya Vanapala vardulasa Varadeshwasa Vashista Vats Vaksh Vidyangsha Vikrama Vishnu Vishrava Vishvamitra Vithahavya Vyaghrapada vyagarpath ( somvanshi rajput ) Yadav Bala ( clan ) Sanag ( clan ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shri Osiya Mataji - Osvansh - Oswal Gotra History '' . shriosiyamataji.org . Jump up ^ Harris , Gardiner ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Online Matchmaking Adds a Twist to Arranged Marriages in India '' . New York Times . New York . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . By the time the fathers discovered that their families were of the same gotra , or subcaste , generally making marriage taboo , their children had texted and emailed enough that they were hooked . Jump up ^ `` Information regarding Gotras '' . salagram.net . This Hinduism - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_gotras&oldid=803234387 '' Categories : Indian castes Gotras Kinship and descent Hinduism stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from December 2014 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 08 : 42 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20gotras	897
where did jaren jackson senior play college basketball	Jaren Jackson Sr. ( born October 27 , 1967 ) is an American professional basketball coach and former professional basketball player . A 6'4 '' ( 1.93 m ) shooting guard born in New Orleans , Louisiana , Jackson played at Georgetown University from 1985 to 1989 and graduated with a bachelor 's degree in finance . He was never drafted into the NBA but played 13 seasons for multiple teams . He is best known for his tenure with the San Antonio Spurs , who he helped win their first NBA championship in 1999 .	Georgetown University	Jaren Jackson	jaren jackson	Jaren Jackson Sr. ( born October 27 , 1967 ) is an American professional basketball coach and former professional basketball player . A 6'4 '' ( 1.93 m ) shooting guard born in New Orleans , Louisiana , Jackson played at Georgetown University from 1985 to 1989 and graduated with a bachelor 's degree in finance . He was never drafted into the NBA but played 13 seasons for multiple teams . He is best known for his tenure with the San Antonio Spurs , who he helped win their first NBA championship in 1999 .	Contents 1 NBA career 1.1 Traveling swingman ( 1989 -- 1997 ) 1.2 San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2001 ) 1.3 Retirement 2 Coaching career 3 Personal 4 References 5 External links NBA career ( edit ) Traveling swingman ( 1989 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Upon graduating , Jackson was not drafted , but was first signed as a free agent by the New Jersey Nets in 1989 . That year he played in only 28 games , and the following season would play in the Continental Basketball Association and the World Basketball League . He had a very short stint with the Golden State Warriors before signing with the Los Angeles Clippers for whom he played just 34 games in the 1992 -- 93 season . The following year , he was signed and played just 29 games for the Portland Trail Blazers , but he was waived by Portland and picked up by the Philadelphia 76ers , where he started his first NBA game on December 17 , 1994 . Jackson would again be waived and would n't return to action until the following year for another very short stint with the Houston Rockets before being signed by the Washington Bullets prior to the 1996 -- 97 season . It was with the Bullets that Jackson played his longest NBA season , as he played in 75 games for the season as backup to Calbert Cheaney , with an average of 5 points a game and a career high 53 three - point field goals . San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) In the offseason , following a playoff loss to the eventual champion Chicago Bulls , Jackson signed with the San Antonio Spurs , who had suffered a lottery season the previous year but featured superstar David Robinson and the first pick in the 1997 draft , Tim Duncan . The 1997 -- 98 season would prove to be a personal best for Jackson , as he started in 45 of 82 games and averaged a career high 8.8 points a game and a new career high of 112 three pointers for the year . Jackson also saw his most significant playoff action , as the Spurs won in the first round of the playoffs before losing in the conference semifinals . Jackson started in 8 of 9 playoff games and increased his scoring average to 10.2 points for the postseason . The following year would be shortened to 50 games as a result of a league lockout , but the Spurs would continue to use Jackson as its main back up shooting guard behind veteran Mario Elie. Jackson would play in 47 games , starting in 13 and averaged 6.4 points a game . The Spurs would win the number one seed in the playoffs led by Robinson and Duncan , and open the playoffs with a 3 - 1 first round win over the Minnesota Timberwolves , before dominating and sweeping the Los Angeles Lakers in 4 games of the conference semifinals . Against the Lakers Jackson played well , scoring 22 points in game 3 followed by 20 points in game 4 to close the series in which he hit 6 three - point shots . The Spurs would next faced Portland in the conference finals , but were once again dominant , with teammate Sean Elliott hitting a crucial three - point shot to win game 2 and Jackson scoring 19 points in game 3 . The Spurs completed another sweep , and would face the New York Knicks in the NBA Finals. Jackson scored 17 points in his first Finals game , and the Spurs would win both games in San Antonio before heading to New York . Despite a win by the Knicks at home in game 3 , the Spurs proved simply too dominating , and would win the next two games in Madison Square Garden to win the series and the NBA Championship . Jackson scored 11 points in the title clinching 5th game , and averaged 8.2 points throughout the title run . Jackson would once again serve as the main backup at shooting guard for the defending champion Spurs the following season , playing in 81 games and starting in 12 . The Spurs would end up losing in the first round of the playoffs to the Phoenix Suns mostly due to a season - ending injury to Duncan , and Jackson only played two games in the series . In the 2000 -- 01 season , the Spurs won the best record in the league before losing in the conference finals , but Jackson only played in 16 games for the season and did not play in the postseason as the team had brought in younger guards such as Derek Anderson . Retirement ( edit ) Jackson was signed to play for the Orlando Magic for the latter portion of the 2001 -- 02 season , and played in 9 regular season games and 3 playoff games before retiring . Coaching career ( edit ) Since retiring as a player , Jackson has held several basketball coaching positions at both the college and minor league level . He has been the head coach of the Saint John Millrats of the National Basketball League of Canada . Jackson was named the head coach of the National Basketball League of Canada 's Ottawa SkyHawks on November 25 , 2013 . Personal ( edit ) Jackson married fellow Hoya Terri Carmichael Jackson , the director of operations at the Women 's National Basketball Players Association . They are the parents of Jaren Jackson Jr. , who played college basketball for Michigan State before moving to the Memphis Grizzlies of the NBA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ottawa SkyHawks Announce New Head Coach '' . OttawaSkyHawks.com . November 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Strictly Business - By Jaren Jackson Jr '' . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaren Jackson Jr . Bio : : Michigan State : : Official Athletic Site '' . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Career statistics Saint John Mill Rats / Riptide head coaches Jaren Jackson ( 2011 -- 2012 ) David Cooper ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Rob Spon ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Julian King ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Rob Spon ( 2015 -- ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim head coach . San Antonio Spurs 1998 -- 99 NBA champions 2 Jackson 4 Kerr 6 Johnson 10 Gaze 11 Williams 17 Elie 21 Duncan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kersey 31 Rose 32 Elliott 33 Daniels 41 Perdue 50 Robinson 54 King Head coach Popovich Assistant coaches Budenholzer Egan Pressey Regular season Playoffs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaren_Jackson&oldid=850100927 '' Categories : 1967 births Living people African - American basketball coaches African - American basketball players American basketball coaches American expatriate basketball people in France American men 's basketball players ASVEL Basket players Basketball players from Louisiana Continental Basketball Association coaches Fort Wayne Fury players Fort Wayne Mad Ants coaches Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball coaches Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball players Golden State Warriors players Houston Rockets players La Crosse Catbirds players Los Angeles Clippers players New Jersey Nets players Orlando Magic players Philadelphia 76ers players Portland Trail Blazers players San Antonio Spurs players Sportspeople from New Orleans Undrafted National Basketball Association players Washington Bullets players Wichita Falls Texans players Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 16 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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who did shaggy's voice in scooby doo			Casey Kasem	casey kasem	Kemal Amin `` Casey '' Kasem ( April 27 , 1932 -- June 15 , 2014 ) was an American disc jockey , music historian , radio personality , voice actor , and actor , known for being the host of several music radio countdown programs , most notably American Top 40 , from 1970 until his retirement in 2009 , and for providing the voice of Norville `` Shaggy '' Rogers in the Scooby - Doo franchise from 1969 to 1997 , and again from 2002 until 2009 .	Kasem co-founded the American Top 40 franchise in 1970 , hosting it from its inception to 1988 , and again from 1998 to 2004 . Between January 1989 and early 1998 , he was the host of Casey 's Top 40 , Casey 's Hot 20 , and Casey 's Countdown . From 1998 to 2009 , Kasem also hosted two adult contemporary spin - offs of American Top 40 : American Top 20 and American Top 10 . In addition to his radio shows , Kasem provided the voice of many commercials , performed many voices for Sesame Street , provided the character voice of Peter Cottontail in the Rankin / Bass production of Here Comes Peter Cottontail , was `` the voice of NBC '' , and helped out with the annual Jerry Lewis telethon . He provided the cartoon voices of Robin in `` The Adventures of Batman and Robin '' and Super Friends , Mark on Battle of the Planets , and a number of characters for the Transformers cartoon series of the 1980s . In 2008 , he was the voice of Out of Sight Retro Night which aired on WGN America but was replaced by rival Rick Dees . After 40 years , Kasem retired from his role of voicing Shaggy in 2009 , although he did voice Shaggy 's father in the 2010 TV series Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 1970 -- 1988 : American Top 40 2.3 1988 -- 1998 : Casey 's Top 40 2.4 1998 -- 2009 : American Top 40 second run 3 Personal life 4 Illness and death 5 Honors 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Kasem was born in Detroit , Michigan , on April 27 , 1932 , to Lebanese Druze immigrant parents , who had settled in Michigan , where they worked as grocers . Kasem was named after Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , a man Kasem said his father respected . In the 1940s , `` Make Believe Ballroom '' reportedly inspired Kasem to follow a career in radio and later host a national radio hits countdown show . Kasem received his first experience in radio covering sports at Northwestern High School in Detroit . He then went to Wayne State University for college . While at Wayne State , he voiced children on radio programs such as The Lone Ranger and Challenge of the Yukon . In 1952 , Kasem was drafted into the U.S. Army and sent to Korea . There , he worked as a DJ / announcer on the Armed Forces Radio Korea Network . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) After the war , Kasem began his professional broadcasting career in Flint , Michigan . From there , he spent time in Detroit as a disc jockey for radio station WJBK - AM ( and doing such shows as The Lone Ranger and Sergeant Preston of the Yukon ) ; WYSL in Buffalo , New York ; and a station in Cleveland before moving to California . At KYA in San Francisco , the general manager first suggested he tone down his ' platter patter ' and talk about the records instead . Kasem demurred at first , because it was not what was normally expected in the industry . At KEWB in Oakland , California , Kasem was both the music director and on - air personality . He created a show which mixed in biographical tidbits about the artists ' records he played , and attracted the attention of Bill Gavin who tried to recruit him as a partner . After Kasem joined KRLA in Los Angeles in 1963 , his career really started to blossom and he championed the R&B music of East L.A. Kasem earned roles in a number of low - budget movies and acted on radio dramas . While hosting `` dance hops '' on local television , he attracted the attention of Dick Clark who as a producer hired him to co-host a daily teenage music show called Shebang starting in 1964 . Kasem appeared in network TV series including Hawaii Five - O and Ironside . In 1967 , Kasem appeared on The Dating Game , and played the role of `` Mouth '' in the motorcycle gang film The Glory Stompers . In 1969 , he played the role of `` Knife '' in the `` surfers vs. bikers '' film Wild Wheels , and had a small role in another biker movie , The Cycle Savages , starring Bruce Dern and Melody Patterson . Kasem 's voice was , however , always the key to his career . At the end of the 1960s , he began working as a voice actor . In 1969 , he started one of his most famous roles , the voice of Shaggy on Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! . He also voiced the drummer Groove from The Cattanooga Cats that year . In 1964 , Kasem had a minor hit single called `` Letter From Elaina '' . A spoken - word recording , it told the story of a girl who met George Harrison after a San Francisco concert . 1970 -- 1988 : American Top 40 ( edit ) On July 4 , 1970 , Kasem , along with Don Bustany , Tom Rounds , and Ron Jacobs , launched the weekly radio program American Top 40 ( AT40 ) . At the time , top 40 radio was on the decline as DJs preferred to play album - oriented progressive rock . Loosely based on the TV program Your Hit Parade , the show counted down from # 40 on the pop charts to # 1 -- the first # 1 was Three Dog Night 's `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' -- based on the Billboard Hot 100 each week . The show , however , was not just about the countdown . Kasem mixed in biographical information about the artists , flashback , and `` long - distance dedication '' segments where he read letters written by listeners to dedicate songs of their choice to far away loved ones . He often included trivia facts about songs he played and artists whose work he showcased . Frequently , he mentioned a trivia fact about an unnamed singer before a commercial break , then provided the name of the singer after returning from the break . Kasem ended the program with his signature sign - off , `` Keep your feet on the ground and keep reaching for the stars . '' The show debuted on seven stations , but on the back of Kasem 's `` always friendly and upbeat '' baritone voice it soon went nationwide . In October 1978 , the show expanded from three hours a week to four . American Top 40 's success spawned several imitators including a weekly half - hour music video television show , America 's Top 10 , hosted by Kasem himself . `` When we first went on the air , I thought we would be around for at least 20 years , '' he later remarked . `` I knew the formula worked . I knew people tuned in to find out what the No. 1 record was . '' Due to his great knowledge of music , Kasem became known as not just a disc jockey , but also a music historian . In 1971 , Kasem provided the character voice of Peter Cottontail in the Rankin / Bass production of Here Comes Peter Cottontail . In the same year , he appeared in the low - budget film The Incredible 2 - Headed Transplant , in what was probably his best remembered acting role . From 1973 until 1985 , he voiced Robin on several SuperFriends franchise shows . In 1980 , he voiced Merry in The Return of the King . He also voiced Alexander Cabot III on Josie and the Pussycats and Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space , and supplied a number of voices for Sesame Street . In the late 1970s , Kasem portrayed an actor who imitated Columbo in the Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries two - part episode `` The Mystery of the Hollywood Phantom . '' He portrayed a golf commentator in an episode of Charlie 's Angels titled `` Winning is for Losers '' , and appeared on Police Story , Quincy , M.E. , and Switch . In 1977 he was initially hired as the narrator for the ABC sitcom Soap , but quit after the pilot episode due to the content . Rod Roddy took his place on the program . In 1984 , Kasem made a cameo in Ghostbusters , reprising his role as the host of American Top 40 . For a period in the late 1970s , Kasem was also the staff announcer for the NBC television network . 1988 -- 1998 : Casey 's Top 40 ( edit ) In 1988 , Kasem left American Top 40 due to a contract dispute with ABC Radio Network . He signed a five - year , $15 million contract with Westwood One and started Casey 's Top 40 which used a different chart - the Radio & Records Contemporary ( CHR ) / Pop radio airplay chart ( making it feature exactly the same song positions as the Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 , which used the same chart at the time ) , to determine the top 40 . He also hosted two shorter versions of the show : Casey 's Hot 20 and Casey 's Countdown . During the late 1990s , Kasem hosted the Radio Hall of Fame induction ceremony . Kasem voiced Mark in Battle of the Planets and several Transformers characters : Bluestreak , Cliffjumper , Teletraan I and Dr. Arkeville . He left Transformers during the third season due to what he perceived as offensive caricatures of Arabs and Arab countries . In a 1990 article , he explained : A few years ago , I was doing one of the voices in the TV cartoon series , Transformers . One week , the script featured an evil character named Abdul , King of Carbombya . He was like all the other cartoon Arabs . I asked the director , ' Are there any good Arabs in this script for balance ? ' We looked . There was one other -- but he was no different than Abdul . So , I told the show 's director that , in good conscience , I could n't be a part of that show . From 1989 to 1998 , Kasem hosted Nick at Nite 's New Year 's Eve countdown of the top reruns of the year . He also made cameo appearances on Saved by the Bell and ALF in the early 1990s . In 1997 , Kasem quit his role as Shaggy in a dispute over a Burger King commercial , with Billy West and Scott Innes taking over the character in the late 1990s and early 2000s . 1998 -- 2009 : American Top 40 second run ( edit ) The original American Top 40 , hosted by Shadoe Stevens after Kasem 's departure , was cancelled in 1995 . Kasem regained the rights to the name in 1997 , and the show was back on the air in 1998 , on the AMFM Network ( later acquired by Premiere Radio Networks ) . At the end of 2003 , Kasem announced he would be leaving AT40 once his contract expired the following month and would be replaced by Ryan Seacrest . He agreed to a new contract to continue hosting his weekly adult contemporary countdown shows in the interim , which at the time were both titled American Top 20 . In 2005 Kasem renewed his deal with Premiere Radio Networks to continue hosting his shows , one of which had been reduced to ten songs and had , appropriately , been retitled American Top 10 to reflect the change . In April 2005 , a television special called American Top 40 Live aired on the Fox network , hosted by Seacrest , with Kasem appearing on the show . In 2008 , Kasem did the voice - over for WGN America 's Out of Sight Retro Night . He was also the host of the short - lived American version of 100 % during the 1998 -- 99 season . In June 2009 , Premiere announced it would no longer produce Kasem 's two remaining countdowns and end their eleven - year relationship . Kasem decided not to try to bring his show to another syndicator or find a replacement host to continue the show and , citing a desire to explore other avenues in his life such as writing a memoir , the 77 - year old Kasem sent out a press release during the last week of June that he would be retiring from radio on July 4 weekend , the thirty - ninth anniversary of the first ever countdown he presided over . Kasem also performed TV commercial voice - overs throughout his career , appearing in more than 100 commercials in all . In 2002 , Kasem reprised the role of Shaggy when it was determined the character would be a vegetarian . In 2009 , he retired from voice acting , with his final performance being the voice of Shaggy in Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword . He did voice Shaggy again for `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' , but went uncredited by his request . Although officially retired from acting , he provided the voice of Colton Rogers , Shaggy 's father , on a recurring basis for the 2010 -- 2013 series Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated , again uncredited at his request . As for his recognizable voice quality , `` It 's a natural quality of huskiness in the midrange of my voice that I call ' garbage , ' '' he stated to The New York Times . `` It 's not a clear - toned announcer 's voice . It 's more like the voice of the guy next door . '' Personal life ( edit ) Kasem was a devout vegan , supported animal rights and environmental causes , and was a critic of factory farming . He initially quit voicing Shaggy in the late 1990s , when asked to voice Shaggy in a Burger King commercial , returning in 2002 after negotiating to have Shaggy become a vegetarian . Kasem was active in politics for years , supporting Lebanese - American and Arab - American causes , an interest which was triggered by the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon . He wrote a brochure published by the Arab American Institute entitled `` Arab - Americans : Making a Difference '' . He turned down a position in season three of Transformers because of the show 's plot portraying `` evil Arabs '' . He also called for a fairer depiction of heroes and villains , on behalf of all cultures , in Disney 's 1994 sequel to Aladdin called The Return of Jafar . In 1996 , he was honored as `` Man of the Year '' by the American Druze Society . Kasem campaigned against the Gulf War , advocating non-military means of pressuring Saddam Hussein into withdrawing from Kuwait , was an advocate of Palestinian independence and arranged conflict resolution workshops for Arab Americans and Jewish Americans . A political liberal , he narrated a campaign ad for George McGovern 's 1972 presidential campaign , hosted fundraisers for Jesse Jackson 's presidential campaigns in 1984 and 1988 , supported Ralph Nader for U.S. President in 2000 , and supported progressive Democrat Dennis Kucinich in his 2004 and 2008 presidential campaigns . Kasem supported a number of other progressive causes , including affordable housing and the rights of the homeless . Kasem was married to Linda Myers from 1972 to 1979 ; they had three children : Mike , Julie , and Kerri Kasem . Kasem and his wife Jean at the 1993 Emmy Awards Kasem was married to actress Jean Thompson from 1980 until his death . They had one child , Liberty Jean Kasem . In 1989 , Kasem purchased a home built in 1954 and located at 138 North Mapleton Drive , previously owned by developer Abraham M. Lurie , as a birthday present for his wife Jean . In 2013 , he listed it for US $43 million . Illness and death ( edit ) In October 2013 , Kerri Kasem said her father was suffering from Parkinson 's disease , which a doctor had diagnosed in 2007 ; a few months later , she said he was diagnosed with Lewy body dementia , which is often difficult to differentiate from Parkinson 's . Due to his condition , he was no longer able to speak during his final months . As his health worsened in 2013 , Jean Kasem prevented any contact with her husband , particularly from his children by his first marriage . On October 1 , Kerri , Mike and Julie protested in front of the Kasem home , having not been allowed contact with their father for three months ; some of Casey Kasem 's long - time friends and colleagues , along with his brother Mouner , also joined the demonstration . The eldest Kasem children sought conservatorship over their father 's care , with Julie and her husband Jamil Aboulhosn filing the papers ; the court denied their petition in November . Kasem was removed from a Santa Monica , California nursing home by his wife on May 7 , 2014 . On May 12 , Kerri Kasem was granted temporary conservatorship over her father , despite her stepmother 's objection . The court also ordered an investigation into Casey Kasem 's whereabouts , after his wife 's attorney told the court Casey was `` no longer in the United States '' . He was found soon afterward in Washington state . On June 6 , 2014 , Kasem was reported to be in critical but stable condition at a hospital in Washington state , receiving antibiotics for bedsores and treatment for high blood pressure . It was revealed that he had been bedridden for some time . A judge ordered separate visitation times due to antagonism between Jean Kasem and his children from his first wife . Judge Daniel S. Murphy ruled that Kasem had to be hydrated , fed , and medicated as a court - appointed lawyer reported on his health status . Jean Kasem claimed that he had been given no food , water , or medication the previous weekend . Kerri Kasem 's lawyer stated that she had him removed from artificial food and water on the orders of a doctor and in accordance with a directive her father signed in 2007 saying he would not want to be kept alive if it `` would result in a mere biological existence , devoid of cognitive function , with no reasonable hope for normal functioning . '' Murphy reversed his order the following Monday , after it became known that Kasem 's body was no longer responding to the artificial nutrition , allowing the family to place Kasem on `` end - of - life '' measures over the objections of Jean Kasem . On June 15 , 2014 , Kasem died at St. Anthony 's Hospital in Gig Harbor , Washington at the age of 82 . The immediate cause of death was reported as sepsis caused by an ulcerated bedsore . He was survived by his wife , four children , and four grandchildren . His body was handed over to his widow , who would make funeral arrangements . Reportedly , Kasem wanted to be buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale . By July 19 , a judge had granted Kasem 's daughter Kerri a temporary restraining order to prevent his wife from cremating Kasem 's body to allow an autopsy to be performed , but when she went to give a copy of the order to the funeral home , she was informed the body had been moved at the directive of Jean Kasem . Kasem 's wife had the body moved to a funeral home in Montreal on July 14 , 2014 . On August 14 , it was reported in the Norwegian newspaper Verdens Gang that Kasem was going to be buried in Oslo . Kasem 's family had his interment at Oslo Western Civil Cemetery on December 16 , 2014 , more than six months after his death . In November 2015 , three of Kasem 's children and his brother sued his widow for wrongful death . The lawsuit charges Jean Kasem with elder abuse and inflicting emotional distress on the children by restricting access prior to his death . Honors ( edit ) In 1981 , Kasem was granted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame radio division in 1985 , and the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1992 . Five years later , he received the Radio Hall of Fame 's first Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2003 , Kasem was given the Radio Icon award at the Radio Music Awards . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role 1967 First to Fight Minor Role ( Live - action ) 1967 The Glory Stompers Mouth ( Live - action ) 1969 2000 Years Later Disk Jockey ( Live - action ) 1969 Wild Wheels Knife ( Live - action ) 1969 The Cycle Savages Keeg 's Brother ( Live - action ) 1969 Scream Free ! Phil ( Live - action ) 1970 The Girls from Thunder Strip Conrad ( Live - action ) 1971 The Incredible 2 - Headed Transplant Ken ( Live - action ) 1972 Doomsday Machine Mission Control Officer ( Live - action ) 1973 Soul Hustler Birnie ( Live - action ) 1976 The Gumball Rally Radio D.J. ( voice ) 1977 New York , New York D.J. aka Midnight Bird ( Live - action ) 1978 Jukebox Brian Parker ( Live - action ) 1978 Disco Fever Brian Parker ( Live - action ) 1979 Scooby Goes Hollywood Shaggy Rogers / Additional voices ( voice ) 1979 The Dark Police Pathologist ( Live - action ) 1980 The Return of the King Meriadoc ' Merry ' Brandybuck , a Hobbit ( voice ) 1984 Ghostbusters Himself ( voice cameo ) 1986 The Transformers : The Movie Cliffjumper ( voice ) Scooby - Doo Meets the Boo Brothers Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 1988 Scooby - Doo and the Ghoul School Shaggy Rogers , Mirror Monster ( voice ) 1988 Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 1994 Scooby - Doo ! in Arabian Nights Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 1997 James Dean : Live Fast , Die Young Bill Romano ( Live - action ) 2000 Rugrats in Paris : The Movie Wedding DJ ( voice ) 2002 Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2003 Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2003 Looney Tunes : Back in Action Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2005 Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2005 Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2006 Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2007 Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2008 Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2009 Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) ; final time as Shaggy Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1964 The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo Additional voices ( voice ) 1968 Garrison 's Gorillas Provost Marshall ( Live - action ) 2 episodes 1968 -- 69 The Batman / Superman Hour Robin , Dick Grayson ( voice ) 17 episodes 1969 -- 70 Hot Wheels Tank Mallory , Dexter Carter ( voice ) 5 episodes 1969 -- 71 Cattanooga Cats Groove , the drummer ( voice ) 17 episodes 1969 -- 70 Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! Shaggy Rogers , additional voices ( voice ) 25 episodes 1970 Skyhawks Steve Wilson , Joe Conway ( voice ) Episode : `` Devlin 's Dilemma '' 1970 -- 71 Josie and the Pussycats Alexander Cabot III ( voice ) 16 episodes 1970 -- 92 Sesame Street Blue Man in ' Q for Quarter ' Cartoon , Fly , additional voices ( voice ) 17 episodes 1971 Here Comes Peter Cottontail Peter Cottontail ( Live - action ) Stop - motion Easter special for Rankin - Bass 1972 Wait Till Your Father Gets Home George ( Live - action ) Episode : `` The Neighbors '' 1972 -- 73 The New Scooby - Doo Movies Shaggy Rogers , Robin , Alexander Cabot III , Ghost of Injun Joe ( voice ) 24 episodes 1972 Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space Alexander Cabot III ( voice ) 16 episodes 1973 The Bear Who Slept Through Christmas Narrator ( voice ) Animated Christmas TV special 1973 -- 85 Super Friends Robin , Dick Grayson ( voice ) 109 episodes The City That Forgot About Christmas Additional voices ( voice ) Christmas TV special The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast Adolf Hitler ( live - action ) Episode : The Roast of Don Rickles Hong Kong Phooey Car Stealer , Clown ( voice ) 2 episodes Hawaii Five - O Swift , Freddie Dryden ( voice ) 5 episodes Emergency + 4 Additional voices ( voice ) 12 episodes Ironside Lab Technician , Jim Crutcher ( Live - action ) 2 episodes The Night That Panicked America Mercury Theatre Player ( Live - action ) TV movie The Last of the Mohicans Uncas ( voice ) TV movie 1976 -- 77 Dynomutt , Dog Wonder Fishface , Swamp Rat , Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 5 episodes 1976 -- 78 The Scooby - Doo Show Shaggy Rogers , additional voices ( voice ) 40 episodes 1976 Freedom Is Additional voices TV movie 1977 Police Story Sobhe ( Live - action ) Episode : `` Trial Board '' 1977 Quincy , M.E. Sy Wallace ( voice ) Episode : `` An Unfriendly Radiance '' 1977 The Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries Paul Hamilton ( voice ) Episode : `` Mystery of the Hollywood Phantom '' ( Parts I & II ) 1977 Switch Tony Brock ( Live - action ) Episode : `` Fade Out '' 1977 -- 78 What 's New , Mr. Magoo ? Waldo , additional voices ( voice ) 10 episodes 1977 -- 79 Laff - A-Lympics Shaggy Rogers , Mr. Creeply ( voice ) 24 episodes 1977 Soap Narrator Unaired pilot ( Kasem left the show before it aired . Narration for the pilot was rerecorded by Rod Roddy prior to airing . ) 1978 Charlie 's Angels Tom Rogers ( Live - action ) Episode : `` Winning Is for Losers '' 1978 Yogi 's Space Race Additional voices ( voice ) 7 episodes 1978 Jana of the Jungle Additional voices ( voice ) 13 episodes 1978 -- 85 Battle of the Planets Mark ( voice ) 85 episodes ; American dubbed adaptation of anime series Science Ninja Team Gatchaman ( in which the character was originally called `` Ken the Eagle '' ) 1979 The Flintstones Meet Rockula and Frankenstone Monty Marble ( voice ) Animated Halloween TV special 1979 -- 80 Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 16 episodes 1980 -- 82 The Richie Rich / Scooby - Doo Show Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 20 episodes 1982 The Gary Coleman Show Additional voices ( voice ) 2 episodes The All - New Scooby and Scrappy - Doo Shaggy Rogers , Mr. Rogers , Mrs. Rogers ( voice ) 13 episodes Matt Houston Master of Ceremonies Episode : `` Target : Miss World '' 1984 The New Scooby - Doo Mysteries Shaggy Rogers , Grandpa Rogers ( voice ) 13 episodes 1984 -- 86 The Transformers Cliffjumper , Bluestreak , Teletraan I Dr. Arkeville ( voice ) 60 episodes 1985 The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 13 episodes 1988 -- 91 A Pup Named Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers , Mr. Rogers ( voice ) 27 episodes 1989 , 1991 Saved by the Bell Himself Episodes : `` Dancing to the Max '' , `` Rockumentary '' 1989 Family Feud Himself ( cameo appearance ) `` Funny Men vs. Funny Women '' Week episode 1989 A Yabba - Dabba - Doo Celebration ! 50 Years of Hanna - Barbera Shaggy Rogers , additional voices ( voice ) TV Special The Fantastic World of Hanna - Barbera Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) TV Special 1991 Scooby - Doo ! Behind the Voices Himself ( Live - action ) , Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) TV Special 1991 Beverly Hills , 90210 Mr. Franklin 's Friend Episode : `` Spring Training '' Tiny Toons Adventures Flakey Flakems ( voice ) Episode : `` Here 's Hamton '' 1992 -- 93 The Ben Stiller Show Himself 2 episodes 2 Stupid Dogs Bill Barker ( voice ) Episode : `` Let 's Make a Right Price / One Ton / Far - Out Friday '' 1994 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Lexo Starbuck ( voice ) Episode : `` You Bet Your Planet '' 1995 Scooby - Doo Mystery Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Video game 1995 Homeboys in Outer Space Spacy Kasem ( voice ) Episodes : `` Loquatia Unplugged or Come Back ; Little Cyber '' Illusions Gaming Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Video game Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Episode : `` Sabrina Unplugged '' 1997 Johnny Bravo Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Episode : `` The Sensitive Male / Bravo Dooby Doo '' 2000 Histeria ! Calgary Kasem ( voice ) Episode : `` North America '' 2002 -- 06 What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Shaggy Rogers , Virtual Shaggy ( voice ) 42 episodes 2003 Blue 's Clues Radio ( voice ) Episode : `` Blue 's Big Car Trip '' 2003 Teamo Supremo DJ Despicable ( voice ) Episode : `` Doin ' the Supremo ! '' 2006 -- 08 Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! Uncle Albert Shaggleford ( voice ) 22 episodes 2009 Scooby - Doo 's Yum Yum Go ! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Computer game 2010 − 13 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Colton Rogers ( voice ) 5 episodes ( after retirement ) ; Kasem 's performance as Shaggy 's Dad in the series finale was his final role in the Scooby - Doo franchise . See also ( edit ) List of vegans History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit Metro Detroit portal California portal Biography portal Radio portal Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dryan , Martin ( July 19 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's body was put on a plane and flown from Tacoma to Montreal before it mysteriously went missing after his daughter asked for an autopsy '' . Daily Mail . DMG Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Certificate of Death 2014 - 015372 , State of Washington , July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Person of the Week : Casey Kasem '' . ABC News . January 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2004 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem : Our Arab American Star '' . Washington Watch . The Arab American Institute . April 18 , 1996 . Archived from the original ( archived September 26 , 2005 ) on September 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem Biography ( 1932 -- ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Source notes : `` some sources cite 1933 '' Jump up ^ Barry , Brett . `` Rare Casey Kasem Interview - Beverly Hills High 1981 '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Kasem 's mention of Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk at about the 5 : 22 mark of the video . ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem , You 've Truly Reached The Stars '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Mike ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem , Iconic Radio Host , Dies at 82 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dawidziak , Mark ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem made himself heard and made himself welcome : An appreciation '' . Cleveland.com . Plain Dealer Publishing Co . ^ Jump up to : Dunham , Will . `` U.S. radio deejay , ' Shaggy ' voice Casey Kasem dead at 82 '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cross , Alan ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem Dies at Age 82 '' . A Journal of Musical Things . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem Remembered : Iconic DJ Was Tough , Gracious With a ' Garbage ' Voice '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem , legendary radio personality , dies at 82 '' . CNN.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Casey Kasem : Regional Hero , National Treasure '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Casey Kasem on IMDb Jump up ^ Miller , Chuck ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Happy 40th , American Top 40 ! '' . Times Union . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Sandy . `` Casey Kasem Countdown : Top 10 things you might not know '' . Ca.news.yahoo.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Social , Anthony ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem Dies '' . KPop . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem '' . National Radio Hall Of Fame . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Tom ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem : Remembering that distinctive American voice '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Patrick Kevin ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Shaggy , Merry and more : Casey Kasem 's greatest cartoon voices '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Kasem , Casey ( December 1990 ) . `` Arab Defamation in the Media : Its Consequences and Solutions '' . The Link. 23 ( 5 ) . Americans for Middle East Understanding . p. 7 ( page 6 of archived version ) . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Radio Legend Casey Kasem Dead at 82 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Durkee , Rob ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Rob Durkee , North Hollywood resident , 1964 Mentor graduate and former writer for `` America 's Top 40 '' , reflects on the late Casey Kasem `` . The News - Herald . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Seacrest to Host and Produce ' American Top 40 Live ' on FOX '' . celebrityspider.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bever , Lindsey ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem hospitalized . Wife throws raw meat at his daughter '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In Brief '' . Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report . June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/broadcasting-legend-casey-kasem-counts-final-time/story?id=8007180 Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Matthew Lillard Puts His Improv Chops on Display '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Lucy ( November 21 , 2009 ) . `` Puppet on a sing '' . The Sun . Jump up ^ Messer , Lesley ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem Dead at 82 '' . Good Morning America . ^ Jump up to : Legum , Judd ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's Secret Legacy : How He Used Scooby - Doo to Advance His Values '' . CityWatch . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Casey Kasem Foodaism '' . Jewish Journal . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dougherty , Steve ; Bacon , Doris ( September 17 , 1990 ) . `` Alarmed by Wartime Pride and Prejudice , Deejay Casey Kasem Raises His Voice to Defend His Fellow Arab - Americans '' . People . 34 ( 11 ) . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kasem , Casey . Arab Americans : Making a Difference . The Arab American Institute ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . ^ Jump up to : Dallas , Kelsey . `` Casey Kasem had Druze heritage , but what does that mean ? '' . Deseret News . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem , king of the top - 40 countdown and ' Scooby - Doo ' voice - over artist , dies '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Trouson , Rebecca ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem dies at 82 ; radio personality hosted Top 40 countdown show '' . LA Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` George McGovern ' 72 & ' 84 Television Ads '' . YouTube . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` The Sad , Strange Family Battle Over Radio Legend Casey Kasem '' . Hollywood Reporter . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's Federal Campaign Contribution Report '' . NewsMeat . Polity Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Laura ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` Radio Host Casey Kasem '' . Time . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Married singer - actress Linda Myers in 1972 . The couple had three children before divorcing in 1979 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem Family Feud : Cops Called '' . TMZ.com . October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hon Jing Yi ( July 5 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Kasem : My dad is still not buried '' . Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Nearly three weeks after the death of American radio legend Casey Kasem , his son Mike confirms his father 's body has not yet been buried . ^ Jump up to : Ruth Ryon , Kasem Gives Wife Holmby Hills Gift , The Los Angeles Times , July 02 , 1989 ^ Jump up to : Megan Willett , HOUSE OF THE DAY : Casey Kasem Is Selling His Crazy LA Mansion For $42 Million , Business Insider , April 08 , 2013 Jump up ^ Pennacchio , George ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's family feud : Wife wo n't let kids , friends see him ? '' . Los Angeles , California : KABC - TV . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Duke , Alan . `` Casey Kasem 's family feud : Judge allows water , food infusions stopped '' . CNN . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kasem , Julie ; Kasem , Kerri ; Martin , Troy ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Interview with Julie and Kerri Kasem '' . CNN Tonight ( Interview ) . Interview with Bill Weir . CNN . Comments about the disease aired around 9 : 41 p.m. EDT ; comments about purpose at the end of the interview . ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Orders Probe Into Casey Kasem 's Whereabouts '' . ABC News . Associated Press . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ken Lee ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's Family : Wife Wo n't Let Us See Ailing Radio Host '' . People.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's kids take stepmom to court '' . CNN . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Rejects Children 's Request For Conservatorship of Casey Kasem '' . KCBS - TV / KCAL - TV . November 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's Final Days : How the Family 's Bitter Battle Got to This Point '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hetherman , Bill ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's daughter named temporary conservator for father '' . Los Angeles Daily News . City News Service . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Rachel ; Caffrey , Jane ; Yan , Holly ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Radio icon Casey Kasem spotted in Washington state '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem alert but in critical condition '' . CNN . June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's Condition Declining , Daughter says He ' Wo n't Be With Us Much Longer ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's daughter can stop food , medication , judge rules '' . Fox News . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vitello , Paul ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem , Wholesome Voice of Pop Radio , Dies at 82 '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Duca , Lauren . `` Casey Kasem , Legendary Broadcaster , Dead At 82 '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rose , Cassandra ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Radio Legend Casey Kasem Dead at 82 '' . Rickey . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem - Momentary Treaty Reached ... Daughters Release Body to His Widow Jean Kasem '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's Daughter Says Dad Still Has n't Been Buried , Stepmother ' Coming After ' Her Trust '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's body is missing , lawyer says '' . CBS News . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Caffrey , Jane ; Duke , Alan ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's remains flown to Canada , funeral director says '' . CNN . TimeWarner . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Husby , Marcus ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Gravferdsetaten bekrefter likflytting til Oslo '' ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . The Oslo graveyard authority confirm that Casey Kasem 's body will be transported to Norway Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem to Be Buried in Norway '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Publicist : Casey Kasem to be buried in Norway '' . Associated Press . August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem -- Buried in Norway ... Finally '' . TMZ.com . December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulbrandsen , Elise Alexandra ; Huseby , Marcus ; Alvsing , Felicia . `` Amerikansk radiokjendis gravlagt i Oslo '' ( in Norwegian ) . Verdens Gang . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-34930866 ^ Jump up to : Brandi , Hitt ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` US radio star Casey Kasem dies at 82 ( Casey Kasem counted down America 's favourite songs for decades ) '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame '' . National Association of Broadcasters . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Mike ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem , ' American Top 40 ' Icon , Dies at 82 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Knipfel , Jim ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Looking Back at The Dark ( 1979 ) '' . DenOfGeek.US . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Terrace , Vincent ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Television Shows , 1925 through 2010 ( 2nd ed . ) . McFarland . pp. 478 , 545 , 980 , 1467 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8641 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Durkee , Rob ( 1999 ) . American Top 40 : The Countdown of the Century . New York : Schriner Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864895 - 1 . Battistini , Pete ( January 31 , 2005 ) . American Top 40 with Casey Kasem ( The 1970s ) . Authorhouse.com . ISBN 1 - 4184 - 1070 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casey Kasem . Casey Kasem at Find a Grave Casey Kasem on IMDb Casey Kasem at the TCM Movie Database Casey Kasem in the Hollywood Walk of Fame Directory `` Casey Kasem '' . Voicechasers.com . Media offices Preceded by None Host of American Top 40 Host 1970 -- 1988 Succeeded by Shadoe Stevens Preceded by Shadoe Stevens Host of American Top 40 Host 1998 -- 2003 Succeeded by Ryan Seacrest Preceded by none Voice of Shaggy Rogers 1969 -- 1997 Succeeded by Billy West Preceded by Scott Innes Voice of Shaggy Rogers 2002 -- 2009 Succeeded by Matthew Lillard VIAF : 93892404 LCCN : n80016873 ISNI : 0000 0000 6719 9633 BNF : cb14192450w ( data ) MusicBrainz : 9dd99129 - 8069 - 4528 - b10d - 5ca0179e42eb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casey_Kasem&oldid=799985431 '' Categories : 1932 births 2014 deaths American radio DJs American radio personalities American television personalities American Top 40 National Radio Hall of Fame inductees American male voice actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of Lebanese descent NBC network announcers Male actors from Detroit Wayne State University alumni Radio personalities from Detroit Michigan Democrats Hanna - Barbera people Deaths from dementia with Lewy bodies Druze people of American nationality 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages with login required references or sources CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use mdy dates from October 2014 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Cebuano Corsu Cymraeg Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Ido Igbo Íslenska Italiano Kernowek Latina Lumbaart 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Papiamentu Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Vèneto Volapük Walon Winaray Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 00 : 12 . 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how did the us government promote the concept of manifest destiny			Manifest destiny	manifest destiny	In the 19th century , manifest destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America . There are three basic themes to manifest destiny :	The special virtues of the American people and their institutions The mission of the United States to redeem and remake the west in the image of agrarian America An irresistible destiny to accomplish this essential duty Historian Frederick Merk says this concept was born out of `` a sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven '' . Historians have emphasized that `` manifest destiny '' was a contested concept -- pre-civil war Democrats endorsed the idea but many prominent Americans ( such as Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most Whigs ) rejected it . Historian Daniel Walker Howe writes , `` American imperialism did not represent an American consensus ; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity ... Whigs saw America 's moral mission as one of democratic example rather than one of conquest . '' Newspaper editor John O'Sullivan is generally credited with coining the term manifest destiny in 1845 to describe the essence of this mindset , which was a rhetorical tone ; however , the unsigned editorial titled `` Annexation '' in which it first appeared was arguably written by journalist and annexation advocate Jane Cazneau . The term was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico and it was also used to divide half of Oregon with the United Kingdom . But manifest destiny always limped along because of its internal limitations and the issue of slavery , says Merk . It never became a national priority . By 1843 John Quincy Adams , originally a major supporter of the concept underlying manifest destiny , had changed his mind and repudiated expansionism because it meant the expansion of slavery in Texas . Merk concluded : From the outset Manifest Destiny -- vast in program , in its sense of continentalism -- was slight in support . It lacked national , sectional , or party following commensurate with its magnitude . The reason was it did not reflect the national spirit . The thesis that it embodied nationalism , found in much historical writing , is backed by little real supporting evidence . The day before finalizing the wording of the Declaration of Independence , John Adams wrote to his wife , Abigail `` I am apt to believe that ( Independence Day ) will be celebrated , by succeeding Generations , as the great anniversary Festival . It ought to be commemorated , as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade , with shews , Games , Sports , Guns , Bells , Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 Origin of the term 3 Themes and influences 4 Alternative interpretations 5 Era of continental expansion 5.1 War of 1812 5.2 Continentalism 5.2. 1 All Oregon 5.3 Mexico and Texas 5.3. 1 All Mexico 5.4 Filibusterism 5.5 Homestead Act 5.6 Native Americans 6 Beyond North America 6.1 Spanish -- American War and the Philippines 7 Legacy and consequences 8 Relationship with German Lebensraum ideology 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Journal articles 12.2 Books 13 External links Context ( edit ) There was never a set of principles defining manifest destiny , therefore it was always a general idea rather than a specific policy made with a motto . Ill - defined but keenly felt , manifest destiny was an expression of conviction in the morality and value of expansionism that complemented other popular ideas of the era , including American exceptionalism and Romantic nationalism . Andrew Jackson , who spoke of `` extending the area of freedom '' , typified the conflation of America 's potential greatness , the nation 's budding sense of Romantic self - identity , and its expansion . Yet Jackson would not be the only president to elaborate on the principles underlying manifest destiny . Owing in part to the lack of a definitive narrative outlining its rationale , proponents offered divergent or seemingly conflicting viewpoints . While many writers focused primarily upon American expansionism , be it into Mexico or across the Pacific , others saw the term as a call to example . Without an agreed upon interpretation , much less an elaborated political philosophy , these conflicting views of America 's destiny were never resolved . This variety of possible meanings was summed up by Ernest Lee Tuveson : `` A vast complex of ideas , policies , and actions is comprehended under the phrase `` Manifest Destiny '' . They are not , as we should expect , all compatible , nor do they come from any one source . '' Origin of the term ( edit ) John L. O'Sullivan , sketched in 1874 , was an influential columnist as a young man , but he is now generally remembered only for his use of the phrase `` manifest destiny '' to advocate the annexation of Texas and Oregon . Journalist John L. O'Sullivan , an influential advocate for Jacksonian democracy and a complex character described by Julian Hawthorne as `` always full of grand and world - embracing schemes '' , wrote an article in 1839 , which , while not using the term `` manifest destiny '' , did predict a `` divine destiny '' for the United States based upon values such as equality , rights of conscience , and personal enfranchisement `` to establish on earth the moral dignity and salvation of man '' . This destiny was not explicitly territorial , but O'Sullivan predicted that the United States would be one of a `` Union of many Republics '' sharing those values . Six years later , in 1845 , O'Sullivan wrote another essay titled Annexation in the Democratic Review , in which he first used the phrase manifest destiny . In this article he urged the U.S. to annex the Republic of Texas , not only because Texas desired this , but because it was `` our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions '' . Overcoming Whig opposition , Democrats annexed Texas in 1845 . O'Sullivan's first usage of the phrase `` manifest destiny '' attracted little attention . O'Sullivan's second use of the phrase became extremely influential . On December 27 , 1845 , in his newspaper the New York Morning News , O'Sullivan addressed the ongoing boundary dispute with Britain . O'Sullivan argued that the United States had the right to claim `` the whole of Oregon '' : And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self - government entrusted to us . That is , O'Sullivan believed that Providence had given the United States a mission to spread republican democracy ( `` the great experiment of liberty '' ) . Because Britain would not spread democracy , thought O'Sullivan , British claims to the territory should be overruled . O'Sullivan believed that manifest destiny was a moral ideal ( a `` higher law '' ) that superseded other considerations . O'Sullivan's original conception of manifest destiny was not a call for territorial expansion by force . He believed that the expansion of the United States would happen without the direction of the U.S. government or the involvement of the military . After Americans emigrated to new regions , they would set up new democratic governments , and then seek admission to the United States , as Texas had done . In 1845 , O'Sullivan predicted that California would follow this pattern next , and that Canada would eventually request annexation as well . He disapproved of the Mexican -- American War in 1846 , although he came to believe that the outcome would be beneficial to both countries . Ironically , O'Sullivan's term became popular only after it was criticized by Whig opponents of the Polk administration . Whigs denounced manifest destiny , arguing , `` that the designers and supporters of schemes of conquest , to be carried on by this government , are engaged in treason to our Constitution and Declaration of Rights , giving aid and comfort to the enemies of republicanism , in that they are advocating and preaching the doctrine of the right of conquest '' . On January 3 , 1846 , Representative Robert Winthrop ridiculed the concept in Congress , saying `` I suppose the right of a manifest destiny to spread will not be admitted to exist in any nation except the universal Yankee nation '' . Winthrop was the first in a long line of critics who suggested that advocates of manifest destiny were citing `` Divine Providence '' for justification of actions that were motivated by chauvinism and self - interest . Despite this criticism , expansionists embraced the phrase , which caught on so quickly that its origin was soon forgotten . Themes and influences ( edit ) Historian William E. Weeks has noted that three key themes were usually touched upon by advocates of manifest destiny : the virtue of the American people and their institutions ; the mission to spread these institutions , thereby redeeming and remaking the world in the image of the United States ; the destiny under God to do this work . The origin of the first theme , later known as American Exceptionalism , was often traced to America 's Puritan heritage , particularly John Winthrop 's famous `` City upon a Hill '' sermon of 1630 , in which he called for the establishment of a virtuous community that would be a shining example to the Old World . In his influential 1776 pamphlet Common Sense , Thomas Paine echoed this notion , arguing that the American Revolution provided an opportunity to create a new , better society : We have it in our power to begin the world over again . A situation , similar to the present , hath not happened since the days of Noah until now . The birthday of a new world is at hand ... Many Americans agreed with Paine , and came to believe that the United States ' virtue was a result of its special experiment in freedom and democracy . Thomas Jefferson , in a letter to James Monroe , wrote , `` it is impossible not to look forward to distant times when our rapid multiplication will expand itself beyond those limits , and cover the whole northern , if not the southern continent . '' To Americans in the decades that followed their proclaimed freedom for mankind , embodied in the Declaration of Independence , could only be described as the inauguration of `` a new time scale '' because the world would look back and define history as events that took place before , and after , the Declaration of Independence . It followed that Americans owed to the world an obligation to expand and preserve these beliefs . The second theme 's origination is less precise . A popular expression of America 's mission was elaborated by President Abraham Lincoln 's description in his December 1 , 1862 , message to Congress . He described the United States as `` the last , best hope of Earth '' . The `` mission '' of the United States was further elaborated during Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , in which he interpreted the Civil War as a struggle to determine if any nation with democratic ideals could survive ; this has been called by historian Robert Johannsen `` the most enduring statement of America 's Manifest Destiny and mission '' . The third theme can be viewed as a natural outgrowth of the belief that God had a direct influence in the foundation and further actions of the United States . Clinton Rossiter , a scholar , described this view as summing `` that God , at the proper stage in the march of history , called forth certain hardy souls from the old and privilege - ridden nations ... and that in bestowing his grace He also bestowed a peculiar responsibility '' . Americans presupposed that they were not only divinely elected to maintain the North American continent , but also to `` spread abroad the fundamental principles stated in the Bill of Rights '' . In many cases this meant neighboring colonial holdings and countries were seen as obstacles rather than the destiny God had provided the United States . Faragher 's analysis of the political polarization between the Democratic Party and the Whig Party is that : Most Democrats were wholehearted supporters of expansion , whereas many Whigs ( especially in the North ) were opposed . Whigs welcomed most of the changes wrought by industrialization but advocated strong government policies that would guide growth and development within the country 's existing boundaries ; they feared ( correctly ) that expansion raised a contentious issue , the extension of slavery to the territories . On the other hand , many Democrats feared industrialization the Whigs welcomed ... For many Democrats , the answer to the nation 's social ills was to continue to follow Thomas Jefferson 's vision of establishing agriculture in the new territories in order to counterbalance industrialization . Another possible influence is racial predominance , namely the idea that the American Anglo - Saxon race was `` separate , innately superior '' and `` destined to bring good government , commercial prosperity and Christianity to the American continents and the world '' . This view also held that `` inferior races were doomed to subordinate status or extinction . '' This was used to justify `` the enslavement of the blacks and the expulsion and possible extermination of the Indians '' . Alternative interpretations ( edit ) With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , which doubled the size of the United States , Thomas Jefferson set the stage for the continental expansion of the United States . Many began to see this as the beginning of a new providential mission : If the United States was successful as a `` shining city upon a hill '' , people in other countries would seek to establish their own democratic republics . However , not all Americans or their political leaders believed that the United States was a divinely favored nation , or thought that it ought to expand . For example , many Whigs opposed territorial expansion based on the Democratic claim that the United States was destined to serve as a virtuous example to the rest of the world , and also had a divine obligation to spread its superordinate political system and a way of life throughout North American continent . Many in the Whig party `` were fearful of spreading out too widely '' , and they `` adhered to the concentration of national authority in a limited area '' . In July 1848 , Alexander Stephens denounced President Polk 's expansionist interpretation of America 's future as `` mendacious '' . In the mid ‐ 19th century , expansionism , especially southward toward Cuba , also faced opposition from those Americans who were trying to abolish slavery . As more territory was added to the United States in the following decades , `` extending the area of freedom '' in the minds of southerners also meant extending the institution of slavery . That is why slavery became one of the central issues in the continental expansion of the United States before the Civil War . Before and during the Civil War both sides claimed that America 's destiny were rightfully their own . Lincoln opposed anti-immigrant nativism , and the imperialism of manifest destiny as both unjust and unreasonable . He objected to the Mexican War and believed each of these disordered forms of patriotism threatened the inseparable moral and fraternal bonds of liberty and Union that he sought to perpetuate through a patriotic love of country guided by wisdom and critical self - awareness . Lincoln 's `` Eulogy to Henry Clay '' , June 6 , 1852 , provides the most cogent expression of his reflective patriotism . Era of continental expansion ( edit ) John Quincy Adams , painted above in 1816 by Charles Robert Leslie , was an early proponent of continentalism . Late in life he came to regret his role in helping U.S. slavery to expand , and became a leading opponent of the annexation of Texas . The phrase `` manifest destiny '' is most often associated with the territorial expansion of the United States from 1812 to 1860 . This era , from the end of the War of 1812 to the beginning of the American Civil War , has been called the `` age of manifest destiny '' . During this time , the United States expanded to the Pacific Ocean -- `` from sea to shining sea '' -- largely defining the borders of the contiguous United States as they are today . War of 1812 ( edit ) Further information : War of 1812 One of the causes of the War of 1812 may have been an American desire to annex or threaten to annex British Canada in order to stop the Indian raids into the Midwest , expel Britain from North America , and gain additional land . The American victories at the Battle of Lake Erie and the Battle of the Thames in 1813 ended the Indian raids and removed one of the reasons for annexation . The American failure to occupy any significant part of Canada prevented them from annexing it for the second reason , which was largely ended by the Era of Good Feelings , which ensued after the war between Britain and the United States . To end the War of 1812 John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and Albert Gallatin ( former Treasury Secretary and a leading expert on Indians ) and the other American diplomats negotiated the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 with Britain . They rejected the British plan to set up an Indian state in U.S. territory south of the Great Lakes . They explained the American policy toward acquisition of Indian lands : The United States , while intending never to acquire lands from the Indians otherwise than peaceably , and with their free consent , are fully determined , in that manner , progressively , and in proportion as their growing population may require , to reclaim from the state of nature , and to bring into cultivation every portion of the territory contained within their acknowledged boundaries . In thus providing for the support of millions of civilized beings , they will not violate any dictate of justice or of humanity ; for they will not only give to the few thousand savages scattered over that territory an ample equivalent for any right they may surrender , but will always leave them the possession of lands more than they can cultivate , and more than adequate to their subsistence , comfort , and enjoyment , by cultivation . If this be a spirit of aggrandizement , the undersigned are prepared to admit , in that sense , its existence ; but they must deny that it affords the slightest proof of an intention not to respect the boundaries between them and European nations , or of a desire to encroach upon the territories of Great Britain ... They will not suppose that that Government will avow , as the basis of their policy towards the United States a system of arresting their natural growth within their own territories , for the sake of preserving a perpetual desert for savages . A shocked Henry Goulburn , one of the British negotiators at Ghent , remarked , after coming to understand the American position on taking the Indians ' land : Till I came here , I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory . Continentalism ( edit ) The 19th - century belief that the United States would eventually encompass all of North America is known as `` continentalism '' - a form of tellurocracy . An early proponent of this idea , John Quincy Adams , became a leading figure in U.S. expansion between the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Polk administration in the 1840s . In 1811 , Adams wrote to his father : The whole continent of North America appears to be destined by Divine Providence to be peopled by one nation , speaking one language , professing one general system of religious and political principles , and accustomed to one general tenor of social usages and customs . For the common happiness of them all , for their peace and prosperity , I believe it is indispensable that they should be associated in one federal Union . The first Fort Laramie as it looked prior to 1840 . Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller Adams did much to further this idea . He orchestrated the Treaty of 1818 , which established the Canada -- US border as far west as the Rocky Mountains , and provided for the joint occupation of the region known in American history as the Oregon Country and in British and Canadian history as the New Caledonia and Columbia Districts . He negotiated the Transcontinental Treaty in 1819 , purchasing Florida from Spain and extending the U.S. border with Spanish Mexico all the way to the Pacific Ocean . And he formulated the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 , which warned Europe that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open for European colonization . The Monroe Doctrine and manifest destiny formed a closely related nexus of principles : historian Walter McDougall calls manifest destiny a corollary of the Monroe Doctrine , because while the Monroe Doctrine did not specify expansion , expansion was necessary in order to enforce the Doctrine . Concerns in the United States that European powers ( especially Great Britain ) were seeking to acquire colonies or greater influence in North America led to calls for expansion in order to prevent this . In his influential 1935 study of manifest destiny , Albert Weinberg wrote : `` the expansionism of the ( 1830s ) arose as a defensive effort to forestall the encroachment of Europe in North America '' . All Oregon ( edit ) Manifest destiny played its most important role in the Oregon boundary dispute between the United States and Britain , when the phrase `` manifest desiny '' originated . The Anglo - American Convention of 1818 had provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country , and thousands of Americans migrated there in the 1840s over the Oregon Trail . The British rejected a proposal by U.S. President John Tyler ( in office 1841 - 1845 ) to divide the region along the 49th parallel , and instead proposed a boundary line farther south along the Columbia River , which would have made most of what later became the state of Washington part of British North America . Advocates of manifest destiny protested and called for the annexation of the entire Oregon Country up to the Alaska line ( 54 ° 40ʹ N ) . Presidential candidate James K. Polk used this popular outcry to his advantage , and the Democrats called for the annexation of `` All Oregon '' in the 1844 U.S. Presidential election . As president , however , Polk sought compromise and renewed the earlier offer to divide the territory in half along the 49th parallel , to the dismay of the most ardent advocates of manifest destiny . When the British refused the offer , American expansionists responded with slogans such as `` The Whole of Oregon or None ! '' and `` Fifty - Four Forty or Fight ! '' , referring to the northern border of the region . ( The latter slogan is often mistakenly described as having been a part of the 1844 presidential campaign . ) When Polk moved to terminate the joint occupation agreement , the British finally agreed in early 1846 to divide the region along the 49th parallel , leaving the lower Columbia basin as part of the United States . The Oregon Treaty of 1846 formally settled the dispute ; Polk 's administration succeeded in selling the treaty to Congress because the United States was about to begin the Mexican -- American War , and the president and others argued it would be foolish to also fight the British Empire . American westward expansion is idealized in Emanuel Leutze 's famous painting Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way ( 1861 ) . The title of the painting , from a 1726 poem by Bishop Berkeley , was a phrase often quoted in the era of manifest destiny , expressing a widely held belief that civilization had steadily moved westward throughout history . ( more ) Despite the earlier clamor for `` All Oregon '' , the Oregon Treaty was popular in the United States and was easily ratified by the Senate . The most fervent advocates of manifest destiny had not prevailed along the northern border because , according to Reginald Stuart , `` the compass of manifest destiny pointed west and southwest , not north , despite the use of the term ' continentalism ' '' . Mexico and Texas ( edit ) Manifest destiny played an important role in the expansion of Texas and American relationship with Mexico . In 1836 , the Republic of Texas declared independence from Mexico and , after the Texas Revolution , sought to join the United States as a new state . This was an idealized process of expansion that had been advocated from Jefferson to O'Sullivan : newly democratic and independent states would request entry into the United States , rather than the United States extending its government over people who did not want it . The annexation of Texas was attacked by anti-slavery spokesmen because it would add another slave state to the Union . Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren declined Texas 's offer to join the United States in part because the slavery issue threatened to divide the Democratic Party . Before the election of 1844 , Whig candidate Henry Clay and the presumed Democratic candidate , former President Van Buren , both declared themselves opposed to the annexation of Texas , each hoping to keep the troublesome topic from becoming a campaign issue . This unexpectedly led to Van Buren being dropped by the Democrats in favor of Polk , who favored annexation . Polk tied the Texas annexation question with the Oregon dispute , thus providing a sort of regional compromise on expansion . ( Expansionists in the North were more inclined to promote the occupation of Oregon , while Southern expansionists focused primarily on the annexation of Texas . ) Although elected by a very slim margin , Polk proceeded as if his victory had been a mandate for expansion . All Mexico ( edit ) Main article : All of Mexico Movement After the election of Polk , but before he took office , Congress approved the annexation of Texas . Polk moved to occupy a portion of Texas that had declared independence from Mexico in 1836 , but was still claimed by Mexico . This paved the way for the outbreak of the Mexican -- American War on April 24 , 1846 . With American successes on the battlefield , by the summer of 1847 there were calls for the annexation of `` All Mexico '' , particularly among Eastern Democrats , who argued that bringing Mexico into the Union was the best way to ensure future peace in the region . American occupation of Mexico City in 1847 This was a controversial proposition for two reasons . First , idealistic advocates of manifest destiny like John L. O'Sullivan had always maintained that the laws of the United States should not be imposed on people against their will . The annexation of `` All Mexico '' would be a violation of this principle . And secondly , the annexation of Mexico was controversial because it would mean extending U.S. citizenship to millions of Mexicans . Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina , who had approved of the annexation of Texas , was opposed to the annexation of Mexico , as well as the `` mission '' aspect of manifest destiny , for racial reasons . He made these views clear in a speech to Congress on January 4 , 1848 : We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race -- the free white race . To incorporate Mexico , would be the very first instance of the kind , of incorporating an Indian race ; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians , and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes . I protest against such a union as that ! Ours , sir , is the Government of a white race ... We are anxious to force free government on all ; and I see that it has been urged ... that it is the mission of this country to spread civil and religious liberty over all the world , and especially over this continent . It is a great mistake . This debate brought to the forefront one of the contradictions of manifest destiny : on the one hand , while identitarian ideas inherent in manifest destiny suggested that Mexicans , as non-whites , would present a threat to white racial integrity and thus were not qualified to become Americans , the `` mission '' component of manifest destiny suggested that Mexicans would be improved ( or `` regenerated '' , as it was then described ) by bringing them into American democracy . Identitarianism was used to promote manifest destiny , but , as in the case of Calhoun and the resistance to the `` All Mexico '' movement , identitarianism was also used to oppose manifest destiny . Conversely , proponents of annexation of `` All Mexico '' regarded it as an anti-slavery measure . Growth from 1840 to 1850 The controversy was eventually ended by the Mexican Cession , which added the territories of Alta California and Nuevo México to the United States , both more sparsely populated than the rest of Mexico . Like the All Oregon movement , the All Mexico movement quickly abated . Historian Frederick Merk , in Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History : A Reinterpretation ( 1963 ) , argued that the failure of the `` All Oregon '' and `` All Mexico '' movements indicates that manifest destiny had not been as popular as historians have traditionally portrayed it to have been . Merk wrote that , while belief in the beneficent mission of democracy was central to American history , aggressive `` continentalism '' were aberrations supported by only a minority of Americans , all of them Democrats . Some Democrats were also opposed ; the Democrats of Louisiana opposed annexation of Mexico , while those in Mississippi supported it . Filibusterism ( edit ) After the Mexican -- American War ended in 1848 , disagreements over the expansion of slavery made further annexation by conquest too divisive to be official government policy . Some , such as John Quitman , governor of Mississippi , offered what public support they could offer . In one memorable case , Quitman simply explained that the state of Mississippi had `` lost '' its state arsenal , which began showing up in the hands of filibusters . Yet these isolated cases only solidified opposition in the North as many Northerners were increasingly opposed to what they believed to be efforts by Southern slave owners -- and their friends in the North -- to expand slavery through filibustering . Sarah P. Remond on January 24 , 1859 , delivered an impassioned speech at Warrington , England , that the connection between filibustering and slave power was clear proof of `` the mass of corruption that underlay the whole system of American government '' . The Wilmot Proviso and the continued `` Slave Power '' narratives thereafter , indicated the degree to which manifest destiny had become part of the sectional controversy . Without official government support the most radical advocates of manifest destiny increasingly turned to military filibustering . Originally filibuster had come from the Dutch vrijbuiter and referred to buccaneers in the West Indies that preyed on Spanish commerce . While there had been some filibustering expeditions into Canada in the late 1830s , it was only by mid-century did filibuster become a definitive term . By then , declared the New - York Daily Times `` the fever of Fillibusterism is on our country . Her pulse beats like a hammer at the wrist , and there 's a very high color on her face . '' Millard Fillmore 's second annual message to Congress , submitted in December 1851 , gave double the amount of space to filibustering activities than the brewing sectional conflict . The eagerness of the filibusters , and the public to support them , had an international hue . Clay 's son , diplomat to Portugal , reported that Lisbon had been stirred into a `` frenzy '' of excitement and were waiting on every dispatch . Filibuster William Walker , who launched several expeditions to Mexico and Central America , ruled Nicaragua , and was captured by the British Navy before being executed in Honduras . Although they were illegal , filibustering operations in the late 1840s and early 1850s were romanticized in the United States . The Democratic Party 's national platform included a plank that specifically endorsed William Walker 's filibustering in Nicaragua . Wealthy American expansionists financed dozens of expeditions , usually based out of New Orleans , New York , and San Francisco . The primary target of manifest destiny 's filibusters was Latin America but there were isolated incidents elsewhere . Mexico was a favorite target of organizations devoted to filibustering , like the Knights of the Golden Circle . William Walker got his start as a filibuster in an ill - advised attempt to separate the Mexican states Sonora and Baja California . Narciso López , a near second in fame and success , spent his efforts trying to secure Cuba from the Spanish Empire . The United States had long been interested in acquiring Cuba from the declining Spanish Empire . As with Texas , Oregon , and California , American policy makers were concerned that Cuba would fall into British hands , which , according to the thinking of the Monroe Doctrine , would constitute a threat to the interests of the United States . Prompted by John L. O'Sullivan , in 1848 President Polk offered to buy Cuba from Spain for $100 million . Polk feared that filibustering would hurt his effort to buy the island , and so he informed the Spanish of an attempt by the Cuban filibuster Narciso López to seize Cuba by force and annex it to the United States , foiling the plot . Nevertheless , Spain declined to sell the island , which ended Polk 's efforts to acquire Cuba . O'Sullivan , on the other hand eventually landed in legal trouble . Filibustering continued to be a major concern for presidents after Polk . Whigs presidents Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore tried to suppress the expeditions . When the Democrats recaptured the White House in 1852 with the election of Franklin Pierce , a filibustering effort by John A. Quitman to acquire Cuba received the tentative support of the president . Pierce backed off , however , and instead renewed the offer to buy the island , this time for $130 million . When the public learned of the Ostend Manifesto in 1854 , which argued that the United States could seize Cuba by force if Spain refused to sell , this effectively killed the effort to acquire the island . The public now linked expansion with slavery ; if manifest destiny had once enjoyed widespread popular approval , this was no longer true . Filibusters like William Walker continued to garner headlines in the late 1850s , but to little effect . Expansionism was among the various issues that played a role in the coming of the war . With the divisive question of the expansion of slavery , Northerners and Southerners , in effect , were coming to define manifest destiny in different ways , undermining nationalism as a unifying force . According to Frederick Merk , `` The doctrine of Manifest Destiny , which in the 1840s had seemed Heaven - sent , proved to have been a bomb wrapped up in idealism . '' Homestead Act ( edit ) Main article : Homestead Acts Norwegian settlers in North Dakota in front of their homestead , a sod hut The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged 600,000 families to settle the West by giving them land ( usually 160 acres ) almost free . They had to live on and improve the land for five years . Before the Civil War , Southern leaders opposed the Homestead Acts because they feared it would lead to more free states and free territories . After the mass resignation of Southern senators and representatives at the beginning of the war , Congress was subsequently able to pass the Homestead Act . Native Americans ( edit ) Across The Continent , an 1868 lithograph illustrating the westward expansion of white settlers Manifest destiny had serious consequences for Native Americans , since continental expansion implicitly meant the occupation and annexation of Native American land , sometimes to expand slavery . This ultimately led to confrontations and wars with several groups of native peoples via Indian removal . The United States continued the European practice of recognizing only limited land rights of indigenous peoples . In a policy formulated largely by Henry Knox , Secretary of War in the Washington Administration , the U.S. government sought to expand into the west through the purchase of Native American land in treaties . Only the Federal Government could purchase Indian lands and this was done through treaties with tribal leaders . Whether a tribe actually had a decision - making structure capable of making a treaty was a controversial issue . The national policy was for the Indians to join American society and become `` civilized '' , which meant no more wars with neighboring tribes or raids on white settlers or travelers , and a shift from hunting to farming and ranching . Advocates of civilization programs believed that the process of settling native tribes would greatly reduce the amount of land needed by the Native Americans , making more land available for homesteading by white Americans . Thomas Jefferson believed that while American Indians were the intellectual equals of whites , they had to live like the whites or inevitably be pushed aside by them . Jefferson 's belief , rooted in Enlightenment thinking , that whites and Native Americans would merge to create a single nation did not last his lifetime , and he began to believe that the natives should emigrate across the Mississippi River and maintain a separate society , an idea made possible by the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . In the age of manifest destiny , this idea , which came to be known as `` Indian removal '' , gained ground . Humanitarian advocates of removal believed that American Indians would be better off moving away from whites . As historian Reginald Horsman argued in his influential study Race and Manifest Destiny , racial rhetoric increased during the era of manifest destiny . Americans increasingly believed that Native American ways of life would `` fade away '' as the United States expanded . As an example , this idea was reflected in the work of one of America 's first great historians , Francis Parkman , whose landmark book The Conspiracy of Pontiac was published in 1851 . Parkman wrote that after the British conquest of Canada in 1760 , Indians were `` destined to melt and vanish before the advancing waves of Anglo - American power , which now rolled westward unchecked and unopposed '' . Parkman emphasized that the collapse of Indian power in the late 18th century had been swift and was a past event . Beyond North America ( edit ) Annexation of the Republic of Hawaii in 1898 As the Civil War faded into history , the term manifest destiny experienced a brief revival . Protestant missionary Josiah Strong , in his best seller of 1885 Our Country argued that the future was devolved upon America since it had perfected the ideals of civil liberty , `` a pure spiritual Christianity '' , and concluded `` My plea is not , Save America for America 's sake , but , Save America for the world 's sake . '' In the 1892 U.S. presidential election , the Republican Party platform proclaimed : `` We reaffirm our approval of the Monroe doctrine and believe in the achievement of the manifest destiny of the Republic in its broadest sense . '' What was meant by `` manifest destiny '' in this context was not clearly defined , particularly since the Republicans lost the election . In the 1896 election , however , the Republicans recaptured the White House and held on to it for the next 16 years . During that time , manifest destiny was cited to promote overseas expansion . Whether or not this version of manifest destiny was consistent with the continental expansionism of the 1840s was debated at the time , and long afterwards . For example , when President William McKinley advocated annexation of the Republic of Hawaii in 1898 , he said that `` We need Hawaii as much and a good deal more than we did California . It is manifest destiny . '' On the other hand , former President Grover Cleveland , a Democrat who had blocked the annexation of Hawaii during his administration , wrote that McKinley 's annexation of the territory was a `` perversion of our national destiny '' . Historians continued that debate ; some have interpreted American acquisition of other Pacific island groups in the 1890s as an extension of manifest destiny across the Pacific Ocean . Others have regarded it as the antithesis of manifest destiny and merely imperialism . Spanish -- American War and the Philippines ( edit ) A cartoon of Uncle Sam seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare containing `` Cuba steak '' , `` Porto Rico pig '' , the `` Philippine Islands '' and the `` Sandwich Islands '' ( Hawaii ) . In 1898 , the United States intervened in the Cuban insurrection and launched the Spanish -- American War to force Spain out . According to the terms of the Treaty of Paris , Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba and ceded the Philippine Islands , Puerto Rico , and Guam to the United States . The terms of cession for the Philippines involved a payment of the sum of $20 million by the United States to Spain . The treaty was highly contentious and denounced by William Jennings Bryan , who tried to make it a central issue in the 1900 election . He was defeated in landslide by McKinley . The Teller Amendment , passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate before the war , which proclaimed Cuba `` free and independent '' , forestalled annexation of the island . The Platt Amendment ( 1902 ) , however , established Cuba as a virtual protectorate of the United States . The acquisition of Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines after the war with Spain marked a new chapter in U.S. history . Traditionally , territories were acquired by the United States for the purpose of becoming new states on equal footing with already existing states . These islands , however , were acquired as colonies rather than prospective states . The process was validated by the Insular Cases . The Supreme Court ruled that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under American control . Nevertheless , in 1917 , Puerto Ricans were all made full American citizens via the Jones Act . This also provided for a popularly elected legislature , a bill of rights and authorized the election of a Resident Commissioner who has a voice ( but no vote ) in Congress . According to Frederick Merk , these colonial acquisitions marked a break from the original intention of manifest destiny . Previously , `` Manifest Destiny had contained a principle so fundamental that a Calhoun and an O'Sullivan could agree on it -- that a people not capable of rising to statehood should never be annexed . That was the principle thrown overboard by the imperialism of 1899 . '' Albert J. Beveridge maintained the contrary at his September 25 , 1900 , speech in the Auditorium , at Chicago . He declared that the current desire for Cuba and the other acquired territories was identical to the views expressed by Washington , Jefferson and Marshall . Moreover , `` the sovereignty of the Stars and Stripes can be nothing but a blessing to any people and to any land . '' The Philippines was eventually given its independence in 1946 ; Guam and Puerto Rico have special status to this day , but all their people have United States citizenship . The English poet Rudyard Kipling wrote `` The White Man 's Burden '' to Americans , calling on them to take up their share of the burden . Subtitled `` The United States and the Philippine Islands '' , it was a widely noted expression of imperialist sentiments , which were common at the time . The nascent revolutionary government desirous of independence , however , resisted the United States in the Philippine -- American War in 1899 ; it won no support from any government anywhere and collapsed when its leader was captured . William Jennings Bryan denounced the war and any form of overseas expansion , writing , `` ' Destiny ' is not as manifest as it was a few weeks ago . '' Legacy and consequences ( edit ) The legacy is a complex one . The belief in an American mission to promote and defend democracy throughout the world , as expounded by Thomas Jefferson and his `` Empire of Liberty '' , and by Abraham Lincoln , Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush , continues to have an influence on American political ideology . Bush looked at the American success after 1945 in imposing democracy in Japan as a model . Under Douglas MacArthur , the Americans `` were imbued with a sense of manifest destiny '' says historian John Dower . The U.S. 's intentions to influence the area ( especially the Panama Canal construction and control ) led to the separation of Panama from Colombia in 1903 The belief in an American mission to promote and defend democracy throughout the world , as expounded by Thomas Jefferson and his `` Empire of Liberty '' and Abraham Lincoln , was continued by Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson . Under Harry Truman ( and Douglas MacArthur ) it was implemented in practice in the American rebuilding of Japan and Germany after World War II . George W. Bush in the 21st century applied it to the Middle East , in Afghanistan and Iraq . Tyner argues that in proclaiming a mission to combat terror , Bush was continuing a long tradition of prophetic presidential action to be the beacon of freedom in the spirit of manifest destiny . After the turn of the nineteenth century to the twentieth , the phrase manifest destiny declined in usage , as territorial expansion ceased to be promoted as being a part of America 's `` destiny '' . Under President Theodore Roosevelt the role of the United States in the New World was defined , in the 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine , as being an `` international police power '' to secure American interests in the Western Hemisphere . Roosevelt 's corollary contained an explicit rejection of territorial expansion . In the past , manifest destiny had been seen as necessary to enforce the Monroe Doctrine in the Western Hemisphere , but now expansionism had been replaced by interventionism as a means of upholding the doctrine . President Woodrow Wilson continued the policy of interventionism in the Americas , and attempted to redefine both manifest destiny and America 's `` mission '' on a broader , worldwide scale . Wilson led the United States into World War I with the argument that `` The world must be made safe for democracy . '' In his 1920 message to Congress after the war , Wilson stated : ... I think we all realize that the day has come when Democracy is being put upon its final test . The Old World is just now suffering from a wanton rejection of the principle of democracy and a substitution of the principle of autocracy as asserted in the name , but without the authority and sanction , of the multitude . This is the time of all others when Democracy should prove its purity and its spiritual power to prevail . It is surely the manifest destiny of the United States to lead in the attempt to make this spirit prevail . This was the only time a president had used the phrase `` manifest destiny '' in his annual address . Wilson 's version of manifest destiny was a rejection of expansionism and an endorsement ( in principle ) of self - determination , emphasizing that the United States had a mission to be a world leader for the cause of democracy . This U.S. vision of itself as the leader of the `` Free World '' would grow stronger in the 20th century after World War II , although rarely would it be described as `` manifest destiny '' , as Wilson had done . `` Manifest destiny '' is sometimes used by critics of U.S. foreign policy to characterize interventions in the Middle East and elsewhere . In this usage , `` manifest destiny '' is interpreted as the underlying cause of what is denounced by some as `` American imperialism . '' A more positive - sounding phrase devised by scholars at the end of the twentieth century is `` nation building , '' and State Department official Karin Von Hippel notes that the U.S. has `` been involved in nation - building and promoting democracy since the middle of the nineteenth century and ' Manifest Destiny . ' '' Relationship with German Lebensraum ideology ( edit ) German geographer Friedrich Ratzel visited North America beginning in 1873 and saw the effects of American manifest destiny . Ratzel sympathized with the results of `` manifest destiny '' , but he never used the term . Instead he relied on the Frontier Thesis of Frederick Jackson Turner . Ratzel promoted overseas colonies for Germany in Asia and Africa , but not an expansion into Slavic lands . Later German publicists misinterpreted Ratzel to argue for the right of the German race to expand within Europe ; that notion was later incorporated into Nazi ideology , as Lebensraum . Harriet Wanklyn ( 1961 ) argues that Ratzel 's theory was designed to advance science , and that politicians distorted it for political goals . See also ( edit ) United States portal Thomas Hart Benton -- Missouri senator , proponent of western expansion Stephen A. Douglas -- prominent spokesman of `` Young America '' Horace Greeley -- popularized the phrase `` Go West , young man . '' Duff Green -- writer , politician , and prominent manifest destiny advocate Frances Fuller Victor -- prominent western historian and fiction writer who captured the spirit of western expansion Young America movement -- a political and literary movement with connections to manifest destiny Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mountjoy , Shane , Manifest Destiny : Westward Expansion . Infobase Publishing ( 2009 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` John Gast , American Progress , 1872 '' . Picturing U.S. History . City University of New York . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Miller ( 2006 ) . Native America , Discovered And Conquered : Thomas Jefferson , Lewis & Clark , And Manifest Destiny . Greenwood . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America 1815 -- 1848 , ( 2007 ) pp. 705 -- 06 Jump up ^ `` 29 . Manifest Destiny '' . American History . USHistory.org . Jump up ^ Hudson , Linda S. Mistress of Manifest Destiny : A Biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau , 1807 -- 1878 . Texas State Historical Association , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 87611 - 179 - 7 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , pp. 215 -- 216 Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 215 Jump up ^ As quoted in Adams , John ( 2007 ) . My Dearest Friend : Letters of Abigail and John Adams . Harvard University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02606 - 3 . Adams predicted that the celebration date would be July 2 , the date the independence resolution was adopted , rather than July 4 , the date the declaration was approved . Though he may have predicted the wrong celebration date , his thoughts were prophetic . Jump up ^ Ward 1962 , pp. 136 -- 37 Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Dennis R. ( 2003 ) . `` Manifest Destiny '' . Encyclopedia.com taken from Dictionary of American History . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tuveson 1980 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 27 Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , John . `` The Great Nation of Futurity '' . The United States Democratic Review Volume 0006 Issue 23 ( November 1839 ) . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , John L. , A Divine Destiny for America , 1845 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , John L. ( July -- August 1845 ) . `` Annexation '' . United States Magazine and Democratic Review . 17 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ See Julius Pratt , `` The Origin Of ' Manifest Destiny ' '' , American Historical Review , ( 1927 ) 32 # 4 , pp. 795 -- 98 in JSTOR . Linda S. Hudson has argued that it was coined by writer Jane McManus Storm ; Greenburg , p. 20 ; Hudson 2001 ; O'Sullivan biographer Robert D. Sampson disputes Hudson 's claim for a variety of reasons ( See note 7 at Sampson 2003 , pp. 244 -- 45 ) . Jump up ^ Adams 2008 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Thomas R. Hietala , Manifest design : American exceptionalism and Empire ( 2003 ) p. 255 Jump up ^ Robert W. Johannsen , `` The Meaning of Manifest Destiny '' , in Johannsen 1997 . Jump up ^ McCrisken , Trevor B. , `` Exceptionalism : Manifest Destiny '' in Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy ( 2002 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Weinberg 1935 , p. 145 ; Johannsen 1997 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Johannsen 1997 , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Prospectus of the New Series '' , The American Whig Review Volume 7 Issue 1 ( Jan 1848 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ Weeks 1996 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Justin B. Litke , `` Varieties of American Exceptionalism : Why John Winthrop Is No Imperialist '' , Journal of Church and State , 54 ( Spring 2012 ) , 197 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Ford 2010 , pp. 315 -- 19 Jump up ^ Somkin 1967 , pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Johannsen 1997 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Rossiter 1950 , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ John Mack Faragher et al. Out of Many : A History of the American People , ( 2nd ed. 1997 ) p. 413 Jump up ^ Reginald Horsman . Race and Manifest Destiny . pp. 2 , 6 . Jump up ^ Witham , Larry ( 2007 ) . A City Upon a Hill : How Sermons Changed the Course of American History . New York : Harper . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Byrnes , Mark Eaton ( 2001 ) . James K. Polk : A Biographical Companion . Santa Barbara , Calif : ABC - CLIO . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Michael A. ( 1997 ) . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Mountjoy , Shane ( 2009 ) . Manifest Destiny : Westward Expansion . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . Jump up ^ Joseph R. Fornieri ( April -- June 2010 ) . `` Lincoln 's Reflective Patriotism '' . Perspectives on Political Science . 39 ( 2 ) : 108 -- 17 . doi : 10.1080 / 10457091003685019 . Jump up ^ Kurt Hanson ; Robert L. Beisner . American Foreign Relations since 1600 : A Guide to the Literature , Second Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 080 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stuart and Weeks call this period the `` era of manifest destiny '' and the `` age of manifest destiny '' , respectively . Jump up ^ Nugent , pp. 74 -- 79 Jump up ^ The acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us experience for the attack of Halifax the next , and the final expulsion of England from the American continent. -- To William Duane . vi , 75 . Ford ed. , ix , 366 . ( M. , August 1812 . ) Jump up ^ Charles M. Gates ( 1940 ) . `` The West in American Diplomacy , 1812 -- 1815 '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 26 ( 4 ) : 499 -- 510 . JSTOR 1896318 . doi : 10.2307 / 1896318 . quote on p. 507 . Jump up ^ PBS , The War of 1812 , Essays . https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent/ Jump up ^ Continental and Continentalism , sociologyindex.com . Archived May 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.savagesandscoundrels.org/flashpoints-conflicts/1820s-continentalism/ Jump up ^ Adams quoted in McDougall 1997 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ McDougall 1997 , p. 74 ; Weinberg 1935 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Treaty popular : Stuart 1988 , p. 104 ; compass quote p. 84 . Jump up ^ Ramon Eduardo Ruiz , ed. , The Mexican War -- was it Manifest Destiny ? ( Harcourt , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Lyon Rathbun , Lyon `` The debate over annexing Texas and the emergence of manifest destiny . '' Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4 # 3 ( 2001 ) : 459 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Cheathem ; Terry Corps ( 2016 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , pp. 144 -- 47 ; Fuller 1936 ; Hietala 2003 . Jump up ^ W. Paul Reeve ( 2015 ) . Religion of a Different Color : Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness . Oxford UP . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Calhoun , John C. ( 1848 ) . `` Conquest of Mexico '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ McDougall 1997 , pp. 87 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Fuller 1936 , pp. 119 , 122 , 162 and passim . Jump up ^ Billy H. Gilley ( 1979 ) . `` ' Polk 's War ' and the Louisiana Press '' . Louisiana History . 20 : 5 -- 23 . JSTOR 4231864 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Brent ( 1969 ) . `` Mississippi and the Mexican War '' . Journal of Mississippi History . 31 ( 3 ) : 202 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Ripley 1985 Jump up ^ `` A Critical Day '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1854 . Jump up ^ Crenshaw 1941 Jump up ^ Greene 2006 , pp. 1 -- 50 Jump up ^ Crocker 2006 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Weeks 1996 , pp. 144 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Lesli J. Favor ( 2005 ) . `` 6 . Settling the West '' . A Historical Atlas of America 's Manifest Destiny . Rosen . Jump up ^ `` Teaching With Documents : The Homestead Act of 1862 '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Greenwood PhD ( 2007 ) . Outsourcing Culture : How American Culture has Changed From `` We the People '' Into a One World Government . Outskirts Press . p. 97 . Jump up ^ Rajiv Molhotra ( 2009 ) . `` American Exceptionalism and the Myth of the American Frontiers '' . In Rajani Kannepalli Kanth . The Challenge of Eurocentrism . Palgrave MacMillan . pp. 180 , 184 , 189 , 199 . Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon ( 2008 ) . Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism . Ohio University Press . pp. 15 , 141 , 254 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ben Kiernan ( 2007 ) . Blood and Soil : A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur . Yale University Press . pp. 328 , 330 . Jump up ^ Prucha 1995 , p. 137 , `` I believe the Indian then to be in body and mind equal to the white man , '' ( Jefferson letter to the Marquis de Chastellux , June 7 , 1785 ) . ^ Jump up to : American Indians . Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Francis Parkman ( 1913 ) ( 1851 ) . The conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian war after the conquest of Canada . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Strong 1885 , pp. 107 -- 08 Jump up ^ Official Manual of the State of Missouri . Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri . 1895 . p. 245 . Jump up ^ Republican Party platform Archived October 18 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. ; context not clearly defined , Merk 1963 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ McKinley quoted in McDougall 1997 , pp. 112 -- 13 ; Merk 1963 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Thomas A. ( 1937 ) . `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 24 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 52 . JSTOR 1891336 . doi : 10.2307 / 1891336 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Beveridge 1908 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard . `` The White Man 's Burden '' . Jump up ^ Bryan 1899 . Jump up ^ Charles Philippe David and David Grondin ( 2006 ) . Hegemony Or Empire ? : The Redefinition of Us Power Under George W. Bush . Ashgate . pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Stephanson 1996 , pp. 112 -- 29 examines the influence of manifest destiny in the 20th century , particularly as articulated by Woodrow Wilson . Jump up ^ Scott , Donald . `` The Religious Origins of Manifest Destiny '' . National Humanities Center . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ John W. Dower ( 2000 ) . Embracing Defeat : Japan in the Wake of World War II . W.W. Norton . p. 217 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 2005 ) . Iraq , Terror , and the Philippines ' Will to War . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 62 . Jump up ^ `` Safe for democracy '' ; 1920 message ; Wilson 's version of manifest destiny : Weinberg 1935 , p. 471 . Jump up ^ Karin Von Hippel ( 2000 ) . Democracy by Force : U.S. Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War World . Cambridge University Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Mattelart 1996 , pp. 212 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Klinghoffer 2006 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` A German Appraisal of the United States '' . The Atlantic Monthly . January 1895 . pp. 124 -- 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Woodruff D. Smith ( February 1980 ) . `` Friedrich Ratzel and the Origins of Lebensraum '' . German Studies Review . 3 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 68 . JSTOR 1429483 . doi : 10.2307 / 1429483 . Jump up ^ Wanklyn 1961 , pp. 36 -- 40 . References ( edit ) Adams , Sean Patrick ( 2008 ) . The Early American Republic : A Documentary Reader . Wiley -- Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6098 - 8 . Bryan , William Jennings ( 1899 ) . Republic or Empire ? . Beveridge , Albert J. ( 1908 ) . The Meaning of the Times and Other Speeches . Indianapolis : The Bobbs -- Merrill Company . Crenshaw , Ollinger ( 1941 ) . `` The Knights of the Golden Circle : The Career of George Bickley '' . The American Historical Review . 47 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 50 . doi : 10.1086 / ahr / 47.1. 23 . Crocker , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Do n't tread on me : a 400 - year history of America at war , from Indian fighting to terrorist hunting . Crown Forum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Cheery , Conrad ( 1998 ) . God 's New Israel . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 424 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4754 - 1 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Greene , Laurence ( 2008 ) . The Filibuster . New York : Kessinger Publishing , LLC . p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4366 - 9531 - 2 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Fisher , Philip ( 1985 ) . Hard facts : setting and form in the American novel . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503528 - 5 . Fuller , John Douglas Pitts ( 1936 ) . The movement for the acquisition of all Mexico , 1846 -- 1848 . Johns Hopkins Press . Greenberg , Amy S. ( 2005 ) . Manifest manhood and the antebellum American empire . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84096 - 5 . Hietala , Thomas R. ( February 2003 ) . Manifest Design : American Exceptionalism and Empire . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8846 - 7 . Previously published as Hietala , Thomas R. ( 1985 ) . Manifest design : anxious aggrandizement in late Jacksonian America . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 1735 - 1 . Hudson , Linda S. ( 2001 ) . Mistress of Manifest Destiny : a biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau , 1807 -- 1878 . Texas State Historical Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87611 - 179 - 6 . Johannsen , Robert Walter ( 1997 ) . Manifest Destiny and empire : American antebellum expansionism . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 756 - 0 . Klinghoffer , Arthur Jay ( 2006 ) . The power of projections : how maps reflect global politics and history . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99135 - 7 . Ford , Paul L. , ed. ( 2010 ) . Works of Thomas Jefferson , IX . Cosmo Press Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61640 - 210 - 5 . May , Robert E. ( 2004 ) . Manifest Destiny 's Underworld . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 448 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5581 - 2 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Mattelart , Armand ( 1996 ) . The Invention of Communication . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 2697 - 7 . McDougall , Walter A. ( 1997 ) . Promised land , crusader state : the American encounter with the world since 1776 . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 83085 - 7 . Merk , Frederick ( 1963 ) . Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 54805 - 3 . Prucha , Francis Paul ( 1995 ) . The great father : the United States government and the American Indians . U of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8734 - 1 . Ripley , Peter C. ( 1985 ) . The Black Abolitionist Papers . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . p. 646 . Rossiter , Clinton ( 1950 ) . `` The American Mission '' . The American Scholar . The American Scholar ( 20 ) : 19 -- 20 . Sampson , Robert ( 2003 ) . John L. O'Sullivan and his times . Kent State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87338 - 745 - 3 . Stephanson , Anders ( 1996 ) . Manifest Destiny : American expansionism and the empire of right . Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 1584 - 9 . Stuart , Reginald C. ( 1988 ) . United States expansionism and British North America , 1775 -- 1871 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1767 - 4 . Somkin , Fred ( 1967 ) . Unquiet Eagle : Memory and Desire in the Idea of American Freedom , 1815 -- 1860 . Ithaca , N.Y. Strong , Josiah ( 1885 ) . Our Country . Baker and Taylor Company . Tuveson , Ernest Lee ( 1980 ) . Redeemer nation : the idea of America 's millennial role . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 81921 - 1 . Weeks , William Earl ( 1996 ) . Building the continental empire : American expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War . Ivan R. Dee . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56663 - 135 - 8 . Ward , John William ( 1962 ) . Andrew Jackson : Symbol for an Age : Symbol for an Age . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 992320 - 5 . Weinberg , Albert Katz ; Walter Hines Page School of International Relations ( 1935 ) . Manifest destiny : a study of nationalist expansionism in American history . The Johns Hopkins Press . ISBN 0 - 404 - 14706 - 2 . Wanklyn , Harriet ( 1961 ) . Friedrich Ratzel : A Biographical Memoir and Bibliography . Further reading ( edit ) Journal articles ( edit ) Dunning , Mike ( 2001 ) . `` Manifest Destiny and the Trans - Mississippi South : Natural Laws and the Extension of Slavery into Mexico '' . Journal of Popular Culture . 35 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 27 . ISSN 0022 - 3840 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.2001. 00111. x . Fulltext : Ebsco . Pinheiro , John C ( 2003 ) . `` ' Religion Without Restriction ' : Anti-catholicism , All Mexico , and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' . Journal of the Early Republic . 23 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 96 . ISSN 0275 - 1275 . doi : 10.2307 / 3124986 . Sampson , Robert D ( 2002 ) . `` The Pacifist - reform Roots of John L. O'Sullivan's Manifest Destiny '' . Mid-America. 84 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 129 -- 44 . ISSN 0026 - 2927 . Books ( edit ) Brown , Charles Henry ( January 1980 ) . Agents of Manifest Destiny : the lives and times of the filibusters . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1361 - 4 . Burns , Edward McNall ( 1957 ) . The American idea of mission : concepts of national purpose and destiny . Rutgers University Press . Cheathem , Mark R. and Terry Corps , eds . Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny ( 2nd ed. 2016 ) , 544 pp Fresonke , Kris ( 2003 ) . West of Emerson : the design of Manifest Destiny . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23185 - 6 . Gould , Lewis L. ( 1980 ) . The Presidency of William McKinley . Regents Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0206 - 3 . Graebner , Norman A. ( 1968 ) . Manifest destiny . Bobbs -- Merrill . ISBN 0 - 672 - 50986 - 5 . Heidler , David Stephen ; Heidler , Jeanne T. ( 2003 ) . Manifest Destiny . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32308 - 9 . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1965 ) . `` Cuba , the Philippines , and Manifest Destiny '' . The paranoid style in American politics : and other essays . Knopf . Horsman , Reginald ( 1981 ) . Race and Manifest Destiny : The origins of American racial Anglo - Saxonism . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 94805 - 1 . McDonough , Matthew Davitian . Manifestly Uncertain Destiny : The Debate over American Expansionism , 1803 -- 1848 . PhD dissertation , Kansas State University , 2011 . Merk , Frederick , and Lois Bannister Merk . Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History : A Reinterpretation . New York : Knopf , 1963 . May , Robert E. ( 2002 ) . Manifest Destiny 's underworld : filibustering in antebellum America . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2703 - 1 . Morrison , Michael A. ( August 18 , 1999 ) . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4796 - 1 . Sampson , Robert ( 2003 ) . John L. O'Sullivan and his times . Kent State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87338 - 745 - 3 . Smith , Gene A. ( 2000 ) . Thomas Ap Catesby Jones : commodore of Manifest Destiny . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 848 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Manifest destiny Manifest Destiny and the U.S. -- Mexican War : Then and Now President Polk 's Inaugural Address Gayle Olson - Raymer , `` The Expansion of Empire '' , 15 - page teaching guide for high school students , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Indigenous and minority rights Rights Ancestral domain Free , prior and informed consent Intellectual property Land rights Language Self - determination in Australia in Canada in the United States Traditional knowledge Treaty rights Governmental organizations African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Arctic Council Bureau of Indian Affairs Council of Indigenous Peoples ( Taiwan ) Fundação Nacional do Índio Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples National Commission on Indigenous Peoples ( Philippines ) United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Non-governmental and political organizations Amazon Watch Assembly of First Nations Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador Congress of Aboriginal Peoples Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin Cultural Survival Indigenous Environmental Network Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs National Indigenous Organization of Colombia Native American Rights Fund Survival International Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Zapatista Army of National Liberation ( more ... ) Issues Civilizing mission Colonialism Internal colonialism Settler colonialism Cultural appropriation Sports mascots Redface Dakota Access Pipeline protests Discovery doctrine Homeland Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples Bantustan American Indian reservation Indian reserve Ranchería Manifest destiny Plastic shaman Rainbow Warriors Two - Spirit Legal representation Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , 2007 Historical cases 2009 Peruvian political crisis Alta controversy Chiapas conflict Depopulation of Diego Garcia High Arctic relocation Indian removal Mapuche conflict Oka Crisis Residential Schools Canada New Zealand South Africa United States Rubber boom San controversy Stolen Generations Human Rights Indigenous rights Minority rights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manifest_destiny&oldid=807124685 '' Categories : American exceptionalism American nationalism American political catchphrases Geopolitics History of North America History of United States expansionism Imperialism International relations theory Mexico -- United States relations Native American history Political terminology of the United States Politics of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States United States federal Indian policy Hidden categories : All articles with broken links to citations Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 01 : 52 . 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which of the following volcanic areas is not part of the ring of fire			Ring of Fire	ring of fire		The Pacific Ring of Fire Global earthquakes ( 1900 -- 2013 ) : EQs M7. 0 + ( depth 0 -- 69km ) : Active volcanoes . The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur . In a large 40,000 km ( 25,000 mi ) horseshoe shape , it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches , volcanic arcs , and volcanic belts and plate movements . It has 452 volcanoes ( more than 75 % of the world 's active and dormant volcanoes ) . The Ring of Fire is sometimes called the circum - Pacific belt . About 90 % of the world 's earthquakes and 81 % of the world 's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire . All but three of the world 's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire . The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics : the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates , especially subduction in the northern portion . The southern portion is more complex , with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands , the Philippines , Bougainville , Tonga , and New Zealand . Contents 1 History 2 Cause 3 Andes 3.1 Bolivia 3.2 Chile 3.3 Ecuador 3.4 Peru 4 Central America 4.1 Costa Rica 4.2 Guatemala 5 North American Cordillera 5.1 Mexico 5.2 United States 5.3 Canada 6 Russia 7 Japan 8 Philippines 9 Indonesia 10 New Zealand 11 Antarctica 12 Land areas 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) The presence of a belt of volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean was observed in the 19th century . `` They ( the Japanese Islands ) are in the line of that immense circle of volcanic development which surrounds the shores of the Pacific from Tierra del Fuego around to the Moluccas . '' ( Matthew Perry , Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan , 1852 - 54 , Introduction , Section I , `` Name , Extent , and Geography '' ) About 90 % of the world 's earthquakes and 81 % of the world 's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire . The next most seismically active region ( 5 -- 6 % of earthquakes and 17 % of the world 's largest earthquakes ) is the Alpide belt , which extends from Java to the northern Atlantic Ocean via the Himalayas and southern Europe . All but three of the world 's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire . The famous and very active San Andreas Fault zone of California is a transform fault which offsets a portion of the East Pacific Rise under southwestern United States and Mexico ; the motion of the fault generates numerous small earthquakes , at multiple times a day , most of which are too small to be felt . The active Queen Charlotte Fault on the west coast of the Haida Gwaii , British Columbia , has generated three large earthquakes during the 20th century : a magnitude 7 event in 1929 ; a magnitude 8.1 in 1949 ( Canada 's largest recorded earthquake ) ; and a magnitude 7.4 in 1970 . Cause ( edit ) Tectonic plates of the world The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics : the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates . The eastern section of the ring is the result of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the westward - moving South American Plate . The Cocos Plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate , in Central America . A portion of the Pacific Plate and the small Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted beneath the North American Plate . Along the northern portion , the northwestward - moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Aleutian Islands arc . Farther west , the Pacific plate is being subducted along the Kamchatka Peninsula arcs on south past Japan . The southern portion is more complex , with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands , the Philippines , Bougainville , Tonga , and New Zealand ; this portion excludes Australia , since it lies in the center of its tectonic plate . Indonesia lies between the Ring of Fire along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including New Guinea and the Alpide belt along the south and west from Sumatra , Java , Bali , Flores , and Timor . Andes ( edit ) Further information : Andean Volcanic Belt Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Bolivia Bolivia hosts numerous active and extinct volcanoes across its territory . The active volcanoes are located in western Bolivia where they make up the Cordillera Occidental , the western limit of the Altiplano plateau . Many of the active volcanoes are international mountains shared with Chile . All Cenozoic volcanoes of Bolivia are part of the Central Volcanic Zone ( CVZ ) of the Andean Volcanic Belt that results due to processes involved in the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate . The Central Volcanic Zone is a major upper Cenozoic volcanic province . Apart from Andean volcanoes , the geology of Bolivia hosts the remnants of ancient volcanoes around the Precambrian Guaporé Shield in the eastern part of the country . Chile ( edit ) Llaima 's 2008 eruption Main articles : List of volcanoes in Chile and Volcanology of Chile The volcanoes in Chile are monitored by the National Geology and Mining Service ( SERNAGEOMIN ) Earthquake activity in Chile is related to subduction of the Nazca Plate to the east . Chile notably holds the record for the largest earthquake ever recorded , the 1960 Valdivia earthquake . Villarrica , one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rises above Villarrica Lake and the town of Villarrica . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andean chain . A 6 - km - wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene , more than 0.9 million years ago . A 2 - km - wide postglacial caldera is located at the base of the presently active , dominantly basaltic - to - andesitic cone at the northwest margin of the Pleistocene caldera . About 25 scoria cones dot Villarica 's flanks . Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows have been produced during the Holocene from this dominantly basaltic volcano , but historical eruptions have consisted of largely mild - to - moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion . Lahars from the glacier - covered volcanoes have damaged towns on its flanks . The Llaima Volcano is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile . It is situated 82 km northeast of Temuco and 663 km southeast of Santiago , within the borders of Conguillío National Park . Llaima 's activity has been documented since the 17th century , and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows . The last major eruption occurred in 1994 . Lascar erupting in 2006 Chile has experienced numerous volcanic eruptions from 60 volcanoes , including Llaima Volcano and the Chaitén Volcano . More recently , a magnitude - 8.8 earthquake struck central Chile on February 27 , 2010 , the Puyehue - Cordón Caulle volcano erupted in 2011 , and a M8. 2 earthquake struck northern Chile on April 1 , 2014 . The main shock was preceded by a number of moderate to large shocks and was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks , including a magnitude - 7.6 event on 2 April . Lascar is a stratovolcano , is the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes . The largest eruption of Lascar took place about 26,500 years ago , and following the eruption of the Tumbres scoria flow about 9,000 years ago , activity shifted back to the eastern edifice , where three overlapping craters were formed . Frequent small - to - moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from Lascar in historical time since the mid-19th century , along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano . The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993 , producing pyroclastic flows as far as 8.5 km ( 5 mi ) northwest of the summit and ash fall in Buenos Aires , Argentina , more than 1,600 km ( 994 mi ) to the southeast . The latest series of eruptions began on 18 April 2006 and was continuing as of 2011 . Chiliques is a stratovolcano located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile , immediately north of Cerro Miscanti . Laguna Lejía lies to the north of the volcano and has been dormant for at least 10,000 years , but is now showing signs of life . A January 6 , 2002 , nighttime thermal infrared image from ASTER revealed a hot spot in the summit crater , as well as several others along the upper flanks of the volcano 's edifice , indicating new volcanic activity . Examination of an earlier nighttime thermal infrared image from May 24 , 2000 , showed no such hot spots . Calbuco is a stratovolcano in southern Chile , located southeast of Llanquihue Lake and northwest of Chapo Lake , in Los Lagos Region . The volcano and the surrounding area are protected within Llanquihue National Reserve . It is a very explosive andesite volcano that underwent edifice collapse in the late Pleistocene , producing a volcanic debris avalanche that reached the lake . At least nine eruptions occurred since 1837 , with the latest one in 1972 . One of the largest historical eruptions in southern Chile took place there in 1893 -- 1894 . Violent eruptions ejected 30 - cm bombs to distances of 8 km from the crater , accompanied by voluminous hot lahars . Strong explosions occurred in April 1917 , and a lava dome formed in the crater accompanied by hot lahars . Another short explosive eruption in January 1929 also included an apparent pyroclastic flow and a lava flow . The last major eruption of Calbuco , in 1961 , sent ash columns 12 -- 15 km high and produced plumes that dispersed mainly to the southeast and two lava flows were also emitted . A minor , four - hour eruption happened on August 26 , 1972 . Strong fumarolic emission from the main crater was observed on August 12 , 1996 . Lonquimay is a stratovolocano of late - Pleistocene to dominantly Holocene age , with the shape of a truncated cone . The cone is largely andesitic , though basaltic and dacitic rocks are present . It is located in La Araucanía Region of Chile , immediately southeast of Tolhuaca volcano . Sierra Nevada and Llaima are their neighbors to the south . The snow - capped volcano lies within the protected area Malalcahuello - Nalcas . The volcano last erupted in 1988 , ending in 1990 . The VEI was 3 . The eruption was from a flank vent and involved lava flows and explosive eruptions . Some fatalities occurred . Antuco Volcano is a stratovolocano located in the Bío Bío Region of Chile , near Sierra Velluda and on the shore of Laguna del Laja , with its last eruption in 1869 . Villarrica is one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rising above the lake and town of the same name . The volcano is also known as Rucapillán , a Mapuche word meaning `` House of the Pillán '' . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andes along the Gastre Fault . Villarrica , along with Quetrupillán and the Chilean portion of Lanín , are protected within Villarrica National Park . Ascents of the volcano are popular with several guided ascents reaching the top during summer . Villarrica , with its lava of basaltic - andesitic composition , is one of only five volcanoes worldwide known to have an active lava lake within its crater . The volcano usually generates strombolian eruptions , with ejection of incandescent pyroclasts and lava flows . Melting of snow and glacier ice , as well as rainfall , often causes massive lahars , such as during the eruptions of 1964 and 1971 . Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Ecuador Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night ( 1999 ) . In Ecuador , EPN monitors the volcanic activity in this andean nation . Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano in the Andes , located about 50 km ( 31 mi ) south of Quito , Ecuador , South America . It is the second - highest summit in the country , reaching a height of 5,897 m ( 19,347 ft ) . Some consider it the world 's highest active volcano , and it is one of Ecuador 's most active volcanoes . Since 1738 , Cotopaxi has erupted more than 50 times , resulting in the creation of numerous valleys formed by mudflows around the volcano . In October 1999 , Pichincha Volcano erupted in Quito and covered the city with several inches of ash . Prior to that , the last major eruptions were in 1553 and in 1660 , when about 30 cm of ash fell on the city . At 5,230 m , Sangay Volcano is an active stratovolcano in central Ecuador , and is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world and one of Ecuador 's most active ones , erupting three times in recorded history . It exhibits mostly strombolian activity ; the most recent eruption , which started in 1934 , is still going on . Geologically , Sangay marks the southern bound of the Northern Volcanic Zone , and its position straddling two major pieces of crust accounts for its high level of activity . Sangay 's roughly 500,000 - year history is one of instability ; two previous versions of the mountain were destroyed in massive flank collapses , evidence of which still litters its surroundings today . Sangay is one of two active volcanoes located within the namesake Sangay National Park , the other being Tungurahua to the north . As such , it has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983 . Reventador is an active stratovolcano which lies in the eastern Andes of Ecuador . Since 1541 , it has erupted over 25 times , with its most recent eruption in 2009 , but the largest historical eruption occurred in 2002 . During that eruption , the plume from the volcano reached a height of 17 km , and pyroclastic flows went up to 7 km from the cone . On March 30 , 2007 , the mountain spewed ash again . The ash reached a height of about two miles ( 3 km , 11,000 ft ) . Cotopaxi , outside of Quito , started activity in April 2015 . A large increase in earthquakes ( including harmonic tremors ) and SO emissions began . IGPEN reported slight deformation of the edifice , suggesting an intrusion of magma under the volcano . As of 25 July , the unrest continued , and the most recent major eruption was an ash and steam eruption that occurred on August 14 and 15 , 2015 . Peru ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Peru Volcanoes in Peru are monitored by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute . Sabancaya is an active 5,976 - metre ( 19,606 ft ) stratovolcano in the Andes of southern Peru , about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) northwest of Arequipa . It is the most active volcano in Peru , with an ongoing eruption that started in August 2014 . Ubinas is another active volcano 5,672 - metre ( 18,609 ft ) in southern Peru with an ongoing eruption . Until 2006 , this stratovolcano had not erupted for about 40 years . On April 23 , 2006 , Peru declared a state of emergency in towns near the volcano . On April 28 , 2014 , despite a recent decline in earthquakes , Ubinas Volcano erupted an ash plume on April 28 , 2014 . Central America ( edit ) Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Costa Rica The Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) at the National University of Costa Rica , in Spanish Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) have a dedicated team in charge of researching and monitoring the volcanoes , earthquakes , and other tectonic processes in the Central America Volcanic Arc . In 1984 , the OVSICORI - A initiated the operation of a seismographic network designed to monitor seismic and volcanic activity throughout the national territory . Currently , the seismographic network has an analog and a digital registration system . The latter enables online analysis of seismic signals , allowing to expedite the analysis of signals and the study using modern computerized methods . Poás Volcano is an active 2,708 - metre ( 8,885 ft ) stratovolcano located in central Costa Rica ; it has erupted 39 times since 1828 . On February 25 , 2014 , a webcam from the OVSICORI captured the moment a dark cloud exploded about 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) in the air from a massive crater of the Poás Volcano . Guatemala ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Guatemala In 1902 , the Santa Maria Volcano erupted violently in Guatemala , with the largest explosions occurring over two days , ejecting an estimated 5.5 km ( 1.3 mi ) of magma . The eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century , only slightly less in magnitude to that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 . The eruption had a volcanic explosivity index of 6 . Today Santiaguito is one of the world 's most active volcanoes. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Santiaguito Volcano , 2003 eruption in Guatemala North American Cordillera ( edit ) Mexico ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Mexico The Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Volcanoes of Mexico are related to subduction of the Cocos and Rivera plates to the east , which has produced large , explosive eruptions . Most active volcanoes in Mexico occur in the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , which extends 900 kilometres ( 559 mi ) from west to east across central - southern Mexico . A few other active volcanoes in northern Mexico are related to extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range Province , which splits the Baja California peninsula from the mainland . Popocatépetl , lying in the eastern half of the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , is the second - highest peak in Mexico after the Pico de Orizaba . It is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico , having had more than 20 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519 . The 1982 eruption of El Chichón , which killed about 2,000 people who lived near the volcano , created a 1 - km - wide caldera that filled with an acidic crater lake . Prior to 2000 , this relatively unknown volcano was heavily forested and of no greater height than adjacent nonvolcanic peaks . United States ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the United States Area of the Cascadia subduction zone , including the Cascade Volcanic Arc ( red triangles ) The United States Geological Survey and the National Earthquake Information Center ( NEIC ) are located on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines in Golden , Colorado . Both monitor volcanos in the United States ; in the western United States lies the Cascade Volcanic Arc . It includes nearly 20 major volcanoes , among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous stratovolcanoes , shield volcanoes , lava domes , and cinder cones , along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as tuyas . Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago , but most of the present - day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old , and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old . The arc formed by the subduction of the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . This is a 680 - mi - long fault , running 50 mi ( 80 km ) off the coast of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to Vancouver Island , British Columbia . The plates move at a relative rate over 0.4 in ( 10 mm ) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone . Because of the very large fault area , the Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes , magnitude 9.0 or greater , if rupture occurred over its whole area . When the `` locked '' zone stores energy for an earthquake , the `` transition '' zone , although somewhat plastic , can rupture . Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 km ( about 40 mi ) down - dip from the deformation front . Further down - dip , a transition from fully locked to aseismic sliding occurs . American Cascade Range volcano eruptions in the last 4000 years Unlike most subduction zones worldwide , no oceanic trench is present along the continental margin in Cascadia . Instead , terranes and the accretionary wedge have been lifted up to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains . A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers ( Fraser River , Columbia River , and Klamath River ) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench . However , in common with most other subduction zones , the outer margin is slowly being compressed , similar to a giant spring . When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals , the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes such as the magnitude - 9 Cascadia earthquake of 1700 . Geological evidence indicates that great earthquakes may have occurred at least seven times in the last 3,500 years , suggesting a return time of 400 to 600 years . Also , evidence of accompanying tsunamis with every earthquake is seen , as the prime reason these earthquakes are known is through `` scars '' the tsunami left on the coast , and through Japanese records ( tsunami waves can travel across the Pacific ) . The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history ( VEI = 5 , 0.3 cu mi , 1.2 km of material erupted ) , exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California 's Lassen Peak . The eruption was preceded by a two - month series of earthquakes and steam - venting episodes caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens ' north slope . An earthquake at 8 : 32 am on May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away , suddenly exposing the partly molten , gas - and steam - rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure . The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face . Alaska is known for its seismic and volcanic activity , holding the record for the second - largest earthquake in the world , the Good Friday earthquake , and having more than 50 volcanoes which have erupted since about 1760 . Volcanoes can be found not only in the mainland , but also in the Aleutian Islands . The most recent activity in the American portion of the Ring of Fire occurred in early 2009 when Mount Redoubt in Alaska became active and finally erupted late in the evening of March 22 . The eruption ended in May 2009 . Canada ( edit ) Map of young volcanoes in Western Canada See also : Volcanism in Canada The Public Safety Geo - science Program at the Natural Resources Canada undertakes research to support risk reduction from the effects of space weather , earthquakes , tsunamis , volcanoes , and landslides . British Columbia and Yukon are home to a vast region of volcanoes and volcanic activity in the Pacific Ring of Fire . Several mountains in populated areas of British Columbia are dormant volcanoes . Most of these were active during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs . Although none of Canada 's volcanoes are currently erupting , several volcanoes , volcanic fields , and volcanic centers are considered potentially active . Hot springs are at some volcanoes , while 10 volcanoes in British Columbia appear related to seismic activity since 1975 , including : the Silverthrone Caldera , Mount Meager massif , Wells Gray - Clearwater volcanic field , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Cayley massif , Castle Rock , The Volcano , Mount Edziza , Hoodoo Mountain , Crow Lagoon , and Nazko Cone . The volcanoes are grouped into five volcanic belts with different tectonic settings . The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( sometimes known as the Stikine Volcanic Belt ) is the most active volcanic region in Canada . It formed due to extensional cracking , faulting , and rifting of the North American Plate , as the Pacific Plate grinds and slides past the Queen Charlotte Fault , unlike subduction that produces the volcanoes in Japan , the Philippines , and Indonesia . The region has Canada 's largest volcanoes , much larger than the minor stratovolcanoes found in the Canadian portion of the Cascade Volcanic Arc . Several eruptions are known to have occurred within the last 400 years . Mount Edziza is a huge volcanic complex that erupted several times in the past several thousand years and has formed several cinder cones and lava flows . The complex comprises the Mount Edziza Plateau , a large volcanic plateau ( 65 km long and 20 km wide ) made of predominantly basaltic lava flows with four large stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau . The associated lava domes and satellite cones were constructed over the past 7.5 million years during five magmatic cycles beginning with eruption of alkali basalts and ending with felsic and basaltic eruptions as late as 1,340 years ago . The blocky lava flows still maintain their original forms . Hoodoo Mountain is a tuya in northwestern British Columbia , which has had several periods of subglacial eruptions . The oldest eruptions occurred about 100,000 years ago and the most recent about 7000 years ago . Hoodoo Mountain is also considered active , so could erupt in the future . The nearby Tseax Cone and The Volcano produced some of Canada 's youngest lava flows , about 150 years old . Mount Edziza , a large shield volcano in northwestern British Columbia Canada 's worst known geophysical disaster came from the Tseax Cone during the 18th century at the southernmost end of the volcanic belt . The eruption produced a 22.5 - km - long lava flow , destroying the Nisga'a villages and the death of at least 2000 Nisga'a people by volcanic gases and poisonous smoke . The Nass River valley was inundated by the lava flows and contains abundant tree molds and lava tubes . The event happened at the same time as the arrival of the first European explorers to penetrate the uncharted coastal waters of northern British Columbia . Today , the basaltic lava deposits are a draw to tourists and are part of the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in southwestern British Columbia is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States ( which includes Mount Baker and Mount St. Helens ) and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada . It formed as a result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate ( a remnant of the much larger Farallon Plate ) under the North American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt includes the Bridge River Cones , Mount Cayley massif , Mount Fee , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Price , Mount Meager massif , the Squamish Volcanic Field , and more smaller volcanoes . The eruption styles in the belt range from effusive to explosive , with compositions from basalt to rhyolite . Morphologically , centers include calderas , cinder cones , stratovolcanoes and small isolated lava masses . Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations , many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between magma composition , topography , and changing ice configurations . The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt was an explosive eruption of the Mount Meager massif about 2,350 years ago . It was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , sending an ash column about 20 km into the stratosphere . The Mount Meager massif as seen from the east near Pemberton , BC : Summits left to right are Capricorn Mountain , Mount Meager , and Plinth Peak . The Chilcotin Group is a north - south range of volcanoes in southern British Columbia running parallel to the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt . The majority of the eruptions in this belt happened either 6 -- 10 million years ago ( Miocene ) or 2 -- 3 million years ago ( Pliocene ) , although with some slightly more recent eruptions ( in the Pleistocene ) . It is thought to have formed as a result of back - arc extension behind the Cascadia subduction zone . Volcanoes in this belt include Mount Noel , the Clisbako Caldera Complex , Lightning Peak , Black Dome Mountain , and many lava flows . The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a line of volcanoes stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel , British Columbia . These volcanoes were formed 8 to 1 million years ago , and the Nazko Cone last erupted only 7,200 years ago . The volcanoes generally get younger moving from the coast to the interior . These volcanoes are thought to have formed as a result of the North American Plate sliding westward over a small hotspot , called the Anahim hotspot . The hotspot is considered similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands . The belt is defined by three large shield volcanoes ( Rainbow , Ilgachuz and the Itcha Ranges ) and 37 Quaternary basalt centers . Eruptions of basaltic to rhyolitic volcanoes and hypabyssal rocks of the Alert Bay Volcanic Belt in northern Vancouver Island are probably linked with the subducted margin flanked by the Explorer and Juan de Fuca Plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . It appears to have been active during the Pliocene and Pleistocene . However , no Holocene eruptions are known , and volcanic activity in the belt has likely ceased . Russia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Russia Avachinsky , an active volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula . The Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East is one of the most various and active volcanic areas in the world , with an area of 472,300 km . It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Okhotsk Sea to the west . Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500 - m - deep Kuril - Kamchatka Trench , where rapid subduction of the Pacific Plate fuels the intense volcanism . Almost all types of volcanic activity are present , from stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes to Hawaiian - style fissure eruptions . Over 30 active volcanoes and hundreds of dormant and extinct volcanoes are in two major volcanic belts . The most recent activity takes place in the eastern belt , starting in the north at the Shiveluch volcanic complex , which lies at the junction of the Aleutian and Kamchatka volcanic arcs . Just to the south is the famous Klyuchi volcanic group , comprising the twin volcanic cones of Kliuchevskoi and Kamen , the huge volcanic complexes of Tolbachik and Ushkovsky , and a number of other large stratovolcanoes . The only active volcano in the central belt is found west of here , the huge remote Ichinsky . Farther south , the eastern belt continues to the southern slope of Kamchatka , topped by loads of stratovolcanoes , continuing onto the Kuril Islands , and southwards into Japan . Japan ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Japan About 10 % of the world 's active volcanoes are found in Japan , which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability . They are formed by subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate . As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly , and magnitudes of 4 to 6 are not uncommon . Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another , causing some slight shaking of buildings . Major earthquakes occur infrequently ; the most famous in the 20th century were : the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 , in which 130,000 people died ; and the Great Hanshin earthquake of 17 January 1995 , in which 6,434 people died . On March 11 , 2011 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake hit Japan , the country 's biggest ever and the fifth largest on record , according to US Geological Survey data . Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis . Mount Fuji at sunrise from Lake Kawaguchi Mount Bandai , one of Japan 's most noted volcanoes , rises above the north shore of Lake Inawashiro . Mount Bandai is formed of several overlapping stratovolcanoes , the largest of which is O - Bandai forming a complex volcano . O - Bandai volcano was constructed within a horseshoe - shaped caldera that formed about 40,000 years when an earlier volcano collapsed , forming the Okinajima debris avalanche , which traveled to the southwest and was accompanied by a plinian eruption . Four major phreatic eruptions have occurred during the past 5,000 years , two of them in historical time , in 806 and 1888 . Seen from the south , Bandai presents a conical profile , but much of the north side of the volcano is missing as a result of the collapse of Ko - Bandai volcano during the 1888 eruption , in which a debris avalanche buried several villages and formed several large lakes . Nearly a century ago , the north flank of Mount Bandai collapsed during an eruption quite similar to the May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens . After a week of seismic activity , a large earthquake on July 15 , 1888 , was followed by a tremendous noise and a large explosion . Eyewitnesses heard about 15 to 20 additional explosions and observed that the last one was projected almost horizontally to the north . Mount Fuji is Japan 's highest and most noted volcano . The modern postglacial stratovolcano is constructed above a group of overlapping volcanoes , remnants of which form irregularities on Fuji 's profile . Growth of the younger Mount Fuji began with a period of voluminous lava flows from 11,000 to 8,000 years ago , accounting for four - fifths of the volume of the younger Mount Fuji . Minor explosive eruptions dominated activity from 8,000 to 4,500 years ago , with another period of major lava flows occurring from 4,500 to 3,000 years ago . Subsequently , intermittent major explosive eruptions occurred , with subordinate lava flows and small pyroclastic flows . Summit eruptions dominated from 3,000 to 2,000 years ago , after which flank vents were active . The extensive basaltic lava flows from the summit and some of the more than 100 flank cones and vents blocked drainage against the Tertiary Misaka Mountains on the north side of the volcano , forming the Fuji Five Lakes . The last eruption of this dominantly basaltic volcano in 1707 ejected andesitic pumice and formed a large new crater on the east flank . Some minor volcanic activity may occur in the next few years . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the Philippines Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is the world 's second - largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century . Successful predictions of the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas , saving many lives , but as the surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic flows , ash deposits , and later , lahars caused by rainwater remobilising earlier volcanic deposits , thousands of houses were destroyed . Mayon Volcano overlooks a pastoral scene about five months before the volcano 's violent eruption in September 1984 . Mayon Volcano is the Philippines ' most active volcano . It has steep upper slopes that average 35 -- 40 ° and is capped by a small summit crater . The historical eruptions of this basaltic - andesitic volcano date back to 1616 and range from Strombolian to basaltic Plinian eruptions . Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks . Pyroclastic flows and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the roughly 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often devastated populated lowland areas . Taal Volcano has had 33 recorded eruptions since 1572 . A devastating eruption occurred in 1911 , which claimed more than a thousand lives . The deposits of that eruption consist of a yellowish , fairly decomposed ( nonjuvenile ) tephra with a high sulfur content . The most recent period of activity lasted from 1965 to 1977 , and was characterized by the interaction of magma with the lake water , which produced violent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions . Although the volcano has been dormant since 1977 , it has shown signs of unrest since 1991 , with strong seismic activity and ground - fracturing events , as well as the formation of small mud geysers on parts of the island . Kanlaon Volcano , the most active volcano in the central Philippines , has erupted 25 times since 1866 . Eruptions are typically phreatic explosions of small - to - moderate size that produce minor ash falls near the volcano . On August 10 , 1996 , Kanlaon erupted without warning , killing British student Julian Green and Filipinos Noel Tragico and Neil Perez , who were among 24 mountain climbers who were trapped near the summit . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : List of volcanoes in Indonesia and 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi Mount Merapi in Central Java Major volcanoes in Indonesia The volcanoes in Indonesia are among the most active of the Pacific Ring of Fire . They are formed due to subduction zones of three main active tectonic plates namely the Eurasian Plate , Pacific Plate , and Indo - Australian Plate . Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions , for instance , Krakatau for its global effects in 1883 , Lake Toba for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 BP , which was responsible for six years of volcanic winter , and Mount Tambora , for the most violent eruption in recorded history in 1815 . The eruption of Mount Tambora caused widespread harvest failures in Northern Europe , the Northeastern United States , and eastern Canada in 1816 , which was known as the Year Without a Summer . The most active volcanoes are Kelud and Mount Merapi on Java island , which have been responsible for thousands of deaths in the region . Since AD 1000 , Kelud has erupted more than 30 times , of which the largest eruption was at scale 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index , while Merapi has erupted more than 80 times . The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior has named Merapi as a Decade Volcano since 1995 because of its high volcanic activity . Another active volcano is Sinabung which erupted since 2013 until now . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : List of earthquakes in New Zealand and Volcanism in New Zealand Major volcanoes of New Zealand View of Mount Taranaki from Stratford . New Zealand contains the world 's strongest concentration of youthful rhyolitic volcanoes , and voluminous sheets blanket much of the North Island . The earliest historically - dated eruption was at Whakaari / White Island in 1826 , followed in 1886 by the country 's largest historical eruption at Mount Tarawera . Much of the region north of New Zealand 's North Island is made up of seamounts and small islands , including 16 submarine volcanoes . In the last 1.6 million years , most of New Zealand 's volcanism is from the Taupo Volcanic Zone . Mount Ruapehu , at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone , is one of the most active volcanoes . It began erupting at least 250,000 years ago . In recorded history , major eruptions have been about 50 years apart , in 1895 , 1945 , and 1995 -- 1996 . Minor eruptions are frequent , with at least 60 since 1945 . Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars that damaged ski fields . Between major eruptions , a warm acidic crater lake forms , fed by melting snow . Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water . Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake 's outlet , the dam may collapse after the lake has refilled and risen above the level of its normal outlet , the outrush of water causing a large lahar . The most notable lahar caused the Tangiwai disaster on December 24 , 1953 , when 151 people aboard a Wellington to Auckland express train were killed after the lahar destroyed the Tangiwai rail bridge just moments before the train was due . In 2000 , the ERLAWS system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities . The Auckland volcanic field on the North Island of New Zealand has produced a diverse array of explosive craters , scoria cones , and lava flows . Currently dormant , the field is likely to erupt again with the next `` hundreds to thousands of years '' , a very short timeframe in geologic terms . The field contains at least 40 volcanoes , most recently active about 600 years ago at Rangitoto Island , erupting 2.3 km of lava . Antarctica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Antarctica Mount Erebus , 1972 The Pacific Ring of Fire is completed in the south by the continent of Antarctica , which includes many large volcanoes . The makeup and structure of the volcanoes in Antarctica change largely from the other places around the ring . In contrast , the Antarctic Plate is almost completely surrounded by extensional zones , with several mid-ocean ridges which encircle it , with only a small subduction zone at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , reaching eastward to the remote South Sandwich Islands . The most well known volcano in Antarctica is Mount Erebus , which is also the world 's southernmost active volcano . In many respects the geology of the Antarctic Peninsula is an extension of the Andes , hence the name sometimes used by geologists : `` Antarctandes '' . At the opposite side of the continent , the volcanoes of Victoria Land may be seen as the ' other end ' of the Antarctandes , thus completing the Pacific Ring of Fire and continuing up through the Balleny Islands to New Zealand . Mount Erebus is the second - highest volcano in Antarctica ( after Mount Sidley ) and the southernmost active volcano on earth . It is the sixth - highest ultra mountain on an island . With a summit elevation of 3,794 m ( 12,448 ft ) , it is located on Ross Island , which is also home to three inactive volcanoes , Mount Terror , Mount Bird , and Mount Terra Nova . The volcano has been observed to be continuously active since 1972 and is the site of the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory run by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology . Mount Erebus is currently the most active volcano in Antarctica and is the current eruptive zone of the Erebus hotspot . The volcanoes of the Victoria Land area are the most well known in Antarctica , most likely because they are the most accessible . Much of Victoria Land is mountainous , developing the eastern section of the Transantarctic Mountains , and the several scattered volcanoes include Mount Overlord and Mount Melbourne in the northern part . Farther south are two more well - known volcanoes , Mount Discovery and Mount Morning , which are on the coast across from Mount Erebus and Mount Terror on Ross Island . The volcanism in this area is caused by rifting along a number of rift zones increasing mainly north - south similar to the coast . Marie Byrd Land contains the largest volcanic region in Antarctica , covering a length of almost 600 mi ( 970 km ) along the Pacific coast . The volcanism is the result of rifting along the vast West Antarctic Rift , which extends from the base of the Antarctic Peninsula to the surrounding area of Ross Island , and the volcanoes are found along the northern edge of the rift . Protruding up through the ice are a large number of major shield volcanoes , including Mount Sidley , which is the highest volcano in Antarctica . Although a number of the volcanoes are relatively young and are potentially active ( Mount Berlin , Mount Takahe , Mount Waesche , and Mount Siple ) , others such as Mount Andrus and Mount Hampton are over 10 million years old , yet maintain uneroded constructional forms . The desert - like surroundings of the Antarctic interior , along with a very thick and stable ice sheet which encloses and protects the bases of the volcanoes , which decreases the speed of erosion by an issue of perhaps a thousand relative to volcanoes in moist temperate or tropical climates . Land areas ( edit ) Papua New Guinea and tectonic plates : Pacific Plate , Australian Plate , Caroline Plate , Banda Sea Plate ( as `` Mer de Banda '' ) , Woodlark Plate , Bird 's Head Plate , Maoke Plate , Solomon Sea Plate , North Bismarck Plate , South Bismarck Plate and Manus Plate ( in French ) Puysegur Trench and Macquarie Ridge Taupo Volcanic Zone Kermadec Islands Tonga Islands Fiji Islands Bougainville and Solomon Islands New Hebrides Arc Bismarck Volcanic Arc , junction Tanimbar and Kai Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Sunda Arc Andaman and Nicobar Islands Izu - Bonin - Mariana Arc Mariana Islands Bonin Islands Izu Islands Philippine Mobile Belt Taiwan Ryukyu Islands Japan , Boso Triple Junction Kuril Islands Kamchatka Peninsula American Cordillera North American Cordillera Aleutian Arc Aleutian Islands Aleutian Range Eastern Alaska , U.S. Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province Cascade Volcanic Arc and Rio Grande rift Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Central America Volcanic Arc Andes North Volcanic Zone Central Volcanic Zone South Volcanic Zone Austral Volcanic Zone Scotia Arc South Sandwich Islands Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula Victoria Land See also ( edit ) Earthquakes portal Volcanoes portal 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 2010 Chile earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Andesite line Geology of the Pacific Northwest Katsuhiko Ishibashi Pacific Rim References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ring of Fire -- Pacific Ring of Fire '' . 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Jump up ^ `` A Restless Volcano Puts Ecuador on Edge Once More '' . WIRED. 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.igepn.edu.ec/cotopaxi National Polytechnic School Geophysics Institute is constantly monitoring Cotopaxi Jump up ^ `` Ecuador declares state of emergency over volcano '' . BBC.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotopaxi volcano ( Ecuador ) : increased seismic activity , volcanic unrest '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` 15 sitios seguros en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito por el Cotopaxi '' . El Comercio . Jump up ^ `` Official Web Site of the Peruvian Geophysical Institute '' . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Lava Arrives at Ubinas Volcano : Natural Hazards '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Peru evacuates Ubinas volcano area after ash cloud '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) '' . National University of Costa Rica . Jump up ^ `` Poás Volcano Erupts in Central Costa Rica '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Volcano tourists enjoy the phreatic eruption of the Poás Volcano '' . Jump up ^ `` Despite Record Breaking Eruptions at Poas Volcano the Park Remains Open for Visitors to Enjoy '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Volcano Observatory -- About Alaska 's Volcanoes '' . Avo.alaska.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Public Safety Geoscience Program '' . Natural Resources Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Alaska and Northwest Canada '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian volcanoes '' . CAT. INIST . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanoes of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 05 - 28 . 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Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` GeoNet '' . New Zealand . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Crater Lake Climb '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Central North Island Volcanoes '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Contingency Plan for the Auckland Volcanic Field '' ( PDF ) . Auckland Regional Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Antarctica . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory '' . New Mexico Tech . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of the Pacific Ring of Fire . 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Tartary Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Ural Ural Mountains Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Tartary Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Sikhote - Alin Beringia Chukchi Peninsula East Orient Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Aram - Naharaim Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Carnatic region Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Paropamisadae Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Orient Sundaland Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Wallacea Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Jutland Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Visegrád Group Bohemia West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Northern Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain states Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay East Bay Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria Zealandia Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands North Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia New Guinea Papua New Guinea Republic of West Papua Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Kiribati Mariana Islands Guam Northern Mariana Islands Marshall Islands Nauru Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Mangareva Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands New Zealand South Island North Island Niue Pitcairn Islands Samoan Islands American Samoa Independent State of Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Related subjects and articles Countries of the Pacific Ring of Fire Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Colombia Chile Costa Rica Ecuador East Timor El Salvador Micronesia Fiji Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Japan Kiribati Mexico New Zealand Nicaragua Palau Papua New Guinea Panama Peru Philippines Russia Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu United States Oceanic Trenches of the Pacific Ring of Fire Aleutian Trench Bougainville Trench Kermadec Trench Izu Bonin Trench Japan Trench Kurile Trench Mariana Trench Middle America Trench Peru -- Chile Trench Philippine Trench Ryukyu Trench Tonga Trench Yap Trench Tectonic Plates of the Pacific Ring of Fire Antarctic Plate Australian Plate Caribbean Plate Cocos Plate Eurasian Plate Explorer Plate Gorda Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Nazca Plate North American Plate Pacific Plate Philippine Sea Plate Rivera Plate South American Plate Volcanoes of the Pacific Ring of Fire Baker Bulusan Cold Bay Concepción Fuego Fuji Galeras Hood Mount Erebus Krakatoa Mayon Cascade Volcanoes Merapi Momotombo Novarupta Parícutin Pico de Orizaba Pinatubo Popocatépetl Shasta Rainier Ruapehu Nevado del Ruiz Saint Helens Tambora Taranaki Tungurahua Usu Hoodoo Edziza Tseax The Volcano Meager Garibaldi Cayley Silverthrone Volcano Mountain Other Notable Geographic Features of the Pacific Ring of Fire Alaska Aleutian Islands American cordillera Andes Antarctica Bali Borneo Bougainville British Columbia California Cascade Range Challenger Deep Coast Mountains Fais Island Flores Guam Honshū Insular Mountains Java Kamchatka Kurile Islands Luzon Mariana Islands Melanesia Micronesia Mindanao New Guinea North Island ( NZL ) Northern Mariana Islands Oregon Pacific Coast Range Pacific Ocean Polynesia Rocky Mountains San Andreas Fault Queen Charlotte Fault Sierra Madre ( PHL ) Sierra Madre ( USA ) Sierra Madre del Sur Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental South Island ( NZL ) Sulawesi Timor Washington Yap Yukon Territory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_of_Fire&oldid=866424528 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Volcanology Geographic areas of seismological interest Geography of Oceania Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean Extreme points of Earth Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles using GVP links in vnum format Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย 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when did the us first start using daylight savings time	Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918 . The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year , during World War I. DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter .	1918	History of time in the United States	history of time in the united states	The history of standard time in the United States began November 18 , 1883 , when United States and Canadian railroads instituted standard time in time zones . Before then , time of day was a local matter , and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time , maintained by some well - known clock ( for example , on a church steeple or in a jeweler 's window ) . The new standard time system was not immediately embraced by all .	Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel . Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19 , 1918 , also known as the Calder Act ( 15 USC 260 ) . The act also established daylight saving time , itself a contentious idea . Daylight saving time was repealed in 1919 , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . It was re-established nationally early in World War II , and was continuously observed until the end of the war . After the war its use varied among states and localities . The Uniform Time Act of 1966 provided standardization in the dates of beginning and end of daylight time in the U.S. but allowed for local exemptions from its observance . The act also continued the authority of the ICC over time zone boundaries . In subsequent years , the United States Congress transferred the authority over time zones to the U.S. Department of Transportation ( DOT ) , modified ( several times ) the beginning date of daylight time , and renamed the three westernmost time zones . Time zone boundaries have changed greatly since their original introduction and changes still occasionally occur . DOT issues press releases when these changes are made . Generally , time zone boundaries have tended to shift westward . Places on the eastern edge of a time zone can effectively move sunset an hour later ( by the clock ) by shifting to the time zone immediately to their east . If they do so , the boundary of that zone is locally shifted to the west ; the accumulation of such changes results in the long - term westward trend . The process is not inexorable , however , since the late sunrises experienced by such places during the winter may be regarded as too undesirable . Furthermore , under the law , the principal standard for deciding on a time zone change is the `` convenience of commerce '' . Proposed time zone changes have been both approved and rejected based on this criterion , although most such proposals have been accepted . Contents ( hide ) 1 War Time 1918 and 1942 2 Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966 3 DST 1966 4 DST 2007 5 Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links War time 1918 and 1942 ( edit ) `` War Time '' redirects here . This usage refers to the changes of the US War Time Act , not a general period of war . Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918 . The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year , during World War I. DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . During World War II , Congress enacted the War Time Act ( 56 Stat. 9 ) on January 20 , 1942 . Year - round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9 , 1942 , again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources . This remained in effect until after the end of the war . The Amendment to the War Time Act ( 59 Stat. 537 ) , enacted September 25 , 1945 , ended DST as of September 30 , 1945 . During this period , the official designation War Time was used for year - round DST . For example , Eastern War Time ( EWT ) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period . Daylight saving time 1945 to 1966 ( edit ) From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST . States and cities were free to observe DST or not , and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September . In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October . The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not , and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip ( e.g. , bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville , West Virginia , and Steubenville , Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles ) . In summer 1960 April -- October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware and states east and north of there . In Minnesota , Iowa , Missouri , Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there , some areas had it and some did not . Except for California and Nevada , which had April - Sept Daylight Time , 99 % of the rest of the country used Standard Time year - round . ( The Official Guide says `` State law prohibits the observance of `` Daylight Saving '' time in Kentucky but Anchorage , Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29 , inclusive. `` ) In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States . DST 1966 ( edit ) The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13 , 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October , effective in 1967 . The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST . Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law , provided that it exempted the entire state , and Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii , Indiana , and Michigan chose to do so . However , Alaska , Indiana , and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST . The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone . Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone ; however , that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST , leaving Arizona ( with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation ) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST . On July 8 , 1986 , President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton ( R - WA ) . The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987 . DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October . While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST , they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law ( 15 USC 260a ( b ) ) from increasing a state 's time spent on DST , unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation . In response to the 1973 energy crisis , DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975 , commencing on the first Sunday in January ( January 6 ) in the former year and the last Sunday in February ( February 23 ) in the latter . The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months . In 1976 , the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act . DST 2007 ( edit ) Starting March 11 , 2007 , DST was extended another four to five weeks , from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November . The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton ( R - MI ) and Edward Markey ( D - MA ) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November , but Senators Jeff Bingaman ( D - NM ) and Pete Domenici ( R - NM ) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry . Proponents claimed that the extension would save `` the equivalent of '' 10,000 barrels ( 1,600 m ) of oil per day , but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s , the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by . Later studies by the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits . There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects , if any , might be . Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock , late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox . Because of this , the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise , especially in the month of March . In addition , the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November , as this is very often ( 6 out of every 7 years ) the Sunday after Thanksgiving . This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports , and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day . If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted , the entire United States , with the exception of the states that exempted themselves , would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November , which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6 , 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem , North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones . Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time ( edit ) Key to colors future date 2nd Sunday March 1st Sunday November 1st Sunday April last Sunday October last Sunday April last Sunday October Year Begins ( local ) Ends ( local ) Notes 2020 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2019 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2018 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2017 Sun March 12 02 : 00 Sun November 5 02 : 00 2016 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 2015 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2014 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2013 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2012 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2011 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 Sun March 14 02 : 00 Sun November 7 02 : 00 2009 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2008 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2007 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 Energy Policy Act of 2005 2006 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 All of Indiana now on DST 2005 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 2003 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 2002 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 2000 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1999 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1998 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1995 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1991 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 1986 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1985 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1984 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02 : 00 1982 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1981 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1980 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1979 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 1978 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1977 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 1976 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun February 23 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Michigan exempted , began DST Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun January 6 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon ( Mountain time zone ) began DST Sun February 3 02 : 00 1973 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 All of Michigan now on DST 1972 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1971 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Indiana ( Eastern time zone ) opts out 1970 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1969 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST 1968 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Arizona and Michigan opt out 1967 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Uniform Time Act of 1966 Alaska , Hawaii , Indiana and territories opt out 1946 -- 66 Local decision , various dates 1945 Sun September 30 02 : 00 War Time ends 1944 War Time all year Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02 : 00 -- Sat April 1 02 : 00 Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02 : 00 1943 War Time all year 1942 Mon February 9 02 : 00 War Time begins year round 1920 -- 41 Local decision , various dates 1919 Sun March 30 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 War Time ends 1918 Sun March 31 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 War Time begins summer only See also ( edit ) Time in the United States Time in Indiana Daylight saving time in the United States - gives a list of future daylight saving dates Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States statutes at large : containing the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during the second session of the one hundred fifth congress of the United States of America 1998 and proclamations . Government Printing Office . 1999 . p. 599 . Jump up ^ History of Daylight Time in the U.S. , United States Naval Observatory ^ Jump up to : A Time - Change Timeline , National Public Radio , March 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ An Act For the repeal of the daylight - saving law , Pub. L. 66 -- 40 , 41 Stat. 280 , enacted August 20 , 1919 Jump up ^ 24 / 7 : A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards '' Archived 2006 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , June 3 , 2002 Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time : Early adoption in law Jump up ^ 15 USC 260a Jump up ^ Energy Concerns Push Clocks Forward this Weekend by Nell Boyce . Morning Edition , National Public Radio , 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time in Arizona References ( edit ) Prerau , David . Seize the Daylight : The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time ( Thunder 's Mouth Press ; ISBN 1 - 56025 - 655 - 9 ) Discusses the establishment of standard time and daylight saving time . External links ( edit ) U.S. Navy time zone page Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 U.S. Law 15USC260 - 267 History of Daylight Saving Time at WebExhibits Congressional Research on Daylight Saving Time History of DST in Arizona A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards 1918 and 1942 Acts Indiana Time Zone Article Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=810691610 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States History of science and technology in the United States Time in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who led the nba in scoring last year	Season Player Age Pos Team Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Total points Points per game Ref 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 25 F / C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 -- 439 1,389 23.2 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 22 G / F Chicago Stags 48 373 -- 261 1,007 21.0 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 24 Minneapolis Lakers 60 583 -- 532 1,698 28.3 1949 -- 50 George Mikan * ( 2 ) 25 Minneapolis Lakers 68 649 -- 567 1,865 27.4 1950 -- 51 George Mikan * ( 3 ) 26 Minneapolis Lakers 68 678 -- 576 1,932 28.4 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 23 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 66 548 -- 578 1,674 25.4 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 70 504 -- 556 1,564 22.3 1953 -- 54 Neil Johnston * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 72 591 -- 577 1,759 24.5 1954 -- 55 Neil Johnston * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 72 521 -- 589 1,631 22.7 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 23 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 646 -- 557 1,849 25.7 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * ( 2 ) 28 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 71 613 -- 591 1,817 25.6 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 29 F / G Detroit Pistons 72 673 -- 655 2,001 27.8 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) 26 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 719 -- 667 2,105 29.2 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 72 1,065 -- 577 2,707 37.6 1960 -- 61 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 79 1,251 -- 531 3,033 38.4 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 80 1,597 -- 835 4,029 50.4 1962 -- 63 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) 26 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,463 -- 660 3,586 44.8 1963 -- 64 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 5 ) 27 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,204 -- 540 2,948 36.9 1964 -- 65 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 6 ) 28 San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 73 1,063 -- 408 2,534 34.7 1965 -- 66 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 7 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 79 1,074 -- 501 2,649 33.5 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 22 San Francisco Warriors 78 1,011 -- 753 2,775 35.6 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 24 Detroit Pistons 79 835 -- 472 2,142 27.1 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 23 F / C San Diego Rockets 82 930 -- 467 2,327 28.4 1969 -- 70 Jerry West * 31 Los Angeles Lakers 74 831 -- 647 2,309 31.2 1970 -- 71 Lew Alcindor * 23 Milwaukee Bucks 82 1,063 -- 470 2,596 31.7 1971 -- 72 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) 24 Milwaukee Bucks 81 1,159 -- 504 2,822 34.8 1972 -- 73 Nate Archibald * 24 Kansas City - Omaha Kings 80 1,028 -- 663 2,719 34.0 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 22 C / F Buffalo Braves 74 901 -- 459 2,261 30.6 1974 -- 75 Bob McAdoo * ( 2 ) 23 C / F Buffalo Braves 82 1,095 -- 641 2,831 34.5 1975 -- 76 Bob McAdoo * ( 3 ) 24 C / F Buffalo Braves 78 934 -- 559 2,427 31.1 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 29 New Orleans Jazz 73 886 -- 501 2,273 31.1 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 25 G / F San Antonio Spurs 82 864 -- 504 2,232 27.2 1978 -- 79 George Gervin * ( 2 ) 26 G / F San Antonio Spurs 80 947 -- 471 2,365 29.6 1979 -- 80 George Gervin * ( 3 ) 27 G / F San Antonio Spurs 78 1,024 32 505 2,585 33.1 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 24 F / G Utah Jazz 80 909 632 2,452 30.7 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * ( 4 ) 29 G / F San Antonio Spurs 79 993 10 555 2,551 32.3 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 29 Denver Nuggets 82 959 406 2,326 28.4 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * ( 2 ) 27 F / G Utah Jazz 79 802 813 2,418 30.6 1984 -- 85 Bernard King * 28 New York Knicks 55 691 426 1,809 32.9 1985 -- 86 Dominique Wilkins * 26 Atlanta Hawks 78 888 13 577 2,366 30.3 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 23 Chicago Bulls 82 1,098 12 833 3,041 37.1 1987 -- 88 Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) 24 Chicago Bulls 82 1,069 7 723 2,868 35.0 1988 -- 89 Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) 25 Chicago Bulls 81 966 27 674 2,633 32.5 1989 -- 90 Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) 26 Chicago Bulls 82 1,034 92 593 2,753 33.6 1990 -- 91 Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) 27 Chicago Bulls 82 990 29 571 2,580 31.5 1991 -- 92 Michael Jordan * ( 6 ) 28 Chicago Bulls 80 943 27 491 2,404 30.1 1992 -- 93 Michael Jordan * ( 7 ) 29 Chicago Bulls 78 992 81 476 2,541 32.6 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 28 San Antonio Spurs 80 840 10 693 2,383 29.8 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 22 Orlando Magic 79 930 0 455 2,315 29.3 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * ( 8 ) 32 Chicago Bulls 82 916 111 548 2,491 30.4 1996 -- 97 Michael Jordan * ( 9 ) 33 Chicago Bulls 82 920 111 480 2,431 29.6 1997 -- 98 Michael Jordan * ( 10 ) 34 Chicago Bulls 82 881 30 565 2,357 28.7 1998 -- 99 Allen Iverson * 23 Philadelphia 76ers 48 435 58 356 1,284 26.8 1999 -- 00 Shaquille O'Neal * ( 2 ) 27 Los Angeles Lakers 79 956 0 432 2,344 29.7 2000 -- 01 Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) 25 Philadelphia 76ers 71 762 98 585 2,207 31.1 2001 -- 02 Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 60 665 78 475 1,883 31.4 2002 -- 03 Tracy McGrady * 23 G / F Orlando Magic 75 829 173 576 2,407 32.1 2003 -- 04 Tracy McGrady * ( 2 ) 24 G / F Orlando Magic 67 653 174 398 1,878 28.0 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * ( 4 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 75 771 104 656 2,302 30.7 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 27 Los Angeles Lakers 80 978 180 696 2,832 35.4 2006 -- 07 Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) 28 Los Angeles Lakers 77 813 137 667 2,430 31.6 2007 -- 08 LeBron James ^ 23 Cleveland Cavaliers 75 794 113 549 2,250 30.0 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 27 Miami Heat 79 854 88 590 2,386 30.2 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 21 Oklahoma City Thunder 82 794 128 756 2,472 30.1 2010 -- 11 Kevin Durant ^ ( 2 ) 22 Oklahoma City Thunder 78 711 145 594 2,161 27.7 2011 -- 12 Kevin Durant ^ ( 3 ) 23 Oklahoma City Thunder 66 643 133 431 1,850 28.0 2012 -- 13 Carmelo Anthony ^ 28 New York Knicks 67 669 157 425 1,920 28.7 2013 -- 14 Kevin Durant ^ ( 4 ) 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 849 192 703 2,593 32.0 2014 -- 15 Russell Westbrook ^ 26 Oklahoma City Thunder 67 627 86 546 1,886 28.1 2015 -- 16 Stephen Curry ^ 28 Golden State Warriors 79 805 402 363 2,375 30.1 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ ( 2 ) 28 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 824 200 710 2,558 31.6 2017 -- 18 James Harden 28 Houston Rockets 72 651 265 624 2,191 30.4	James Harden	List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders	list of national basketball association annual scoring leaders	In basketball , points are accumulated through free throws or field goals . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) scoring title is awarded to the player with the highest points per game average in a given season . The scoring title was originally determined by total points scored through the 1968 -- 69 season , after which points per game was used to determine the leader instead . Players who earned scoring titles before the 1979 -- 80 season did not record any three point field goals because the three - point line had just been implemented in the NBA at the start of that season . To qualify for the scoring title , the player must appear in at least 70 games ( out of 82 ) or have at least 1,400 points . These have been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season .	Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time records for total points scored ( 4,029 ) and points per game ( 50.4 ) in a season ; both records were achieved in the 1961 -- 62 season . He also holds the rookie records for points per game when he averaged 37.6 points in the 1959 -- 60 season . Among active players , Kevin Durant has the highest point total ( 2,593 ) and the highest scoring average ( 32.0 ) in a season ; both were achieved in the 2013 -- 14 season . Michael Jordan has won the most scoring titles , with ten . Jordan and Chamberlain are the only players to have won seven consecutive scoring titles ( this was also Chamberlain 's career total ) . George Gervin , Allen Iverson and Durant have won four scoring titles in their career , and George Mikan , Neil Johnston and Bob McAdoo have achieved it three times . Paul Arizin , Bob Pettit , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Shaquille O'Neal , Tracy McGrady , Kobe Bryant , and Russell Westbrook have each won the scoring title twice . Since the 1946 -- 47 season , five players have won both the scoring title and the NBA championship in the same season : Fulks in 1947 with the Philadelphia Warriors , Mikan from 1949 to 1950 with the Minneapolis Lakers , Abdul - Jabbar ( then Lew Alcindor ) in 1971 with the Milwaukee Bucks , Jordan from 1991 to 1993 and from 1996 to 1998 with the Chicago Bulls , and O'Neal in 2000 with the Los Angeles Lakers . Since the introduction of the three - point field goal , O'Neal is the only scoring leader to have made no three - pointers in his winning season . At 21 years and 197 days , Durant is the youngest scoring leader in NBA history , averaging 30.1 points in the 2009 -- 10 season . Russell Westbrook led the league with an average of 31.6 points in the 2016 -- 17 season , when he also became the second NBA player to average a triple - double in a season . The most recent champion is James Harden . Contents 1 Key 2 Scoring leaders 2.1 Multiple - time leaders 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes player who won the MVP award that year Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been the scoring leader up to and including that season Guard Forward Center Scoring Leaders ( edit ) Joe Fulks won the first scoring title in 1947 . Wilt Chamberlain won seven consecutive scoring titles from 1960 to 1966 . Jerry West won the scoring title in 1970 , averaging 31.2 points per game . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won scoring titles in 1971 and 1972 . Allen Iverson won scoring titles in 1999 , 2001 , 2002 and 2005 . Kobe Bryant won scoring titles in 2006 and 2007 . LeBron James won the scoring title in 2008 . Kevin Durant became the youngest scoring champion in 2010 . He won another three in 2011 , 2012 and 2014 . Russell Westbrook won in 2015 , following teammate Durant 's win a year earlier , and again in 2017 . Stephen Curry won the scoring title in 2016 . Season Player Age Pos Team Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Total points Points per game Ref 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 25 F / C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 -- 439 1,389 23.2 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 22 G / F Chicago Stags 48 373 -- 261 1,007 21.0 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 24 Minneapolis Lakers 60 583 -- 532 1,698 28.3 1949 -- 50 George Mikan * ( 2 ) 25 Minneapolis Lakers 68 649 -- 567 1,865 27.4 1950 -- 51 George Mikan * ( 3 ) 26 Minneapolis Lakers 68 678 -- 576 1,932 28.4 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 23 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 66 548 -- 578 1,674 25.4 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 70 504 -- 556 1,564 22.3 1953 -- 54 Neil Johnston * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 72 591 -- 577 1,759 24.5 1954 -- 55 Neil Johnston * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 72 521 -- 589 1,631 22.7 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 23 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 646 -- 557 1,849 25.7 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * ( 2 ) 28 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 71 613 -- 591 1,817 25.6 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 29 F / G Detroit Pistons 72 673 -- 655 2,001 27.8 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) 26 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 719 -- 667 2,105 29.2 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 72 1,065 -- 577 2,707 37.6 1960 -- 61 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 79 1,251 -- 531 3,033 38.4 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 80 1,597 -- 835 4,029 50.4 1962 -- 63 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) 26 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,463 -- 660 3,586 44.8 1963 -- 64 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 5 ) 27 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,204 -- 540 2,948 36.9 1964 -- 65 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 6 ) 28 San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 73 1,063 -- 408 2,534 34.7 1965 -- 66 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 7 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 79 1,074 -- 501 2,649 33.5 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 22 San Francisco Warriors 78 1,011 -- 753 2,775 35.6 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 24 Detroit Pistons 79 835 -- 472 2,142 27.1 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 23 F / C San Diego Rockets 82 930 -- 467 2,327 28.4 1969 -- 70 Jerry West * 31 Los Angeles Lakers 74 831 -- 647 2,309 31.2 1970 -- 71 Lew Alcindor * 23 Milwaukee Bucks 82 1,063 -- 470 2,596 31.7 1971 -- 72 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) 24 Milwaukee Bucks 81 1,159 -- 504 2,822 34.8 1972 -- 73 Nate Archibald * 24 Kansas City - Omaha Kings 80 1,028 -- 663 2,719 34.0 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 22 C / F Buffalo Braves 74 901 -- 459 2,261 30.6 1974 -- 75 Bob McAdoo * ( 2 ) 23 C / F Buffalo Braves 82 1,095 -- 641 2,831 34.5 1975 -- 76 Bob McAdoo * ( 3 ) 24 C / F Buffalo Braves 78 934 -- 559 2,427 31.1 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 29 New Orleans Jazz 73 886 -- 501 2,273 31.1 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 25 G / F San Antonio Spurs 82 864 -- 504 2,232 27.2 1978 -- 79 George Gervin * ( 2 ) 26 G / F San Antonio Spurs 80 947 -- 471 2,365 29.6 1979 -- 80 George Gervin * ( 3 ) 27 G / F San Antonio Spurs 78 1,024 32 505 2,585 33.1 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 24 F / G Utah Jazz 80 909 632 2,452 30.7 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * ( 4 ) 29 G / F San Antonio Spurs 79 993 10 555 2,551 32.3 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 29 Denver Nuggets 82 959 406 2,326 28.4 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * ( 2 ) 27 F / G Utah Jazz 79 802 813 2,418 30.6 1984 -- 85 Bernard King * 28 New York Knicks 55 691 426 1,809 32.9 1985 -- 86 Dominique Wilkins * 26 Atlanta Hawks 78 888 13 577 2,366 30.3 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 23 Chicago Bulls 82 1,098 12 833 3,041 37.1 1987 -- 88 Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) 24 Chicago Bulls 82 1,069 7 723 2,868 35.0 1988 -- 89 Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) 25 Chicago Bulls 81 966 27 674 2,633 32.5 1989 -- 90 Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) 26 Chicago Bulls 82 1,034 92 593 2,753 33.6 1990 -- 91 Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) 27 Chicago Bulls 82 990 29 571 2,580 31.5 1991 -- 92 Michael Jordan * ( 6 ) 28 Chicago Bulls 80 943 27 491 2,404 30.1 1992 -- 93 Michael Jordan * ( 7 ) 29 Chicago Bulls 78 992 81 476 2,541 32.6 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 28 San Antonio Spurs 80 840 10 693 2,383 29.8 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 22 Orlando Magic 79 930 0 455 2,315 29.3 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * ( 8 ) 32 Chicago Bulls 82 916 111 548 2,491 30.4 1996 -- 97 Michael Jordan * ( 9 ) 33 Chicago Bulls 82 920 111 480 2,431 29.6 1997 -- 98 Michael Jordan * ( 10 ) 34 Chicago Bulls 82 881 30 565 2,357 28.7 1998 -- 99 Allen Iverson * 23 Philadelphia 76ers 48 435 58 356 1,284 26.8 1999 -- 00 Shaquille O'Neal * ( 2 ) 27 Los Angeles Lakers 79 956 0 432 2,344 29.7 2000 -- 01 Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) 25 Philadelphia 76ers 71 762 98 585 2,207 31.1 2001 -- 02 Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 60 665 78 475 1,883 31.4 2002 -- 03 Tracy McGrady * 23 G / F Orlando Magic 75 829 173 576 2,407 32.1 2003 -- 04 Tracy McGrady * ( 2 ) 24 G / F Orlando Magic 67 653 174 398 1,878 28.0 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * ( 4 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 75 771 104 656 2,302 30.7 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 27 Los Angeles Lakers 80 978 180 696 2,832 35.4 2006 -- 07 Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) 28 Los Angeles Lakers 77 813 137 667 2,430 31.6 2007 -- 08 LeBron James ^ 23 Cleveland Cavaliers 75 794 113 549 2,250 30.0 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 27 Miami Heat 79 854 88 590 2,386 30.2 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 21 Oklahoma City Thunder 82 794 128 756 2,472 30.1 2010 -- 11 Kevin Durant ^ ( 2 ) 22 Oklahoma City Thunder 78 711 145 594 2,161 27.7 2011 -- 12 Kevin Durant ^ ( 3 ) 23 Oklahoma City Thunder 66 643 133 431 1,850 28.0 2012 -- 13 Carmelo Anthony ^ 28 New York Knicks 67 669 157 425 1,920 28.7 2013 -- 14 Kevin Durant ^ ( 4 ) 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 849 192 703 2,593 32.0 2014 -- 15 Russell Westbrook ^ 26 Oklahoma City Thunder 67 627 86 546 1,886 28.1 2015 -- 16 Stephen Curry ^ 28 Golden State Warriors 79 805 402 363 2,375 30.1 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ ( 2 ) 28 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 824 200 710 2,558 31.6 2017 -- 18 James Harden 28 Houston Rockets 72 651 265 624 2,191 30.4 Multiple - time leaders ( edit ) Ranking Player Team Times leader Years Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 10 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors / San Francisco Warriors ( 5 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 Kevin Durant George Gervin Allen Iverson Oklahoma City Thunder San Antonio Spurs Philadelphia 76ers 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 6 Neil Johnston Bob McAdoo George Mikan Philadelphia Warriors Buffalo Braves Minneapolis Lakers 1953 , 1954 , 1955 1974 , 1975 , 1976 1949 , 1950 , 1951 9 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Paul Arizin Kobe Bryant Adrian Dantley Tracy McGrady Shaquille O'Neal Bob Pettit Russell Westbrook Milwaukee Bucks Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz Orlando Magic Orlando Magic ( 1 ) / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) St. Louis Hawks Oklahoma City Thunder 1971 , 1972 1952 , 1957 2006 , 2007 1981 , 1984 2003 , 2004 1995 , 2000 1956 , 1959 2015 , 2017 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the start of February 1st of that season . Jump up ^ The player 's primary position is listed first . Jump up ^ In the 1947 -- 48 season , Joe Fulks averaged the most points ( 22.1 ) but had only played in 43 games and totaled 949 points , the second - highest total . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time rookie record for points per game . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time record for total points scored and points per game in a single season . Jump up ^ In the 1967 -- 68 season , Oscar Robertson averaged the most points ( 29.2 ) but had only played in 65 games and totaled 1,896 points , the sixth - highest total . Jump up ^ Elvin Hayes is the last rookie to lead the league in scoring average . Jump up ^ In the 1969 -- 70 season , rookie Lew Alcindor had the highest point total ( 2,361 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.8 ) . Jump up ^ Before the 1971 -- 72 season , Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Jump up ^ In the 1977 -- 78 season , George Gervin defeated David Thompson for the scoring title in the closest scoring duel ever ( 27.21 to 27.15 ) where Thompson scored 73 on the last day of the season and Gervin answered with 63 ( Gervin also broke Thompson 's record of 32 points set earlier on the same day in the first quarter by scoring a record 33 points in the second quarter ) . Both Thompson 's and Gervin 's games were losses . Jump up ^ In the 1984 -- 85 season , rookie Michael Jordan had the highest point total ( 2,313 ) but was third in scoring average ( 28.2 ) . Bernard King tied for the twelfth - highest point total ( 1,809 ) but had the highest scoring average ( 32.9 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1985 -- 86 season Alex English had the highest point total ( 2,414 ) but was third in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1993 -- 94 season , David Robinson scored 71 points in the final game of the season to edge Shaquille O'Neal ( 29.3 ) for the scoring title . Jump up ^ In the 1997 -- 98 season , Michael Jordan defeated Shaquille O'Neal for the scoring title in the third - closest race ever ( 28.7 to 28.3 ) . Jordan , at 35 years and 60 days old , is the oldest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 1998 -- 99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 43 games ( out of 50 ) or to have at least 854 points . Jump up ^ In the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , Shaquille O'Neal had the highest point total ( 1,289 ) but was second in scoring average ( 26.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2000 -- 01 season , Jerry Stackhouse had the highest point total ( 2,380 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2001 -- 02 season , Paul Pierce had the highest point total ( 2,144 ) but was third in scoring average ( 26.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2002 -- 03 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,461 ) but was second in scoring average ( 30.0 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2003 -- 04 season , Kevin Garnett had the highest point total ( 1,987 ) but was third in scoring average ( 24.2 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2007 -- 08 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,323 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2009 -- 10 season , Kevin Durant defeated LeBron James for the scoring title ( 30.1 to 29.7 ) . Durant , at 21 years and 197 days old , is also the youngest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 2011 -- 12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 56 games ( out of 66 ) or to have at least 1127 points . Jump up ^ In the 2011 -- 12 season , Kevin Durant defeated Kobe Bryant for the scoring title in the second - closest scoring race ever ( 28.03 to 27.86 ) . Bryant , who needed to score 38 points in the final game to win , decided to sit out . Jump up ^ In the 2012 -- 13 season , Kevin Durant had the highest point total ( 2,280 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2014 -- 15 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,217 ) but was second in scoring average ( 27.4 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2015 -- 16 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,376 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.0 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2017 -- 18 season , LeBron James had the highest point total ( 2,251 ) but was third in scoring average ( 27.5 ) . References ( edit ) General `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Liz ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Around the N.B.A. ; In the N.B.A. , Scoring Titles Rarely Equal Championships '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( February 5 , 1990 ) . `` 3 - Pointer Adds Dimension To N.B.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haubner , Mark ( January 2 , 2003 ) . `` The trey is the thing in today 's NBA '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rate Statistic Requirements '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Brian ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Iverson Wins Fourth Scoring Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carr , Janis ( April 2 , 2000 ) . `` Jackson aware of the score with O'Neal '' . The Orange County Register . p . D11 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1946 - 47 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Fulks Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 - 48 BAA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1947 - 48 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Max Zaslofsky Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1948 - 49 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Mikan Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1949 - 50 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1950 - 51 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1951 - 52 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Arizin Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1952 - 53 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neil Johnston Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1953 - 54 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1954 - 55 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1955 - 56 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Pettit Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1956 - 57 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1957 - 58 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Yardley Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1958 - 59 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1959 - 60 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1960 - 61 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1961 - 62 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1962 - 63 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1963 - 64 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1964 - 65 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1965 - 66 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1966 - 67 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 - 68 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1967 - 68 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Bing Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1968 - 69 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 - 70 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1969 - 70 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry West Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1970 - 71 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1971 - 72 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1972 - 73 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Archibald Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1973 - 74 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McAdoo Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1974 - 75 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1975 - 76 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1976 - 77 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` April 9 , 1978 : Gervin beats Thompson in NBA scoring title duel '' . History Channel . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Thompson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Gervin '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( February 7 , 1996 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Giant Leap For Gervin , Thompson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 - 78 NBA Game Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1977 - 78 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Gervin Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1978 - 79 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1979 - 80 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1980 - 81 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrian Dantley Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . 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Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dominique Wilkins Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1986 - 87 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1987 - 88 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1988 - 89 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1989 - 90 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1990 - 91 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1991 - 92 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1992 - 93 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1993 - 94 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1994 - 9 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaquille O'Neal Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1995 - 96 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1996 - 97 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Durant , Bryant take scoring race to wire '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 1997 - 98 game log '' . basketball - reference . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1997 - 98 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.B.A. and Union Are Discussing New Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 - 99 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1998 - 99 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allen Iverson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1999 - 2000 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 01 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2000 - 01 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 - 02 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2001 - 02 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 - 03 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2002 - 03 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tracy McGrady Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 04 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 - 08 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tight N.B.A. Scoring Race Comes Down to James and Durant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Durant Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sits ; Kevin Durant wins '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 15 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russell Westbrook Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary LLC '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Season Summary LLC '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_annual_scoring_leaders&oldid=851415580 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 03 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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what countries were involved in the crimean war what were the causes of the war	The Crimean War ( French : Guerre de Crimée ; Russian : Кры́мская война́ , translit . Krymskaya voina or Russian : Восто́чная война́ , translit . Vostochnaya voina , lit . ' Eastern War ' ; Turkish : Kırım Savaşı ; Italian : Guerra di Crimea ) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire , France , Britain and Sardinia . The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land , which was a part of the Ottoman Empire . The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics , while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church . The longer - term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense . It has widely been noted that the causes , in one case involving an argument over a key , have never revealed a `` greater confusion of purpose '' , yet led to a war noted for its `` notoriously incompetent international butchery '' .		Crimean war	crimean war	223,513 Ottoman Empire 45,400 10,100 killed in action 10,800 died of wounds 24,500 died of disease French Empire 135,485 8,490 killed in action ; 11,750 died of wounds ; 75,375 died of disease 39,870 wounded British Empire 40,462 2,755 killed in action 1,847 died of wounds 17,580 died of disease 18,280 wounded	Kingdom of Sardinia 2,166 28 killed in action 2,138 died of disease 530,125 35,671 killed in action 37,454 died of wounds 377,000 died from non-combat causes 80,000 wounded Crimean War Balkans Oltenița Sinop Cetate Calafat Silistra Caucasus Kurekdere Kars Naval Operations Suomenlinna Bomarsund Petropavlovsk Crimea Alma Sevastopol Balaclava Inkerman Eupatoria Taganrog Chernaya Malakoff Great Redan Kinburn Russo - Ottoman Wars 1568 -- 70 1676 -- 81 1686 -- 1700 1710 -- 11 1735 -- 39 1768 -- 74 1787 -- 92 1806 -- 12 1828 -- 29 1853 -- 56 1877 -- 78 1914 -- 18 Russo - Crimean Wars The Crimean War ( French : Guerre de Crimée ; Russian : Кры́мская война́ , translit . Krymskaya voina or Russian : Восто́чная война́ , translit . Vostochnaya voina , lit . ' Eastern War ' ; Turkish : Kırım Savaşı ; Italian : Guerra di Crimea ) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire , France , Britain and Sardinia . The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land , which was a part of the Ottoman Empire . The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics , while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church . The longer - term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense . It has widely been noted that the causes , in one case involving an argument over a key , have never revealed a `` greater confusion of purpose '' , yet led to a war noted for its `` notoriously incompetent international butchery '' . While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an agreement , Nicholas I of Russia and the French Emperor Napoleon III refused to back down . Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection . Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to . When the Ottomans demanded changes , Nicholas refused and prepared for war . Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain , the Ottomans declared war on Russia in October 1853 . The war started in the Balkans , where in July 1853 Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities , ( part of modern Romania ) which were under Ottoman suzerainty , then began to cross the Danube . Led by Omar Pasha , the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the advance at Silistra . A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Anatolia led to a siege , and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop . Fearing an Ottoman collapse , France and Britain rushed forces to Gallipoli . They then moved north to Varna in June , arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra . Aside from a minor skirmish at Köstence ( today Constanța ) , there was little for the allies to do . Karl Marx quipped , `` there they are , the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible '' . Frustrated by the wasted effort , and with demands for action from their citizens , the allied force decided to attack Russia 's main naval base in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula . After extended preparations , the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched their way to a point south of Sevastopol after the successful Battle of the Alma . The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed , but at the cost of seriously depleting the British Army forces . A second counterattack , at Inkerman , ended in stalemate . The front settled into a siege and led to brutal conditions for troops on both sides . Smaller actions were carried out in the Baltic , the Caucasus , the White Sea and in the North Pacific . Sevastopol fell after eleven months , and neutral countries began to join the Allied cause . Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued , Russia sued for peace in March 1856 . This was welcomed by France and Britain , as their subjects were beginning to turn against their governments as the war dragged on . The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris , signed on 30 March 1856 . Russia was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea . The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent . Christians there were granted a degree of official equality , and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute . The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells , railways and telegraphs . The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs . As the legend of the `` Charge of the Light Brigade '' demonstrates , the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical , medical and tactical failures and mismanagement . The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalisation , most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale , who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded . Contents ( hide ) 1 The `` Eastern Question '' 1.1 Weakening of the Ottoman Empire in 1820 -- 1840s 1.2 Russian expansionism 1.3 Immediate causes of the war 1.4 First hostilities 1.4. 1 Battle of Sinop 1.5 Dardanelles 1.6 Peace attempts 2 Battles 2.1 Danube campaign 2.2 Black Sea theatre 2.3 Crimean campaign 2.4 Battle of Balaclava 2.5 Winter of 1854 -- 55 2.6 Siege of Sevastopol 2.7 Azov campaign 2.8 Caucasus theatre 2.9 Baltic theatre 2.10 White Sea theatre 2.11 Pacific theatre 2.12 Piedmontese Involvement 2.13 Greece 2.14 Kiev Cossack revolt and national awakening in Ukraine 3 End of the war 3.1 British position 3.2 Peace negotiations 3.3 Aftermath in Russia 4 Historical analysis 5 Documentation 6 Criticisms and reform 7 Chronology of major battles of the war 8 Prominent military commanders 9 Last veterans 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Further reading 13.1 Historiography and memory 13.2 Contemporary sources The `` Eastern Question '' ( edit ) See also : Eastern Question As the Ottoman Empire steadily weakened decade after decade , Russia stood poised to take advantage by expanding south . In the 1850s , the British and the French , who were allied with the Ottoman Empire , were determined not to allow this to happen . A.J.P. Taylor argues that the war resulted not from aggression but from the interacting fears of the major players : In some sense the Crimean war was predestined and had deep - seated causes . Neither Nicholas I nor Napoleon III nor the British government could retreat in the conflict for prestige once it was launched . Nicholas needed a subservient Turkey for the sake of Russian security ; Napoleon needed success for the sake of his domestic position ; the British government needed an independent Turkey for the security of the Eastern Mediterranean ... Mutual fear , not mutual aggression , caused the Crimean war . Weakening of the Ottoman Empire in 1820 -- 1840s ( edit ) Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire In the early 1800s , the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of setbacks which challenged the existence of the country . It first became evident with the Serbian Revolution in 1804 , which resulted in the self - liberation of the first Balkan Christian nation under the Ottoman occupation . The Greek War of Independence , which began in the spring of 1821 , provided further evidence of the internal and military weakness of the Ottoman Empire , and the commission of atrocities by Ottoman military forces ( see Chios massacre ) also failed to help the Ottomans . The disbandment of the centuries - old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 ( Auspicious Incident ) helped the Ottoman Empire in the longer term , but in the short term it deprived the country of its existing standing army . In 1828 , the allied Anglo - Franco - Russian fleet destroyed almost all the Ottoman naval forces during the Battle of Navarino . In 1830 , Greece became an independent state after 10 years of war and the Russo - Turkish War of 1828 -- 29 . According to the 1829 Treaty of Adrianople , Russian and Western European commercial ships were authorized to freely pass through the Black Sea straits , Serbia received autonomy , and the Danubian Principalities ( Moldavia and Wallachia ) became territories under Russian protection . France took the opportunity to occupy Algeria in 1830 . In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt , who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire , claimed independence . Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles , and the Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople , which forced Sultan Mahmud II to seek Russian military aid . A Russian army of 10,000 landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople . Naval Battle of Navarino , 1827 As the result of that Russian military operation , the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi was signed . Russia benefited greatly from this treaty . It provided for a military alliance between Russia and the Ottoman Empire , if one of them were to be attacked . A secret additional clause allowed the Ottomans to opt out of sending troops but to close the Straits to foreign warships if Russia was under threat . In 1838 the situation was similar to 1831 . Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about his lack of control and power in Syria , and he resumed military action . The Ottoman Army lost to the Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on 24 June 1839 . The Ottoman Empire was saved by Britain , Austria , Prussia and Russia , who signed a convention in London on 15 July 1840 granting Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian armed forces from Syria and Lebanon . Moreover , Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence to the Ottoman sultan . After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention , the allied Anglo - Austrian fleet blockaded the Nile Delta , bombarded Beirut and captured Acre . Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840 . On 13 July 1841 , after the expiry of the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi , the London Straits Convention was signed under pressure from European countries . The new treaty deprived Russia of its right to block warships from passing into the Black Sea in case of war . Thus the way to the Black Sea was open for British and French warships in case of a possible Russo - Ottoman conflict . Assistance from Western European powers had twice saved the Ottoman Empire from destruction , but the Ottomans had now lost their independence in external policy . Britain and France desired more than any other states to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire because they did not want to see Russia gaining access to the Mediterranean Sea . Austria had fears for the same reasons . Russian expansionism ( edit ) Russia , as a member of the Holy Alliance , had operated as the `` police of Europe '' , maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 . Russia had assisted Austria 's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , and expected gratitude ; it wanted a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire , the `` sick man of Europe '' . Britain could not tolerate Russian dominance of Ottoman affairs , as that would challenge its domination of the eastern Mediterranean . Russian siege of Kars , Russo - Turkish War of 1828 -- 29 Starting with Peter the Great , after centuries of Ottoman northward expansion and Crimean - Nogai raids , Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated `` Wild Fields '' toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea , which did not freeze over like the handful of ports it controlled in the north . The goal was to promote year - round trade and a year - round navy . Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians . When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of their territories , the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion , and Russia and the Ottoman Empire came into direct conflict . The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance , as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians , many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second - class citizens . Britain 's immediate fear was Russian expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire , which the UK desired to preserve . The British were also concerned that Russia might make advances toward India , or move toward Scandinavia or Western Europe . The Royal Navy also wanted to forestall the threat of a powerful Russian navy . Taylor says that from the British perspective : The Crimean war was fought for the sake of Europe rather than for the Eastern question ; it was fought against Russia , not in favour of Turkey ... The British fought Russia out of resentment and supposed that her defeat would strengthen the European Balance of Power . It is often said that Russia was militarily weak , technologically backward and administratively incompetent . Despite its grand ambitions toward the south , it had not built its railway network in that direction , and communications were poor . The bureaucracy was riddled with graft , corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war . Its navy was weak and technologically backward ; its army , although very large , suffered from colonels who pocketed their men 's pay , poor morale and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France . By the war 's end , everyone realised the profound weaknesses of the Russian armed forces , and the Russian leadership was determined to reform it . Because of `` British commercial and strategic interests in the Middle East and India , '' the British joined the French , `` cement ( ing ) an alliance with Britain and ... reassert ( ing ) its military power . '' Immediate causes of the war ( edit ) The immediate chain of events leading to France and Britain declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France . He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy , as sponsored by Russia . The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the `` clerical party , '' which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine . In May 1851 , Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte ( the Ottoman Empire ) . The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the `` sovereign authority '' over the Christian population . Russia disputed this attempted change in authority . Pointing to two more treaties , one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca , the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision , renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire . Two French Zouaves officers and one private Napoleon III responded with a show of force , sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea . This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention . Thus , France 's show of force presented a real threat , and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money , induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty , confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity , previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church . Tsar Nicholas I then deployed his 4th and 5th army corps along the River Danube in Wallachia , as a direct threat to the Ottoman lands south of the river , and had Count Karl Nesselrode , his foreign minister , undertake talks with the Ottomans . Nesselrode confided to Sir George Hamilton Seymour , the British ambassador in Saint Petersburg : ( The dispute over the holy places ) had assumed a new character -- that the acts of injustice towards the Greek church which it had been desired to prevent had been perpetrated and consequently that now the object must be to find a remedy for these wrongs . The success of French negotiations at Constantinople was to be ascribed solely to intrigue and violence -- violence which had been supposed to be the ultima ratio of kings , being , it had been seen , the means which the present ruler of France was in the habit of employing in the first instance . As conflict emerged over the issue of the holy places , Nicholas I and Nesselrode began a diplomatic offensive , which they hoped would prevent either British or French interference in any conflict between Russia and the Ottomans , as well as to prevent an anti-Russian alliance of the two . Cornet assistant surgeon Henry Wilkin , 11th Hussars . He survived the Charge of the Light Brigade . Photographed by Roger Fenton . Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador , George Hamilton Seymour , in January and February 1853 . Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire . The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat , Prince Menshikov , on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853 . By previous treaties , the sultan was committed `` to protect the ( Eastern Orthodox ) Christian religion and its churches . '' Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire , with control of the Orthodox Church 's hierarchy . A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land , but the Sultan , strongly supported by the British ambassador , rejected the more sweeping demands . The British and French sent in naval task forces to support the Ottomans , as Russia prepared to seize the Danubian Principalities . First hostilities ( edit ) The Russian destruction of the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 sparked the war ; painting by Ivan Aivazovsky In February 1853 , the British government of Lord Aberdeen , the prime minister , re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire . Having resigned the ambassadorship in January , he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires . Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople , arriving there on 5 April 1853 . There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal , as compromising the independence of the Turks . The Leader of the Opposition in the British House of Commons , Benjamin Disraeli , blamed Aberdeen and Stratford 's actions for making war inevitable , thus starting the process which would eventually force the Aberdeen government to resign in January 1855 , over the war . Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov 's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853 , the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the River Pruth into the Ottoman - controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . Fewer than half of the 80,000 Russian soldiers who crossed the Pruth in 1853 survived . By far , most of the deaths would result from sickness rather than action , for the Russian army still suffered from medical services that ranged from bad to none . Russia had obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar 's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia . Now Russia used the Sultan 's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian occupation of these Danubian provinces . Nicholas believed that the European powers , especially Austria , would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces , especially considering that Russia had assisted Austria 's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1849 . Russo - French skirmish during the Crimean War In July 1853 , the Tsar sent his troops into the Danubian Principalities . The United Kingdom , hoping to maintain the Ottoman Empire as a bulwark against the expansion of Russian power in Asia , sent a fleet to the Dardanelles , where it joined another fleet sent by France . Sultan Abdulmecid I declared war on Russia and proceeded to the attack , his armies moving on the Russian Army near the Danube later that month . Russia and the Ottoman Empire massed forces on two main fronts , the Caucasus and the Danube . Ottoman leader Omar Pasha managed to achieve some victories on the Danubian front . In the Caucasus , the Ottomans were able to stand ground with the help of Chechen Muslims led by Imam Shamil . Battle of Sinop ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Sinop The European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues . The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers -- the United Kingdom , France , Austria and Prussia -- met in Vienna , where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans . The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference ( 1853 ) were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853 . The note met with the approval of Nicholas I ; however , Abdülmecid I rejected the proposal , feeling that the document 's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations . The United Kingdom , France and Austria united in proposing amendments to mollify the Sultan , but the court of St. Petersburg ignored their suggestions . The UK and France then set aside the idea of continuing negotiations , but Austria and Prussia did not believe that the rejection of the proposed amendments justified the abandonment of the diplomatic process . The Russians sent a fleet to Sinop in northern Anatolia . In the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 they destroyed a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes while they were anchored in port . Public opinion in the UK and France was outraged and demanded war . Sinop provided the United Kingdom and France with the casus belli ( `` cause for war '' ) for declaring war against Russia . On 28 March 1854 , after Russia ignored an Anglo - French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities , the UK and France declared war . Dardanelles ( edit ) Britain was concerned about Russian activity and Sir John Burgoyne , senior advisor to Lord Aberdeen , urged that the Dardanelles should be occupied and throw up works of sufficient strength to block any Russian move to capture Constantinople and gain access to the Mediterranean Sea . The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris , meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor . Lord Cowley wrote on 8 February to Burgoyne `` Your visit to Paris has produced a visible change in the Emperor 's views , and he is making every preparation for a land expedition in case the last attempt at negotiation should break down . '' Burgoyne and his team of engineers inspected and surveyed the Dardanelles area in February , being fired on by Russian riflemen when they went to Varna . A team of sappers arrived in March and major building works commenced on a seven - mile line of defence designed to block the Gallipoli peninsula . French sappers were working on one half of the line which was finished in May . Peace attempts ( edit ) Valley of the Shadow of Death , by Roger Fenton . One of the most famous pictures of the Crimean War Nicholas felt that , because of Russian assistance in suppressing the Hungarian revolution of 1848 , Austria would side with him , or at the very least remain neutral . Austria , however , felt threatened by the Russian troops in the Balkans . On 27 February 1854 , the United Kingdom and France demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from the principalities ; Austria supported them and , though it did not declare war on Russia , it refused to guarantee its neutrality . Russia 's rejection of the ultimatum proved to be the justification used by UK and France to enter the war . Russia soon withdrew its troops from the Danubian principalities , which were then occupied by Austria for the duration of the war . This removed the original grounds for war , but the UK and France continued with hostilities . Determined to address the Eastern Question by putting an end to the Russian threat to the Ottoman Empire , the allies in August 1854 proposed the `` Four Points '' for ending the conflict , in addition to the Russian withdrawal : Russia was to give up its protectorate over the Danubian Principalities ; The Danube was to be opened up to foreign commerce ; The Straits Convention of 1841 , which allowed only Ottoman and Russian warships in the Black Sea , was to be revised ; Russia was to abandon any claim granting it the right to interfere in Ottoman affairs on behalf of Orthodox Christians . These points ( particularly the third ) would require clarification through negotiation , but Russia refused to negotiate . The allies including Austria therefore agreed that the UK and France should take further military action to prevent further Russian aggression against the Ottoman Empire . The United Kingdom and France agreed on the invasion of the Crimean peninsula as the first step . Battles ( edit ) Map of Crimean War ( in Russian ) Черное Море = Black Sea , Российская Империя = Russian Empire ( yellow ) , Австрийская Империя = Austrian Empire ( pink ) , Османская Империя = Ottoman Empire ( dark grey ) Danube campaign ( edit ) Mahmudiye ( 1829 ) participated in numerous important naval battles , including the Siege of Sevastopol French zouaves and Russian soldiers engaged in hand - to - hand combat at Malakhov Kurgan See also : Wallachian Revolution of 1848 , 1848 Moldavian revolution , and Convention of Balta Liman The Danube campaign opened when the Russians occupied the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in May 1853 , bringing their forces to the north bank of the River Danube . In response , the Ottoman Empire also moved its forces up to the river . It established strongholds at Vidin in the west and Silistra , which was located in the east , near the mouth of the Danube . The Turkish / Ottoman move up the River Danube was also of concern to the Austrians , who moved forces into Transylvania in response . However , the Austrians had begun to fear the Russians more than the Turks . Indeed , like the British , the Austrians were now coming to see that an intact Ottoman Empire was necessary as a bulwark against the Russians . Accordingly , the Austrians resisted Russian diplomatic attempts to join the war on the Russian side . Austria remained neutral in the Crimean War . Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853 , forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853 . Simultaneously , in the east , the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at Oltenița . The resulting Battle of Oltenița was the first engagement following the declaration of war . The Russians counterattacked , but were beaten back . On 31 December 1853 , the Ottoman forces at Calafat moved against the Russian force at Chetatea or Cetate , a small village nine miles north of Calafat , and engaged them on 6 January 1854 . The battle began when the Russians made a move to recapture Calafat . Most of the heavy fighting , however , took place in and around Chetatea until the Russians were driven out of the village . Despite the setback at Chetatea , on 28 January 1854 , Russian forces laid siege to Calafat . The siege would continue until May 1854 when the Russians lifted the siege . The Ottomans would also later beat the Russians in battle at Caracal . In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced , crossing the River Danube into the Turkish province of Dobruja . By April 1854 , the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan 's Wall where they were finally halted . In the centre , the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops , the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months . The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854 . The English and French forces at this time were unable to take the field for lack of equipment . In the west , the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces , which had swelled to 280,000 men . On 28 May 1854 a protocol of the Vienna Conference was signed by Austria and Russia . One of the aims of the Russian advance had been to encourage the Orthodox Christian Serbs and Bulgarians living under Ottoman rule to rebel . However , when the Russian troops actually crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia , the Orthodox Christians still showed no interest in rising up against the Turks . Adding to the worries of Nicholas I was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his armies on the western flank . Indeed , after attempting to mediate a peaceful settlement between Russia and Turkey , the Austrians entered the war on the side of Turkey with an attack against the Russians in the Principalities which threatened to cut off the Russian supply lines . Accordingly , the Russians were forced to raise the siege of Silistra on 23 June 1854 , and begin abandoning the Principalities . The lifting of the siege reduced the threat of a Russian advance into Bulgaria . In June 1854 , the Allied expeditionary force landed at Varna , a city on the Black Sea 's western coast . They made little advance from their base there . In July 1854 , the Turks under Omar Pasha crossed the Danube into Wallachia and on 7 July 1854 , engaged the Russians in the city of Giurgiu and conquered it . The capture of Giurgiu by the Turks immediately threatened Bucharest in Wallachia with capture by the same Turkish army . On 26 July 1854 , Tsar Nicholas I , responding to an Austrian ultimatum , ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Principalities . Also , in late July 1854 , following up on the Russian retreat , the French staged an expedition against the Russian forces still in Dobruja , but this was a failure . By then , the Russian withdrawal was complete , except for the fortress towns of northern Dobruja , while their place in the Principalities was taken by the Austrians , as a neutral peacekeeping force . There was little further action on this front after the autumn of 1854 and in September the allied force boarded ships at Varna to invade the Crimean Peninsula . Black Sea theatre ( edit ) Turkish troops storming Fort Shefketil . The naval operations of the Crimean War commenced with the dispatch , in the summer of 1853 , of the French and British fleets to the Black Sea region , to support the Ottomans and to dissuade the Russians from encroachment . By June 1853 , both fleets were stationed at Besikas Bay , outside the Dardanelles . With the Russian occupation of the Danube Principalities in October , they moved to the Bosphorus and in November entered the Black Sea . During this period , the Russian Black Sea Fleet was operating against Ottoman coastal traffic between Constantinople and the Caucasus ports , while the Ottoman fleet sought to protect this supply line . The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbour at Sinop , and destroyed it at the Battle of Sinop . The battle outraged opinion in UK , which called for war . There was little additional naval action until March 1854 when on the declaration of war the British frigate HMS Furious was fired on outside Odessa Harbour . In response an Anglo - French fleet bombarded the port , causing much damage to the town . To show support for Turkey after the battle of Sinop , on 22 December 1853 , the Anglo - French squadron entered the Black Sea and the steamship HMS Retribution approached the Port of Sevastopol , the commander of which received an ultimatum not to allow any ships in the Black Sea . In June , the fleets transported the Allied expeditionary forces to Varna , in support of the Ottoman operations on the Danube ; in September they again transported the armies , this time to the Crimea . The Russian fleet during this time declined to engage the allies , preferring to maintain a `` fleet in being '' ; this strategy failed when Sevastopol , the main port and where most of the Black Sea fleet was based , came under siege . The Russians were reduced to scuttling their warships as blockships , after stripping them of their guns and men to reinforce batteries on shore . During the siege , the Russians lost four 110 - or 120 - gun , three - decker ships of the line , twelve 84 - gun two - deckers and four 60 - gun frigates in the Black Sea , plus a large number of smaller vessels . During the rest of the campaign the allied fleets remained in control of the Black Sea , ensuring the various fronts were kept supplied . In May 1855 , the allies successfully invaded Kerch and operated against Taganrog in the Sea of Azov . In September they moved against Russian installations in the Dnieper estuary , attacking Kinburn in the first use of ironclad ships in naval warfare . Crimean campaign ( edit ) The final assault of the French brought about the capture of Sevastopol after one of the most memorable sieges of the 19th century . The Russians evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia in late July 1854 . With the evacuation of the Danubian Principalities , the immediate cause of war was withdrawn and the war might have ended at this time . However , war fever among the public in both the UK and France had been whipped up by the press in both countries to the degree that politicians found it untenable to propose ending the war at this point . Indeed , the coalition government of George Hamilton - Gordon , 4th Earl of Aberdeen fell on 30 January 1855 on a no - confidence vote as Parliament voted to appoint a committee to investigate mismanagement of the war . Russo - British skirmish during the Crimean War French and British officers and engineers were sent on 20 July on HMS Fury , a wooden Bulldog - class paddle sloop , to survey the harbour of Sevastopol and the coast near it , managing to get close to the harbour mouth to inspect the formidable batteries . Returning , they reported that they believed there were 15,000 -- 20,000 troops encamped . Ships were prepared to transport horses and siege equipment was both manufactured and imported . The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854 . Three hundred and sixty ships sailed in seven columns , each steamer towing two sailing ships . Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria , the town surrendered and 500 marines landed to occupy it . This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster . The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula . The landing surprised the Russians , as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha ; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan . There was no sign of the enemy and the men were all landed on 14 September . It took another four days to land all the stores , equipment , horses and artillery . The landing was north of Sevastopol , so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack . The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the River Alma and the whole Russian army . The position was strong , but after three hours , the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug - in positions with losses of 6,000 men . The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses . Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war , and the Russians themselves noted that had the Allies pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol . Disembarkation of the expedition to Kerch Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended , especially due to the presence of a large star fort and because Sevastopol was on the south side of the inlet from the sea that made the harbour , Sir John Burgoyne , the engineer advisor , recommended that the allies attack Sevastopol from the south . This was agreed by the joint commanders , Raglan and St Arnaud . On 25 September the whole army began to march southeast and eventually encircled the city from the south , after establishing port facilities at Balaclava for the British and Kamiesch for the French . The Russians retreated into the city . The Allied army moved without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October -- when the bombardment commenced -- 126 guns were firing , 53 of them French . The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries . The British bombardment worked better than the French , who had smaller calibre guns . The fleet suffered high casualties during the day . The British wanted to attack that afternoon , but the French wanted to defer the attack . A postponement was agreed , but on the next day the French were still not ready . By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defences and outgunned the allies . Reinforcements for the Russians gave them the courage to send out probing attacks . The Allied lines , beginning to suffer from cholera as early as September , were stretched . The French , on the west had less to do than the British on the east with their siege lines and the large nine mile open wing back to their supply base on the south coast . Battle of Balaclava ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Balaclava British cavalry charging against Russian forces at Balaclava A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast , at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854 . The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units . At the start of the battle , a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders , who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi . Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell . Rather than ' form square ' , the traditional method of repelling cavalry , Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line , two men deep . Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles , with which his troops were armed , at the Battle of the Alma a month before , and was confident his men could beat back the Russians . His tactics succeeded . From up on the ridge to the west , Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a ' thin red streak topped with steel ' , a phrase which soon became the ' Thin Red Line . ' The Chasseurs d'Afrique , led by General d'Allonville , clearing Russian artillery from the Fedyukhin Heights Soon after , a Russian cavalry movement was countered by the Heavy Brigade , who charged and fought hand - to - hand until the Russians retreated . This caused a more widespread Russian retreat , including a number of their artillery units . When the local commanders failed to take advantage of the retreat , Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up and attack some Russian guns located across the valley . Raglan could see these guns due to his position on the hill ; however , when in the valley , this view was obstructed , leaving the wrong guns in sight . The local commanders ignored the demands , leading to the British aide - de-camp ( Captain Nolan ) personally delivering the quickly written and confusing order to attack the artillery . When Lord Lucan questioned which guns the order referred to , the aide - de-camp pointed to the first Russian battery he could see and allegedly said ' There is your enemy , there are your guns ' -- due to his obstructed view , these were the wrong ones . Lucan then passed the order to the Earl of Cardigan , resulting in the charge of the Light Brigade . In this charge , Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava , under fire from Russian batteries in the hills . The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700 - man unit . The Light Brigade was memorialised in the famous poem by Alfred , Lord Tennyson , `` The Charge of the Light Brigade . '' Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses , recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives . The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield . The charge of the Light Brigade so unnerved the Russian cavalry , which had been routed by the Heavy Brigade , that the Russians were set to full - scale flight . A historical map showing the territory between Balaclava and Sevastopol at the time of the Siege of Sevastopol The shortage of men led to the failure of the British and French to follow up on the Battle of Balaclava which led directly to a much bloodier battle -- the Battle of Inkerman . On 5 November 1854 , the Russians attempted to raise the siege at Sevastopol with an attack against the allies which resulted in another allied victory . Winter of 1854 -- 55 ( edit ) Winter , and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel , led to a halt in ground operations . Sevastopol remained invested by the allies , while the allied armies were hemmed in by the Russian Army in the interior . On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing . The storm and heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire , requiring engineers to devote most of their time to its repair including quarrying stone . A tramway was ordered . It arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew ; however , it was March before it was sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value . An Electrical telegraph was also ordered , but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March , when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established . The pipe - and - cable - laying plough failed because of the hard frozen soil but , even so , 21 miles of cable were laid . The troops suffered greatly from cold and sickness , the shortage of fuel led them to start dismantling their defensive Gabions and Fascines . In February 1855 , the Russians attacked the allied base at Eupatoria , where an Ottoman army had built up and was threatening Russian supply routes . The battle saw the Russians defeated and led to a change in command . The strain of directing the war had taken its toll on the health of Tsar Nicholas . The Tsar , full of remorse for the disasters he had caused , caught pneumonia and died on 2 March . Siege of Sevastopol Siege of Sevastopol ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Sevastopol ( 1854 -- 1855 ) The Allies had had time to consider the problem , the French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff . Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left , against the fortifications on Malakoff hill . In March , there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon , located on a hill in front of the Malakoff . Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line , and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands . Battle of Malakoff Battle of the Chernaya , the forces at the beginning of the battle and the Russian advance . General Brown and his staff In April 1855 , the allies staged a second all - out bombardment , leading to an artillery duel with the Russian guns , but no ground assault followed . On 24 May 1855 , sixty ships containing 7,000 French , 5,000 Turkish and 3,000 British troops set off for a raid on the city of Kerch east of Sevastopol in an attempt to open another front on the Crimean peninsula and to cut off Russian supplies . When the allies landed the force at Kerch , the plan was to outflank the Russian Army . The landings were successful , but the force made little progress thereafter . Many more artillery pieces had arrived and had been dug into batteries . In June , a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon , but a follow - up assault on the Malakoff failed with heavy losses . During this time the garrison commander , Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855 , Raglan having also died on 28 June . In August , the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava , defended by the French , newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops . The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians , who suffered heavy casualties . For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions , which resulted in many skirmishes . Artillery fire aimed to gain superiority over the enemy guns . September saw the final assault -- on 5 September , another French bombardment ( the sixth ) was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French , and following the failure of the Russians to retake it , the collapse of the Russian defences . Meanwhile , the British captured the Great Redan , just south of the city of Sevastopol . The Russians retreated to the north , blowing up their magazines , and the city fell on 9 September 1855 after a 337 - day - long siege . At this point , both sides were exhausted , and no further military operations were launched in the Crimea before the onset of winter . The main objective of the siege , the destruction of the Russian fleet and docks , took place over winter . On 28 February , multiple mines blew up the five docks , the canal , and three locks . Azov campaign ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Taganrog In spring 1855 , the allied Anglo - French commanders decided to send an Anglo - French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol . On 12 May 1855 , Anglo - French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay . Once through the Kerch Strait , British and French warships struck at every vestige of Russian power along the coast of the Sea of Azov . Except for Rostov and Azov , no town , depot , building or fortification was immune from attack and Russian naval power ceased to exist almost overnight . This Allied campaign led to a significant reduction in supplies flowing to the besieged Russian troops at Sevastopol . On 21 May 1855 , the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog , the most important hub near Rostov on Don . The vast amounts of food , especially bread , wheat , barley and rye that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported . Bombardment of Taganrog from a British raft during the first siege attempt The Governor of Taganrog , Yegor Tolstoy , and lieutenant - general Ivan Krasnov refused an allied ultimatum , responding that `` Russians never surrender their cities '' . The Anglo -- French squadron bombarded Taganrog for 61⁄2 hours and landed 300 troops near the Old Stairway in the centre of Taganrog , but they were thrown back by Don Cossacks and a volunteer corps . In July 1855 , the allied squadron tried to go past Taganrog to Rostov on Don , entering the River Don through the Mius River . On 12 July 1855 HMS Jasper grounded near Taganrog thanks to a fisherman who moved buoys into shallow water . The Cossacks captured the gunboat with all of its guns and blew it up . The third siege attempt was made 19 -- 31 August 1855 , but the city was already fortified and the squadron could not approach close enough for landing operations . The allied fleet left the Gulf of Taganrog on 2 September 1855 , with minor military operations along the Azov Sea coast continuing until late autumn 1855 . Caucasus theatre ( edit ) Caucasus front during the Crimean War Sukhum Kale Anaklia Ingur River RedutKale Poti Marani TskhenisDzqali FortStNicholas Cholok River Batum Akaltsike Tiflis Vladikazkaz Circassians Ab Ab Georgian coast : Ab = Abkhazia ; Red = Turkish , Blue = Russian As in the previous wars the Caucasus front was secondary to what was happening in the west . Perhaps because of better communications western events sometimes influenced the east . The main events were the second capture of Kars and a landing on the Georgian coast . Several commanders on both sides were either incompetent or unlucky and few fought aggressively . 1853 : There were four main events . 1 . In the north the Turks captured the border fort of Saint Nicholas in a surprise night attack ( 27 / 28 October ) . They then pushed about 20,000 troops across the River Cholok border . Being outnumbered the Russians abandoned Poti and Redut Kale and drew back to Marani . Both sides remained immobile for the next seven months . 2 . In the centre the Turks moved north from Ardahan to within cannon - shot of Akhaltsike and awaited reinforcements ( 13 November ) . The Russians routed them . The claimed losses were 4,000 Turks and 400 Russians . 3 . In the south about 30,000 Turks slowly moved east to the main Russian concentration at Gyumri or Alexandropol ( November ) . They crossed the border and set up artillery south of town . Prince Orbeliani tried to drive them off and found himself trapped . The Turks failed to press their advantage ; the remaining Russians rescued Orbeliani and the Turks retired west . Orbeliani lost about 1,000 men out of 5,000 . The Russians now decided to advance . The Turks took up a strong position on the Kars road and attacked . They were defeated in the Battle of Başgedikler , losing 6,000 men , half their artillery and all their supply train . The Russians lost 1,300 , including Prince Orbeliani . This was Prince Ellico Orbeliani whose wife was later kidnapped by Imam Shamil at Tsinandali. 4 . At sea the Turks sent a fleet east which was destroyed by Admiral Nakhimov at Sinope . 1854 : The British and French declared war on 3 January . That spring the Anglo - French fleet appeared in the Black Sea and the Russians abandoned the Black Sea Defensive Line from Anapa south . N.A. Read , who replaced Vorontsov , fearing an Anglo - French landing in conjunction with Shamyl and the Persians , recommended withdrawal north of the Caucasus . For this he was replaced by Baryatinsky . When the allies chose a land attack on Sebastopol any plan for a landing in the east was abandoned . In the north Eristov pushed southwest , fought two battles , forced the Turks back to Batum , retired behind the Cholok River and suspended action for the rest of the year ( June ) . In the far south Wrangel pushed west , fought a battle and occupied Bayazit . In the centre the main forces stood at Kars and Gyumri . Both slowly approached along the Kars - Gyumri road and faced each other , neither side choosing to fight ( June -- July ) . On 4 August Russian scouts saw a movement which they thought was the start of a withdrawal , the Russians advanced and the Turks attacked first . They were defeated , losing 8,000 men to the Russian 3,000 . 10,000 irregulars deserted to their villages . Both sides withdrew to their former positions . About this time the Persians made a semi-secret agreement to remain neutral in exchange for the cancellation of the indemnity from the previous war . General Bebutashvili defeated the Turks at the Battle of Kurekdere 1855 : Kars : In the year up to May 1855 Turkish forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000 , mostly by disease . The local Armenian population kept Muravyev well - informed about the Turks at Kars and he judged they had about five months of supplies . He therefore decided to control the surrounding area with cavalry and starve them out . He started in May and by June was south and west of the town . A relieving force fell back and there was a possibility of taking Erzerum , but Muravyev chose not to . In late September he learned of the fall of Sevastopol and a Turkish landing at Batum . This led him to reverse policy and try a direct attack . It failed , the Russians losing 8,000 men and the Turks 1,500 ( 29 September ) . The blockade continued and Kars surrendered on 8 November . 1855 : Georgian coast : Omar Pasha , the Turkish commander at Crimea had long wanted to land in Georgia , but the western powers vetoed it . When they relented in August most of the campaigning season was lost . In September 8,000 Turks landed at Batum , but the main concentration was at Sukhum Kale . This required a 100 - mile march south through a country with poor roads . The Russians planned to hold the line of the Ingur River which separates Abkhazia from Georgia proper . Omar crossed the Ingur on 7 November and then wasted a great deal of time , the Russians doing little . By 2 December he had reached the Tskhenis - dzqali , the rainy season had started , his camps were submerged in mud and there was no bread . Learning of the fall of Kars he withdrew to the Ingur . The Russians did nothing and he evacuated to Batum in February of the following year . Baltic theatre ( edit ) See also : Charles John Napier § Baltic Campaign The Baltic was a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War . Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre , which was close to Saint Petersburg , the Russian capital . In April 1854 an Anglo - French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there . In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt . The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications . At the same time , the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval - Deschenes -- although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars -- considered the Sveaborg fortress too well - defended to engage . Thus , shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855 , and initially , the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland . Naval attacks on other ports , such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland , proved more successful . Additionally , allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast . These battles are known in Finland as the Åland War . Bombardment of Bomarsund during the Crimean War , after William Simpson Russia depended on imports -- both for her domestic economy and for the supply of her military forces : the blockade forced Russia to rely on more expensive overland shipments from Prussia . The blockade seriously undermined the Russian export economy and helped shorten the war . The burning of tar warehouses and ships led to international criticism , and in London the MP Thomas Gibson demanded in the House of Commons that the First Lord of the Admiralty explain `` a system which carried on a great war by plundering and destroying the property of defenceless villagers '' . In August 1854 a Franco - British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on Åland Islands . In the same month , the Western Allied Baltic Fleet tried to destroy heavily defended Russian dockyards at Sveaborg outside Helsinki . More than 1,000 enemy guns tested the strength of the fortress for two days . Despite the shelling , the sailors of the 120 - gun ship Rossiya , led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky , defended the entrance to the harbour . The Allies fired over 20,000 shells but failed to defeat the Russian batteries . A massive new fleet of more than 350 gunboats and mortar vessels was prepared , but before the attack was launched , the war ended . Part of the Russian resistance was credited to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines . Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia , the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel ( the father of Alfred Nobel ) . Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives , such as nitroglycerin and gunpowder . One account dates modern naval mining from the Crimean War : `` Torpedo mines , if I may use this name given by Fulton to self - acting mines underwater , were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defences about Cronstadt and Sevastopol '' , as one American officer put it in 1860 . `` Bombardment of the Solovetsky Monastery in the White Sea by the Royal Navy '' . A lubok ( popular print ) from 1868 White Sea theatre ( edit ) In autumn 1854 , a squadron of three British warships led by HMS Miranda left the Baltic for the White Sea , where they shelled Kola ( which was utterly destroyed ) and the Solovki . Their attempt to storm Arkhangelsk proved unsuccessful . Pacific theatre ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Petropavlovsk Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East , where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin . In September 1854 , an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties , and the Allies withdrew . The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region . The Anglo - French forces in the Far East also made several small landings on Sakhalin and Urup , one of the Kuril Islands . Piedmontese involvement ( edit ) Main article : Sardinian Expeditionary Corps in the Crimean War Camillo di Cavour , under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont - Sardinia , sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers , commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora , to side with French and British forces during the war . This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French , especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter . The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea , and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya ( 16 August 1855 ) and in the siege of Sevastopol , allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war , where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers . Greece ( edit ) A Greek battalion fought for Russia at Sevastopol Greece played a peripheral role in the war . When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853 , King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand north and south into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities . However , Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia , did not declare war , and received no outside military or financial support . Greece , an Orthodox nation , had considerable support in Russia , but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings . When the Russians invaded the Principalities , the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus . To block further Greek moves , the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857 , and effectively neutralized the Greek army . Greeks , gambling on a Russian victory , incited the large - scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete . The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army . Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war . The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation ; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate . Kiev cossack revolt and national awakening in Ukraine ( edit ) See also : Michał Czajkowski A Kiev cossack revolt that began in the Vasylkiv county of Kiev Governorate ( province ) in February 1855 spread across the whole Kiev and Chernigov governorates . Led by peasants , the revolt found great support among the Ukrainian landowners who opposed the war . The events were contemporary with the popular movement of Chłopomania that laid the foundations of the Ukrainian national awakening and the creation of the Kiev Hromada ( Kiev Community ) . End of the war ( edit ) One of three 17th century church bells in Arundel Castle , England . These were taken from Sevastopol as trophies at the end of the Crimean War . British position ( edit ) Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in the UK and in other countries , aggravated by reports of fiascos , especially the devastating losses of the heroic Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava . On Sunday , 21 January 1855 , a `` snowball riot '' occurred in Trafalgar Square near St Martin - in - the - Fields in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses , cabs and pedestrians with snow balls . When the police intervened , the snowballs were directed at the officers . The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons . In Parliament , Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers , cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties that had been sustained by all British armed forces in the Crimea ; they were especially concerned with the Battle of Balaclava . When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148 , Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855 . The veteran former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston became prime minister . Palmerston took a hard line ; he wanted to expand the war , foment unrest inside the Russian Empire , and permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe . Sweden and Prussia were willing to join the UK and France , and Russia was isolated . Peace negotiations ( edit ) France , which had sent far more soldiers to the war than Britain had , and suffered far more casualties , wanted the war to end , as did Austria . Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856 . In compliance with article III , Russia restored to the Ottoman Empire the city and citadel of Kars in common with `` all other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troop were in possession '' . Russia returned the Budjak , in Bessarabia , back to Moldavia . By article IV Britain , France , Sardinia and Turkey restored to Russia `` the towns and ports of Sevastopol , Balaklava , Kamish , Eupatoria , Kerch , Jenikale , Kinburn as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops '' . In conformity with article XI and XIII , the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast . The Black Sea clauses weakened Russia , and it no longer posed a naval threat to the Ottomans . The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire ; in practice they became independent . The Great Powers pledged to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire . Aftermath in Russia ( edit ) Some members of the Russian intelligentsia saw defeat as a pressure to modernise their society . Grand Duke Constantine ( son of the Tsar ) remarked that , `` We can not deceive ourselves any longer ; we must say that we are both weaker and poorer than the first - class powers , and furthermore poorer not only in material terms but in mental resources , especially in matters of administration . '' Historical analysis ( edit ) Monument to Sevastopol , Halifax , Nova Scotia -- the only Crimean War Monument in North America Treaty of Paris ( 1856 ) The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871 , when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 -- 71 . While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful German Empire , the Emperor of the French , Napoleon III , was deposed to permit the formation of a Third French Republic . During his reign , Napoleon III , eager for the support of the United Kingdom , had opposed Russia over the Eastern Question . Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire , however , did not in any significant manner threaten the interests of France . Thus , France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of a republic . Encouraged by the decision of the French , and supported by the German minister Otto von Bismarck , Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856 . As the United Kingdom alone could not enforce the clauses , Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea . Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty , in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it . Having abandoned its alliance with Russia , Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war , which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco - Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia , and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena , which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy . Furthermore , Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally , Austria , in the 1866 Austro - Prussian War with its loss of Venetia and more important than that , its influence in most German - speaking lands . The status of Austria as a great power , with the unifications of Germany and Italy , was now severely questioned . It had to compromise with Hungary ; the two countries shared the Danubian Empire and Austria slowly became little more than a German satellite . With France now hostile to Germany , allied with Russia and Russia competing with the newly renamed Austro - Hungarian Empire for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire , the foundations were in place for creating the diplomatic alliances that would lead to the First World War . Notwithstanding the guarantees to preserve Ottoman territories specified in the Treaty of Paris , Russia , exploiting nationalist unrest in the Ottoman states in the Balkans and seeking to regain lost prestige , once again declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 24 April 1877 . In this later Russo - Turkish War the states of Romania , Serbia , Montenegro gained international recognition of their independence and Bulgaria achieved its autonomy from direct Ottoman rule . The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent , the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire , and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia . As Fuller notes , `` Russia had been beaten on the Crimean peninsula , and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness . '' The Crimean War marks the demise of the Concert of Europe , the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , and which had included France , Russia , Austria and the United Kingdom . According to historian Shepard Clough , the war : was not the result of a calculated plan , nor even of hasty last - minute decisions made under stress . It was the consequence of more than two years of fatal blundering in slow - motion by inept statesmen who had months to reflect upon the actions they took . It arose from Napoleon 's search for prestige ; Nicholas 's quest for control over the Straits ; his naive miscalculation of the probable reactions of the European powers ; the failure of those powers to make their positions clear ; and the pressure of public opinion in Britain and Constantinople at crucial moments . This view of ' diplomatic drift ' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A.W. Kinglake , who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy . More recently , the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that , first , Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas , and second , that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe . Russia feared losing Russian America without compensation in some future conflict , especially to the British . While Alaska attracted little interest at the time , the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended . Therefore , the Russian emperor , Alexander II , decided to sell Alaska . In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States , hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia 's greatest regional rival , the United Kingdom . Documentation ( edit ) Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell ( writing for The Times newspaper ) and the photographs of Roger Fenton . News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day - to - day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date . The British public was very well informed regarding the day - to - day realities of the war in the Crimea . After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854 , the news reached London in two days . When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855 , news reached London in a few hours . The daily news reports energised public opinion , which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister . Criticisms and reform ( edit ) Historian R.B. McCallum points out the war was enthusiastically supported by the British populace as it was happening , but the mood changed very dramatically afterwards . Pacifists and critics were unpopular but : in the end they won . Cobden and Bright were true to their principles of foreign policy , which laid down the absolute minimum of intervention in European affairs and a deep moral reprobation of war ... When the first enthusiasm was passed , when the dead were mourned , the sufferings revealed , and the cost counted , when in 1870 Russia was able calmly to secure the revocation of the Treaty , which disarmed her in the Black Sea , the view became general of the war was stupid and unnecessary , and effected nothing ... The Crimean war remained as a classic example ... of how governments may plunge into war , how strong ambassadors may mislead weak prime ministers , how the public may be worked up into a facile fury , and how the achievements of the war may crumble to nothing . The Bright - Cobden criticism of the war was remembered and to a large extent accepted ( especially by the Liberal Party ) . Isolation from European entanglements seemed more than ever desirable . During the Crimean War , Florence Nightingale and her team of nurses cleaned up the military hospitals and set up the first training school for nurses in the United Kingdom . A tinted lithograph by William Simpson illustrating conditions of the sick and injured in Balaklava As the memory of the `` Charge of the Light Brigade '' demonstrates , the war became an iconic symbol of logistical , medical and tactical failures and mismanagement . Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war ; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms , and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army . However , the reform campaign was not well organised , and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together , and blocked all serious reforms . No one was punished . The outbreak of the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defence of British interest by the army , and further talk of reform went nowhere . The demand for professionalisation was , however , achieved by Florence Nightingale , who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicising modern nursing while treating the wounded . The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions , such as the electric telegraph , with the first `` live '' war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell . Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre condition of British forces deployed in Crimea . Additionally , the telegraph reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications . Newspaper readership informed public opinion in the United Kingdom and France as never before . It was the first European war to be photographed . The Russians installed telegraph links to Moscow and St Petersburg during the war , and expanded their rail network south of Moscow after the peace treaty . The war also employed modern military tactics , such as trenches and blind artillery fire . The use of the Minié ball for shot , coupled with the rifling of barrels , greatly increased the range and the damage caused by the allied weapons . The British Army system of sale of commissions came under great scrutiny during the war , especially in connection with the Battle of Balaclava , which saw the ill - fated Charge of the Light Brigade . This scrutiny eventually led to the abolition of the sale of commissions . The Crimean War was a contributing factor in the Russian abolition of serfdom in 1861 : Tsar Alexander II ( Nicholas I 's son and successor ) saw the military defeat of the Russian serf - army by free troops from Britain and France as proof of the need for emancipation . The Crimean War also led to the eventual realisation by the Russian government of its technological inferiority , in military practices as well as weapons . Meanwhile , Russian military medicine saw dramatic progress : N. I. Pirogov , known as the father of Russian field surgery , developed the use of anaesthetics , plaster casts , enhanced amputation methods , and five - stage triage in Crimea , among other things . The war also led to the establishment of the Victoria Cross in 1856 ( backdated to 1854 ) , the British Army 's first universal award for valour. 111 medals were awarded . The British issued the Crimea Medal with 5 clasps , and the Baltic Medal , as well as Valour medals , including the newly created Distinguished Conduct Medal , the Turkish the Turkish Crimea Medal , the French did not issue a campaign medal , issuing Médaille militaire and Legion of Honour for bravery , Sardinia also issued a medal . Russia issued a Defence of Sevastopol , and a Crimean War medal . Chronology of major battles of the war ( edit ) 93rd Sutherland Highlanders at the Battle of Alma Battle of Sinop , 30 November 1853 Siege of Silistra , 5 April - 25 June 1854 First Battle of Bomarsund , 21 June 1854 Second Battle of Bomarsund , 15 August 1854 Siege of Petropavlovsk , 30 -- 31 August 1854 , on the Pacific coast Battle of Alma , 20 September 1854 Siege of Sevastopol , 25 September 1854 to 8 September 1855 Battle of Balaclava , 25 October 1854 ( see also Charge of the Light Brigade and the Thin Red Line ) Battle of Inkerman , 5 November 1854 Battle of Eupatoria , 17 February 1855 Battle of the Chernaya ( aka `` Traktir Bridge '' ) , 16 August 1855 Sea of Azoff naval campaign , May to November 1855 Siege of Kars , June to 28 November 1855 FitzRoy Somerset , Omar Pasha and Marshal Pélissier Crimean War Memorial at Waterloo Place , St James 's , London Prominent military commanders ( edit ) Russian commanders Prince Mikhail Dmitriyevich Gorchakov Count and Namestnik Ivan Feodorovich Paskevich Admiral Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov vice admiral Vladimir Kornilov General Eduard Ivanovich Totleben Prince Aleksandr Sergeyevich Menshikov French commanders Marshal Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud Marshal François Certain Canrobert Marshal Aimable Pélissier Marshal Pierre Bosquet Marshal Patrice de MacMahon Ottoman commanders General Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha General Omar Pasha General Iskender Pasha General Ismail Pasha General Władysław Stanisław Zamoyski British commanders James Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan FitzRoy Somerset , 1st Baron Raglan Sir Edmund Lyons ( later 1st Baron Lyons ) George Charles Bingham , 3rd Earl of Lucan Admiral Charles John Napier Colin Campbell , 1st Baron Clyde Kingdom of Sardinia commander General Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora General Giovanni Durando General Alessandro La Marmora Last veterans ( edit ) A British naval mascot , Timothy ( 1839 -- 2004 ) was the last `` veteran '' of the Crimean War Edwin Bezar ( 1838 - 1936 ) . Last British soldier . Also last British Army veteran ( and possibly last combatant ) of the New Zealand Wars . Yves Prigent ( 1833 -- 1938 ) . French sailor . Charles Nathan ( 1834 -- 1934 ) . Last French soldier , also saw action in Italy , Syria , Mexico and the Franco - Prussian War . Edwin Hughes ( 1830 -- 1927 ) . Last survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade . Luigi Palma di Cesnola ( 1832 -- 1904 ) . An Italian soldier who served with the British Army in the Crimean War as the aide - de-camp to General Enrico Fardella . Also served in the American Civil War , on the Union Side . Timothy the Tortoise ( 1839 -- 2004 ) . The naval mascot of HMS Queen . In popular culture ( edit ) `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' by Alfred , Lord Tennyson depicted a brave but disastrous cavalry charge during the Battle of Balaclava . Leo Tolstoy wrote a few short sketches on the Siege of Sevastopol , collected in The Sebastopol Sketches . The stories detail the lives of the Russian soldiers and citizens in Sevastopol during the siege . Because of this work , Tolstoy has been called the world 's first war correspondent . In James Joyce 's Finnegans Wake II. 3 , the Crimean War , especially the Battle of Balaclava , figures prominently . One of the focuses of that dense chapter is a radio program in which Butt & Taff retell an idiosyncratic anecdote from that battle , in which an Irishman named Buckley shot a Russian general . Jack Archer : A Tale of the Crimea by G. A. Henty , 1883 , a historical novel , details the adventures of two British midshipmen in the Crimean War . The events of the Crimean War are depicted in the 1973 novel Flashman at the Charge in which the eponymous antihero participates in the battles of Sevastopol and Balaclava . Franz Roubaud . Panorama Siege of Sevastopol ( 1854 -- 1855 ) Charge of the Light Brigade -- 1936 film starring Errol Flynn In the Little Rascals episode Two Too Young , from 1936 , Alfalfa recites the Lord Tennyson poem . The Charge of the Light Brigade -- 1968 film starring John Gielgud and Trevor Howard The Eyre Affair by Jasper Fforde is an alternative history novel where the Crimean War has been raging for over 130 years and is still ongoing , albeit at a stalemate at the time of the novel . A different alternative history treatment of the Crimean War is S.M. Stirling 's story `` The Charge of Lee 's Brigade '' . `` The Trooper '' , song by Iron Maiden included in their 1983 album Piece of Mind , inspired by Lord Tennyson 's poem , describes the charge from the point of view of a British soldier . The music video for the Kasabian song `` Empire '' is set in the Crimean War and depicts the band 's members as soldiers of the 11th Hussars Regiment . The Great Train Robbery by Michael Crichton was set on the English homefront during the Crimean War . The plot revolved around stealing gold intended for the British troops from a moving steam train . It was later made into The First Great Train Robbery ( known as The Great Train Robbery in the U.S. ) , starring Sean Connery . The novel was based on the Great Gold Robbery of 1855 . Boris Akunin , under his Anatoly Brusnikin pen name , published the historical novel Bellona ( Беллона ) ( 2012 ) , centring on the Crimean War from the Russian side . Jasper Kent 's novel The Third Section takes Crimean War as a background event for its horror theme . Other novelists taking the war as background include Garry Kilworth , AL Berridge and Paul Fraser Collard . See also ( edit ) Military history of the Ottoman Empire portal British Crimea Medal and Turkish Crimea Medal Crimean War Research Society Grand Crimean Central Railway Foreign policy of the Russian Empire International relations ( 1814 -- 1919 ) List of Crimean War Victoria Cross recipients List of British recipients of the Légion d'Honneur for the Crimean War Peace Concluded ( painting ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Crimean War ( 1853 - 1856 ) '' . historyguy.com . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Mara Kozelsky , `` The Crimean War , 1853 -- 56 . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 13.4 ( 2012 ) : 903 -- 917 online . Jump up ^ Zayonchkovski , Andrei Medardovich ( 2002 ) ( original year unspecified ) . Восточная Война 1853 -- 1856 ( Eastern War 1853 -- 1856 ) ( in Russian ) . Volume II part 2 . ( Russian author : Андре́й Меда́рдович Зайончко́вский ) . Saint Petersburg , Russia : Полигон ( Polygon ) . ISBN 5 - 89173 - 158 - 4 . OCLC 701418742 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Crimean War at Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Troubetzkoy 2006 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Troubetzkoy 2006 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Figes , Orlando ( 2010 ) . Crimea : The Last Crusade . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9704 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Royle , Trevor ( 2000 ) . Crimea : The Great Crimean War , 1854 -- 1856 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6416 - 5 . Jump up ^ Matthew Smith Anderson , The Eastern Question , 1774 -- 1923 : A Study in International Relations ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Seton - Watson , Hugh ( 1988 ) . The Russian Empire 1801 -- 1917 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 280 -- 319 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822152 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , W. Bruce ( 1981 ) . The Romanovs . New York : Dial Press . pp. 114 -- 116 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 27187 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bell , James Stanislaus ( 1840 ) . `` Journal of a residence in Circassia during the years 1837 , 1838 , and 1839 '' . archive.org . London , UK : Edward Moxon . OCLC 879553602 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hew Strachan , Hew ( 1978 ) . `` Soldiers , Strategy and Sebastopol '' . Historical Journal . 21 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 325 . doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x00000558 . JSTOR 2638262 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) p 61 Jump up ^ Barbara Jelavich , St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy , 1814 -- 1974 ( 1974 ) p 119 Jump up ^ William C. Fuller , Strategy and Power in Russia 1600 -- 1914 ( 1998 ) pp. 252 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : Cowley , Robert ; editors , Geoffrey Parker ( 2001 ) . The Reader 's Companion to Military History ( 1st Houghton Mifflin pbk . ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade & Reference Publishers . ISBN 0618127429 . Jump up ^ Jelavich , Barbara ( 2004 ) . Russia 's Balkan Entanglements , 1806 -- 1914 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 118 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52250 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Sondhaus ( 2012 ) . Naval Warfare , 1815 -- 1914 . Routledge . pp. 1852 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Candan Badem ( 2010 ) . The Ottoman Crimean War : ( 1853 -- 1856 ) . BRILL . pp. passim . Jump up ^ Badem . The Ottoman Crimean War : ( 1853 -- 1856 ) . pp. 149 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Lambert ( 2011 ) . The Crimean War : British Grand Strategy Against Russia , 1853 -- 56 . Ashgate . pp. 94 , 97 . Jump up ^ Christopher John Bartlett ( 1993 ) . Defence and Diplomacy : Britain and the Great Powers , 1815 -- 1914 . Manchester UP . pp. 51 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Jump up ^ Figes 2012 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Guy Arnold ( 2002 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War . Scarecrow Press . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Small , Hugh ( 2007 ) . The Crimean War . Tempus Publishing . pp. 23 , 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4388 - 1 . Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1954 ) . The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 . pp. 64 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Candan Badem ( 2010 ) . `` The '' Ottoman Crimean War : ( 1853 -- 1856 ) . BRILL . pp. 101 -- 109 . Jump up ^ James J. Reid ( 2000 ) . Crisis of the Ottoman Empire : Prelude to Collapse 1839 -- 1878 . Franz Steiner Verlag . pp. 242 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Guy ( 2002 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War . Scarecrow Press . p. 95 . Jump up ^ The famous dispatches of a British war correspondent appear in William Howard Russell , The Great War with Russia : The Invasion of the Crimea ; a Personal Retrospect of the Battles of the Alma , Balaclava and Inkerman , and of the Winter of 1854 -- 55 ( Cambridge University Press , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Engels , Frederick ( 1980 ) ( 1853 -- 54 ) . `` The News from the Crimea '' . Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. 13 . New York : International Publishers . pp. 477 -- 479 . ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0513 - 1 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , ch. 8 Jump up ^ John Millin Selby , The thin red line of Balaclava ( London : Hamilton , 1970 ) Jump up ^ John Sweetman , Balaclava 1854 : The charge of the light brigade ( Osprey Publishing , 1990 ) excerpt Jump up ^ Small , Hugh ( 2007 ) . The Crimean War . Jump up ^ Patrick Mercer , Inkerman 1854 : The Soldiers ' Battle ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ `` Crimean War , 1853 -- 1856 '' . historyofwar.org . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radzinsky , Edvard ( 2005 ) . Alexander II : The Last Great Tsar . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 7332 - X . Jump up ^ Leo Tolstoy , Sebastopol ( 2008 ) ISBN 1 - 4344 - 6160 - 2 ; Tolstoy wrote three firsthand battlefield observations `` Sebastopol Sketches . '' Jump up ^ This section summarizes William Edward David Allen and Paul Muratoff , Caucasian Battlefields , 1953 , Book II Jump up ^ Anderson , Edgar ( 1969 ) . `` The Scandinavian Area and the Crimean War in the Baltic '' . Scandinavian Studies . 41 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 275 . JSTOR 40917005 . Jump up ^ R.F. Colvile , `` The Baltic as a Theatre of War : The Campaign of 1854 . '' The RUSI Journal ( 1941 ) 86 # 541 pp. 72 -- 80 online Jump up ^ Colvile , `` The Baltic as a Theatre of War : The Campaign of 1854 . '' The RUSI Journal ( 1941 ) 86 # 541 pp. 72 -- 80 Jump up ^ R.F. Colvile , `` The Navy and the Crimean War . '' The RUSI Journal ( 1940 ) 85 # 537 pp. 73 -- 78 . online Jump up ^ Clive Ponting ( 2011 ) . The Crimean War : The Truth Behind the Myth . Random House . pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ The Annual Register of World Events : A Review of the Year . 1855 . p. 93 . Jump up ^ `` Mining in the Crimean War '' . Archived from the original on 28 April 2003 . Retrieved 28 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Mikhail Vysokov : A Brief History of Sakhalin and the Kurils Archived 9 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. : Late 19th Archived 12 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arnold , Guy ( 2002 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War . Scarecrow Press . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ( 2009 ) . A Global Chronology of Conflict . ABC - CLIO . p. 1210 . Jump up ^ Badem ( 2010 ) . The Ottoman Crimean War : ( 1853 -- 1856 ) . p. 183 . Jump up ^ Kiev Cossacks at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine . Jump up ^ `` Crimean War '' . encyclopediaofukraine.com . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khlopoman '' . encyclopediaofukraine.com . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hromada of Kyiv at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine . ^ Jump up to : Karl Marx , `` The Aims of the Negotiations -- Polemic Against Prussia -- A Snowball Riot '' contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 13 , p. 599 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Dick ( 2013 ) . The Great Rivalry : Gladstone and Disraeli . London : I.B. Tauris . p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Jasper ( 1970 ) . Lord Palmerston . New York : Dutton . pp. 431 -- 436 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 14873 - 6 . Jump up ^ W.E. Mosse , `` How Russia made peace September 1855 to April 1856 . '' Cambridge Historical Journal ( 1955 ) 11 # 3 pp. 297 -- 316 . online Jump up ^ Small , Hugh ( 2007 ) . The Crimean War . Tempus Publishing . pp. 188 -- 190 . ^ Jump up to : Baumgart , Winfried ( 1999 ) . The Crimean War 1853 -- 1856 . Arnold . p. 212 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 61465 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lieven , Dominic ( 1993 ) : `` Nicholas II : Emperor of all the Russias '' . London : Pimlico . p. 6 Jump up ^ William C. Fuller ( 1998 ) . Strategy and Power in Russia 1600 -- 1914 . p. 273 . Jump up ^ Clough , Shepard B. , ed. ( 1964 ) . A History of the Western World . p. 917 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase of Alaska , 1867 '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 10 ... Jump up ^ R.B. McCallum in Elie Halevy , The Victorian years : 1841 -- 1895 ( 1951 ) p 426 Jump up ^ See also Orlando Figes , The Crimean War ( 2010 ) pp 467 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Starry Dog ( 2003 ) . `` Revolution and Industry : The British Empire '' . Encyclopedia of World History . WS PACIFIC PUBLICATIONS , INC. p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4454 - 2576 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Gavin ; Trigg , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . `` Remembering the Charge of the Light Brigade : Its Commemoration , War Memorials and Memory '' . Journal of Conflict Archaeology. 4 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 58 . doi : 10.1163 / 157407808X382755 . Jump up ^ Peter Burroughs , `` An Unreformed Army ? 1815 -- 1868 , '' in David Chandler , ed. , The Oxford History of the British Army ( 1996 ) , pp. 183 -- 84 Jump up ^ Hogg , Ian V. ( 1985 ) . The British Army in the 20th Century . London : Ian Allan . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1505 - 8 . Jump up ^ Moon , David ( 2001 ) . The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia , 1762 -- 1907 . Harlow , England : Pearson Education . pp. 49 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 29486 - X . Jump up ^ `` STMMain '' . Russianwarrior.com . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crimean War Photographs by Roger Fenton , 1855 '' . allworldwars.com . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` dernier vétéran de la guerre de crimée et du siège de sébastopole '' . Derniersveterans.free.fr . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame : Balaclava Ned '' . BBC News . 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Maria Luisa Moncassoli Tibone . `` Dal Piemonte a Cipro , a New York : un'avventura appassionante '' . Jump up ^ Italian American History Archived 1 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . -- MyPaesano.com -- Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Archived index at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Stirling story was first published in `` Alternate Generals '' ( Baen , 1998 , Harry Turtledove and Roland J. Green , eds . ) , and reprinted in Ice , Iron and Gold ( Night Shade Books , 2007 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Crimean War Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crimean War . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Crimean War . Arnold , Guy . Historical dictionary of the Crimean War ( Scarecrow Press , 2002 ) Badem , Candan . The Ottoman Crimean War ( 1853 -- 1856 ) ( Leiden : Brill , 2010 ) . 432 pp. ISBN 90 - 04 - 18205 - 5 Bridge and Bullen , The Great Powers and the European States System 1814 -- 1914 , ( Pearson Education : London ) , 2005 Bamgart , Winfried The Crimean War , 1853 -- 1856 ( 2002 ) Arnold Publishers ISBN 0 - 340 - 61465 - X Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Cox , Michael , and John Lenton . Crimean War Basics : Organisation and Uniforms : Russia and Turkey ( 1997 ) Curtiss , John Shelton . Russia 's Crimean War ( 1979 ) ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0374 - 4 Figes , Orlando , Crimea : The Last Crusade ( 2010 ) Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9704 - 0 ; the standard scholarly study ; American edition published as The Crimean War : A History ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Goldfrank , David M. The Origins of the Crimean War ( 1993 ) Gorizontov , Leonid E ( 2012 ) . `` The Crimean War as a Test of Russia 's Imperial Durability '' . Russian Studies in History . 51 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 94 . doi : 10.2753 / rsh1061 - 1983510103 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 5685 - 2 . Hoppen , K. Theodore . The Mid-Victorian Generation , 1846 -- 1886 ( 1998 ) pp. 167 -- 83 ; summary of British policy online Lambert , Andrew ( 1989 ) . `` Preparing for the Russian War : British Strategic Planning , March , 1853 -- March 1854 '' . War & Society . 7 ( 2 ) : 15 -- 39 . doi : 10.1179 / 106980489790305605 . Lambert , Professor Andrew ( 2013 ) . The Crimean War : British Grand Strategy against Russia , 1853 -- 56 . Ashgate Publishing . argues that the Baltic was the decisive theatre Pearce , Robert . `` The Results of the Crimean War , '' History Review ( 2011 ) # 70 pp. 27 -- 33 . Ponting , Clive The Crimean War ( 2004 ) Chatto and Windus ISBN 0 - 7011 - 7390 - 4 Pottinger Saab , Anne The Origins of the Crimean Alliance ( 1977 ) University of Virginia Press ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0699 - 7 Puryear , Vernon J ( 1931 ) . `` New Light on the Origins of the Crimean War '' . Journal of Modern History . 3 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 234 . JSTOR 1871715 . Ramm , Agatha , and B.H. Sumner . `` The Crimean War . '' in J.P.T. Bury , ed. , The New Cambridge Modern History : Volume 10 : The Zenith of European Power , 1830 -- 1870 ( 1960 ) pp. 468 -- 92 , short survey Rath , Andrew C. The Crimean War in Imperial Context , 1854 -- 1856 ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2015 ) . excerpt Rich , Norman Why the Crimean War : A Cautionary Tale ( 1985 ) McGraw - Hill ISBN 0 - 07 - 052255 - 3 Ridley , Jasper . Lord Palmerston ( 1970 ) pp. 425 -- 54 Royle , Trevor Crimea : The Great Crimean War , 1854 -- 1856 ( 2000 ) Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6416 - 5 Schroeder , Paul W. Austria , Great Britain , and the Crimean War : The Destruction of the European Concert ( Cornell Up , 192 ) online Schmitt , Bernadotte E ( 1919 ) . `` The Diplomatic Preliminaries of the Crimean War '' . American Historical Review . 25 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 1836373 . JSTOR 1836373 . Seton - Watson , R.W. Britain in Europe , 1789 -- 1914 ( 1938 ) pp 301 -- 60 . Small , Hugh . The Crimean War : Queen Victoria 's War with the Russian Tsars ( Tempus , 2007 ) ; diplomacy , pp. 62 -- 82 Strachan , Hew ( 1978 ) . `` Soldiers , Strategy and Sebastopol '' . Historical Journal . 21 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 325 . doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x00000558 . JSTOR 2638262 . Taylor , A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp. 62 -- 82 Troubetzkoy , Alexis S. ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of the Crimean War . London : Constable & Robinson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 420 - 5 . Wetzel , David The Crimean War : A Diplomatic History ( 1985 ) Columbia University Press ISBN 0 - 88033 - 086 - 4 Zayonchkovski , Andrei ( 2002 ) ( 1908 -- 1913 ) . Восточная война 1853 -- 1856 ( Eastern War 1853 -- 1856 ) . Великие противостояния . Petersburg : Poligon . ISBN 5 - 89173 - 157 - 6 . Historiography and memory ( edit ) Gooch , Brison D. `` A Century of Historiography on the Origins of the Crimean War '' , American Historical Review 62 # 1 ( 1956 ) , pp. 33 -- 58 in JSTOR Edgerton , Robert B. Death or Glory : The Legacy of the Crimean War ( 1999 ) online Kozelsky , Mara . `` The Crimean War , 1853 -- 56 , '' Kritika ( 2012 ) 13 # 4 online Lambert , Albert ( 2003 ) . `` Crimean War 1853 -- 1856 , '' in David Loades , ed `` . Reader 's Guide to British History . 1 : 318 -- 19 . Lambert , Andrew . The Crimean War : British Grand Strategy Against Russia , 1853 -- 56 ( 2nd ed . Ashgate , 2011 ) the 2nd edition has a detailed summary of the historiography , pp. 1 -- 20 excerpt Markovits , Stefanie . The Crimean War in the British Imagination ( Cambridge University Press : 2009 ) 287 pp. ISBN 0 - 521 - 11237 - 0 Russell , William Howard , The Crimean War : As Seen by Those Who Reported It ( Louisiana State University Press , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3445 - 0 Small , Hugh . `` Sebastopol Besieged , '' History Today ( 2014 ) 64 # 4 pp. 20 -- 21 . Young , Peter . `` Historiography of the Origins of the Crimean War '' International History : Diplomatic and Military History since the Middle Ages ( 2012 ) online Contemporary sources ( edit ) John Miller Adye ( 1860 ) . A Review of the Crimean War to the winter of 1854 -- 5 . Hurst and Blackett . Alexander William Kinglake ( 1863 -- 87 ) . The Invasion of the Crimea , ( nine volumes , London ) . vol1 -- vol2 -- vol3 -- vol4 -- vol5 -- vol6 -- vol7 -- vol8 -- vol9 William Howard Russell ( 1855 ) . The War ( volume 1 ) : from the Landing at Gallipoli to the Death of Lord Raglan . George Routledge & Co . William Howard Russell ( 1856 ) . The War ( volume 2 ) : from the death of Lord Raglan to the evacuation of the Crimea . George Routledge & Co . William Howard Russell ( 1877 ) . The British expedition to the Crimea . G. Routledge and Sons . Adolphus Slade ( 1867 ) . Turkey and the Crimean War : a narrative of historical events . Smith , Elder & Co . 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tavares more than a woman saturday night fever			More Than a Woman ( Bee Gees song )	more than a woman ( bee gees song )	`` More Than a Woman '' is a song by the Bee Gees , written by Barry , Robin , and Maurice Gibb for the soundtrack to the film Saturday Night Fever . It became a regular feature of the group 's live sets from 1997 until Maurice Gibb 's death in 2003 and was often coupled with `` Night Fever '' .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and release 2 Personnel 3 Chart performance 4 Tavares version 4.1 Personnel 4.2 Weekly charts 4.3 Year - end charts 5 Other cover versions 6 References 7 External links Recording and release ( edit ) The Bee Gees started to record it from February to March 1977 in Le Château , Hérouville in France , continued it in Criteria Studios in Miami in April , and later in September , the song was finished in Cherokee Studios , Los Angeles . The soundtrack includes two versions -- one by the Bee Gees and the other by Tavares . Both versions are featured in the film as well . The song has been recorded and performed by various artists but in different forms . The Bee Gees did not release the song as a single ( though in Italy it peaked at No. 4 in September 1978 ) , yet it has remained a staple on radio and is one of their best known songs . An abridged live version of the song performed by the Bee Gees in 1997 is available on both the DVD and CD versions of One Night Only . The song has also been included on Bee Gees compilations such as Tales from the Brothers Gibb and Their Greatest Hits : The Record . The very first British pressings of Their Greatest Hits : The Record featured the song with a mastering fault , with the audio noticeably dipping to the right briefly during the first verse . This was corrected after several thousand copies had been distributed . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album Saturday Night Fever : The Original Movie Sound Track . Barry Gibb -- vocals , guitar Robin Gibb -- vocals Maurice Gibb -- vocals , bass guitar Dennis Bryon -- drums Blue Weaver -- keyboards Alan Kendall -- guitar Joe Lala -- percussion Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 31 Italy ( FIMI ) Tavares version ( edit ) `` More Than a Woman '' Single by Tavares from the album Saturday Night Fever : The Original Movie Sound Track B - side `` Keep in Touch '' ( US ) `` We 're Both Ready for Love '' ( UK ) Released November 1977 Format 7 '' Genre Disco funk soul Length 3 : 25 Label Polydor RSO Capitol EMI Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Producer ( s ) Freddie Perren Tavares singles chronology `` Whodunit '' ( 1977 ) `` More Than a Woman '' ( 1977 ) `` One Step Away '' ( 1977 ) `` Whodunit '' ( 1977 ) `` More Than a Woman '' ( 1977 ) `` One Step Away '' ( 1977 ) `` More Than a Woman '' was also recorded by Tavares in 1977 , and also appeared in Saturday Night Fever and on the soundtrack album . Their version charted at number 32 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number seven on the UK Singles Chart . Personnel ( edit ) Tavares -- vocals Bob Bowles -- guitar Sonny Burke -- piano Paulinho da Costa -- percussion James Gadson -- drums Bob Zimmitti -- percussion Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 30 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 29 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 34 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 32 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 36 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Rank Canada ( RPM Top Singles ) 199 Other cover versions ( edit ) The Norwegian band Flava to da Bone released a version in 1994 . British boy band 911 covered the song in 1998 , their version reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart . An a cappella style version of song is sung by the Jonas Brothers in the film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian , where they portray cherubs . Hong Kong band RubberBand covered the song in their 2011 album Dedicated to ... This was the first time RubberBand released an English track . In 2012 , Chris Colfer , Naya Rivera and Cory Monteith ( respectively as their characters Kurt Hummel , Santana Lopez and Finn Hudson ) sang this song in episode 16 , `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' , on TV series Glee 's third season . The episode pays tribute to the 1977 movie Saturday Night Fever . In the DVD B.O.B 's Big Break , it has a music video with the song being played . The song is sung by Robot Number 5 in the movie Short Circuit . The song is covered by Dread Zeppelin on the album It 's Not Unusual . The song is featured in other films including Sunday Lovers , True Lies , The Hot Chick , Potiche , and Cake . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guarisco , Donald A. `` More Than a Woman -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs : 1977 '' . Columbia University . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` HitParadeItalia -- Top10 del 30 Settembre 1978 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Fever : The Original Movie Sound Track ( liner notes ) . RSO. 1977 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tavares -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archive Chart : 1978 - 05 - 27 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 Top 30 : 5 augustus 1978 '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 30 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5486a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Tavares -- More Than A Woman '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 30 , No. 14 , December 30 1978 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flava To Da Bone -- More Than A Woman '' . Discogs . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` When ' Glee ' went disco : The ' Saturday Night Fever ' episode '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Glee Songs Report Card -- Season 3 , Episode 16 '' . About.com . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Tavares Arthur Paul Tavares Antone Lee Tavares Feliciano Vierra Tavares , Jr . Perry Lee Tavares Studio albums Check It Out Hard Core Poetry In the City Sky High ! Love Storm Future Bound Madam Butterfly Supercharged Love Uprising Loveline New Directions Words and Music Songs `` She 's Gone '' `` It Only Takes a Minute '' `` Free Ride '' `` Heaven Must Be Missing an Angel '' `` Do n't Take Away the Music '' `` Whodunit '' `` More Than a Woman '' `` A Penny for Your Thoughts '' Related articles Feliciano Vierra Tavares Saturday Night Fever soundtrack Side one `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Night Fever '' `` More Than a Woman '' ( The Bee Gees ) `` If I Ca n't Have You '' ( Yvonne Elliman ) Side two `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' ( Walter Murphy ) `` More Than a Woman '' ( Tavares ) `` Manhattan Skyline '' ( David Shire ) `` Calypso Breakdown '' ( Ralph MacDonald ) Side three `` Night on Disco Mountain '' ( David Shire ) `` Open Sesame '' ( Kool & the Gang ) `` Jive Talkin ' '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' ( The Bee Gees ) `` Boogie Shoes '' ( KC and the Sunshine Band ) Side four `` Salsation '' ( David Shire ) `` K - Jee '' ( MFSB ) `` Disco Inferno '' ( The Trammps ) 911 Lee Brennan Jimmy Constable Simon `` Spike '' Dawbarn Studio albums The Journey ( 1997 ) Moving On ( 1998 ) There It Is ( 1999 ) Compilation albums The Greatest Hits and a Little Bit More ( 1999 ) Illuminate ... ( The Hits and More ) ( 2013 ) Singles `` Night to Remember '' `` Love Sensation '' `` Do n't Make Me Wait '' `` The Day We Find Love '' `` Bodyshakin ' '' `` The Journey '' `` Party People ... Friday Night '' `` All I Want Is You '' `` How Do You Want Me to Love You ? '' `` More Than a Woman '' `` A Little Bit More '' `` Private Number '' `` Wonderland '' `` 2 Hearts 1 Love '' Other songs `` I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday '' Related articles Discography Songlist The Hit Man and Her The Big Reunion ( series 1 ) The Big Reunion Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=More_Than_a_Woman_(Bee_Gees_song)&oldid=799034418 '' Categories : 1977 songs 1977 singles 1998 singles Bee Gees songs Tavares ( group ) songs 911 ( UK band ) songs Disco songs Capitol Records singles EMI Records singles Polydor Records singles RSO Records singles Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Robin Gibb Song recordings produced by Maurice Gibb Songs from Saturday Night Fever Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Maurice Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Italiano Nederlands Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 07 : 15 . 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the term robber barons is used to describe many industrialists of the late 19th century			Robber baron ( industrialist )	robber baron ( industrialist )	`` Robber baron '' is a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th - century American businessmen who were accused of using unscrupulous methods to get rich , or expand their wealth , for example Cornelius Vanderbilt taking money from government - subsidized shippers , in order to not compete on their routes .	The term was based on an analogy to the German robber barons , local feudal lords or bandits in Germany who waylaid travellers through their ostensible territory , claiming some tax or fine was owed . Contents 1 Usage 2 Criticism 2.1 1860s -- 1920s 2.2 1930s -- 1970s 3 Recent approaches 4 Philanthropy 5 List of businessmen labelled as robber barons 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Usage ( edit ) The term robber baron derives from the Raubritter ( robber knights ) , the medieval German lords who charged nominally illegal tolls ( unauthorized by the Holy Roman Emperor ) on the primitive roads crossing their lands or larger tolls along the Rhine river -- all without adding anything of value , but instead lining their pockets at the cost of the common good ( rent seeking ) . The metaphor appeared as early as February 9 , 1859 , when The New York Times used it to characterize the business practices of Cornelius Vanderbilt . Historian T.J. Stiles says the metaphor `` conjures up visions of titanic monopolists who crushed competitors , rigged markets , and corrupted government . In their greed and power , legend has it , they held sway over a helpless democracy . '' The first such usage was against Vanderbilt , for taking money from high - priced , government - subsidized shippers , in order to not compete on their routes . Political cronies had been granted special shipping routes by the state , but told legislators their costs were so high that they needed to charge high prices and still receive extra money from the taxpayers as funding . Vanderbilt 's private shipping company began running the same routes , charging a fraction of the price , making a large profit without taxpayer subsidy . The state - funded shippers then began paying Vanderbilt money to not ship on their route . A critic of this tactic drew a political comic depicting Vanderbilt as a feudal robber baron extracting a toll . Charles R. Geisst says , `` in a Darwinist age , Vanderbilt developed a reputation as a plunderer who took no prisoners . '' Hal Bridges said that the term represented the idea that `` business leaders in the United States from about 1865 to 1900 were , on the whole , a set of avaricious rascals who habitually cheated and robbed investors and consumers , corrupted government , fought ruthlessly among themselves , and in general carried on predatory activities comparable to those of the robber barons of medieval Europe . '' The term combines the pejorative senses of criminal ( `` robber '' ) and aristocrat ( `` barons '' having no legitimate role in a republic ) . Hostile cartoonists might dress the offenders in royal garb to underscore the offense against democracy . Criticism ( edit ) Historian Richard White argues that the builders of the transcontinental railroads have attracted a great deal of attention but the interpretations are contradictory : at first very hostile and then very favorable . At first , White says , they were depicted as : Robber Barons , standing for a Gilded Age of corruption , monopoly , and rampant individualism . Their corporations were the Octopus , devouring all in its path . In the twentieth century and the twenty - first they became entrepreneurs , necessary business revolutionaries , ruthlessly changing existing practices and demonstrating the protean nature of American capitalism . Their new corporations also transmuted and became manifestations of the `` Visible Hand , '' a managerial rationality that eliminated waste , increased productivity , and brought bourgeois values to replace those of financial buccaneers . 1860s -- 1920s ( edit ) Historian John Tipple has examined the writings of the 50 most influential analysts who used the robber baron model in the 1865 -- 1914 period . He argues : The originators of the Robber Baron concept were not the injured , the poor , the faddists , the jealous , or a dispossessed elite , but rather a frustrated group of observers led at last by protracted years of harsh depression to believe that the American dream of abundant prosperity for all was a hopeless myth ... Thus the creation of the Robber Baron stereotype seems to have been the product of an impulsive popular attempt to explain the shift in the structure of American society in terms of the obvious . Rather than make the effort to understand the intricate processes of change , most critics appeared to slip into the easy vulgarizations of the `` devil - view '' of history which ingenuously assumes that all human misfortunes can be traced to the machinations of an easily located set of villains -- in this case , the big businessmen of America . This assumption was clearly implicit in almost all of the criticism of the period . 1930s -- 1970s ( edit ) American historian Matthew Josephson further popularized the term during the Great Depression in a 1934 book . Josephson alleged that , like the German princes , American big businessmen amassed huge fortunes immorally , unethically , and unjustly . The theme was popular during the 1930s amid public scorn for big business . Historian Steve Fraser says the mood was sharply hostile toward big business : Biographies of Mellon , Carnegie and Rockefeller were often laced with moral censure , warning that `` tories of industry '' were a threat to democracy and that parasitism , aristocratic pretension and tyranny have always trailed in the wake of concentrated wealth , whether accumulated dynastically or more impersonally by the faceless corporation . This scholarship , and the cultural persuasion of which it was an expression , drew on a deeply rooted sensibility -- partly religious , partly egalitarian and democratic -- that stretched back to William Jennings Bryan , Andrew Jackson and Tom Paine . However a counterattack by academic historians began as the Depression ended . Business historian Allan Nevins challenged this view of American big businessmen by advocating the `` Industrial Statesman '' thesis . Nevins , in his John D. Rockefeller : The Heroic Age of American Enterprise ( 2 vols. , 1940 ) , took on Josephson . He argued that while Rockefeller may have engaged in some unethical and illegal business practices , this should not overshadow his bringing order to the industrial chaos of the day . Gilded Age capitalists , according to Nevins , sought to impose order and stability on competitive business , and that their work made the United States the foremost economy by the 20th century . In 1958 Bridges reported that , `` The most vehement and persistent controversy in business history has been that waged by the critics and defenders of the `` robber baron '' concept of the American businessman . '' Richard White , historian of the transcontinental railroads , stated in 2011 he has no use for the concept , which has been killed off by historians Robert Wiebe and Alfred Chandler . He notes that `` Much of the modern history of corporations is a reaction against the Robber Barons and fictions . '' Recent approaches ( edit ) In the popular culture the metaphor continues . In 1975 the student body of Stanford University voted to use `` Robber Barons '' as the nickname for their sports teams . However , school administrators disallowed it , saying it was disrespectful to the school 's founder , Leland Stanford . In academe , the education division of the National Endowment for the Humanities has prepared a lesson plan for schools asking whether `` robber baron '' or `` captain of industry '' is the better terminology . They state : In this lesson , you and your students will attempt to establish a distinction between robber barons and captains of industry . Students will uncover some of the less honorable deeds as well as the shrewd business moves and highly charitable acts of the great industrialists and financiers . It has been argued that only because such people were able to amass great amounts of capital could our country become the world 's greatest industrial power . Some of the actions of these men , which could only happen in a period of economic laissez faire , resulted in poor conditions for workers , but in the end , may also have enabled our present day standard of living . This debate about the morality of certain business practices has continued in the popular culture , as in the performances in Europe in 2012 by Bruce Springsteen , who sang about bankers as `` greedy thieves '' and `` robber barons '' . During the Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011 , the term was used by Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in his attacks on Wall Street . He said `` We believe in this country ; we love this country ; and we will be damned if we 're going to see a handful of robber barons control the future of this country . '' The business practices and political power of the billionaires of Silicon Valley has also led to their identification as robber barons . The metaphor has also been used to characterize Russian businessmen allied to Vladimir Putin . Philanthropy ( edit ) Rich industrialists in the U.S. have been major factors in philanthropy , funding and often starting many of the nation 's universities , museums , hospitals and other private institutions . Andrew Carnegie was the spokesman for the `` Gospel of Wealth '' whereby it was the duty of the rich to use their money for philanthropy . He founded around 3,000 libraries in U.S. , his native Britain , and the British Empire , as well as several research and educational centers including Carnegie Institute of Technology . Rockefeller retired from business in the 1890s and spent his last 40 years making large - scale national philanthropy systematic especially regarding medicine , education and scientific research . His top advisor Frederick Taylor Gates designed several very large philanthropies that were staffed by experts who designed ways to attack problems systematically rather than let the recipients decide how to deal with the problem . Albert Shaw , editor of the magazine Review of Reviews in 1893 , examined philanthropic activities of millionaires in several major cities . The highest rate was Baltimore where 49 % of the millionaires were active givers ; New York City ranked last . Cincinnati millionaires favored musical and artistic ventures ; Minneapolis millionaires gave to the state university and the public library ; Philadelphians often gave to overseas relief , and the education of blacks and Indians . Boston had a weak profile , apart from donations to Harvard and the Massachusetts General Hospital . List of businessmen labelled as robber Barons ( edit ) 1901 US cartoon from Puck depicting John D. Rockefeller as a powerful monarch . The people here are listed in Josephson , Robber Barons or in the cited source , John Jacob Astor ( real estate , fur ) -- New York Andrew Carnegie ( steel ) -- Pittsburgh and New York William A. Clark ( copper ) -- Butte , Montana Jay Cooke ( finance ) -- Philadelphia Charles Crocker ( railroads ) -- California Daniel Drew ( finance ) -- New York James Buchanan Duke ( tobacco , electric power ) -- Durham , North Carolina James Dunsmuir ( coal , lumber ) - Victoria , BC Canada Marshall Field ( retail ) -- Chicago James Fisk ( finance ) -- New York Henry Morrison Flagler ( Standard Oil , railroads ) -- New York and Florida Henry Clay Frick ( steel ) -- Pittsburgh and New York John Warne Gates ( barbed wire , oil ) -- Texas Jay Gould ( railroads ) -- New York Edward Henry Harriman ( railroads ) -- New York James J. Hill ( fuel , coal , steamboats , railroads ) - St Paul , Minnesota Charles T. Hinde ( railroads , water transport , shipping , hotels ) -- Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , California Mark Hopkins ( railroads ) -- California Collis Potter Huntington ( railroads ) -- California Andrew W. Mellon ( finance , oil ) -- Pittsburgh J.P. Morgan ( finance , industrial consolidation ) -- New York John Cleveland Osgood ( coal mining , iron ) -- Colorado Henry B. Plant ( railroads ) -- Florida William Randolph Hearst ( Media mogul ) - California John D. Rockefeller ( Standard Oil ) -- Cleveland , New York Henry Huttleston Rogers ( Standard Oil ; copper ) , New York . Charles M. Schwab ( steel ) -- Pittsburgh and New York Joseph Seligman ( banking ) -- New York John D. Spreckels ( water transport , railroads , sugar ) -- California Leland Stanford ( railroads ) -- California Cornelius Vanderbilt ( water transport , railroads ) -- New York Charles Tyson Yerkes ( street railroads ) -- Chicago See also ( edit ) Business magnate Media proprietor Burton W. Folsom Jr . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Romance of the New Era '' . Harper 's New Monthly Magazine . LXXXIX ( DXXXIV ) . November 1894 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ T.J. Stiles , `` Robber Barons or Captains of Industry ? '' History Now Jump up ^ Charles R. Geisst ( 1997 ) . Wall Street : A History . Oxford UP . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Hal Bridges , `` The robber baron concept in American history . '' Business History Review 32 # 1 ( 1958 ) : 1 -- 13 , page 1 . Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller , Populist cartoons : an illustrated history of the third - party movement in the 1890s ( 2011 ) p. 13 Jump up ^ Richard White ( 2011 ) . Railroaded : The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America . W.W. Norton . p. 230 . Jump up ^ John Tipple , `` The anatomy of prejudice : Origins of the robber baron legend . '' Business History Review 33 # 4 ( 1959 ) : 510 -- 523 , quoting pp 510 , 521 . Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson , The Robber Barons : The Great American Capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 , New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company , 1934 . Jump up ^ Steve Fraser , `` The Misunderstood Robber Baron : On Cornelius Vanderbilt : T.J. Stiles 's The First Tycoon is a gilded portrait of the robber baron Cornelius Vanderbilt , '' The Nation Nov. 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , John D. Rockefeller : The Heroic Age of American Enterprise , 2 vols. , New York , C. Scribner 's sons , 1940 . Jump up ^ Bridges , `` The robber baron concept in American history . '' p 1 Jump up ^ Richard White , Railroaded : The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America ( 2011 ) pp xxxi , 234 , 508 Jump up ^ John R. Thelin , `` California and the Colleges , '' California Historical Quarterly ( 1977 ) 56 # 2 pp 140 -- 63 at p 149 . Jump up ^ `` The Industrial Age in America : Robber Barons and Captains of Industry '' EDSITEment ! The Best of the humanities on the web . '' Jump up ^ Erik Kirschbaum , `` Bruce Springsteen : Bankers Are ' Greedy Thieves ' '' Reuters May 31 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bernie Sanders ( 2015 ) . Outsider in the White House . Verso Books . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Victor Davis ( 17 August 2017 ) . `` Silicon Valley Billionaires Are the New Robber Barons '' . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Motley , Seton ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Silicon Valley Robber Barons Are Using Government As A Weapon Against Us '' . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ David O. Whitten , `` Russian robber barons : Moscow business , American style . '' European Journal of Law and Economics 13 # 3 ( 2002 ) : 193 - 201 . Jump up ^ Marilyn L. Taylor ; Robert J. Strom ; David O. Renz ( 2014 ) . Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurs : Engagement in Philanthropy : Perspectives . Edward Elgar . pp. 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` Robber baron '' . 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Charles Harvey , et al. `` Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy . '' Business History 53.3 ( 2011 ) : 425 - 450 , which is online and has a good bibliography . Jump up ^ Dwight Burlingame ( 2004 ) . Philanthropy in America : A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia , vol 2 . ABC - CLIO . p. 419 . Jump up ^ Robert H. Bremner , American philanthropy ( U of Chicago Press , 1988 ) p 109 ; full text of Albert Shaw , `` American Millionaires and Their Public Gifts , '' Review of Reviews ( February 1893 ) , pp 48 - 60 ( https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/phall/04.%20Bostonization.pdf is online here Jump up ^ Charles O'Brien ( 2013 ) . Death of a Robber Baron . Kensington . p. 289 . Jump up ^ Jepson , Tim ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . The Rough Guide to Vancouver . Rough Guides . ISBN 9781843532453 . Jump up ^ Theodore Dreiser ; Roark Mulligan , editor . ( 2010 ) . The Financier : The Critical Edition . U. of Illinois Press . p. 559 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ David Leon Chandler , Henry Flagler : The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ George C. Kohn ( 2001 ) . The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal . Infobase Publishing . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Edward Renehan , Dark Genius of Wall Street : The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould , King of the Robber Barons ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Keys , C.M. ( January 1906 ) . `` The Overlords of Railroad Traffic : The Seven Men Who Reign Supreme '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XIII : 8437 -- 8445 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Redstone Story re-lives the industrialization of the West '' Redstone , Colorado website , history Jump up ^ Mary Kupiec Cayton et al. eds. ( 1993 ) . Encyclopedia of American social history . Scribner . pp. 1064 vol 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Denning , Michael ( 1996 ) . The Cultural Front : The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century . London , New York : Verso . p. 173 . ISBN 9781844674640 . Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver ( 2012 ) . The Untold History of the United States . New York : Gallery Books . ISBN 9780091949310 . Jump up ^ Martin Naparsteck ; Michele Cardulla ( 2013 ) . Mrs. Mark Twain : The Life of Olivia Langdon Clemens , 1845 - 1904 . McFarland . p. 109 . Jump up ^ T.J. Stiles , The First Tycoon : The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt ( 2010 ) p 328 Jump up ^ John Franch , Robber Baron : The Life of Charles Tyson Yerkes ( 2008 ) Further reading ( edit ) Beatty , Jack . ( 2008 ) . Age of Betrayal : The Triumph of Money in America , 1865 - 1900 Vintage Books . ISBN 1400032423 Bridges , Hal . ( 1958 ) `` The Robber Baron Concept in American History '' Business History Review ( 1958 ) 32 # 1 pp. 1 -- 13 in JSTOR Burlingame , D.F. Ed . ( 2004 ) . Philanthropy in America : A comprehensive historical encyclopaedia ( 3 vol . ABC Clio ) . Cochran , Thomas C. ( 1949 ) `` The Legend of the Robber Barons . '' Explorations in Economic History 1 # 5 ( 1949 ) online . Folsom , Burton W. ( 1991 ) The Myth of the Robber Barons : A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America Fraser , Steve . ( 2015 ) . The Age of Acquiescence : The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0316185434 Harvey , Charles , et al. `` Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy . '' Business History 53.3 ( 2011 ) : 425 - 450 . online Jones , Peter d'A . ed. ( 1968 ) . The Robber Barons Revisited ( 1968 ) excerpts from primary and secondary sources . Marinetto , M. ( 1999 ) . `` The historical development of business philanthropy : Social responsibility in the new corporate economy '' Business History 41 # 4 , 1 - 20 . Ostrower , F. ( 1995 ) . Why the wealthy give : The culture of elite philanthropy ( Princeton UP ) . Ostrower , F. ( 2002 ) . Trustees of culture : Power , wealth and status on elite arts boards ( U of Chicago : Press ) . Josephson , Matthew . ( 1934 ) . The Robber Barons : The Great American Capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 Taylor , Marilyn L. ; Robert J. Strom ; David O. Renz ( 2014 ) . Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurs : Engagement in Philanthropy : Perspectives . Edward Elgar . pp. 1 -- 8 . Wren , D.A. ( 1983 ) `` American business philanthropy and higher education in the nineteenth century '' Business History Review . 57 # 3 321 - 346 . Zinn , Howard . ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 11 : Robber Barons and Rebels '' from A People 's History of the United States Harper Perennial . ISBN 0060838655 External links ( edit ) Look up robber baron in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Full Show : The New Robber Barons . Moyers & Company . December 19 , 2014 . Interview with historian Steve Fraser Industrial Age in America : Robber Barons or Captains of Industry EDSITEment lesson from National Endowment for the Humanities college - level lectures on Robber Barons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robber_baron_(industrialist)&oldid=862548006 '' Categories : Business terms American industrialists History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Industrial history of the United States Social class in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 03 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where does the last name cross come from	Cross is an English topographic surname for someone who lived on a road near a stone cross .		Cross ( surname )	cross ( surname )	Cross is an English topographic surname for someone who lived on a road near a stone cross .	Notable persons with the surname Cross include : Contents ( hide ) 1 By given name 1.1 A -- C 1.2 D -- F 1.3 G -- I 1.4 J -- N 1.5 O -- R 1.6 S -- Z 2 Characters By given name ( edit ) A -- C ( edit ) Alan Cross , Canadian radio broadcaster and author Alex Cross ( footballer ) ( 1919 -- 1998 ) , Scottish footballer Alexander Cross ( 1903 - 1973 ) , Welsh actor A.F. Cross ( 1863 -- 1940 ) , English poet , playwright , journalist and author Amanda Cross , pen name of Carolyn Gold Heilbrun , an American academic and author Amos Cross ( 1860 -- 1888 ) , American baseball player Art Cross ( 1918 -- 2005 ) , American race car driver Arthur Henry Cross ( 1884 -- 1965 ) , English recipient of the Victoria Cross Ben Cross ( born 1947 ) , English actor Ben Cross ( rugby league ) ( born 1978 ) , Australian rugby league footballer Benny Cross ( born 1898 ) , English footballer Bernice Cross ( 1912 -- 1996 ) , American artist Billy Cross ( born 1946 ) , American musician Billy Cross ( American football ) ( 1929 -- 2013 ) , American football player Burton M. Cross ( 1902 -- 1998 ) , American politician Charles Frederick Cross ( 1855 -- 1935 ) , English chemist Charles R. Cross , American journalist and author Charles Wilson Cross ( 1872 -- 1928 ) , Canadian politician Chris Cross ( born 1952 ) , English musician Christopher Cross ( born 1951 ) , American musician Cory Cross ( born 1971 ) , Canadian ice hockey player D -- F ( edit ) Daniel Cross ( filmmaker ) , Canadian documentary filmmaker and producer Daniel Cross ( footballer ) ( born 1983 ) , Australian rules footballer David Cross ( born 1964 ) , American actor and comedian David Cross ( footballer born 1950 ) , English footballer David Cross ( footballer born 1982 ) , English footballer David Cross ( musician ) ( born 1949 ) , English musician David Cross ( artist ) , British artist Dennis Cross ( 1924 -- 1991 ) , American actor Dolores Cross , American educator and university administrator Douglas Cross ( 1892 -- 1970 ) , Australian politician Dorothy Cross ( born 1956 ) , British artist Edith Cross , American tennis player Edward Cross ( politician ) ( 1798 -- 1887 ) , American politician Edward E. Cross ( 1832 -- 1863 ) , American Army General Eliska Cross ( born 1986 ) , French actress Emily Cross ( born 1986 ) , American fencer Frank Cross ( baseball ) ( 1873 -- 1932 ) , American baseball player Frank Leslie Cross ( 1900 -- 1968 ) , English theologian Frank Moore Cross ( 1921 -- 2012 ) , American scholar G -- I ( edit ) Garvin Cross , stuntman and actor George Lynn Cross ( 1905 -- 1998 ) , American educator Gillian Cross ( born 1945 ) , English author Graham Cross ( born 1943 ) , English - born footballer H. Morrey Cross Hardy Cross ( 1885 -- 1959 ) , American engineer Helen Cross ( author ) ( born 1967 ) , English author Helen Cross ( politician ) , Australian politician Henri - Edmond Cross ( 1856 -- 1910 ) , French pointillist painter Howard Cross ( born 1967 ) , American football player Hugh Cross ( 1925 -- 1989 ) , British actor Hugh W. Cross ( 1896 -- 1972 ) , American politician Ian Cross ( rugby league ) ( born 1989 ) , Irish rugby footballer Irv Cross ( born 1939 ) , American football player and commentator J -- N ( edit ) James Cross , a British former diplomat in Canada who was kidnapped by militants in 1970 James Albert Cross , a lawyer and political figure in Saskatchewan , Canada James B. Cross ( 1819 -- 1876 ) , American lawyer and politician James U. Cross ( 1925 -- 2015 ) , a retired United States Air Force brigadier general and author Jason Cross ( born 1979 ) , American professional wrestler Jeff Cross ( basketball ) ( born 1961 ) , American basketball player Joan Cross ( born 1900 ) , English singer John Kynaston Cross ( 1832 -- 1887 ) , British cotton spinner and Liberal Party Member of Parliament for Bolton Jonathan Cross ( born 1975 ) , English footballer Joseph Cross ( actor ) ( born 1986 ) , American actor Kathryn Cross ( born 1991 ) , English cricketer Karen Cross ( born 1974 ) , English tennis player Kendall Cross ( wrestler ) ( born 1968 ) , American wrestler Kenneth Cross ( 1911 -- 2003 ) , Royal Air Force commander Lave Cross ( 1866 -- 1927 ) , American baseball player Lloyd Cross , American physicist and holographer Malcolm Cross , Scottish rugby footballer Manfred Cross ( born 1929 ) , Australian politician Marcia Cross ( born 1962 ) , American actress Mark Cross ( disambiguation ) Martin Cross ( born 1957 ) , British oarsman Merv Cross , Australian doctor and former rugby league footballer Mike Cross ( disambiguation ) Milton Cross ( 1897 -- 1975 ) , American radio announcer , opera expert Monte Cross ( 1869 -- 1934 ) , American baseball player Neil Cross ( born 1969 ) , British novelist and scriptwriter Niki Cross ( born 1985 ) , American footballer Nicky Cross ( born 1961 ) , English footballer O -- R ( edit ) Paul Cross ( disambiguation ) Philip Cross ( 1826 -- 1888 ) , British murderer R.A. Cross , 1st Viscount Cross ( 1823 -- 1914 ) , British statesman and Conservative politician Randy Cross ( born 1954 ) , American football analyst and former NFL lineman Richard Cross ( disambiguation ) Rob Cross ( basketball ) , basketball coach Rob Cross ( darts player ) ( born 1990 ) , English darts player Robert Thomas Cross ( 1850 -- 1923 ) , English astrologer Roger Cross ( born 1969 ) , Canadian actor Sir Ronald Cross , 1st Baronet ( 1896 -- 1968 ) , English politician and diplomat Ronald Anthony Cross ( 1937 -- 2006 ) , American author Roy Cross ( footballer ) ( born 1947 ) , English footballer Rupert Cross ( 1912 -- 1980 ) , English jurist Ryan Cross ( born 1979 ) , Australian rugby footballer S -- Z ( edit ) Stan Cross ( 1888 -- 1977 ) , Australian strip and political cartoonist Steve Cross ( footballer ) ( born 1959 ) , English footballer Tara Cross-Battle ( born 1968 ) , American volleyball player Terry M. Cross , American Coast Guard Admiral 2004 -- 2006 Tim Cross ( born 1951 ) , retired British Army officer Tom Cross ( politician ) ( born 1958 ) , American politician Tom Cross ( rugby ) ( born 1876 ) , New Zealand rugby footballer Tom Peete Cross ( 1897 -- 1951 ) , American Celticist and folklorist Tracy L. Cross ( born 1958 ) , American psychologist and academic Travis Cross ( born 1980 ) , Canadian wrestler Ulric Cross ( 1917 -- 2013 ) , Trinidadian lawyer , diplomat and RAF navigator Veronica Ann Cross , English beauty queen Wilbur Lucius Cross ( 1862 -- 1948 ) , American educator and politician Wilbur Cross , American author William Cross ( disambiguation ) Zora Cross ( 1890 -- 1964 ) , Australian poet Characters ( edit ) Angela Cross , a fictional character from 2003 video game Ratchet & Clank : Going Commando Alex Cross , a fictional character and the protagonist in the James Patterson Alex Cross series of novels Carland Cross , a fictional character and the protagonist of the Carland Cross TV series and novels Cora Cross , a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders Gina Cross , a fictional character in the Half Life video game series Gideon Cross , a fictional character in the book series Crossfire , series by Sylvia Day Jack Cross , a fictional character from the comic book series of the same name James Cross , a fictional character in the TV series Callan Noah Cross , a fictional character and villain in the 1974 film Chinatown Rainie Cross , a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders Sergeant Cross , a fictional character featured in the Need for Speed : Most Wanted and Need for Speed : Carbon video games This page lists people with the surname Cross . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_(surname)&oldid=818152166 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2014 All articles lacking sources All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 22 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20%28surname%29	906
which country's team has won the 2017 fifa under 17 worldcup	2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup २०१७ फीफा अंडर - १७ विश्व कप Tournament details Host country India Dates 6 -- 28 October Teams 24 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 6 ( in 6 host cities ) Final positions Champions England ( 1st title ) Runners - up Spain Third place Brazil Fourth place Mali Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 183 ( 3.52 per match ) Attendance 1,347,133 ( 25,906 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Rhian Brewster ( 8 goals ) Best player Phil Foden Best goalkeeper Gabriel Brazão Fair play award Brazil ← 2015 2019 →	England	2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup	2017 fifa u - 17 world cup	The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup , a biennial international football tournament contested by men 's under - 17 national teams . Organized by FIFA , the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013 . The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013 . The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China 's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976 .	The matches were played in six stadiums in six host cities around the country , with the final taking place at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata , West Bengal . Twenty - three teams , besides the host India , managed to qualify for the tournament via participating in their various continental under - 17 tournaments . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four for points , where the top two teams in each group along with the top four third placed teams would advance to the next round . These 16 teams will advance to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play will decide which teams would participate in the final . The reigning FIFA U-17 World Cup champions , Nigeria , did not have the opportunity to defend their title after failing to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first incumbent title holder since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the subsequent edition . England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two - goal deficit and beating Spain 5 -- 2 in the final . This meant England became the second nation , after Brazil in 2003 , to win both of FIFA 's under - age ( U-20 and U-17 ) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year . England has also become the third country , after Brazil and North Korea , to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year , as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women 's World Cup last year. The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualified teams 3 Organization 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Emblem 3.3 Tickets 4 Attendance 5 Venues 6 Draw 7 Referees 8 Squads 9 Group stage 9.1 Group A 9.2 Group B 9.3 Group C 9.4 Group D 9.5 Group E 9.6 Group F 9.7 Ranking of third - placed teams 10 Knockout stage 10.1 Bracket 10.2 Round of 16 10.3 Quarter - finals 10.4 Semi-finals 10.5 Third place play - off 10.6 Final 11 Awards 12 Final ranking 13 Goalscorers 14 Broadcasting 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Host selection ( edit ) The bids for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup had to be submitted by 15 November 2013 . On 28 May 2013 it was announced by FIFA that Azerbaijan , India , Republic of Ireland , and Uzbekistan would bid for the hosting rights . Finally , on 5 December 2013 , FIFA announced that India had won the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup hosting rights. goal Qualified teams ( edit ) As host , India made their first ever appearance at the FIFA U-17 World Cup and their first appearance in the World Cup at any age level . As well as India , New Caledonia and Niger also made their first appearance in the FIFA U-17 World Cup . The previous U-17 World Cup title holders , Nigeria , failed to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first nation since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the next edition of the FIFA U-17 World Cup after winning the previous edition . A total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . In addition to India , the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions . Starting from 2017 , the Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) will receive an additional spot ( in total two spots ) , while UEFA will have five instead of six spots . Confederation Qualifying Tournament Qualifier ( s ) AFC ( Asia ) Host Nation India 2016 AFC U-16 Championship Iraq Iran Japan North Korea CAF ( Africa ) 2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Ghana Guinea Mali Niger CONCACAF ( Central , North America and Caribbean ) 2017 CONCACAF U-17 Championship Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States CONMEBOL ( South America ) 2017 South American Under - 17 Championship Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay OFC ( Oceania ) 2017 OFC U-17 Championship New Caledonia New Zealand UEFA ( Europe ) 2017 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship England France Germany Spain Turkey 1. ^ Teams that will make their debut . Organization ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) The six venues selected for the tournament were given major renovations prior to the FIFA U-17 World Cup . All the stadiums were given new bucket seats , new dressing rooms , new evacuation exits for fans , and new training grounds . Javier Ceppi , the Local Organising Committee director , stated that despite work starting slowly , things eventually became quicker . `` It has been a long process in the last two and half years . In India , it takes time to start things but once things start it kind of picks its own pace and in terms of implementation I always say that India is a very good country when it comes to implementation . '' Emblem ( edit ) The official emblem for the tournament was launched on 27 September 2016 at a hotel in Goa during the 2016 AFC U-16 Championship . According to the press release from FIFA the emblem was designed `` as a celebration of the country 's richness and diversity of cultures , with the main elements of the Indian Ocean , the banyan tree , the kite and the starburst , which is an interpretation of the Ashoka Chakra , an integral part of the national identity . '' Tickets ( edit ) Sales of tickets for the FIFA U-17 World Cup began on 16 May 2017 during a function in Delhi . Carles Puyol was present during the ticket sales launch as special guest . General ticket sales officially began on 17 May 2017 at 19 : 11 . The time was selected as a tribute to when Mohun Bagan defeated East Yorkshire Regiment in the IFA Shield in 1911 , marking the first time an Indian football club defeated a British side in British India . Tickets for the tournament were sold in four phases : Phase one only sold tickets for categories 1 to 3 at each venue with a 60 % discount while phase two allowed people to buy tickets for all categories , but only if you are a Visa card holder , at a 50 % discount . Phase three allowed anyone to buy tickets with a 25 % discount while phase four had tickets at full price . The attendance for matches breached the million mark in the final match of the Round of 16 , which made India only the third nation after China and Mexico to register an attendance of over a million for the event . On 28 October 2017 , in the 3rd place match - up between Brazil and Mali , India finally beat the existing record of 1,230,976 set in the 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship edition in China on October 28 , 2017 . The final attendance figures were 1,347,133 . Attendance ( edit ) Attendance for each game is listed below . Date Venue Match Attendance 6 October New Delhi Colombia vs Ghana 24,300 6 October Navi Mumbai New Zealand vs Turkey 9,727 6 October New Delhi India vs USA 46,351 6 October Navi Mumbai Paraguay vs Mali 25,342 7 October Goa Germany vs Costa Rica 12,329 7 October Kochi Brazil vs Spain 21,362 7 October Goa Iran vs Guinea 12,329 7 October Kochi Korea DPR vs Niger 2,754 8 October Guwahati New Caledonia vs France 12,640 8 October Kolkata Chile vs England 46,154 8 October Guwahati Honduras vs Japan 13,285 8 October Kolkata Iraq vs Mexico 55,800 9 October Delhi Ghana vs USA 17,500 9 October Navi Mumbai Turkey vs Mali 18,323 9 October Delhi India vs Colombia 48,184 9 October Navi Mumbai Paraguay vs New Zealand 20,887 10 October Goa Costa Rica vs Guinea 6,717 10 October Kochi Spain vs Niger 7,926 10 October Goa Iran vs Germany 8,267 10 October Kochi Korea DPR vs Brazil 15,314 11 October Guwahati France vs Japan 9,575 11 October Kolkata England vs Mexico 48,620 11 October Guwahati Honduras vs New Caledonia 11,002 11 October Kolkata Iraq vs Chile 50,286 12 October New Delhi Mali vs New Zealand 23,112 12 October Navi Mumbai Turkey vs Paraguay 8,895 12 October New Delhi Ghana vs India 52,614 12 October Navi Mumbai USA vs Colombia 22,263 13 October Goa Costa Rica vs Iran 8,549 13 October Kochi Guinea vs Germany 9,250 13 October Goa Niger vs Brazil 15,830 13 October Kochi Spain vs Korea DPR 14,544 14 October Guwahati France vs Honduras 12,831 14 October Kolkata Japan vs New Caledonia 44,665 14 October Guwahati Mexico vs Chile 15,794 14 October Kolkata England vs Iraq 56,372 16 October New Delhi Colombia vs Germany 19,477 16 October New Delhi Paraguay vs USA 34,895 17 October Goa Iran vs Mexico 5,529 17 October Guwahati France vs Spain 13,316 17 October Kolkata England vs Japan 53,302 17 October Goa Mali vs Iraq 9,240 18 October Navi Mumbai Ghana vs Niger 21,286 18 October Kochi Brazil vs Honduras 20,668 21 October Guwahati Mali vs Ghana 3,706 21 October Goa USA vs England 16,148 22 October Kochi Spain vs Iran 28,436 22 October Kolkata Germany vs Brazil 66,613 25 October Kolkata Brazil vs England 63,881 25 October Navi Mumbai Spain vs Mali 37,847 28 October Kolkata Mali vs Brazil 56,422 28 October Kolkata England vs Spain 66,684 Venues ( edit ) After being awarded the hosting rights for the FIFA U-17 World Cup , eight locations were shortlisted : Bangalore , Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , Mumbai , and Pune . On 29 May 2015 , Bangalore , Chennai , Delhi , Goa , and Pune were provisionally selected as host locations . On 27 October 2016 , FIFA officially announced Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , and New Mumbai as the official host cities for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Kolkata Kochi New Delhi Salt Lake Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Capacity : 66,600 Capacity : 29,000 Capacity : 58,000 Navi Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Kochi Margao Guwahati 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup ( India ) Navi Mumbai Guwahati Margao DY Patil Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Capacity : 41,000 Capacity : 23,800 Capacity : 16,200 Draw ( edit ) The draw for the FIFA U-17 World Cup was held on 7 July 2017 in Mumbai . The draw was attended by former U-17 World Cup champions Nwankwo Kanu ( Nigeria ) and Esteban Cambiasso ( Argentina ) , as well as India senior international Sunil Chhetri and badminton player P.V. Sindhu . The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams , with hosts India being allocated to position A1 . The rest of the teams were allocated into their respective pots based on a ranking which was built according to past performances during the last five FIFA U-17 World Cups . Importance was given to the most recent U-17 World Cups . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 India Mexico Brazil Germany Mali France Spain Japan New Zealand England Iran United States Costa Rica North Korea Honduras Iraq Turkey Colombia Chile Paraguay Ghana Guinea Niger New Caledonia Referees ( edit ) FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 21 referees , representing all six confederations , to officiate at the U-17 World Cup : Seven from UEFA , four from CONMEBOL , three each from the AFC , CAF , and CONCACAF , and one from the OFC . No referee from host country India were selected to officiate . Confederation Referee Assistant referees Support referee AFC Muhammad Taqi Lee Tzu Liang Koh Min Kiat Ri Hyang - ok Ryuji Sato Toru Sagara Hiroshi Yamauchi Nawaf Shukralla Yaser Tulefat Ebrahim Saleh CAF Mehdi Abid Charef Albdelhak Etchiali Anouar Hmila Gladys Lengwe Hamada Nampiandraza Arsenio Marengula Yahaya Mahamadou Bamlak Tessema Weyesa Olivier Safari Mark Ssonko CONCACAF Jair Marrufo Frank Anderson Corey Rockwell Carol Chenard Ricardo Montero Octavio Jara Juan Carlos Mora John Pitti Gabriel Victoria Christian Ramírez CONMEBOL José Argote Luis Murillo Carlos López Claudia Umpierrez Enrique Cáceres Eduardo Cardozo Juan Zorrilla Sandro Ricci Emerson de Carvalho Marcelo Van Gasse Gery Vargas Juan Pablo Montaño Jose Alberto Antelo OFC Abdelkader Zitouni Folio Moeaki Bernard Mutukera Anna - Marie Keighley UEFA Ovidiu Hațegan Octavian Șovre Sebastian Gheorghe Kateryna Monzul Esther Staubli Bobby Madden David McGeachie Alastair Mather Anastasios Sidiropoulos Polychronis Kostaras Lazaros Dimitriadis Artur Soares Dias Rui Barbosa Tavares Paulo Alexandre Santos Soares Anthony Taylor Gary Beswick Adam Nunn Clément Turpin Nicolas Danos Cyril Gringore Slavko Vinčić Tomaz Klancnik Andraz Kovacic Squads ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup squads . Each team 's squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup will consist of 21 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 21 - player squad by 21 September 2017 . A total of 504 players will be participating in the tournament . The squads were announced by FIFA on 26 September 2017 . Group stage ( edit ) The top two teams of each group and the four best third - placed teams advance to the round of 16 . The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria , their rankings are determined as follows : points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned ; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; fair play points : first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . All times are local , IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Ghana 0 5 + 4 6 Knockout stage Colombia 0 5 + 2 6 United States 0 5 + 2 6 India ( H ) 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA ( H ) Host . Colombia v Ghana 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 1 Ghana Report Ibrahim 39 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 24,300 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) India v United States 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 India 0 -- 3 United States Report Sargent 30 ' ( pen . ) Durkin 51 ' Carleton 84 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 46,351 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Ghana v United States 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 0 -- 1 United States Report Akinola 75 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 17,500 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) India v Colombia 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 India 1 -- 2 Colombia Thounaojam 82 ' Report Peñaloza 49 ' , 83 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 48,184 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v India 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 Ghana 4 -- 0 India Ayiah 43 ' , 52 ' Danso 86 ' Toku 87 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 52,614 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) United States v Colombia 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 3 Colombia Acosta 24 ' Report Vidal 3 ' Peñaloza 67 ' D. Caicedo 87 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 22,263 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 0 10 5 + 5 9 Knockout stage Mali 0 8 + 4 6 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 Turkey 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA New Zealand v Turkey 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Turkey Mata 58 ' Report Kutucu 18 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 9,727 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Paraguay v Mali 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 3 -- 2 Mali Galeano 12 ' Sánchez 17 ' Rodríguez 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Dramé 20 ' Ndiaye 34 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 25,342 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Turkey v Mali 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 0 -- 3 Mali Report D. Traoré 38 ' Ndiaye 68 ' Konaté 86 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 18,323 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Paraguay v New Zealand 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 4 -- 2 New Zealand Rodríguez 2 ' Vega 75 ' , 78 ' Armoa 90 + 1 ' Report Duarte 20 ' ( o.g. ) , 34 ' ( o.g. ) DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 20,877 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Turkey v Paraguay 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 1 -- 3 Paraguay Kesgin 90 + 3 ' Report Bogado 41 ' Cardozo 43 ' Galeano 61 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 8,895 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Mali v New Zealand 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Mali 3 -- 1 New Zealand Salam 18 ' D. Traoré 50 ' Ndiaye 82 ' Report Spragg 72 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 23,112 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 0 0 10 + 9 9 Knockout stage Germany 0 5 6 − 1 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 Source : FIFA Germany v Costa Rica 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 Costa Rica Arp 21 ' Awuku 89 ' Report Gómez 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Iran v Guinea 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 Iran 3 -- 1 Guinea Sayyad 59 ' Sharifi 70 ' ( pen . ) Karimi 90 ' Report Touré 90 + 1 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Costa Rica v Guinea 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 2 -- 2 Guinea Jarquin 26 ' Gómez 67 ' Report Touré 30 ' I. Soumah 81 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 6,717 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Iran v Germany 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 Iran 4 -- 0 Germany Delfi 6 ' , 42 ' Sayyad 49 ' Namdari 75 ' Report Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,267 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Costa Rica v Iran 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 0 -- 3 Iran Report Ghobeishavi 25 ' ( pen . ) Shariati 29 ' ( pen . ) Sardari 89 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,549 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Guinea v Germany 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Guinea 1 -- 3 Germany I. Soumah 26 ' Report Arp 8 ' Kühn 62 ' Cetin 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 9,250 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 6 + 5 9 Knockout stage Spain 0 7 + 5 6 Niger 0 6 − 5 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Brazil v Spain 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 1 Spain Lincoln 25 ' Paulinho 45 + 1 ' Report Wesley 5 ' ( o.g. ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 21,362 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) North Korea v Niger 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 1 Niger Report Abdourahmane 59 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 2,754 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) Spain v Niger 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Spain 4 -- 0 Niger A. Ruiz 21 ' , 41 ' César 45 + 1 ' Gómez 82 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 7,926 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) North Korea v Brazil 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 56 ' Paulinho 61 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 15,314 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Spain v North Korea 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Spain 2 -- 0 North Korea Moha 4 ' César 71 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 14,544 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Niger v Brazil 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Niger 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 4 ' Brenner 34 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 15,830 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 0 14 + 11 9 Knockout stage Japan 8 + 4 Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 Source : FIFA New Caledonia v France 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 New Caledonia 1 -- 7 France Wadenges 90 ' Report Iwa 5 ' ( o.g. ) Gouiri 19 ' , 33 ' Gomes 30 ' Caqueret 40 ' Wanesse 43 ' ( o.g. ) Isidor 90 + 1 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,640 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Honduras v Japan 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 1 -- 6 Japan Palacios 36 ' Report Nakamura 22 ' , 30 ' , 43 ' Kubo 45 ' Miyashiro 51 ' Suzuki 90 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,285 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Japan 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Japan Gouiri 13 ' , 71 ' Report Miyashiro 73 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 9,575 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Honduras v New Caledonia 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 5 -- 0 New Caledonia Mejía 25 ' , 42 ' Canales 27 ' Palacios 51 ' , 88 ' Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 11,002 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) France v Honduras 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 France 5 -- 1 Honduras Isidor 14 ' Flips 23 ' , 64 ' Gouiri 86 ' Adli 90 + 6 ' Report Mejía 10 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,831 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Japan v New Caledonia 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Japan 1 -- 1 New Caledonia Nakamura 7 ' Report Jeno 83 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 44,665 Referee : Esther Staubli ( Switzerland ) Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 0 11 + 9 9 Knockout stage Iraq 5 − 1 Mexico 0 − 1 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 Source : FIFA Chile v England 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 Chile 0 -- 4 England Report Hudson - Odoi 5 ' Sancho 51 ' , 60 ' Gomes 81 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 46,154 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Iraq v Mexico 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 1 -- 1 Mexico Dawood 16 ' Report De la Rosa 51 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 55,800 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) England v Mexico 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 England 3 -- 2 Mexico Brewster 39 ' Foden 48 ' Sancho 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Lainez 65 ' , 72 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 48,620 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Iraq v Chile 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 3 -- 0 Chile Dawood 6 ' , 68 ' D. Valencia 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 50,286 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) England v Iraq 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 England 4 -- 0 Iraq Gomes 11 ' Smith - Rowe 57 ' Loader 59 ' , 71 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,372 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Mexico v Chile 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 Mexico 0 -- 0 Chile Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 15,794 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) The four best teams among those ranked third are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; fair play points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 5 + 2 6 Knockout stage Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 Niger 0 6 − 5 Mexico 0 − 1 5 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Ranked by disciplinary points ( New Zealand : -- 6 pts ; Guinea : -- 9 pts ) . Combinations of matches in the Round of 16 The specific match - ups involving the third - placed teams depend on which four third - placed teams qualified for the round of 16 : Combination according to the four qualified teams Third - placed teams qualify from groups 1A vs 1B vs 1C vs 1D vs 3C 3D 3A 3B 3C 3A 3B 3E 3C 3A 3B 3F 3D 3A 3B 3E 3D 3A 3B 3F 3E 3A 3B 3F 3C 3D 3A 3E 3C 3D 3A 3F 3C 3A 3F 3E 3D 3A 3F 3E 3C 3D 3B 3E 3C 3D 3B 3F 3E 3C 3B 3F 3E 3D 3B 3F 3C 3D 3F 3E Knockout stage ( edit ) In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , no extra time shall be played and the winner shall be determined by a penalty shoot - out . Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 16 October -- New Delhi Colombia 0 22 October -- Kolkata Germany Germany 18 October -- Kochi Brazil Brazil 25 October -- Kolkata Honduras 0 Brazil 16 October -- New Delhi England Paraguay 0 21 October -- Margao United States 5 United States 17 October -- Kolkata England England ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 28 October -- Kolkata Japan 0 ( 3 ) England 5 17 October -- Margao Spain Mali 5 21 October -- Guwahati Iraq Mali 18 October -- New Mumbai Ghana Ghana 25 October -- New Mumbai Niger 0 Mali 17 October -- Guwahati Spain Third place play - off France 22 October -- Kochi 28 October -- Kolkata Spain Spain Brazil 17 October -- Margao Iran Mali 0 Iran Mexico Round of 16 ( edit ) Colombia v Germany 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 4 Germany Report Arp 7 ' , 65 ' Bisseck 39 ' Yeboah 49 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 19,477 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Paraguay v United States 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 5 United States Report Weah 19 ' , 53 ' , 77 ' Carleton 63 ' Sargent 74 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 34,895 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Iran v Mexico 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 Iran 2 -- 1 Mexico Sharifi 7 ' ( pen . ) Sayyad 11 ' Report De la Rosa 37 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 5,529 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Spain 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 France 1 -- 2 Spain Pintor 34 ' Report Miranda 44 ' A. Ruiz 90 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,316 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) England v Japan 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 England 0 -- 0 Japan Report Penalties Brewster Hudson - Odoi Foden Anderson Kirby 5 -- 3 Sugawara Miyashiro Kida Kozuki Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 53,302 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Mali v Iraq 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 Mali 5 -- 1 Iraq Dramé 25 ' Ndiaye 33 ' , 90 + 4 ' Konaté 73 ' S. Camara 87 ' Report Kareem 85 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 9,240 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v Niger 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 2 -- 0 Niger Ayiah 45 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Danso 90 ' Report DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 21,286 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Brazil v Honduras 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 00 Brazil 3 -- 0 Honduras Brenner 11 ' , 56 ' Marcos Antônio 44 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 20,668 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Mali v Ghana 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 17 : 00 Mali 2 -- 1 Ghana Dramé 15 ' D. Traoré 61 ' Report Mohammed K. 70 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 3,706 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) United States v England 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 4 England Sargent 72 ' Report Brewster 11 ' , 14 ' , 90 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Gibbs - White 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 16,148 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Spain v Iran 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 17 : 00 Spain 3 -- 1 Iran A. Ruiz 13 ' Gómez 60 ' Ferrán 67 ' Report Karimi 69 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 28,436 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Germany v Brazil 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 20 : 00 Germany 1 -- 2 Brazil Arp 21 ' ( pen . ) Report Weverson 71 ' Paulinho 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,613 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Brazil v England 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 3 England Wesley 21 ' Report Brewster 10 ' , 39 ' , 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 63,881 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Mali v Spain 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 20 : 00 Mali 1 -- 3 Spain N'Diaye 74 ' Report A. Ruiz 19 ' ( pen . ) , 43 ' Ferrán 71 ' DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 37,847 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Third place play - off ( edit ) Brazil v Mali 28 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 0 Mali Alan Souza 55 ' Yuri Alberto 88 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,422 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Final ( edit ) England v Spain 28 October 2017 20 : 00 England 5 -- 2 Spain Brewster 44 ' Gibbs - White 58 ' Foden 69 ' , 88 ' Guehi 84 ' Report S. Gómez 10 ' , 31 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,684 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Phil Foden Sergio Gomez Rhian Brewster Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Rhian Brewster Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 8 goals 6 goals 6 goals Golden Glove Gabriel Brazão FIFA Fair Play Award Brazil Final ranking ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rank Team Pld GF GA GD Pts England 7 6 0 23 6 + 17 19 Spain 7 5 0 17 10 + 7 15 Brazil 7 6 0 14 5 + 9 18 Mali 7 0 16 11 + 5 12 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Iran 5 0 13 5 + 8 12 6 Ghana 5 0 8 + 5 9 7 United States 5 0 11 7 + 4 9 8 Germany 5 0 10 8 + 2 9 Eliminated in the Round of 16 9 France 0 15 5 + 10 9 10 Paraguay 0 10 10 0 9 11 Colombia 0 5 7 − 2 6 12 Japan 8 + 4 5 13 Iraq 5 10 − 5 14 Honduras 0 7 14 − 7 15 Niger 0 8 − 7 16 Mexico 0 6 − 2 Eliminated at the group stage 17 Guinea 0 8 − 4 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 19 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 20 Turkey 0 7 − 5 21 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 22 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 23 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 24 India 0 0 9 − 8 0 Goalscorers ( edit ) 8 goals Rhian Brewster 6 goals Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 5 goals Amine Gouiri Jann - Fiete Arp 4 goals Keito Nakamura Sergio Gómez Martín 3 goals Brenner Lincoln Paulinho Juan Peñaloza Phil Foden Jadon Sancho Eric Ayiah Carlos Adonys Mejía Patrick Palacios Allahyar Sayyad Mohammed Dawood Yaseen Hadji Dramé Djemoussa Traoré Josh Sargent Timothy Weah 2 goals Andrés Gómez Morgan Gibbs - White Angel Gomes Danny Loader Alexis Flips Wilson Isidor Richard Danso Ibrahima Soumah Fandje Touré Younes Delfi Saeid Karimi Mohammad Sharifi Taishei Miyashiro Fode Konaté Diego Lainez Roberto de la Rosa Antonio Galeano Alan Francisco Rodríguez Aníbal Vega César Gelabert Ferrán Torres Andrew Carleton 1 goal Alan Souza Yuri Alberto Marcos Antônio Wesley Weverson Déiber Caicedo Juan Vidal Yecxy Jarquin Callum Hudson - Odoi Emile Smith - Rowe Marc Guehi Yacine Adli Claudio Gomes Maxence Caqueret Lenny Pintor Noah Awuku Yann Aurel Bisseck Sahverdi Cetin Nicolas Kühn John Yeboah Sadiq Ibrahim Mohammed Kudus Emmanuel Toku Joshua Canales Jeakson Singh Thounaojam Mohammad Ghobeishavi Vahid Namdari Mohammad Sardari Taha Shariati Ali Kareem Takefusa Kubo Tochi Suzuki Seme Camara Salam Giddou Cameron Wadenges Jekob Jeno Max Mata Charles Spragg Salim Abdourahmane Blas Armoa Giovanni Bogado Fernando David Cardozo Leonardo Sánchez Cohener Juan Miranda Mohamed Moukhliss Keren Kesgin Ahmed Kutucu George Acosta Ayo Akinola Chris Durkin 1 own goal Wesley ( playing against Spain ) Diego Valencia ( playing against Iraq ) Bernard Iwa ( playing against France ) Kiam Wanesse ( playing against France ) 2 own goals Alexis Duarte ( playing against New Zealand ) Source : FIFA Broadcasting ( edit ) FIFA released the media licensing rights for the U-17 World Cup on 21 September 2017 . In India , the official broadcaster is Sony TEN and Sony ESPN . In the United States , the tournament is being broadcast on Fox Sports 2 while the United Kingdom has the tournament broadcast on Eurosport . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The venue of the first semi-final was moved to Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata , following assessment of the pitch conditions of the original venue , Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati , which had been affected by severe rainfall . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England Under - 17s overwhelm Spain to land spectacular World Cup win '' . Guardian . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England double up by winning U17 World Cup '' . UEFA.com. 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England win U17 World Cup : Young Lions fight back to beat Spain in final '' . BBC Sport. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/fifa-u17-world-cup-india-2017-official-match-ball-krasava-by-adidas-is-a-work-of-art.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bidding process opened for five FIFA competitions in 2016 and 2017 '' . FIFA. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination '' . FIFA. 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : India to host U-17 World Cup in 2017 '' . Goal.com. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At the FIFA U-17 World Cup , an Indian style of football will finally kick off on the global stage '' . Economic Times . 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Easwar , Nisanth ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` How did the teams fare in their first FIFA U-17 World Cup appearance '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niger Republic U17 3 -- 1 Nigeria U17 : Golden Eaglets crash out of U17 Afcon '' . Goal.com. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA executive vows to improve governance and boost female participation in football '' . FIFA.com. 25 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 : An interactive look at the facelifts the six stadiums have received '' . FirstPost. 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Infrastructure ready for FIFA U-17 World Cup ' '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Emblem launched for FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' . FIFA. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifa U-17 World Cup 2017 : Carles Puyol kicks off ticket sales , honours Mohun Bagan icon '' . FirstPost. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for India 2017 now available '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India could shatter Under 17 World Cup attendance record - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 WC in India becomes most attended in event 's history '' . Jump up ^ Vikraman , Deepak . `` India to Host 2017 U-17 FIFA World Cup '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under - 17 World Cup schedule clashes with ISL , FIFA not ready to alter '' . Indian Express . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 2017 continues to take shape '' . FIFA. 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Stats '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Relive the India 2017 draw with FIFA.com '' . FIFA. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draw procedures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Match Officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup : When is the last date for teams to submit final squads '' . Goal.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talented youngsters set for Indian odyssey '' . FIFA.com. 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Match Schedule FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup semi-final match to take place in Kolkata '' . FIFA.com. 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-3-rd-place_29.html Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-final.html Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 Media Rights Licenses '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide : Date , time and where to get your football fix '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Under - 17 World Cup : Fixtures , teams , TV & guide to India 2017 '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup on FIFA website FIFA U-16 World Championship / U-17 World Cup Tournaments China 1985 Canada 1987 Scotland 1989 Italy 1991 Japan 1993 Ecuador 1995 Egypt 1997 New Zealand 1999 Trinidad and Tobago 2001 Finland 2003 Peru 2005 South Korea 2007 Nigeria 2009 Mexico 2011 UAE 2013 Chile 2015 India 2017 TBA 2019 Qualification AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Squads 1985 1991 1995 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Team appearances Records and statistics 2017 -- 18 in Indian football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Men Senior ( 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ) U23 ( U-23 Championship qualification ) U20 ( 2017 SAFF U-19 Championship and U-19 Championship qualification ) U17 ( World Cup and U-16 Championship qualification ) Women Senior ( 2018 AFC Women 's Asian Cup qualification ) U19 League competitions First division Indian Super League I - League Second division I - League 2nd Division Final Round State leagues Assam Goa Karnataka ( Bengaluru ) Kerala Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Maharashtra ( Mumbai ) Punjab Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Kolkata ) Women Indian Women 's League ( Preliminary round ) Youth Youth League U18 Club seasons Indian Super League ATK Bengaluru FC Chennaiyin Delhi Dynamos Goa Jamshedpur FC Kerala Blasters Mumbai City NorthEast United Pune City I - League Aizawl East Bengal Indian Arrows Mohun Bagan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup&oldid=818439966 '' Categories : 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 in youth association football 2017 -- 18 in Indian football FIFA U-17 World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by India October 2017 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 15 : 38 . 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where are the soccer clubs in france located			List of football clubs in France	list of football clubs in france	Contents : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z -- Men clubs -- Women Clubs	Clubs sorted by name ( edit ) Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve SC Abbeville Sporting Club Abbeville Abbeville ( Somme ) CFA2 A RCO Agde Racing Club Olympique Agathois Agde ( Hérault ) CFA2 D SU Agen Sporting Union Agen Football Agen ( Lot - et - Garonne ) CFA2 E AS Aix - en - Provence Association Sportive Aixoise Aix - en - Provence ( Bouches - du - Rhône ) Lower ( + ) AC Ajaccio Athletic Club Ajaccien Ajaccio ( Corse - du - Sud ) Ligue 2 Gazélec Ajaccio Gazélec Football Club Olympique Ajaccio Ajaccio ( Corse - du - Sud ) CFA C ASPTT Albi Association Sportive des PTT d'Albi Albi ( Tarn ) D1 US Albi Union Sportive Albigeoise Albi ( Tarn ) CFA C US Alençon Union Sportive Alençonnaise Alençon ( Orne ) CFA2 G Olympique Alès Olympique Alès en Cévennes Alès ( Gard ) Lower UJA Alfortville Union de la Jeunesse Arménienne d'Alfortville Alfortville ( Val - de-Marne ) CFA2 H AS Algrange Association Sportive d'Algrange Algrange ( Moselle ) D3 C Amiens AC Amiens Athlétic Club Amiens ( Somme ) CFA2 A ( + ) Amiens SC Amiens Sporting Club Football Amiens ( Somme ) Ligue 2 CFA2 A CSO Amnéville Club Sportif Orne 1919 Amnéville - les - Thermes Amnéville ( Moselle ) CFA2 B ASF Andrézieux Association Sportive Forézienne Andrézieux - Bouthéon Andrézieux - Bouthéon ( Loire ) CFA C CBOSL Angers Croix - Blanche Omni - Sports Loisirs Angers Angers ( Maine - et - Loire ) D3 B ( + ) Angers SCO Angers Sporting Club de l'Ouest Angers ( Maine - et - Loire ) Ligue 2 CFA2 F Genêts Anglet Les Genêts d'Anglet Anglet ( Pyrénées - Atlantiques ) CFA D ( + ) Angoulême CFC Angoulême Charente Football Club Angoulême ( Charente ) CFA2 E FC Antibes Football Club Antibes Juan - les - Pins Antibes ( Alpes Maritimes ) Lower FC Bassin d'Arcachon Football Club Bassin d'Arcachon Arcachon ( Gironde ) CFA2 E AC Arles Athlétic Club Arlésien Arles ( Bouches - du - Rhône ) National JA Armentières Jeunesse Athlétique Armentiéroise Armentières ( Nord ) CFA2 A ES Arpajon Entente Sportive Arpajonnaise Arpajon ( Essonne ) D3 B Arras Football Arras Football Association Arras ( Pas - de-Calais ) CFA2 A D3 A Aulnat Sportif Aulnat Sportif Aulnat ( Puy - de-Dôme ) D2 B Aurillac FCA Aurillac Foot Cantal Auvergne Aurillac ( Cantal ) CFA D ( + ) AJ Auxerre Association de la Jeunesse Auxerroise Auxerre ( Yonne ) Ligue 1 CFA B CFA2 F Avignon Foot 84 Avignon Foot 84 Avignon ( Vaucluse ) Lower US Avranches Union Sportive Avranches Mont Saint - Michel Avranches ( Manche ) CFA2 G Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve COM Bagneux Club Olympique Multisports de Bagneux Bagneux ( Hauts - de-Seine ) D2 B Balma SC Balma Sporting Club Balma ( Haute - Garonne ) CFA C FC Bastelicaccia Football Club Bastelicaccia Bastelicaccia ( Corse - du - Sud ) CFA2 D CA Bastia Cercle Athlétique Bastiais Bastia ( Haute - Corse ) CFA C ÉF Bastia Étoile Filante Bastiaise Bastia ( Haute - Corse ) CFA2 D ( + ) SC Bastia Sporting Club de Bastia Bastia ( Haute - Corse ) Ligue 2 CFA2 H Aviron Bayonnais FC Aviron Bayonnais Football Club Bayonne ( Pyrénées - Atlantiques ) CFA D AS Beaune Association Sportive Beaune Beaune ( Côte - d'Or ) CFA2 C ( + ) AS Beauvais Oise Association Sportive Beauvais Oise Beauvais ( Oise ) National ASM Belfort Association Sportive Municipale Belfortaine Football Club Belfort ( Territoire - de-Belfort ) CFA B ( + ) Racing Besançon Racing Besançon Besançon ( Doubs ) CFA B CFA2 B D3 C Avenir Béziers Avenir Sportif de Béziers Béziers ( Hérault ) CFA2 E CSM Bischheim Cercle Sportif Mars Bischheim Bischheim ( Bas - Rhin ) D2 B Blagnac FC Blagnac Football Club Blagnac ( Haute - Garonne ) CFA2 E ES Blanquefort Entente Sportive Blanquefortaise Blanquefort ( Gironde ) D3 B Blois Foot 41 Blois Foot 41 Blois ( Loir - et - Cher ) CFA2 F FUSC Bois - Guillaume Football Union Sportive et Culturelle Bois - Guillaume Bois - Guillaume ( Seine - Maritime ) CFA2 H ( + ) FC Girondins de Bordeaux Football Club des Girondins de Bordeaux Bordeaux ( Gironde ) Ligue 1 CFA D Stade Bordelais Stade Bordelais Bordeaux ( Gironde ) CFA D ( + ) US Boulogne Union Sportive Boulogne Côte d'Opale Boulogne - sur - Mer ( Pas - de-Calais ) Ligue 2 FC Bourg - Péronnas Football Club Bourg - Péronnas Bourg - Péronnas ( Ain ) CFA2 C Stade Brest 29 Stade Brestois 29 Brest ( Finistère ) Ligue 2 CFA2 G ESA Brive Étoile Sportive Aiglons Briviste Brive - la - Gaillarde ( Corrèze ) CFA2 E Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve ( + ) Stade Malherbe Caen Stade Malherbe Caen Calvados Basse - Normandie Caen ( Calvados ) Ligue 1 CFA A Calais RUFC Calais Racing Union Football Club Calais ( Pas - de-Calais ) National AC Cambrai Athletic Club Cambrésien Cambrai ( Nord ) Lower ( + ) AS Cannes Association Sportive de Cannes Cannes ( Alpes - Maritimes ) National USJA Carquefou Union Sportive de la Jeanne d'Arc de Carquefou Carquefou ( Loire - Atlantique ) CFA2 G SO Cassis Carnoux Stade Olympique Cassis Carnoux Cassis ( Bouches - du - Rhône ) CFA C CO Châlons Club Olympique Châlons - en - Champagne Châlons - en - Champagne ( Marne ) Defunct FC Chalon Football Club Chalonnais Chalon - sur - Saône ( Saône - et - Loire ) CFA2 C SO Chambéry Stade Olympique Chambérien Chambéry ( Savoie ) CFA2 D US Changé Union Sportive Changéenne Changé ( Mayenne ) CFA2 G US Chantilly Union Sportive de Chantilly Chantilly ( Oise ) CFA2 H OFC Charleville Olympique Football Club de Charleville - Mézières Charleville - Mézières ( Ardennes ) Lower Chasselay MT Monts d'Or Azergues Foot Chasselay Chasselay ( Rhône ) Lower Voltigeurs Châteaubriant Les Voltigeurs de Châteaubriant Châteaubriant ( Loire - Atlantique ) CFA2 G ( + ) LB Châteauroux La Berrichonne de Châteauroux Châteauroux ( Indre ) Ligue 2 CFA2 F SO Châtellerault Stade Olympique Châtelleraudais Châtellerault ( Vienne ) CFA D CFA2 F AS Châtenoy Association Sportive Châtenoy - le - Royal Châtenoy - le - Royal ( Saône - et - Loire ) D3 C AS Cherbourg Football Association Sportive de Cherbourg Football Cherbourg ( Manche ) National AS Chèvremont Association Sportive de Chèvremont Chèvremont ( Territoire de Belfort ) D3 C Claix Football Claix Football Claix ( Isère ) D3 D ( + ) Clermont Foot Clermont Foot Auvergne Clermont - Ferrand ( Puy - de-Dôme ) Ligue 2 CFA2 C UA Cognac Union Amicale Cognac Cognac ( Charente ) CFA2 E SR Colmar Sports Réunis Colmar Colmar ( Haut - Rhin ) CFA2 B US Colomiers Union Sportive Colomiers Colomiers ( Haute - Garonne ) CFA2 E AFC Compiègne Association Football Club de Compiègne Compiègne ( Oise ) CFA A US Compiègne Union Sportive Compiègne Club Oise Compiègne ( Oise ) D2 A D3 A US Concarneau Union Sportive Concarnoise Concarneau ( Finistère ) CFA2 G FCF Condé Football Club Féminin Condé - sur - Noireau Condé - sur - Noireau ( Calvados ) D2 A ES Cormelles Entente Sportive de Cormelles - le - Royal Cormelles - le - Royal ( Calvados ) D2 A USC Corte Union Sportive des Clubs du Cortenais Corte ( Haute - Corse ) CFA2 C ( + ) US Créteil - Lusitanos Union Sportive Créteil - Lusitanos Créteil ( Val - de-Marne ) National CFA2 F JS Cugnaux Jeunesse Sportive Cugnalaise Cugnaux ( Haute - Garonne ) CFA2 E Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve FC Dieppe Football Club de Dieppe Dieppe ( Seine - Maritime ) CFA2 H ( + ) Dijon FCO Dijon Football Côte - d'Or Dijon ( Côte - d'Or ) Ligue 2 CFA2 C SU Dives Sport Union Divaise Dives - sur - Mer ( Calvados ) CFA2 H Jura Dolois Foot Jura Dolois Foot Dole ( Jura ) CFA2 C FC Domont Football Club de Domont Domont ( Val - d'Oise ) D3 C FC Dreux Football Club Drouais Dreux ( Eure - et - Loir ) CFA2 H USL Dunkerque Union Sportive du Littoral de Dunkerque Dunkerque ( Nord ) CFA A Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve FC Échirolles Football Club d'Échirolles Échirolles ( Isère ) CFA2 C Écommoy FC Écommoy Football Club Écommoy ( Sarthe ) CFA2 F RC Épernay Champagne Racing Club Épernay Champagne Épernay ( Marne ) CFA B SAS Épinal Stade Athlétique Spinalien Épinal ( Vosges ) CFA B Évreux AC Évreux Athletic Club Évreux ( Eure ) CFA2 H D1 Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve SC Feignies Sporting Club de Feignies Feignies ( Nord ) CFA2 A Fontenay FV Fontenay Foot Vendée Fontenay - le - Comte ( Vendée ) CFA D ES Fréjus Étoile Sportive Fréjusienne Fréjus ( Var ) CFA C Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve Croix de Savoie Gaillard Football Croix de Savoie 74 Gaillard ( Haute - Savoie ) CFA B Gap FC Gap Hautes - Alpes Football Club Gap ( Hautes - Alpes ) CFA C AS Gardanne Avenir Sportif Gardannais Gardanne ( Bouches - du - Rhône ) CFA2 D US Gravelines Union Sportive Gravelines Gravelines ( Nord ) D2 A ( + ) Grenoble Foot 38 Grenoble Foot 38 Grenoble ( Isère ) Ligue 2 CFA2 D ( + ) FC Gueugnon Football Club de Gueugnon Gueugnon ( Saône - et - Loire ) Ligue 2 CFA2 C ( + ) EA Guingamp En Avant de Guingamp Guingamp ( Côtes - d'Armor ) Ligue 2 CFA A D1 Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve FCSR Haguenau Football Club Sports Réunis Haguenau Haguenau ( Bas - Rhin ) CFA2 B SC Hazebrouck Sporting Club Hazebrouckois Hazebrouck ( Nord ) CFA2 A FCF Hénin - Beaumont Football Club Féminin de Hénin - Beaumont Hénin - Beaumont ( Pas - de-Calais ) D1 D3 A Hyères FC Hyères Football Club Hyères ( Var ) CFA C Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve AS Ifs Association Sportive Ifs Ifs ( Calvados ) CFA2 H AS Illzach Modenheim Association Sportive Illzach Modenheim Illzach ( Haut - Rhin ) CFA2 B SN Imphy Decize Sud Nivernais Imphy ( Nièvre ) CFA2 F US Montagnarde Inzinzac Union Sportive Montagnarde Inzinzac - Lochrist Inzinzac - Lochrist ( Morbihan ) CFA2 G ASOA Issy Association Sportive d'Origine Arménienne d'Issy - les - Moulineaux Issy - les - Moulineaux ( Hauts - de-Seine ) CFA2 F FC Istres Football Club Istres Ouest Provence Istres ( Bouches - du - Rhône ) National US Ivry Union sportive d'Ivry Football Ivry - sur - Seine ( Val - de-Marne ) CFA2 H J ( edit ) Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve Jarville JF Jarville Jeunes Football Jarville - la - Malgrange ( Meurthe - et - Moselle ) CFA2 B FCF Juvisy Football Club Feminin de Juvisy - sur - Orge Juvisy - sur - Orge ( Essonne ) D1 D3 C Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve RCS La Chapelle Réunion des Cheminots et des Sportifs de La Chapelle - Saint - Luc La Chapelle - Saint - Luc ( Aube ) Lower RC La Flèche Racing Club Fléchois La Flèche ( Sarthe ) CFA2 F US Laon Union Sportive Laonnaise Laon ( Aisne ) CFA2 A La Roche VF La Roche Vendée Football La Roche - sur - Yon ( Vendée ) D1 FA Laval Francs Archers Laval Laval ( Mayenne ) D3 A ( + ) Stade Lavallois Stade Lavallois Mayenne Football Club Laval ( Mayenne ) National CFA2 G UA La Valette Union Athlétique Valettoise Football La Valette - du - Var ( Var ) CFA2 D Jura Sud Lavans Jura Sud Foot Lavans - Lès - Saint - Claude Lavans - lès - Saint - Claude ( Jura ) CFA B Le Blanc - Mesnil SF Le Blanc - Mesnil Sport Football Le Blanc - Mesnil ( Seine - Saint - Denis ) D2 B ES Le Cannet - Rocheville Entente Sportive du Cannet - Rocheville Le Cannet ( Alpes - Maritimes ) D3 D Castelnau Le Crès FC Entente Castelnau Le Crès Football Club Le Crès ( Hérault ) Lower Leers OS Leers Omnisport Leers ( Nord ) D3 A ( + ) Le Havre AC Le Havre Athletic Club Football Association Le Havre ( Seine - Maritime ) Ligue 2 CFA A ( + ) Le Mans FC Le Mans FC Le Mans ( Sarthe ) Ligue 1 CFA D D2 A D3 A ( + ) RC Lens Racing Club de Lens Lens ( Pas - de-Calais ) Ligue 1 CFA A US Le Petit - Quevilly Union Sportive Le Petit - Quevilly Le Petit - Quevilly ( Seine - Maritime ) CFA A SJA Le Poiré - sur - Vie Sainte - Jeanne d'Arc Le Poiré - sur - Vie Le Poiré - sur - Vie ( Vendée ) CFA2 G US Le Pontet Union Sportive Le Pontet Le Pontet ( Vaucluse ) CFA2 D USF Le Puy Union Sportive de Football Le Puy - en - Velay Le Puy - en - Velay ( Haute - Loire ) D3 D Les Herbiers VF Les Herbiers Vendée Football Les Herbiers ( Vendée ) CFA2 F FC Les Lilas Football Club Les Lilas Les Lilas ( Seine - Saint - Denis ) CFA2 A US Lesquin Union Sportive Lesquin Lesquin ( Nord ) CFA A TVEC Les Sables d'Olonne Tigres Vendéens Étoile Chaumoise Les Sables d'Olonne Les Sables - d'Olonne ( Vendée ) CFA D ASF Les Verchers Association Sportive Football Les Verchers - Saint - Georges Les Verchers - sur - Layon ( Maine - et - Loire ) D2 A Levallois SC Levallois Sporting Club Levallois - Perret ( Hauts - de-Seine ) CFA2 H ( + ) FC Libourne - Saint - Seurin Football Club Libourne - Saint - Seurin Libourne ( Gironde ) Ligue 2 CFA2 E FA L'Île - Rousse Monticello Football Association L'Île - Rousse Monticello L'Île - Rousse ( Haute - Corse ) CFA2 D ( + ) Lille OSC Lille Olympique Sporting Club Lille Métropole Villeneuve - d'Ascq ( Nord ) Ligue 1 CFA A AC Limoges Landouge Athletic Club de Limoges Landouge Limoges ( Haute - Vienne ) D3 B Limoges FC Limoges Football Club Limoges ( Haute - Vienne ) Lower CA Lisieux Club Athlétique Lexovien Football Pays - d'Auge Lisieux ( Calvados ) D3 A SC Locminé Saint - Colomban Locminé Locminé ( Morbihan ) CFA2 G ( + ) FC Lorient Football Club Lorient - Bretagne Sud Lorient ( Morbihan ) Ligue 1 CFA2 G CS Louhans - Cuiseaux Club Sportif Louhans - Cuiseaux Louhans ( Saône - et - Loire ) National Vendée Luçon Football Vendée Luçon Football Luçon ( Vendée ) CFA2 F US Luzenac Union Sportive de Luzenac Luzenac ( Ariège ( department ) ) CFA C AS Lyon - La Duchère Association Sportive Lyon - La Duchère Lyon ( Rhône ) CFA2 C FC Lyon Football Club de Lyon Lyon ( Rhône ) Lower ( + ) Olympique Lyonnais Olympique Lyonnais Décines - Charpieu ( Rhône ) Ligue 1 CFA B D1 D3 D Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve RC Flacé Mâcon Racing Club Flacé Mâcon Mâcon ( Saône - et - Loire ) D3 C SC Malesherbes Sporting club de Malesherbes Malesherbes ( Loiret ) CFA2 F EP Manosque Entente Provençale de Manosque Manosque ( Alpes - de-Haute - Provence ) CFA C FC Mantes Football Club Mantois 78 Mantes - la - Ville ( Yvelines ) CFA2 H AS Marck Association Sportive Marck Marck ( Pas - de-Calais ) CFA2 A US Marignane Union Sportive Marignanaise Marignane ( Bouches - du - Rhône ) CFA C Consolat Marseille Groupe Sportif Consolat Marseille Marseille ( Bouches - du - Rhône ) CFA2 D ( + ) Olympique de Marseille Olympique de Marseille Marseille ( Bouches - du - Rhône ) Ligue 1 CFA2 C US Marseille Endoume Union Sportive Marseille Endoume Catalans Marseille ( Bouches - du - Rhône ) CFA2 D ( + ) FC Martigues Football Club de Martigues Martigues ( Bouches - du - Rhône ) National CS Meaux Club Sportif Meaux Football Meaux ( Seine - et - Marne ) Lower Rapid de Menton Rapid Omnisports de Menton Menton ( Alpes - Maritimes ) CFA2 D FCÉ Mérignac Arlac Football Club des Écureuils Mérignac Arlac Mérignac ( Gironde ) D3 B ( + ) FC Metz Football Club de Metz Metz ( Moselle ) Ligue 1 CFA B Moissy Cramayel US Moissy Cramayel Union Sportive Moissy - Cramayel ( Seine - et - Marne ) CFA D ( + ) AS Monaco FC Association Sportive de Monaco Football Club Monaco ( Monaco ) Ligue 1 CFA C USON Mondeville Union Sportive Ouvrière Normande de Mondeville Mondeville ( Calvados ) CFA2 H FC Montceau Bourgogne Football Club Montceau Bourgogne Montceau - les - Mines ( Saône - et - Loire ) CFA B FC Monteux Football Club Féminin Monteux Vaucluse Monteux ( Vaucluse ) D2 B AS Montigny Association Sportive de Montigny - le - Bretonneux Montigny - le - Bretonneux ( Yvelines ) D2 B ÉDS Montluçon Étoile des Sports Montluçonnais Montluçon ( Allier ) CFA D Stade Montois Stade Montois Omnisports Mont - de-Marsan ( Landes ) CFA2 E ( + ) Montpellier HSC Montpellier Hérault Sport Club Montpellier ( Hérault ) Ligue 1 CFA C D1 D3 D AS Moulins Association Sportive Moulinoise Moulins ( Allier ) CFA D ( + ) FC Mulhouse Football Club Mulhouse Mulhouse ( Haut - Rhin ) CFA B AS Muret Association Sportive Muret Muret ( Haute - Garonne ) D3 D Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve ( + ) AS Nancy Association Sportive Nancy - Lorraine Nancy ( Meurthe - et - Moselle ) Ligue 1 CFA B D3 C FC Nancy Football Club de Nancy Nancy ( Meurthe - et - Moselle ) Defunct ( + ) FC Nantes Football Club Nantes Atlantique Nantes ( Loire - Atlantique ) Ligue 2 CFA D ( + ) OGC Nice Olympique Gymnaste Club Nice Côte d'Azur Nice ( Alpes - Maritimes ) Ligue 1 CFA C ( + ) Nîmes Olympique Nîmes Olympique Nîmes ( Gard ) National CFA2 D ( + ) Chamois Niortais F.C. Chamois Niortais Football Club Niort ( Deux - Sèvres ) Ligue 2 CFA2 E Olympique Noisy - le - Sec Olympique Noisy - le - Sec Banlieue 93 Noisy - le - Sec ( Seine - Saint - Denis ) CFA2 A O ( edit ) Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve FCSR Obernai Football Club des sports réunis d'Obernai Obernai ( Bas - Rhin ) CFA2 B CMS Oissel Club Municipal Sportif d'Oissel Oissel ( Seine - Maritime ) CFA2 H US Orléans Union Sportive Orléans Orléans ( Loiret ) CFA D D3 A Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve Pacy Vallée - d'Eure Pacy Vallée - d'Eure Football Pacy - sur - Eure ( Eure ) CFA A ( + ) Paris FC Paris Football Club Paris ( Paris ) National Maccabi Paris Maccabi Paris Paris ( Paris ) Lower ( + ) RCF Paris Racing Club de France football Colombes 92 Paris ( Paris ) CFA A ( + ) Paris Saint - Germain F.C. Paris Saint - Germain Football Club Paris ( Paris ) Ligue 1 CFA D D1 Stade Français Paris Stade Français Paris Paris ( Paris ) Lower Pau FC Pau Football Club Pau ( Pyrénées - Atlantiques ) National Stade Plabennecois Stade Plabennecois Football Plabennec ( Finistère ) CFA A AS Poissy Amicale Sportive de Poissy Poissy ( Yvelines ) CFA D Poitiers 3 Cités Poitiers 3 Cités Poitiers ( Vienne ) D3 B CA Pontarlier Club Athlétique Pontarlier Pontarlier ( Doubs ) CFA2 C US Pont de l'Arche Union Sportive Pont de l'Arche Pont - de-l'Arche ( Eure ) D3 A US Pont - de-Roide US Pont - de-Roide Vermondans Pont - de-Roide ( Doubs ) CFA2 B GSI Pontivy Garde Saint - Ivy Pontivy Pontivy ( Morbihan ) CFA2 G Q ( edit ) Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve Stade Quimpérois Stade Quimpérois Quimper ( Finistère ) CFA2 G Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve US Raon - l'Étape Union Sportive Raonnaise Raon - l'Étape ( Vosges ) CFA B ( + ) Red Star F.C. Red Star Football Club 93 Saint - Ouen Saint - Ouen ( Seine - Saint - Denis ) CFA B FF Redessan Football Féminin Redessan Nîmes Métropole Redessan ( Gard ) D3 D Reims Sainte - Anne École de Sport Reims Sainte - Anne Carnot Châtillons Reims ( Marne ) Lower ( + ) Stade de Reims Stade de Reims Champagne Reims ( Marne ) Ligue 2 CFA2 A CPB Rennes Cercle Paul Bert Bréquigny Rennes Rennes ( Ille - et - Vilaine ) D2 A ( + ) Stade Rennais F.C. Stade Rennais Football Club Rennes ( Ille - et - Vilaine ) Ligue 1 CFA A Riorges FC Riorges Football Club Riorges ( Loire ) D3 C Rodez AF Rodez Aveyron Football Rodez ( Aveyron ) National D3 D SO Romorantin Stade Olympique Romorantinais Romorantin - Lanthenay ( Loir - et - Cher ) National CO Roubaix - Tourcoing Club Olympique de Roubaix Tourcoing Roubaix ( Nord ) Defunct Excelsior AC Roubaix Excelsior Athlétic Club de Roubaix Roubaix ( Nord ) Defunct RC Roubaix Racing Club de Roubaix Roubaix ( Nord ) Defunct ( + ) FC Rouen Football Club de Rouen 1899 Rouen ( Seine - Maritime ) CFA A D3 A US Roye Union Sportive Royenne Roye ( Somme Department ) CFA2 A Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve AS Saint - Apollinaire Association Sportive Saint - Apollinaire Saint - Apollinaire ( Côte - d'Or ) D2 B Stade Briochin Stade Briochin Saint - Brieuc ( Côtes - d'Armor ) CFA2 G D1 ÉB Saint - Cyr Étoile Bleue Saint - Cyr - sur - Loire Saint - Cyr - sur - Loire ( Indre - et - Loire ) D3 B SR Saint - Dié Sports Réunis Déodatiens Saint - Dié - des - Vosges ( Vosges ) CFA2 B CO Saint - Dizier Club Olympique Saint - Dizier Saint - Dizier ( Haute - Marne ) CFA2 B Sainte - Geneviève Sports Sainte - Geneviève Sports Sainte - Geneviève - des - Bois ( Essonne ) CFA D ( + ) AS Saint - Étienne Association sportive de Saint - Étienne Loire Saint - Étienne ( Loire ) Ligue 1 CFA C RC Saint - Étienne Racing Club de Saint - Étienne Saint - Étienne ( Loire ) D1 D3 D US Saint - Georges Union Sportive Saint - Georges Les Ancizes Saint - Georges ( Puy - de-Dôme ) CFA2 C Sannois Saint - Gratien Entente Sannois Saint - Gratien Saint - Gratien ( Val - d'Oise ) National CFA2 H Saint - Herblain OC Saint - Herblain Olympic Club Saint - Herblain ( Loire - Atlantique ) D2 A FC Saint - Lô Manche Football Club Saint - Lô Manche Saint - Lô ( Manche ) CFA2 G VGA Saint - Maur Vie au Grand Air de Saint - Maur Saint - Maur - des - Fossés ( Val - de-Marne ) D2 B Saint - Memmie Olympique Saint - Memmie Olympique Saint - Memmie ( Marne ) D2 A US Saint - Omer Union Sportive Saint - Omer Saint - Omer ( Pas - de-Calais ) Lower AS Saint - Priest Association Sportive Saint - Priest Saint - Priest ( Rhône ) CFA B FC Saint - Pryve Saint - Hilaire Football Club Saint - Pryve Saint - Hilaire Saint - Pryvé - Saint - Mesmin ( Loiret ) CFA2 F Olympique Saint - Quentin Olympique Saint - Quentin Saint - Quentin ( Aisne ) CFA2 A Stade Saint - Raphaël Stade Raphaëlois Saint - Raphaël ( Var ) CFA2 D Olympique Saumur Olympique de Saumur Football Club Saumur ( Maine - et - Loire ) CFA2 F SC Schiltigheim Sporting Club de Schiltigheim Schiltigheim ( Bas - Rhin ) CFA2 B ( + ) CS Sedan Ardennes Club Sportif Sedan Ardennes Sedan ( Ardennes ) Ligue 2 CFA2 A SC Selongey Sporting Club Selongey Selongey ( Côte - d'Or ) CFA2 B FC Sens Football Club Sens Sens ( Yonne ) CFA2 B ( + ) FC Sète 34 Football Club de Sète 34 Sète ( Hérault ) National CFA2 D ( + ) FC Sochaux - Montbéliard Football Club Sochaux - Montbéliard Sochaux ( Doubs ) Ligue 1 CFA B ASJ Soyaux Association Sportive Jeunesse de Soyaux Soyaux ( Charente ) D1 D3 B AS Strasbourg Association Sportive de Strasbourg Strasbourg ( Bas - Rhin ) Lower ASPV Strasbourg Association Sportive Pierrots Vauban Strasbourg Strasbourg ( Bas - Rhin ) CFA2 B ( + ) RC Strasbourg Alsace Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace Strasbourg ( Bas - Rhin ) Ligue 1 CFA B Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve AS Taissy Association Sportive Taissy Taissy ( Marne ) CFA2 A Tarbes Pyrénées Football Tarbes Pyrénées Football Tarbes ( Hautes - Pyrénées ) CFA2 E ES Thaon - les - Vosges Entente Sportive Thaon - les - Vosges Thaon - les - Vosges ( Vosges ) CFA2 B SA Thiers Sports Athlétiques Thiernois Thiers ( Puy - de-Dôme ) CFA2 C Thouars Foot 79 Thouars Foot 79 Thouars ( Deux - Sèvres ) CFA2 F ( + ) Sporting Club Toulon Sporting Club Toulon Toulon ( Var ) CFA C Toulouse Fontaines Toulouse Fontaines Club Toulouse ( Haute - Garonne ) CFA2 E ( + ) Toulouse FC Toulouse Football Club Toulouse ( Haute - Garonne ) Ligue 1 CFA C D1 D3 D Toulouse FC ( 1937 ) Toulouse Football Club Toulouse ( Haute - Garonne ) Defunct Toulouse Rodéo FC Toulouse Rodéo Football Club Toulouse ( Haute - Garonne ) CFA2 E ( + ) Tours FC Tours Football Club Tours ( Indre - et - Loire ) National D2 A D3 B Trélissac FC Trélissac Football Club Trélissac ( Dordogne ) CFA2 E ( + ) Troyes AC Espérance Sportive Troyes Aube Champagne Troyes ( Aube ) Ligue 2 CFA2 B U ( edit ) Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve ES Uzès Entente Sportive Uzès - Pont du Gard Uzès ( Gard ) CFA2 D V ( edit ) Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve ( + ) Valenciennes FC Valenciennes Football Club Valenciennes ( Nord ) Ligue 1 CFA A ASPTT Vannes Association Sportive des PTT de Vannes Vannes ( Morbihan ) D3 B Vannes OC Vannes Olympique Club Vannes ( Morbihan ) National FC Vendenheim Football Club Vendenheim Vendenheim ( Bas - Rhin ) D1 ASM Vénissieux Association Sportive des Minguettes Vénissieux Vénissieux ( Rhône ) CFA2 C Vesoul Haute - Saône Vesoul Haute - Saône Vesoul ( Haute - Saône ) CFA B FC Villefranche Football Club Villefranche - sur - Saône Villefranche - sur - Saône ( Rhône ) CFA2 C Villemomble Sports Villemomble Sports Villemomble ( Seine - Saint - Denis ) National ES Viry - Châtillon Entente Sportive Viry - Châtillon Viry - Châtillon ( Essonne ) CFA2 H AS Vitré Amicale Sportive Vitré Vitré ( Ille - et - Vilaine ) CFA A Vitré FC La Vitréenne Football Club Vitré ( Ille - et - Vilaine ) CFA A Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve ES Wasquehal Entente Sportive de Wasquehal Wasquehal ( Nord ) CFA A X ( edit ) Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve Y ( edit ) Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve AS Yzeure Association Sportive Yzeurienne Football Yzeure ( Allier ) CFA D FCF Nord Allier Yzeure Football Club Féminin Nord Allier Yzeure Yzeure ( Allier ) D2 B D3 C Z ( edit ) Short name Full name Town Men Reserve 3rd team Women Reserve Men Clubs ( edit ) Ligue 1 ( edit ) 20 clubs AJ Auxerre FC Girondins de Bordeaux SM Caen Le Mans FC RC Lens Lille OSC FC Lorient Olympique Lyonnais Olympique de Marseille FC Metz AS Monaco FC AS Nancy OGC Nice Paris Saint - Germain F.C. Stade Rennais F.C. AS Saint - Étienne FC Sochaux - Montbéliard RC Strasbourg Toulouse FC Valenciennes FC Ligue 2 ( edit ) 20 clubs AC Ajaccio Amiens SC Angers SCO SC Bastia US Boulogne Stade Brest 29 LB Châteauroux Clermont Foot Dijon FCO Grenoble Foot 38 FC Gueugnon EA Guingamp Le Havre AC FC Libourne - Saint - Seurin Montpellier HSC FC Nantes Atlantique Chamois Niortais F.C. Stade de Reims CS Sedan Ardennes Troyes AC National ( edit ) 20 clubs AC Arles AS Beauvais Oise Calais RUFC AS Cannes AS Cherbourg Football US Créteil - Lusitanos FC Istres Stade Laval CS Louhans - Cuiseaux FC Martigues Nîmes Olympique Paris FC Pau FC Rodez AF SO Romorantin Sannois Saint - Gratien FC Sète Tours FC Vannes OC Villemomble Sports Championnat de France Amateurs ( edit ) Groupe A ( edit ) 18 clubs SM Caen AFC Compiègne USL Dunkerque EA Guingamp Le Havre AC RC Lens US Le Petit - Quevilly US Lesquin Lille OSC Pacy Vallée - d'Eure RCF Paris Stade Plabennecois Stade Rennais F.C. FC Rouen Valenciennes FC AS Vitré ES Wasquehal Vitré FC Groupe B ( edit ) 18 clubs AJ Auxerre ASM Belfort Besançon RC RC Épernay Champagne SAS Épinal Croix de Savoie Gaillard Jura Sud Lavans Olympique Lyonnais FC Metz FC Montceau Bourgogne FC Mulhouse AS Nancy US Raon - l'Étape Red Star Saint - Ouen AS Saint - Priest FC Sochaux - Montbéliard RC Strasbourg Vesoul Haute - Saône Groupe C ( edit ) 18 clubs Gazélec Ajaccio US Albi ASF Andrézieux Balma SC CA Bastia SO Cassis Carnoux ES Fréjus Gap FC Hyères FC US Luzenac EP Manosque US Marignane AS Monaco FC Montpellier HSC OGC Nice AS Saint - Étienne Sporting Toulon Var Toulouse FC Groupe D ( edit ) 18 clubs Genêts Anglet Aurillac FCA Aviron Bayonnais Football Club FC Girondins de Bordeaux Stade Bordelais SO Châtellerault Fontenay FV Le Mans FC TVEC Les Sables Moissy Cramayel US ÉDS Montluçon AS Moulins FC Nantes Atlantique US Orléans Paris Saint - Germain F.C. AS Poissy Sainte - Geneviève Sports AS Yzeure Championnat de France Amateurs 2 ( edit ) Groupe A ( edit ) 16 clubs SC Abbeville Amiens AC Amiens SC JA Armentières Arras Football SC Feignies SC Hazebrouck US Laon FC Les Lilas AS Marck Olympique Noisy - le - Sec Stade de Reims US Roye Olympique Saint - Quentin CS Sedan Ardennes AS Taissy Groupe B ( edit ) 16 clubs CSO Amnéville Besançon RC SR Colmar FCSR Haguenau AS Illzach Modenheim Jarville JF FCSR Obernai US Pont - de-Roide SR Saint - Dié CO Saint - Dizier SC Schiltigheim SC Selongey FC Sens ASPV Strasbourg ES Thaon - les - Vosges Troyes AC Groupe C ( edit ) 16 clubs AS Beaune FC Bourg - Péronnas FC Chalon Clermont Foot USC Corte Dijon FCO Jura Dolois Foot FC Échirolles FC Gueugnon AS Lyon - La Duchère Olympique de Marseille CA Pontarlier US Saint - Georges SA Thiers ASM Vénissieux FC Villefranche Groupe D ( edit ) 16 clubs RCO Agde FC Bastelicaccia ÉF Bastia SO Chambéry AS Gardanne Grenoble Foot 38 UA La Valette US Le Pontet FA L'Île - Rousse Monticello Consolat Marseille US Marseille Endoume Rapid de Menton Nîmes Olympique Stade Saint - Raphaël FC Sète ES Uzès Groupe E ( edit ) 16 clubs SU Agen Angoulême CFC FC Bassin d'Arcachon Avenir Béziers Blagnac FC ESA Brive UA Cognac US Colomiers JS Cugnaux FC Libourne - Saint - Seurin Stade Montois Chamois Niort FC Tarbes Pyrénées Football Toulouse Fontaines FC Rodéo Toulouse Trélissac FC Groupe F ( edit ) 16 clubs Angers SCO AJ Auxerre Blois Foot 41 LB Châteauroux SO Châtellerault US Créteil - Lusitanos Écommoy FC SN Imphy Decize ASOA Issy RC La Flèche Les Herbiers VF Vendée Luçon Football SC Malesherbes FC Saint - Pryve Saint - Hilaire Olympique Saumur Thouars Foot 79 Groupe G ( edit ) 16 clubs US Alençon US Avranches Stade Brest 29 USJA Carquefou US Changé Voltigeurs Châteaubriant US Concarneau US Montagnarde Inzinzac Stade Laval SJA Le Poiré - sur - Vie SC Locminé FC Lorient GSI Pontivy Stade Quimpérois Stade Briochin FC Saint - Lô Manche Groupe H ( edit ) 16 clubs UJA Alfortville SC Bastia FUSC Bois - Guillaume US Chantilly FC Dieppe SU Dives FC Dreux Évreux AC AS Ifs US Ivry Levallois SC FC Mantes USON Mondeville CMS Oissel Sannois Saint - Gratien ES Viry - Châtillon Lower tiers ( edit ) Ligue d'Alsace ( edit ) AS Strasbourg Ligue du Centre - Ouest ( edit ) Limoges FC Ligue de Champagne - Ardenne ( edit ) RCS La Chapelle OFC Charleville Reims Sainte - Anne Ligue du Languedoc - Roussillon ( edit ) Olympique Alès Castelnau Le Crès FC Ligue de la Méditerrannée ( edit ) AS Aix - en - Provence FC Antibes Avignon Foot 84 Ligue du Nord - Pas de Calais ( edit ) AC Cambrai US Saint - Omer Ligue de Paris Île - de-France ( edit ) Maccabi Paris Stade Français Paris Ligue Rhône - Alpes ( edit ) Chasselay MT FC Lyon Defunct clubs ( edit ) CO Châlons FC Nancy Excelsior AC Roubaix RC Roubaix CO Roubaix - Tourcoing Toulouse FC ( 1937 ) Women Clubs ( edit ) Division 1 ( edit ) 12 clubs Évreux AC FCF Hénin - Beaumont FCF Juvisy La Roche - sur - Yon Olympique Lyonnais Montpellier HSC Paris Saint - Germain FC En Avant de Guingamp AS Saint - Étienne ASJ Soyaux Toulouse FC FC Vendenheim Division 2 ( edit ) Groupe A ( edit ) 10 clubs US Compiègne FCF Condé ES Cormelles US Gravelines Le Mans FC ASF Les Verchers CPB Rennes Saint - Herblain OC Saint - Memmie Olympique Tours FC Division 2 ( edit ) Groupe B ( edit ) 10 clubs ASPTT Albi Aulnat Sportif COM Bagneux CSM Bischheim Le Blanc - Mesnil SF FC Monteux AS Montigny - le - Bretonneux AS Saint - Apollinaire VGA Saint - Maur FCF Nord Allier Yzeure Division 3 ( edit ) Groupe A ( edit ) 10 clubs Arras Football US Compiègne FCF Hénin - Beaumont FA Laval Leers OS Le Mans FC CA Lisieux US Orléans US Pont de l'Arche FC Rouen Groupe B ( edit ) 10 clubs CBOSL Angers ES Arpajon ES Blanquefort AC Limoges Landouge FCÉ Mérignac Arlac Poitiers 3 Cités ÉB Saint - Cyr ASJ Soyaux Tours FC ASPTT Vannes Groupe C ( edit ) 10 clubs AS Algrange Besançon RC AS Châtenoy AS Chèvremont FC Domont RC Flacé Mâcon FCF Juvisy AS Nancy Riorges FC FCF Nord Allier Yzeure Groupe D ( edit ) 10 clubs ES Le Cannet - Rocheville Claix Football USF Le Puy Olympique Lyonnais Montpellier HSC AS Muret FF Redessan Rodez AF RC Saint - Étienne Toulouse FC Notes ( edit ) 1 . AS Monaco FC is not located in France but plays in the French football league system . 2 . Reserve team . 3 . Third team . Football in France French Football Federation ( President : Noël Le Graët ) National teams France France B History Managers All - time record At the FIFA World Cup France ( women ) U-19 U-17 France ( youth ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Overseas national teams French Guiana Guadeloupe Mayotte Martinique New Caledonia Réunion Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Tahiti Wallis and Futuna Unofficial national teams Brittany Corsica Nice League system Ligue de Football Professionnel Ligue 1 Ligue 2 National National 2 National 3 Division d'Honneur Regional Departmental Women 's leagues D1 Féminine Overseas leagues Honor Division ( French Guyana ) Championnat National ( Martinique ) Division of Honor ( Guadeloupe ) Division d'Honneur ( Mayotte ) Super Ligue ( New Caledonia ) Ligue des Antilles Réunion Premier League Saint - Barthelemy Championships Saint - Martin Senior League Saint Pierre and Miquelon Championnat Tahiti Ligue 1 Domestic cups Coupe de France Coupe de la Ligue Trophée des Champions Women 's cups Coupe de France Féminine Youth cups Coupe Gambardella Coupe Nationale Overseas cups Coupe de Guadeloupe Coupe de Guyane Coupe de la Martinique Coupe de Mayotte Coupe de la Réunion Coupe de l'Outre - Mer New Caledonia Cup Tahiti Cup Other competitions Coupe Charles Drago Lafarge Foot Avenir Montaigu Tournament Organizations UNFP Awards Player of the Month DNCG USFSA Academies Clairefontaine Ploufragan Saint - Sébastien - sur - Loire Lists / statistics Football records in France Ligue 1 records and statistics Clubs in international competition Ligue 1 clubs French football champions French second division champions French women 's football champions Coupe de France winners Coupe de la Ligue winners Foreign Ligue 1 players Football stadiums in France List of football clubs in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_football_clubs_in_France&oldid=809126280 '' Categories : Football clubs in France Lists of association football clubs Association football in France lists Lists of sports clubs in France Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português Simple English Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 07 : 55 . 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what does the line on your hair mean			Abdominal hair	abdominal hair	Abdominal hair is the hair that grows on the abdomen of humans and non-human mammals , in the region between the pubic area and the thorax ( chest ) . The growth of abdominal hair follows the same pattern on nearly all mammals , vertically from the pubic area upwards and from the thorax downwards to the navel . The abdominal hair of non-human mammals is part of the pelage , ( hair or fur ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 In humans 2 Patterns 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading In humans ( edit ) Before puberty , the abdominal region of both males and females is covered with very fine vellus hair . In response to rising levels of androgens ( mainly testosterone ) during and after puberty , the skin of the abdomen begins to produce coarser , longer and more pigmented hair ( terminal hair ) . This process primarily affects men . Initially hair grows in a vertical line from the pubic area up to the navel and from the thorax down to the navel . Slang terms for this line of hair include `` goodie trail '' , `` happy line '' , `` happy trail '' , `` snail trail '' , `` tiger line '' , or `` treasure trail '' . Although the development of abdominal hair normally begins during puberty , it may also start later , between the ages of 20 and 30 . With some men , the abdominal hair will stay within a clearly defined vertical line , but in others , terminal hair will appear laterally as well as vertically , particularly in the area around the navel . This lateral spreading can continue into middle age . Some women may develop a small line of hair from the pubic area up to the navel . Excessive abdominal hair on women , following the male pattern , is a type of hirsutism . Patterns ( edit ) Horizontal -- Characterized by upper surface of pubic hair terminating in a horizontal line with no hair extending to the abdomen . Sagittal -- Resembles the first but with the addition of a narrow vertical band of hair extending from the pubic hair towards the navel , often slang called a ' Treasure Trail ' or ' Happy Trail ' . Acuminate -- Characterized by a tapered , inverted ' V ' pattern extending upward from the pubic hair . Upper limit may end below the navel , at the navel , above the navel or near the chest . Disperse ( or quadrangular ) -- Hair is distributed broadly over the abdomen without forming a discrete geometric pattern . Richard Zickler performed a 1997 study of 800 photographs of the above patterns and their occurrence in males and females , paying particular attention to the development of hair during puberty . In Zickler 's study the horizontal pattern was most common in females with an incidence of about 80 percent . The acuminate pattern occurred in about 55 percent of males and occasionally in females . The disperse pattern occurred in about 19 percent of the males studied . Gallery ( edit ) Sagittal hair growth on the abdomen Disperse hair growth on the abdomen See also ( edit ) Hair Pubic hair Chest hair Umbilicus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Setty LR ( May 1966 ) . `` Varieties of the acuminate abdominal hair pattern of white males '' . J Natl Med Assoc. 58 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 3 . PMC 2611109 . PMID 5932294 . Jump up ^ Setty LR ( January 1967 ) . `` Varieties of the quadrangular abdominal hair pattern of white males '' . J Natl Med Assoc. 59 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 7 . PMC 2611300 . PMID 6038587 . Jump up ^ Zickler , Rienhard A. ( 1997 ) . `` Sex Differences in Pubic Hair Distribution in White Population '' . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) The following journal articles include sketches of different abdominal hair patterns and observed percentages of men exhibiting each pattern . See Setty 's articles in references . Szabo G ( 22 September 1967 ) . `` The Regional Anatomy of the Human Integument with Special Reference to the Distribution of Hair Follicles , Sweat Glands and Melanocytes '' . Phil . Trans . R. Soc . Lond . B. 252 ( 779 ) : 447 -- 485 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1967.0029 . Human hair List of hairstyles / facial hairstyles Classification by type Lanugo Androgenic Terminal Vellus by location Nose Ear Eyebrow Eyelash Underarm Chest Abdominal Pubic Leg Human hair color Hair color Black Blond Brown ( varieties : Chestnut Auburn ) Red ( varieties : Auburn Titian ) White / Grey Hair coloring Blue rinse Grecian Formula Hair dye stripping Hair highlighting Henna Hydrogen peroxide Blue hair Other Disappearing blonde gene Fischer -- Saller scale Fischer scale Melanocortin 1 receptor Hairstyles Afro Asymmetric cut Bald Bangs Beehive Big hair Blowout Bob cut Bouffant Bowl cut Braid or Plait Brush cut Bun ( odango ) Bunches Burr Businessman cut Butch cut Buzz cut Caesar cut Chignon Chonmage Chupryna Comb over Conk Cornrows Crew cut Crochet braids Croydon facelift Curly hair Curtained hair Devilock Dido flip Digital perm Dreadlocks Duck 's ass Extensions Feathered hair Finger wave Flattop Fontange French braid French twist Frosted tips Hair crimping Harvard clip High and tight Hime cut Historical Christian hairstyles Hi - top fade Induction cut Ivy League Jewfro Jheri curl Kinky hair Kiss curl Layered hair Liberty spikes Long hair Lob cut Marcelling Mod cut Mohawk Mullet 1950s 1980s Pageboy Part Payot Pigtail Pixie cut Pompadour Ponytail Punch perm Princeton Professional cut Queue Quiff Rattail Razor cut Regular haircut Regular taper cut Ringlets Shag ( Shaggy hair ) Shape - Up Shimada Short back and sides Short brush cut Short hair Spiky hair Straight hair Standard haircut Surfer hair Taper cut Tonsure Updo Undercut Waves Wings Facial hair Beard Chinstrap Designer stubble Goatee Moustache Fu Manchu handlebar horseshoe pencil toothbrush walrus Shenandoah ( Chin curtain ) Sideburns Soul patch Van Dyke Hair loss Cosmetic Removal waxing threading plucking chemical electric laser IPL Shaving head leg cream brush soap Razor electric safety straight other Alopecia areata totalis universalis Male - pattern hair loss Glabrousness Hypertrichosis Management Trichophilia Trichotillomania Pogonophobia Haircare Products Brush Clay Clipper Comb Conditioner Dryer Gel Hot comb Iron Mousse Pomade Relaxer Rollers Shampoo Spray Wax Haircare Techniques Backcombing Crimping Curly Girl Method Hair cutting Perm Shampoo and set Straightening Documentaries My Nappy Roots : A Journey Through Black Hair - itage ( 2008 ) Good Hair ( 2009 ) Related Topics Afro - textured hair ( Kinky hair ) Bearded lady Barber ( pole ) Eponymous hairstyle Frizz Good hair ( phrase ) Hairdresser Hair fetishism ( pubic ) Hair follicle Hair growth Hypertrichosis Trichotillomania Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdominal_hair&oldid=811103767 '' Categories : Abdomen Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español 한국어 Nederlands Português 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 15 : 04 . 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when is season 4 of the flash coming	The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW .	October 10 , 2017	The Flash ( season 4 )	the flash ( season 4 )	The fourth season of the American television series The Flash , which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . It is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe , and is a spin - off of Arrow . The season is produced by Berlanti Productions , Warner Bros. Television , and DC Entertainment , with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners .	The season was ordered in January 2017 , and filming began that July . Grant Gustin stars as Barry , with principal cast members Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons , and are joined by Neil Sandilands . The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Arrowverse tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Flash episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months , but refusing to grieve Barry . A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force , and tracks down Caitlin for help . Against Iris ' direction , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who appears rambling random statements and continually writing symbols on walls . Wally engages the Samurai , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the Samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai , who is revealed to be a robot . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet at the bar , while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes . 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 When Barry , Joe , and Cisco report to a crime scene , they discover remnants of a mysterious code . Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit , intended to facilitate his activities . He tests it out , trying to save someone from a haywire car , caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon . Gypsy arrives on Earth - 1 for a date with Cisco , who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon . Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin , Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship . Deacon kidnaps a witness , who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea . Barry and Wally go to save him , but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry 's suit haywire . On Iris 's instructions , Barry throws lightning at himself , shorting out his suit . He then incapacitates Deacon , who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights , revealed to be part of the Thinker 's plan . Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy . Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident , Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are `` others '' . 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 In flashbacks , the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe , a woman with seemingly unending bad luck , and determines that she will be easily manipulated . In the present , Becky robs a bank , and gets away when Barry slips on marbles . Harry arrives from Earth - 2 , and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism . Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others . Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people , including Becky and Deacon , to transformative dark matter . Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime - fighting team due to his attitude . Becky 's powers expand out of control , reactivating the particle accelerator , which Harry deliberately allows , nullifying Becky 's powers and leading to her incarceration . Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus , and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry 's return . Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself . The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the `` Samuroid '' helmet . Joe learns Cecile is pregnant . 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 Gypsy 's father , Breacher , attacks Cisco , vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours , allowing the romance should he survive . Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger , Ralph Dibny , former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator . As two thugs attack Dibny , he is revealed to have the power to stretch . Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum . The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery , with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs . Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him , claiming to have been a `` good cop '' . He later stops blackmailing Bellows , who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid , the species that invaded Earth - 19 previously , and attacks him . Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph , whom Barry , having revealed his alter - ego , convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows . Admiring Cisco 's gallantry , Breacher allows the relationship . Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows . Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe . Meanwhile , Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door . 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 While failing to track DeVoe , Team Flash is visited by Felicity , who joins Iris 's bachelorette party . Mocking Cisco 's plans for Barry 's bachelor party , Ralph takes the men to a strip club , where they learn that Cecile 's daughter , Joanie , is working . Joe confronts her , who states she is only doing feminist research . Ralph incites a brawl , leading to the men 's arrest until Harry posts bail . Meanwhile , Amunet 's enforcer , Norvock , demands Caitlin 's return and attacks the women when she refuses . Killer Frost emerges and repels him , later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet 's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost . Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls `` the Weeper '' , whose tears are a strong narcotic , prisoner and intends to sell him , Iris 's party decides to stop her . Though Caitlin refuses to join , she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger . Using a strong magnet , the team robs Amunet 's metal shards , leaving her powerless . Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet , who promises revenge . Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures . Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research . DeVoe captures the Weeper . 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities , with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him . Another bus metahuman , a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton , who can animate statues , starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace , which she claims belongs to her tribe . When Barry and Ralph catch up to her , she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway . Ralph chooses to stop her , but a little girl is injured in the process . Ralph regrets his actions , but is comforted by Barry . Chayton escapes CCPD , going after the last necklace piece held at the museum . When Barry and Ralph confront her , she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life . Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton . Later , Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton 's tribe , before visiting the little girl in the hospital , using his abilities to entertain her . Meanwhile , Harry , trying to make friends , works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths , The Council of Wells . They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe . Barry and Joe head to DeVoe 's house , to find that he is a middle - aged man in a wheelchair . 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information . In flashbacks , DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity , powering it through the particle accelerator explosion . DeVoe 's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive . Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and confronts DeVoe , who reveals his true identity , leading to Cisco dubbing him `` The Thinker '' . Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley . 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth - X , with power dampening handcuffs . The leader of the concentration camp is revealed to be the Earth - X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance , who takes them away for execution , before they are saved by Citizen Cold ( the Earth - X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart ) . Snart takes them to a resistance bunker , where the team meets fellow resistance fighters Ray Terrill and General Schott ( Winn Schott 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . It is revealed the only way back to Earth - 1 is through a temporal gateway in a Nazi facility , which Winn plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) on Earth - 1 . Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility , discovers the Nazi 's doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter , and saves a prisoner ( who is Felicity 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) from Quentin . Barry and Ray battle the Earth - X Red Tornado , while the rest of the team enters the facility . In attempting to reactivate the gateway 's portal , Stein is shot and gravely wounded . Back on Earth - 1 , Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl at S.T.A.R. Labs . Felicity and Iris try to stop him , but are captured . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 While out Christmas shopping , Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet . Iris claims they have to look for both of them , despite Wells ' claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one . Barry is held in DeVoe 's lair . Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse , who can read minds . They try to escape , but Amunet blocks their exit . Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet , and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in . Once outside , they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph , as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin . Barry manages to escape from DeVoe . Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them . Barry gets a security alert from his apartment . When he arrives , he receives a phone call from Dominic , who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic 's body . Barry discovers DeVoe 's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his `` murder '' ; the police arrive , and Barry lets himself get arrested , not wanting to leave Iris again . 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' TBA TBA January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) TBA TBD Kevin Smith will direct an episode of the season . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Flash characters Main ( edit ) Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash Candice Patton as Iris West Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Tom Cavanagh as Harrison `` Harry '' Wells Jesse L. Martin as Joe West Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith Guest ( edit ) Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo Mark Sweatman as Norvok Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg % re Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkle Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie Matt Afonso as Weeper Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer Jeremy Jordan as General Schott Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor - El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo - X Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8 , 2017 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this , `` The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season . '' In May 2017 , it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four , with only Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Sarah Schechter , and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons . Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season 's showrunners . In November 2017 , Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment . By the end of the month , he had been fired , with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on . In addition , Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season . Writing ( edit ) The way I see it is , time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force . In some ways he 's had an awakening and he 's had a rebirth . Our first episode is called ' Reborn , ' and it is a rebirth for Barry , but he 's kind of scrambled , too , because he 's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months , even though for him it was an eternity . He 's not Barry when we see him for the first time . -- Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four . In March 2017 , Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster , like the previous three seasons . Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season , with Aaron saying , `` We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past . For now , I think we 're going to focus on the present . '' In June 2017 , Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season . He was first hinted in the third season episode `` Abra Kadabra '' when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash 's greatest enemies , and again in the season finale `` Finish Line '' when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet . At the series ' San Diego Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed , with Todd Helbing saying , `` With three Speedsters in a row , this year it 's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive . '' He added that the writers were `` making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up '' . Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry 's absence , Keiynan Lonsdale said that `` It 's not something that 's on my radar . I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do ... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for . '' With the action picking up six months after season three , Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City , with Carlos Valdes saying `` the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together , ... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it 's just not the same without Barry ... So in light of that , Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back . '' Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco 's more lighthearted joking manner . Candice Patton explained Iris West 's larger role within Team Flash as `` a way of distracting herself , '' adding that `` ( Iris ) is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City ... We 're seeing a very different Iris , almost a very hardened Iris . '' Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season , and noted that `` the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco , not Barry '' . In July 2017 , Sterling Gates , DC Comics comic book writer , joined as a member of the fourth season 's writing staff . At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017 , Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is `` going to try to find the lightness ... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons , '' and said that the show was likely `` done with Speedster villains '' . Later in the month , Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth - 2 , saying that `` season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he 's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better , more complete person , and so he 's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker 's plan , '' in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character . In September 2017 , Helbing noted `` There 's a lot of love in the air this season , '' and compared Barry and Iris ' reunion to `` somebody going off to war for six months and coming back . There 's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry did n't when he was gone , and it 's really ( about ) the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they were n't together . '' Helbing also explained that the Speed Force `` let ( Barry ) deal with all of the baggage ( from the past three seasons ) . When he comes out , he 's sort of left that all behind . '' That month , Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season , while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since `` ( they ) keep comically clashing inadvertently because ( both are ) used to being in charge , and so they wind up going ... to work through it . '' He added , `` The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show , but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Grant Gustin , Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash , Iris West , Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , Cisco Ramon / Vibe , Wally West / Kid Flash , Harrison Wells , and Joe West , respectively . Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth - 2 at the start of the season , without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on . Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells , Cavanagh said , `` We 're going to start with Harry and then find a way , I think , to try and get a different version of Wells in there , be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season 's gaps present themselves . '' Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy , and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand . Tom Felton , who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season , was revealed not to be returning to the series , although there is a possibility he could return if the storyline demanded it and Felton 's availability permits . Julian 's absence will be addressed `` pretty quickly -- there 's a reason why he 's no longer with the team , '' said Helbing . In the season premiere , Julian is revealed to have returned to London . Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show , but did not rule out a possible return in the future . Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode `` Luck Be a Lady '' . Britne Oldford , who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco , reprised her role in the season premiere . In July 2017 , Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe , a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity ; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic , Devoe 's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him ; and Danny Trejo as Breacher , a bounty hunter from Earth - 19 and the father of Gypsy . Also in June , the series was looking to cast a role that `` should put the visual effects department to the test '' , with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man , a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes . Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast - talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City 's greatest mysteries . The character was previously mentioned in the first season , as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion . The next month , Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith , who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 4 , 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and is set to conclude on April 21 , 2018 . Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018 . Music ( edit ) In August 2017 , series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season . Arrowverse tie - ins ( edit ) In May 2017 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four - show Arrowverse crossover event , crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl , The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow , and Arrow . The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27 , 2017 , and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28 . In August 2017 , Berlanti noted that it would be `` a big life event for a few different people '' that would bring them all together for the crossover , adding `` There are many life events that happen . '' Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2017 , cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the season , where exclusive footage was shown . During the panel , a trailer for the season was shown , with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the `` grim '' tone , there was `` some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without ( Barry ) , ... Sprinkle in a few wacky things , like , say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics , and ladies and gents , you 've got a good season of The Flash lined up . '' Ben Pearson with / Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was `` a nice change of pace for that character '' , but anticipated that `` Barry ( would ) be back two or three episodes in at the latest . '' Collider.com 's Allison Keene also noted Iris `` getting an actual storyline '' with Barry gone , and similarly presumed that he `` ( would ) be back in the fold by the end of the first episode '' alike to Flashpoint in the third season . She added , `` There are some new foes , lots of action , plenty of tech -- it 's great ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Flash Reborn '' October 10 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.84 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.77 `` Mixed Signals '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.54 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.36 `` Luck Be a Lady '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.62 0.8 1.84 1.8 4.46 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.99 0.7 1.79 1.4 3.79 5 `` Girls Night Out '' November 7 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.38 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.22 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.46 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.29 7 `` Therefore I Am '' November 21 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.20 0.8 2.08 1.6 4.28 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' November 28 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.82 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.64 9 `` Do n't Run '' December 5 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.22 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.36 / 10 based on 13 reviews . Reviewing the first two episodes of the season , Allison Keene writing for Collider.com , felt the premiere `` wipes the slate clean , fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season , and setting up a much more toned - down storyline . Most importantly , it 's brought back some fun . '' She added that with a `` streamlined team , '' the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines . On the second episode , Keene described it as `` truly a delight '' with the show taking `` the time to focus on character relationships , and not just romantic relationships '' and each character `` feeling like a refreshed version of themselves , with new narrative purpose '' . She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker `` as an Alchemy - like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash 's path as part of some kind of masterplan '' , saying `` The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural , with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drum , Nicole ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Midseason Premiere Gets a Title '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sobon , Nicole ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Smith Wants To Direct Arrow , But Says He Wo n't Be Allowed To '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Rob ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Releases Fall Season Synopses for Arrow , Flash , Supergirl & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Killer Frost Will Menace The Flash in Season 4 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Neil Sandilands To Play The Thinker ; Danny Trejo & Kim Engelbrecht Also Cast -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Diane ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Team Teases Season 4 : ' It 's the Fastest Man Alive Against the Fastest Mind Alive ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Lindsay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Carlos Valdes Shares Good News for Cisco and Gypsy ' Shippers '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Reveals Gypsy 's Given Name '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Law & Order ' Veteran Joins ' The Flash ' In Recurring Role '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Hartley Sawyer To Play Elongated Man In Season 4 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash adds Katee Sackhoff as DC Comics villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Britne Oldford books Peek - a-Boo return in premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Flash Season 4 : Katee Sackhoff Is Most Definitely Not Playing Starbuck '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arvedon , Jon ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : A New Tech - Controlling Villain Terrorizes Central City '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Casts Sugar Lyn Beard as Hazard ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Who Is The Black Bison ? '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Wally West is Absent on The Flash '' . Screen Rant . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' : ' Doctor Who ' , ' Titanic ' , and More Pop Culture References In `` Girls Night Out '' `` . Comicbook.com . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 , Episode 5 Recap : Girls Night Out '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wickline , Dan ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` CW Releases 92 Images From Arrowverse Crossover : Crisis On Earth - X '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Exiting Arrowverse As Leonard Snart '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Kendrick Sampson Cast As Brainstorm On The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Once Upon a Time , Defenders , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` CW eyes true four - way superhero crossover next season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 Is Making A Big Change Behind The Scenes '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Helbing Off the Flash in Season 4 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Scoop : Season 4 Villain Is Exactly Who You Think It Is -- Cast Him ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Patten , Dominic ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Showrunner Andrew Kreisberg Suspended Over Sexual Harassment Allegations '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Arrow ' Producer Suspended Amid Sexual Harassment Allegations by Warner Bros '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abram , Natalie ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash , Supergirl boss Andrew Kreisberg fired after sexual harassment allegations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry Allen will return a changed man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Villain Wo n't Be a Speedster '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` 11 Things to Expect on The Flash , Supergirl , Arrow , and Legends of Tomorrow '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Spoilers -- The Thinker / Clifford DeVoe New Villain '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash season 4 will restore the ' fun quotient ' after darkest year yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Autumn ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Keiynan Lonsdale Talks Spoilers , New Music And Being An Introverted Extrovert '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Rachel ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Cast on Season 4 , Barry 's Return , and Killer Frost 's Future '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Candice Patton Teases a `` Very Hardened '' Iris in The Flash Season 4 `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : Your ' The Flash ' Burning Questions Answered '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl Comic Writer Sterling Gates Joins Flash Writing Staff '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Boss Promises a Lighter Season of The Flash Is Coming '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Another The Vampire Diaries Spinoff ? Where 's the Charmed Reboot ? And More The CW News '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Spoilers 2017 : Scoop on 35 + Returning Favorites -- The Flash '' . TVLine . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Arrow , The Good Place and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry and Iris heading to couples therapy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Star Tom Cavanagh Teases S4 's Harrison Wells '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Tom Felton not returning as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Arrow , Lucifer , Flash , Supernatural , Gotham , # OneChicago , Elementary and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Behind the Scenes '' . TV Guide Comic - Con Special 2017 . p. 12 . With so many speedsters present in the season finale , executive producer Andrew Kreisberg decided to put a hold on Violett Beane 's planned return as Jesse Quick . `` But she has been such a great addition to the show , '' Kreisberg says . `` We 'll see what happens in Season 4 . '' Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Lucifer , The Strain , Blindspot , Orphan Black , This Is Us and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash S4 Character Breakdown Reportedly Confirms Popular DC Hero '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash casts Hartley Sawyer as the Elongated Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash Season 4 Begins Filming ! '' . Fox8 . July 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake Neely ( @ cowonthewall ) ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` # TheFlashSeason4 scoring has begun with co-composer @ nblumeathan . And you thought last season was fun . Here we go ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Plans New 4 - Series DC Crossover & What About Peak Superhero TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` CW sets two - night event for four - way superhero crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Is Coming to Comic - Con ; WBTV Announces Full Line - Up '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The New Flash Trailer Is All About Trying to Live in a World Without Barry Allen '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Round - Up of All of The DC Comics TV Show Trailers From Comic - Con '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Trailer Shows the Team Dealing with a Barry-less World '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . General references `` The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- The Flash on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb List of The Flash season 4 episodes at TV.com The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Más y Menos Tina McGee Valerie Perez Pied Piper Red Trinity David Singh Solovar Patty Spivot Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Big Sir Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Peek - a-Boo Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O. Morrow Reverse - Flashes Rival ( Edward Clariss ) Professor Zoom ( Eobard Thawne ) Zoom ( Hunter Zolomon ) Rival ( Thaddeus Thawne ) Reverse - Flash ( Danny West ) The Rogues Abra Kadabra Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Top Trickster Weather Wizard Publications Flash Comics All - Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash The Flash : Rebirth ( 2009 ) Flashpoint Flashpoint ( Elseworlds ) The Flash Chronicles Locations Blue Valley Central City ( Central City Police Department ) Flash Museum Gorilla City Iron Heights Penitentiary Keystone City S.T.A.R. Labs In other media Film Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Suicide Squad Justice League Television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Legends of the Superheroes The Flash ( 1990 ) Justice League of America ( pilot ) Justice League Justice League Unlimited Smallville Young Justice Arrow The Flash ( 2014 ) characters episodes season 4 Vixen Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow Video games The Flash ( video game ) Justice League Task Force Justice League Heroes : The Flash Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Injustice 2 Related articles Cosmic treadmill `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Speed Force Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Supergirl `` Worlds Finest '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flash_(season_4)&oldid=816247575 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 05 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Flash%20%28season%204%29	598
when does alice through the looking glass take place			Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film )	alice through the looking glass ( 2016 film )	Alice Through the Looking Glass is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed by James Bobin , written by Linda Woolverton and produced by Tim Burton , Joe Roth , Suzanne Todd , and Jennifer Todd . It is based on the characters created by Lewis Carroll and is the sequel to the 2010 film Alice in Wonderland . The film stars Johnny Depp , Anne Hathaway , Mia Wasikowska , Matt Lucas , Rhys Ifans , Helena Bonham Carter , and Sacha Baron Cohen and features the voices of Stephen Fry , Michael Sheen , Timothy Spall , and Alan Rickman , in his final film role .	In the film , Alice comes across a magical looking glass that takes her back to Wonderland , where she finds that the Mad Hatter is acting madder than usual and wants to discover the truth about his family . Alice then travels through time ( with the `` Chronosphere '' ) , comes across friends and enemies at different points of their lives , and embarks on a race to save the Hatter before time runs out . The film premiered in London on May 10 , 2016 , and was theatrically released by Walt Disney Pictures on May 27 , 2016 . It under - performed at the box office in comparison with the first film 's gross . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Other countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Alice Kingsleigh has spent the past three years following in her father 's footsteps and sailing the high seas . Upon her return to London from China , Alice discovers that her ex-fiancé , Hamish Ascot , has married her look - alike and taken over her father 's company and plans to have her sell him her father 's ship , `` the Wonder '' , in exchange for her family home . Unable to make a choice , Alice runs away , and comes across her butterfly friend Absolem , who disappears through a mysterious mirror in one of the upstairs rooms , returning to Wonderland . There , Alice is greeted by Mirana of Marmoreal the White Queen , Nivens McTwisp the White Rabbit , the Tweedles , Mallymkun the Dormouse , Thackery Earwicket the March Hare , Bayard , and the Cheshire Cat . They inform her that Tarrant Hightopp the Mad Hatter is in poor health because his family is missing following the Attack of the Jabberwocky . The attack occurred shortly after his father , Zanik , a hat retailer , seemed to reject Tarrant 's gift of a hat creation . The White Queen persuades Alice to convince Time himself to save the Mad Hatter 's family in the past , believing her to be the only one who can save the Hatter . However , she cautions Alice about Time , and that if her past self sees her future self , everything will be history . As Alice sets out , she ends up in a dreary castle , where Time himself , a demigod that is part - human , part - clock , resides . As Alice tries to consult Time , she finds the Chronosphere , an object that powers all time in Wonderland and will allow her to travel to any time in the past . Alice ignores Time 's warning that the past is unchangeable , and steals the Chronosphere , shortly after finding Iracebeth of Crims , the exiled Red Queen , in the care of Time . Alice accidentally flies to the day of Iracebeth 's coronation , where a younger Mad Hatter mocks the Red Queen when the royal crown does n't fit on her abnormally large head . This causes Iracebeth to melt down , and her father deems her emotionally unqualified to rule and passes the title of queen to her younger sister , the White Queen . Alice learns of an event in Iracebeth 's and Mirana 's past that caused friction between the two and travels back in time again , hoping it will change Iracebeth 's ways and stop the Jabberwocky from killing the Hatter 's family . She learns that the hat that the Mad Hatter thought his father threw away was actually treasured by him . Meanwhile , at the White Queen and Red Queen 's castle , at the time they are children , Mirana steals a tart from her mother and eats it . When confronted by their mother , Mirana lies about eating the tart , and Iracebeth is accused , causing her to run out of the castle . Alice sees that Iracebeth is about to run into a clock , thinking that 's the event that deforms her head and personality . Alice prevents that collision but fails to change the past , as Iracebeth trips and slams her head into a stone wall instead . A weakened Time then confronts Alice after relentless searching , and scolds her for putting all of time in danger . Out of panic , Alice runs into a nearby mirror back in the real world , where she wakes up in a mental hospital , diagnosed with female hysteria . As Dr. Addison Bennett , a psychiatric doctor , tries to inject her with a sedative , with her mother Helen 's encouragement and help , she escapes and returns to Wonderland via the mirror , where she travels to Horevendush Day , when the Hightopp family was killed . Alice discovers that the Mad Hatter 's family was captured by the Red Queen instead and never died . Returning to the present , however , Alice discovers that the Mad Hatter is on the brink of death . Alice , close to tears , says that she believes him , and Tarrant transforms back to his normal self . The Wonderlandians go to the Red Queen 's new organic plant castle , where the Mad Hatter finds his family shrunk and trapped in an ant farm . However , the Red Queen apprehends them and steals the Chronosphere from Alice . Ignoring Time 's warning , she takes her sister back to the day she lied about the tart . By the time the Mad Hatter and Alice get there , the Red Queen and her younger self have seen each other . Time becomes a paradox , and Wonderland begins to freeze in rust . As a powerless Time 's pleas , Alice and the Mad Hatter , with the White Queen and now - frozen Red Queen , use the Chronosphere to race back to the present as the rust proceeds to spread all over the ocean of Time and the castle , where Alice places the Chronosphere in its original place in time . With the Chronosphere stabilized , Wonderland , including those frozen , are reverted to normal . The Mad Hatter reunites with his family , and the White Queen and Red Queen make amends , while Time forgives Alice for the trouble she caused , but forbids her to return . Alice bids farewell to her friends and returns to the real world through another mirror . Alice finds her mother , Helen , about to sign over the Wonder to Hamish and reassures her that it 's only a ship . Helen decides to support her daughter regardless . Hamish seizes the Kingsleigh family home but not the ship . Alice and her mother set out to travel the world together with their own shipping company . Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp , the Mad Hatter . Louis Ashbourne Serkis as a young Tarrant Hightopp Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal , the White Queen . Amelia Crouch as a young Mirana Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims , the Red Queen . Leilah de Meza as a young Iracebeth Sacha Baron Cohen as Time , a powerful Father Time - godlike human / clockwork hybrid who speaks in a German accent and rules over all of time `` himself '' in Underland using the Chronosphere in his castle . Rhys Ifans as Zanik Hightopp , the Hatter 's father . Matt Lucas as Tweedledum and Tweedledee Lindsay Duncan as Helen Kingsleigh , Alice 's mother . Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot , now `` Lord Ascot '' following his father 's death . Geraldine James as Lady Ascot , Hamish 's mother . Andrew Scott as Dr. Addison Bennett , a cruel psychiatric doctor . Ed Speleers as James Harcourt , an employee of the Ascots . Richard Armitage as King Oleron , Iracebeth and Mirana 's father . Hattie Morahan as Queen Elsemere , Iracebeth and Mirana 's mother . Joanna Bobin as Lady Alexandra Ascot , Hamish 's wife . Simone Kirby as Tyva Hightopp , the Hatter 's mother . Joe Hurst as Bim Hightopp Oliver Hawkes as a young Bim Hightopp Siobhan Redmond as Bumalic Hightopp Frederick Warder as Poomally Hightopp Eve Hedderwick Turner as Baloo Hightopp Tom Godwin as Pimlick Hightopp Voice cast ( edit ) Alan Rickman as Absolem , the Butterfly . Stephen Fry as Cheshire , the Cheshire Cat . Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp , the White Rabbit . Timothy Spall as Bayard , the Bloodhound . Kyle Hebert as a young Bayard Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun , the Dormouse . Matt Vogel as Wilkins , Time 's long - suffering manservant . Toby Jones was originally announced in the role . Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket , the March Hare . Wally Wingert as Humpty Dumpty . John Sessions was originally slated to voice the character . Meera Syal as Nobody Edward Petherbridge as Gentleman Fish Owain Rhys Davies as Delivery Frog Paul Hunter as the White Chess King , a chess piece . Production ( edit ) Tall ships in Gloucester Docks for the filming of Alice Through the Looking Glass . August 2014 The film was announced via Variety in December 2012 . Bobin was first approached about the project while doing post-production work on Muppets Most Wanted , Of being asked , Bobin has said that `` I just could n't pass it up '' , as he has a passion for the works of Lewis Carroll as well as history in general . In July 2013 , it was announced that Johnny Depp would return as the Hatter , with Mia Wasikowska 's return confirmed the following November . In January 2014 Sacha Baron Cohen joined the cast to play Time . In May 2014 , Rhys Ifans joined the cast to play Zanik Hightopp , the Mad Hatter 's father . In developing the character of `` Time '' , Bobin sought to avoid creating a `` straight - up bad guy '' , noting that it would be `` a bit dull '' , and also that the role in that universe already existed in the form of The Red Queen . Instead , Bobin sought to make Time a `` Twit '' , further explaining that `` There 's no one better at playing the confident idiot trope than Sacha Baron Cohen '' , and adding that `` it was very much with Sacha in mind '' . Principal photography began on August 4 , 2014 , at Shepperton Studios . In August 2014 , filming took place in Gloucester Docks , which included the use of at least four historic ships : Kathleen and May , Irene , Excelsior , and the Earl of Pembroke , the last of which was renamed The Wonder for filming . Principal photography ended on October 31 , 2014 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Danny Elfman Released May 27 , 2016 Recorded 2016 Studio Abbey Road Studios Genre Orchestral , pop rock Length 76 : 53 Label Walt Disney Producer Danny Elfman Danny Elfman film scores chronology Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Goosebumps 2015 Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Before I Wake ( 2016 ) Before I Wake 2016 Singles from Alice Through the Looking Glass : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Just Like Fire '' Released : April 15 , 2016 `` Alice '' Released : May 27 , 2016 `` Saving the Ship '' Released : May 27 , 2016 `` Looking Glass '' Released : June 1 , 2016 `` Truth '' Released : July 28 , 2016 `` Story of Time '' Released : August 7 , 2016 `` The Red Queen '' Released : October 18 , 2016 `` The Chronosphere '' Released : October 20 , 2016 The film 's score was composed by Danny Elfman . The soundtrack was released on May 27 , 2016 , by Walt Disney Records . Pink recorded the song `` Just Like Fire '' for the film , and also covered Jefferson Airplane 's `` White Rabbit '' , only used in the film 's promotional material . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Danny Elfman . No . Title Length 1 . `` Alice '' 6 : 35 2 . `` Saving the Ship '' 3 : 40 3 . `` Watching Time '' 5 : 10 4 . `` Looking Glass '' 3 : 30 5 . `` To the Rescue '' 0 : 56 6 . `` Hatter House '' 3 : 47 7 . `` The Red Queen '' 2 : 29 8 . `` The Chronosphere '' 4 : 15 9 . `` Warning Hightopps '' 2 : 23 10 . `` Tea Time Forever '' 1 : 45 11 . `` Oceans of Time '' 1 : 15 12 . `` Hat Heartbreak '' 2 : 27 13 . `` Asylum Escape '' 4 : 06 14 . `` Hatter 's Deathbed '' 3 : 22 15 . `` Finding the Family '' 2 : 04 16 . `` Time Is Up '' 4 : 24 17 . `` World 's End '' 1 : 50 18 . `` Truth '' 4 : 09 19 . `` Goodbye Alice '' 2 : 13 20 . `` Kingsleigh & Kingsleigh '' 1 : 19 21 . `` Seconds Song '' 0 : 11 22 . `` Friends United '' 1 : 06 23 . `` Time 's Castle '' 1 : 49 24 . `` The Seconds '' 1 : 55 25 . `` Clock Shop '' 0 : 50 26 . `` They 're Alive '' 2 : 23 27 . `` Story of Time '' 3 : 03 28 . `` Just Like Fire '' ( performed by Pink ) 3 : 35 Total length : 76 : 53 Release ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass premiered in London on May 10 , 2016 , and was theatrically released on May 27 , 2016 , in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures . Home Media ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass was released on Blu - ray , DVD and digital download on October 18 , 2016 , by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . It debuted at No. 2 in the Blu - ray Disc sales charts . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass grossed $77 million in the United States and Canada and $222.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $299.5 million , against a budget of $170 million . North america ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass opened in the United States and Canada on May 27 , 2016 , alongside X-Men : Apocalypse , and was initially projected to gross $55 -- 60 million from 3,763 theaters over its four - day Memorial Day opening weekend , but projections were continuously revised downwards due to poor word of mouth . It had the added benefit of playing in over 3,100 3D theaters , 380 IMAX screens , 77 premium large formats and 79 D - box locations . It made $1.5 million from Thursday previews ( to the first film 's $3.9 million ) and just $9.7 million on its first day , compared to the $41 million opening Friday of its predecessor . Through its opening weekend , it earned $27 million , which when compared to its predecessor 's $116 million opening is down 70 % . While 3D represented 71 % ( $82 million ) of the original film 's opening gross , 3D constituted only 41 % ( $11 million ) for this sequel , with 29 % coming from traditional 3D shows , 11 % from IMAX , and 1 % from premium large formats . It became the studio 's third Memorial Day opening flop following Tomorrowland in 2015 and Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time in 2010 . During its first week , the film grossed $40.1 million . In its second weekend , the film grossed $11.3 million ( a 55.1 % drop ) , finishing 4th at the box office . Other countries ( edit ) The film was released across 43 countries ( 72 % of its total market place ) the same weekend as the US , and was estimated to gross $80 -- 100 million in its opening weekend . It faced competition from Warcraft and X-Men : Apocalypse . It ended up grossing $62.7 million , which is well below the projections of which $4.1 million came from IMAX shows . It had an opening weekend gross in Mexico ( $4.5 million ) , Brazil ( $4.1 million ) , and Russia ( $3.9 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an unsuccessful opening by grossing just £ 2.23 million ( $3.1 million ) during its opening weekend , a mere 21 % of the first film 's £ 10.56 million ( $15.2 million ) opening from 603 theaters . It debuted in second place behind X-Men : Apocalypse which was on its second weekend of play . In China , it had an opening day of an estimated $7.3 million and went on to score the second biggest Disney live - action ( non-Marvel or Lucasfilm ) opening ever with $26.6 million , behind only The Jungle Book . However , this was down from its $35 -- 45 million projections . It debuted at the No. 1 spot among newly released film in Japan with $5.2 million and $4.1 million on Saturday and Sunday . By comparison , the first film opened with $14 million on its way to a $133.6 million a total . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 30 % based on 227 reviews , and an average rating of 4.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Alice Through the Looking Glass is just as visually impressive as its predecessor , but that is n't enough to cover for an underwhelming story that fails to live up to its classic characters . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 42 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same grade earned by its predecessor . Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote in his review , `` What does all this have to do with Lewis Carroll ? Hardly anything '' and that overall , `` It 's just an excuse on which to hang two trite overbearing fables and one amusing one '' . Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the movie 1.5 out of 4 stars and called the film , `` gaudy , loud , complacent , and vulgar . '' Stephen Whitty of New York Daily News called the film `` hugely expensive and extravagantly stupid '' and that , overall , the movie `` is just one more silly Hollywood mashup , an innocent fantasy morphed into a noisy would - be blockbuster '' . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com was deeply critical of Through the Looking Glass , describing it as `` the most offensive kind of film ... one that spends an enormous amount of money yet seems to have nothing on its mind but money . You give it , they take it . And you get nothing in return but assurances that you 're seeing magic and wonder . The movie keeps repeating it in your ear , and flashing it onscreen in big block letters : MAGIC AND WONDER . MAGIC AND WONDER . But there is no magic , no wonder , just junk rehashed from a movie that was itself a rehash of Lewis Carroll , tricked out with physically unpersuasive characters and landscapes and ' action scenes ' , with blockbuster ' journey movie ' tropes affixed to every set - piece as blatantly as Post-It Notes . '' Kyle Smith of New York Post gave the film a positive review : `` The screenplay ( by Linda Woolverton ) is n't exactly heaving with brilliant ideas , but it works well enough as a blank canvas against which the special - effects team goes bonkers '' . Matthew Lickona of San Diego Reader said that while he found the visual effects to be `` stupidly expensive '' and the story familiar , he called it , `` a solid kids ' movie in the old style '' . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Alice Through the Looking Glass Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Johnny Depp Worst Screen Combo Johnny Depp and His Vomitously Vibrant Costume Golden Trailer Awards Best Animation Family `` Poem '' The Don LaFontaine Award for Best Voice Over `` Poem '' Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot `` Grammys '' Best Original Score TV Spot `` Grammys '' Grammy Awards Best Song Written For Visual Media `` Just Like Fire '' -- Oscar Holter , Max Martin , Pink and Shellback Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Song -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film `` Just Like Fire '' -- Oscar Holter , Max Martin , Pink and Shellback Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Alice Through the Looking Glass Nominated Satellite Awards Best Art Direction and Production Design Dan Hennah Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Saturn Awards Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Teen Choice Awards Choice Music : Song from a Movie or TV Show `` Just Like Fire '' by Pink Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature Jacob Clark , Joseph Pepper , Klaus Seitschek and Cosku Turhan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland , With Even More British Whimsy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ben - Hur ' Faces Epic $120 M Loss as Summer 's Biggest Box - Office Bust '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Alice Through The Looking Glass ' Bombs With $9.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland 2 Cast Announced as Production Begins Today '' . Collider.com . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rose , Jenn . `` Who Plays The Young Hatter In ' Alice Through The Looking Glass ' ? The Kid Actor Is Adorable '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Brown '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Brown '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Scott United Agents '' . unitedagents.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Hebert on Twitter '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Joe ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Seconds : See exclusive images of Time 's critters from Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News : ' Alice in Wonderland : Through the Looking Glass ' '' . Thisisfilm.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Disney mad for ' Alice in Wonderland ' sequel '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Horner , Rachel . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' : 11 Things We Learned About the Disney Sequel '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve . `` Director James Bobin Talks MUPPETS MOST WANTED , Finding the Story for the Sequel , Putting Together the Cast , ALICE IN WONDERLAND 2 , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Depp Finalizing ' Alice In Wonderland 2 ′ '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Alice in Wonderland 2 ' and ' The Jungle Book ' snag release dates '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sacha Baron Cohen Eyes ' Wonderland ' Sequel ' Through the Looking Glass ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rhys Ifans to Join Johnny Depp in Disney 's ' Alice in Wonderland ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Alice in Wonderland : Through the Looking Glass Starts Filming ! '' . ComingSoon.net . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ship to feature in new Johnny Depp film arrives in Gloucester Docks '' . Gloucester Citizen . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gloucester Docks boaters unhappy with Hollywood movie filming '' . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tall ships arrive in Gloucester Docks ahead of Hollywood movie filming '' . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tall ship The Wonder arrives at Gloucester Docks for Alice in Wonderland sequel , Through the Looking Glass , starring Johnny Depp '' . SouthWest Business . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gloucester Docks transformed for Alice film '' . BBC . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 11 / 3 / 14 : Keanu Reeves Starts Daughter of God , Magic Mike XXL & Ant - Man Wrap '' . ssninsider.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AWN Staff Editor ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Journeys Home October 18 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tom Stockman ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` ALICE THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS on Digital HD , Blu - ray and Disney Movies Anywhere October 18th '' . We Are Movie Geeks . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2016/digital/news/independence-day-alice-sequels-top-dvd-blu-ray-disc-sales-charts-1201901989/ ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' No. 1 With $80 M ; ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Bombs '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' To Boost Memorial Day Weekend After Last Year 's Holiday Apocalypse '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' X-Men : Apocalypse , ' ' Alice 2 ' Suit Up for Memorial Day Battle '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Inches Out ' Days Of Future Past ' On Thursday , On Track For Strong Memorial Day Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Alice Through The Looking Glass ' Bombs With $9.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Apocalypse ' & ' Alice ' Take A Dive On Saturday As Memorial Day B.O. Bloodbath Continues -- Late Night Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . Box Office Mojo . June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Muscles Up On Saturday For OK Est . $35.3 M Opening ; ' Me Before You ' Opens To $18.3 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through The Looking Glass ' Eyes Offshore Top Hat -- Intl B.O. Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice ' Sees $62.7 M In Offshore Looking Glass ; ' Warcraft ' Scores $31.7 M ; ' X-Men ' Cumes $183.4 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Alice sequel slips up as X-Men maintain a heroic hold on the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' Builds $16.3 M Overseas War Chest Through Friday -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Tasked with Raising Sales from Slump '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Bows on Top With $5.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Through the Looking Glass reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Firing Off $90 M , ' Alice ' Taking A Spill With $40 M Over 4 - Day Memorial Day Holiday '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Stephen Holden ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' and a Trippy Time Machine '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ty Burr ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' is no wonderland '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Witty ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' gets Daily News critic mad as a hatter '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kyle Smith ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Frabjous effects in otherwise mimsy ' Through the Looking Glass ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthew Lickona ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . San Diego Reader . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RAZZIE NOMINATIONS ANNOUNCED : ZOOLANDER NO . 2 LEADS '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 17th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Grammy Awards : Complete list of nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) Official website Alice Through the Looking Glass on IMDb Alice Through the Looking Glass at Box Office Mojo Alice Through the Looking Glass at Rotten Tomatoes Alice Through the Looking Glass at Metacritic Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass The Nursery `` Alice '' The Hunting of the Snark Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Wonderland Looking - Glass Land Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... '' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Category Films directed by James Bobin Ali G , Innit ( 1999 ) Ali G , Aiii ( 2000 ) Ali G : Bling Bling ( 2001 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Tim Burton Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Directorial works Feature films Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) Dumbo ( 2019 ) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor ( 1971 ) Stalk of the Celery Monster ( 1979 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 1982 ) Vincent ( 1982 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Stainboy ( 2000 ) Music videos `` Bones '' `` Here with Me '' Produced only The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Cabin Boy ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) 9 ( 2009 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Literature The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories ( 1997 ) Television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( `` The Jar '' , 1986 ) Faerie Tale Theatre ( `` Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp '' , 1986 ) Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 91 ) Family Dog ( 1993 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Through_the_Looking_Glass_(2016_film)&oldid=800752504 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American fantasy films American films Disney 's Alice in Wonderland American sequel films Film scores by Danny Elfman Films based on Alice in Wonderland Films directed by James Bobin Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films using computer - generated imagery Films produced by Joe Roth Films with live action and animation High fantasy films IMAX films Performance capture in film Screenplays by Linda Woolverton Longcross Studios films Shepperton Studios films Size change in fiction Time travel films Walt Disney Pictures films Films set in psychiatric hospitals Time in fiction Films set in 1875 Films set in London Films shot in Gloucestershire Films shot in Surrey Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from January 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 13 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Through%20the%20Looking%20Glass%20%282016%20film%29	910
role of a cto in an it company	A chief technology officer ( CTO ) , sometimes known as a chief technical officer , is an executive - level position in a company or other entity whose occupation is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization .	an executive - level position in a company or other entity whose occupation is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization	Chief technology officer	chief technology officer	A chief technology officer ( CTO ) , sometimes known as a chief technical officer , is an executive - level position in a company or other entity whose occupation is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Overview ( edit ) A Chief Technology Officer ( CTO ) , `` examines the short and long term needs of an organization , and utilizes capital to make investments designed to help the organization reach its objectives ... ( the CTO ) is the highest technology executive position within a company and leads the technology or engineering department '' . The role became prominent with the ascent of the information technology ( IT ) industry , but has since become prevalent in technology - based industries of all types -- including computer based technologies ( such as game developer , e-commerce , and social networking service ) and other / non-computer - focused technology ( such as biotech / pharma , defense , and automotive ) . In non-technical organizations as a corporate officer position , the CTO typically reports directly to the chief information officer ( CIO ) and is primarily concerned with long - term and `` big picture '' issues ( while still having deep technical knowledge of the relevant field ) . In technology - focused organizations , the CIO and CTO positions can be at the same level , with the CIO focused on the information technology and the CTO focused on the core company and other supporting technologies . Depending on company structure and hierarchy , there may also be positions such as director of R&D and vice president of engineering whom the CTO interacts with or oversees . The CTO also needs a working familiarity with regulatory ( e.g. U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Environmental Protection Agency , Consumer Product Safety Commission , as applicable ) and intellectual property ( IP ) issues ( e.g. patents , trade secrets , license contracts ) , and an ability to interface with legal counsel to incorporate those considerations into strategic planning and inter-company negotiations . In many older industries ( whose existence may predate IT automation ) such as manufacturing , shipping or banking , an executive role of the CTO would often arise out of the process of automating existing activities ; in these cases , any CTO - like role would only emerge if and when efforts would be made to develop truly novel technologies ( either for facilitating internal operations or for enhancing products / services being provided ) , perhaps through `` intrapreneuring '' . See also ( edit ) Chief innovation officer ( CINO ) or ( CTIO ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Roger D . The Chief Technology Officer : Strategic Responsibilities and Relationships . Jump up ^ Staff , Investopedia ( 2011 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Chief Technology Officer - CTO '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . Further reading ( edit ) Pratt , Mary K . `` The CTO : IT 's Chameleon '' , Computerworld.com , 22 January 2007 Berray , Tom & Sampath , Raj ( 2002 ) `` The Role of the CTO , four models for success '' Medcof , John W. and Yousofpourfard , Haniyeh ( 2006 ) `` The CTO and Organizational Power and Influence '' , International Association for Management of Technology ( hide ) Corporate titles Chief officers Administrative Analytics Audit Brand Business Channel Commercial Chief communications Compliance Content Creative Data Design Digital Diversity Executive ( CEO ) Experience Financial Human resources Information Information security Innovation Investment Knowledge Learning Legal Marketing Medical Networking Operating Privacy Procurement Product Quality Research Restructuring Revenue Risk Science Security Strategy Sustainability Technology Visionary Web Senior executives Chairman Chief managing director Creative director Development director General counsel Executive director Non-executive director President Vice president Mid-level executives General manager Divisional manager Regional manager First - level executives Departmental manager Manager Related topics Board of directors Corporate governance Executive pay Senior management Supervisory board Talent management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_technology_officer&oldid=826806754 '' Categories : American chief technologists Chief technology officers Corporate executives Management occupations Women chief technology officers Iranian chief technology officers Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Română Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 02 : 59 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20technology%20officer	911
what does it mean if you talk in third person			Illeism	illeism	Illeism / ˈɪli. ɪzəm / ( from Latin ille meaning `` he , that '' ) is the act of referring to oneself in the third person instead of first person .	Illeism is sometimes used in literature as a stylistic device . In real life usage , illeism can reflect a number of different stylistic intentions or involuntary circumstances . Contents ( hide ) 1 In literature 2 In everyday speech 3 Notable illeists 3.1 Real people 3.1. 1 Politics 3.1. 2 Sports 3.1. 3 Entertainment 3.1. 4 Other 3.2 Fictional characters 3.2. 1 Books 3.2. 2 Comics 3.2. 3 Television live - action 3.2. 4 Film 3.2. 5 Manga and anime 3.2. 6 Video games 4 See also 5 References In literature ( edit ) Early literature such as Julius Caesar 's Commentarii de Bello Gallico or Xenophon 's Anabasis , both ostensibly non-fictional accounts of wars led by their authors , used illeism to impart an air of objective impartiality to the account , which included justifications of the author 's actions . In this way personal bias is presented , albeit dishonestly , as objectivity . Illeism can also be used in literature to provide a twist , wherein the identity of the narrator as also being the main character is hidden from the reader until later in the story ( e.g. one Arsène Lupin story where the narrator is Arsène Lupin but hides his own identity ) ; the use of third person implies external observation . A similar use is when the author injects himself into his own third - person - narrative story as a character , such as Charlie Kaufman in Adaptation , Douglas Coupland in JPod , and commonly done by Clive Cussler in his novels , beginning with Dragon . It can also be used as a device to illustrate the feeling of `` being outside one 's body and watching things happen '' , a psychological disconnect resulting from dissonance either from trauma such as childhood physical or sexual abuse , or from psychotic episodes of actions that ca n't be reconciled with the individual 's own self - image . The same kind of objective distance can be employed for other purposes . Theologian Richard B. Hays writes an essay where he challenges earlier findings that he disagrees with . These were the findings of one Richard B. Hays , and the newer essay treats the earlier work and earlier author at arms ' length . A common device in science fiction is for robots , computers , and other artificial life to refer to themselves in the third person , e.g. `` This unit is malfunctioning '' or `` Number Five is alive '' ( famously said by Johnny Five in Short Circuit ) , to suggest that these creatures are not truly self - aware , or else that they separate their consciousness from their physical form . Illeism is also a device used to show idiocy , such as the character Mongo in Blazing Saddles , e.g. `` Mongo like candy '' and `` Mongo only pawn in game of life . '' ( Note also the lack of articles and verb inflection in both sentences . ) In everyday speech ( edit ) Illeism in everyday speech can have a variety of intentions depending on context . One common usage is to impart humility , a common practice in feudal societies and other societies where honorifics are important to observe ( `` Your servant awaits your orders '' ) , as well as in master -- slave relationships ( `` This slave needs to be punished '' ) . Recruits in the military , mostly United States Marine Corps recruits , are also often made to refer to themselves in the third - person , such as `` the recruit , '' in order to reduce the sense of individuality and enforce the idea of the group being more important than the self . The use of illeism in this context imparts a sense of lack of self , implying a diminished importance of the speaker in relation to the addressee or to a larger whole . Conversely , in different contexts , illeism can be used to reinforce self - promotion , as used to sometimes comic effect by Bob Dole throughout his political career . This was particularly made notable during the United States presidential election , 1996 and lampooned broadly in popular media for years afterwards . Similarly illeism is used with an air of grandeur , to give the speaker lofty airs . Idiosyncratic and conceited people are known to either use or are lampooned as using illeism to puff themselves up or illustrate their egotism . The artist Salvador Dalí used illeism throughout his interview with Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview , punctuating it with `` Dalí is immortal and will not die , '' although this may have been a reference to his oeuvre and artistic legacy rather than his actual self . The wrestler The Rock was notorious for this , mainly to enhance his persona to a superhuman level . Deepanjana Pal of Firstpost noted that speaking in the third person `` is a classic technique used by generations of Bollywood scriptwriters to establish a character 's aristocracy , power and gravitas . '' Conversely , third - person self referral can be associated with self - irony and not taking oneself too seriously ( since the excessive use of pronoun `` I '' is often seen as a sign of narcissism and egocentrism ) , as well as with eccentricity in general . In certain Eastern religions , like Hinduism or Buddhism , this is sometimes seen as a sign of enlightenment , since by doing so , an individual detaches his eternal self ( atman ) from the body - related one ( maya ) . Known illeists of that sort include Swami Ramdas , Ma Yoga Laxmi , Anandamayi Ma , and Mata Amritanandamayi . Jnana yoga actually encourages its practitioners to refer to themselves in the third person . Young children in Japan commonly refer to themselves by their own name ( a habit probably picked from their elders who would normally refer to them by name . This is due to the normal Japanese way of speaking , where referring to another in the third person is considered more polite than using the Japanese words for `` you '' , like Omae ) though as the children grow older they normally switch over to using first person references . Japanese idols also may refer to themselves in the third person so to give off the feeling of childlike cuteness . Notable illeists ( edit ) Real people ( edit ) Politics ( edit ) Julius Caesar 's Commentarii de Bello Gallico presents the author 's exploits in the Gallic War in the third person . Henry Adams , historian , author and descendant of presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams , throughout his autobiography The Education of Henry Adams Charles de Gaulle Bob Dole , during his United States presidential campaign in 1996 . Herman Cain , during his United States presidential campaign in 2012 . Paulo Maluf , Brazilian politician Anthony Garotinho , Brazilian politician Narendra Modi , Prime Minister of India . Mikhail Gorbachev -- Russian politician General Douglas MacArthur was known to refer to himself as ' MacArthur ' in telling stories involving himself Roy Kwong Chun - yu , District Councilor and legislator of Hong Kong Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders have used third - person in their presidential campaigns in 2016 . Sports ( edit ) Pelé Zlatan Ibrahimović Rickey Henderson occasionally referred to himself as `` Rickey '' . Karl Malone Lothar Matthäus is quoted with the phrase : `` A Lothar Matthäus does not let himself be beaten by his body . A Lothar Matthäus decides on his fate himself . '' LeBron James made several references to himself in the third person during The Decision program on ESPN in 2010 . Billy Davies , soccer manager , currently of Nottingham Forest , formerly of Derby County and Preston North End . Gregg Easterbrook , sports journalist , refers to himself as `` TMQ '' or `` your columnist '' in his weekly Tuesday Morning Quarterback columns . Cam Newton , NFL quarterback , referred to himself in third person during his press conference at the NFL Combine in 2011 . Johnny Cueto After pitching Game 5 of the ALDS Johnny Cueto gave a post-game interview in the third person . Entertainment ( edit ) Flavor Flav Lila Morillo Gina Lollobrigida Mr. T , became one of his trademarks in the 1980s Other ( edit ) Salvador Dalí in his The Mike Wallace Interview interview with Mike Wallace on April 19 , 1958 . Norman Mailer 's non-fiction work , The Fight , refers to the author in the third person throughout The Fight , explaining why he has chosen to do so at the beginning of the book . Fictional characters ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Boday , a quirky female artist from Jack Chalker 's Changewinds trilogy . Ramona , the housekeeper and mentor in Silver Ravenwolf 's Witches Chillers series . Major Bagstock , the apoplectic retired Indian army officer from Charles Dickens ' Dombey and Son ( 1848 ) refers to himself solely as Joseph , Old Joe , Joey B , Bagstock , Josh , J.B. , Anthony Bagstock , and other variants of his own name . Captain Hook in J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan and Wendy ( 1911 ) : `` ' Better for Hook , ' he cried , ' if he had had less ambition ! ' It was in his darkest hours only that he referred to himself in the third person . '' Jaqen H'ghar , an assassin of the Faceless Men in the fantasy suite A Song of Ice and Fire , consistently refers to himself ( `` a man '' ) and sometimes the person he is addressing ( i.e. `` a girl '' ) in third person . Gollum from The Lord of the Rings spoke in an idiosyncratic manner , often referring to himself in the third person , and frequently talked to himself -- `` through having no one else to speak to , '' as Tolkien put it in The Hobbit . Charlie from the acclaimed novel Flowers for Algernon speaks in third person in the `` being outside one 's body and watching things happen '' manner in his flashbacks to his abusive and troubled childhood suffering from phenylketonuria . The old man Nakata from Haruki Murakami 's Kafka on the Shore . The healer and wisewoman Magda Digby from the Owen Archer series by Candace Robb . Comics ( edit ) Mantis from Marvel Comics almost always refers to herself as `` Mantis '' , `` she '' , and `` this one '' ; this has to do with her upbringing at the Temple of the Priests of Pama , an alien pacifistic sect heavily inspired by real - life Eastern religious movements . Television live - action ( edit ) The Rock , during his pro wrestling career , particularly with the catchphrases `` The Rock says '' and `` Do you smell what The Rock is cookin ' ? '' and uses third - person pronouns to refer to himself . Elmo from Sesame Street , whose speech is intended to mimic the speech of preschoolers . Jimmy from `` The Jimmy '' episode of Seinfeld , whose use leads to confusion about his identity . The usage rubs off on George Constanza , who exclaims `` you 're killing Independent George ! '' or `` George is getting upset ! '' Stick - up man Omar Little from The Wire . Examples include `` Omar do n't scare . '' and `` Omar listening . '' Bob , played by Saverio Guerra , in Becker Hercule Poirot , in the contemporary television adaptation Agatha Christie 's Poirot Kenny Powers , from the television show Eastbound & Down Lavon Hayes , the mayor from Hart of Dixie . Eddie Alvarez from The Unusuals Brian `` Bomber '' Busbridge , played by Pat Roach , in Auf Wiedersehen , Pet George Remus , a recurring character played by Glenn Fleshler , in Boardwalk Empire Film ( edit ) Mongo from the Mel Brooks movie Blazing Saddles Mr. Miyagi from The Karate Kid sometimes refers to himself as `` Miyagi '' . Magua from The Last of the Mohicans . Francesco Bernoulli , from Cars 2 Manga and Anime ( edit ) Megumi Noda , aka Nodame , the title character from Nodame Cantabile : Sayuri Kurata from Kanon speaks this way in order to separate herself from her past treatment of her little brother , which she regrets . Asami Nakaoka from Highschool of the Dead habitually refers to herself in third person ; Rika Shiguma from Haganai Video games ( edit ) Crazy Barks from Drawn to Life and its DS sequel , Drawn to Life : The Next Chapter , refers to himself in third person . In the second game , a similar character called Crazy Diggs also shares this habit . See also ( edit ) Royal We Nosism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Hays , `` ' Here We Have No Lasting City ' : New Covenantalism in Hebrews '' in Richard J. Bauckham et al ( eds . ) , The Epistle to the Hebrews and Christian Theology ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 2009 ) , 151 -- 173 , esp. 151 -- 152 , 167 . Jump up ^ `` When the president is ready to deploy , Bob Dole is ready to lead the fight on the Senate Floor '' . Bob Dole speaking about the Strategic Defense Initiative at the NCPAC convention , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Rahul Gandhi , blurring lines between filmi and real politicians '' . Firstpost. 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Raskin , Robert ( 1988 ) . `` Narcissism and the Use of Personal Pronouns '' . Journal of Personality . 56 ( 2 ) : 393 -- 404 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.1988. tb00892. x . Jump up ^ `` Swami Ramdas '' . bhagavan-ramana.org . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Osho World Online Magazine : : February 2013 '' . Oshoworld.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ ISBN 0199368635 Jump up ^ `` rediff.com : The Rediff Interview / Mata Amritanandmayi '' . rediff.com . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hinduism - The Religious Life '' . uwyo.edu . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ More explanation given in Japanese pronouns Jump up ^ Alexander , Catherine M.S. , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge Shakespeare Library : Shakespeare 's times , texts , and stages . Cambridge University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 9780521808002 . Jump up ^ See the Wikisource of the book : s : The Education of Henry Adams Jump up ^ Glass , Loren Daniel ( 2004 ) . Authors Inc : Literary Celebrity in the Modern United States , 1880 - 1980 . NYU Press . p. 29 . ISBN 9780814731604 . Jump up ^ `` France : Third Person Singular '' . Time Magazine . 1970 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Harris , Scott ( 1996 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Bob Dole Needs to Put the ' I ' in Identity '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Sheldon ( 9 November 2011 ) , There 's no ' you ' in Herman Cain , The National Post ^ Jump up to : `` Acervo Digital VEJA -- Digital Pages '' . abril.com.br . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hang me if I have committed any crime , but no apology , Narendra Modi says -- The Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2014 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Why do some people refer to themselves in the third person ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower , Dwight ( 1967 ) . at ease . DoubleDay & Company . p. 214 . Jump up ^ `` 泛民 5 名單報名參選超區議席 '' . now.com. 2016 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33943762 Jump up ^ Hattenstone , Simon ( 2003 - 06 - 30 ) . `` And God created Pele '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Fink , Jesse ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Pelé 's mouth should get a straight red '' . The Sunday Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mewis , Joe ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Read the best Zlatan Ibrahimovic quotes on the outspoken Swedish striker 's birthday '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . There 's big boasts , lashings of ego and plenty of third person references ahoy Jump up ^ Taibbi , Matt ( 2010 - 03 - 02 ) . `` A Field Guide to Sports Egos '' . Men 's Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . They actually have a word for what Rickey Henderson is : illeist . Jump up ^ `` Doug Robinson : Karl Malone is one of a kind '' . Deseret News . 2010 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Maybe Malone did n't even know he was the one who was saying those things , because he tended to talk about himself as another being , in third person . Or maybe he was just schizophrenic , whatever . Jump up ^ e.g. here Jump up ^ Hruby , Patrick ( 2012 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Lebron James definitely has Dan Gilbert all wrong '' . ESPN Page 2 . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nordquist , Richard ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) . `` A Few More Oddities : Illeism , Semantic Satiation , and Garden - Path Sentences '' . About.com guide . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Here , for instance , is how pro basketball player LeBron James justified his decision to leave the Cleveland Cavaliers to join the Miami Heat : I wanted to do what was best for LeBron James and what LeBron James was going to do to make him happy . Jump up ^ `` Billy Davies on new job at Nottingham Forest -- Nottingham Post '' . Nottingham Post . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Marchman , Tim ; Fischer - Baum , Reuben ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Who Is The Most Pompous Sports Pundit ? A Scientific Investigation '' . Deadspin . Pronouns within quotes were n't counted unless the author was quoting himself , and we also counted when Greggg Easterbrook used `` TMQ '' or `` your columnist '' in the obvious place of a pronoun . ( `` TMQ 's been on the record as saying ... '' ) Jump up ^ Shefter , Adam ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Sources : Cam Newton thrown for loop '' . ESPN.com . His comment drew such a reaction because some say his swagger teeters on the edge of pure arrogance . In roughly 12 minutes at the podium , he referred to himself in the third person three times . When asked if some mistake his confidence for cockiness , he said : `` I 'm not sure , but I 'm a confident person , and it was instilled in myself at an early age to believe in myself . '' Jump up ^ Landers , Chris ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Johnny Cueto was pretty impressed with Johnny Cueto 's Game 5 gem in this third - person interview '' . mlb.com . How was Johnny Cueto able to step up in such a pivotal Game 5 ? `` Games like this are where you see Johnny Cueto -- the real Johnny Cueto . '' Yes , Cueto gave his interview through an interpreter , but if you listen closely , you 'll hear the pitcher was speaking in the third person the whole time . Jump up ^ Wiltz , Teresa ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Love Him , Or Leave Him ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . They all purport to be in love with Flav , a man who refers to himself in the third person and whose idea of fine dining is a dash to Red Lobster . Jump up ^ `` Queremos tanto a Lila '' . Revistamarcapasos.com. 1999 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Deseret News -- Google News Archive Search '' . google.com . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Canales , Luis . Imperial Gina . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Mr. T Reveals Why He Pities Fools '' . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Dali , Salvador ( April 19 , 1958 ) . `` Salvador Dali -- The Mike Wallace interview -- Transcript '' . The Mike Wallace Interview ( video ) . Interview with Mike Wallace . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 -- via Harry Ransom Center , University of Texas at Austin . Jump up ^ Norman Mailer ( 1997 - 09 - 30 ) . The Fight . Vintage . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70038 - 2 . Jump up ^ When the Changewinds Blow . Jump up ^ RavenWolf , Silver ( 2001 ) . Witches ' Key to Terror . Llewellyn Worldwide . p. 25 . ISBN 9780738700496 . The three girls milled around the kitchen , dodging Ramona , looking for midnight snacks . Bethany wished for the thousandth time that the housekeeper would not talk about herself in the third person . Too weird . '' Jump up ^ De Sousa Correa , Delia ( 2000 ) . The Nineteenth - century Novel : Realisms . Psychology Press . p. 162 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1997 ) . The Hobbit ( Revised ed . ) . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 33968 - 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` '' You 're Not the Same Kind of Human Being `` : The Evolution of Pity to Horror in Daniel Keyes ' Flowers for Algernon -- Cline -- Disability Studies Quarterly '' . dsq-sds.org . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Mussari , Mark ( 2011 ) . Haruki Murakami . Marshall Cavendish . p. 77 . ISBN 9780761441243 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy : 15 Things You Never Knew About Mantis Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Line - O-Rama : The Rock Says '' . IGN . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Why does Elmo refer to himself in the third person ? Wo n't this teach kids improper English ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions . Sesame Workshop . Jump up ^ Kettle , James ( 2011 - 05 - 28 ) . `` The best of Seinfeld '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mike Sager ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Omar Little on ' The Wire ' -- Why Omar Is the Best Character on ' The Wire ' '' . Esquire . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Jonathan ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) . `` DVD Review : Becker -- The Third Season '' . Blogcritics . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christopher ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) . `` We 're lucky David Suchet loves Poirot more than Agatha ever did '' . Daily Mail . Poirot was as riotously egotistical as ever . Suchet 's genius is that he can deliver everything Christie found so exasperating , without becoming a caricature -- he minces , he trots , he fusses , he talks endlessly of himself in the third person . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( 2010 - 10 - 14 ) . `` ' Eastbound & Down ' : The Ugliest American '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) . `` ' Hart of Dixie ' : First impressions -- TV Blog '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( 2009 - 04 - 07 ) . `` ABC 's ' The Unusuals ' odd squad mixes drama and humor '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Auf Wiedersehen , Pet '' . TV Cream . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Dave ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Boardwalk Empire ' recap , ' Ging Gang Goolie ' '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Craig ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Summer of ' 84 -- Waxing on Nostalgia : The Karate Kid '' . Slant Magazine . Miyagi is a trickier case : at first it looks like Avildsen overplays the man 's exoticness ( cue that pan flute ! ) , enforced by Kamen 's questionable emphasis on the character 's me - no - likey phonetic third - person English . ( `` Miyagi this , Miyagi that ... '' ) Jump up ^ `` Quotes for Magua ( Character ) '' . IMDB. 2014 - 08 - 01 . When the Grey Hair is dead , Magua will eat his heart . Before he dies , Magua will put his children under the knife , so the Grey Hair will know his seed is wiped out forever . Jump up ^ `` Cars 2 -- An interview with director John Lasseter '' . Sound and Picture Online . 2011 - 06 - 20 . He 's not just any formula car . He 's the star from Italy , Francesco Bernoulli . He is so full of himself -- he 's an open - wheel car and in the car world , an open - wheel car is like those guys who barely button their shirts . He talks about himself in the third person . Voicing Francesco Bernoulli is John Turturro and he hit it out of the park . It 's one of the most entertaining characters we 've ever created . Jump up ^ Bowers , J. ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Nodame Cantabile , Vols. 6 - 10 ( Del Rey ) '' . playbackstl.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` A Cracked Concerto '' . Kanon ( 2006 - 2007 ) . Episode 14 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) -- details back story of Sayuri Kurata from Kanon Jump up ^ Hanley , Andy ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Manga Review : Highschool of the Dead Vol. 5 '' . UK Anime Network . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . At the forefront of this is a young traffic cop with a penchant for referring to herself in the third - person named Asami Nakaoka , who tries to take control of the situation in the absence of her partner who has gone back to base to seek help . Jump up ^ Moody , Allen ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Haganai -- Review '' . THEM Anime Reviews . Like Tim , I did n't like most of the other characters , especially Rika , whose tics ( speaking of herself in the third person , and imagining sexual situations in the damnedest places - for example , in mecha manga ) kept making me shout `` Make it STOP ! ! ! ! '' Jump up ^ 5th Cell . Drawn to Life . Nintendo DS . THQ . Crazy Barks : BARKSISGLADTHESHADOWISGONE ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illeism&oldid=801462697 '' Categories : Literary techniques Speech Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 20 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illeism	912
where did the phrase trump card come from			Trump ( card games )	trump ( card games )	A trump is a playing card which is elevated above its usual rank in trick - taking games . Typically , an entire suit is nominated as a trump suit ; these cards then outrank all cards of plain ( non-trump ) suits . In other contexts , the term trump card can refer to any sort of action , authority , or policy which automatically prevails over all others .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Trump in card games 3 Metaphorical uses 4 See also 5 References Etymology ( edit ) Main article : Trionfi ( cards ) The English word trump derives from trionfi , a type of 15th - century Italian playing cards , from the Latin triumphus `` triumph , victory procession '' , ultimately ( via Etruscan ) from Greek θρίαμβος , the term for a hymn to Dionysus sung in processions in his honour . Trionfi was the 15th - century card game for which tarot cards were designed . Trionfi were a fifth suit in the card game which acted as permanent trumps . Still in the 15th century , the French game triomphe ( Spanish triunfo ) used four suits one of which was randomly selected as trumps . It was this game that became extremely popular in Western Europe in the 16th century and is ancestral to many modern card games . The English word is first documented in 1529 as the name of a card game which would develop into Ruff and Honours and ultimately Whist . In German , the term is attested as Triumph in 1541 ; the modern German spelling Trumpf is recorded from 1590 . In French , triomphe remained the name of the game , while the trump suit was called atout , from à tout ( as it were `` all - in '' ) . Some European languages ( Hungarian , Greek ) adopted the French term . Russian козырь kozyr ' is of unknown etymology , possibly a loan from a Turkic source . Polish variously uses atut , trumf and kozer adopted from the French , German and Russian respectively . Trump in card games ( edit ) In most games , the relative rank of cards within a suit is the same in trump and plain suits , but they may sometimes differ , for example in Klabberjass , Euchre , or Eighty Points . The trump suit may be fixed as in Spades , rotate on a fixed schedule or depend on the outcome of the previous hand as in Ninety - nine , be determined by drawing a card at random as in Bezique , by the last card dealt to a designated player as in Whist , by the first card played as in Nine Card Don , be chosen by a designated player as in Barbu , or players may bid for the right to select the trump suit as in Contract Bridge or Skat . In most games , trump cards can not be played if the player has any cards of the suit led to the trick ; the requirement to `` follow suit '' is of higher priority . In a few games , trumps can be played at any time . Playing the first trump to an already - started trick is known as trumping or ruffing ; if another player were to play a higher trump , that would be an overruff or overtrump . The tarot deck contains a fifth suit , known in gaming as the atouts or honours and in occult circles as the Major Arcana , which serves as a permanent trump suit in games played with the tarot deck . The suit consists of twenty - two cards , including a Fool which serves as a highest trump ( in Central Europe ) or excuses the players from following suit elsewhere . Due primarily to the prevalence of the trump in card games , the term used in Japan for the standard 52 - card deck of playing cards is toranpu ( トランプ ) , derived from the English word `` trump '' . Metaphorical uses ( edit ) From this card game use came metaphoric uses , e.g. : `` He ( The Penguin ) might have played all Aces , but I ( Batman ) will play my trump card . '' -- 1966 - 03 - 24 Episode 22 of Batman & Robin season 1 . `` The CEO needs this report in one hour . That trumps anything you 're currently working on . '' `` He trumped my ace '' for `` I thought that I had a winning advantage , but he brought along something to defeat it . '' In general strategy , a trump card is the move one party can use to attain decisive victory . In this sense , a trump card can be a person , a weapon , or the starting of a chain of events . See also ( edit ) Major Arcana Playing card Tarot card games Top Trumps Triomphe Trionfi ( cards ) Trump card ( disambiguation ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Etymonline.com Jump up ^ Wolfgang Pfeifer , Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ recorded in 1440 in jouer atout `` making a risky play '' , used figuratively in the military context of a siege . cnrtl.fr Jump up ^ Max Vasmer , `` козырь '' in Этимологический словарь русского языка ( 1964 -- 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Place , Robert Michael ( 2005 ) . The Tarot : History , Symbolism , and Divination . Penguin . pp. 5 -- 8 . ISBN 1 - 58542 - 349 - 1 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A Japanese website for a playing card manufacturer ( Nintendo ) selling `` Trump '' playing cards . Contract bridge Overview General Auction bridge Bridge ethics Bridge - O-Rama Bridge maxims Bridge Murder case Bridge scoring Bridge whist Bridgette Cheating in bridge Chicago Computer bridge Contract bridge Contract bridge diagram Duplicate bridge Duplicate bridge movements Five - suit bridge Goulash Glossary of contract bridge terms High card by suit History of contract bridge Laws of Duplicate Bridge Masterpoints Minibridge Neuberg formula Rubber bridge Screen Singaporean bridge Suit Traveling scoreslip Trump Vugraph Bidding General Balanced hand Balancing ( bridge ) Bidding box Bidding system Board ( bridge ) Bridge convention Brown sticker Convention card Cue bid Five - card majors Forcing bid Forcing pass Game try Hand evaluation Honor point count Inverted minors Law of total tricks Losing - Trick Count Major suit Minor suit Optimum contract and par contract Overcall Preempt Prepared opening bid Principle of fast arrival Psychic bid Quantitative no trump bids Reverse ( bridge ) Sacrifice ( bridge ) Shooting ( bridge ) Single suiter Strong pass Takeout double Three suiter Two suiter Useful space principle Void ( cards ) Weak two bid Zar Points Systems List of bidding systems 2 / 1 game forcing Acol Bidding system Blue Club Boring Club Bridge Base Basic Bridge World Standard Canapé ( bridge ) Carrot Club EHAA Fantunes Highly unusual method Kaplan -- Sheinwold Little Major Moscito OKbridge 2 / 1 Polish Club Precision Club Roman Club Romex system Säffle Spade Standard American Strong club system Conventions List of bidding conventions Card play General List of play techniques Avoidance play Beer card Caddy Card reading Duck Endplay Entry Grosvenor gambit Hold up Percentage play Pin ( bridge ) Principle of restricted choice Probabilities Revoke Ruff Shooting Smother play Tempo Trump promotion Uppercut Vacant Places Declarer play Basic : Finesse Safety play Coups : Alcatraz coup Bath coup Belladonna coup Coup Coup en passant Crocodile coup Deschapelles coup Devil 's coup Loser on loser Merrimac coup Morton 's fork coup Scissors coup Trump coup Vienna coup Squeezes : Backwash squeeze Cannibal squeeze Clash squeeze Compound squeeze Criss - cross squeeze Double squeeze Entry squeeze Entry - shifting squeeze Guard squeeze Knockout squeeze Non-simultaneous double squeeze Progressive squeeze Pseudo-squeeze Saturated squeeze Simple squeeze Simultaneous double squeeze Single - suit squeeze Squeeze play Stepping - stone squeeze Strip squeeze Triple squeeze Trump squeeze Vice squeeze Winkle squeeze Suit combinations : Suit combination Suit combination -- J missing Suit combination -- 10 missing Suit combinations -- K10 missing Defender play Forcing defense Journalist leads Opening lead Rule of 10 - 12 Rule of 11 Rusinow leads Signal Smith signal People and organizations General ACBL Youngest Life Master List of contract bridge people List of nationality transfers in sport Players by country Australia Austria Brazil Britain Bulgaria Canada China Denmark Netherlands Egypt Fiction France Germany Hungary India Ireland Israel Italy Jewish players Mexico Monaco New Zealand Norway Pakistan Poland Russia Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United States Other lists Alphabetical list of contract bridge people with Wikipedia ( english ) articles List of bridge administrators List of bridge writers Teams Blue Team Dallas Aces Four Aces Clubs Bridge Club Brașov Cavendish Club Crockford 's Galatasaray Bridge Team Melville Bridge Club Portland Club ( London ) Savoy Club Young Chelsea Bridge Club Governing bodies American Bridge Association American Contract Bridge League Austrian Bridge Federation Brazilian Bridge Federation British Bridge League Canadian Bridge Federation Dutch Bridge Federation English Bridge Union European Bridge League Hungarian Bridge Federation International Mind Sports Association List of bridge governing bodies Norwegian Bridge Federation South African Bridge Federation United States Bridge Federation World Bridge Federation Championships General List of bridge competitions and awards World Bermuda Bowl Bridge at the 2008 World Mind Sports Games Bridge at the 2012 World Mind Sports Games Cavendish Invitational Computer Olympiad McConnell Cup Rosenblum Cup Senior Bowl ( bridge ) Triple crown of bridge Venice Cup WBF Youth Award World Bridge Championships World IMP Pairs Championship World Junior Pairs Championship World Junior Teams Championship World Mind Sports Games World Mixed Pairs Championship World Mixed Teams Championship World Open Pairs Championship World Senior Pairs Championship World Senior Teams Championship World Team Olympiad World Transnational Open Teams Championship World Women Pairs Championship National and Zonal Buffett Cup Camrose Trophy Commonwealth Nations Bridge Championships European Universities Bridge Championships Gold Cup ( bridge ) North American bridge Championships : ACBL King or Queen of Bridge Blue Ribbon Pairs Bruce LM - 5000 Pairs Chicago Mixed Board - a-Match Fall National Open Pairs Fast Open Pairs Fishbein Trophy Goren Trophy Grand National Teams Hilliard Mixed Pairs Jacoby Open Swiss Teams Keohane North American Swiss Teams Lebhar IMP Pairs Leventritt Silver Ribbon Pairs Machlin Women 's Swiss Teams Manfield Non-Life Master Pairs Marcus Cup Master Individual Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs Mini-Spingold Mitchell Board - a-Match Teams Mott - Smith Trophy Nail Life Master Open Pairs National 199er Pairs National 49er Pairs National 99er Pairs Non-Life Master Swiss Teams Norman Kay Platinum Pairs North American Bridge Championships North American Pairs Red Ribbon Pairs Reisinger Rockwell Mixed Pairs Roth Open Swiss Teams Senior Knockout Teams Silodor Open Pairs Smith Life Master Women 's Pairs Spingold Sternberg Women 's Board - a-Match Teams Truscott Senior Swiss Teams Vanderbilt Trophy Von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs Wagar Women 's Knockout Teams Wernher Open Pairs Whitehead Women 's Pairs Young LM - 1500 Pairs Publications and resources Books List of contract bridge books 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know Bridge Squeezes Complete The Cardturner Design for Bidding Contract Bridge for Beginners Edwin Kantar bibliography Master Point Press Planning the Play of a Bridge Hand Terence Reese bibliography The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge Tickets to the Devil Magazines List of bridge magazines Bridge d'Italia Bridge Magazine The Bridge World External links Bridge Base Basic Bridge Base Inc . OK bridge 2 / 1 Tarot Tarot games Bauerntarock Cego French tarot Königrufen Minchiate Scarto Tapp - Tarock Tarocchini Troccas Troggu Occult tarot Antoine Court de Gébelin Etteilla Éliphas Levi Arthur Edward Waite Manly P. Hall Paul Foster Case Major Arcana Trump cards The Fool I The Magician II The High Priestess III The Empress IV The Emperor V The Hierophant VI The Lovers VII The Chariot VIII ( XI ) Justice IX The Hermit X Wheel of Fortune XI ( VIII ) Strength XII The Hanged Man XIII Death XIV Temperance XV The Devil XVI The Tower XVII The Star XVIII The Moon XIX The Sun XX Judgement XXI The World Minor Arcana Suit cards Coins / Pentacles / Diamonds Wands / Staves / Rods / Clubs Ace Three Four Five Seven Six Eight Nine Ten Page Knight Queen King Cups / Goblets / Hearts Ace Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Page Knight Queen King Swords / Spades Ace Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Page Knight Queen King Knight Decks ( French suits ) Cego Industrie und Glück Tarot Nouveau Tiertarock Decks ( Latin suits ) Bolognese Marseilles Minchiate Piemontese Rider - Waite Siciliano Swiss 1JJ Thoth Visconti - Sforza Related articles Cartomancy Hermetic Qabalah Mantegna Tarocchi Playing card Trick - taking game Triomphe Trionfo Trionfi Triumphs WikiProject Card Games WikiProject Occult List of trick - taking games Card games # 304 3 - 2 - 5 3 - 5 - 8 400 500 Agram All Fours Aluette Apples Auction bridge Bacon Baloot Barbu Belote Bezique Bid whist Bisca Black Lady Bluke Bonking Boston Botifarra Bourré Bridge Briscola Brusquembille Calabresella Cắt Tê Catch the Ten Cinch Clabber Clag Coinche Court piece Doppelkopf Écarté Einwerfen Elfern Euchre ( game variations terminology variations ) Forty - fives Fünfzehnern Ganjifa German Solo Gleek Gong Zhu Haggis Hearts I , J Jabberwocky Jass Julepe Kachufool Kaiser Karnöffel King Klaberjass / Bela Klaverjas Konter a Matt Kontraspiel Krutzjass Lanterloo Mǎ diào Make - A-Million Manille Mariage Mariáš Marjapussi Marjolet Mighty Mizerka Napoleon Nines Ninety - nine Officer 's skat Oh , hell Ombre Pedro Pinochle Piquet Pitch Pilotta Phat Pluck Polignac Polskpas Preferans Préférence Put Q Quadrille Rage Rams Renfield Rentz Réunion Reversis Ristikontra Rook Ruff and Honours Schafkopf Sedma Sheepshead Shelem Sheng Ji Sixty - six Sixty - three Skat Smear Spades Spoil Five Sueca Tam cúc Tarabish Tarneeb Tarot card games ( Bauerntarock , Cego , French tarot , Königrufen , Minchiate , Scarto , Tapp - Tarock , Tarocchini , Troccas , Troggu ) Thunee Tippen Toepen Trappola Trex Tressette Triomphe Truc Truco Tute Twenty - eight Two - ten - jack U , V Ulti W , X , Y , Z Whist Wizard Tile - based games 42 Giog Khorol Tien Gow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trump_(card_games)&oldid=830123156 '' Categories : Card game terminology Trick - taking card games Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego Ido Ирон עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Seeltersk Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 21 : 54 . 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who are the consumers in a food chain	Consumers are organisms that eat organisms from a different population . These organisms are formally referred to as heterotrophs , which include animals , some bacteria and fungi . Such organisms may consume by various means , including predation , parasitization , and biodegradation .	organisms that eat organisms from a different population	Consumer ( food chain )	consumer ( food chain )	Consumers are organisms that eat organisms from a different population . These organisms are formally referred to as heterotrophs , which include animals , some bacteria and fungi . Such organisms may consume by various means , including predation , parasitization , and biodegradation .	Contents 1 Classification 2 Levels of the food chain 3 Importance to the ecosystem 4 See also 5 References Classification ( edit ) Consumers are typically viewed as predatory animals such as the wolf and hyena . However , herbivorous animals and parasitic fungi are also consumers. Some carnivorous plants , like the Venus flytrap , are classified as both . So are omnivorous animals . Levels of the food chain ( edit ) Within an ecological food chain , Consumers are categorized into primary consumers , secondary consumers , and the tertiary consumers . Primary consumers are herbivores , feeding on plants . Secondary consumers , on the other hand , are carnivores , and prey on other animals . Omnivores , who feed on both plants and animals , can also be considered a secondary consumer . Tertiary consumers , sometimes also known as apex predators , are usually at the top of food chains , capable of feeding on secondary consumers and primary consumers . Tertiary consumers can be either fully carnivorous or omnivorous . Humans are one such example of a tertiary consumer . Importance to the ecosystem ( edit ) Consumers have important roles to play within an ecosystem such as balancing the food chain by keeping plant populations at a reasonable number . Without proper balance , an ecosystem can collapse and cause the decline of all affected species . This will lead to a severely disrupted ecosystem and a nonfunctional consumer web . See also ( edit ) Food web Primary producers Autotroph References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venus flytraps ' carnivorous ways enable it to do photosynthesis better '' . Cornell Center for Materials Research . 5 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Planktivore Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense , counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Parasitism Storage effect Symbiosis Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consumer_(food_chain)&oldid=845021018 '' Categories : Trophic ecology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Nederlands Norsk Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 19 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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discuss five method of food storage or food processing			Food packaging	food packaging	Food packaging is packaging for food . A package provides protection , tampering resistance , and special physical , chemical , or biological needs . It may bear a nutrition facts label and other information about food being offered for sale .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 2 Types 2.1 Gallery 3 Packaging machines 4 Reducing food packaging 5 Recycling of food packaging 6 Trends in food packaging 7 Food safety and public health 7.1 Manufacturing 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Bibliography Functions ( edit ) Packaging and package labeling have several objectives Physical protection - The food enclosed in the package may require protection from , among other things , shock , vibration , compression , temperature , bacteria , etc . Barrier protection - A barrier from oxygen , water vapor , dust , etc. , is often required . Permeation is a critical factor in design . Some packages contain desiccants or oxygen absorbers to help extend shelf life . Modified atmospheres or controlled atmospheres are also maintained in some food packages . Keeping the contents clean , fresh , and safe for the intended shelf life is a primary function . Containment or agglomeration - Small items are typically grouped together in one package to allow efficient handling . Liquids , powders , and granular materials need containment . Information transmission - Packages and labels communicate how to use , transport , recycle , or dispose of the package or product . Some types of information are required by governments . Marketing - The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential buyers to purchase the product . Aesthetically pleasing and eye - appealing food presentations can encourage people to consider the contents . Package design has been an important and constantly evolving phenomenon for several decades . Marketing communications and graphic design are applied to the surface of the package and ( in many cases ) the point of sale display . Security - Packaging can play an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment . Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter tampering and also can have tamper - evident features to help indicate tampering . Packages can be engineered to help reduce the risks of package pilferage ; some package constructions are more resistant to pilferage and some have pilfer - indicating seals . Packages may include authentication seals to help indicate that the package and contents are not counterfeit . Packages also can include anti-theft devices , such as dye packs , RFID tags , or electronic article surveillance tags , that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate . Using packaging in this way is a means of retail loss prevention . Convenience - Packages can have features which add convenience in distribution , handling , stacking , display , sale , opening , reclosing , use , and reuse . Portion control - Single - serving packaging has a precise amount of contents to control usage . Bulk commodities ( such as salt ) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households . It also aids the control of inventory : selling sealed one - liter bottles of milk , rather than having people bring their own bottles to fill themselves . Types ( edit ) The above materials are fashioned into different types of food packages and containers such as : Packaging Type Aseptic processing Primary Liquid whole eggs or dairy products Trays Primary Portion of fish or meat Bags Primary Potato chips , apples , rice Boxes Secondary Corrugated box of primary packages : box of cereal cartons , frozen pizzas Cans Primary Can of tomato soup Cartons , coated paper Primary Carton of eggs , milk or juice cartons Flexible packaging Primary Bagged salad Pallets Tertiary A series of boxes on a single pallet used to transport from the manufacturing plant to a distribution center Wrappers Tertiary Used to wrap the boxes on the pallet for transport Primary packaging is the main package that holds the food that is being processed . Secondary packaging combines the primary packages into one box being made . Tertiary packaging combines all of the secondary packages into one pallet . Gallery ( edit ) Aseptic packaging of soy milk Bagged cake mix Biscuit components : plastic bottles , paper bag Container for bulk vegetable oil Frozen processed food freezer in supermarket Bag in box ; box wine Glass milk bottle and paperboard milk carton Silk tea bag Coffee beans in burlap bags , gunny sacks Bushel baskets of fruit Tea tin , can with removable cover Folding cartons of cereal Drink boxes Packaged apples Fresh fish in plastic shrink - wrapped tray Shrink - wrapped frozen pork Military MRE , bean and rice burrito in retort pouch Condiments and spices Aluminum can with an easy - open , full pull - out end A Dip & Squeeze ketchup container Packaging machines ( edit ) Automated palletizer of bread with industrial KUKA robots at a bakery in Germany Shrink - wrapping trays of bakery goods Pumping slurry ice onto fresh fish A choice of packaging machinery requires consideration of technical capabilities , labor requirements , worker safety , maintainability , serviceability , reliability , ability to integrate into the packaging line , capital cost , floorspace , flexibility ( change - over , materials , etc . ) , energy usage , quality of outgoing packages , qualifications ( for food , pharmaceuticals , etc . ) , throughput , efficiency , productivity , and ergonomics , at a minimum . Packaging machines may be of the following general types : Autocoding label and date verification Blister - , skin - and vacuum - packaging machines Capping , over-capping , lidding , closing , seaming and sealing machines Cartoning machines Case and tray forming , packing , unpacking , closing and sealing Machines Check weighing machines Cleaning , sterilizing , cooling and drying machines Conveying and accumulating machines Feeding , orienting , and placing machines Filling machines for liquid and powdered products Package filling and closing Machines Form , fill and seal machines Inspecting , detecting and checkweighing machines Palletizing , depalletizing , and pallet unitizing machines Labeling , marking , and other product identification machines Wrapping machines Converting machines Reducing food packaging ( edit ) Reduced packaging and sustainable packaging are becoming more frequent . The motivations can be government regulations , consumer pressure , retailer pressure , and cost control . Reduced packaging often saves packaging costs . In the UK , a Local Government Association survey produced by the British Market Research Bureau compared a range of outlets to buy 29 common food items and found that small local retailers and market traders `` produced less packaging and more that could be recycled than the larger supermarkets . '' Recycling of food packaging ( edit ) Main article : Recycling § Rinsing After use , organic matter that is still in the food packaging needs to be separated from the packaging . This may also require rinsing of the food packaging . Trends in food packaging ( edit ) Main article : Active packaging Numerous reports industry associations agree that use of smart indicators will increase . There are a number of different indicators with different benefits for food producers , consumers and retailers . Temperature recorders are used to monitor products shipped in a cold chain and to help validate the cold chain . Digital temperature data loggers measure and record the temperature history of food shipments . They sometimes have temperatures displayed on the indicator or have other output ( lights , etc . ) : The data from a shipment can be downloaded ( cable , RFID , etc . ) to a computer for further analysis . These help identify if there has been temperature abuse of products and can help determine the remaining shelf life . They can also help determine the time of temperature extremes during shipment so corrective measures can be taken . Time temperature indicators integrate the time and temperature experienced by the indicator and adjacent foods . Some use chemical reactions that result in a color change while others use the migration of a dye through a filter media . To the degree that these physical changes in the indicator match the degradation rate of the food , the indicator can help indicate probable food degradation . Radio Frequency Identification is applied to food packages for supply chain control and has shown a significant benefit in allowing food producers and retailers create full real time visibility of their supply chain . Plastic packaging being used is usually non-biodegradable due to possible interactions with the food . Also , biodegradable polymers often require special composting conditions to properly degrade . Normal sealed landfill conditions do not promote biodegradation . Biodegradable plastics includes biodegradable films and coatings synthesized from organic materials and microbial polymers . Some package materials are edible . For example , pharmaceuticals are sometimes in capsules made of gelatin , starch , potato or other materials . Newer bioplastics , films and products are being developed . Barcodes have been used for decades in packaging many products . 2D barcodes used in Autocoding are increasingly applied to food packaging to ensure products are correctly packaged and date coded . The ability of a package to fully empty or dispense a viscous food is somewhat dependent on the surface energy of the inner walls of the container . The use of superhydrophobic surfaces is useful but can be further improved by using new lubricant - impregnated surfaces . Food safety and public health ( edit ) Main article : Food safety It is critical to maintain food safety during processing , packaging , storage , logistics ( including cold chain ) , sale , and use . Conformance to applicable regulations is mandatory . Some are country specific such as the US Food and Drug Administration and the US Department of Agriculture ; others are regional such as the European Food Safety Authority . Certification programs such as the Global Food Safety Initiative are sometimes used . Food packaging considerations may include : use of hazard analysis and critical control points , verification and validation protocols , Good manufacturing practices , use of an effective quality management system , track and trace systems , and requirements for label content . Special food contact materials are used when the package is in direct contact with the food product . Depending on the packaging operation and the food , packaging machinery often needs specified daily wash - down and cleaning procedures . Health risks of materials and chemicals used in food packaging need to be carefully controlled . Carcinogens , toxic chemicals , mutagens etc. need to be eliminated from food contact and potential migration into foods . Manufacturing ( edit ) All aspects of food production , including packaging , are tightly controlled and have regulatory requirements . Uniformity , cleanliness and other requirements are needed to maintain Good Manufacturing Practices . Product safety management is vital . A complete Quality Management System must be in place . Hazard analysis and critical control points is one methodology which has been proven useful . Verification and validation involves collecting documentary evidence of all aspects of compliance . Quality assurance extends beyond the packaging operations through distribution and cold chain management . See also ( edit ) Food portal Dietary supplement Autocoding Food and Bioprocess Technology Calabash Food fortification Food grading Food preservation Food rheology Food safety List of food safety organisations Food storage Food storage container Food waste Food waste in the United Kingdom ISO 22000 Nutraceutical Food labeling regulations United Kingdom food labeling regulations Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bix , L ; Nora Rifon ; Hugh Lockhart ; Javier de la Fuente ( 2003 ) . The Packaging Matrix : Linking Package Design Criteria to the Marketing Mix ( PDF ) . IDS Packaging . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Randy . `` Food Packaging : 9 Types and Differences Explained '' . Assemblies Unlimited . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Farmer markets better at reducing waste Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Meyers , T ( June 2007 ) . `` RFID Shelf - life Monitoring Helps Resolve Disputes '' . RFID Journal . Jump up ^ Riva , Marco ; Piergiovanni , Schiraldi , Luciano ; Schiraldi , Alberto ( January 2001 ) . `` Performances of time - temperature indicators in the study of temperature exposure of packaged fresh foods '' . Packaging Technology and Science . 14 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 39 . doi : 10.1002 / pts. 521 . Jump up ^ EDIBLE COATINGS TO IMPROVE FOOD QUALITY AND FOOD SAFETY AND MINIMIZE PACKAGING COST , USDA , 2011 , retrieved 18 March 2013 Jump up ^ Smith , JD ; Rajeev Dhiman ; Sushant Anand ; Ernesto Reza - Garduno ; Robert E. Cohen ; Gareth H. McKinley ; Kripa K. Varanasi ( 2013 ) . `` Droplet mobility on lubricant - impregnated surfaces '' . Soft Matter. 19 ( 6 ) : 1972 -- 1980 . doi : 10.1039 / c2sm27032c . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hron , J ; T. Macák ; A. Jindrova ( 2012 ) . `` EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF PROCESS IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD PACKAGING '' ( PDF ) . ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS . LX ( 2 ) : 115 -- 120 . doi : 10.11118 / actaun201260040115 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation of the U.S. Food Processing Sector '' . NDSU . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/health-26254989 Jump up ^ Claudio , L ( 2012 ) . `` Our food : packaging & public health '' . Environ . Health Perspect. 120 : A232 -- 7 . PMC 3385451 . PMID 22659036 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 120 - a232 . Jump up ^ Goue , AF ; Gavriel , Drogui ( July 2016 ) , `` Optimizing The Effectiveness Of HACCP In Agri - Food SMEs '' , European Scientific Journal , 12 ( 24 ) : 18 -- 32 , retrieved 29 June 2017 Bibliography ( edit ) Hans - Jürgen Bässler und Frank Lehmann : Containment Technology : Progress in the Pharmaceutical and Food Processing Industry . Springer , Berlin 2013 , ISBN 978 - 3642392917 Heldman , D.R. ed ( 2003 ) . `` Encyclopedia of Agricultural , Food , and Biological Engineering '' . New York : Marcel Dekker Potter , N.N. and J.H. Hotchkiss. ( 1995 ) . `` Food Science '' , Fifth Edition. New York : Chapman & Hall . pp. 478 -- 513 . Robertson , G.L. ( 2013 ) . `` Food Packaging : Principles & Practice '' . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 6241 - 4 Selke , S , ( 1994 ) . `` Packaging and the Environment '' . ISBN 1 - 56676 - 104 - 2 Selke , S , ( 2004 ) `` Plastics Packaging '' , ISBN 1 - 56990 - 372 - 7 Soroka , W. ( 2009 ) . `` Fundamentals of Packaging Technology '' . Institute of Packaging Professionals . ISBN 1 - 930268 - 28 - 9 Stillwell , E. J , ( 1991 ) `` Packaging for the Environment '' , A.D. Little , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 8144 - 5074 - 1 Yam , K.L. , `` Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology '' , John Wiley & Sons , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 08704 - 6 Food science General Allergy Engineering Microbiology Nutrition Diet clinical Processing Processing aids Quality Sensory analysis Discrimination testing Rheology Storage Technology Food chemistry Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids `` Minerals '' ( Chemical elements ) Proteins Vitamins Water Food preservation Biopreservation Canning Cold chain Curing Drying Fermentation Freeze - drying Freezing Hurdle technology Irradiation Jamming Jellying Jugging Modified atmosphere Pascalization Pickling Potting Confit Potjevleesch Salting Smoking Sugaring Tyndallization Vacuum packing Food industry Manufacturing Packaging Marketing Foodservice Fortification Food safety Adulterants , food contaminants 3 - MCPD Aldicarb Cyanide Formaldehyde Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I Flavorings Monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) Salt Sugar High - fructose corn syrup Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli O104 : H4 Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Parasitic infections through food Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) Sodium benzoate Sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Aspartame Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins , poisons , environment pollution Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning Food contamination incidents Devon colic 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1989 Chilean grape scare 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 1999 Sun Orchard salmonellosis outbreak 2005 Indonesia food scare 2006 North American E. coli O157 : H7 outbreaks 2007 Vietnam food scare 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli O104 : H4 outbreak 2011 Taiwan food scandal 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2013 European aflatoxin contamination 2013 horse meat scandal 2013 Taiwan food scandal 2014 Taiwan food scandal 2015 United States E. coli outbreak 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal Food safety incidents in China Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States ICA meat repackaging controversy Minamata disease StarLink corn recall Toxic oil syndrome Regulation , standards , watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Quality Assurance International Institutions Centre for Food Safety European Food Safety Authority Institute for Food Safety and Health International Food Safety Network Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Food substitutes Artificial fat substitutes Olestra Trans fat Artificial protein substitutes Acid - hydrolyzed vegetable protein Artificial sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Alitame Aspartame Aspartame - acesulfame salt Dulcin Glucin Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone Neotame NutraSweet Nutrinova Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sucralose Natural food substitutes Cheese analogues Coffee substitutes Egg substitutes Meat analogues bacon list Milk substitutes Phyllodulcin Salt substitutes Food politics Food power Food security Famine Malnutrition Overnutrition Institutions International Association for Food Protection Food and Drug Administration Food and Agriculture Organization National Agriculture and Food Research Organization National Food and Drug Authority Packaging General topics Active packaging Child - resistant packaging Contract packager Disposable food packaging Food packaging Luxury packaging Modified atmosphere / modified humidity packaging Package pilferage Package testing Packaging engineering Pharmaceutical packaging Reusable packaging Shelf life Sustainable packaging Tamper - evident Tamper resistance Wrap rage Containers Aerosol Container Aluminium bottle Aluminum can Ampoule Antistatic bag Bag - in - box Bags and flexible containers Barrel Beer bottle Biodegradable bag Blister pack Boil - in - Bag Bottle Box Bulk box Carboy Carton Chub Clamshell Corrugated box design Crate Disposable cup Drum Envelope Flexible intermediate bulk container Foam food container Folding carton Glass bottle Growler Insulated shipping container Intermediate bulk container Jar Jerrycan Jug Juicebox Keg Multi-pack Oyster pail Packet ( container ) Padded mailer Pail Paper bag Paper sack Plastic bag Plastic bottle Popcorn bag Retort pouch Sachet Security bag Self - heating can Self - heating food packaging Shipping container Skin pack Spray bottle Tin can Tube Unit load Vial Wooden box Materials and components Adhesive Aluminium foil Bioplastic Biodegradable plastic BoPET Bubble wrap Bung Cellophane Closure Coated paper Coating Corrugated fiberboard Corrugated plastic Cushioning Desiccant Double seam Foam peanut Glass Hot - melt adhesive Kraft paper Label Linear low - density polyethylene Liquid packaging board Low - density polyethylene Metallised film Modified atmosphere Molded pulp Nonwoven fabric Overwrap Oxygen scavenger Packaging gas Pallet Paper Paper pallet Paperboard Plastic film Plastic pallet Plastic wrap Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene Pressure - sensitive tape Screw cap Screw cap ( wine ) Security printing Security tape Shock detector Shock and vibration data logger Shrink wrap Slip sheet Staple ( fastener ) Strapping Stretch wrap Susceptor Tear tape Temperature data logger Time temperature indicator Tinplate Velostat Processes Aseptic processing Authentication Automatic identification and data capture Blow fill seal Blow molding Calendering Canning Coating Containerization Curtain Coating Die cutting Die forming ( plastics ) Electronic article surveillance Extrusion Extrusion coating Glass production Graphic design HACCP Hermetic seal Induction sealing Injection molding Laminating Laser cutting Molding Papermaking Plastic welding Plastics extrusion Printing Quality assurance Radio - frequency identification Roll slitting Shearing ( manufacturing ) Thermoforming Track and trace Vacuum forming Ultrasonic welding Vacuum packaging Verification and validation Machinery Barcode printer Barcode reader Bottling line Calender Can seamer Cartoning machine Case sealer Check weigher Conveyor system Extended core stretch wrapper Filler Heat gun Heat sealer Industrial robot Injection molding machine Label printer applicator Lineshaft roller conveyor Logistics automation Material handling equipment Mechanical brake stretch wrapper Multihead weigher Orbital stretch wrapping Palletizer Rotary wheel blow molding systems Shrink tunnel Staple gun Tape dispenser Turntable stretch wrapper Vertical form fill sealing machine Environment , post-use Biodegradation Environmental engineering Glass recycling Industrial ecology Life - cycle assessment Litter Paper recycling Plastic recycling Recycling Reusable packaging Reverse logistics Source reduction Sustainable packaging Waste management Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_packaging&oldid=799897806 '' Categories : Food science Food packaging Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from February 2012 All articles needing expert attention Articles lacking in - 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approximately how many miles wide is one time zone			Time zone	time zone	A time zone is a region of the globe that observes a uniform standard time for legal , commercial , and social purposes . Time zones tend to follow the boundaries of countries and their subdivisions because it is convenient for areas in close commercial or other communication to keep the same time .	Most of the time zones on land are offset from Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) by a whole number of hours ( UTC − 12 to UTC + 14 ) , but a few zones are offset by 30 or 45 minutes ( e.g. Newfoundland Standard Time is UTC − 03 : 30 , Nepal Standard Time is UTC + 05 : 45 , and Indian Standard Time is UTC + 05 : 30 ) . Some higher latitude and temperate zone countries use daylight saving time for part of the year , typically by adjusting local clock time by an hour . Many land time zones are skewed toward the west of the corresponding nautical time zones . This also creates a permanent daylight saving time effect . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early timekeeping 1.2 Railway time 1.3 Worldwide time zones 2 Notation of time 2.1 ISO 8601 2.2 UTC 2.2. 1 Offsets from UTC 2.3 Abbreviations 3 UTC offsets worldwide 4 List of UTC offsets 5 Time zone conversions 6 Nautical time zones 7 Skewing of zones 8 Daylight saving time 9 Computer systems and the Internet 9.1 Operating systems 9.1. 1 Unix 9.1. 2 Microsoft Windows 9.2 Programming languages 9.2. 1 Java 9.2. 2 JavaScript 9.2. 3 Perl 9.2. 4 PHP 9.2. 5 Python 9.2. 6 Smalltalk 10 Time zones in outer space 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History Early timekeeping Before clocks were first invented , it was common practice to mark the time of day with apparent solar time ( also called `` true '' solar time ) -- for example , the time on a sundial -- which was typically different for every location and dependent on longitude . When well - regulated mechanical clocks became widespread in the early 19th century , each city began to use some local mean solar time . Apparent and mean solar time can differ by up to around 15 minutes ( as described by the equation of time ) because of the elliptical shape of the Earth 's orbit around the Sun ( eccentricity ) and the tilt of the Earth 's axis ( obliquity ) . Mean solar time has days of equal length , and the difference between the two sums to zero after a year . Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) was established in 1675 , when the Royal Observatory was built , as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea , providing a standard reference time while each city in England kept a different local time . Railway time Plaque commemorating the Railway General Time Convention of 1883 in North America Local solar time became increasingly inconvenient as rail transport and telecommunications improved , because clocks differed between places by amounts corresponding to the differences in their geographical longitudes , which varied by four minutes of time for every degree of longitude . For example , Bristol is about 2.5 degrees west of Greenwich ( East London ) , so when it is solar noon in Bristol , it is about 10 minutes past solar noon in London . The use of time zones accumulates these differences into longer units , usually hours , so that nearby places can share a common standard for timekeeping . The first adoption of a standard time was on December 1 , 1847 , in Great Britain by railway companies using GMT kept by portable chronometers . The first of these companies to adopt standard time was the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) in November 1840 . This quickly became known as Railway Time . About August 23 , 1852 , time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory , Greenwich . Even though 98 % of Great Britain 's public clocks were using GMT by 1855 , it was not made Britain 's legal time until August 2 , 1880 . Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands -- one for the local time , one for GMT . Improvements in worldwide communication further increased the need for interacting parties to communicate mutually comprehensible time references to one another . The problem of differing local times could be solved across larger areas by synchronizing clocks worldwide , but in many places that adopted time would then differ markedly from the solar time to which people were accustomed . On November 2 , 1868 , the then British colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony , and was perhaps the first country to do so . It was based on the longitude 172 ° 30 ′ East of Greenwich , that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT . This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time . Timekeeping on the American railroads in the mid-19th century was somewhat confused . Each railroad used its own standard time , usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus , and the railroad 's train schedules were published using its own time . Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad , each showing a different time . 1913 time zone map of the United States , showing boundaries very different from today Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of one - hour standard time zones for American railroads about 1863 , although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869 . In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones ( having north -- south borders ) , the first centered on Washington , D.C. , but by 1872 the first was centered on the meridian 75 ° W of Greenwich , with geographic borders ( for example , sections of the Appalachian Mountains ) . Dowd 's system was never accepted by American railroads . Instead , U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen , the editor of the Traveler 's Official Railway Guide . The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations , often in major cities . For example , the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through Detroit , Buffalo , Pittsburgh , Atlanta , and Charleston . It was inaugurated on Sunday , November 18 , 1883 , also called `` The Day of Two Noons '' , when each railroad station clock was reset as standard - time noon was reached within each time zone . The zones were named Intercolonial , Eastern , Central , Mountain , and Pacific . Within a year 85 % of all cities with populations over 10,000 , about 200 cities , were using standard time . A notable exception was Detroit ( which is about halfway between the meridians of eastern time and central time ) which kept local time until 1900 , then tried Central Standard Time , local mean time , and Eastern Standard Time before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916 . The confusion of times came to an end when Standard zone time was formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19 , 1918 . Worldwide time zones This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although the first person to propose a worldwide system of time zones was the Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti in his book Miranda ! published in 1858 , his idea was unknown outside the pages of his book until long after his death , so it did not influence the adoption of time zones during the 19th century . He proposed 24 hourly time zones , which he called `` longitudinal days '' , the first centred on the meridian of Rome . He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy . Scottish - born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1879 . He advocated his system at several international conferences , and is thus credited with the instigation of `` the initial effort that led to the adoption of the present time meridians . '' In 1876 , his first proposal was for a global 24 - hour clock , conceptually located at the centre of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian . In 1879 he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich ( 180th meridian ) , while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use . He also proposed his system at the International Meridian Conference in October 1884 , but it did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview . The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight , but specified that it `` shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable '' . By about 1900 , almost all time on Earth was in the form of standard time zones , only some of which used an hourly offset from GMT . Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country , without any reference to GMT . It took many decades before all time on Earth was in the form of time zones referred to some `` standard offset '' from GMT / UTC . By 1929 , most major countries had adopted hourly time zones . Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset , shifting slightly to UTC + 5 : 45 in 1986 . Today , all nations use standard time zones for secular purposes , but they do not all apply the concept as originally conceived . North Korea , Newfoundland , India , Iran , Afghanistan , Burma , Sri Lanka , the Marquesas , as well as parts of Australia use half - hour deviations from standard time , and some nations , such as Nepal , and some provinces , such as the Chatham Islands of New Zealand , use quarter - hour deviations . Some countries , such as China and India , use a single time zone even though the extent of their territory far exceeds 15 ° of longitude . Notation of time ISO 8601 Main article : ISO 8601 ISO 8601 is an international standard that defines unambiguous and well - defined methods of representing dates and times in textual form , including specifications for representing time zones . UTC If a time is in Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) , a `` Z '' is added directly after the time without a separating space . `` Z '' is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset . `` 09 : 30 UTC '' is therefore represented as `` 09 : 30Z '' or `` 0930Z '' . Likewise , `` 14 : 45 : 15 UTC '' is written as `` 14 : 45 : 15Z '' or `` 144515Z '' . UTC time is also known as `` Zulu '' time , since `` Zulu '' is a phonetic alphabet code word for the letter `` Z '' . Offsets from UTC Offsets from UTC are written in the format ± ( hh ) : ( mm ) , ± ( hh ) ( mm ) , or ± ( hh ) ( either hours ahead or behind UTC ) . For example , if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC ( such as the time in Berlin during the winter ) , the zone designator would be `` + 01 : 00 '' , `` + 0100 '' , or simply `` + 01 '' . This numeric representation of time zones is appended to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations ( or `` Z '' , as above ) are appended . The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time , e.g. a time offset in Chicago , which is in the North American Central Time Zone , is `` − 06 : 00 '' for the winter ( Central Standard Time ) and `` − 05 : 00 '' for the summer ( Central Daylight Time ) . Abbreviations Main article : List of time zone abbreviations Time zones are often represented by alphabetic abbreviations such as `` EST '' , `` WST '' , and `` CST '' , but these are not part of the international time and date standard ISO 8601 and their use as sole designator for a time zone is discouraged . Such designations can be ambiguous ; for example , `` ECT '' could be interpreted as `` Eastern Caribbean Time '' ( UTC − 4h ) , `` Ecuador Time '' ( UTC − 5h ) , or `` European Central Time '' ( UTC + 1h ) . UTC offsets worldwide Main article : List of UTC time offsets Time zones map Political map showing how a great part of the world has a gap between the official time and the solar . UTC − 12 : 00 ... UTC − 07 : 00 UTC − 06 : 00 ... UTC − 01 : 00 UTC ± 00 : 00 ... UTC + 05 : 45 UTC + 06 : 00 ... UTC + 11 : 30 UTC + 12 : 00 ... UTC + 14 : 00 Oceania / North America / Antarctica North and South America / Antarctica Europe / Africa / Asia / Antarctica Asia / Antarctica Asia / Oceania / Antarctica No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer − 12 : 00 − 12 : 00 / − 11 : 00 N : US - − 06 : 00 − 06 : 00 / − 05 : 00 N : US - , MX - ± 00 : 00 IS ± 00 : 00 / + 01 : 00 N : GB , IE , PT + 06 : 00 RU - , KZ -- + 06 : 00 / + 07 : 00 + 12 : 00 KI - , RU - + 12 : 00 / + 13 : 00 S : NZ - + 06 : 30 MM + 12 : 45 + 12 : 45 / + 13 : 45 S : NZ − 11 : 00 US - − 11 : 00 / − 10 : 00 − 05 : 00 BO , CO , PA , PE − 05 : 00 / − 04 : 00 N : CA - , CU , US - + 01 : 00 TN , CG , CD - , DZ , NE , NG + 01 : 00 / + 02 : 00 N : AT , BA , BE , CH , CZ , DE , DK , ES - , FR , HR , HU , IT , LI , LU , MK , NL , NO , PL , SE , SI , SK S : NA + 07 : 00 RU - , VN , LA , TH , KH , ID - + 07 : 00 / + 08 : 00 N : MN - + 13 : 00 KI - − 10 : 00 US - − 10 : 00 / − 09 : 00 US - − 04 : 00 − 04 : 00 / − 03 : 00 S : AQ - + 02 : 00 Africa : BI , BW , CD - , EG , LY , MW , MZ , RW , ZA , ZM , ZW + 02 : 00 / + 03 : 00 N : FI , EE , LV , LT , UA , BG , GR , MD , RO + 08 : 00 CN , HK , ID , MY , RU - , PH , SG , TW , + 08 : 00 / + 09 : 00 N : MN - + 14 : 00 KI - − 03 : 30 − 03 : 30 / − 02 : 30 S : CA - + 08 : 30 KP − 09 : 00 − 09 : 00 / − 08 : 00 N : US - − 03 : 00 AR CL − 03 : 00 / − 02 : 00 S : BR - + 03 : 00 Europe : BY , RU - , TR , Africa : KE , SD , SO , SS , ER , Asia : IQ , SA + 03 : 00 / + 04 : 00 + 09 : 00 RU - , JP , KR , ID - + 09 : 00 / + 10 : 00 + 03 : 30 + 03 : 30 / + 04 : 30 IR + 09 : 30 + 09 : 30 / + 10 : 30 AU - − 08 : 00 − 08 : 00 / − 07 : 00 N : CA - , US - , MX - − 02 : 00 BR - − 02 : 00 / − 01 : 00 + 04 : 00 RU - , GE + 04 : 00 / + 05 : 00 + 10 : 00 RU - + 10 : 00 / + 11 : 00 + 04 : 30 AF − 07 : 00 US - , MX - − 07 : 00 / − 06 : 00 N : CA - , US - , MX - − 01 : 00 − 01 : 00 / ± 00 : 00 + 05 : 00 KZ - , PK + 05 : 00 / + 06 : 00 + 11 : 00 RU - + 11 : 00 / + 12 : 00 + 05 : 30 IN + 11 : 30 NF + 05 : 45 NP XX = ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 2 country code , XX - = parts of the country , N = North , S = South , UTC = Universal Coordinated Time , DST = Daylight Saving Time List of UTC offsets These examples give the local time at various locations around the world when daylight saving time is not in effect : Time offset Example time ( ISO 8601 notation ) Example locations Example locations that in summer use DST UTC − 12 : 00 2017 - 12 - 19T14 : 35 : 47 - 12 : 00 Baker Island , Howland Island ( both uninhabited ) UTC − 11 : 00 2017 - 12 - 19T15 : 35 : 47 - 11 : 00 American Samoa , Niue UTC − 10 : 00 2017 - 12 - 19T16 : 35 : 47 - 10 : 00 French Polynesia ( most ) , United States ( Hawaii ) United States ( Aleutian Islands ) UTC − 09 : 30 2017 - 12 - 19T17 : 05 : 47 - 09 : 30 Marquesas Islands UTC − 09 : 00 2017 - 12 - 19T17 : 35 : 47 - 09 : 00 Gambier Islands United States ( most of Alaska ) UTC − 08 : 00 2017 - 12 - 19T18 : 35 : 47 - 08 : 00 Pitcairn Islands Canada ( most of British Columbia ) , Mexico ( Baja California ) , United States ( California , most of Nevada , most of Oregon , Washington ) UTC − 07 : 00 2017 - 12 - 19T19 : 35 : 47 - 07 : 00 Canada ( northeastern British Columbia ) , Mexico ( Sonora ) , United States ( most of Arizona ) Canada ( Alberta ) , Mexico ( Chihuahua ) , United States ( Colorado ) UTC − 06 : 00 2017 - 12 - 19T20 : 35 : 47 - 06 : 00 Belize , Canada ( most of Saskatchewan ) , Costa Rica , Ecuador ( Galápagos Islands ) , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua Canada ( Manitoba ) , United States ( Illinois , most of Texas ) , Mexico ( most ) UTC − 05 : 00 2017 - 12 - 19T21 : 35 : 47 - 05 : 00 Brazil ( Acre ) , Colombia , Ecuador ( continental ) , Haiti , Jamaica , Panama , Peru Bahamas , Canada ( most of Ontario , most of Quebec ) , Cuba , United States ( District of Columbia , most of Florida , Georgia , Massachusetts , most of Michigan , most of Indiana , New York , North Carolina , Ohio ) UTC − 04 : 00 2017 - 12 - 19T22 : 35 : 47 - 04 : 00 Barbados , Bolivia , Brazil ( most of Amazonas , Rondônia , Roraima ) , Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Trinidad and Tobago , Venezuela Brazil ( most of Mato Grosso , Mato Grosso do Sul ) , Canada ( Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , most of Labrador ) , Chile ( continental ) , Paraguay UTC − 03 : 30 2017 - 12 - 19T23 : 05 : 47 - 03 : 30 Canada ( island of Newfoundland , southeastern Labrador ) UTC − 03 : 00 2017 - 12 - 19T23 : 35 : 47 - 03 : 00 Argentina , Brazil ( Bahia , Ceará , Maranhão , Pará , Pernambuco ) , Falkland Islands , Uruguay Brazil ( Federal District , Minas Gerais , Paraná , Rio Grande do Sul , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo ) , Greenland ( most ) UTC − 02 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T00 : 35 : 47 - 02 : 00 Brazil ( Fernando de Noronha ) , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands UTC − 01 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T01 : 35 : 47 - 01 : 00 Cape Verde Portugal ( Azores ) UTC ± 00 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T02 : 35 : 47 + 00 : 00 Ivory Coast , Ghana , Iceland , Saint Helena , Senegal , Mali Faroe Islands , Ireland , Morocco , Portugal ( continental , Madeira ) , Spain ( Canary Islands ) , United Kingdom , Western Sahara UTC + 01 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T03 : 35 : 47 + 01 : 00 Algeria , Angola , Benin , Cameroon , Democratic Republic of the Congo ( west ) , Gabon , Niger , Nigeria , Tunisia Albania , Austria , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Czech Republic , Denmark , France ( metropolitan ) , Germany , Hungary , Italy , Kosovo , Malta , Macedonia , Namibia , Netherlands ( European ) , Norway , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain ( continental ) , Sweden , Switzerland UTC + 02 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T04 : 35 : 47 + 02 : 00 Burundi , Egypt , Jordan , Malawi , Mozambique , Russia ( Kaliningrad ) , Rwanda , South Africa , Swaziland , Zambia , Zimbabwe Bulgaria , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , Greece , Israel , Latvia , Lebanon , Lithuania , Moldova , Palestine , Romania , Syria , Ukraine UTC + 03 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T05 : 35 : 47 + 03 : 00 Belarus , Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Iraq , Kenya , Kuwait , Madagascar , Northern Cyprus , Russia ( most of European part ) , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , South Sudan , Sudan , Tanzania , Turkey , Uganda , Yemen UTC + 03 : 30 2017 - 12 - 20T06 : 05 : 47 + 03 : 30 Iran UTC + 04 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T06 : 35 : 47 + 04 : 00 Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Mauritius , Oman , Russia ( Samara ) , Seychelles , United Arab Emirates UTC + 04 : 30 2017 - 12 - 20T07 : 05 : 47 + 04 : 30 Afghanistan UTC + 05 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T07 : 35 : 47 + 05 : 00 Kazakhstan ( west ) , Maldives , Pakistan , Russia ( Sverdlovsk , Chelyabinsk ) , Uzbekistan UTC + 05 : 30 2017 - 12 - 20T08 : 05 : 47 + 05 : 30 India , Sri Lanka UTC + 05 : 45 2017 - 12 - 20T08 : 20 : 47 + 05 : 45 Nepal UTC + 06 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T08 : 35 : 47 + 06 : 00 Bangladesh , Bhutan , British Indian Ocean Territory , Kazakhstan ( most ) , Russia ( Omsk ) UTC + 06 : 30 2017 - 12 - 20T09 : 05 : 47 + 06 : 30 Cocos Islands , Myanmar UTC + 07 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T09 : 35 : 47 + 07 : 00 Cambodia , Indonesia ( west ) , Laos , Russia ( Krasnoyarsk ) , Thailand , Vietnam Mongolia ( west ) UTC + 08 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T10 : 35 : 47 + 08 : 00 Australia ( Western Australia ) , Brunei , China , Hong Kong , Indonesia ( central ) , Macau , Malaysia , Philippines , Russia ( Irkutsk ) , Singapore , Taiwan Mongolia ( most ) UTC + 08 : 30 2017 - 12 - 20T11 : 05 : 47 + 08 : 30 North Korea UTC + 08 : 45 2017 - 12 - 20T11 : 20 : 47 + 08 : 45 Australia ( Eucla unofficial ) UTC + 09 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T11 : 35 : 47 + 09 : 00 East Timor , Indonesia ( east ) , Japan , Russia ( most of Sakha ) , South Korea UTC + 09 : 30 2017 - 12 - 20T12 : 05 : 47 + 09 : 30 Australia ( Northern Territory ) Australia ( South Australia ) UTC + 10 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T12 : 35 : 47 + 10 : 00 Australia ( Queensland ) , Papua New Guinea , Russia ( Primorsky ) Australia ( New South Wales , Tasmania , Victoria ) UTC + 10 : 30 2017 - 12 - 20T13 : 05 : 47 + 10 : 30 Lord Howe Island UTC + 11 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T13 : 35 : 47 + 11 : 00 New Caledonia , Russia ( Magadan ) , Solomon Islands , Vanuatu UTC + 12 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T14 : 35 : 47 + 12 : 00 Kiribati ( Gilbert Islands ) , Russia ( Kamchatka ) Fiji , New Zealand ( most ) UTC + 12 : 45 2017 - 12 - 20T15 : 20 : 47 + 12 : 45 New Zealand ( Chatham Islands ) UTC + 13 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T15 : 35 : 47 + 13 : 00 Kiribati ( Phoenix Islands ) , Tokelau Samoa , Tonga UTC + 14 : 00 2017 - 12 - 20T16 : 35 : 47 + 14 : 00 Kiribati ( Line Islands ) Where the adjustment for time zones results in a time at the other side of midnight from UTC , then the date at the location is one day later or earlier . Some examples when UTC is 23 : 00 on Monday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect : Cairo , Egypt : UTC + 02 ; 01 : 00 on Tuesday Wellington , New Zealand : UTC + 12 ; 11 : 00 on Tuesday Some examples when UTC is 02 : 00 on Tuesday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect : Honolulu , Hawaii , United States : UTC − 10 ; 16 : 00 on Monday Toronto , Ontario , Canada : UTC − 05 ; 21 : 00 on Monday The time - zone adjustment for a specific location may vary because of daylight saving time . For example , New Zealand , which is usually UTC + 12 , observes a one - hour daylight saving time adjustment during the Southern Hemisphere summer , resulting in a local time of UTC + 13 . Time zone conversions ( show ) Time of day by zone City , Region Zone ° W Tue Wed Samoa SST 165 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 Hawaii HAST 150 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 Juneau , Alaska AKST 135 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 San Francisco , Los Angeles PST 120 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 Denver MST 105 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 Winnipeg , Chicago , Mexico CST 90 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 Ottawa , New York , Miami , Quito , Lima EST 75 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 Caracas , La Paz , Santiago CLT 60 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 Greenland , Rio , Buenos Aires ART 45 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 GST 30 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 CVT 15 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 London , Lisbon , Algiers , Monrovia UTC 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Paris , Rome , Lagos , Kinshasa CET 15 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Helsinki , Moscow , Cairo , Cape Town EET 30 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Archangelsk , Ankara , Addis Abeba AST 45 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Magnitogorsk , Mauritius , Réunion GST 60 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Salekhard , Bishkek , Kerguelen PKT 75 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Norilsk , Novosibirsk BST 90 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Irkutsk , Bangkok , Jakarta ICT 105 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Yakutsk , Beijing , Manila , Perth CST 120 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Vladivostok , Tokyo JST 135 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Magadan , Sydney , Melbourne AEST 150 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 NCT 165 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Fiji , Wellington NZST 180 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Phoenix Islands 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 Line Islands 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 ° E Wed Thu Fri Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship `` time in zone A '' − `` UTC offset for zone A '' = `` time in zone B '' − `` UTC offset for zone B '' , in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC . ( The more familiar term `` UTC offset '' is used here rather than the term `` zone designator '' used by the standard . ) The conversion equation can be rearranged to `` time in zone B '' = `` time in zone A '' − `` UTC offset for zone A '' + `` UTC offset for zone B '' . For example , what time is it in Los Angeles ( PST , UTC offset = − 08 ) when the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09 : 30 ( EST , − 05 ) ? time in Los Angeles = 09 : 30 − ( − 05 : 00 ) + ( − 08 : 00 ) = 06 : 30 . In Delhi ( IST , UTC offset = + 5 : 30 ) , the New York Stock Exchange opens at time in Delhi = 09 : 30 − ( − 05 : 00 ) + ( + 5 : 30 ) = 20 : 00 . These calculations become more complicated near a daylight saving boundary ( because the UTC offset for zone X is a function of the UTC time ) . The table `` Time of day by zone '' gives an overview on the time relations between different zones . Nautical time zones Main article : Nautical time Since the 1920s a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on the high seas . Nautical time zones are an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system . Under the system , a time change of one hour is required for each change of longitude by 15 ° . The 15 ° gore that is offset from GMT or UT1 ( not UTC ) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two 7.5 ° gores that differ from GMT by ± 12 hours . A nautical date line is implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps . It follows the 180th meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to land , forming gaps : it is a pole - to - pole dashed line . A ship within the territorial waters of any nation would use that nation 's standard time , but would revert to nautical standard time upon leaving its territorial waters . The captain is permitted to change the ship 's clocks at a time of the captain 's choice following the ship 's entry into another time zone . The captain often chooses midnight . Ships going in shuttle traffic over a time zone border often keep the same time zone all the time , to avoid confusion about work , meal , and shop opening hours . Still the time table for port calls must follow the land time zone . Skewing of zones Difference between sun time and clock time during daylight saving time : 1h ± 30 min behind 0h ± 30m 1h ± 30m ahead 2h ± 30m ahead 3h ± 30m ahead DST observed DST formerly observed DST never observed Ideal time zones , such as nautical time zones , are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian located in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian . In practice , zone boundaries are often drawn much farther to the west with often irregular boundaries , and some locations base their time on meridians located far to the east . For example , even though the Prime Meridian ( 0 ° ) passes through Spain and France , they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east ( Central European Time ) rather than 0 degrees ( Greenwich Mean Time ) . France previously used GMT , but was switched to CET ( Central European Time ) during the German occupation of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war . Similarly , prior to World War II , the Netherlands observed `` Amsterdam Time '' , which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time . They were obliged to follow German time during the war , and kept it thereafter . In the mid 1970s the Netherlands , as with other European states , began observing daylight saving ( summer ) time . There is a tendency to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their meridians . The main reason for this is that similar working day schedules around the world have led to people rising on average at 07 : 00 clock time and going to bed at 23 : 00 clock time . Another reason is that it can allow the more efficient use of sunlight . This means that the middle of the period that people are awake ( `` awake time noon '' ) occurs at 15 : 00 ( = ( 7 + 23 ) / 2 ) clock time , whereas - if using as clock time the time of the nautical time zone to which the location concerned geographically belongs - solar noon occurs at 12 : 00 ( + / - 30 min ) clock time . To make solar noon coincide more with awake time noon ( i.e. make the sun reach its highest point closer to 15 : 00 clock time rather than 12 : 00 clock time ) , the time of one or even two nautical time zones to the east is chosen . Many of these locations also use DST , adding yet another nautical time zone to the east . As a result , in summer , solar noon in the Spanish town of Muxía occurs at 14 : 37 clock time , indeed very close to awake time noon ( 15 : 00 ) . This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18 : 00 clock time , even in midwinter , despite its lying more than 40 degrees north of the equator . Near the summer solstice , Muxia has sunset times ( after 22 : 00 ) similar to those of Stockholm , which is in the same time zone and 16 degrees further north . Stockholm has much earlier sunrises , though . A more extreme example is Nome , Alaska , which is at 165 ° 24 ′ W longitude -- just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone ( 165 ° W ) . Nevertheless , Nome observes Alaska Time ( 135 ° W ) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer . Kotzebue , Alaska , also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle , has an annual event on August 9 to celebrate two sunsets in the same 24 - hour day , one shortly after midnight at the start of the day , and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day . Also , China extends as far west as 73 ° 34 ′ E , but all parts of it use UTC + 08 : 00 ( 120 ° E ) , so solar `` noon '' can occur as late as 15 : 00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang and Tibet . Daylight saving time Main article : Daylight saving time Many countries , and sometimes just certain regions of countries , adopt daylight saving time ( also known as `` Summer Time '' ) during part of the year . This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of spring and adjusting back in autumn ( `` spring '' forward , `` fall '' back ) . Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal . Despite controversy , many countries have used it off and on since then ; details vary by location and change occasionally . Most countries around the equator do not observe daylight saving time , since the seasonal difference in sunlight is minimal . Computer systems and the internet Computer operating systems include the necessary support for working with all ( or almost all ) possible local times based on the various time zones . Internally , operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time - keeping standard , while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC , and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones . ( See the article on daylight saving time for more details on this aspect ) . Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time , perhaps with UTC time in brackets . More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone . For example , the international English - language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time , whereas the US version shows Eastern Time . US Eastern Time and Pacific Time are also used fairly commonly on many US - based English - language websites with global readership . The format is typically based in the W3C Note `` datetime '' . Email systems and other messaging systems ( IRC chat , etc . ) time - stamp messages using UTC , or else include the sender 's time zone as part of the message , allowing the receiving program to display the message 's date and time of sending in the recipient 's local time . Database records that include a time stamp typically use UTC , especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones . The use of local time for time - stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time because once a year there is a one - hour period when local times are ambiguous . Calendar systems nowadays usually tie their time stamps to UTC , and show them differently on computers that are in different time zones . That works when having telephone or internet meetings . It works less well when travelling , because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event . The event can be shown at the wrong time . For example , if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9 AM , and makes a calendar entry at 9 AM ( which the computer assumes is New York time ) , the calendar entry will be at 6 AM if taking the computer 's time zone . There is also an option in newer versions of Microsoft Outlook to enter the time zone in which an event will happen , but often not in other calendar systems . Calendaring software must also deal with daylight saving time ( DST ) . If , for political reasons , the begin and end dates of daylight saving time are changed , calendar entries should stay the same in local time , even though they may shift in UTC time . In Microsoft Outlook , time stamps are therefore stored and communicated without DST offsets . Hence , an appointment in London at noon in the summer will be represented as 12 : 00 ( UTC + 00 : 00 ) even though the event will actually take place at 13 : 00 UTC . In Google Calendar , calendar events are stored in UTC ( although shown in local time ) and might be changed by a time - zone changes , although normal daylight saving start and end are compensated for ( similar to much other calendar software ) . Operating systems This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Unix Main article : Unix time Most Unix - like systems , including Linux and Mac OS X , keep system time as UTC ( Coordinated Universal Time ) . Rather than having a single time zone set for the whole computer , timezone offsets can vary for different processes . Standard library routines are used to calculate the local time based on the current timezone , normally supplied to processes through the TZ environment variable . This allows users in multiple timezones to use the same computer , with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user . Time zone information most commonly comes from the IANA time zone database . In fact , many systems , including anything using the GNU C Library , can make use of this database . Microsoft Windows Windows - based computer systems prior to Windows 2000 used local time , but Windows 2000 and later can use UTC as the basic system time . The system registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone . Interaction with the user normally uses local time , and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones . Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop / application sessions . Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session . Programming languages Java While most application software will use the underlying operating system for timezone information , the Java Platform , from version 1.3. 1 , has maintained its own timezone database . This database is updated whenever timezone rules change . Oracle provides an updater tool for this purpose . As an alternative to the timezone information bundled with the Java Platform , programmers may choose to use the Joda - Time library . This library includes its own timezone data based on the IANA time zone database . As of Java 8 new DATE TIME API is there that can help converting timezones . Java 8 Date Time JavaScript There is very little in the way of timezone support for JavaScript . Essentially the programmer has to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object , getting a GMT time from it , and differencing the two . This does not provide a solution for daylight saving variations . Perl The DateTime object supports all time zones in the Olson DB and includes the ability to get , set and convert between time zones . PHP The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since 5.2 . This includes the ability to get and set the default script timezone , and DateTime is aware of its own timezone internally . PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this . As noted there , the most current timezone database can be implemented via the PECL timezonedb . Python The standard module datetime stores and operates on the timezone information class tzinfo . The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database . Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time. timezone and time. altzone attributes . Smalltalk Each Smalltalk dialect comes with its own built - in classes for dates , times and timestamps , only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard . VisualWorks provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions , which are assumed to apply to all years ( same behavior as Windows time zones ) . Squeak provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions . Dolphin Smalltalk does not support time zones at all . For full support of the tz database ( zoneinfo ) in a Smalltalk application ( including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions , and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years ) the third - party , open - source , ANSI - Smalltalk - compliant Chronos Date / Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects : VisualWorks , Squeak , Gemstone , or Dolphin . Time zones in outer space This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Orbiting spacecraft typically experience many sunrises and sunsets in a 24 - hour period , or in the case of Apollo program astronauts travelling to the moon , none . Thus it is not possible to calibrate time zones with respect to the sun , and still respect a 24 - hour sleep / wake cycle . A common practice for space exploration is to use the Earth - based time zone of the launch site or mission control . This keeps the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers in sync . The International Space Station normally uses Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . Timekeeping on Mars can be more complex , since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 39 minutes , known as a sol . Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep / wake cycles with the Martian day , because solar - powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark . The difference in day length caused the sleep / wake cycles to slowly drift with respect to the day / night cycles on Earth , repeating approximately once every 36 days . See also The control panel of the Time Zone Clock in front of Coventry Transport Museum . Daylight saving time ISO 8601 Jet lag Lists of time zones Metric time Time by country World clock Notes Jump up ^ Spain may have chosen its time zone for other reasons , such as synchronising with trading partners , and adopting CET as a major member of the EU References Jump up ^ The Mechanics of Mechanical Watches and Clocks Ruxu Du Springer . Jump up ^ Latitude and Longitude of World Cities http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html Jump up ^ `` Bristol Time '' . Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Our Time . How we got it . New Zealand 's Method . A Lead to the World '' . Papaerspast . Evening Post . p. 10 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Economics of Time Zones '' ( PDF ) . Archived May 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 1.89 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Historymatters.gmu.edu '' . Historymatters.gmu.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution concerning new standard time by Chicago '' . Sos.state.il.us . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Quirico Filopanti from scienzagiovane , Bologna University , Italy . Archived January 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gianluigi Parmeggiani ( Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna ) , The origin of time zones Archived August 24 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/d.html Jump up ^ `` Turning back the clock - North Korea creates Pyongyang Standard Time '' . Reuters. 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowditch , Nathaniel . American Practical Navigator . Washington : Government Printing Office , 1925 , 1939 , 1975 . Jump up ^ Hill , John C. , Thomas F. Utegaard , Gerard Riordan . Dutton 's Navigation and Piloting . Annapolis : United States Naval Institute , 1958 . Jump up ^ Howse , Derek . Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 215948 - 8 . Jump up ^ Poulle , Yvonne ( 1999 ) . `` La France à l'heure allemande '' ( PDF ) . Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 157 ( 2 ) : 493 -- 502 . doi : 10.3406 / bec. 1999.450989 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 法定时与北京时间 '' . 人民教育出版社 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Doug O'Hara ( 2007 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Alaska : daylight stealing time '' . Far North Science . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` International CNN '' . Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` United States CNN '' . Cnn.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines for Ubuntu IRC Meetings '' . Canonical Ltd. 2008 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ How time zone normalization works in Microsoft Outlook . Microsoft ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Use Google Calendar in different time zones . Google Calendar Help ( as of Oct. 2015 ) Jump up ^ GetSystemTime function ( Windows ) Jump up ^ `` Timezone Updater Tool '' . Java.sun.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Joda - Time '' . Joda-time.sourceforge.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` tz database '' . Twinsun.com. 2007 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` DateTime '' . METACPAN . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` DateTime '' . Php.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` pytz module '' . Pytz.sourceforge.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chronos Date / Time Library Archived April 5 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ask the Crew : STS - 111 '' . Jump up ^ Ed Lu . `` Day in the Life '' . Jump up ^ Megan Gannon , 2008 , New Tricks Could Help Mars Rover Team Live on Mars Time , space.com External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Time zones . 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when does the hurling season start in ireland			2018 All - Ireland Senior hurling championship	2018 all - ireland senior hurling championship	The 2018 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship is the 131st staging of the All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . It is the first tier of senior inter-county championship hurling .	The championship began on 12 May 2018 and will end on 19 August 2018 . The draw for the championship round - robin fixtures was held off camera on 19 October 2017 and announced on the championship draw broadcast on RTÉ2 . Galway are the defending champions , having beaten Waterford by 0 - 26 to 2 - 17 in the final on 3 September 2017 . The 2018 championship will see the biggest change in format since the introduction of the qualifiers in 2002 . Contents ( hide ) 1 New 2018 Format 2 Teams 2.1 Teams and venues 2.2 Personnel and colours 3 Leinster Senior Hurling Championship 3.1 Leinster group table 3.2 Leinster rounds 1 to 5 3.2. 1 Leinster Round 1 3.2. 2 Leinster Round 2 3.2. 3 Leinster Round 3 3.2. 4 Leinster Round 4 3.2. 5 Leinster Round 5 3.3 Leinster final 4 Munster Senior Hurling Championship 4.1 Munster group table 4.2 Munster rounds 1 to 5 4.2. 1 Munster Round 1 4.2. 2 Munster Round 2 4.2. 3 Munster Round 3 4.2. 4 Munster Round 4 4.2. 5 Munster Round 5 4.3 Munster final 5 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup 6 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 6.1 All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals 6.2 All - Ireland quarter - finals 6.3 All - Ireland semi-finals 6.4 All - Ireland final 7 Championship statistics 7.1 Top scorers overall 7.2 Top scorers in a single game 7.3 Scoring Events 7.4 Miscellaneous 8 Live Hurling on TV 9 Liam MacCarthy Referees ( 10 ) 10 Footnotes 11 References New 2018 format ( edit ) A new provincial hurling championship featuring five - team round - robin groups in both Leinster and Munster and the new Joe McDonagh Cup was introduced in 2018 for an initial three - year period . The proposal was carried by a narrow margin with 62 % voting in favour ( a majority of at least 60 % was required ) at the GAA 's Special Congress on 30 September 2017 . The top two teams in each provincial group contest the provincial final , with the provincial winners advancing to the All - Ireland semi-finals and the losing provincial finalists advancing to the two quarter - finals . An amendment to the motion from Laois , Offaly and Meath was carried by 87 % . The third - placed teams in Leinster and Munster compete in All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals against the two Joe McDonagh Cup finalists with the Joe McDonagh Cup teams having home advantage . If a non-Munster team wins the Joe McDonagh Cup , the bottom team in the Leinster championship will be relegated to next year 's Joe McDonagh Cup and will be replaced in next year 's Leinster championship by the Joe McDonagh Cup winners . If a Munster team wins the Joe McDonagh Cup , they will play off against the team who finished bottom in the Munster championship for the right to play in next year 's Munster championship , thereby ensuring that only teams based in the province of Munster compete in the Munster championship . The restructure of hurling involved the reduction of the Leinster championship from nine teams to five . The Joe McDonagh Cup was created , consisting of the four counties from the 2017 Leinster qualifier group plus Antrim and Carlow , the 2017 Christy Ring finalists . Teams ( edit ) A total of twelve teams compete in the championship -- five in the Leinster championship , five in the Munster championship , and the top two teams from the Joe McDonagh Cup who enter at the preliminary quarter - final stage . Teams and venues ( edit ) Each team has a nominal home stadium for the round - robin series of the provincial championships . However , Waterford will not play their `` home '' games at Walsh Park , instead playing in neutral venues for these fixtures , namely Limerick 's Gaelic Grounds and Semple Stadium in Thurles . In the knockout stage , teams will not have home advantage , if avoidable . The Munster final venue will be decided based on the teams that qualify and venues for the preliminary quarter - finals and quarter - finals will be decided at a later date . The Leinster final , and the semi-finals and final of the All - Ireland series are held in the 82,300 - capacity Croke Park in Dublin , headquarters of the GAA . Team Location Stadium Capacity From the Leinster Championship Dublin Donnycarney Parnell Park 7004134990000000000 ♠ 13,499 Galway Galway Pearse Stadium 7004261970000000000 ♠ 26,197 Kilkenny Kilkenny Nowlan Park 7004278000000000000 ♠ 27,800 Offaly Tullamore O'Connor Park 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 Wexford Wexford Wexford Park 7004250000000000000 ♠ 25,000 From the Munster Championship Clare Ennis Cusack Park 7004148640000000000 ♠ 14,864 Cork Cork Páirc Uí Chaoimh 7004450000000000000 ♠ 45,000 Limerick Limerick Gaelic Grounds 7004498860000000000 ♠ 49,886 Tipperary Thurles Semple Stadium 7004530000000000000 ♠ 53,000 Waterford Waterford Walsh Park 7004170000000000000 ♠ 17,000 From the 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup Carlow Carlow Dr. Cullen Park 7004210000000000000 ♠ 21,000 Westmeath Mullingar Cusack Park 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 Personnel and colours ( edit ) Team Colours Main Sponsor Captain ( s ) Manager ( s ) Most recent success All - Ireland Provincial League Clare Pat O'Donnell Patrick O'Connor Donal Moloney Gerry O'Connor 2013 1998 2016 Cork Chill Insurance Séamus Harnedy John Meyler 2005 2017 1998 Dublin AIG Liam Rushe Pat Gilroy 1938 2013 2011 Galway Supermac 's David Burke Micheal Donoghue 2017 2017 2017 Kilkenny Glanbia Cillian Buckley Brian Cody 2015 2016 2018 Limerick Sporting Limerick Declan Hannon John Kiely 1973 2013 1997 Offaly Carroll Cuisine David King Kevin Martin 1998 1995 1990 -- 91 Tipperary Intersport / Elverys Pádraic Maher Michael Ryan 2016 2016 2008 Waterford TQS Integration Derek McGrath 1959 2015 Wexford Gain Lee Chin Matthew O'Hanlon Davy Fitzgerald 1972 -- 73 Leinster Senior hurling championship ( edit ) Main article : Leinster Senior Hurling Championship Leinster group table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld SF SA Diff Pts Galway 0 0 7 - 89 ( 110 ) 6 - 62 ( 80 ) + 30 8 Kilkenny 0 5 - 76 ( 91 ) 6 - 69 ( 87 ) + 4 6 Wexford 0 6 - 81 ( 99 ) 5 - 68 ( 83 ) + 16 Dublin 0 9 - 73 ( 100 ) 1 - 85 ( 88 ) + 12 5 Offaly 0 0 5 - 50 ( 65 ) 14 - 85 ( 127 ) -- 62 0 Green background The top two teams contest the Leinster Final with the winners advancing to the All - Ireland semi finals and the losers advancing to the All - Ireland quarter finals . Yellow background The third - placed team advances to the All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals . Red background 1 ) As both finalists in the 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup are from Leinster , the bottom team in the Leinster group , Offaly , are relegated to the 2019 Joe McDonagh Cup . Leinster rounds 1 to 5 ( edit ) Leinster round 1 ( edit ) Offaly v Galway 12 May 2018 Round 1 Offaly 2 - 15 ( 21 ) -- ( 33 ) 5 - 18 Galway show Tullamore 7 : 00 pm Venue : O'Connor Park Gls : S Dooley 1 , J Bergin 1 Pts : S Dooley 9 ( 8f ) , D King 2 , J Bergin 1 , D Currams 1 , E Cahill 1 ( 1f ) , S Kinsella 1 Report Gls : B Concannon 2 , J Cooney 1 , C Whelan 1 , J Flynn 1 Pts : J Canning 0 - 8 ( 6f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , J Cooney 4 , C Cooney 2 , B Concannon 1 , C Whelan 1 , C Mannion 1 , S Loftus 1 Referee : J Murphy ( Limerick ) Attendance : 8,330 Dublin v Kilkenny 13 May 2018 Round 1 Dublin 3 - 16 ( 25 ) -- ( 27 ) 1 - 24 Kilkenny show Dublin 2 : 00 pm Venue : Parnell Park Gls : P Ryan 1 , F Whitely 1 , J Malone 1 Pts : P Ryan 6 ( 5f ) , C Keaney 4 , P Winters 3 ( 2f ) , T Connolly 1 , C Crummey 1 , F MacGibb 1 Report Gls : L Blanchfield 1 Pts : TJ Reid 0 - 12 ( 9f , 2 ' 65 ' ) , E Murphy 0 - 4 ( 4f ) , C Fennelly 0 - 3 , J Maher , W Walsh 0 - 2 each , J Donnelly 0 - 1 . Referee : D Kirwan ( Cork ) TV : RTÉ Leinster round 2 ( edit ) Kilkenny v Offaly 20 May 2018 Round 2 Kilkenny 2 - 19 ( 25 ) -- ( 16 ) 1 - 13 Offaly show Kilkenny 3 : 00 pm Venue : Nowlan Park Gls : L Blanchfield 1 , TJ Reid 1 Pts : TJ Reid 5 ( 4f ) , L Scanlon 4 , L Blanchfield 2 , J Donnelly 2 , M Keoghan 2 , C Fennelly 2 , R Leahy 1 , E Murphy 1 ( f ) . Report Gls : J Bergin 1 Pts : S Dooley 5 ( 4f ) , J Bergin 3 , S Kinsella 2 , O Kelly 1 , C Egan 1 , P Camon 1 . Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 6,996 Wexford v Dublin 20 May 2018 Round 2 Wexford 0 - 22 ( 22 ) -- ( 20 ) 2 - 14 Dublin show Wexford 3 : 00 pm Venue : Wexford Park Pts : R O'Connor 12 ( 11f ) L Chin 2 , P Foley 2 ( 1f ) , D O'Keeffe 1 , K Foley 1 , A Nolan 1 , J O'Connor 1 , P Morris 1 , H Kehoe 1 . Report Gls : P Ryan 1 , R McBride 1 Pts : P Ryan 7 ( 6f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , R McBride 1 , J Malone 1 , P Smyth 1 , C Boland 1 , L Rushe 1 , D Sutcliffe 1 , D Treacy 1 . Referee : Colm Lyons ( Cork ) Attendance : 10,248 Leinster round 3 ( edit ) Offaly v Wexford 26 May 2018 Round 3 Offaly 2 - 9 ( 15 ) -- ( 39 ) 5 - 24 Wexford show Tullamore 2.00 pm ( HT : 0 - 6 -- 3 - 12 ) Venue : O'Connor Park Gls : O Kelly 1 , S Dooley 1 Pts : S Dooley 5 ( 5f ) , O Kelly 1 , J Bergin 1 , K Dunne 1 , T Geraghty 1 Report Gls : M Fanning 1 ( 1 pen ) , A Nolan 1 , J O'Connor 1 , L Chin 1 , C McDonald 1 Pts : R O'Connor 7 ( 5f ) , L Chin 4 ( 4f ) , H Kehoe 3 ( 2f ) , J O'Connor 3 , P Morris 2 , D Reck 1 , D O'Keeffe 1 , K Foley 1 , A Nolan 1 , C McDonald 1 Referee : James McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 6,186 Galway v Kilkenny 27 May 2018 Round 3 Galway 1 - 22 ( 25 ) -- ( 17 ) 2 - 11 Kilkenny show Salthill 4.00 pm Venue : Pearse Stadium Gls : J Canning 1 ( 1 pen ) Pts : Joe Canning 12 ( 7f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , C Cooney 4 , C Mannion 2 , B Concannon 1 , David Burke 1 , J Flynn 1 , N Burke 1 . Report Gls : TJ Reid 1 ( 1 pen ) , W Walsh 1 Pts : TJ Reid 9 ( 8f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , W Walsh 1 , L Scanlon 1 . Referee : Fergal Horgan ( Tipperary ) Attendance : 18,775 TV : RTÉ Leinster round 4 ( edit ) Wexford v Galway 2 June 2018 Round 4 Wexford 0 - 17 ( 17 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Galway show Wexford 5.00 pm ( HT : 0 - 9 -- 1 - 12 ) Venue : Wexford Park Pts : R O'Connor 12 ( 10f ) , A Nolan 2 , P Morris 2 , P Foley 1 Report Gls : C Whelan 1 Pts : J Canning 12 ( 8 frees , 2 line - balls ) , C Cooney 4 , D Burke 2 , C Whelan 2 , J Cooney 1 , J Flynn 1 ( 1f ) , N Burke 1 Referee : Johnny Murphy ( Limerick ) Attendance : 14,500 TV : Sky Sports Dublin v Offaly 3 June 2018 Round 4 Dublin 2 - 24 ( 30 ) -- ( 13 ) 0 - 13 Offaly show Dublin 3.00 pm ( HT : 1 - 10 -- 0 - 5 ) Venue : Parnell Park Gls : P Ryan 1 , F Whitley 1 Pts : P Ryan 5 ( 4f ) , S Barrett 4 , C Cummey 4 , L Rushe 2 , J Malone 2 , C Keaney 2 , C Boland 2 , F Whitley 1 , F McGibb 1 , R McBride 1 . Report Pts : J Bergin 4 ( 4f ) , D Currams 2 , P Murphy 2 , S Dooley 2 ( 2f ) , J Gorman 1 , E Cahill 1 , K Dunne 1 . Referee : Colm Lyons ( Cork ) Attendance : 6,000 Leinster round 5 ( edit ) Kilkenny v Wexford 9 June 2018 Round 5 Kilkenny 0 - 22 ( 22 ) -- ( 21 ) 1 - 18 Wexford show Kilkenny Venue : Nowlan Park Pts : TJ Reid 11 ( 9 frees , 1 ' 65 ' ) , J Donnelly 2 , R Leahy 2 , W Walsh 1 , J Holden 1 , E Morrissey 1 , P Walsh 1 , C Fogarty 1 , J Maher 1 , E Murphy 1 ( f ) . Gls : P Morris 1 Pts : R O'Connor 5 ( 2f ) , P Foley 5 ( 4f ) , L Chin 3 , C McDonald 2 , K Foley 1 , D O'Keeffe 1 , P Morris 1 . Referee : James McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 17,516 TV : Sky Sports Galway v Dublin 9 June 2018 Round 5 Galway 0 - 26 ( 26 ) -- ( 25 ) 2 - 19 Dublin show Salthill Venue : Pearse Stadium Pts : J Flynn 11 ( 9f ) , J Cooney 3 , C Whelan 3 , P Mannion 3 , C Cooney 2 , David Burke 2 , S Loftus 1 , C Mannion 1 . Gls : P Winter 2 Pts : D Treacy 4 ( 3f ) , R McBride 4 ( 1 sl ) , P Ryan 3 ( 3f ) , A Nolan 2 ( 2f ) , D Sutcliffe 1 , J Malone 1 , S Moran 1 , J Madden 1 , C Boland 1 , P Winters 1 . Referee : Diarmuid Kirwan ( Cork ) . Attendance : 9,957 Leinster final ( edit ) The winners advance to the All - Ireland semi finals and the losers advance to the All - Ireland quarter finals . Galway v Kilkenny RTÉ 1 July 2018 4 : 00 pm Leinster Final Galway Kilkenny Croke Park , Dublin Munster Senior hurling championship ( edit ) Main article : Munster Senior Hurling Championship Munster group table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld SF SA Diff Pts Cork 0 5 - 94 ( 109 ) 4 - 89 ( 101 ) + 8 6 Clare 0 4 - 97 ( 109 ) 5 - 77 ( 92 ) + 17 6 Limerick 3 - 92 ( 101 ) 4 - 81 ( 93 ) + 8 5 Tipperary 0 7 - 77 ( 98 ) 5 - 91 ( 106 ) -- 8 5 Waterford 0 6 - 76 ( 94 ) 7 - 98 ( 119 ) -- 25 Green background The top two teams contest the Munster Final with the winners advancing to the All - Ireland semi finals and the losers advancing to the All - Ireland quarter finals . Yellow background The third - placed team advances to the All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals . As both finalists in the 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup were from Leinster , there was no relegation / promotion play - off between the bottom team in the Munster group and the Joe McDonagh Cup winners for the right to compete in next year 's Munster championship . Cork are ranked ahead of Clare as they won the head - to - head game between the teams . Munster rounds 1 to 5 ( edit ) Munster round 1 ( edit ) Limerick v Tipperary 20 May 2018 Round 1 Limerick 1 - 23 ( 26 ) -- ( 20 ) 2 - 14 Tipperary show Limerick 2 : 00 pm ( HT : 0 - 12 -- 1 - 10 ) Venue : Gaelic Grounds Gls : B Murphy 1 Pts : A Gillane 8 ( 6f ) , G Mulcahy 4 , D Byrnes 3 ( 2 ' 65 ' , 1f ) , C Lynch 2 , G Hegarty 2 , T Morrissey 2 , D O'Donovan 1 , S Flanagan 1 Report Gls : D McCormack 1 , J Forde 1 Pts : J Forde 9 ( 9f ) , N McGrath 2 , J McGrath 2 , J O'Dwyer 1 Referee : James McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 20,403 TV : RTÉ Cork v Clare 20 May 2018 Round 1 Cork 2 - 23 ( 29 ) -- ( 24 ) 1 - 21 Clare show Cork 4 : 00 pm ( HT : 0 - 11 -- 0 - 10 ) Venue : Páirc Uí Chaoimh Gls : C Lehane 1 , S Harnedy 1 Pts : P Horgan 10 ( 6f ) , D Fitzgibbon 3 , C Lehane 2 , S Harnedy 2 , M Ellis 2 , M Coleman 1 , B Cooper 1 , R O'Flynn 1 , D Brosnan 1 . Report Gls : T Kelly 1 Pts : J Conlon 5 , P Duggan 4 ( 4f ) , C Galvin 3 , D Reidy 3 ( 2f ) , T Kelly 3 ( 1f ) , S O'Donnell 2 , C McGrath 1 . Referee : Sean Cleere ( Kilkenny ) Attendance : 24,490 TV : RTÉ Munster round 2 ( edit ) Tipperary v Cork 27 May 2018 Round 2 Tipperary 2 - 20 ( 26 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Cork show Thurles 2.00 pm Venue : Semple Stadium Gls : J Forde 1 , N McGrath 1 . Pts : J Forde 6 ( 4f , 2 ' 65 ' ) , J McGrath 5 , N McGrath 3 , B Maher 1 , S Callanan 1 , Patrick Maher 1 , B McCarthy 1 , J O'Dwyer 1 , J Morris 1 . Report Gls : S Kingston 1 Pts : S Kingston 5 , P Horgan 5 ( 3f ) , S Harnedy 5 , D Kearney 4 , B Cooper 2 , C Lehane 2 . Referee : James Keenan ( Wicklow ) Attendance : 22,456 TV : RTÉ Clare v Waterford 27 May 2018 Round 2 Clare 2 - 27 ( 33 ) -- ( 24 ) 2 - 18 Waterford show Ennis 3.30 pm Venue : Cusack Park Gls : P Duggan 1 ( 1 - 0 pen ) , J Conlon 1 Pts : P Duggan 10 ( 9f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , T Kelly 6 , J Conlon 3 , J Shanahan 2 , C Galvin 2 , D Fitzgerald 1 , C McGrath 1 , S O'Donnell 1 , D Reidy 1 . Report Gls : M Shanahan 1 , T Ryan 1 Pts : M Shanahan 6 ( 6f ) , Stephen Bennett 2 , Jake Dillon 2 , T de Burca 1 , C Gleeson 1 , Philip Mahony 1 , T Devine 1 , K Moran 1 , J Barron 1 , DJ Foran 1 , T Ryan 1 . Referee : Paud O'Dwyer ( Carlow ) Attendance : 13,736 Munster Round 3 ( edit ) Cork v Limerick 2 June 2018 Round 3 Cork 1 - 25 ( 28 ) -- ( 28 ) 0 - 28 Limerick show Cork 7.00 pm ( HT : 0 - 14 -- 0 - 12 ) Venue : Páirc Uí Chaoimh Gls : P Horgan 1 Pts : P Horgan 11 ( 8 frees , 3 ' 65 ' ) , D Fitzgibbon 4 , C Lehane 3 , D Kearney 2 , S Kingston 2 , L Meade 1 , M Coleman 1 , C Spillane 1 Report Pts : T Morrissey 8 ( 5 frees ) , S Flanagan 6 , C Lynch 3 , D O'Donovan 2 , G Mulcahy 2 , D Byrnes 2 ( 2 frees ) , K Hayes 2 , G Hegarty 1 , D Morrissey 1 , A Gillane 1 Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 34,607 TV : Sky Sports Waterford v Tipperary 3 June 2018 Round 3 Waterford 2 - 22 ( 28 ) -- ( 28 ) 2 - 22 Tipperary show Limerick 4.00 pm ( HT : 2 - 12 -- 0 - 12 ) Venue : Gaelic Grounds Gls : Pauric Mahony 1 , T Devine 1 Pts : Pauric Mahony 8 ( 5f ) , J Barron 3 , DJ Foran 3 , T Devine 2 , Philip Mahony 1 , S Bennett 1 , P Curran 1 , T Ryan 1 , J Dillon 1 Report Gls : J Forde 1 Pts : J Forde 14 ( 11f ) , R Maher 3 , S Callanan 2 , J McGrath 2 , B McCarthy 1 , N McGrath 1 , J O'Dwyer 1 P Maher 1 , C Barrett 1 Referee : Alan Kelly ( Galway ) Attendance : 10,237 TV : RTÉ Munster round 4 ( edit ) Limerick v Waterford 10 June 2018 Round 4 Limerick 2 - 26 ( 32 ) -- ( 19 ) 1 - 16 Waterford show Limerick ( HT : 2 - 14 - 0 - 7 ) Venue : Gaelic Grounds Gls : G Hegarty 1 , G Mulcahy 1 Pts : S Dowling 15 ( 13f ) , C Lynch 3 , T Morrissey 2 , K Hayes 2 , G Hegarty 1 , S Flanagan 1 , D O'Donovan 1 , D Dempsey 1 . Report Gls : T Ryan 1 Pts : Pauric Mahony 10 ( 9f ) , DJ Foran 1 , S Bennett 1 , T Devine 1 , M Shanahan 1 , M Kearney 1 , S O'Keeffe 1 . Referee : Seán Cleere ( Kilkenny ) Attendance : 23,194 Tipperary v Clare 10 June 2018 Round 4 Tipperary 1 - 21 ( 24 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Clare show Thurles ( HT : 1 - 10 - 0 - 9 ) Venue : Semple Stadium Gls : B McCarthy 1 Pts : J Forde 10 ( 8 frees , 1 ' 65 ' ) , J McGrath 3 , S Callanan 2 , N McGrath 2 , R Maher 1 , C Barrett 1 , Pádraic Maher 1 , Patrick Maher 1 Report Gls : I Galvin 1 Pts : P Duggan 15 ( 13f ) , P Collins 3 , T Kelly 2 , J Conlon 2 , J Browne 1 . Referee : Paud O'Dwyer ( Carlow ) Attendance : 20,782 TV : RTÉ Munster round 5 ( edit ) Clare v Limerick 17 June 2018 Round 5 Clare 0 - 26 ( 26 ) -- ( 15 ) 0 - 15 Limerick show Ennis ( HT : 0 - 13 ( 13 ) - ( 9 ) 0 - 9 ) ( FT : 0 - 26 ( 26 ) - ( 15 ) 0 - 15 ) Venue : Cusack Park Pts : P Duggan 13 ( 10f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , T Kelly 5 ( 1 ' 65 ' ) , J Conlon 4 , D Fitzgerald 2 , J Shanahan 1 , C Galvin 1 . Report Pts : S Dowling 4 ( 4f ) , T Morrissey 3 , K Hayes 1 , D O'Donovan 1 ( s / l ) , C Lynch 1 , D Byrnes 1 , G Hegarty 1 , D Morrissey 1 , S Flanagan 1 , A Gillane 1 . Referee : James Owens ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 18,803 TV : RTE Waterford v Cork 17 June 2018 Round 5 Waterford 1 - 20 ( 23 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Cork show Thurles Venue : Semple Stadium Gls : T Ryan 1 Pts : Pauric Mahony 8 ( 4f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , T Ryan 3 , B O'Halloran 2 , J Dillon 2 , T Devine 1 , J Barron 1 , A Gleeson 1 , DJ Foran 1 , M Shanahan 0 - 1 . Report Gls : S Harnedy 1 Pts : P Horgan 5 ( 2fs , 1 ' 65 ' ) , S Harnedy 3 , B Cooper 4 , C Lehane 3 , M Coleman 2 ( 1 sideline ) , S Kingston 2 , D Kearney 2 , D Fitzgibbon 1 , C Joyce 1 . Referee : John Keenan ( Wicklow ) Attendance : 14,737 Munster final ( edit ) The winners advance to the All - Ireland semi finals and the losers advance to the All - Ireland quarter finals . Main article : 2018 Munster Senior Hurling Championship Final Cork v Clare RTÉ 1 July 2018 2 : 00 pm Munster Final Cork Clare Semple Stadium , Thurles 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup The six teams listed in the table below compete in the 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup , the second tier of senior inter-county championship hurling . The top two teams in the Joe McDonagh Cup group section progress to the Joe McDonagh Cup final and also play the teams who finished third in the Leinster and Munster championships in the two All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals . On 2 June 2018 , Westmeath confirmed their top two position , and guaranteed progress to the All - Ireland preliminary quarter finals . On 9 June Carlow confirmed runners up spot , and guaranteed progress to the All - Ireland preliminary quarter finals . Pos Team Pld SF SA Diff Pts Carlow ( Q ) 5 0 122 102 20 8 Westmeath ( Q ) 5 0 130 115 15 8 Kerry 5 0 105 97 8 6 Laois 5 0 118 123 - 5 5 Antrim 5 0 130 116 14 6 Meath 5 0 0 5 94 146 - 52 0 All - Ireland Senior hurling championship ( edit ) Main article : All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals ( edit ) The third - placed teams in Leinster and Munster play the two teams who competed in the Joe McDonagh Cup final with the Joe McDonagh Cup teams having home advantage . Carlow / Westmeath v Wexford 7 / 8 July 2018 Preliminary quarter - final Carlow / Westmeath Wexford show TBC ( HT : preliminary ) Carlow / Westmeath v Limerick 7 / 8 July 2018 Preliminary quarter - final Carlow / Westmeath Limerick show TBC All - Ireland quarter - finals ( edit ) The losing finalists in the Leinster and Munster championships play the winners of the two preliminary quarter - finals . Galway / Kilkenny v 15 July 2018 Quarter - final Galway / Kilkenny show TBC Cork / Clare v 15 July 2018 Quarter - final Cork / Clare show TBC All - Ireland semi-finals ( edit ) The Leinster and Munster champions play the winners of the two quarter - finals . Galway / Kilkenny v 28 / 29 July 2018 Semi-final Galway / Kilkenny show Dublin 3 : 30 pm Venue : Croke Park TV : RTÉ & Sky Sports Cork / Clare v 28 / 29 July 2018 Semi-final Cork / Clare show Dublin 3 : 30 pm Venue : Croke Park TV : RTÉ & Sky Sports All - Ireland final ( edit ) Semi-Final Winner v Semi-Final Winner RTÉ & Sky Sports 19 August 2018 3 : 30 pm All - Ireland Final Semi-Final Winner Semi-Final Winner Croke Park , Dublin Championship statistics ( edit ) Top scorers overall ( edit ) Rank Player Club Tally Total Matches Average Jason Forde Tipperary 3 - 39 48 12.00 Peter Duggan Clare 1 - 42 45 11.25 T.J. Reid Kilkenny 2 - 37 43 10.75 Rory O'Connor Wexford 0 - 36 36 9.00 5 Joe Canning Galway 1 - 32 35 11.66 6 Patrick Horgan Cork 1 - 31 34 8.50 7 Paul Ryan Dublin 3 - 21 30 7.50 8 Pauric Mahony Waterford 1 - 26 29 9.66 9 Shane Dooley Offaly 2 - 21 27 6.75 10 Tony Kelly Clare 1 - 16 19 4.75 Shane Dowling Limerick 0 - 19 19 9.50 Top scorers in a single game ( edit ) Rank Player County Tally Total Opposition Jason Forde Tipperary 1 - 14 17 Waterford Joe Canning Galway 1 - 12 15 Kilkenny Peter Duggan Clare 0 - 15 15 Tipperary Shane Dowling Limerick 0 - 15 15 Waterford Patrick Horgan Cork 1 - 11 14 Limerick Peter Duggan Clare 1 - 10 13 Waterford Peter Duggan Clare 0 - 13 13 Limerick 5 Jason Forde Tipperary 1 - 9 12 Limerick T.J. Reid Kilkenny 1 - 9 12 Galway Shane Dooley Offaly 1 - 9 12 Galway Rory O'Connor Wexford 0 - 12 12 Dublin T.J. Reid Kilkenny 0 - 12 12 Dublin Rory O'Connor Wexford 0 - 12 12 Galway Joe Canning Galway 0 - 12 12 Wexford Scoring Events ( edit ) Widest winning margin : 24 Offaly 2 - 9 -- 5 - 24 Wexford ( Leinster round - robin ) Most goals in a match : 7 Offaly 2 - 9 -- 5 - 24 Wexford ( Leinster round - robin ) Offaly 2 - 15 -- 5 - 18 Galway ( Leinster round - robin ) Most points in a match : 53 Cork 1 - 25 -- 0 - 28 Limerick ( Munster round - robin ) Most goals by one team in a match : 5 Offaly 2 - 9 -- 5 - 24 Wexford ( Leinster round - robin ) Offaly 2 - 15 -- 5 - 18 Galway ( Leinster round - robin ) Most goals by a losing team : 3 Dublin 3 - 16 -- 1 - 24 Kilkenny ( Leinster round - robin ) Highest aggregate score : 57 points Clare 2 - 27 -- 2 - 18 Waterford ( Munster round - robin ) Lowest aggregate score : 41 points Kilkenny 2 - 19 -- 1 - 13 Offaly ( Leinster round - robin ) Miscellaneous ( edit ) The Munster round - robin game between Clare and Waterford was the first Munster Championship game to take place at Cusack Park in Ennis since 1997 . The Leinster round - robin game between Galway and Kilkenny at Pearse Stadium in Salthill was Galway 's first home Leinster Championship match . It was the first provincial championship game ( excluding the Connacht championship ) to take place in County Galway since 1965 . Clare 's defeat of Tipperary in the Munster round - robin game was their first victory over the team since 2003 . It is also their first defeat of Tipperary in Thurles since 1928 . Michael `` Brick '' Walsh of Waterford set a new record when he made his 74th consecutive championship appearance against Cork on 17 June 2018 . Live hurling on tv ( edit ) RTÉ , the national broadcaster in Ireland , will provide the majority of the live television coverage of the hurling championship in the second year of a five - year deal running from 2017 until 2021 . Sky Sports will also broadcast a number of matches and will have exclusive rights to some games . Live Hurling On TV Schedule Date Fixture & Match Details RTÉ Sky Sports Leinster & Munster Hurling Championships 13 May Dublin v Kilkenny Leinster Round 1 RTÉ 20 May Limerick v Tipperary Munster Round 1 RTÉ 20 May Cork v Clare Munster Round 1 RTÉ 27 May Tipperary v Cork Munster Round 2 RTÉ 27 May Galway v Kilkenny Leinster Round 3 RTÉ 2 June Wexford v Galway Leinster Round 4 Sky Sports 2 June Cork v Limerick Munster Round 3 Sky Sports 3 June Waterford v Tipperary Munster Round 3 RTÉ 9 June Kilkenny v Wexford Leinster Round 5 Sky Sports 10 June Tipperary v Clare Munster Round 4 RTÉ 17 June Clare v Limerick Munster Round 5 RTÉ 1 July Cork v Clare Munster Final RTÉ 1 July Galway v Kilkenny Leinster Final RTÉ All - Ireland Hurling Quarter - Finals 15 July RTÉ 15 July RTÉ All - Ireland Hurling Semi-Finals 28 July RTÉ Sky Sports 29 July RTÉ Sky Sports All - Ireland Hurling Final 19 August RTÉ Sky Sports Liam maccarthy referees ( 10 ) ( edit ) In April , the GAA confirmed the following panel of referees for the hurling championship . Sean Cleere ( Cill Chainnigh ) Fergal Horgan ( Tiobraid Árann ) John Keenan ( Cill Mhantáin ) Alan Kelly ( Gaillimh ) Diarmuid Kirwan ( Corcaigh ) Colm Lyons ( Corcaigh ) James McGrath ( An Iarmhí ) Johnny Murphy ( Luimneach ) Paud O'Dwyer ( Ceatharlach ) James Owens ( Loch Garman ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sky Sports missed the first 22 minutes of the match because they showed extra time of Meath v Tyrone in the All - Ireland Senior Football Championship instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hurling tiers - 1 . All - Ireland ( Liam McCarthy Cup ) 2 . Joe McDonagh Cup 3 . Christy Ring Cup 4 . Nicky Rackard Cup 5 . Lory Meagher Cup Jump up ^ `` 2018 GAA Championship Draw : Recap '' . RTE Sport. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin v Kilkenny , Cork v Clare among the early standouts in revamped Hurling Championship draw '' . The 42 . 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McGoldrick , Seán ( 3 September 2017 ) . `` Galway end All Ireland famine with tight win over Waterford at Croke Park '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Moran , Seán ( 30 September 2017 ) . `` GAA Congress approve round - robin provincial hurling championships '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GAA votes to change senior hurling championship '' . Irish Examiner. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historic day at Croke Park as Congress votes in hurling structure changes '' . RTE Sport. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' We apologise ' - Sky Sports issues statement on 22 - minute delay showing Kilkenny and Wexford hurling clash - Independent.ie '' . Independent.ie . Archived from the original on 6 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here are the 18 football and 10 hurling referees for the 2018 championship '' . The 42 . 12 April 2018 . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . 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how did the brinkmanship increase tensions during the cold war			Brinkmanship	brinkmanship	Brinkmanship ( also brinksmanship ) is the practice of trying to achieve an advantageous outcome by pushing dangerous events to the brink of active conflict . It occurs in international politics , foreign policy , labour relations , and ( in contemporary settings ) military strategy involving the threat of nuclear weapons , and high - stakes litigation .	This maneuver of pushing a situation with the opponent to the brink succeeds by forcing the opponent to back down and make concessions . This might be achieved through diplomatic maneuvers by creating the impression that one is willing to use extreme methods rather than concede . During the Cold War , the threat of nuclear force was often used as such an escalating measure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Credible threats 3 Cold War 3.1 Conceptualization 3.1. 1 Contextualization 3.1. 2 Eisenhower 's `` New Look '' policy 3.1. 3 Kennedy 's `` Flexible Response '' 3.2 Practices and effects of Cold War 3.2. 1 Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) 3.2. 2 Berlin Crisis 3.2. 3 Cuban Missile Crisis 3.3 Arms race 3.4 Aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis 3.4. 1 Détente 3.4. 2 Ronald Reagan and the end of the Cold War 4 Donald Trump and North Korea 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origins ( edit ) Brinkmanship is the ostensible escalation of threats to achieve one 's aims . The word was probably coined by Adlai Stevenson in his criticism of the philosophy described as `` going to the brink '' in an interview with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles under the Eisenhower administration , during the Cold War . In an article written in Life Magazine , John Foster Dulles then defined his policy of brinkmanship as `` The ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is the necessary art . '' During the Cold War , this was used as a policy by the United States to coerce the Soviet Union into backing down militarily . Eventually , the threats involved might become so huge as to be unmanageable at which point both sides are likely to back down . This was the case during the Cold War ; the escalation of threats of nuclear war , if carried out , are likely to lead to mutually assured destruction . Credible threats ( edit ) For brinkmanship to be effective , the sides continuously escalate their threats and actions . However , a threat is ineffective unless credible -- at some point , an aggressive party may have to prove its commitment to action . The chance of things sliding out of control is often used in itself as a tool of brinkmanship , because it can provide credibility to an otherwise incredible threat . The Cuban Missile Crisis presents an example in which opposing leaders , namely U.S. president John F. Kennedy and Russian Leader Nikita Khrushchev , continually issued warnings , with increasing force , about impending nuclear exchanges , without necessarily validating their statements . Pioneering game theorist Thomas Schelling called this `` the threat that leaves something to chance . '' The British intellectual Bertrand Russell compared nuclear brinkmanship to the game of chicken . The principle between the two is the same , to create immense pressure in a situation until one person or party backs down , or both are annihilated . Cold war ( edit ) Brinkmanship was an effective tactic during the cold war because neither side of a conflict could contemplate mutually assured destruction in a nuclear war , acting as a nuclear deterrence for both the side threatening to pose damage and the country on the ' receiving end ' . Ultimately , it worsened the relationship between the USSR and the US . Conceptualization ( edit ) In the spectrum of the Cold War , the concept of brinkmanship involved the West and the Soviet Union using fear tactics and intimidation as strategies to make the opposing faction back down . Each party pushed dangerous situations to the brink , with the intention of making the other back down in matters of international politics and foreign policy , to obtain concessions . Nevertheless , in the Cold War both parties were confronted with devastating consequences since the threats of nuclear war were unmanageable in any situation . By escalating threats of nuclear war and massive retaliation , both parties were forced to respond with more force . The principle of this tactic was that each party would prefer not to yield to the other ; however , one would simply have to yield since if neither of the parties yielded , the outcome would be the worst possible for both . The problem , however , was that yielding would result in being labelled as the weaker of the two and in the Cold War both the Soviet Union and the United States had a reputation to uphold to both their populations and their neighboring countries or allies , thus making brinkmanship utterly risky . Since neither country would budge , the only way to avoid mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) was compromise . Philosopher Bertrand Russell likened it to the game known as `` chicken '' : Since the nuclear stalemate became apparent , the governments of East and West have adopted the policy which Mr. Dulles calls ' brinksmanship . ' This is a policy adapted from a sport which , I am told , is practiced by some youthful degenerates . This sport is called ' Chicken ! ' . Contextualization ( edit ) The Soviet Union and the West spent nearly 50 years on the brink of war . During conflicts like the Cuban Missile Crisis the tensions escalated to the point where it seemed as if the Cold War would turn into an actual weaponized war . Brinkmanship was one of the steps prior to the point where war would actually break out . In a conflict between two nations that were so ideologically opposed , it seemed as if drastic policies such as brinkmanship were the only way to come to any sense of agreement . Both the United States and the Soviet Union maintained strict policies not to respond to military threats at this time , but by making the possibility of a war more and more likely , the two nations were able to make significant progress in discussions and peace . Eisenhower 's `` new Look '' policy ( edit ) U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower 's `` New Look '' policy reverted to the older notion that they could contain the Soviet Union , assuming that Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was aiming to expand the Soviet 's further still . This tactic was supposed to isolate Soviet Russia so that communism could not spread and would collapse in on itself . To enforce this tactic they set up many alliances with countries that would have been considered to be within the Soviet sphere of influence . As it was now known that the Soviets possessed nuclear weapons which stood the US and the Russians on more of an even playing field . To combat this problem , Eisenhower threatened to use all of his arsenal if the Soviets took offensive measures . This was a bold move as it established the stakes to be extremely high , as this action could cause mass destruction for either side . This threat caused an increase and buildup of tension , neither one wanting to pull the trigger on the other for fear of what the reaction might be . Kennedy 's `` flexible response '' ( edit ) See also : Flexible Response `` Flexible Response '' was a defense strategy executed by John F. Kennedy in 1961 . Its aim was to address the Kennedy administration 's skepticism of Eisenhower 's new look and its policy of Massive Retaliation . Flexible response requires mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) at tactical , strategic and conventional levels , bestowing upon the United States the ability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of warfare . Flexible response required the continuous presence of substantial conventional forces . The forces were to serve two purposes ; acting as a deterrent and fighting limited wars . Kennedy hoped to deter all wars regardless of their nature . Although both Eisenhower and Dulles wanted to achieve goals similar to those of Kennedy , they were rather the more concerned with cost . In order to avoid both escalation and humiliation , Kennedy highlighted the importance of adequate flexibility and disregarded cost . Prior to nuclear war , Kennedy wished to increase the range of available options . He also believed that the European allies should be contributing more to their own defense . Fundamentally , the notion of flexible response was to `` increase the ability to confine the response to non-nuclear weapons '' . Practices and effects of Cold war ( edit ) Korean war ( 1950 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) Main article : Korean War The Korean War was a military conflict between the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) . It started on June 25 , 1950 , and was ended with the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27 , 1953 . With the United States supporting the Republic of Korea , and the Soviet Union supporting the DPRK , the Korean War was the first armed conflict of the Cold War , escalating tensions between the two . In September 1949 , the USSR tested its first A-Bomb , making a ' limited war ' virtually impossible . Fears of communism had risen after the Second Red Scare , led by Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy , indirectly calling for a policy to limit Communist Threat : NSC 68 . In accordance with NSC 68 , a report which stated that all communist activities were controlled by Joseph Stalin , leader of the USSR , and called for military and economic aid to any country deemed to be resisting Communist threats , the United States sent troops to South Korea when it was invaded by the North on June 25 , 1950 . While it contradicted the report , in that the United States was once again at war ( the report stated that the United States should avoid war ) , President Harry S. Truman feared a ' domino effect , ' and wanted to prevent Communism spreading , stating : If we let Korea down , the Soviets will keep right on going and swallow up one piece of Asia after another ... If we were to let Asia go , the Near East would collapse and no telling what would happen in Europe ... Korea is like the Greece of the Far East . If we are tough enough now , if we stand up to them like we did in Greece three years ago , they wo n't take any more steps . With the USSR boycotting the UN Security Council ( because the US refused Communist China entry ) , the United Nations , supported by the United States , freely passed a resolution requesting military action against North Korea . Led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur , the UN Forces arrived along with the US Forces on July 1 , 1950 . While Truman believed that the North Korean atomic threat was `` a threat based on contingency planning to use the bomb , rather than the faux pas so many assume it to be , '' ( and hence not just brinkmanship ) , he continuously opted for limited war . His beliefs in ceasefire and peacekeeping between the North and the South were cause for great conflict with MacArthur , who sought total war . MacArthur believed that the United States should take the opportunity to wipe out communism permanently before it grew stronger , using all of its weapons , hence turning the war into nuclear war . MacArthur was dismissed as a result of his continuous defiance to Truman and other superiors on April 11 , 1951 , after he sent an ultimatum to the Chinese Army , without consent of Truman . As historian Bruce Cumings noted , the Korean War heightened the Cold War , bringing both nations closer to a nuclear war . The United States wanted to ensure that the United Nations would n't fail , as it had done with the League of Nations , and hence wanted to show off its power to the world . Additionally , it wanted to exhibit that it could still tame the communist threat , now also present in Asia . Similarly , the Soviet Union wanted to demonstrate its newly built military strength to the United States . Berlin Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Berlin Crisis of 1961 Between 1950 and 1961 , `` the refugee flow continued at a rate of 100,000 to 200,000 annually '' with people moving from the East to the West . The economic conditions were better in West Berlin than in East Berlin , and therefore attracted more workers and young . Trying to find a way to stop the people from moving , Walter Ulbricht , president of East Germany , pressured the Soviet Union to help with the matter of Berlin and immigration . Khrushchev wanted the Western Allies to either leave Berlin or sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany , fearing that West Germany would economically and politically overwhelm East Germany , in turn undermining the Warsaw Pact that the Soviet Union dominated . On November 10 , 1958 , Nikita Khrushchev delivered a speech in which he demanded that the Western Powers pulled out of Western Berlin within six months . Furthermore , Khrushchev declared that East Germany was to take control of all communication lines and therefore , West Berlin would only be accessible by the permission of East Germany . Interpreting Khrushchev 's speech as an ultimatum , the United States , France , and Britain declined the ultimatum and said that they would remain in West Berlin . In 1959 , the Big Four powers held a conference in Geneva where the foreign ministers attempted to negotiate an agreement on Berlin . However , the conference did not do much , other than open up talks between the Soviet Union and United States . The USSR wanted Western powers out of West Berlin in an attempt to reunify Berlin . The United States refused to give up the freedom of West Berliners . In 1961 , Khrushchev met with Kennedy and they continued to solve the issue on Berlin . Again , Khrushchev sent an ultimatum to the United States , asking them to leave West Berlin . As a result , Kennedy increased military and defense expenditures . On August 13 , 1961 , Walter Ulbricht had ordered barbed wire between East and West Berlin . The barbed wire was later changed to cement walls . This prevented the movement between the two sides . The division between the two Berlins was known as `` The Berlin Wall '' . The United States heavily condemned the Berlin wall and responded by placing troops on the West German side . Their actions were followed by Soviet Union , when they placed their troops and tanks on the East German side . This led to the iconic image of tanks facing each other at `` Checkpoint Charlie '' , which symbolized the East - West division , which is the division of the east and west half of Germany . Any action taken by either of the troops had the possibility of resulting in a nuclear war between the USSR and the US . As a result , in the summer of 1961 John F. Kennedy met with Khrushchev in Vienna in order to try to find a solution regarding the problem of Berlin . Kennedy suggested Khrushchev to remove the Soviet troops , after which the United States would remove their troops . However , they found no solution , because neither side was ready to make concessions . The conference ended with Khrushchev issuing another ultimatum to the United States , giving them six months to get out of Berlin . The division of Berlin had become a symbol for the success of capitalism and showed a sharp contrast between the communist and capitalist system . As a result , Kennedy refused to back down and instead prepared for military action , leading to further military escalation by Khrushchev . Cuban Missile Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Cuban Missile Crisis A prime example of brinkmanship during the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 15.10. 62 - 28.10. 62 ) , a 13 - day conflict between the US , USSR and Cuba . The US and the USSR , each armed with nuclear weapons , both practiced brinkmanship during this conflict . The Cuban Missile Crisis was not only the closest the US and USSR came to an armed conflict during The Cold War , but also , to this day , the `` closest the world has come to ( a full - scale ) nuclear war . '' The crisis was caused by the placement of Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba , an island that was within the `` Sphere of Influence '' and launching distance of the US . This was arguably an act of brinkmanship from the USSR , intimidating the US with weapons within the region . The US responded to the presence of the weapons by blockading Cuba . The Cuban blockade was also an act of brinkmanship since the US , instead of succumbing to the pressure from the USSR , decided to see how the Soviets would react to the US stopping their vessels from entering Cuba . It can be argued that Brinkmanship , in this case , went too far . Had the US attacked Cuba through an airstrike to eliminate the weapons , the USSR may have responded in Berlin where NATO would have been pulled into a war . Had the US left the weapons where they were they would have been a threat to the majority of the American population , in the case of a Cuban missile strike . In either of the cases , retaliation could have led to a full - scale nuclear war . Had any of the two superpowers been pushed over the brink the lives of millions of people would have been at stake . Successful brinkmanship , however , is when you push your enemy to the brink of war , but not over it , getting him to back down under the pressure . Considering this , Brinkmanship during the Cuban Missile Crisis was successful , as war was avoided . The crisis , however , was a peculiar case of brinkmanship since the two opposing powers had near equal power during the crisis . Thus , in order to avoid war , both powers backed down and compromised , the Soviets removing their weapons from Cuba and the Americans secretly agreeing to remove missiles from Turkey . ( 2 ) Arms race ( edit ) The US was building up its missiles , with President Eisenhower issuing the National Defense Education Act in 1958 , which was an attempt to close the missile gap with the Soviets . It gave funds to U.S. schools to start researching more so that the United States ' military could catch up with the Soviet 's technology . Eisenhower also started N.A.S.A. which was originally made for the purpose of researching missile technology . Aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis ( edit ) Détente ( edit ) Main article : Détente The Détente was essentially a stilling of the waters between the US and the USSR . It was started by Richard Nixon , elected President of the United States in 1968 , and his National Security Advisor , Henry Kissinger and continued on through to 1980 and the start of the ' second Cold War ' . It focused on a ' philosophical deepening ' of American foreign policy to adjust to the changing international order as opposed to the Kennedy and Johnson administrations which were too single - minded in their pursuit of victory in Vietnam . This move away from focusing solely on military buildup heralded a 12 - year period wherein the world experienced a kind of peace due to the decreased tensions between the US and the USSR . Ronald Reagan and the end of the Cold war ( edit ) Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as president of the United States on January 20 , 1981 . His idea of how nuclear relations was , from the outset , much different from the Détente 's goal of ' stability ' . He effectively ended the previously accepted agreement of Mutually Assured Destruction , or MAD , between the USSR by almost immediately increasing the pace of the buildup of arms in the US to an unprecedented rate . As well as the buildup of conventional arms , military technology was also improved . With the introduction of the stealth bomber and neutron bomb , the US again began to pull away from the Soviet Union . But the most pivotal among these was the Strategic Defense Initiative which , though it was later called ' Star Wars ' because of its improbability , simultaneously brought the US to the brink of war with the USSR as the SDI nullified the idea of MAD as well as induced arms talks between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev , leader of the USSR . Donald Trump and North Korea ( edit ) The North Korean Nuclear crisis , during the presidency of US president Donald Trump , has been described as representing brinkmanship between Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong - Un . See also ( edit ) Balance of terror Chicken ( game ) Game theory Gamesmanship International crisis Massive retaliation Mutual assured destruction Madman theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheply , James . `` How Dulles Averted War . '' Life 16 January 1956 : 70 + . Print . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose ( 2010 ) . Rise to Globalism : American Foreign Policy Since 1938 , Ninth Revised Edition . Penguin . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Watry , David M. ( 2014 ) . Diplomacy at the Brink : Eisenhower , Churchill , and Eden in the Cold War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press ... Jump up ^ Schelling , Thomas , The Strategy of Conflict , copyright 1960 , 1980 , Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 84031 - 3 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand W. ( 1959 ) Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare London : George Allen & Unwin , p30 : `` Since the nuclear stalemate became apparent , the governments of East and West have adopted the policy which Mr. Dulles calls ' brinksmanship . ' This is a policy adapted from a sport which , I am told , is practiced by some youthful degenerates . This sport is called ' Chicken ! ' '' Jump up ^ Watry , David M. ( 2014 ) . Diplomacy at the Brink : Eisenhower , Churchill , and Eden in the Cold War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press ... Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand W. ( 1959 ) Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare London : George Allen & Unwin , p30 Jump up ^ `` Key Issues : Nuclear Weapons : History : Cold War : Strategy : Flexible Response '' . Nuclearfiles.org . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Greenpeace , Greenpeace Archives : History of Nuclear Weapons Archived 2005 - 11 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , 1996 ^ Jump up to : ' Kelly Rogers , Jo Thomas , History : The Cold War , 2009 Jump up ^ PBS , Douglas MacArthur - The American Experience , 2009 Jump up ^ Kelly Rogers , Jo Thomas , History : The Cold War , 2009 Jump up ^ M. Ruch , American History Notes : the 1950s , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Khrushchev 's Speech on Berlin , 1961 . '' Mount Holyoke College , South Hadley , Massachusetts . ( 1 ) Mar. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Berlin Crisis , 1958 -- 1961 . '' U.S. Department of State . Web . Mar. 2010 . . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis : A Look Back from the Brink '' . Atomicarchive.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Historian '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 '' . Gwu.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Historian '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Historian '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ John Mason in The Cold War ( Routledge , 1996 ) p. 51 Jump up ^ Choe , Sang - Hun ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) . `` North Korea Hits New Level of Brinkmanship in Reacting to Trump '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Noack , Rick ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Under Trump , nuclear brinkmanship is the new normal '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Analysis of the Cuban Missile Crisis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brinkmanship&oldid=841137698 '' Categories : International relations theory Nuclear strategies Cold War terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Русский 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 06 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinkmanship	918
who were the two superpowers during the cold war space race	The Space Race refers to the 20th - century competition between two Cold War rivals , the Soviet Union ( USSR ) and the United States ( US ) , for dominance in spaceflight capability . It had its origins in the missile - based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II , aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program . The technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security , and symbolic of ideological superiority . The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites , uncrewed space probes of the Moon , Venus , and Mars , and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon .	the Soviet Union ( USSR )\|the United States	Space Race	space race		The Soviet Union achieved an early lead in the Space Race by launching the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 ( replica shown ) in 1957 . The United States led during the `` Moon race '' by landing Neil Armstrong ( pictured ) and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon , July 20 , 1969 . Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford and cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov shake hands in space to ease Cold War tensions . The Space Race refers to the 20th - century competition between two Cold War rivals , the Soviet Union ( USSR ) and the United States ( US ) , for dominance in spaceflight capability . It had its origins in the missile - based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II , aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program . The technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security , and symbolic of ideological superiority . The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites , uncrewed space probes of the Moon , Venus , and Mars , and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon . The Space Race began on August 2 , 1955 , when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year , by declaring they would also launch a satellite `` in the near future '' . The Soviet Union beat the US to this , with the October 4 , 1957 , orbiting of Sputnik 1 , and later beat the US to the first human in space , Yuri Gagarin , on April 12 , 1961 . The `` race '' peaked with the July 20 , 1969 , US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11 . The USSR tried but failed crewed lunar missions , and eventually canceled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations . A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project , resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew . The end of the Space Race is harder to pinpoint than its beginning , but it was over by the December 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union , after which true spaceflight cooperation between the US and Russia began . The Space Race has left a legacy of Earth communications and weather satellites , and continuing human space presence on the International Space Station . It has also sparked increases in spending on education and research and development , which led to beneficial spin - off technologies . Contents 1 Early rocket development 1.1 Germany during World War II 1.2 Soviet rocket development 1.3 American rocket development 1.4 Cold War missile race 2 The Race begins 2.1 First artificial satellite 2.2 US reaction 3 Uncrewed lunar probes 4 First human in space 5 First American in space 6 Kennedy directs the Race toward the Moon 7 Completion of Vostok and Mercury programs 7.1 Mercury 7.2 Vostok 8 Kennedy proposes a joint US - USSR program 9 Gemini and Voskhod 9.1 Voskhod program 9.2 Project Gemini 10 Soviet crewed Moon programs 11 Outer space treaty 12 Disaster strikes both sides 13 Onward to the Moon 14 Apollo 11 15 The Race winds down 15.1 Salyuts and Skylab 15.2 Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project 16 Legacy 16.1 Human spaceflight after Apollo 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 External links Early rocket development ( edit ) Germany during World War II ( edit ) Wernher von Braun ( 1912 -- 1977 ) , technical director of Nazi Germany 's missile program , became the United States ' lead rocket engineer during the 1950s and 1960s The origins of the Space Race can be traced to Germany , beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles capable of sub-orbital spaceflight . Starting in the early 1930s , during the last stages of the Weimar Republic , German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid - fueled rockets , with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances . The head of the German Army 's Ballistics and Munitions Branch , Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker , gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen , to figure out how to use rockets as long - range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles ' ban on research and development of long - range cannons . Wernher von Braun , a young engineering prodigy , was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf - West in 1932 . Von Braun dreamed of conquering outer space with rockets and did not initially see the military value in missile technology . During the Second World War , General Dornberger was the military head of the army 's rocket program , Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket center , and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program . They led the team that built the Aggregate - 4 ( A-4 ) rocket , which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943 . By 1943 , Germany began mass - producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ( `` Vengeance Weapon '' 2 , or more commonly , V2 ) , a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers ( 200 mi ) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms ( 2,490 lb ) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour ( 2,500 mph ) . Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it , and radar detection provided little warning . Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied - liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945 . After the war , the V - 2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs . At war 's end , American , British , and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany 's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based . Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team , but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip , recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team , who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs . The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets . Soviet rocket development ( edit ) Further information : Soviet rocketry `` Chief Designer '' Sergei Korolev ( left ) , with the `` father of the Soviet atomic bomb '' Igor Kurchatov , and `` Chief Theoretician '' Mstislav Keldysh in 1956 The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany , which became the Soviet zone of occupation . On Stalin 's orders , the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems . The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev . He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s , but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Gulag . After the war , he became the USSR 's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer , essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun . His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War , and he was identified publicly only as `` the Chief Designer . '' In the West , his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966 . After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde , Soviet officials conducted Operation Osoaviakhim and later moved more than 170 of the top captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger , about 240 kilometers ( 150 mi ) northwest of Moscow . They were not allowed to participate in final Soviet missile design , but were used as problem - solving consultants to the Soviet engineers . They helped in the following areas : the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4 ; work on `` organizational schemes '' ; research in improving the A-4 main engine ; development of a 100 - ton engine ; assistance in the `` layout '' of plant production rooms ; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components . With their help , particularly Helmut Gröttrup 's group , Korolev reverse - engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket , the R - 1 , in 1948 . Later , he developed his own distinct designs , though many of these designs were influenced by the Gröttrup Group 's G4 - R10 design from 1949 . The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951 -- 53 . American rocket development ( edit ) The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid - fuel rockets since 1914 , and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid - fueled rockets in 1921 , yet he had not been taken seriously by the public . Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army 's White Sands Proving Ground , located in New Mexico , in 1945 . They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation . These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space , and the first two - stage rocket , the WAC Corporal - V2 combination , in 1949 . The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army 's new Redstone Arsenal , located in Huntsville , Alabama , in 1950 . From here , von Braun and his team developed the Army 's first operational medium - range ballistic missile , the Redstone rocket , that in slightly modified versions , launched both America 's first satellite , and the first piloted Mercury space missions . It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets . Cold War missile Race ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear arms race The cold war would become the great engine , the supreme catalyst , that sent rockets and their cargoes far above Earth and worlds away . If Tsiolkovsky , Oberth , Goddard , and others were the fathers of rocketry , the competition between capitalism and communism was its midwife . William E. Burrows , This New Ocean , `` The Other World Series '' , p. 147 The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) developed between two former allies , the Soviet Union and the United States , soon after the end of the Second World War . It involved a continuing state of political conflict , military tension , proxy wars , and economic competition , primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states ( often referred to as the Eastern Bloc ) , and the powers of the Western world , particularly the United States . The primary participants ' military forces never clashed directly , but expressed this conflict through military coalitions , strategic conventional force deployments , extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable , proxy wars , espionage , propaganda , a nuclear arms race , and economic and technological competitions , such as the Space Race . In simple terms , the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism . The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949 , when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb . American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb , with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that , for the first time , might devastate its cities . Given this new danger , the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb , as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) capable of delivering nuclear weapons . A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s , which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism . With communism spreading in China , Korea , and Eastern Europe , Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive `` witch - hunts '' to expose communist spies . Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force , under the control of the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) . SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers , as well as medium - bombers based close to Soviet airspace ( in western Europe and in Turkey ) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads . For its part , the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion . Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941 , the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally , the United States , which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons . The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II , and it could use them again against the Soviet Union , laying waste to its cities and military centers . Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union , and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory , in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) in order to counter the perceived American threat . Soviet R - 7 ICBM , and its derivative launch vehicles for Sputnik , Vostok , Voskhod , and Soyuz In 1953 , Korolev was given the go - ahead to develop the R - 7 Semyorka rocket , which represented a major advance from the German design . Although some of its components ( notably boosters ) still resembled the German G - 4 , the new rocket incorporated staged design , a completely new control system , and a new fuel . It was successfully tested on August 21 , 1957 , and became the world 's first fully operational ICBM the following month . It was later used to launch the first satellite into space , and derivatives launched all piloted Soviet spacecraft . The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services , which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program . The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX - 774 . However , its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947 . In 1950 , von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM - 11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral . In 1951 , the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX - 1593 , and by 1955 this program was receiving top - priority funding . The MX - 1593 program evolved to become the Atlas - A , with its maiden launch occurring June 11 , 1957 , becoming the first successful American ICBM . Its upgraded version , the Atlas - D rocket , later served as a nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for Project Mercury and the remote - controlled Agena Target Vehicle used in Project Gemini . With the Cold War as an engine for change in the ideological competition between the United States and the Soviet Union , a coherent space policy began to take shape in the United States during the late 1950s . Korolev took inspiration from the competition as well , achieving many firsts to counter the possibility that the United States might prevail . The Race begins ( edit ) Further information : Soviet space program and Space policy of the United States First artificial satellite ( edit ) In 1955 , with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space , the `` starting line '' was drawn for the Space Race . In separate announcements four days apart , both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958 . On July 29 , 1955 , James C. Hagerty , president Dwight D. Eisenhower 's press secretary , announced that the United States intended to launch `` small Earth circling satellites '' between July 1 , 1957 , and December 31 , 1958 , as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year ( IGY ) . Four days later , at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen , scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy , and announced his country 's intention to launch a satellite as well , in the `` near future '' . On August 30 , 1955 , Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit : this was the de facto start date for the Space Race . The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret . Initially , President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers ( 62 mi ) , might be construed as violating that nation 's sovereign airspace . He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight , thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense . Eisenhower and his advisors believed that a nation 's airspace sovereignty did not extend into outer space , acknowledged as the Kármán line , and he used the 1957 -- 58 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law . Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a `` warmonger '' if he were to use military missiles as launchers . Therefore , he selected the untried Naval Research Laboratory 's Vanguard rocket , which was a research - only booster . This meant that von Braun 's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter - C rocket , because of its intended use as a future military vehicle . On September 20 , 1956 , von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter - C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit , but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology . Korolev received word about von Braun 's 1956 Jupiter - C test , but thinking it was a satellite mission that failed , he expedited plans to get his own satellite in orbit . Since his R - 7 was substantially more powerful than any of the American boosters , he made sure to take full advantage of this capability by designing Object D as his primary satellite . It was given the designation ' D ' , to distinguish it from other R - 7 payload designations ' A ' , ' B ' , ' V ' , and ' G ' which were nuclear weapon payloads . Object D dwarfed the proposed American satellites , by having a weight of 1,400 kilograms ( 3,100 lb ) , of which 300 kilograms ( 660 lb ) would be composed of scientific instruments that would photograph the Earth , take readings on radiation levels , and check on the planet 's magnetic field . However , things were not going along well with the design and manufacturing of the satellite , so in February 1957 , Korolev sought and received permission from the Council of Ministers to create a prosteishy sputnik ( PS - 1 ) , or simple satellite . The Council also decreed that Object D be postponed until April 1958 . The new sputnik was a shiny sphere that would be a much lighter craft , weighing 83.8 kilograms ( 185 lb ) and having a 58 - centimeter ( 23 in ) diameter . The satellite would not contain the complex instrumentation that Object D had , but had two radio transmitters operating on different short wave radio frequencies , the ability to detect if a meteoroid were to penetrate its pressure hull , and the ability to detect the density of the Earth 's thermosphere . Beep ... beep ... beep The signals of Sputnik 1 continued for 22 days Problems playing this file ? See media help . Korolev was buoyed by the first successful launches of his R - 7 rocket in August and September , which paved the way for him to launch his sputnik . Word came that the Americans were planning to announce a major breakthrough at an International Geophysical Year conference at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington D.C. , with a paper entitled `` Satellite Over the Planet '' , on October 6 , 1957 . Korolev anticipated that von Braun might launch a Jupiter - C with a satellite payload on or around October 4 or 5 , in conjunction with the paper . He hastened the launch , moving it to October 4 . The launch vehicle for PS - 1 , was a modified R - 7 -- vehicle 8K71PS number M1 - PS -- without much of the test equipment and radio gear that was present in the previous launches . It arrived at the Soviet missile base Tyura - Tam in September and was prepared for its mission at launch site number one . On Friday , October 4 , 1957 , at exactly 10 : 28 : 34 pm Moscow time , the R - 7 , with the now named Sputnik 1 satellite , lifted off the launch pad , and placed this artificial `` moon '' into an orbit a few minutes later . This `` fellow traveler , '' as the name is translated in English , was a small , beeping ball , less than two feet in diameter and weighing less than 200 pounds . But the celebrations were muted at the launch control center until the down - range far east tracking station at Kamchatka received the first distinctive beep ... beep ... beep sounds from Sputnik 1 's radio transmitters , indicating that it was on its way to completing its first orbit . About 95 minutes after launch , the satellite flew over its launch site , and its radio signals were picked up by the engineers and military personnel at Tyura - Tam : that 's when Korolev and his team celebrated the first successful artificial satellite placed into Earth - orbit . US reaction ( edit ) Main article : Sputnik crisis The Soviet success raised a great deal of concern in the United States . For example , economist Bernard Baruch wrote in an open letter titled `` The Lessons of Defeat '' to the New York Herald Tribune : `` While we devote our industrial and technological power to producing new model automobiles and more gadgets , the Soviet Union is conquering space ... It is Russia , not the United States , who has had the imagination to hitch its wagon to the stars and the skill to reach for the moon and all but grasp it . America is worried . It should be . '' Eisenhower ordered project Vanguard to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned . The December 6 , 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida , broadcast live in front of a US television audience . It was a monumental failure , exploding a few seconds after launch , and it became an international joke . The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik , Stayputnik , Kaputnik , and Dudnik . In the United Nations , the Russian delegate offered the US representative aid `` under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations . '' Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun 's Redstone team get the go - ahead to launch their Jupiter - C rocket as soon as they could . In Britain , the US 's Western Cold War ally , the reaction was mixed : some celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first , while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring . William Hayward Pickering , James Van Allen , and Wernher von Braun display a full - scale model of Explorer 1 at a Washington , DC news conference after confirmation the satellite was in orbit On January 31 , 1958 , nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1 , von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four - stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army 's Redstone missile , at Cape Canaveral . The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.66 pounds ( 13.91 kg ) in mass . The payload of Explorer 1 weighed 18.35 pounds ( 8.32 kg ) . It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a Geiger - Müller tube . It passed in and out of the Earth - encompassing radiation belt with its 194 - by - 1,368 - nautical - mile ( 360 by 2,534 km ) orbit , therefore saturating the tube 's capacity and proving what Dr. James Van Allen , a space scientist at the University of Iowa , had theorized . The belt , named the Van Allen radiation belt , is a doughnut - shaped zone of high - level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator. Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1 . The satellite measured three phenomena : cosmic ray and radiation levels , the temperature in the spacecraft , and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites . The satellite had no memory for data storage , therefore it had to transmit continuously . In March 1958 a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments . On April 2 , 1958 , President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite , by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities . Congress , led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson , responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act , which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29 , 1958 . This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . It also created a Civilian - Military Liaison Committee , chaired by the President , responsible for coordinating the nation 's civilian and military space programs . On October 21 , 1959 , Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army 's remaining space - related activities to NASA . On July 1 , 1960 , the Redstone Arsenal became NASA 's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center , with von Braun as its first director . Development of the Saturn rocket family , which when mature , gave the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability , was thus transferred to NASA . Uncrewed lunar probes ( edit ) In 1958 , Korolev upgraded the R - 7 to be able to launch a 400 - kilogram ( 880 lb ) payload to the Moon . Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1 - class impactor probes failed . The fourth attempt , Luna 1 , launched successfully on January 2 , 1959 , but missed the Moon . The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch . The 390 - kilogram ( 860 lb ) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14 , 1959 . The 278.5 - kilogram ( 614 lb ) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6 , 1959 . The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959 , managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory . The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas - Agena launch failures in August and November 1961 . The 727 - pound ( 330 kg ) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26 , 1962 , but missed the Moon . The 730 - pound ( 330 kg ) Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon , but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data . Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers ( 391 nmi ) on October 21 , 1962 . The first successful Ranger mission was the 806 - pound ( 366 kg ) Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31 , 1964 . First human in space ( edit ) Yuri Gagarin , the first person in space , 1961 By 1959 , American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space , because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury 's first launch . On April 12 , 1961 , the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1 . They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut , roughly translated from Russian and Greek as `` sailor of the universe '' . Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his capsule in an emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer , it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution ; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space . Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union , with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 meters ( 23,000 ft ) , and landing by parachute . The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( International Federation of Aeronautics ) credited Gagarin with the world 's first human space flight , although their qualifying rules for aeronautical records at the time required pilots to take off and land with their craft . For this reason , the Soviet Union omitted from their FAI submission the fact that Gagarin did not land with his capsule . When the FAI filing for Gherman Titov 's second Vostok flight in August 1961 disclosed the ejection landing technique , the FAI committee decided to investigate , and concluded that the technological accomplishment of human spaceflight lay in the safe launch , orbiting , and return , rather than the manner of landing , and revised their rules , keeping Gagarin 's and Titov 's records intact . Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc , and a worldwide celebrity . Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations , the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945 . April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR , and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official `` Commemorative Dates of Russia . '' In 2011 , it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations . Poyekhali ! Gagarin 's voice Problems playing this file ? See media help . The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dialogue at the moment of rocket launch : Korolev : `` Preliminary stage ... intermediate ... main ... lift off ! We wish you a good flight . Everything is all right . '' Gagarin : `` Поехали ! '' ( Poyekhali ! - Let 's go ! ) . Gagarin 's informal poyekhali ! became a historical phrase in the Eastern Bloc , used to refer to the beginning of the human space flight era . First American in space ( edit ) Alan Shepard , the first American in space , 1961 The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space , named Man in Space Soonest . This program studied several different types of one - man space vehicles , settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile , and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots . After NASA 's creation , the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26 , 1958 . NASA selected a new group of astronaut ( from the Greek for `` star sailor '' ) candidates from Navy , Air Force and Marine test pilots , and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program . Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately , working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile , followed by orbital flights on the Atlas . Each flight series would first start uncrewed , then carry a non-human primate , then finally humans . On May 5 , 1961 , Alan Shepard became the first American in space , launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury - Redstone 3 , in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7 . Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin , he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft 's attitude and retro - rocket firing . After his successful return , Shepard was celebrated as a national hero , honored with parades in Washington , New York and Los Angeles , and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy . Kennedy directs the Race toward the Moon ( edit ) See also : Moon landing These are extraordinary times . And we face an extraordinary challenge . Our strength , as well as our convictions , have imposed upon this nation the role of leader in freedom 's cause . ... if we are to win the battle that is now going on around the world between freedom and tyranny , the dramatic achievements in space which occurred in recent weeks should have made clear to us all , as did the Sputnik in 1957 , the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere , who are attempting to make a determination of which road they should take ... Now it is time to take longer strides -- time for a great new American enterprise -- time for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement , which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth . ... Recognizing the head start obtained by the Soviets with their large rocket engines , which gives them many months of lead - time , and recognizing the likelihood that they will exploit this lead for some time to come in still more impressive successes , we nevertheless are required to make new efforts on our own . ... I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal , before this decade is out , of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth . No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind , or more important for the long - range exploration of space , and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish . John F. Kennedy , Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs , May 25 , 1961 Before Gagarin 's flight , US President John F. Kennedy 's support for America 's crewed space program was lukewarm . Jerome Wiesner of MIT , who served as a science advisor to presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy , and himself an opponent of crewed space exploration , remarked , `` If Kennedy could have opted out of a big space program without hurting the country in his judgment , he would have . '' As late as March 1961 , when NASA administrator James E. Webb submitted a budget request to fund a Moon landing before 1970 , Kennedy rejected it because it was simply too expensive . Some were surprised by Kennedy 's eventual support of NASA and the space program because of how often he had attacked the Eisenhower administration 's inefficiency during the election . Gagarin 's flight changed this ; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead . Additionally , the Bay of Pigs invasion , planned before his term began but executed during it , was an embarrassment to his administration due to the colossal failure of the American forces . Looking for something to save political face , he sent a memo dated April 20 , 1961 , to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , asking him to look into the state of America 's space program , and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up . The two major options at the time seemed to be , either establishment of an Earth orbital space station , or a crewed landing on the Moon . Johnson , in turn , consulted with von Braun , who answered Kennedy 's questions based on his estimates of US and Soviet rocket lifting capability . Based on this , Johnson responded to Kennedy , concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership , and recommending that the crewed Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first . Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program , and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled `` Special Message on Urgent National Needs '' . Full text He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security , and its focus of the nation 's energies on other scientific and social fields . He rallied popular support for the program in his `` We choose to go to the Moon '' speech , on September 12 , 1962 , before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium , in Houston , Texas , near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility . Full text Khrushchev responded to Kennedy 's implicit challenge with silence , refusing to publicly confirm or deny the Soviets were pursuing a `` Moon race '' . As later disclosed , the Soviet Union secretly pursued a crewed lunar program until 1974 . Completion of Vostok and Mercury programs ( edit ) Mercury ( edit ) John Glenn , the first American in orbit , 1962 American Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom repeated Shepard 's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21 , 1961 . Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit , astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth , on February 20 , 1962 . His Mercury - Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft , and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean , after a tense reentry , due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat - shield . As the first American in orbit , Glenn became a national hero , and received a ticker - tape parade in New York City , reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh . On February 23 , 1962 , President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal . The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn 's : Aurora 7 on May 24 , 1962 , duplicated Glenn 's three orbits ; Sigma 7 on October 3 , 1962 , six orbits ; and Faith 7 on May 15 , 1963 , 22 orbits ( 32.4 hours ) , the maximum capability of the spacecraft . NASA at first intended to launch one more mission , extending the spacecraft 's endurance to three days , but since this would not beat the Soviet record , it was decided instead to concentrate on developing Project Gemini . Vostok ( edit ) Replica of the Vostok capsule Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6 , 1961 . The Soviet Union demonstrated 24 - hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft , Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 , in essentially identical orbits , on August 11 and 12 , 1962 . The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers ( 4.0 mi ) of one another , close enough for radio communication . Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space . Though the two craft 's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket 's guidance system , slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers ( 3.5 nautical miles ) , then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers ( 1,540 nautical miles ) . There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous , required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart . Valentina Tereshkova The Soviet Union duplicated its dual - launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 ( June 16 , 1963 ) . This time they launched the first woman ( also the first civilian ) , Valentina Tereshkova , into space on Vostok 6 . Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev 's idea , and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value . Tereshkova was one of a small corps of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists , but Tereshkova was the only one to fly . The USSR did n't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980 , two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women . The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition , where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule . The `` Vostok spaceship '' had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show , mounted on its launch vehicle 's third stage , with the nose cone in place . A tail section with eight fins was also added , in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers . This spurious tail section also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary . Kennedy proposes a joint US - USSR program ( edit ) On September 20 , 1963 , in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly , President Kennedy proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in an effort to reach the Moon . Kennedy thus changed his mind regarding the desirability of the space race , preferring instead to ease tensions with the Soviet Union by cooperating on projects such as a joint lunar landing . Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev initially rejected Kennedy 's proposal . However , on October 2 , 1997 , it was reported that Khrushchev 's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy 's proposal at the time of Kennedy 's assassination on November 22 , 1963 . During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture , and decided to accept Kennedy 's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world 's two superpowers , but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy 's successor , Lyndon Johnson . As President , Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs , promoting them as Kennedy 's legacy to the American public . One week after Kennedy 's death , he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy . Gemini and Voskhod ( edit ) Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing , in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini , a two - man spacecraft that would support the later three - man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft , flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back , and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft . Meanwhile , Korolev had planned further , long - term missions for the Vostok spacecraft , and had four Vostoks in various stages of fabrication in late 1963 at his OKB - 1 facilities . At that time , the Americans announced their ambitious plans for the Project Gemini flight schedule . These plans included major advancements in spacecraft capabilities , including a two - person spacecraft , the ability to change orbits , the capacity to perform an extravehicular activity ( EVA ) , and the goal of docking with another spacecraft . These represented major advances over the previous Mercury or Vostok capsules , and Korolev felt the need to try to beat the Americans to many of these innovations . Korolev already had begun designing the Vostok 's replacement , the next - generation Soyuz spacecraft , a multi-cosmonaut spacecraft that had at least the same capabilities as the Gemini spacecraft . Soyuz would not be available for at least three years , and it could not be called upon to deal with this new American challenge in 1964 or 1965 . Political pressure in early 1964 -- which some sources claim was from Khrushchev while other sources claim was from other Communist Party officials -- pushed him to modify his four remaining Vostoks to beat the Americans to new space firsts in the size of flight crews , and the duration of missions . Voskhod program ( edit ) Main article : Voskhod programme The Voskhod 1 and 2 space capsules The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts , including the first EVA `` spacewalk '' and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt - sleeves . Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight , allowing the Soviets to achieve another first , launching Voskhod 1 on October 12 , 1964 , the first spacecraft with a three - cosmonaut crew . The USSR touted another technological achievement during this mission : it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt - sleeve - environment . However , flying without spacesuits was not due to safety improvements in the Soviet spacecraft 's environmental systems ; rather this innovation was accomplished because the craft 's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits . Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization . This feat was not repeated until the US Apollo Command Module flew in 1968 ; this later mission was designed from the outset to safely transport three astronauts in a shirt - sleeve environment while in space . Between October 14 -- 16 , 1964 , Leonid Brezhnev and a small cadre of high - ranking Communist Party officials , deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed , in what was called the `` Wednesday conspiracy '' . The new political leaders , along with Korolev , ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program , cancelling Voskhod 3 and 4 , which were in the planning stages , and started concentrating on the race to the Moon . Voskhod 2 ended up being Korolev 's final achievement before his death on January 14 , 1966 , as it became the last of the many space firsts that demonstrated the USSR 's domination in spacecraft technology during the early 1960s . According to historian Asif Siddiqi , Korolev 's accomplishments marked `` the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program , one never , ever attained since . '' There was a two - year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod 's replacement , the Soyuz spacecraft , was designed and developed . On March 18 , 1965 , about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight , the USSR accelerated the competition , by launching the two - cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov . Voskhod 2 's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity ( EVA ) , also known as a spacewalk , while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule 's electronics would not overheat . Leonov performed the first - ever EVA as part of the mission . A fatality was narrowly avoided when Leonov 's spacesuit expanded in the vacuum of space , preventing him from re-entering the airlock . In order to overcome this , he had to partially depressurize his spacesuit to a potentially dangerous level . He succeeded in safely re-entering the ship , but he and Belyayev faced further challenges when the spacecraft 's atmospheric controls flooded the cabin with 45 % pure oxygen , which had to be lowered to acceptable levels before re-entry . The reentry involved two more challenges : an improperly timed retrorocket firing caused the Voskhod 2 to land 386 kilometers ( 240 mi ) off its designated target area , the town of Perm ; and the instrument compartment 's failure to detach from the descent apparatus caused the spacecraft to become unstable during reentry . Progress in the Space Race , showing the US passing the Soviets in 1965 Project Gemini ( edit ) Main article : Project Gemini Rendezvous of Gemini 6 and 7 , December 1965 Though delayed a year to reach its first flight , Gemini was able to take advantage of the USSR 's two - year hiatus after Voskhod , which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in piloted spaceflight . Gemini achieved several significant firsts during the course of ten piloted missions : On Gemini 3 ( March 1965 ) , astronauts Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom and John W. Young became the first to demonstrate their ability to change their craft 's orbit . On Gemini 5 ( August 1965 ) , astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles `` Pete '' Conrad set a record of almost eight days in space , long enough for a piloted lunar mission . On Gemini 6A ( December 1965 ) , Command Pilot Wally Schirra achieved the first space rendezvous with Gemini 7 , accurately matching his orbit to that of the other craft , station - keeping for three consecutive orbits at distances as close as 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) . Gemini 7 also set a human spaceflight endurance record of fourteen days for Frank Borman and James A. Lovell , which stood until both nations started launching space laboratories in the early 1970s . On Gemini 8 ( March 1966 ) , Command Pilot Neil Armstrong achieved the first docking between two spacecraft , his Gemini craft and an Agena target vehicle . Gemini 11 ( September 1966 ) , commanded by Conrad , achieved the first direct - ascent rendezvous with its Agena target on the first orbit , and used the Agena 's rocket to achieve an apogee of 742 nautical miles ( 1,374 km ) , the crewed Earth orbit record still current as of 2015 . On Gemini 12 ( November 1966 ) , Edwin E. `` Buzz '' Aldrin spent over five hours working comfortably during three ( EVA ) sessions , finally proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their spacecraft . This proved to be the most difficult goal to achieve . Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions . In this way , Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts for the Apollo lunar missions . Soviet crewed Moon programs ( edit ) Main article : Soviet crewed lunar programs Soyuz 7K - L3 ( Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl ) , alongside the Apollo Command / Service Module to scale LK lunar lander ( Lunniy Korabl ) , alongside the Apollo Lunar Module to scale Korolev 's design bureau produced two prospectuses for circumlunar spaceflight ( March 1962 and May 1963 ) , the main spacecraft for which were early versions of his Soyuz design . Soviet Communist Party Central Committee Command 655 - 268 officially established two secret , competing crewed programs for circumlunar flights and lunar landings , on August 3 , 1964 . The circumlunar flights were planned to occur in 1967 , and the landings to start in 1968 . The circumlunar program ( Zond ) , created by Vladimir Chelomey 's design bureau OKB - 52 , was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped - down Soyuz 7K - L1 , launched by Chelomey 's Proton UR - 500 rocket . The Zond sacrificed habitable cabin volume for equipment , by omitting the Soyuz orbital module . Chelomey gained favor with Khruschev by employing members of his family . Korolev 's lunar landing program was designated N1 / L3 , for its N1 super rocket and a more advanced Soyuz 7K - L3 spacecraft , also known as the lunar orbital module ( `` Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl '' , LOK ) , with a crew of two . A separate lunar lander ( `` Lunniy Korabl '' , LK ) , would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface . The N1 / L3 launch vehicle had three stages to Earth orbit , a fourth stage for Earth departure , and a fifth stage for lunar landing assist . The combined space vehicle was roughly the same height and takeoff mass as the three - stage US Apollo / Saturn V and exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28 % , but had only roughly half the translunar injection payload capability . Following Khruschev 's ouster from power , Chelomey 's Zond program was merged into the N1 / L3 program . Outer space Treaty ( edit ) The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958 , presenting issues for debate to the United Nations , which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959 . On May 10 , 1962 , Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962 , which not only urged member nations to `` extend the rules of international law to outer space , '' but to also cooperate in its exploration . Following the passing of this resolution , Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American / Soviet space program . The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space , including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies , which was signed by the United States , USSR , and the United Kingdom on January 27 , 1967 , and went into force the following October 10 . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Outer Space Treaty of 1967 This treaty : bars party States from placing weapons of mass destruction in Earth orbit , on the Moon , or any other celestial body ; exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes , and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind , conducting military maneuvers , or establishing military bases , installations , and fortifications ; declares that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and shall be free for exploration and use by all the States ; explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet , claiming that they are the common heritage of mankind , `` not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty , by means of use or occupation , or by any other means '' . However , the State that launches a space object retains jurisdiction and control over that object ; holds any State liable for damages caused by their space object ; declares that `` the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty '' , and `` States Parties shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities '' ; and `` A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment . '' The treaty remains in force , signed by 107 member states . -- As of July 2017 Disaster strikes both sides ( edit ) In 1967 , both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts . Both had been rushing at full - speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz , without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems . The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews . Charred interior of the Apollo 1 spacecraft after the fire that killed the first crew On January 27 , 1967 , the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty , the crew of the first crewed Apollo mission , Command Pilot Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom , Senior Pilot Ed White , and Pilot Roger Chaffee , were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test , less than a month before the planned February 21 launch . An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark , and quickly grew out of control , fed by the spacecraft 's pure oxygen atmosphere . Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the plug door hatch cover against the greater - than - atmospheric internal pressure . The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft , and procedural failings , including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure - oxygen atmosphere , as well as inadequate safety procedures . All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty - two months until the first piloted flight could be made . Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton , NASA 's Director of Flight Crew Operations , to make the first piloted landing . Commemorative plaque and the `` Fallen Astronaut '' sculpture left on the Moon in 1971 by the crew of Apollo 15 in memory of 14 deceased NASA astronauts and USSR cosmonauts On April 24 , 1967 , the single pilot of Soyuz 1 , Vladimir Komarov , became the first in - flight spaceflight fatality . The mission was planned to be a three - day test , to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2 , but the mission was plagued with problems . Early on , Komarov 's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed . Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely , resulting in the craft spinning wildly . Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system , which was only partially effective . The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day . During the emergency re-entry , a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail , and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute , causing descent speed to reach as high as 40 m / s ( 140 km / h ; 89 mph ) . Shortly thereafter , Soyuz 1 impacted the ground 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) west of Karabutak , exploding into a ball of flames . The official autopsy states Komarov died of blunt force trauma on impact , and that the subsequent heat mutilation of his corpse was a result of the explosive impact . Fixing the spacecraft 's faults caused an eighteen - month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume . Onward to the Moon ( edit ) The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire , fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the Block II command module . The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle ( Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 ) and the Lunar Module ( Apollo 5 ) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968 . Apollo 1 's mission to check out the Apollo Command / Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom 's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7 , launched on October 11 , 1968 . The eleven - day mission was a total success , as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission , paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule . Artist view of Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 after docking The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz , and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3 was launched on October 26 , 1968 . The goal was to complete Komarov 's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2 . Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters ( 660 ft ) of each other , then cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy took control . He got within 40 meters ( 130 ft ) of his target , but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel , due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft . The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realized in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions . It was the first - ever docking of two crewed spacecraft , and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another . Soyuz 7K - L1 Zond spacecraft . Artist view The Soviet Zond spacecraft was not yet ready for piloted circumlunar missions in 1968 , after five unsuccessful and partially successful automated test launches : Cosmos 146 on March 10 , 1967 ; Cosmos 154 on April 8 , 1967 ; Zond 1967A September 27 , 1967 ; Zond 1967B on November 22 , 1967 . Zond 4 was launched on March 2 , 1968 , and successfully made a circumlunar flight . After its successful flight around the Moon , Zond 4 encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9 , and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters ( 49,000 ft ) over the Gulf of Guinea . The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction , due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR . Earthrise as seen from Apollo 8 , December 24 , 1968 ( NASA ) During the summer of 1968 , the Apollo program hit another snag : the first pilot - rated Lunar Module ( LM ) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch . NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order , delaying the first LM flight until March 1969 , and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December . This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968 . In September 1968 , Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth , accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean . It also scared NASA planners , as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight , not piloted , because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon . On November 10 , 1968 , another automated test flight , Zond 6 was launched , but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry , and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early , causing it to crash - land only 16 kilometers ( 9.9 mi ) from where it had been launched six days earlier . It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968 , due to the unreliability of the Zonds . The Lunar Module flew in lunar orbit on Apollo 10 , May 22 -- 23 , 1969 On December 21 , 1968 , Frank Borman , James Lovell , and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8 . They also became the first to leave low - Earth orbit and go to another celestial body , and entered lunar orbit on December 24 . They made ten orbits in twenty hours , and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history , with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit , that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis . Two and a half hours after the broadcast , they fired their engine to perform the first trans - Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth . Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific Ocean on December 27 , in NASA 's first dawn splashdown and recovery . The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969 . The next mission , Apollo 10 , conducted a `` dress rehearsal '' for the first landing in May 1969 , flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet ( 14.4 km ) above the surface , the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin . With the LM proven to work well , the next step was to attempt the landing . Unknown to the Americans , the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble . After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969 , Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay . The launch pad explosion of the N - 1 on July 3 , 1969 , was a significant setback . The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown , destroying itself and the launch facility . Without the N - 1 rocket , the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely . Apollo 11 ( edit ) Main article : Apollo 11 American Buzz Aldrin during the first Moon walk in 1969 Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility . The crew , selected in January 1969 , consisted of commander ( CDR ) Neil Armstrong , Command Module Pilot ( CMP ) Michael Collins , and Lunar Module Pilot ( LMP ) Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin . They trained for the mission until just before the launch day . On July 16 , 1969 , at exactly 9 : 32 am EDT , the Saturn V rocket , AS - 506 , lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida . The trip to the Moon took just over three days . After achieving orbit , Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module , named Eagle , and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command / Service Module Columbia , began their descent . After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position , and a slight downrange error , Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters ( 590 ft ) , and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20 : 18 : 04 UTC , July 20 , 1969 ( 3 : 17 : 04 pm CDT ) . The first humans on the Moon waited six hours before they left their craft . At 02 : 56 UTC , July 21 ( 9 : 56 pm CDT July 20 ) , Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon . Neil Armstrong 's historic first words on the Moon . `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . The first step was witnessed by at least one - fifth of the population of Earth , or about 723 million people . His first words when he stepped off the LM 's landing footpad were , `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later . Altogether , they spent just under two and one - quarter hours outside their craft . The next day , they performed the first launch from another celestial body , and rendezvoused back with Columbia . Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth , landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 , 1969 . When the spacecraft splashed down , 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy 's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade ; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare . With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission , the Americans won the race to the Moon . The Race winds down ( edit ) Apollo 17 's Saturn V in 1972 Moonwalk , December 13 , 1972 NASA had ambitious follow - on human spaceflight plans as it reached its lunar goal , but soon discovered it had expended most of its political capital to do so . The first landing was followed by another , precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969 . NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow - on lunar landings through Apollo 20 , conducting extended - endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five . They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer - duration Earth orbital workshop ( later named Skylab ) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S - IVB upper stage , using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle . But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S - IVB ( which was also the Saturn V third stage ) , which immediately removed Apollo 20 . Belt - tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well , but keep three extended / Lunar Rover missions . Apollo 13 encountered an in - flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970 , returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again . It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 ( February 1971 ) , Apollo 15 ( July 1971 ) , Apollo 16 ( April 1972 ) , and Apollo 17 ( December 1972 ) . In February 1969 , President Richard M. Nixon convened a Space Task Group to set recommendations for the future US civilian space program , headed by his Vice President Spiro T. Agnew . Agnew was an enthusiastic proponent of NASA 's follow - on plans , and the STG recommended plans to develop a reusable Space Transportation System including a Space Shuttle , which would facilitate development of permanent space stations in Earth and lunar orbit , perhaps a base on the lunar surface , and the first human flight to Mars as early as 1986 or as late as 2000 . Nixon had a better sense of the declining political support in Congress for a new Apollo - style program , which had disappeared with the achievement of the landing , and he intended to pursue detente with the USSR and China , which he hoped might ease Cold War tensions . He cut the spending proposal he sent to Congress to include funding for only the Space Shuttle , with perhaps an option to pursue the Earth orbital space station for the foreseeable future . The USSR continued trying to perfect their N1 rocket , finally canceling it in 1976 , after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972 . Salyuts and Skylab ( edit ) The Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background , in a Soviet commemorative stamp Having lost the race to the Moon , the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations . During 1969 and 1970 , they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3 , then launched the first space station , the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov , on April 19 , 1971 . Three days later , the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it , but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station . The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov , Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7 , and completed a record 22 - day stay . The crew became the second in - flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30 . They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft 's cabin lost all pressure , shortly after undocking . The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve , that allowed all the air to vent into space . The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred . Salyut 1 's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry , but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem . The station re-entered the Earth 's atmosphere on October 11 , after 175 days in orbit . The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut - class station designated Durable Orbital Station - 2 ( DOS - 2 ) on July 29 , 1972 , but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit . After the DOS - 2 failure , the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut - class stations up to 1975 , with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage , which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it would not hold pressure . All of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories , but some of them were covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations . The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14 , 1973 . It weighed 169,950 pounds ( 77,090 kg ) , was 58 feet ( 18 m ) long by 21.7 feet ( 6.6 m ) in diameter , with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet ( 280 m ) . Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit , losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield . Subsequent crewed missions repaired the station , and the final mission 's crew , Skylab 4 , set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8 , 1974 . Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth 's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11 , 1979 . Apollo -- Soyuz test Project ( edit ) Main article : Apollo - Soyuz Test Project Apollo - Soyuz crew : From left to right : Donald `` Deke '' Slayton , Thomas Patten Stafford , Vance Brand , Alexey Leonov , and Valeri Kubasov In May 1972 , President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente , creating a temporary `` thaw '' in the Cold War . In the spirit of good sportsmanship , the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition , and the notion of a continuing `` race '' began to subside . The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz , known as the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project ( ASTP ) . To prepare , the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system , which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other ( e.g. Soyuz / Soyuz as well as Soyuz / Salyut ) . The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other 's craft , which had incompatible cabin atmospheres . The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP . The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15 , 1975 , at 12 : 20 UTC , and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later . The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16 : 19 UTC . The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts , and the crew shook hands , exchanged gifts , and visited each other 's craft . Legacy ( edit ) Human spaceflight after Apollo ( edit ) International Space Station in 2010 In the 1970s , the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle , and launched a range of uncrewed probes . The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ( ' Peace ' or ' World ' , depending on the context ) space station , supported by Soyuz spacecraft . They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program . The USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program mainly passed to Russia . The United States and Russia worked together in space with the Shuttle -- Mir Program , and again with the International Space Station . The Russian R - 7 rocket family , which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the Space Race , is still in use today . It services the International Space Station ( ISS ) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft . It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station . See also ( edit ) Space portal Spaceflight portal Robotics portal Cold War portal Cold War playground equipment Comparison of Asian national space programs -- a so - called `` Asian space race '' History of spaceflight List of space exploration milestones , 1957 -- 1969 Moon Landing Moon Shot Space advocacy Space exploration Space policy Space propaganda Spaceflight records Timeline of Solar System exploration Timeline of space exploration Timeline of the Space Race Woods Hole Conference Mars race Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neufeld , Michael J ( 1995 ) . The Rocket and the Reich : Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era . New York : The Free Press . pp. 158 , 160 -- 162 , 190 . Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 147 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2004 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 148 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 150 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 96 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 98 -- 99 Jump up ^ Stocker ( 2004 ) , pp. 12 -- 24 Jump up ^ Gainor ( 2001 ) , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 24 -- 41 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 24 -- 34 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 4 , 11 , 16 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , pp. 7 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Gatland ( 1976 ) , pp. 100 -- 101 ^ Jump up to : Wade , Mark . `` Early Russian Ballistic Missiles '' . Encyclopedia Astronautix . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2006 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Goddard 's 1919 research paper A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes was famously ridiculed in a New York Times editorial . Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 129 -- 134 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , ( 1999 ) , pp. 149 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 2012 ) , pp. 147 -- 149 Jump up ^ Polmer and Laur ( 1990 ) , pp. 229 -- 241 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 149 -- 151 Jump up ^ Hall & Shayler ( 2001 ) , p. 56 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 468 -- 469 ^ Jump up to : Wade , Mark . `` Atlas '' . Encyclopedia Astronautix . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Koman , Rita G. ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Man on the Moon : The U.S. Space Program as a Cold War Maneuver '' . OAH Magazine of History . 8 ( 2 ) : 42 -- 50 . JSTOR 25162945 . Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , pp. 3 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , pp. 15 -- 18 ^ Jump up to : Cadbury ( 2006 ) , pp. 154 -- 157 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 151 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 155 Jump up ^ Garber , Steve ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age '' . Sputnik 50th Anniversary . Washington : NASA History Website . Jump up ^ Hardesty ( 2007 ) , pp. 72 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 163 -- 168 ^ Jump up to : Cadbury ( 2006 ) , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Hardesty ( 2007 ) , p. 74 Jump up ^ Cadbury ( 2006 ) , p. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Crompton , Samuel ( July 1 , 2007 ) . Sputnik / Explorer I : The Race to Conquer Space . New York City : Chelsea House Publications . p. 4 . ISBN 0791093573 . ^ Jump up to : Brzezinski ( 2007 ) , pp. 254 -- 267 Jump up ^ O'Neill , Terry . The Nuclear Age . San Diego : Greenhaven , Inc. , 2002 . ( 146 ) Jump up ^ Knapp , Brian . Journey into Space . Danbury : Grolier , 2004. ( 17 ) Jump up ^ O'Neill , Terry . The Nuclear Age . San Diego : Greenhaven , Inc. , 2002. ( 146 ) Jump up ^ Barnett , Nicholas . ' `` Russia Wins Space Race '' : The British Press and the Sputnik Moment ' , Media History , ( 2013 ) 19 : 2 , 182 - 195 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space Biology and Medicine : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC. : American Institute of Aeronautics . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space and Biology : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC. : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. p. 285 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space Biology and Medicine : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. p. 285 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Joseph , A. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Space Astronomy . New York , NY : Facts on Files , Inc. p. 634 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Joseph , A. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Space Astronomy . New York , NY : Facts on Files , Inc. p. 225 . Jump up ^ Bello , Francis ( 1959 ) . `` The Early Space Age '' . Fortune . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall ( 2001 ) , pp. 149 -- 157 Jump up ^ `` Why Yuri Gagarin Remains the First Man in Space , Even Though He Did Not Land Inside His Spacecraft '' . April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pervushin ( 2011 ) , 7.1 Гражданин мира Jump up ^ Государственная Дума . Федеральный закон No 32 - ФЗ от 13 марта 1995 г . `` О днях воинской славы и памятных датах России '' , в ред . Федерального закона No 59 - ФЗ от 10 апреля 2009 г `` О внесении изменения в статью 1.1 федерального закона `` О днях воинской славы и памятных датах России '' '' . Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования . Опубликован : `` Российская Газета '' , No 52 , 15 марта 1995 г . ( State Duma . 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OCLC 709678549 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John F. ( May 25 , 1961 ) . Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs ( Motion picture ( excerpt ) ) . Boston , MA : John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Accession Number : TNC : 200 ; Digital Identifier : TNC - 200 - 2 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quoted in John M. Logsdon , The Decision to Go to the Moon : Project Apollo and the National Interest ( Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 1970 ) p. 111 . Jump up ^ David E. Bell , Memorandum for the President , `` National Aeronautics and Space Administration Budget Problem , '' 22 March 1961 , NASA Historical Reference Collection ; U.S. Congress , House , Committee of Science and Astronautics , NASA Fiscal 1962 Authorization , Hearings , 87th Cong. , 1st . sess. , 1962 , pp. 203 , 620 ; Logsdon , Decision to go to the Moon , pp. 94 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Tom . The Right Stuff . New York : Picador , 1979. ( 179 ) Jump up ^ Roger D. 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Retrieved September 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Portree , Part 1 - 1.2 Historical Overview Jump up ^ inesap.org Archived March 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and International Law . Jump up ^ Google books Nuclear Weapons and Contemporary International Law N. Singh , E. WcWhinney ( p. 289 ) Jump up ^ UN website UN Resolution 1348 ( XIII ) . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space '' . United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs . Jump up ^ Papers of John F. Kennedy . Presidential Papers . National Security Files . Subjects . Space activities : US / USSR cooperation , 1961 - 1963 . http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKNSF-308-006.aspx ^ Jump up to : Seamans , Robert C. , Jr. ( 5 April 1967 ) . `` Findings , Determinations And Recommendations '' . Report of Apollo 204 Review Board . NASA History Office . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . 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Mission elapsed time ( MET ) from when Armstrong states that he will step off the LM at 109hrs : 24mins : 13secs to when Armstrong was back inside the LM at 111hrs : 38mins : 38sec Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 252 -- 262 Jump up ^ Murray ( 1990 ) , p. 347 Jump up ^ Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 288 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , p. 186 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , p. 123 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , pp. 136 - 150 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , pp. 150 - 177 Jump up ^ Portree , 1.2. 4 Manned Lunar Program ( 1964 - 1976 ) References ( edit ) Bilstein , Roger E. ( 1996 ) . Stages to Saturn : A Technological History of the Apollo / Saturn Launch Vehicles . Washington : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , National Aeronautics and Space Administration , . ISBN 0 - 16 - 048909 - 1 . Brugess , Colin ; Kate Doolan ; Bert Vis ( 2003 ) . Fallen Astronauts : Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6212 - 4 . Brzezinski , Matthew ( 2007 ) . Red Moon Rising : Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ingnited the Space Race . New York : Times Books , Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8147 - 3 . Burrows , William E. ( 1998 ) . This New Ocean : The Story of the First Space Age . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 44521 - 0 . ASIN 0679445218 . Cadbury , Deborah ( 2006 ) . Space Race : The Epic Battle Between America and the Soviet Union for Dominance of Space . New York : Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084553 - 7 . Chaikin , Andrew ( 1994 ) . A Man on the Moon : The Triumphant Story of the Apollo Space Program . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0140272011 . Cornwell , John ( 2003 ) . Hitler 's Scientists : Science , War , and the Devil 's Pact . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03075 - 9 . Dallek , Robert ( 2003 ) . An Unfinished Life : John F. Kennedy , 1917 -- 1963 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 17238 - 3 . Gainor , Chris ( 2001 ) . Arrows to the Moon : Avro 's Engineers and the Space Race . Burlington , Ontario : Apogee Books . ISBN 1 - 896522 - 83 - 1 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Gatland , Kenneth ( 1976 ) . Manned Spacecraft , Second Revision . New York , NY , USA : Macmillan Publishing Co. , Inc . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 542820 - 9 . Hall , Rex ; David J. Shayler ( 2001 ) . The Rocket Men : Vostok & Voskhod , The First Soviet Manned Spaceflights . New York : Springer -- Praxis Books . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 391 - X . Hall , Rex ; David J. Shayler ( 2003 ) . Soyuz : A Universal Spacecraft . New York : Springer -- Praxis Books . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 657 - 9 . Hardesty , Von ; Gene Eisman ( 2007 ) . Epic Rivalry : The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race . Foreword by Sergei Khrushchev . Washington : National Geographic Society . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0119 - 6 . Harford , James J. ( 1997 ) . Korolev : How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon ( 1 ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 14853 - 9 . Hepplewhite , T.A. ( 1999 ) . The Space Shuttle Decision : NASA 's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle . Washington , DC : NASA . Jones , Eric M. ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Internet . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Kraft , Chris ; James Schefter ( 2001 ) . Flight : My Life in Mission Control . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 94571 - 7 . Murray , Charles ; Catherine Bly Cox ( 1990 ) . Apollo : The Race to the Moon . New York : Touchstone ( Simon & Schuster ) . ISBN 0 - 671 - 70625 - X . The link is to the 2004 edition , pages differ , but content the same . Parry , Dan ( 2009 ) . Moonshot : The Inside Story of Mankind 's Greatest Adventure . Chatham , United Kingdom : Ebury Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192837 - 7 . Polmar , Norman ; Timothy M. Laur ( 1990 ) . Strategic Air Command : People , Aircraft , and Missiles ( 2 ed . ) . Baltimore : Nautical and Publishing Company of America . ISBN 0 - 933852 - 77 - 0 . Poole , Robert ( 2008 ) . Earthrise : How Man First Saw the Earth . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13766 - 8 . Portree , David S.F. ( March 1995 ) , `` Mir Hardware Heritage '' , Reference Publication , NASA Reference Publication 1357 , Houston TX : NASA , 95 : 23249 , Bibcode : 1995STIN ... 9523249P chapter = ignored ( help ) Schefter , James ( 1999 ) . The Race : The uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the Moon . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49253 - 7 . Schmitz , David F. ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Seamans , Robert C. , Jr. ( 5 April 1967 ) . `` Findings , Determinations And Recommendations '' . Report of Apollo 204 Review Board . NASA History Office . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2003a ) . Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2627 - X . Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2003b ) . The Soviet Space Race with Apollo . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2628 - 8 . Stocker , Jeremy ( 2004 ) . Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence , 1942 -- 2002 . London : Frank Case . pp. 12 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5696 - 8 . Turnhill , Reginald ( 2004 ) . The Moonlandings : An Eyewitness Account . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81595 - 9 . Первушин , Антон ( 2011 ) . 108 минут , изменившие мир . Эксмо . ISBN 978 - 5 - 699 - 48001 - 2 . ( Anton Pervushin. 108 minutes which changed the world ; in Russian ) External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Space Race '' dated 2005 - 07 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Scanned letter from Wernher Von Braun to Vice President Johnson `` America 's Space Program : Exploring a New Frontier '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Why Did the USSR Lose the Moon Race ? from Pravda , 2002 - 12 - 03 Space Race Exhibition at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum TheSpaceRace.com -- Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo space programs Timeline of the Space Race to the Moon 1960 -- 1969 Shadows of the Soviet Space Age , Paul Lucas Chronology : Moon Race at russianspaceweb.com John F. 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very high in the earth's atmosphere the temperature can be 700			Atmosphere of Earth	atmosphere of earth	The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases , commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth 's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth 's surface , absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ) , and reducing temperature extremes between day and night ( the diurnal temperature variation ) .	By volume , dry air contains 78.09 % nitrogen , 20.95 % oxygen , 0.93 % argon , 0.04 % carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases . Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1 % at sea level , and 0.4 % over the entire atmosphere . Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers , and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth 's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres . The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 × 10 kg , three quarters of which is within about 11 km ( 6.8 mi ; 36,000 ft ) of the surface . The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude , with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km ( 62 mi ) , or 1.57 % of Earth 's radius , is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space . Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km ( 75 mi ) . Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere , based on characteristics such as temperature and composition . The study of Earth 's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science ( aerology ) . Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Structure of the atmosphere 2.1 Principal layers 2.1. 1 Exosphere 2.1. 2 Thermosphere 2.1. 3 Mesosphere 2.1. 4 Stratosphere 2.1. 5 Troposphere 2.2 Other layers 3 Physical properties 3.1 Pressure and thickness 3.2 Temperature and speed of sound 3.3 Density and mass 4 Optical properties 4.1 Scattering 4.2 Absorption 4.3 Emission 4.4 Refractive index 5 Circulation 6 Evolution of Earth 's atmosphere 6.1 Earliest atmosphere 6.2 Second atmosphere 6.3 Third atmosphere 6.4 Air pollution 7 Images from space 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition Main article : Atmospheric chemistry Mean atmospheric water vapor The three major constituents of Earth 's atmosphere , are nitrogen , oxygen , and argon . Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25 % of the atmosphere by mass . The concentration of water vapor ( a greenhouse gas ) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5 % by volume in hot , humid air masses , and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air ( without water vapor ) . The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases , among which are the greenhouse gases , principally carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds . Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample , including dust of mineral and organic composition , pollen and spores , sea spray , and volcanic ash . Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols , such as chlorine ( elemental or in compounds ) , fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor . Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide ( SO ) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution . Major constituents of dry air , by volume Gas Volume Name Formula in ppmv in % Nitrogen 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 1.79 0.000179 Not included in above dry atmosphere : Water vapor H O 10 -- 50,000 0.001 % -- 5 % notes : volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only , also see volume ( thermodynamics ) ppmv : parts per million by volume Water vapor is about 0.25 % by mass over full atmosphere Water vapor strongly varies locally The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m ( 33,000 ft ) . Structure of the atmosphere Earth 's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase . Layers drawn to scale , objects within the layers are not to scale . Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer . Principal layers In general , air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere . However , temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude , and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions ( see the temperature section , below ) . Because the general pattern of the temperature / altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers . In this way , Earth 's atmosphere can be divided ( called atmospheric stratification ) into five main layers . Excluding the exosphere , the atmosphere has four primary layers , which are the troposphere , stratosphere , mesosphere , and thermosphere . From highest to lowest , the five main layers are : Exosphere : 700 to 10,000 km ( 440 to 6,200 miles ) Thermosphere : 80 to 700 km ( 50 to 440 miles ) Mesosphere : 50 to 80 km ( 31 to 50 miles ) Stratosphere : 12 to 50 km ( 7 to 31 miles ) Troposphere : 0 to 12 km ( 0 to 7 miles ) Exosphere Main article : Exosphere The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth 's atmosphere ( i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere ) . It extends from the exobase , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level , to about 10,000 km ( 6,200 mi ; 33,000,000 ft ) where it merges into the solar wind . This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen , helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen , oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase . The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another . Thus , the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas , and the particles constantly escape into space . These free - moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind . The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible . However , the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere , where they overlap into the thermosphere . The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth . Thermosphere Main article : Thermosphere The thermosphere is the second - highest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It extends from the mesopause ( which separates it from the mesosphere ) at an altitude of about 80 km ( 50 mi ; 260,000 ft ) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500 -- 1000 km ( 310 -- 620 mi ; 1,600,000 -- 3,300,000 ft ) . The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity . Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere , it is also referred to as the exobase . The lower part of the thermosphere , from 80 to 550 kilometres ( 50 to 342 mi ) above Earth 's surface , contains the ionosphere . The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height . Unlike the stratosphere beneath it , wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone , the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules . The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 ° C ( 2700 ° F ) , though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful . The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule ( of oxygen , for example ) travels an average of 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ; 3300 ft ) between collisions with other molecules . Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy , it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact , because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin . This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor . However , non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere . The International Space Station orbits in this layer , between 350 and 420 km ( 220 and 260 mi ) . Mesosphere Main article : Mesosphere The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth 's atmosphere , occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere . It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km ( 31 mi ; 160,000 ft ) to the mesopause at 80 -- 85 km ( 50 -- 53 mi ; 260,000 -- 280,000 ft ) above sea level . Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere . It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around − 85 ° C ( − 120 ° F ; 190 K ) . Just below the mesopause , the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar - mesospheric noctilucent clouds . These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise . They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon . Lightning - induced discharges known as transient luminous events ( TLEs ) occasionally form in the mesosphere above tropospheric thunderclouds . The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance . It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet - powered aircraft and balloons , and too low to permit orbital spacecraft . The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket - powered aircraft . Stratosphere Main article : Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second - lowest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km ( 7.5 mi ; 39,000 ft ) above Earth 's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km ( 31 to 34 mi ; 164,000 to 180,000 ft ) . The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1 / 1000 the pressure at sea level . It contains the ozone layer , which is the part of Earth 's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas . The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude . This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer , which restricts turbulence and mixing . Although the temperature may be − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ; 210 K ) at the tropopause , the top of the stratosphere is much warmer , and may be near 0 ° C . The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions , so the stratosphere lacks the weather - producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere . Consequently , the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather . However , polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest . The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet - powered aircraft . Troposphere Main article : Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It extends from Earth 's surface to an average height of about 12 km , although this altitude actually varies from about 9 km ( 30,000 ft ) at the poles to 17 km ( 56,000 ft ) at the equator , with some variation due to weather . The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause , a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion ( i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one ) , and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height . Although variations do occur , the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface . Thus , the lowest part of the troposphere ( i.e. Earth 's surface ) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere . This promotes vertical mixing ( hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος , tropos , meaning `` turn '' ) . The troposphere contains roughly 80 % of the mass of Earth 's atmosphere . The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed . Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) of the troposphere . Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere , so it is the layer where most of Earth 's weather takes place . It has basically all the weather - associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation , although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere . Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere , and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller - driven aircraft . Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere . Because of the angle of the photo , it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below . The orange layer is the troposphere , which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere . Other layers Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature , several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties : The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere . In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million , which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere . It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15 -- 35 km ( 9.3 -- 21.7 mi ; 49,000 -- 115,000 ft ) , though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically . About 90 % of the ozone in Earth 's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere . The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation . It is responsible for auroras . During daytime hours , it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km ( 31 to 621 mi ; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft ) and includes the mesosphere , thermosphere , and parts of the exosphere . However , ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night , so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere . The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because it influences , for example , radio propagation on Earth . The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed . The surface - based homosphere includes the troposphere , stratosphere , mesosphere , and the lowest part of the thermosphere , where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence . This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km ( 62 mi ; 330,000 ft ) , the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI , which places it about 20 km ( 12 mi ; 66,000 ft ) above the mesopause . Above this altitude lies the heterosphere , which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere . Here , the chemical composition varies with altitude . This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing . This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight , with the heavier ones , such as oxygen and nitrogen , present only near the bottom of the heterosphere . The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen , the lightest element . The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth 's surface and is directly affected by it , mainly through turbulent diffusion . During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well - mixed , whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing . The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres ( 330 ft ) on clear , calm nights to 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) or more during the afternoon in dry regions . The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth 's surface is 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ; 287 K ) or 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ; 288 K ) , depending on the reference . Physical properties Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density , pressure , the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects . Pressure and thickness Main article : Atmospheric pressure The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals ( 760.00 Torr ; 14.6959 psi ; 760.00 mmHg ) . This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres ( atm ) . Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480 × 10 kg ( 1.135 × 10 lb ) , about 2.5 % less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth 's area of 51007.2 megahectares , this portion being displaced by Earth 's mountainous terrain . Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured . Thus air pressure varies with location and weather . If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level , it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km ( 27,900 ft ) . It actually decreases exponentially with altitude , dropping by half every 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) or by a factor of 1 / e every 7.64 km ( 25,100 ft ) , the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km ( 43 mi ; 230,000 ft ) . However , the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature , molecular composition , solar radiation and gravity into account . In summary , the mass of Earth 's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows : 50 % is below 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) . 90 % is below 16 km ( 52,000 ft ) . 99.99997 % is below 100 km ( 62 mi ; 330,000 ft ) , the Kármán line . By international convention , this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts . By comparison , the summit of Mt . Everest is at 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) ; commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 km ( 33,000 ft ) and 13 km ( 43,000 ft ) where the thinner air improves fuel economy ; weather balloons reach 30.4 km ( 100,000 ft ) and above ; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km ( 354,300 ft ) . Even above the Kármán line , significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur . Meteors begin to glow in this region , though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply . The various layers of Earth 's ionosphere , important to HF radio propagation , begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km . By comparison , the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350 -- 400 km , within the F - layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months . Depending on solar activity , satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700 -- 800 km . Temperature and speed of sound Main articles : Atmospheric temperature and Speed of sound Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA weather satellites . The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere . Source : The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above . Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level , but variations in this trend begin above 11 km , where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere . In the stratosphere , starting above about 20 km , the temperature increases with height , due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region . Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes , in the aptly - named thermosphere above 90 km . Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density , the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile ( see illustration to the right ) , and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure . Density and mass Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE - 00 standard atmosphere model ( the eight dotted lines in each `` decade '' are at the eight cubes 8 , 27 , 64 , ... , 729 ) Main article : Density of air The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg / m ( 1.2 g / L , 0.0012 g / cm ) . Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature , pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air ( a form of the ideal gas law ) . Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases . This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula . More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites . The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion ( 5 × 10 ) tonnes or 1 / 1,200,000 the mass of Earth . According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , `` The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 kg , depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used ; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate . The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ± 0.0003 × 10 kg . '' Optical properties This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Sunlight Solar radiation ( or sunlight ) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Earth also emits radiation back into space , but at longer wavelengths that we can not see . Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere . In May 2017 , glints of light , seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away , were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere . Scattering Main article : Scattering When light passes through Earth 's atmosphere , photons interact with it through scattering . If the light does not interact with the atmosphere , it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun . Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere . For example , on an overcast day when you can not see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you , it has all been scattered . As another example , due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering , shorter ( blue ) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer ( red ) wavelengths . This is why the sky looks blue ; you are seeing scattered blue light . This is also why sunsets are red . Because the Sun is close to the horizon , the Sun 's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye . Much of the blue light has been scattered out , leaving the red light in a sunset . Absorption Main article : Absorption ( electromagnetic radiation ) Rough plot of Earth 's atmospheric transmittance ( or opacity ) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation , including visible light . Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation . For example , O and O absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers . Water ( H O ) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm . When a molecule absorbs a photon , it increases the energy of the molecule . This heats the atmosphere , but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation , as discussed below . The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave `` windows '' of low opacity , allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light . The optical window runs from around 300 nm ( ultraviolet - C ) up into the range humans can see , the visible spectrum ( commonly called light ) , at roughly 400 -- 700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm . There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths . For example , the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven - meter waves . Emission Main article : Emission ( electromagnetic radiation ) Emission is the opposite of absorption , it is when an object emits radiation . Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their `` black body '' emission curves , therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation , with shorter wavelengths . Colder objects emit less radiation , with longer wavelengths . For example , the Sun is approximately 6,000 K ( 5,730 ° C ; 10,340 ° F ) , its radiation peaks near 500 nm , and is visible to the human eye . Earth is approximately 290 K ( 17 ° C ; 62 ° F ) , so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm , and is much too long to be visible to humans . Because of its temperature , the atmosphere emits infrared radiation . For example , on clear nights Earth 's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights . This is because clouds ( H O ) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation . This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations . The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect . Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation , but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum . Common examples of these are CO and H O . Refractive index See also : Scintillation ( astronomy ) The refractive index of air is close to , but just greater than 1 . Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths . One example is that , under some circumstances , observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth 's surface . The refractive index of air depends on temperature , giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large . An example of such effects is the mirage . Circulation Main article : Atmospheric circulation An idealised view of three large circulation cells . Atmospheric circulation is the large - scale movement of air through the troposphere , and the means ( with ocean circulation ) by which heat is distributed around Earth . The large - scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year , but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth 's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles . Evolution of Earth 's atmosphere See also : History of Earth and Paleoclimatology Earliest atmosphere The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula , primarily hydrogen . There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ) , notably water vapor , methane and ammonia . Second atmosphere Outgassing from volcanism , supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids , produced the next atmosphere , consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases . A major part of carbon - dioxide emissions dissolved in water and reacted with metals such as calcium and magnesium during weathering of crustal rocks to form carbonates that were deposited as sediments . Water - related sediments have been found that date from as early as 3.8 billion years ago . About 3.4 billion years ago , nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable `` second atmosphere '' . The influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere , because hints of early life - forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago . How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life , if the early Sun put out 30 % lower solar radiance than today , is a puzzle known as the `` faint young Sun paradox '' . The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth -- with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago . In the late Archean Eon an oxygen - containing atmosphere began to develop , apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria ( see Great Oxygenation Event ) , which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago . The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions ) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current , and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago . Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth 's dynamic oxygenation evolution . These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion . Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long - term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores . Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations . Before this time , any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials , notably iron . Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen . This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere . O showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15 % by the end of the Precambrian . The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon , during the earliest period of which , the Cambrian , oxygen - requiring metazoan life forms began to appear . The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years , reaching a peak of about 30 % around 280 million years ago , significantly higher than today 's 21 % . Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere : Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , releasing oxygen . Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere , which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere . However , volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide , which plants can convert to oxygen . The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known . Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals . Today 's atmosphere contains 21 % oxygen , which is great enough for this rapid development of animals . Air pollution Main article : Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms . Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution , chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone - depleting substances . The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming . Play media Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May . The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer . Following the peak in vegetation , the drawdown of atmospheric CO due to photosynthesis is apparent , particularly over the boreal forests . Images from space On October 19 , 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) and show Earth as it rotates during a day . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere , giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space . The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere . Limb view , of Earth 's atmosphere . Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere . This image shows the Moon at the centre , with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange - colored troposphere . The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause , which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange - and blue - colored atmosphere . The silvery - blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth 's troposphere . Earth 's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969 . See also Aerial perspective Air ( classical element ) Air glow Airshed Atmosphere ( on atmospheres in general ) Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric models Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility ( ARM ) ( in the U.S. ) Atmospheric stratification Aviation Biosphere Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere Compressed air COSPAR international reference atmosphere ( CIRA ) Environmental impact of aviation Global dimming Historical temperature record Hydrosphere Hypermobility ( travel ) Kyoto Protocol Leaching ( agriculture ) Lithosphere Standard Dry Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Warm period Water vapor in Earth 's atmosphere Ozone layer Atmosphere portal Environment portal References Jump up ^ `` Gateway to Astonaut Photos of Earth '' . NASA . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Earth 's Oxygen : A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted '' . New York Times . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lide , David R. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , FL : CRC , 1996 : 14 - 7 Jump up ^ M. Vázquez ; A. Hanslmeier ( 2006 ) . Ultraviolet Radiation in the Solar System . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3730 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , John M. and Peter V. Hobbs . Atmospheric Science ; An Introductory Survey. Elsevier . Second Edition , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 732951 - 2 . Chapter 1 Jump up ^ `` Trace Gases '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Source for figures : Carbon dioxide , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , ( updated 2013 - 03 ) . Methane , IPCC TAR table 6.1 Archived 2007 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , ( updated to 1998 ) . The NASA total was 17 ppmv over 100 % , and CO was increased here by 15 ppmv . To normalize , N should be reduced by about 25 ppmv and O by about 7 ppmv . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Adam ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Global carbon dioxide levels break 400ppm milestone '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Air Composition '' . The Engineering ToolBox . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . The composition of air is unchanged until elevation of approximately 10.000 m Jump up ^ Zell , Holly ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Earth 's Upper Atmosphere '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Randy Russell ( 2008 ) . `` The Thermosphere '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The height of the tropopause '' . Das.uwyo.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ahrens , C. Donald . Essentials of Meteorology . Published by Thomson Brooks / Cole , 2005 . Jump up ^ States , Robert J. ; Gardner , Chester S. ( January 2000 ) . `` Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region ( 80 -- 105 km ) at 40 ° N Latitude . Part I : Seasonal Variations '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . 57 : 66 -- 77 . Bibcode : 2000JAtS ... 57 ... 66S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 2000 ) 057 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Joe Buchdahl . `` Atmosphere , Climate & Environment Information Programme '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ( 1993 ) . `` stratopause '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Barry , R.G. & Chorley R.J. ( 1971 ) . Atmosphere , Weather and Climate . London , Menthuen & Co Ltd. , p. 65 Jump up ^ Tyson , P.D. , Preston - Whyte , R.A. ( 2013 ) . The Weather and Climate of Southern Africa . ( Second Edition ) . Oxford , Oxford University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology . ( 1984 ) . Troposphere . `` It contains about four - fifths of the mass of the whole atmosphere . '' Jump up ^ `` ISS022 - E-062672 caption '' . NASA . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' homosphere ' ' -- AMS Glossary '' . Amsglossary.allenpress.com . Archived from the original on 14 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Atmosphere '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Earth Fact Sheet '' . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Global Surface Temperature Anomalies '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Radiation Balance and Oceanic Heat Fluxes '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Control Run '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Geometric altitude vs. temperature , pressure , density , and the speed of sound derived from the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere . Jump up ^ `` The Mass of the Atmosphere : A Constraint on Global Analyses '' . Ams.allenpress.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lutgens , Frederick K. and Edward J. Tarbuck ( 1995 ) The Atmosphere , Prentice Hall , 6th ed. , pp14 - 17 , ISBN 0 - 13 - 350612 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Temperature Trends , 1979 -- 2005 : Image of the Day '' . Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` Spotting Mysterious Twinkles on Earth From a Million Miles Away '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshak , Alexander ; Várnai , Tamás ; Kostinski , Alexander ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Terrestrial glint seen from deep space : oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 44 ( 10 ) : 5197 . Bibcode : 2017GeoRL ... 44.5197 M . doi : 10.1002 / 2017GL073248 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zahnle , K. ; Schaefer , L. ; Fegley , B. ( 2010 ) . `` Earth 's Earliest Atmospheres '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 2 ( 10 ) : a004895 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a004895 . PMC 2944365 . PMID 20573713 . Jump up ^ B. Windley : The Evolving Continents . Wiley Press , New York 1984 Jump up ^ J. Schopf : Earth 's Earliest Biosphere : Its Origin and Evolution . Princeton University Press , Princeton , N.J. , 1983 Jump up ^ Timothy W. Lyons , Christopher T. Reinhard & Noah J. Planavsky ( 2014 ) . `` Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago '' . Nature . 506 ( 7488 ) : 307 -- 15 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 506 ... 307L . doi : 10.1038 / nature13068 . PMID 24553238 . Jump up ^ Martin , Daniel ; McKenna , Helen ; Livina , Valerie ( 2016 ) . `` The human physiological impact of global deoxygenation '' . The Journal of Physiological Sciences . 67 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 106 . doi : 10.1007 / s12576 - 016 - 0501 - 0 . ISSN 1880 - 6546 . PMID 27848144 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309100615/gifmid/30.gif Jump up ^ Christopher R. Scotese , Back to Earth History : Summary Chart for the Precambrian , Paleomar Project Jump up ^ Peter Ward : ( 1 ) Out of Thin Air : Dinosaurs , Birds , and Earth 's Ancient Atmosphere Jump up ^ Starting from ( 2 ) Pollution -- Definition from the Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Summary for Policymakers '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 5 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Northon , Karen . `` Daily Views of Earth Available on New NASA Website '' . NASA . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth 's atmosphere . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Air Interactive global map of current atmospheric and ocean surface conditions . Earth 's atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Thermopause / Exobase Ozone layer Turbopause Ionosphere Atmospheres Star Sun Exoplanet HD 209458 b Kepler - 7b Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planet Ceres Pluto Makemake Satellite Callisto Dione Enceladus Europa Ganymede Io Moon Rhea Titan Triton See also Coma ( cometary ) Extraterrestrial atmosphere Stellar atmosphere Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere ( Earth ) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life Origin ( abiogenesis ) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses Category : Nature Portal : Science Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmosphere_of_Earth&oldid=834190595 '' Categories : Atmosphere of Earth Atmospheric thermodynamics Breathing gases Environments Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro West - Vlams ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 103 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 12 : 08 . 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where does the saying gone for a burton come from	Gone for a Burton is a British English expression meaning to be missing or to die . The term was popularised by the RAF around the time of World War II . It migrated to the USA quickly and in June 1943 a story titled Husky Goes Down for a Burton appeared in Boys ' Life , the magazine of the Boy Scouts of America . The etymology is disputed .		Gone for a Burton	gone for a burton	Gone for a Burton is a British English expression meaning to be missing or to die . The term was popularised by the RAF around the time of World War II . It migrated to the USA quickly and in June 1943 a story titled Husky Goes Down for a Burton appeared in Boys ' Life , the magazine of the Boy Scouts of America . The etymology is disputed .	References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The meaning and origin of the expression : Gone for a burton '' . The Phrase Finder . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , JR ( July 1943 ) . `` Husky Goes Down for a Burton '' . Boys ' Life . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` burton '' . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gone_for_a_Burton&oldid=810008531 '' Categories : British English idioms Euphemisms Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 21 : 44 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone%20for%20a%20Burton	920
when did they add ain't to the dictionary	Webster 's Third New International Dictionary , published in 1961 , went against then - standard practice when it included the following usage note in its entry on ai n't : `` though disapproved by many and more common in less educated speech , used orally in most parts of the U.S. by many cultivated speakers esp. in the phrase ai n't I . '' Many commentators disapproved of the dictionary 's relatively permissive attitude toward the word , which was inspired , in part , by the belief of its editor , Philip Gove , that `` distinctions of usage were elitist and artificial '' .	1961	Ai n't	ain't	Ai n't is a contraction for am not , is not , are not , has not , and have not in the common English language vernacular . In some dialects ai n't is also used as a contraction of do not , does not , and did not . The development of ai n't for the various forms of to be not , to have not , and to do not occurred independently , at different times . The usage of ai n't for the forms of to be not was established by the mid-18th century , and for the forms of to have not by the early 19th century .	The usage of ai n't is a continuing subject of controversy in English . Ai n't is commonly used by many speakers in oral and informal settings , especially in certain regions and dialects . Its usage is often highly stigmatized , and it can be used by the general public as a marker of low socio - economic or regional status or education level . Its use is generally considered non-standard by dictionaries and style guides except when used for rhetorical effect . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Contractions of to be not 1.2 Contractions of to have not 1.3 Contractions of to do not 2 Linguistic characteristics 3 Prescription and stigma 4 Regional usage and dialects 5 Rhetorical and popular usage 6 Notable usage 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) Ai n't has several antecedents in English , corresponding to the various forms of to be not and to have not that ai n't contracts . The development of ai n't for to be not and to have not is a diachronic coincidence ; in other words , they were independent developments at different times . Contractions of to be not ( edit ) Am n't as a contraction of am not is known from 1618 . As the `` mn '' combination of two nasal consonants is disfavoured by many English speakers , the `` m '' of am n't began to be elided , reflected in writing with the new form a n't . Are n't as a contraction for are not first appeared in 1675 . In non-rhotic dialects , are n't lost its `` r '' sound , and began to be pronounced as a n't . A n't ( sometimes a' n't ) arose from am not and are not almost simultaneously . A n't first appears in print in the work of English Restoration playwrights . In 1695 a n't was used as a contraction of `` am not '' , in William Congreve 's play Love for Love : `` I can hear you farther off , I a n't deaf '' . But as early as 1696 Sir John Vanbrugh uses a n't to mean `` are not '' in The Relapse : `` Hark thee shoemaker ! These shoes a n't ugly , but they do n't fit me '' . A n't for is not may have developed independently from its use for am not and are not . Is n't was sometimes written as i n't or e n't , which could have changed into a n't . A n't for is not may also have filled a gap as an extension of the already - used conjugations for to be not . Jonathan Swift used a n't to mean is not in Letter 19 of his Journal to Stella ( 1710 -- 13 ) : It a n't my fault , ' tis Patrick 's fault ; pray now do n't blame Presto . A n't with a long `` a '' sound began to be written as ai n't , which first appears in writing in 1749 . By the time ai n't appeared , a n't was already being used for am not , are not , and is not . A n't and ai n't coexisted as written forms well into the nineteenth century -- Charles Dickens used the terms interchangeably , as in Chapter 13 , Book the Second of Little Dorrit ( 1857 ) : `` ' I guessed it was you , Mr Pancks '' , said she , ' for it 's quite your regular night ; ai n't it ? ... A n't it gratifying , Mr Pancks , though ; really ? ' `` . In the English lawyer William Hickey 's memoirs ( 1808 -- 1810 ) , ai n't appears as a contraction of are n't ; `` thank God we 're all alive , ai n't we ... '' Contractions of to have not ( edit ) Ha n't or ha' n't , an early contraction for has not and have not , developed from the elision of the `` s '' of has not and the `` v '' of have not . Ha n't appeared in the work of English Restoration playwrights , as in The Country Wife ( 1675 ) by William Wycherley : Gentlemen and Ladies , ha n't you all heard the late sad report / of poor Mr. Horner . Much like a n't , ha n't was sometimes pronounced with a long `` a '' , yielding hai n't . With H - dropping , the `` h '' of ha n't or hai n't gradually disappeared in most dialects , and became ai n't . Ai n't as a contraction for has not / have not first appeared in dictionaries in the 1830s , and appeared in 1819 in Niles ' Weekly Register : Strike ! Why I ai n't got nobody here to strike ... Charles Dickens likewise used ai n't to mean have n't in Chapter 28 of Martin Chuzzlewit ( 1844 ) : `` You ai n't got nothing to cry for , bless you ! He 's righter than a trivet ! '' Like with a n't , ha n't and ai n't were found together late into the nineteenth century , as in Chapter 12 of Dickens ' Our Mutual Friend : `` ' Well , have you finished ? ' asked the strange man . ' No , ' said Riderhood , ' I ai n't ' ... ' You sir ! You ha n't said what you want of me . ' '' Contractions of to do not ( edit ) Ai n't meaning did n't is widely considered a feature unique to African American Vernacular English , although it can be found in some dialects of Caribbean English as well . It may function not as a true variant of did n't , but as a creole - like tense - neutral negator ( sometimes termed `` generic ai n't '' ) . Its origin may have been due to approximation when early African Americans acquired English as a second language ; it is also possible that early African Americans inherited this variation from colonial European - Americans , and later kept the variation when it largely passed out of wider usage . Ai n't is rarely attested for the present - tense constructions do not or does not . Linguistic characteristics ( edit ) Linguistically , ai n't is formed by the same rule that English speakers use to form are n't and other contractions of auxiliary verbs . Most linguists consider usage of ai n't to be grammatical , as long as its users convey their intended meaning to their audience . In other words , a sentence such as `` She ai n't got no sense '' is grammatical because it generally follows a native speaker 's word order , and because a native speaker would recognize the meaning of that sentence . Linguists draw a distinction , however , between grammaticality and acceptability : what may be considered grammatical across all dialects may nevertheless be considered not acceptable in certain dialects or contexts . The usage of ai n't is socially unacceptable in some situations . Functionally , ai n't has operated in part to plug what is known as the `` am n't gap '' -- the anomalous situation in standard English whereby there are standard contractions for other forms of to be not ( are n't for are not , and is n't for is not ) , but no standard contraction for am not . Historically , ai n't has filled the gap where one might expect am n't , even in contexts where other uses of ai n't were disfavored . Standard dialects that regard ai n't as non-standard often substitute are n't for am not in tag questions ( e.g. , `` I 'm doing okay , are n't I ? '' ) , while leaving the `` am n't gap '' open in declarative statements . Prescription and stigma ( edit ) Ai n't has been called `` the most stigmatized word in the language '' , as well as `` the most powerful social marker '' in English . It is a prominent example in English of a shibboleth -- a word used to determine inclusion in , or exclusion from , a group . Historically , this was not the case . For most of its history , ai n't was acceptable across many social and regional contexts . Throughout the 17th , 18th , and 19th centuries , ai n't and its predecessors were part of normal usage for both educated and uneducated English speakers , and was found in the correspondence and fiction of , among others , Jonathan Swift , Lord Byron , Henry Fielding , and George Eliot . For Victorian English novelists William Makepeace Thackeray and Anthony Trollope , the educated and upper classes in 19th century England could use ai n't freely , but in familiar speech only . Ai n't continued to be used without restraint by many upper middle class speakers in southern England into the beginning of the 20th century . Ai n't was a prominent target of early prescriptivist writers . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , some writers began to propound the need to establish a `` pure '' or `` correct '' form of English . Contractions in general were disapproved of , but ai n't and its variants were seen as particularly `` vulgar '' . This push for `` correctness '' was driven mainly by the middle class , which led to an incongruous situation in which non-standard constructions continued to be used by both lower and upper classes , but not by the middle class . The reason for the strength of the prescription against ai n't is not entirely clear . The strong prescription against ai n't in standard English has led to many misconceptions , often expressed jocularly ( or ironically ) , as `` ai n't ai n't a word '' or `` ai n't ai n't in the dictionary . '' Ai n't is listed in most dictionaries , including the Oxford Dictionary of English and Merriam - Webster . However , Oxford states `` it does not form part of standard English and should never be used in formal or written contexts '' , and Merriam - Webster states it is `` widely disapproved as non-standard and more common in the habitual speech of the less educated '' . Webster 's Third New International Dictionary , published in 1961 , went against then - standard practice when it included the following usage note in its entry on ai n't : `` though disapproved by many and more common in less educated speech , used orally in most parts of the U.S. by many cultivated speakers esp. in the phrase ai n't I . '' Many commentators disapproved of the dictionary 's relatively permissive attitude toward the word , which was inspired , in part , by the belief of its editor , Philip Gove , that `` distinctions of usage were elitist and artificial '' . Regional usage and dialects ( edit ) From Mark Twain , Life on the Mississippi , 1883 Ai n't is found throughout the English - speaking world across regions and classes , and is among the most pervasive nonstandard terms in English . It is one of two negation features ( the other being the double negative ) that are known to appear in all nonstandard English dialects . Ai n't is used throughout the United Kingdom , with its geographical distribution increasing over time . It is also found throughout the United States , including in Appalachia , the South , New England , the Mid-Atlantic , and the Upper Midwest . In its geographical ubiquity , ai n't is to be contrasted with other folk usages such as y'all , which is confined to the South region of the United States . In England , ai n't is generally considered a non-standard or illiterate usage , as it is used by speakers of a lower socio - economic class , or by educated people in an informal manner . In the nineteenth century , ai n't was often used by writers to denote regional dialects such as Cockney English . Ai n't is a non-standard feature commonly found in mainstream Australian English , and in New Zealand , ai n't is a feature of Māori - influenced English . In American English , usage of ai n't corresponds to a middle level of education , although it is widely believed that its use establishes of lack of education or social standing in the speaker . The usage of ai n't in the southern United States is distinctive , however , in the continued usage of the word by well - educated , cultivated speakers . Ai n't is in common usage of educated Southerners . In the South , the use of ai n't can be used as a marker to separate cultured speakers from those who lack confidence in their social standing and thus avoid its use entirely . An American propaganda poster from World War II , using ai n't for rhetorical effect Rhetorical and popular usage ( edit ) Ai n't can be used in both speech and writing to catch attention and to give emphasis , as in `` Ai n't that a crying shame '' , or `` If it ai n't broke , do n't fix it . '' Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary gives an example from film critic Richard Schickel : `` the wackiness of movies , once so deliciously amusing , ai n't funny anymore . '' It can also be used deliberately for what The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style describes as `` tongue - in - cheek '' or `` reverse snobbery '' . Star baseball pitcher Dizzy Dean , a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and later a popular announcer , once said , `` A lot of people who do n't say ai n't , ai n't eatin ' . '' Although ai n't is seldom found in formal writing , it is frequently used in more informal written settings , such as popular song lyrics . In genres such as traditional country music , blues , rock n ' roll , and hip - hop , lyrics often include nonstandard features such as ai n't . This is principally due to the use of such features as markers of `` covert identity and prestige '' . Ai n't is standard in some fixed phrases , such as `` You ai n't seen nothing yet '' . Notable usage ( edit ) `` You Ai n't Heard Nothing Yet '' , 1919 `` Ai n't I a Woman ? '' , 1851 speech by abolitionist Sojourner Truth . `` If you want to know who we are '' , from The Mikado lyrics by W.S. Gilbert `` We figure in lively paint : Our attitude 's queer and quaint -- You 're wrong if you think it ai n't . '' ( 1885 ) . George Bernard Shaw 's play Pygmalion `` I ai n't done nothing wrong by speaking to the gentleman '' said Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle . Great baseball hitter Willie Keeler 's advice to young hitters was : `` Keep your eye on the ball , and hit ' em where they ai n't . '' `` Say it ai n't so , Joe '' , apocryphal quote from a young baseball fan to Shoeless Joe Jackson after the fan learned about the Black Sox scandal involving throwing the 1919 World Series . `` Say it ai n't so '' was subsequently used as the title of a song by Weezer and an album by Murray Head , and an opera about the 2008 US vice presidential debate . `` You ai n't heard nothing yet ! '' spoken by Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) , the first feature - length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences . That spoken line , and others in the film , introduced the `` talkies '' and revolutionized the movie industry . `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' , song from Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) ; music by George Gershwin , words by Ira Gershwin . `` He ai n't heavy , he 's my brother '' has been used as the motto of Boys Town since 1943 , and inspired a song He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother , written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell , and recorded by The Hollies , Neil Diamond , and other artists . `` Ai n't That a Shame '' is a song written by Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew , released by Imperial Records in 1955 , which went on to sell over a million copies and introduced Fats Domino to a wider audience . Winston Churchill , commenting on the 1954 portrait by Graham Sutherland said `` It makes me look half - witted , which I ai n't '' . Ai n't No Mountain High Enough sung by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell . See also ( edit ) English auxiliaries and contractions English usage controversies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cheshire , Jenny ( 2009 ) . Variation in an English Dialect . Cambridge University Press . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 11715 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Am n't '' , Merriam - Webster . Accessed 29 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Kristin , Anne Lobeck . Linguistics for Everyone : An Introduction . 2009 . p. 171 . Jump up ^ `` Are n't '' , Merriam - Webster . Accessed 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Algeo , John and Carmen Acevedo Butcher . The Origins and Development of the English Language . Cengage Learning . 2014 . p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Merriam - Webster , Inc. `` ai n't '' . The Merriam - Webster New Book of Word Histories. 1991 . pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Congreve , William . Love for Love . J. and R. Tonson . London . 1756 . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Vanbrugh , Sir John . The Relapse. J. and R. Tonson ; G. Kearsly . London . 1761 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan . The Journal to Stella. J. Nichols . London . 1808 . p. 417 . Jump up ^ `` Ai n't '' , Merriam - Webster . Accessed 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Alfred Spencer Memoirs of William Hickey ( 1749 -- 1775 ) READ BOOKS , 2008 Jump up ^ Wycherley , William . The Country Wife. C. Bathurst . London . 1751 . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Niles ' weekly register . Vol. 16 . 1819 . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Charles . Martin Chuzzlewit . Wordsworth Editions. 1994 . p. 443 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Charles . Our Mutual Friend . P.F. Collier & Son . 1911 . pp. 375 -- 76 . ^ Jump up to : Howe , Darin . `` Negation in African American Vernacular English '' , from Aspects of English Negation . p. 185 . Jump up ^ Anderwald , Liselotte . Negation in varieties of English , from Areal Features of the Anglophone World , Raymond Hickey , ed. p. 311 . 2012 . Jump up ^ Peoples , James and Garrick Bailey . Humanity : An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology . Cengage. 2011 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Clark , Irene L. Concepts in Composition : Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing . Routledge. 2011 . p. 283 . Jump up ^ Aarts , Bart , Sylvia Chalker , and Edmund Weiner . The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar . Oxford University Press . 2014 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Wolfram , Walt . Vernacular Dialects of English , from Languages and Dialects in the U.S. : An Introduction to the Linguistics of Diversity . Marianna Di Paolo , Arthur K. Spears , eds . Routledge . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Richard . `` * I am n't '' . Language , Vol 76 , No 2 . pp. 297 -- 323 . 308 -- 09 , 311 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kenneth G . The Columbia Guide to Standard American English . Columbia University Press . 1993 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Jack . The Lexicographer 's Dilemma . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . 2009 . pp. 15 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Dillard , Joey Lee . Toward a Social History of American English . Walter de Gruyter. 1985 . p. 86 . Jump up ^ O'Conner , Patricia T. and Stewart Kellerman . Origins of the Specious : Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language . Random House . 2010 . p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Görlach , Manfred . English in nineteenth - century England : an introduction Cambridge University Press . 1999 . Jump up ^ Williams , Joseph M. Origins of the English Language . Simon and Schuster . 1986 . p. 277 . Jump up ^ Wolfram , Walt and Donna Christian . Appalachian Speech . Center for Applied Linguistics. 1976 . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Pahta , Päivi , Minna Palander - Collin , Minna Nevala , and Arja Nurmi . Language practices in the construction of social roles in Late Modern English , from Social Roles and Language Practices in Late Modern English . Päivi Pahta , Minna Nevala , Minna Palander - Collin , and Arja Nurmi , eds. 2010 . pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ See also Tieken - Boone van Ostade , Ingrid . An Introduction to Late Modern English . Edinburgh University Press . 2009 . pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Spears , Richard A. ( 2007 ) . `` Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions : Saying `` Ai n't ai n't in the dictionary '' ai n't so. `` '' . Dictionary of American Slang , cited at dictionary.reference.com . McGraw Hill Education . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ai n't '' , entry in Oxford English Dictionary . Accessed 5 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ai n't '' , entry in Merriam Webster 's Dictionary of English Usage , E. Ward Gilman , ed. , Merriam - Webster . 1989 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 132 - 5 . Jump up ^ For an in - depth discussion , see Skinner David . The Story of Ai n't . 2014 . Jump up ^ Kovecses , Zoltan . American English : An Introduction . Broadview Press . 2000 . p. 224 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Anderwald , Liselotte . Negation in varieties of English , from Areal Features of the Anglophone World , Raymond Hickey , ed . Walter de Gruyter. 2012 . p. 314 . Jump up ^ Ian Hancock , Lorento Todd eds . International English Usage . Routledge. 2005 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Kortmann , Bernd . Syntactic Variation in English : A Global Perspective , from The Handbook of English Linguistics , Bas Aarts and April McMahon , eds . John Wiley & Sons . 2008 . p. 610 . Jump up ^ Anderwald , Liselotte . Non-standard English and typological principles , from Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English , Günter Rohdenburg , Britta Mondorf , eds . Walter de Gruyter. 2003 . pp. 517 -- 518 . Jump up ^ Jan Harold Brunvand , ed . American Folklore : An Encyclopedia . Routledge. 1998 . p. 581 . ^ Jump up to : Castillo González , Maria del Pilar . Uncontracted Negatives and Negative Contractions in Contemporary English . Universidad de Santiago de Compostela . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Crystal , David . The Story of English in 100 Words. 2011 . Jump up ^ Leitner , Gerhard . Australian English -- The National Language . 2004 . p. 245 . Jump up ^ Kachru , Yamuna and Cecil Nelson . World Englishes in Asian Contexts. 2006 . p. 280 . Jump up ^ Kachru , Yamuna and Cecil Nelson . World Englishes in Asian Contexts. 2006 . pp. 211 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Robert . The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms . Infobase Publishing . 2000 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ McDavid , Raven . `` The Dialects of Negro Americans '' ( 1972 ) , from Varieties of American English , Stanford University Press . 1980 . p. 85 . Jump up ^ McDavid , Raven . `` The Dialects of Negro Americans '' ( 1972 ) , from Varieties of American English , Stanford University Press . 1980 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary . Merriam - Webster . 2003 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan . The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style . 2000 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 's Book of Anecdotes . Clifton Fadiman and Andre Bernard , eds. 2000 . p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : German , Gary D. Appalachian and African American Lyrical Traditions , from Aspects linguistiques du texte poetique , David Banks , ed . L'Harmattan. 2011 . p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Sojourner Truth : `` Ai n't I a Woman ? '' , December 1851 `` . Fordham University . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Batiste , Stephanie Leigh . Darkening Mirrors. 2011 . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Shaw , George Bernard . `` Pygmalion / Act I '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 -- via Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` Willie Keeler '' . Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The Gigantic Book of Baseball Quotations . Wayne Stewart , ed. 2007 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ The Yale Book of Quotations . Shapiro , Fred . R. , ed. 2006 . p. 406 . Jump up ^ Freedland , Michael ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` You ai n't heard nothing ' yet : How one sentence uttered by Al Jolson changed the movie industry '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Rimler , Walter . George Gershwin. 2009 . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` The story behind `` He ai n't heavy ... '' `` . Boys Town . Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Of Fats Domino 's ' Ai n't That A Shame ' '' . npr.org . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goldsmiths , Art and Winston Churchill '' . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Look up ai n't in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Further reading ( edit ) Anderwald , Liselotte . Negation in Non-Standard British English . Routledge. 2003 . `` ai n't '' , Merriam - Webster 's dictionary of English usage ( 1995 ) pp. 60 -- 64 online Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t&oldid=832167780 '' Categories : American slang British slang Nonstandard English grammar Slang of the Southern United States Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 07 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when do tony and ziva fall in love			Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David	tony dinozzo and ziva david	Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David are fictional characters from the American police procedural drama NCIS . Tony , an original character , is portrayed by Michael Weatherly , and Ziva , who first appeared in the third season , is portrayed by Cote de Pablo . Frequently referred to by the portmanteau `` Tiva '' ( for Tony and Ziva ) , the characters ' flirtation and the idea of them eventually beginning a relationship became a subject of interest among viewers , and by 2010 , TV Guide reported that `` many fans have become obsessed with the romantic tension between Weatherly 's character and co-worker Ziva '' . Focus and media coverage on the pair escalated over the years , particularly after NCIS became the most watched television series in America during its tenth season .	The characters were initially scripted as having a `` cat and mouse '' relationship , something that continues into the later seasons . The pairing develops at a slow pace throughout the series and is dealt a number of obstacles . This includes Tony 's `` commitment phobias '' , Ziva 's trust issues , a series of other love interests , and Ziva being taken captive and presumed dead between Seasons 6 and 7 . In the season 13 finale , Ziva is killed by a mortar attack arranged by former CIA Agent Trent Kort , and Tony learns that he and Ziva have a daughter , who she named after her sister , Tali . These events drive Tony to leave NCIS to care for their daughter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and concept 2 Development 2.1 Early seasons 2.2 Michael Rivkin and captivity in Somalia 2.3 Recovery and outcomes 2.4 Port to Port Killer , EJ Barrett , and Ray Cruz 2.5 Season X and the Year of Tiva and an emotional farewell 3 Reception 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Casting and concept ( edit ) Cote de Pablo 's screen test for NCIS took place at the CBS Television City studio in Los Angeles . Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo in 2003 and appeared in every episode of the show 's first 13 seasons . The character is portrayed as `` complex '' : he is a former Baltimore homicide detective with a `` heroic spirit '' as well as a `` total dinosaur in terms of sexual politics '' . In the second season finale , NCIS series regular Caitlin Todd was killed off after Sasha Alexander , her portrayer , decided to permanently leave the show . Shortly afterwards , series creator Donald P. Bellisario voiced intentions to replace Todd with another female lead , whom he stated would be `` someone foreign who brings a whole new attitude '' . He expressed hopes that the new character would be drastically different from Todd , who was `` kind of uptight '' . One aspect Bellisario wanted to change was the way the character would interact with Tony . Though Tony and Kate had a `` wonderful dynamic '' , he ultimately thought that `` ( she ) treated ( him ) like a big brother '' and decided `` to bring in a character that causes Tony to have to sit back and not quite be able to handle her '' . Cote de Pablo , who was one of the last to audition , was set to perform opposite Michael Weatherly to test for chemistry . Weatherly improvised during the audition by brushing her hair back and commenting , `` You remind me of Salma Hayek . '' De Pablo , who was initially upset by the departure from the script , stayed in character and `` dismissed him completely '' . She later said in an interview , `` He totally did it with the other ( actresses ) . One other girl sort of flirted back with him , and she was sort of open . Which is what actors do ! They 're sort of open . But I got lucky and got the part because I responded the way they felt was right . '' According to Bellisario , CBS chief executive Leslie Moonves `` took one look at her and said , Wow ! '' Co-executive producer Charles Floyd Johnson commented , `` When you get actors who really listen and respond organically in the moment to what they 're hearing , sometimes magic happens . They really seemed to get that immediately , and that does n't always happen . '' Producers eventually decided to make de Pablo 's character , who was given `` the arresting name of Ziva David '' , an Israeli agent . Bellisario had previously discussed possibly scripting her as European or Australian . She is introduced as having a soldier mentality and as `` ( someone ) who was comfortable in her own sexuality and used to working with men on an equal footing '' . Development ( edit ) Early seasons ( edit ) Tony and Ziva first meet in the `` Kill Ari '' two - part story arc at the beginning of Season 3 during the manhunt for Ari Haswari , Kate 's killer and Ziva 's half - brother . Michael Weatherly and Cote de Pablo both point to `` Under Covers '' , the eighth episode of that season , as the catalyst for the flirtation between the characters . The episode involves Tony and Ziva being sent undercover as a married couple , an assignment that requires them to simulate sexual relations in order to solidify their cover . De Pablo commented , `` Michael and I talked about all of those scenes right before we did them . We had a totally different way of looking at it . In our minds , we thought the characters were n't faking anything . They just got carried away . Then all of the sudden after that , they saw each other in a different light . '' Weatherly discussed the creation of the `` Under Covers '' scenario : `` This episode was so much fun to shoot . Cote de Pablo , who plays Ziva , came to me right before we were shooting the first scene where we kissed , and said , ' I 've never kissed anyone on camera before . ' I was expecting this timid little bird kiss , like a little peck , but she was like a lioness -- she practically ate my head off ! This is where TIVA ( Tony + Ziva ) started . We were told to really have fun with it , they wanted a sexy thing happening , and Cote delivered . I was just sort of along for the ride . And let 's be honest , three out of the four letters in ' TIVA ' are from Ziva , so what is the ' T ' then ? The crucible , is it the cross ? I do n't think so . '' Tony and Ziva undercover as a married couple . At the time , Bellisario said that he `` kind of ( likes ) what 's going on now '' and that it was unlikely that the relationship would be taken further any time in the immediate future . De Pablo agreed , saying , `` I would think if the characters get together , the whole mystery would be done . I think it will be a lot more fun to play the tension . '' She elaborated in another interview , `` My character has sort of this understated flirtation with Michael 's character , Tony . She gets jealous , but I think she would never admit it or hook up with someone in the workplace . He scares her to death . He is the epitome of the American man and all of the things that come out of his mouth are brutally stupid . '' Tony is renowned for his juvenile sense of humor and `` commitment phobias '' while Ziva is characterized as `` a tease '' early on , a factor that de Pablo enjoyed playing `` because ( she 's ) so not that in real life '' . Some aspects of Ziva 's personality disturb him , such as the fact that she sleeps with a gun in her hand and snores very loudly . However , as co-workers , they respect each other despite their frequent exchange of sarcastic remarks . Both have had a string of failed romances . Team leader Gibbs ( Mark Harmon ) resigns in Hiatus ( Part II ) , the third season finale , and appoints Tony as his replacement . During the 2006 summer break , it was reported that Ziva would fall under suspicion of being a spy in the fall premiere , and in the opening episode , `` Shalom '' , she is framed by the Iranian government for the murder of a terrorist in FBI custody and the two agents guarding him . When she initially goes to the Israeli embassy to report their deaths , which she witnessed , Mossad Officer Michael Bashan asks her directly , `` Did you or did you not sleep with him ? '' In response to her confusion , Bashan tells her that he knows that Tony has been visiting her apartment at least once a week for the past three months and that Mossad officers have been spying on her , evidently on orders from her father , Mossad Director Eli David . `` I think they 're just having a lot of fun watching us fight our way through it . I do n't care either way and I have no idea . That 's the fun aspect of not knowing ... being bombarded by all this attraction and seeing them fight it or deal with it the best way possible . They 're both very funny . Tony 's always trying to hit on women and he does n't try to hit Ziva . Those moments they get too close they try to brush themselves off and say ' Oh , that did n't happen . ' '' -- Cote de Pablo Throughout the episode , Tony vigorously defends Ziva 's innocence to the FBI , as well as berating any agent who dares question her loyalty when her car is found at a bombing in downtown Georgetown . She is eventually cleared of all wrongdoing . Though Ziva never addresses Bashan 's accusation and her relationship with Tony is left undefined , there is no overt romantic connection in subsequent episodes . Shortly afterwards , Tony begins dating Jeanne Benoit ( Scottie Thompson ) and is shown to be on the verge of a serious commitment for the first time within the series . His romance with Jeanne continues to progress throughout the year , and he remains tight - lipped about it when his colleagues notice the change in his behavior . When questioned about the effects this would have on Tony and Ziva 's relationship , de Pablo commented , `` Am I just being jealous ? I do n't know . I still love him very much , but I 've sort of thrown away that possibility because I think he 's really struggling with some immense feelings for somebody else . '' In an interview with Chicago Tribune , she clarified that Ziva `` does have feelings for DiNozzo , '' but that she was uncertain that this would be addressed . In the Season 4 finale , `` Angel of Death '' , it is made apparent that Tony and Jeanne 's relationship was orchestrated by NCIS Director Jenny Shepard ( Lauren Holly ) in hopes of catching Jeanne 's father , an arms dealer , though Tony had fallen in love while on assignment . Jeanne breaks it off following this revelation , and their storyline is ultimately given closure in the fifth season episode `` Internal Affairs '' . Bellisario stepped down as executive producer in May 2007 after series star Mark Harmon threatened to walk due to alleged `` overly long production days '' , and co-executive producer Charles Floyd Johnson and head writer Shane Brennan took over afterwards . Following the fatal shooting of Director Shepard in the fifth season finale , the NCIS team is disbanded by the new Director Vance : McGee is sent to cyber crimes , Ziva is returned to Israel , and Tony is deployed on an aircraft carrier . Michael Rivkin and captivity in Somalia ( edit ) Main article : Ziva David captivity storyline Season 6 focuses more on Ziva and Tony , but leaves their relationship undefined . Gibbs manages to have Ziva and McGee transferred back to the team in the premiere , but Tony is still acting as agent afloat on the USS Seahawk . In the following episode , Ziva accompanies Gibbs onto the Seahawk as part of a murder investigation and notices that Tony has pictures of her in a bikini pinned up in his room . After the investigation is closed , his deployment is ended prematurely and he is allowed to return to the team in the conclusion of the episode . As the season progresses , Ziva seems to have become involved with someone while in Israel but refuses to discuss it . In `` Nine Lives '' , after she plans a visit to Israel , Tony looks through her desk and finds a picture of an unidentified man ( Merik Tadros ) . Before she leaves , he tells her to have a good trip ( `` Nisiya Tova '' ) in Hebrew , demonstrating that he had at least made some effort to learn that phrase . In `` Cloak '' , Ziva disobeys Gibbs ' orders to not engage during a war game , attacking the guards to defend Tony . Later they both say that they are `` tired of pretending '' : Tony about the politics in the hunt for the mole within the team , which required the team to withhold information from each other , and Ziva for reasons undisclosed . Producers and writers for NCIS were initially divided over how to proceed with Tadros ' character . In January 2009 , some were suggesting possibly making him a relative of Ziva , an idea Cote de Pablo opposed . It was also proposed that Ziva would `` stop toying with ( Tony ) completely '' which would `` drive him even more insane '' . De Pablo relayed , `` We 're going to play around with the idea that it could possibly be real love , and see how ( he ) deals with it . '' In March , executive producer Shane Brennan stated , `` You 've got what you might want to call a triangle . It 's a triangle with very , very pointy ends . Someone 's going to get hurt . '' He continued , `` Something tragic will happen to Tony . Something tragic will happen to Ziva as well . '' Filming of the `` Legend '' two - part story arc . This comes to a head when Tadros appeared again portraying Mossad Officer Michael Rivkin in the `` Legend '' two - part , which also served as a backdoor pilot for the show 's spin - off , NCIS : Los Angeles . He arrives in the United States during the NCIS team 's hunt for members of a terrorist sleeper cell . Working independently , he draws ire from the agency when he kills suspects rather than bringing them in for questioning . Tony begins to doubt Ziva 's loyalty to NCIS when she continues to defend Rivkin , and it becomes apparent by the end of Part II that she is involved in a relationship with him as the two are seen lying together in bed in the last few seconds of `` Legend Part 2 '' . More details were released in the days preceding the finale . Michael Weatherly disclosed , `` The way this season is ending , and what 's gon na happen with Ziva and Tony and Rivkin , it 's pretty massive and explosive , and it 's gon na span four episodes . '' De Pablo added , `` We could not be farther away from kissing . I 'm telling you , it 's not ' I hate you ' ( kissing sound ) anger ; it 's ' I want to kill you ' anger . Like , ' I want to shoot you in the head , but instead I 'm gon na put my gun on your knee ' anger .... He does something to her that is almost unforgivable . However , the reason he does it is because he truly believes it 's going to help her . Little does he know that he almost kills her . '' When asked how the storyline would affect Tony and Ziva 's interactions , Tadros replied , `` I think that love can hurt and heal . In this case , we 'll have opportunity to see both of those things take place . I do n't want to say too much , but ... I think it will only make their connection stronger , as they learn a lot more about each other . '' Viewers speculated that Ziva 's romance with Rivkin was `` arranged '' and something that she was `` trapped '' in . Tadros responded : `` Well , with the underworld of espionage , you would never really know . They could easily have been paired and had to be in love and then had to learn to love each other ... The way I 've always approached it is that Rivkin loves Ziva . They 've always wanted to add some suspense and mystery to all of it , but I would always say to the directors , ' How could I not love her ? ' But he also has a job to do . And so does she . ( Executive producer ) Shane ( Brennan ) is a genius , so it 's been a great pleasure to just go along for this ride . I 'm excited to watch the finale ( airing May 19 ) myself just to see how it all plays out ! '' Tony confronts a drunken Rivkin at Ziva 's apartment in the episode directly prior to the finale . When he attempts to arrest Rivkin for killing the leader of the terrorist cell in Los Angeles and also an ICE agent ( which Mossad leader Eli David later reveals was an accident ) , a fight breaks out between the two men which eventually results in Tony being forced to shoot Rivkin in self - defense due to the fact that Rivkin is about to stab Tony with a piece of glass . Though he had acted in self - defense , Rivkin later succumbs to his injuries and dies with his death having serious repercussions for Tony and Ziva 's relationship , culminating in Ziva leaving NCIS to resume working for Mossad in the finale , `` Aliyah '' . She is quickly assigned to take Rivkin 's place on a mission to take down a terrorist in Somalia . In the closing moments of the episode , she is shown to have been captured and tortured nearly beyond recognition by a terrorist demanding information on NCIS . The team tracks the sale of `` Caf - Pow ! '' to locate the camp where Ziva is held hostage in the Season 7 premiere . Brennan reportedly kept the cliffhanger ending a secret from most of the cast , saying that `` those pages were only in one copy of the script '' . Shortly after `` Aliyah '' aired , it was assured that Ziva `` will be back next season . But she 'll be a changed woman . '' During the summer hiatus , de Pablo admitted that she was to a point tired of the producers teasing the pairing and said , `` I wish the writers would just make it easy for us and just say , ' You know , go into the elevator and kiss passionately . ' Or , ( have us say ) say , ' I do n't like you . ' '' She added , `` But I 've always thought that , deep inside , Tony loves Ziva and Ziva loves Tony , but she 's almost ashamed of saying it because he 's so stupid . In the best of ways . That personal that he comes out with , that frat boy thing -- he 's hiding constantly from the truth . It 's just a big facade and she sees right through it . '' In Season 7 premiere `` Truth or Consequences '' , Tony initiates a mission of revenge against the terrorists believed to be responsible for Ziva 's ( presumed ) death , traveling to Somalia along with Gibbs and McGee to avenge her murder . After intentionally allowing himself to be captured and interrogated , he finds that Ziva is actually still alive , having been held hostage the entire time . Upon being brought into the room to talk to him , she is shown to have been severely beaten and very weak as well as unsure of how to react at Tony 's presence . Ziva asks why Tony is in Somalia , saying that he should not have come . Tony , under truth serum , first deflects . When Ziva asks again , he replies , `` I could n't live without you , I guess . '' Eventually , Gibbs kills their captor with a long range head shot , allowing them to return safely to the US . In the following episode , there seems to be a great degree of awkwardness between them , which is ultimately resolved when Ziva confronts Tony in the men 's room and thanks him , saying he would `` always have her back '' before kissing him on the cheek . Recovery and outcomes ( edit ) `` After all they 've both been through , Tony and Ziva are very emotionally cautious around each other and will continue to circle each other warily . They have to get past this trust issue , which is : did Tony kill Ziva 's boyfriend because he was jealous or because he actually was a threat ? He was a threat , but whether or not Tony was actually jealous , that 's up to the viewers to decide ! '' -- Michael Weatherly , 2009 Though Tony and Ziva 's `` will they / wo n't they '' tension appeared to progress during the first few episodes of the seventh season , Cote de Pablo had already stated that it would not be resolved in the immediate future . Michael Weatherly opined that putting the two characters together at the time would be `` Kryptonite '' due to Ziva 's assassin background . Ziva resigns from Mossad in the fourth episode of the season , `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' , and applies to become a full - fledged NCIS agent , effectively becoming the `` probie '' on the team . In December 2009 , TV Fanatic announced that `` the January 26 episode finds Tony and Ziva hopping a plane to the most romantic city on earth . The city of light , and of love . That 's right , Ziva and Tony in Paris ! You would n't believe it , but as if that were n't enough , their French hotel totally screws up the reservation and the two bad - ass agents end up ... gulp ... sharing a room together . '' Executive producer Shane Brennan disclosed , `` There will be a realization that the spark is still there . It does n't mean that something is going to be resolved , but it does mean that the journey may have started again . It 's a long road back . When you think about what they went through , for them to resolve what happened and come to terms with that , it 's a long road back . '' During the episode , Ziva tells a witness that she and Tony shared a hotel room , and that she took the couch so she would n't have to hear Tony whine about his back . Tony in turn tells McGee that he took the couch . Ziva asks him why he lied and he returns the question . There was much speculation on the part of fans about whether the characters might have shared more than was divulged , but Weatherly said in response , `` The truth of what happened is probably something that can be discovered inside the episode itself . If you really listen to what they say , I think it is pretty clear what happened : Nothing . '' He clarified that Tony and Ziva had `` a tremendous amount of fun '' in Paris and that , `` Ziva had more fun with Tony than she thought she was going to have , which maybe shocked her a little bit , because she was so angry at him after he killed her boyfriend last year . '' Cote de Pablo added , `` Michael has his views of what happened in Paris . I have mine . We have n't discussed it . But all I can say is it was good . '' Shortly afterwards , Glenn Diaz from BuddyTV reported that the cast was divided on whether or not the characters should be allowed to progress beyond `` unfulfilled sexual tension '' . In the following episode `` Masquerade '' , Ziva mentions her time in Somalia , but refuses to give Tony much more than a few terse statements about it , though he was obviously willing to listen to her . In the final episode of Season 7 , `` Rule Fifty - One '' , Tony misses Ziva 's citizenship ceremony due to an unexpected assignment from Director Vance , despite his personal promises to her that he would be there . Port to Port killer , EJ Barrett , and Ray Cruz ( edit ) Executive producer Shane Brennan left NCIS to focus on the spinoff , NCIS : Los Angeles , and was replaced by Gary Glasberg in 2011 . The series introduced new love interests for both Tony and Ziva in the latter half of Season 8 , and in February 2011 , Michael Ausiello from TVLine announced that Ziva 's boyfriend `` Ray arrives in this season 's 20th episode and is described as a handsome , charming , intelligent federal agent of Mediterranean or Latin American descent . He has a strong , nice - guy demeanor but -- I 'm quoting from the casting notice here -- ' there 's a hint of a mystery behind his smile . ' '' A week later , Glasberg described the character as a `` fun , smart , exciting addition '' , and Michael Weatherly commented , `` I think it 's going to be interesting . Tony cares about Ziva and wants to make sure she 's not mixed up with the wrong kind of guy , so he 's going to be watchful and protective of her . '' After Enrique Murciano was cast for the role of Ray Cruz , Cote de Pablo said , `` You never know if you 're gon na have chemistry , and since I had no say in the casting , I was sort of waiting to meet this famous Enrique Murciano . '' She went on to describe his appearance in the show : `` There 's a lovely scene in which he basically brings his interpretation of ' fancy ' candlelight dinner , which takes place by the vending machines at NCIS . It 's really funny . There 's kissing involved . We kept it light and we kept it fun , and we kept it like two people who are genuinely in to each other and wanting to move things along . It 's about what 's going on between the lines . These two people are touchy - feely , and that 's different for Ziva . '' Enrique Murciano portrayed Ziva 's boyfriend Ray Cruz during the eight and ninth seasons . The character of Erica Jane `` EJ '' Barrett ( Sarah Jane Morris ) was set to be introduced in the episode `` One Last Score '' , which also marked Weatherly 's directing debut . Weatherly divulged , `` With the appearance of EJ , suddenly there 's a renewed spirit that Tony has always had in him -- it 's what made him to go Africa and rescue Ziva with McGee . ( Sometimes ) he acts like a goofball because that 's what people expect , but in this episode he comes away from that place . We 'll see what the audience thinks , but for me , he feels potential and possibility in a way that he has n't for years . EJ is a mirror , so he sees that hope for himself again . '' He added , `` She 's the diametric opposite of Ziva -- physically , and in her demeanor , her way of being . She has her eccentricities as well , which makes her adorable to Tony and highly irritating to Ziva . '' Around the same time , a `` major serial killer plot '' was launched that would center on `` a murdering psychopath '' called the Port to Port killer . TVLine reported , `` this menace will prove to be extremely formidable -- so much so that Gibbs will be forced to expand his team . '' At the end of EJ 's first episode , she begins a sexual relationship with Tony . She is a team leader , having accepted the assignment in Rota , Spain that Tony had turned down several years prior . Ray , a CIA agent , first appears in `` Two - Faced '' after having evidently dated Ziva for several months . Ziva abruptly ends their relationship after learning that he had lied to her directly about his reasoning for being in Washington , D.C. and by omission about his role in the Port to Port killer case . In the episode `` Swan Song '' , former NCIS agent Mike Franks is killed by the Port to Port killer , who is identified as Lieutenant Jonas Cobb , and Ziva turns to Tony for comfort while the team is grieving over his death . She is kidnapped by Cobb in the following episode , the Season 8 finale , and Tony shows great concern . When EJ assures him that they will find Ziva , he replies that `` it 's just different for some of us '' . EJ takes an extended leave of absence with the conclusion of the season , ending her affair with Tony . Ziva and Ray repair their relationship somewhat , and he gives her an empty ring box as a `` promise '' before leaving for a long - term assignment . Glasberg commented , `` Ziva and Ray are a little open - ended at the moment . There is n't any closure to it . We 'll have to see where it leads , but I think he was pretty clear that he has a job to do at the moment , and that 's gon na be the primary focus for him . '' The use of the ring box was criticized by viewers as an `` empty gesture '' . EJ returns for a guest appearance in the Season 9 episode `` Housekeeping '' . After a fallout with Tony , she tells him that Ziva respects him and cares about him . He at first deflects but then says , `` Surround yourself with people you would give your own life for . '' At the end of the show , he and Ziva have a brief discussion about their relationship but are interrupted when Ray calls her . Ray returns after spending several months on his overseas assignment in the following episode and proposes to Ziva , much to her shock . Glasberg said that Tony would not openly oppose the possibility of her getting engaged , explaining , `` Tony wants Ziva to be happy . He 's protective of her and cares about her and has feelings for her , and , at the end of the day , wants to make sure that she 's safe and happy with the direction of her life . '' Though Ziva accepts Ray 's proposal after some hesitation , she confronts him and breaks off the engagement after realizing that he had killed a woman on American soil while attempting to rectify a failure from overseas . Season X and the year of Tiva and an emotional farewell ( edit ) `` They 've been through extraordinary circumstances together , so it does n't necessarily require the explosion . There 's a real , plain - spoken , straight read between them , so they do n't have to jump through hoops . When she watches Tony does his stuff or he watches her hide behind that barricade of an Israeli assassin princess mentality , they both clock it , they know it and they can move around each other . It 's a great relationship . '' -- Michael Weatherly , 2013 In the ninth season finale , `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , a bomb is planted by domestic terrorist Harper Dearing . Tony and Ziva , feeling bad about missing Jimmy and Breena 's wedding , try to cheer each other up by joking about how awful weddings are -- an exchange that begins to take on meaning when they become wistful about `` the vow , the ring , the kiss , the ketubah ... '' and eloping instead of dealing with all the fuss . Later , when the Navy Yard is seconds from exploding , Ziva refuses to leave the building without Tony . The bomb goes off while they are still in the elevator ; Ziva and Tony fall to the ground , with Tony 's arm around her waist , and their free hands clasped tightly as the elevator appears to crash . Glasberg stated that the Season 10 premiere would `` pick up with them in that elevator '' and that there would be `` some conversations '' . When questioned about the framing of the situation , he replied that their time trapped in the elevator would be the `` trajectory '' for a more in depth look at the relationship later in the tenth season . He added , `` The consensus was to do that more of that this season , to peel back some layers and find little moments -- and ( ever since then ) we 're finding opportunities I think the Tony and Ziva fans will really enjoy . '' The tenth season was promoted as `` Season X '' , and Michael Weatherly dubbed it the `` Year of Tiva '' , saying , `` This is the year . Trust me . This is the year . '' Cote de Pablo was more apprehensive and said , `` I think that is maybe Michael and his wishful thinking . I 've had years in which I thought , ' Oh my God , this a Tiva year , ' and there have been years he thought were Tiva years ... . The truth is , we have yet to find out where that storyline is going to go . I think they 're toying around with us like they always do . '' However , shortly after the season began , TV Guide announced , `` In a November episode of CBS ' NCIS , the origins of Tony 's fascination with cinema will be explained -- and strengthen his bond with Ziva . '' This involved him finding an old camera with photographs of his mother and later showing them to Ziva . Weatherly stated , `` She was really the beginning of his love for movies and why that is such a deep , penetrating part of who he is . The last gift she gave him was to turn to the movies as a moral compass . '' De Pablo divulged , `` We end up going deeper with each other than ever before . It 's a profound , soft , vulnerable moment . '' This was followed by `` Ziva reminiscing with her partner about her dead sister ( Tali ) '' . In `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' , she attempts to purchase tickets to the opera but is unable due to it being sold out . Tony , believing her to be going on a date , badgers her until she admits that she goes to the opera every year on her deceased sister 's birthday , as Tali had wanted to be a singer . Unable to obtain tickets for her himself , he makes a CD of opera music and gives it to her to listen to . In the eleventh episode of Season 10 and the first of 2013 , `` Shabbat Shalom '' , Ziva 's estranged father Eli is killed in a house attack , along with Director Vance 's wife Jackie . Glasberg discussed the ramifications that would be shown in the following episode , `` Shiva '' , saying , `` There 's a part of Ziva that 's wounded , and broken , and Tony is there for her -- as a friend , and as a coworker ... We end up back in Tony 's apartment , and there 's some really lovely , emotional stuff that happens . '' He added , `` You 'll really see Tony be there for her and support her and emotionally be strong for her . It 's all the things I hope that people who enjoy the Tony - Ziva relationship will look for . '' Throughout the episode , Tony attempts to comfort Ziva , taking her to his apartment as a precaution against the possibility of her being the next target and bringing her long - time Israeli friend Shmeil Pinkhas to stay with them . Near the end of the episode , he comes to see her off as she prepares to fly to Israel for Eli 's funeral and assures her in Hebrew that she is not alone . When asked if the dynamic between the characters would continue to progress , de Pablo remarked , `` I have a feeling that they 're going to want to play with that ( relationship ) a little bit more and see where that goes . I think they 're always testing that relationship and they 're always throwing things at it to see how far they can take ( it ) . It 's already a very complex relationship . They 're very close ; they 're very good friends ; and they trust each other . So , I think the complexity of it all can go further and I think they 're going to explore more . '' Pauley Perrette , who portrays series regular Abby Sciuto , openly opposed it and said , `` I do n't want any of our cast members to be in relationships on screen at all . I like things the way they are , so I 'm not in ( to ) that . I 'm petitioning against it . '' `` Berlin '' , set later in the season , features Tony and Ziva departing for Germany to track down Ilan Bodnar , her father 's killer . Before the episode aired , Glasberg disclosed that they would share a slow dance while there , resulting in `` a very personal moment of vulnerability where her guard goes down and she lets herself melt into his arms '' . De Pablo added , `` You also see ( Tony ) as a man Teddy Bear -- like , a very sweet but manly man , a guy who 's really taking care of a situation and really wants to make it better , a guy who 's not looking for the joke or is uncomfortable staring at a woman or reaching out to hold her hand . '' This is highlighted in the closing scenes as the two of them drive home from the airport , and Ziva explains her animosity towards Orli Elbaz ( Marina Sirtis ) , the new director of Mossad : Elbaz was the reason her parents split up . She tells Tony , `` If it were not for Orli , things would be different . I would be a different person . '' Tony then takes her hand , and Ziva intertwines their fingers together . Tony replies , `` Then I should catch her before she leaves , you know , and thank her . '' The episode ends with a cliffhanger when an unknown vehicle crashes into them , leaving their fates unknown . De Pablo described the filming of the dancing scene : `` Michael and I crafted that scene . We felt the moment was very intimate , and we thought that just looking at each other was enough . And the director kept saying , ' No , I want the moment to be longer , ' and we had to sort of fight the director . Finally , I had to say , ' Listen , if there was any more time of staring into each other 's eyes , it would be like , cut to a hotel room . ' ... so finding the length of the moment became a topic . We certainly enjoyed it . I told ( Tony ) -- without really realizing what I was saying and then I realized it came out the wrong way -- I said , ' God , I felt a little drunk when I was staring at you . ' I 'm not sure if it was because by the end of the day we were both so tired or if it was because it was just such a magical moment . '' Tony and Ziva reconcile in the Season 10 finale . They both survive the crash , and despite being urged to back off by various other characters , Ziva ultimately kills Bodnar in the following episode . This leads to DOD investigator Richard Parsons ( Colin Hanks ) initiating a witch hunt against the team and Ziva being aggressively interrogated about her conduct in the aftermath of her father 's death . When he accuses her of sleeping with an old friend while in Israel , Tony , who had been viewing the interrogation from the observation room , abruptly ends it and forces Parsons out . When he approaches Ziva about the accusation , she admits that it was a `` moment of weakness '' because she felt alone . This obviously hurts Tony , and he says , `` My Hebrew must not be as good as I thought because I could 've sworn when I dropped you off at the airport , I told you you are not alone '' . Ziva recalls this , and Tony says that they must have different interpretations before walking away . Despite this , he later confronts Parsons , demanding that Ziva be left alone and calling her his best friend . `` I do n't think so . I think there 's a little more to it than that . I think they 're sort of dancing around each other and trying to get a sense of how to move forward and , based on everything that 's happened in the last year , where they are and what the next step is going to be . And , you know , we 're letting it slowly percolate and build and hopefully get it to a place that 's going to be satisfying for everybody . '' -- Gary Glasberg in an interview when asked if Ziva `` friend zoned '' Tony in the Season 10 finale In the following episode , the Season 10 finale , tension exists until Ziva privately tells Tony that she is sorry if she hurt him during the ordeal , that she cares too much about their friendship , and that she does not want things to be awkward between them . He kisses her forehead and assures her that `` nothing is awkward between friends '' . Despite concerns to the contrary , Glasberg denied that Ziva `` friend zoned '' Tony in the finale . He explained , `` It might not satisfy everyone out there , but I think we 're getting there -- she even reaches up with her hand and puts it very gently , and in a lovely way , on his shoulder before that kiss happens . I think there are gestures being made that have definitely advanced from where we were a year ago . '' In response to complaints about the pace of the development , he said , `` There are a lot of fans who would like to see that story advance much faster than we 're doing it , but I firmly believe a little goes a long way and there are ways to tease it and to flirt that are just as significant and just as meaningful . '' He maintained , `` We made huge strides . Their relationship has evolved , has changed . They 're a little more open with each other and a little more emotionally connected , certainly more than where we were at the beginning of the season . ( The couple 's closeness ) may not be the big leap that a lot of people would like it to be , but I also feel like we 're enjoying the pace at which this is happening . That 's not to say we 're not headed in the direction everyone would like to go , but I think we 're getting there . It 's very complicated when two agents who are working together get into a relationship , and that 's something that ( Tony and Ziva ) would be very conscious of . So I think they would tread lightly , which is why , in theory , we 're treading lightly and being very careful about the steps that we take . '' On July 10 , 2013 it was announced that Cote De Pablo would not be returning to her role as Ziva David for the upcoming 11th season . De Pablo stated `` I 've had 8 great years with NCIS and Ziva David . I have huge respect and affection for Mark , Gary , Michael , David , Rocky , Pauley , Brian , Sean , all of the team and CBS . I look forward to finishing Ziva 's story . '' However it was announced that Cote De Pablo would return for the beginning of season 11 to wrap up Ziva 's storyline . Show runner Gary Glasberg stated in an interview with EW that : `` The amazing resolution you 're going to see is pretty damn heart - wrenching and we 're incredibly proud of it , '' he writes . `` Prepare yourselves for a moment in television history . Images that will end up in the archives . I could n't be happier with how my NCIS family stepped up and did some of the most emotional work we 've ever done . '' On September 24 , 2013 the episode `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' aired and on October 1 , 2013 `` Past , Present , and Future '' aired , opening with the introduction of a new threat : Benham Parsa and also the Brotherhood of Doubt . In the episode , `` Past , Present and Future '' , Tony heads to Israel to search for Ziva but eventually finds no sign of her , although a few months later he finds her in hiding at the very farmhouse where she was born , Ziva having gone to examine herself and her past . Tony and Ziva share their first on - screen kiss as themselves on the tarmac in Tel - Aviv . However , in 2013 , showrunner Gary Glasberg told TVLine the characters had shared another smooch in a previous season , but it did not make the cut . The couple previously kissed in season 3 , episode 8 Under Covers during a covert operation as married assassins . Despite Tony 's efforts to persuade Ziva to return to the United States and NCIS , Ziva instead chooses to stay in Israel , with Tony reluctantly returning to the United States although Tony manages to find Ziva 's Star of David necklace in his jacket pocket . In the season 13 finale `` Family First , '' after learning of Ziva 's death in the bombing of her Israel home caused by Trent Kort , the NCIS crew mourn her . Tony is then introduced to his almost two - year - old daughter , Tali . Conflicted , Tony asks Mossad Director Orli Elbaz about Ziva 's motivations for not telling him about Tali . Orli tells him that she wanted to , especially as Tali grew but that she feared he would not be pleased , to which Tony tells her `` Then she never knew me at all . '' Later in the episode , Tony finds a picture of him and Ziva in Paris , to which Tali points to each of them , saying `` Ima '' and `` Abba '' indicating that she knew who he was , her father . After killing Kort , Tony and Gibbs have a heart to heart , where DiNozzo informs him that he is moving on from NCIS , with his daughter , his family . Evidently we have a daughter , me and Ziva . She knew me better than I thought . When McGee called , something hit me . I got this feeling , something I 'd never felt before . In that moment , I did n't want Trent Kort dead . All I wanted to do was take care of Tali . Everything she had in her life was gone . Except me . I 'm it . I 'm everything to that little girl now . And I 've never been anybody 's everything before . But that 's it . I 'm done now . I 'm going to take Tali to Israel , look for some answers . Then I 'm going to take her to Paris . Ziva loves Paris . And you got ta believe what you got ta believe . ( holds out his right hand as if to offer Gibbs a handshake ) I 'd say thank you but it does n't quite cover it , boss . -- Tony DiNozzo , 13x24 Family First - NCIS Speaking of Ziva 's fate , Glasberg stated `` Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw last night ... down to the lines of dialogue , the specific wordage . At the end of the day , I leave it in the hands of our fantastic fans and audience '' . Reception ( edit ) Michael Weatherly and Cote de Pablo on the cover of TV Guide . Over the seasons , Tony and Ziva 's flirtation attracted much media attention , commentary , and praise . Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune wrote that the characters ' `` love - hate banter gives the show extra zip '' during Cote de Pablo 's first year on the show . They have been called a `` power couple '' by Entertainment Weekly and `` one of TV 's hottest couples '' by TV Guide . In May 2009 , they were pictured on the cover of TV Guide Magazine and described as `` TV 's hottest love - hate relationship '' . Fondness for the pairing led to a dislike for some of Tony and Ziva 's other love interests on the show ; by contrast , EJ , Tony 's ex , became well - received after encouraging him to pursue a relationship with Ziva . The pairing 's slow progression was discussed by reviewers , and Ariane Lange from BuzzFeed referred to it as `` their sexual - tension - ridden not - quite - love affair '' . Some viewers became frustrated with the show 's seeming unwillingness to allow the characters to enter an actual relationship . Ryan expressed sentiment on the matter in 2009 : `` It 's hard not to enjoy the chemistry between investigators Ziva David ( Cote de Pablo ) and Tony DiNozzo ( Michael Weatherly ) ... It makes me grind my teeth with frustration that TV writers and producers are so averse to putting will - they - or - wo n't - they couples together . '' Executive producer Gary Glasberg admitted to feeling pressure from the audience to pair them officially . The couple was not universally accepted among viewers , and a portion of the audience felt that pairing the characters would disrupt the dynamics of the series . Matt Webb Mitovich from TVLine suggested that the dispute among fans over how far `` Tiva '' should be taken had left producers in a `` no win '' situation , saying , `` Quite honestly , I think NCIS and show boss Gary Glasberg face a tremendously difficult juggling act with this ( would - be ) couple because it is TV 's most watched program , and like a game of Jenga , you ca n't be quite sure which slight move could send things toppling . Is NCIS No. 1 because it metes out exactly 25 milligrams of romance every third episode , and never a bit more ? Is there a fear that going all - in with Tiva will soap up the show too much ? '' In 2010 , Kate Stroup listed Tony and Ziva among Entertainment Weekly 's `` 10 ' Will They / Wo n't They ' TV Couples '' , saying , `` The chemistry is undeniable . '' In 2012 , they appeared again in the magazine 's `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples '' . Similarly , the pair was included in BuddyTV 's compile of `` The Top 12 Will - They - or - Wo n't - They Couples of 2012 '' and TV Guide 's top 15 `` TV Duos Who Should Do It '' . See also ( edit ) List of fictional supercouples Notes ( edit ) ^ Note A `` Probie '' is slang for `` probationary agent '' within the series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Earle Marsh ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows ( 1946 -- Present ) : Ninth Edition . U.S.A. : Ballantine Books . p. 954 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` In Focus : NCIS ' Michael Weatherly Is Happy Being the Second Banana '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCIS _́ Cote de Pablo and Michael Weatherly TV Guide 2007 '' . TV Guide . 2007 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lange , Ariane ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wonderfully Weird Michael Weatherly Thinks His Onscreen Relationship Is Like A Cold Sore '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Rob . `` Prime Time -- Carnegie Mellon Today '' . carnegiemellontoday.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Weatherly Talks About Directing NCIS and How a New Woman Will Revive Tony 's Spirit '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : NCIS Cast Gathers for Roundtable Tell - All ! '' . TV Guide . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` Behind a Quiet Little Hit , a Reliable Hit Maker '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bobbin , Jay ( July 17 , 2005 ) . `` ' NCIS ' moves on '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holland , Lila ( June 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fans react with anger at Sasha Alexander 's NCIS death '' . TV.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( March 10 , 2006 ) . `` ' NCIS ' delivers without hype '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tugend , Tom ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Mossad agent 's cover gets blown -- she 's Chilean '' . The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Cote de Pablo Dishes on NCIS ' Ziva and Tony '' . TV Fanatic . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DuBois , Stephanie . `` TV RISING STAR : Cote De Pablo '' . Netscape Celebrity . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS ' Season 10 Celebration : The 10 Best ' Tiva ' Episodes '' . BuddyTV . June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherly , Michael ( Feb 7 , 2012 ) . `` NCIS 's 200th Episode : Michael Weatherly 's Top 10 Moments '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi . `` ' NCIS '' s Cote de Pablo talks Tiva tension and takes the EW Pop Culture Personality Test `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS ' Season 10 Celebration : The 10 Best ' Tiva ' Episodes '' . BuddyTV . May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Mary ( August 28 , 2006 ) . `` TV 's sexiest special agent on fighting , flirting and what 's next on NCIS ( will Mark Harmon return ? ) '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` NCIS Mossad Officer Ziva David is a Hit Thanks to Actress Cote De Pablo '' . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orlando , Christine ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Unlucky In Love : Our Advice for Tony DiNozzo '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Meredith ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' NCIS ' character profile : Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo '' . Examiner.com . ^ Jump up to : Gertel , Elliot B. ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` One tough Jewess '' . Jewish World Review . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daugherty , Kim ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` '' NCIS `` : Enough Already , Tony and Ziva ! '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` ' Ziva David ' of ' NCIS ' finally visits Israel '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Collins ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` CBS spells success ' NCIS ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` With little fanfare , the steady procedural ' NCIS ' has become a massive hit for CBS '' . The Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Allison ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` NCIS makes Rocky Carroll a series regular '' . AOL TV . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Allison ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Review -- NCIS : Agent Afloat '' . Firefox News . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Allison ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` Review -- NCIS : Nine Lives '' . Firefox News . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nine Lives '' . NCIS . Season 5 . Episode 10 . October 5 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Cloak '' . NCIS . Season 6 . Episode 8 . November 18 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Cote de Pablo Interview in Australia 's TV Week '' . TV Week . January 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` ' NCIS ' shocker : A ' tragic ' fate for Tony and Ziva '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lafferty , Sarah ( April 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Recap : Legend Part 1 '' . Starpulse.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS Preview : `` You Are Witnessing the Calm Before the Storm '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Weatherly Speaks ! '' . TV Guide Magazine . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi . `` ' NCIS ' season finale : Confused , but amused '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS Season Finale Spoiler : Secret Ending Filmed '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' Gossip Girl , ' ' Dollhouse , ' ' Scrubs , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Grey 's , ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( August 5 , 2009 ) . `` Why keep ' will they or wo n't they ' couples apart ? Thoughts from half of hot ' NCIS ' couple '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berenstein , Ari ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS Season 7 Episode 1 : `` Truth or Consequences '' Recap & Review `` . Yahoo !. Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Truth or Consequences '' . NCIS . Season 7 . Episode 1 . September 22 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ Waldman , Allison ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS : Reunion '' . AOL . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berenstein , Ari ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS Season 7 Episode 2 : `` Reunion '' Recap & Review `` . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` The Future for `` Tiva '' `` . TV Week October 10 -- 16 Issue ACP Magazines . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Michael Weatherly on Tony and Ziva of ' NCIS ' : a relationship would be like ' Kryptonite ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS Spoilers : Tony and Ziva in Paris ! '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' NCIS ' boss on Tony and Ziva : ' It 's a long road back ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' Gossip Girl , ' ' House , ' ' Lost , ' ' 24 , ' and more ! Ausiello EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Glenn ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` NCIS : What Do Cote de Pablo and Michael Weatherly Think of Tiva ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackman , Jacky ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Fan Columnist : Masquerade Review '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Most Touching `` NCIS '' Moments `` . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' NCIS ' MEN : CBS TV Studios Inks Deals With Showrunners Shane Brennan , Gary Glasberg '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Vampire Diaries , Greek , Parenthood , HIMYM , Glee and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` NCIS Exclusive : Ziva 's Boyfriend Is Without A Trace Hunk Enrique Murciano ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' NCIS ' : Cote de Pablo on Ziva 's boyfriend and season - ending serial killer arc -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : NCIS Launches Major Serial Killer Plot '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` NCIS Review : Do n't Mess With the Great White ! '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` NCIS Review : Mike Franks ' Swan Song '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' NCIS ' EP Gary Glasberg talks season 8 finale ( and teases season 9 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` NCIS Season Finale Review : `` Pyramid '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' NCIS ' : What did you think of last night 's buzzy Tony - Ziva moment ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' NCIS ' EP on last week 's ' Tiva ' moment , teases big 200th episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV Preview : NCIS Star Says ' This Is the Year ' for Tony / Ziva -- Plus : More Explosive Aftermath '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` NCIS Season Finale Review : Until Death Do They Part '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` NCIS to Explore Love ... in an Elevator ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` LOL ! Michael Weatherly Dishes on New NCIS Season -- and His Hilarious Fears for Britney Spears on X Factor '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on NCIS , Castle , Psych , NCIS : LA , Covert Affairs , Suits , Beast and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Coté de Pablo Weighs In on NCIS ' New Dynamic Duo , ' The Year of Tiva ' and An ' Interesting ' Twist '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : NCIS Reveals Tony 's Movie Magic '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Mega Buzz : Major Family Matters on Castle and NCIS and a Fringe Death '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Powers , Mary ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` NCIS Review : Shell Shocked and Awed '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Adam ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` NCIS Boss on Double - Death Twist : What 's Next for Ziva and Vance ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Matt ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' season 10 spoilers : Expect emotional Tony - Ziva scenes '' . Examiner.com . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Douglas ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` NCIS Review : You Are Not Alone '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pace , Robert ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Will Ziva & DiNozzo Form a Romance on ' NCIS ' ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' : See Tiva get up - close and personal -- EXCLUSIVE PHOTO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' post-mortem : Cote de Pablo on making ' Berlin , ' what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS Leaves Fans Guessing : Will Tony and Ziva Be Killed Off ? '' . Kpopstarz.com. April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Double Blind '' . NCIS . Season 10 . Episode 23 . May 7 , 2013 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' season finale post-mortem : Gary Glasberg answers burning questions ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Damned If You Do '' . NCIS . Season 10 . Episode 24 . May 14 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Executive producer says NCIS is ' comfort food ' for TV viewers '' . CTV News . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS Boss Spills Secrets Behind Ziva 's Exit : What Changed ? Was a Kiss Cut ? Could She Return ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Showrunner Gary Glasberg On A Future Without Michael Weatherly -- And Whether Ziva Is Really Dead '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Durham , Jessica ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Spoilers Ziva Tony : Will ' Tiva ' Take Next Step in Season 11 ? Season 10 Finale Hints Character Death While Fans Reveal They Love CBS Couple '' . Fashion & Style Magazine . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Durham , Jessica ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Spoilers : Ziva Tony Couple or Friends With Benefits , What Will Tiva Be in Season 11 ? Season 10 Finale Hints Gibbs vs Fornell , Who Shot Who ( VIDEO ) '' . Fashion & Style Magazine . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCISexy ! '' . TV Guide Magazine . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` NCIS Review : Never Bring a Knife to a Gun Fight '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lange , Ariane ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` 12 Moments Of Romantic Ambiguity With Tony And Ziva '' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on NCIS , Psych , White Collar , Rizzoli , Covert Affairs , Scandal and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stroup , Kate ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` 10 ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ; Fog , Henning ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples Photo 11 of 30 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laurel ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Love ... Or Not : The Top 12 Will - They - or - Wo n't - They Couples of 2012 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Duos Who Should Do It '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ( hide ) NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present , and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 Related JAG Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_DiNozzo_and_Ziva_David&oldid=801002864 '' Categories : Fictional Naval Criminal Investigative Service personnel NCIS ( TV series ) characters Television duos Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20DiNozzo%20and%20Ziva%20David	922
kendrick lamar ft. dr. dre - the recipe			The Recipe ( song )	the recipe ( song )	`` The Recipe '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist Kendrick Lamar . It was released on April 3 , 2012 , as his commercial debut single and the first single from his major label second studio album good kid , m.A.A.d city ( 2012 ) . The song , produced by West Coast record producer Scoop DeVille , features a guest appearance from Lamar 's mentor , renowned record producer and fellow rapper Dr. Dre , who also mixed the record alongside TDE 's engineer MixedByAli .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Reception 4 Music video 5 Remix 6 Track listing 7 Charts 8 Release history 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) On March 30 , 2012 , after speaking on his newly signed joint venture deal , which brought Top Dawg Entertainment under Interscope Records , Lamar announced on Big Boy 's Neighborhood that he would premier his debut single `` The Recipe '' , to the morning radio show on April 2 . The song heavily samples `` Meet the Frownies '' as performed by Twin Sister . Composition ( edit ) The song 's production was handled by Scoop DeVille , who has produced a number of songs for West Coast rappers , including Snoop Dogg 's `` I Wanna Rock '' ; a slow , West Coast hip hop inspired tune with heavy vocal samples . `` The Recipe '' features a constant , looping sample from the song `` Meet the Frownies '' by Twin Sister . The sample is backed up by various drums - most of them are very heavy and follow a medium - tempo pattern . The other drums are more miscellaneous and less apparent . The first verse is performed by Dr. Dre , with Lamar following him by singing the chorus ( with minor aid by Dre ) and rapping the second verse . After his verse , Lamar performs the chorus once more and Dr. Dre returns , with another verse . This time , Lamar picks up rapping immediately after Dre finishes his verse , without a chorus . The vocal portion of the song finishes with the last chorus and then proceeds into an instrumental section with minor scratching and a switch in the drum pattern . Reception ( edit ) The song has been well received by fans and critics alike , Carrie Battan of Pitchfork Media summarized the song as an `` anthemic Californian pride cut '' . Nick Catucci of Rolling Stone jokingly wrote `` You might get a contact high from this '' and went on to write `` Lamar 's wafting number has rolling boulders for a beat , lines about sunlight slanting through shades and Dre explaining , ' How many ways am I killin ' ' em ? Shit , right around a billion . ' '' Music video ( edit ) On May 30 , 2012 , Schoolboy Q released behind - the - scenes photos of the song 's music video , via his Instagram . However the music video was never released . Another music video was released showing the duo performing the song at Coachella . Remix ( edit ) The song was later remixed , featuring verses from Lamar 's Black Hippy cohorts - Ab - Soul , Jay Rock and Schoolboy Q. The remix was included as a bonus track on the Spotify Deluxe edition of the album . Chicago rapper Twista also made his own remix . Track listing ( edit ) Digital single No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Recipe '' ( feat . Dr. Dre ) K. Duckworth A. Young E. Molina G. D'Amico E. Cardona A. Estella D. Gupta B. Ujueta Scoop DeVille Dr. Dre 5 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 38 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 23 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 29 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States April 3 , 2012 Digital download Aftermath Interscope May 8 , 2012 Radio airplay References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar -- `` The Recipe '' ( Feat . Dr. Dre ) `` . Stereogum. April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kendrick Lamar Readies Debut Single The Recipe '' . 2DopeBoyz . March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steven J. Horowitz ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar To Debut New Single `` The Recipe '' On Monday `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Carrie Battan ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar : `` The Recipe '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Catucci ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` The Recipe -- Song Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar -- The Recipe f . Dr. Dre ( BTS Pics ) '' . 2DopeBoyz. 2012 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://allhiphop.com/2012/06/07/twista-the-recipe-remix/ Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Kendrick Lamar . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Kendrick Lamar . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Rap Songs for Kendrick Lamar . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Kendrick Lamar . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . iTunes.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=74389 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at Genius Kendrick Lamar songs Discography Awards and nominations Black Hippy discography Section. 80 `` HiiiPoWeR '' `` A.D.H.D. '' Good Kid , M.A.A.D City `` The Recipe '' `` Swimming Pools ( Drank ) '' `` Backseat Freestyle '' `` Poetic Justice '' `` Bitch , Do n't Kill My Vibe '' `` Money Trees '' `` M.A.A.D City '' `` Sing About Me , I 'm Dying of Thirst '' To Pimp a Butterfly `` i '' `` The Blacker the Berry '' `` King Kunta '' `` Alright '' `` These Walls '' `` For Free ? ( Interlude ) '' Untitled Unmastered `` untitled 07 levitate '' `` untitled 02 06.23. 2014 '' `` untitled 08 09.06. 2014 . '' Damn `` Blood '' `` DNA '' `` Yah '' `` Element '' `` Feel '' `` Loyalty '' `` Pride '' `` Humble '' `` Lust '' `` Love '' `` XXX '' `` Fear '' `` God '' `` Duckworth '' Collaborations `` Hood Gone Love It '' `` Fuckin ' Problems '' `` Let Us Move On '' `` YOLO '' `` How Many Drinks ? '' `` We Up '' `` Memories Back Then '' `` Collard Greens '' `` Fragile '' `` Give It 2 U '' `` Control '' `` Forbidden Fruit '' `` 1 Train '' `` Radioactive '' `` Nosetalgia '' `` It 's On Again '' `` Never Catch Me '' `` Pay for It '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Classic Man '' `` Easy Bake '' `` Holy Key '' `` The Greatest '' `` Freedom '' `` Really Doe '' `` Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Goosebumps '' Other songs `` The Heart Part 4 '' Dr. Dre songs Discography Production discography The Chronic `` Fuck wit Dre Day '' `` Let Me Ride '' `` Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang '' `` Bitches Ai n't Shit '' `` The Watcher '' `` Still D.R.E. '' `` Xxplosive '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Next Episode '' Compton `` Talk About It '' `` Medicine Man '' `` Talking to My Diary '' Collaborations `` We Want Eazy '' `` U Better Recognize '' `` California Love '' `` No Diggity '' `` Ghetto Fabulous '' `` Guilty Conscience '' `` Hello '' `` Just Be a Man About It '' `` The Knoc '' `` Symphony in X Major '' `` Encore '' `` Crack a Bottle '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` The Recipe '' `` New Day '' `` Stronger '' Other singles `` We 're All in the Same Gang '' `` Deep Cover '' `` Natural Born Killaz '' `` Keep Their Heads Ringin ' '' `` Been There , Done That '' `` Zoom '' `` Bad Intentions '' `` The Wash '' `` Kush '' `` I Need a Doctor '' Other songs `` Put It on Me '' `` Just Dippin ' '' `` Imagine '' `` Under Pressure '' `` 3 Kings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Recipe_(song)&oldid=802444382 '' Categories : 2012 songs 2012 singles Kendrick Lamar songs Songs written by Kendrick Lamar Dr. Dre songs Songs written by Dr. Dre Song recordings produced by Scoop DeVille Songs written by Scoop DeVille Aftermath Entertainment singles Interscope Records singles Top Dawg Entertainment singles Songs about women Songs about cannabis Songs about Los Angeles Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 05 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Recipe%20%28song%29	923
how big is the garbage pile in the ocean			Great Pacific Garbage patch	great pacific garbage patch	The Great Pacific garbage patch , also described as the Pacific trash vortex , is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean discovered between 1985 and 1988 . It is located roughly between 135 ° W to 155 ° W and 35 ° N to 42 ° N. The collection of plastic , floating trash halfway between Hawaii and California extends over an indeterminate area of widely varying range depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area .	The patch is characterized by exceptionally high relative pelagic concentrations of plastic , chemical sludge , and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre . Its low density ( 4 particles per cubic meter ) prevents detection by satellite imagery , or even by casual boaters or divers in the area . It consists primarily of an increase in suspended , often microscopic , particles in the upper water column . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Information 3 Estimates of size 4 Photodegradation of plastics 5 Effect on marine life and humans 5.1 Direct harm to species 5.2 Indirect harm to species via the food chain 5.3 Spreading invasive species 6 Misconception 7 Cleanup research 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Discovery ( edit ) The Patch is created in the gyre of the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone The great Pacific garbage patch was described in a 1988 paper published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) of the United States . The description was based on results obtained by several Alaska - based researchers in 1988 that measured neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean . Researchers found relatively high concentrations of marine debris accumulating in regions governed by ocean currents . Extrapolating from findings in the Sea of Japan , the researchers hypothesized that similar conditions would occur in other parts of the Pacific where prevailing currents were favorable to the creation of relatively stable waters . They specifically indicated the North Pacific Gyre . Charles J. Moore , returning home through the North Pacific Gyre after competing in the Transpacific Yacht Race in 1997 , claimed to have come upon an enormous stretch of floating debris . Moore alerted the oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer , who subsequently dubbed the region the `` Eastern Garbage Patch '' ( EGP ) . The area is frequently featured in media reports as an exceptional example of marine pollution . The Pacific garbage patch is not easily seen from the sky , because the plastic is dispersed over a large area . Researchers from The Ocean Cleanup have found the patch to cover an area of 1.6 million square kilometers . The plastic concentration is estimated to be up to 100 kilograms per square kilometer in the center of the patch , going down to 10 kilograms per square kilometer in the outer parts of the patch . There is an estimate of 80.000 metric tonnes of plastic in the patch , totalling 1.8 trillion pieces . When accounting for the total mass , 92 % of the debris found in the patch consists of objects larger than 0.5 centimeters . A similar patch of floating plastic debris is found in the Atlantic Ocean , called the North Atlantic garbage patch . Information ( edit ) The north Pacific Garbage Patch on a continuous ocean map It is thought that , like other areas of concentrated marine debris in the world 's oceans , the Great Pacific garbage patch formed gradually as a result of ocean or marine pollution gathered by ocean currents . The garbage patch occupies a large and relatively stationary region of the North Pacific Ocean bound by the North Pacific Gyre ( a remote area commonly referred to as the horse latitudes ) . The gyre 's rotational pattern draws in waste material from across the North Pacific Ocean , including coastal waters off North America and Japan . As material is captured in the currents , wind - driven surface currents gradually move floating debris toward the center , trapping it in the region . There is no strong scientific data concerning the origins of pelagic plastics . In a study published in 2014 , researchers sampled 1571 locations throughout the worlds oceans , and determined that discarded fishing gear such as buoys , lines , and nets accounted for more than 60 % of the mass of plastic marine debris . According to a 2011 EPA report , `` The primary source of marine debris is the improper waste disposal or management of trash and manufacturing products , including plastics ( e.g. , littering , illegal dumping ) ... Debris is generated on land at marinas , ports , rivers , harbors , docks , and storm drains . Debris is generated at sea from fishing vessels , stationary platforms , and cargo ships . '' Pollutants range in size from abandoned fishing nets to micro-pellets used in abrasive cleaners . Currents carry debris from the west coast of North America to the gyre in about six years , and debris from the east coast of Asia in a year or less . A 2017 study conducted by scientists from the University of California , Santa Barbara , and the University of Georgia , concluded that of the 9.1 billion tons of plastic produced since 1950 , close to 7 billion tons are no longer in use . The authors estimate that only 9 percent got recycled over the years , while another 12 percent was incinerated , leaving 5.5 billion tons of plastic waste littering the oceans and land . Another recent Australian study focused on the high rate of seafloor plastic pollution , thereby highlighting an often overlooked aspect of oceanic plastic pollution . The researchers from the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania stated that `` while the huge volume of plastic debris accumulating in the world 's oceans and on beaches has received global attention , the amount of plastic accumulating on the seafloor is relatively unknown . '' Estimates of size ( edit ) The size of the patch is unknown , as is the precise distribution of debris , because large items readily visible from a boat deck are uncommon . Most debris consists of small plastic particles suspended at or just below the surface , making it difficult to accurately detect by aircraft or satellite . Instead , the size of the patch is determined by sampling . Estimates of size range from 700,000 square kilometres ( 270,000 sq mi ) ( about the size of Texas ) to more than 15,000,000 square kilometres ( 5,800,000 sq mi ) ( about the size of Russia ) . Such estimates , however , are conjectural given the complexities of sampling and the need to assess findings against other areas . Further , although the size of the patch is determined by a higher - than - normal degree of concentration of pelagic debris , there is no standard for determining the boundary between `` normal '' and `` elevated '' levels of pollutants to provide a firm estimate of the affected area . Net - based surveys are less subjective than direct observations but are limited regarding the area that can be sampled ( net apertures 1 -- 2 m and ships typically have to slow down to deploy nets , requiring dedicated ship 's time ) . The plastic debris sampled is determined by net mesh size , with similar mesh sizes required to make meaningful comparisons among studies . Floating debris typically is sampled with a neuston or manta trawl net lined with 0.33 mm mesh . Given the very high level of spatial clumping in marine litter , large numbers of net tows are required to adequately characterize the average abundance of litter at sea . Long - term changes in plastic meso - litter have been reported using surface net tows : in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre in 1999 , plastic abundance was 335 000 items / km and 5.1 kg / km , roughly an order of magnitude greater than samples collected in the 1980s . Similar dramatic increases in plastic debris have been reported off Japan . However , caution is needed in interpreting such findings , because of the problems of extreme spatial heterogeneity , and the need to compare samples from equivalent water masses , which is to say that , if an examination of the same parcel of water a week apart is conducted , an order of magnitude change in plastic concentration could be observed . In August 2009 , the Scripps Institution of Oceanography / Project Kaisei SEAPLEX survey mission of the Gyre found that plastic debris was present in 100 consecutive samples taken at varying depths and net sizes along a 1,700 miles ( 2,700 km ) path through the patch . The survey also confirmed that , although the debris field does contain large pieces , it is on the whole made up of smaller items that increase in concentration toward the Gyre 's centre , and these ' confetti - like ' pieces are clearly visible just beneath the surface . Although many media and advocacy reports have suggested that the patch extends over an area larger than the continental U.S. , recent research sponsored by the National Science Foundation suggests the affected area may be much smaller . Recent data collected from Pacific albatross populations suggest there may be two distinct zones of concentrated debris in the Pacific . In March 2018 , The Ocean Cleanup published a paper summarizing their findings from the Mega - ( 2015 ) and Aerial Expedition ( 2016 ) . In 2015 , the organization crossed the Great Pacific Garbage Patch with 30 vessels , to make observations and take samples with 652 survey nets . They collected a total of 1.2 million pieces , which they counted and categorized into their respective size classes . In order to also account for the larger , but more rare larger debris , they also flew over the patch in 2016 with a C - 130 Hercules aircraft , equipped with LiDAR sensors . The findings from the two expeditions , show that the patch is 1.6 million square kilometers and has a concentration of 10 - 100 kg per square kilometers . They estimate there to be 80.000 metric tonnes in the patch , with 1.8 trillion plastic pieces , out of which 92 % of the mass is to be found in objects larger than 0.5 centimeters . Photodegradation of plastics ( edit ) Main article : Photodegradation Washed up plastic waste on a beach in Singapore . The Great Pacific garbage patch has one of the highest levels known of plastic particulates suspended in the upper water column . As a result , it is one of several oceanic regions where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plastic photodegradation in the neustonic layer of water . Unlike organic debris , which biodegrades , the photodegraded plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining a polymer . This process continues down to the molecular level . As the plastic flotsam photodegrades into smaller and smaller pieces , it concentrates in the upper water column . As it disintegrates , the plastic ultimately becomes small enough to be ingested by aquatic organisms that reside near the ocean 's surface . In this way , plastic may become concentrated in neuston , thereby entering the food chain . Some plastics decompose within a year of entering the water , leaching potentially toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A , PCBs , and derivatives of polystyrene . The process of disintegration means that the plastic particulate in much of the affected region is too small to be seen . In a 2001 study , researchers ( including Charles Moore ) found concentrations of plastic particles at 334,721 pieces per km with a mean mass of 5,114 grams ( 11.27 lbs ) per km , in the neuston . Assuming each particle of plastic averaged 5 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm , this would amount to only 8 m per km due to small particulates . Nonetheless , this represents a high amount with respect to the overall ecology of the neuston . In many of the sampled areas , the overall concentration of plastics was seven times greater than the concentration of zooplankton . Samples collected at deeper points in the water column found much lower concentrations of plastic particles ( primarily monofilament fishing line pieces ) . Effect on marine life and humans ( edit ) The United Nations Ocean Conference estimated that the oceans might contain more weight in plastics than fish by the year 2050 . Some long - lasting plastics end up in the stomachs of marine animals , mature and immature . The food chain is affected as the plastic attracts seabirds and fish . When marine life consumes plastic allowing it to enter the food chain , this can lead to greater problems when species that have consumed plastic are being eaten by other predators . Animals can also become trapped in plastic nets and rings , which can cause death . Sea turtles are most affected by this . Direct harm to species ( edit ) Affected species include sea turtles and the black - footed albatross . Midway Atoll receives substantial amounts of marine debris from the patch . Of the 1.5 million Laysan albatrosses that inhabit Midway , nearly all are likely to have plastic in their digestive system . Approximately one - third of their chicks die , and many of those deaths are due to being fed plastic by their parents . Twenty tons of plastic debris washes up on Midway every year with five tons of that debris being fed to albatross chicks . Indirect harm to species via the food chain ( edit ) Besides the particles ' danger to wildlife , on the microscopic level the floating debris can absorb organic pollutants from seawater , including PCBs , DDT , and PAHs . Aside from toxic effects , when ingested , some of these are mistaken by the endocrine system as estradiol , causing hormone disruption in the affected animal . These toxin - containing plastic pieces are also eaten by jellyfish , which are then eaten by fish . Many of these fish are then consumed by humans , resulting in their ingestion of toxic chemicals . While eating their normal sources of food , plastic ingestion can be unavoidable or the animal may mistake the plastic as a food source . Spreading invasive species ( edit ) Marine plastics also facilitate the spread of invasive species that attach to floating plastic in one region and drift long distances to colonize other ecosystems . Research has shown that this plastic marine debris affects at least 267 species worldwide . Misconception ( edit ) There has been some controversy surrounding the use of the term `` garbage patch '' and photos taken off the coast of Manila in the Philippines in attempts to portray the patch in the media often misrepresenting the true scope of the problem and what could be done to solve it . Angelicque White , Associate Professor at Oregon State University , who has studied the `` garbage patch '' in depth , warns that `` the use of the phrase ' garbage patch ' is misleading ... It is not visible from space ; there are no islands of trash ; it is more akin to a diffuse soup of plastic floating in our oceans . '' In the article Dr. White and Professor Tamara Galloway , from the University of Exeter , call for regulation and cleanup and state that the focus should be on stemming the flow of plastic into the ocean from coastal sources . The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) agrees , saying : While `` Great Pacific Garbage Patch '' is a term often used by the media , it does not paint an accurate picture of the marine debris problem in the North Pacific Ocean . The name `` Pacific Garbage Patch '' has led many to believe that this area is a large and continuous patch of easily visible marine debris items such as bottles and other litter -- akin to a literal island of trash that should be visible with satellite or aerial photographs . This is not the case . -- Ocean Facts , National Ocean Service Cleanup research ( edit ) In April 2008 , Richard Sundance Owen , a building contractor and scuba dive instructor , formed the Environmental Cleanup Coalition ( ECC ) to address the issue of North Pacific pollution . ECC collaborates with other groups to identify methods to safely remove plastic and persistent organic pollutants from the oceans . The JUNK Raft Project was a trans - Pacific sailing voyage from June to August 2008 made to highlight the plastic in the patch , organized by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation . Project Kaisei , a project to study and clean up the garbage patch , launched in March 2009 . In August 2009 , two project vessels , the New Horizon and the Kaisei , embarked on a voyage to research the patch and determine the feasibility of commercial scale collection and recycling . The SEAPLEX expedition , a group of researchers from Scripps Institution of Oceanography , spent 19 days on the ocean in August , 2009 researching the patch . Their primary goal was to describe the abundance and distribution of plastic in the gyre in the most rigorous study to date . Researchers were also looking at the impact of plastic on mesopelagic fish , such as lanternfish . This group utilized a dedicated oceanographic research vessel , the 170 ft ( 52 m ) long New Horizon . In 2012 , Miriam C. Goldstein , Marci Rosenberg , and Lanna Cheng wrote : Plastic pollution in the form of small particles ( diameter less than 5 mm ) -- termed `` microplastic '' -- has been observed in many parts of the world ocean . They are known to interact with biota on the individual level , e.g. through ingestion , but their population - level impacts are largely unknown . One potential mechanism for microplastic - induced alteration of pelagic ecosystems is through the introduction of hard - substrate habitat to ecosystems where it is naturally rare . Here , we show that microplastic concentrations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre ( NPSG ) have increased by two orders of magnitude in the past four decades , and that this increase has released the pelagic insect Halobates sericeus from substrate limitation for oviposition . High concentrations of microplastic in the NPSG resulted in a positive correlation between H. sericeus and microplastic , and an overall increase in H. sericeus egg densities . Predation on H. sericeus eggs and recent hatchlings may facilitate the transfer of energy between pelagic - and substrate - associated assemblages . The dynamics of hard - substrate - associated organisms may be important to understanding the ecological impacts of oceanic microplastic pollution . The Goldstein et al. study compared changes in small plastic abundance between 1972 -- 1987 and 1999 -- 2010 by using historical samples from the Scripps Pelagic Invertebrate Collection and data from SEAPLEX , a NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer cruise in 2010 , information from the Algalita Marine Research Foundation as well as various published papers . At TEDxDelft2012 , Dutch Aerospace Engineering student Boyan Slat unveiled a concept for removing large amounts of marine debris from the five oceanic gyres . Calling his project The Ocean Cleanup , he proposed to use surface currents to let debris drift to specially designed arms and collection platforms . Operating costs would be minimal and the operation would be so efficient that it might even be profitable . The concept makes use of floating booms , that divert rather than catch the debris . This way bycatch would be avoided , although even the smallest particles would be extracted . According to Slat 's calculations , a gyre could be cleaned up in five years ' time , collecting at least 7.25 million tons of plastic across all gyres . He also advocated `` radical plastic pollution prevention methods '' to prevent gyres from reforming . The 2012 Algalita / 5 Gyres Asia Pacific Expedition began in the Marshall Islands on 1 May , investigated the little - studied Western Pacific garbage patch , collecting samples for the 5 Gyres Institute , Algalita Marine Research Foundation and several other colleagues , including NOAA , SCRIPPS , IPRC , and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute . From 4 October to 9 November 2012 , the Sea Education Association ( SEA ) conducted a research expedition to study plastic pollution in the North Pacific gyre . A similar research expedition was conducted by SEA in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2010 . During the Plastics at SEA 2012 North Pacific Expedition , a total of 118 net tows were conducted and nearly 70,000 pieces of plastic were counted to estimate the density of plastics , map the distribution of plastics in the gyre , and examine the effects of plastic debris on marine life . On 11 April 2013 , in order to create awareness , artist Maria Cristina Finucci founded The Garbage Patch State at UNESCO -- Paris in front of Director General Irina Bokova . It was the first of a series of events under the patronage of UNESCO and of the Italian Ministry of the Environment . In 2015 , The Ocean Cleanup project was a category winner in the Design Museum 's 2015 Designs of the Year awards . A fleet of 30 vessels , including a 32 - metre ( 105 - foot ) mothership , took part in a month - long voyage to determine how much plastic is present using trawls and aerial surveys . NOAA 's Marine Debris Removal in 2014 In 2016 , plans are in the concept stage to create floating Oceanscrapers , made from the plastic found in the Great Pacific garbage patch . Early 2018 , The Ocean Cleanup started the assembly of their first cleanup system , to be deployed in the Great Pacific garbage patch mid-2018 . Current research from Scientific Reports volume 8 , Article number : 4666 shows that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic . They surveyed buoyant ocean plastic with multiple vessels in July through September 2015 and aerial surveys in 2016 . They are quoted `` Our model , calibrated with data from multi-vessel and aircraft surveys , predicted at least 79 ( 45 -- 129 ) thousand tonnes of ocean plastic are floating inside an area of 1.6 million km2 ; a figure four to sixteen times higher than previously reported . '' Dutch innovator Boyan Slat has been working on an ocean cleanup array that is a passive system that will float on the ocean surface and collect plastic in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Based on his 2012 TedEx talk . However , he recently announced there is a new prototype that is more efficient , cost effective and will theoretically collect plastic faster . The new prototype is scheduled to be in service in 12 months , roughly in 2019 , and is a simplified version of the first prototype designed . This new prototype will be smaller and have floating anchors approximately 600 meters beneath the surface , floating with the currents to where the plastic trash is located . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Water portal Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Indian Ocean garbage patch Marine debris North Atlantic garbage patch Plastic pollution Plastic resin pellet pollution Plastisphere South Pacific garbage patch References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See the relevant sections below for specific references concerning the discovery and history of the patch . A general overview is provided in Dautel , Susan L. `` Transoceanic Trash : International and United States Strategies for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch '' , 3 Golden Gate U. Envtl . L.J. 181 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` World 's largest collection of ocean garbage is twice the size of Texas '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ For this and what follows , see Moore ( 2004 ) and Moore ( 2009 ) , which includes photographs taken from the patch , Jump up ^ Day , Robert H. ; Shaw , David G. ; Ignell , Steven E. ( 1988 ) . `` Quantitative distribution and characteristics of neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean . Final Report to US Department of Commerce , National Marine Fisheries Service , Auke Bay Laboratory . Auke Bay , AK '' ( PDF ) . pp. 247 -- 266 . Jump up ^ `` After entering the ocean , however , neuston plastic is redistributed by currents and winds . For example , plastic entering the ocean in Japan is moved eastward by the Subarctic Current ( in Subarctic Water ) and the Kuroshio ( in Transitional Water , Kawai 1972 ; Favorite et al. 1976 ; Nagata et al. 1986 ) . In this way , the plastic is transported from high - density areas to low - density areas . In addition to this eastward movement , Ekman stress from winds tends to move surface waters from the subarctic and the subtropics toward the Transitional Water mass as a whole ( see Roden 1970 : fig. 5 ) . Because of the convergent nature of this Ekman flow , densities tend to be high in Transitional Water . In addition , the generally convergent nature of water in the North Pacific Central Gyre ( Masuzawa 1972 ) should result in high densities there also . '' Day , etc ... 1988 , p. 261 ( Emphasis added ) ^ Jump up to : Moore , Charles ( November 2003 ) . `` Across the Pacific Ocean , plastics , plastics , everywhere '' . Natural History Magazine . Jump up ^ Berton , Justin ( 19 October 2007 ) . `` Continent - size toxic stew of plastic trash fouling swath of Pacific Ocean '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco : Hearst . pp. W -- 8 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ www.theoceancleanup.com , The Ocean Cleanup , . `` The Great Pacific Garbage Patch - The Ocean Cleanup '' . The Ocean Cleanup . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Richard A. ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic Too '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Victoria Gill ( 24 February 2010 ) . `` Plastic rubbish blights Atlantic Ocean '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ For this and what follows , see David M. Karl , `` A Sea of Change : Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre '' , Ecosystems , Vol. 2 , No. 3 ( May -- Jun. , 1999 ) , pp. 181 -- 214 and , for gyres generally , Sverdrup HU , Johnson MW , Fleming RH. 1946 . The oceans , their physics , chemistry and general biology . New York : Prentice - Hall . Jump up ^ Eriksen , Marcus ; Lebreton , Laurent C.M. ; Carson , Henry S. ; Thiel , Martin ; Moore , Charles J. ; Borerro , Jose C. ; Galgani , Francois ; Ryan , Peter G. ; Reisser , Julia ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Plastic Pollution in the World 's Oceans : More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea '' . PLOS One . 9 ( 12 ) : e111913 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 9k1913E . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0111913 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 4262196 . PMID 25494041 . 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Jump up ^ Yap , Britt ( 28 August 2008 ) . `` A raft made of junk crosses Pacific in 3 months '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Raft made of junk bottles crosses Pacific '' . msnbc. 28 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Jeavans , Christine ( 20 August 2008 ) . `` Mid-ocean dinner date saves rower '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Bryan ( 1 August 2009 ) . `` Expedition Sets Sail to the Great Plastic Vortex '' . Time . Retrieved 2 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Alison Cawood ( 12 August 2009 ) . `` SEAPLEX Day 11 Part 1 : Midwater Fish '' SEAPLEX `` . Archived from the original on 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scientists Find ' Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch ' '' ( Press release ) . National Science Foundation . 27 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SHIP OPERATIONS AND MARINE TECHNICAL SUPPORT : SHIPS '' . ucsd.edu . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 20 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Goldstein , M.C. ; Rosenberg , M. ; Cheng , L. ( 2012 ) . `` Increased oceanic microplastic debris enhances oviposition in an endemic pelagic insect '' . Biology Letters. 8 ( 5 ) : 817 -- 20 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2012.0298 . PMC 3440973 . PMID 22573831 . Jump up ^ Writers , Staff ; Report , Innovations . `` Plastic trash altering ocean habitats , Scripps study shows '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 Jump up ^ `` How the oceans can clean themselves -- Boyan Slat at TEDxDelft '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Boyan Slat : The Marine Litter Extraction Project -- TEDxDelft '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boyan Slat -- Marine Litter Extraction ( In Depth ) '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Ocean Cleanup '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sea Education Association . `` Plastics at SEA North Pacific Expedition '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The garbage patch territory turns into a new state '' . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Jump up ^ `` RIFIUTI DIVENTANO STATO , UNESCO RICONOSCE ' GARBAGE PATCH ' -- SITI -- PATRIMONIO ITALIANO UNESCO '' . rivistasitiunesco.it . Archived from the original on 3 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robarts , Stu ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ocean Cleanup project completes Great Pacific Garbage Patch research expedition '' . www.gizmag.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Plans for underwater ' oceanscraper ' revealed '' . Jump up ^ www.theoceancleanup.com , The Ocean Cleanup , . `` The Road to the Cleanup - The Ocean Cleanup '' . The Ocean Cleanup . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lebreton , L. ; Slat , B. ; Ferrari , F. ; Sainte - Rose , B. ; Aitken , J. ; Marthouse , R. ; Hajbane , S. ; Cunsolo , S. ; Schwarz , A. ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic '' . Scientific Reports . 8 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1038 / s41598 - 018 - 22939 - w . ISSN 2045 - 2322 . Jump up ^ `` TEDxDelft 2012 Boyan Slat : The Marine Litter Extraction Project . - TEDxDelft '' . TEDxDelft. 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ www.theoceancleanup.com , The Ocean Cleanup ,. `` www.theoceancleanup.com '' . The Ocean Cleanup . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Oliver J. Dameron ; Michael Parke ; Mark A. Albins ; Russell Brainard ( April 2007 ) . `` Marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands : An examination of rates and processes '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 54 ( 4 ) : 423 -- 433 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2006.11. 019 . PMID 17217968 . Rei Yamashita ; Atsushi Tanimura ( 2007 ) . `` Floating plastic in the Kuroshio Current area , western North Pacific Ocean '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 54 ( 4 ) : 485 -- 488 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2006.11. 012 . PMID 17275038 . Masahisa Kubota ; Katsumi Takayama ; Noriyuki Horii ( 2000 ) . `` Movement and accumulation of floating marine debris simulated by surface currents derived from satellite data '' ( PDF ) . School of Marine Science and Technology , Tokai University . Gregory , M.R. ; Ryan , P.G. ( 1997 ) . `` Pelagic plastics and other seaborne persistent synthetic debris : a review of Southern Hemisphere perspectives '' . In Coe , J.M. ; Rogers , D.B. Marine Debris : Sources , Impacts , Solutions . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 49 -- 66 . Moore , Charles G. ; Phillips , Cassandra ( 2011 ) . Plastic Ocean . Penguin Group . ISBN 9781452601465 . Density of plastic particles found in zooplankton trawls from coastal waters of California to the North Pacific Central Gyre -- Charles J Moore , Gwen L Lattin and Ann F Zellers ( 2005 ) The quantitative distribution and characteristics of neuston plastic in the North Pacific Ocean , 1984 -- 1988 -- RH Day , DG Shaw and SE Ignell ( 1988 ) Thomas Morton , Oh , This is Great , Humans Have Finally Ruined the Ocean , Vice Magazine , Vol. 6 , No. 2 ( 2007 ) , pp. 78 -- 81 . Hohn , Donovan ( 2011 ) . Moby - Duck : The True Story of 28,800 Bath Toys Lost at Sea . Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02219 - 9 . Hoshaw , Lindsey ( 9 November 2009 ) . `` Afloat in the Ocean , Expanding Islands of Trash '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . Newman , Patricia ( 2014 ) . Plastic , Ahoy ! Investigating the Great Pacific Garbage Patch . Millbrook Press . ( Juvenile Nonfiction ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pacific Garbage Patch . Pacific Garbage Patch -- Smithsonian Ocean Portal `` Plastic Surf '' The Unhealthful Afterlife of Toys and Packaging : Small remnants of toys , bottles and packaging persist in the ocean , harming marine life and possibly even us by Jennifer Ackerman Scientific American August 2010 Plastic Paradise Movie -- independent documentary by Angela Sun uncovering the mystery of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch known as the Plastic Paradise The source of the garbage patches , pictures Irish Examiner article Mega Expedition Departs Honolulu on YouTube Midway , a plastic island on YouTube Climate change , meet your apocalyptic twin : oceans poisoned by plastic . Public Radio International . December 13 , 2016 By 2050 , the oceans could have more plastic than fish . Business Insider . January 27 , 2017 . Coordinates : 38 ° N 145 ° W / 38 ° N 145 ° W / 38 ; - 145 hide Ocean currents and gyres Currents Arctic Ocean East Greenland North Icelandic Norwegian Transpolar Drift Stream Atlantic Ocean Angola Antilles Azores Baffin Island Benguela Brazil Canary Cape Horn Caribbean East Greenland East Iceland Falkland Florida Guinea Gulf Stream Irminger Labrador Lomonosov Loop North Atlantic North Brazil North Equatorial Norwegian Portugal Slope Jet South Atlantic South Equatorial West Greenland West Spitsbergen Indian Ocean Agulhas Agulhas Return East Madagascar Equatorial Counter Indian Monsoon Indonesian Throughflow Leeuwin Madagascar Mozambique North Madagascar Somali South Australian South Equatorial West Australian Pacific Ocean Alaska Aleutian California Cromwell Davidson East Australian East Korea Warm Equatorial Counter Humboldt Indonesian Throughflow Kamchatka Kuroshio Mindanao North Equatorial North Korea Cold North Pacific Oyashio South Equatorial Tasman Front Southern Ocean Antarctic Circumpolar Tasman Outflow Gyres Major gyres Indian Ocean Gyre North Atlantic Gyre South Atlantic Gyre North Pacific Gyre South Pacific Gyre Other gyres Beaufort Gyre Ross Gyre Weddell Gyre Related Atmospheric circulation Boundary current Coriolis force Ekman transport Marine debris Marine garbage patches Great Pacific Indian Ocean North Atlantic South Pacific Thermohaline circulation hide Marine pollution Algal bloom Anoxic event Anoxic waters Aquatic toxicology Cultural eutrophication Cyanotoxin Dead zone Environmental impact of shipping Eutrophication Fish diseases and parasites Fish kill Friendly Floatees Hypoxia Invasive species Marine debris Marine garbage patches : Great Pacific Indian Ocean North Atlantic South Pacific Mercury in fish Microbead Nonpoint source pollution Nutrient pollution Ocean acidification Ocean deoxygenation Oil spill Particle Plastic particle water pollution Point source pollution Shutdown of thermohaline circulation Silver nanoparticles Stormwater Surface runoff Upwelling Urban runoff Water pollution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pacific_garbage_patch&oldid=846397991 '' Categories : Marine garbage patches Pacific Ocean Plastics and the environment 1997 in the environment Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from May 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 14 : 26 . 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actresses who played judges on law and order			List of Law & Order characters	list of law & order characters	The American television police procedural and legal drama Law & Order ( 1990 -- 2010 ) follows the cases of a group of police detectives and prosecutors who represent the public interest in the criminal justice system . Known for its revolving cast , most of the original stars had left the show within the first five seasons ; though Dann Florek reprised his role of Capt . Donald Cragen on the spin - off series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit from 1999 to 2014 , and Chris Noth reprised his role of Det . Mike Logan on Law & Order : Criminal Intent from 2005 to 2008 . The longest - serving main cast members of the original series include Steven Hill as D.A. Adam Schiff ( 1990 -- 2000 ) , Jerry Orbach as Det . Lennie Briscoe ( 1992 -- 2004 ) , S. Epatha Merkerson as Lt. Anita Van Buren ( 1993 -- 2010 ) , Sam Waterston as EADA / DA Jack McCoy ( 1994 -- 2010 ) and Jesse L. Martin as Det . Ed Green ( 1999 -- 2008 ) . Long - running recurring cast members on the series include John Fiore as Det . Tony Profaci ( 1990 -- 1998 ) , Carolyn McCormick as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet ( 1991 -- 2009 ) , Leslie Hendrix as Dr. Elizabeth Rodgers ( 1992 -- 2010 ) and J.K. Simmons as Dr. Emil Skoda ( 1997 -- 2010 ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Police officers 2.1 Sergeants 2.2 Senior Detectives 2.3 Junior Detectives 2.4 Supervising Officers 3 Prosecutors 3.1 Executive Assistant District Attorneys 3.2 Assistant District Attorneys 3.3 Manhattan District Attorneys 4 Other main characters 5 Recurring characters 5.1 NYPD Personnel 5.1. 1 NYPD Officials 5.1. 2 27th Precinct Support Detectives 5.2 Crime Scene Unit Investigators / Crime Laboratory Technicians 5.3 Medical Examiners 5.4 Defense Attorneys 5.5 Judges 5.5. 1 Arraignment Judges 5.5. 2 Trial Judges 5.5. 3 Appellate Judges 6 See also 7 References Main characters ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Occupation Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Max Greevey George Dzundza Senior Detective ( Sergeant ) Main Mike Logan Chris Noth Junior Detective Main Donald Cragen Dann Florek Captain Main Guest Guest Guest Ben Stone Michael Moriarty Executive Assistant District Attorney Main Paul Robinette Richard Brooks Assistant District Attorney Main Guest Guest Adam Schiff Steven Hill District Attorney Main Phil Cerreta Paul Sorvino Senior Detective ( Sergeant ) Main Elizabeth Olivet Carolyn McCormick Psychologist Guest Also Starring Guest Guest Guest Lennie Briscoe Jerry Orbach Senior Detective Main Anita Van Buren S. Epatha Merkerson Lieutenant Main Claire Kincaid Jill Hennessy Assistant District Attorney Main Jack McCoy Sam Waterston Executive Assistant District Attorney , District Attorney Main Rey Curtis Benjamin Bratt Junior Detective Main Guest Jamie Ross Carey Lowell Assistant District Attorney Main Guest Abbie Carmichael Angie Harmon Assistant District Attorney Main Ed Green Jesse L. Martin Junior Detective , Senior Detective Main Nora Lewin Dianne Wiest Interim District Attorney Main Serena Southerlyn Elisabeth Röhm Assistant District Attorney Main Arthur Branch Fred Thompson District Attorney Main Joe Fontana Dennis Farina Senior Detective Main Nick Falco Michael Imperioli Junior Detective Main Guest Alexandra Borgia Annie Parisse Assistant District Attorney Main Nina Cassady Milena Govich Junior Detective Main Connie Rubirosa Alana de la Garza Assistant District Attorney Main Cyrus Lupo Jeremy Sisto Junior Detective , Senior Detective Main Michael Cutter Linus Roache Executive Assistant District Attorney Main Kevin Bernard Anthony Anderson Junior Detective Main Police officers ( edit ) Sergeants ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Episodes Junior Partners Notes Maxwell `` Max '' Greevy George Dzundza 1990 -- 1991 23 Mike Logan * Murdered in 1991 . Philip `` Phil '' Cerreta Paul Sorvino 1991 -- 1992 31 Mike Logan * Transferred to a desk job at the 110th Precinct after being shot on the job . Senior Detectives ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Episodes Junior Partners Notes Leonard `` Lennie '' Wilbur Briscoe Jerry Orbach 1992 -- 2004 273 Mike Logan ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Rey Curtis ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Ed Green ( 1999 -- 2004 ) * Retired ( 2004 ) * Deceased ( 2005 ) ( Due to Jerry Orbach 's death ) . Joseph `` Joe '' Fontana Dennis Farina 2004 -- 2006 46 Ed Green ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Nick Falco ( 2005 ) * Retired ( 2006 ) . Edward `` Ed '' Green Jesse L. Martin 2006 -- 2008 198 Nina Cassady ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Cyrus Lupo ( 2008 ) * Promoted to Senior Detective ( 2006 ) . * Retired following his absolution during an Internal Affairs investigation ( 2008 ) . Cyrus Lupo Jeremy Sisto 2008 -- 2010 63 Kevin Bernard ( 2008 -- 2010 ) * Transferred from Intelligence Division ( 2008 ) . * Promoted to Senior Detective ( 2008 ) . Junior detectives ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Episodes Senior Partners Notes Michael `` Mike '' Logan Chris Noth 1990 -- 1995 111 Max Greevey ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Phil Cerreta ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Lennie Briscoe ( 1992 -- 1995 ) * Assigned to Staten Island from 1995 -- 2005 after punching a homophobic politician . * Solved a major murder & police corruption case in Exiled : A Law & Order Movie . * Joined One Police Plaza 's Major Case Squad 2005 - 2008 . * Retired after solving a cold case ( CI : Last Rites ) . Reynaldo `` Rey '' Curtis Benjamin Bratt 1995 -- 1999 94 Lennie Briscoe * Took early retirement so he could care for his ill wife ( 1999 ) . * Returned in 2009 to bury his deceased wife in New York . Edward `` Ed '' Green Jesse L. Martin 1999 -- 2006 198 Lennie Briscoe ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Joe Fontana ( 2004 -- 2006 ) * Promoted to senior detective ( 2006 ) . * Retired following his absolution during an Internal Affairs investigation ( 2008 ) . Nicolas `` Nick '' Falco Michael Imperioli 2005 5 Joe Fontana * Temporary replacement from Brooklyn for Ed Green , while Green was recovering from a gunshot wound . * Appears again in 2006 as a murder suspect , but was later cleared . Nina Sanchez Milena Govich 2006 -- 2007 22 Ed Green * Nicknamed ' Detective Beauty Queen ' after her involvement in a shooting that led to her promotion . * Dismissed in 2007 , although no reason is given on the show ( However , it was most likely due to her lack of detective experience ) . Cyrus Lupo Jeremy Sisto 2008 63 Ed Green ( 2008 ) * Transferred from Intelligence Division ( 2008 ) . * Promoted to Senior Detective ( 2008 ) . Kevin Bernard Anthony Anderson 2008 -- 2010 49 Cyrus Lupo * Transferred from Internal Affairs ( 2008 ) . Supervising officers ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Rank Year Episodes Notes Donald `` Don '' Cragen Dann Florek Captain 1990 -- 1993 66 * Transferred to the Anti-Corruption Task Force and later to the Manhattan Special Victims Unit . * Left the NYPD in 2014 , taking a six - month vacation that brought him up to the mandatory retirement age . * Returned briefly in 2015 to help the SVU re-examine a decades - old rape case . Anita Van Buren S. Epatha Merkerson Lieutenant 1993 -- 2010 390 Prosecutors ( edit ) Executive Assistant District attorneys ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Partners Episodes Notes Ben Stone Michael Moriarty 1990 -- 1994 Paul Robinette & Claire Kincaid 88 * Resigns due to his feelings of guilt over the death of a witness whose safety he tried to guarantee . * In 1996 , Adam Schiff informs Jack McCoy that Stone is travelling in Europe . * In 2018 , an episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit discusses his death , and shows his funeral . Jack McCoy Sam Waterston 1994 -- 2007 Claire Kincaid , Jamie Ross , Abbie Carmichael , Serena Southerlyn , Alexandra Borgia & Connie Rubirosa 368 * Promoted to interim D.A. ( 2008 ) * Begins his campaign to be elected as New York County District Attorney in 2009 , with support from Adam Schiff . * Later episodes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit references a `` new District Attorney , '' implying McCoy is no longer in office . Michael Cutter Linus Roache 2008 -- 2010 Connie Rubirosa 63 * Promoted to Bureau Chief of the Sex Crimes Unit of the DA 's office . ( 2011 ) Assistant District attorneys ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Partners Episodes Notes Paul Robinette Richard Brooks 1990 -- 1993 Ben Stone 66 * Resigns to pursue private practice in 1993 . * Appears in three subsequent episodes as a defense attorney between 1996 and 2005 . Claire Kincaid Jill Hennessy 1993 -- 1996 Ben Stone & Jack McCoy 68 * Dies in a car crash in 1996 . Jamie Ross Carey Lowell 1996 -- 1998 Jack McCoy 47 * Resigns to pursue private practice and to spend more time with her daughter ( 1998 ) . * Reappears as a defense attorney in 1999 and 2001 . * Reappears as a judge in Law & Order : Trial By Jury ( 2005 ) . Abbie Carmichael Angie Harmon 1998 -- 2001 Jack McCoy 72 * Resigns to accept a job at the United States Attorney General 's Office ( 2001 ) . Serena Southerlyn Elisabeth Röhm 2001 -- 2005 Jack McCoy 85 * Fired by Arthur Branch for being inappropriately sympathetic towards a defendant she was prosecuting ( 2005 ) . Alexandra Borgia Annie Parisse 2005 -- 2006 Jack McCoy 34 * Dies after being kidnapped and beaten during a murder trial ( 2006 ) . Connie Rubirosa Alana de la Garza 2006 -- 2010 Jack McCoy & Michael Cutter 85 * Moves to Los Angeles and joins the DA 's office there as a DDA ( 2011 ) . * Later appears in Law & Order : SVU as a federal prosecutor leading an investigation into an underage sex trafficking operation ( 2014 ) . In the 1997 season 7 episode `` We Like Mike '' , Caleb Duff is listed as Assistant District Attorney beneath Adam Schiff as District Attorney and John J McCoy as Executive Assistant District Attorney at the New York County District Attorney 's Office , though he never appears on screen . Manhattan District attorneys ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Terms Episodes Notes Alfred Wentworth Roy Thinnes 1990 * Only appears in `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' Adam Schiff Steven Hill 1990 -- 2000 228 * Leaves office to work overseas for The Holocaust Project with Simon Wiesenthal and to investigate Swiss Banks during WWII , went with former President Jimmy Carter as part of a delegation to Zimbabwe in 2008 . Nora Lewin Dianne Wiest 2000 -- 2002 48 * Prior to her appointment as interim DA by the Governor of New York , she was a law professor Chooses not to run for election following her interim term . Arthur Branch Fred Thompson 2002 -- 2007 116 Branch 's departure , the reason for which was never specified on the series , occurred after Thompson announced his campaign for the Republican Party 's 2008 nomination for President . Jack McCoy Sam Waterston 2007 -- 2010 368 * Appointed interim DA after Branch 's departure in 2007 . * Begins his election campaign to become New York County District Attorney in 2009 . * Episode count includes those as Executive Assistant DA ( 62 as DA ) . Other main characters ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Years Episodes Psychologist Dr. Elizabeth Olivet Carolyn McCormick 1991 -- 1997 ; 1999 ; 2002 - 2009 87 Medical Examiner Dr. Elizabeth Rodgers Leslie Hendrix 1992 -- 2010 139 Psychiatrist Dr. Emil Skoda J.K. Simmons 1997 - 2004 ; 2010 44 Recurring characters ( edit ) NYPD Personnel ( edit ) NYPD Officials ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Episodes Chief of Detectives Laird James Biberi 2008 - 2010 Borough Detective Commander James Dietz Michael Cullen 1998 - 1999 Borough Detective Commander Joseph Strudevant Dan Lauria 2000 - 2001 27th Precinct Support Detectives ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Episodes Detective Tony Profaci John Fiore 1990 -- 1998 53 Detective Morris LeMotte Larry Clarke 1998 -- 2000 20 Detective Reina Perez Nancy Ticotin 6 Detective Ana Cordova Andrea Navedo 2001 -- 2004 24 Sergeant Martinez Joe Gonzalez 2002 -- 2004 7 Detective Mariluz Rivera Selenis Leyva 2004 -- 2006 18 Detective Joe Cormack Joe Forbrich 2008 -- 2009 17 Crime Scene Unit Investigators / Crime Laboratory Technicians ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Episodes CSU Technician Julian Beck John Cariani 2002 -- 2006 26 CSU Technician Jessica Reed Liz Larsen 1998 -- 2006 12 CSU Technician Lisa Santoro Abigail Lopez 2004 -- 2005 Forensic Technician Medill Donald Corren 1992 -- 1999 17 Forensic Technician Arlene Shrier Christine Farrell 1992 -- 1999 16 Computer Forensic Technician Myra Camp Megan Byrne 2003 -- 2004 6 Medical Examiners ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Episodes Borak Josh Pais 1990 -- 2002 15 Brody Richard Hirschfeld 2002 -- 2006 12 Defense Attorneys ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year # of Eps Danielle Melnick Tovah Feldshuh 1991 -- 2007 13 Professor Norman Rothenberg Jeffrey DeMunn 1993 -- 2008 8 Shambala Green Lorraine Toussaint 1990 -- 1994 , 2003 7 Lawrence `` Larry '' Weaver Bob Dishy 1994 -- 2002 7 Nick Margolis Ben Shenkman 1999 - 2009 6 Bill Patton Bill Moor 1991 -- 2000 6 Helen Brolin Maria Tucci 1993 -- 2003 6 Peter Behrens Tom O'Rourke 1996 -- 2001 6 Arthur Gold George Grizzard 1992 -- 2000 6 Al Archer Dennis Boutsikaris 1996 -- 2004 5 Charles Garnett James Rebhorn 1995 -- 2001 5 James Granick Ned Eisenberg 1997 -- 2008 5 Douglas Greer Richard Venture 1991 -- 2000 5 Anne Paulsen Glynnis O'Connor 1998 -- 2004 5 Sally Bell Edie Falco 1993 -- 1998 Aaron Solomon John Benjamin Hickey 2002 -- 2006 Daniel Metzler John Cunningham 1997 -- 2008 Mr. Axtell Jack Gilpin 1997 -- 2001 Barry Kaufer Lee Shepherd 1998 -- 2002 Charlotte Swan Helen Carey 1999 -- 2005 Leon Chiles Joe Morton 2000 -- 2005 Paul Robinette Richard Brooks 1996 , 2005 , 2006 Gordon Schell Philip Bosco 1990 -- 1994 Deirdre Powell Joanna Merlin 1994 -- 1998 Max Hellman Ron Orbach 1994 , 2002 James Linde Joe Grifasi 1996 -- 2001 Stephen Olson Spencer Garrett 2000 -- 2004 Erica Gardner Kate Burton 2001 -- 2004 Jessica Sheets Susan Floyd 2002 -- 2006 Randolph J. ' Randy ' Dworkin , Esq . Peter Jacobson 2003 -- 2006 Vanessa Galiano Roma Maffia 2003 -- 2006 Rodney Fallon Giancarlo Esposito 2004 -- 2005 Sanford Remz Dylan Baker 2004 -- 2006 Gary Lowenthal Eric Bogosian 1992 -- 1993 Lanie Stieglitz Elaine Stritch 1992 , 1997 Ruth Miller Patti LuPone 1996 , 1997 Stan Shatenstein Sig Libowitz 1997 , 2005 Bernie Adler Ron Silver 2004 -- 2007 Marcus Woll Jonathan Cake 2009 Judges ( edit ) Arraignment Judges ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Episodes Arraignment Judge Morris Torledsky David Lipman 1992 -- 2005 26 Arraignment Judge Colin Fraser Larry Sherman 1994 -- 2004 12 Arraignment Judge Harriet Doremus Barbara Spiegel 1991 -- 2003 12 Arraignment Judge Janice Goldberg Fran Lebowitz 2001 -- 2007 12 Arraignment Judge Ian Feist Merwin Goldsmith 1991 -- 2005 11 Arraignment Judge William Koehler Mark Kenneth Smaltz 1998 -- 2007 11 Arraignment Judge Antonia Mellon Mary Lou Mellaces 1999 -- 2006 9 Arraignment Judge Joseph Flint Doug Stender 1999 -- 2005 9 Arraignment Judge Anna Shiro Karen Shallo 2000 -- 2005 8 Arraignment Judge David Venturelli Vince Pacimeo 1998 -- 2000 Arraignment Judge Lisa Cutler Kathleen Chalfant 2001 - 2009 Arraignment Judge Harper Brian Smiar 1990 Trial Judges ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Episodes Trial Judge Alan Berman David Rosenbaum 1992 -- 2004 14 Trial Judge Walter Bradley Peter McRobbie 2001 -- 2009 13 Trial Judge Lisa Pongracic Charlotte Colavin 1992 -- 2006 13 Trial Judge Elizabeth Mizener Lynn Cohen 1993 -- 2006 12 Trial Judge Walter Schreiber John Ramsey 1991 -- 2001 11 Trial Judge Margaret Barry Doris Belack 1990 -- 2001 10 Trial Judge Herman Mooney Ben Hammer 1991 -- 2002 9 Trial Judge Harrison Taylor Michael Mulheren 1999 -- 2006 9 Trial Judge Andrew Barsky Fred J. Scollay 1992 -- 1999 8 Trial Judge Donald Karan Jordan Charney 2000 -- 2006 8 Trial Judge Grace Larkin Rochelle Oliver 1990 -- 2003 8 Trial Judge Rebecca Stein Joan Copeland 1991 -- 2001 8 Trial Judge Rebecca Steinman Susan Blommaert 1991 -- 2004 8 Trial Judge Deborah Burke Donna Hanover 1997 -- 2004 7 Trial Judge Michael Callahan Bernie McInerney 1991 -- 1999 7 Trial Judge Henry Fillmore William Severs 1991 - 2004 7 Trial Judge Rosalyn Lenz Tanya Berezin 1991 -- 2001 7 Trial Judge Barbara Lusky Iris Little Thomas 1999 -- 2009 7 Trial Judge Rochelle Desmond Patricia R. Floyd 2006 -- 2009 6 Trial Judge Eric Caffey John Newton 1991 -- 1998 6 Trial Judge Nathan Murphy Mark Zimmerman 1997 -- 2008 6 Trial Judge Robert Quinn Roger Serbagi 1992 -- 1999 6 Trial Judge Joseph Rivera Shawn Elliott 1994 -- 2002 6 Trial Judge Carla Solomon Lauren Klein 1999 -- 2005 6 Trial Judge William Wright Ron McLarty 1991 -- 2008 6 Trial Judge Hugo Bright Robert J. Hogan 2003 -- 2006 Trial Judge Delano Burns Mike Hodge 1991 -- 2006 Trial Judge Manuel Leon Sam Gray 1990 -- 1994 Trial Judge Michael Schneider David Little 2004 -- 2006 Trial Judge Norman Barclay Wayne Duvall 2004 -- 2010 Trial Judge Gary Feldman Cliff Gorman 1998 Trial Judge Derek Hafner David Wolos - Fonteno 2001 -- 2009 Trial Judge Elayne Link Maggie Burke 1993 -- 2003 Trial Judge Ida Zeller Polly Adams 2009 Trial Judge Linda Taft Jenna Stern 2009 - 2010 Appellate Judges ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year Episodes Appellate Judge Pamela Jensen Norma Fire 1993 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2003 7 Appellate Judge Shawn McNamara George Bartenieff 1993 , 1995 & 1999 Appellate Judge Bloom Ira Wheeler 1991 , 1993 Appellate Judge Lewis Getman Leslie Barrett 1991 , 1993 Appellate Judge Wayne Humphrey Chester A. Sims II 1993 , 1995 Appellate Judge Barry Marton Graham Brown 1991 , 1993 See also ( edit ) Law & Order ( franchise ) List of Law & Order cast members List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit cast members List of Law & Order : Criminal Intent characters List of Law & Order : Criminal Intent cast members List of Law & Order : LA characters List of Law & Order : LA cast members References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carlson , Erin ( 2008 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Can `` Law & Order '' outlive `` Gunsmoke '' ? `` . Associated Press / San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( May 18 , 2004 ) . `` Jerry Orbach Signs Off After 12 Years on ' Law & Order ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ; Severo , Richard ( December 29 , 2004 ) . `` Jerry Orbach , Star of ' Law & Order , ' Dies at 69 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . ( hide ) Law & Order Characters Police Sgt . Max Greevey Sgt . Phil Cerreta Lennie Briscoe Joe Fontana Ed Green Cyrus Lupo Mike Logan Rey Curtis Nick Falco Nina Cassady Kevin Bernard Captain Donald Cragen Lieutenant Anita Van Buren District attorneys Benjamin Stone Jack McCoy Michael Cutter Paul Robinette Claire Kincaid Jamie Ross Abbie Carmichael Serena Southerlyn Alexandra Borgia Connie Rubirosa Adam Schiff Nora Lewin Arthur Branch Recurring characters Elizabeth Olivet , Ph. D . Emil Skoda , M.D. Elizabeth Rodgers , M.D. Danielle Melnick Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Prescription for Death '' `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' `` Manhood '' `` Aftershock '' `` Empire '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Sunday in the Park with Jorge '' `` Public Service Homicide '' `` Burn Card '' `` The Drowned and the Saved '' `` Dignity '' `` Fed '' `` Blackmail '' `` Steel - Eyed Death '' `` Boy on Fire '' `` Rubber Room '' TV film Exiled : A Law & Order Movie See also Episodes Cast Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Law_%26_Order_characters&oldid=841265891 '' Categories : Lists of Law & Order characters Lists of American crime television series characters Lists of American drama television series characters Law & Order ( franchise ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 21 : 00 . 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van morrison mama said there'd be days like this			Days like this ( song )	days like this ( song )	`` Days Like This '' is a popular song written by Northern Irish singer - songwriter Van Morrison and the title song of his 1995 album . Morrison has often performed this song in concert appearances including his 2006 appearance at the Austin City Limits Festival .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and composition 2 Legacy 3 In the media 4 Other releases 5 Personnel 6 Notes 7 References Recording and composition ( edit ) `` Days Like This '' was recorded during the 1993 - 1994 sessions at Wool Hall Studios , Beckington and the Real World in Bath , Somerset . Van Morrison 's daughter , Shana Morrison sings backup on most tracks from the album including this song . Scott Thomas best explains the theme of the song in his review : `` The title song turns a common expression and famous pop song chorus on its head . Usually , the phrase `` My momma told me there 'd be days like this '' is something you say to make yourself feel better at the end of a tough day : the implication is that a good day might be just around the corner . The singer , steeling himself against disappointments and letdowns , does not want to feel too good on the good days : ' When all the parts of the puzzle start to seem like they fit / Then I must remember there 'll be days like this . ' '' Legacy ( edit ) It became the official anthem of the peace movement in Northern Ireland and the Northern Ireland Office used it along with `` Brown Eyed Girl '' as theme music for a television advertisement promoting the cease fire . Morrison performed it for an audience of 60 - 80,000 people when President Bill Clinton visited Belfast , Northern Ireland on 30 November 1995 . Clinton , himself a saxophonist , had shown an appreciation for Morrison 's music and had wanted to perform but was advised against it by security officers . In the media ( edit ) In 1997 , `` Days Like This '' was featured on the soundtrack of the film , As Good as It Gets . In 2007 , it was one of the songs used on the soundtrack of the film , Eye See Me . It was played several times in the 2007 film , Because I Said So . It has also been used in a Channel 7 Australia ad campaign Other releases ( edit ) Live at Austin City Limits Festival ( 2006 Limited Cd ) Van Morrison at the Movies - Soundtrack Hits The Best of Van Morrison Volume 3 Still on Top - The Greatest Hits ( remastered in 2007 ) Personnel ( edit ) Van Morrison - vocals , alto saxophone Ronnie Johnson - electric guitar Nicky Scott - bass Geoff Dunn - drums Teena Lyle - Piano , backing vocals Kate St. John - alto saxophone Pee Wee Ellis - tenor saxophone Leo Green - tenor saxophone Matthew Holland - trumpet Brian Kennedy - backing vocals Horns arranged by Pee Wee Ellis Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heylin , Can You Feel the Silence ? , p. 527 Jump up ^ http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/epm/83457?q=days+like+this&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit Jump up ^ `` Discography : Days Like This '' . www.oocities.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hinton , Celtic Crossroads , p. 325 Jump up ^ Rogan , No Surrender , p. 437 References ( edit ) Heylin , Clinton ( 2003 ) . Can You Feel the Silence ? Van Morrison : A New Biography , Chicago Review Press , ISBN 1 - 55652 - 542 - 7 Hinton , Brian ( 1997 ) . Celtic Crossroads : The Art of Van Morrison , Sanctuary , ISBN 1 - 86074 - 169 - X Rogan , Johnny ( 2006 ) . Van Morrison : No Surrender , London : Vintage Books ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 943183 - 1 ( hide ) Van Morrison singles discography 1960s 1967 `` Brown Eyed Girl '' 1970s 1970 `` Come Running '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Domino '' 1971 `` Blue Money '' `` Call Me Up in Dreamland '' `` Wild Night '' 1972 `` Tupelo Honey '' `` Jackie Wilson Said ( I 'm in Heaven When You Smile ) '' `` Redwood Tree '' 1973 `` Warm Love '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Bulbs '' `` Caldonia '' `` Gloria '' 1977 `` The Eternal Kansas City '' `` Moondance '' 1978 `` Wavelength '' 1979 `` Bright Side of the Road '' `` Full Force Gale '' 1980s 1980 `` You Make Me Feel So Free '' 1982 `` Cleaning Windows '' `` Scandinavia '' 1984 `` Dweller on the Threshold '' 1985 `` Tore Down a la Rimbaud '' 1986 `` Ivory Tower '' `` Did Ye Get Healed ? '' `` Someone Like You '' `` Queen of the Slipstream `` I 'll Tell Me Ma `` Have I Told You Lately '' `` Whenever God Shines His Light '' `` Orangefield '' 1990s `` Coney Island '' `` Gloria '' `` Real Real Gone '' 1991 `` Enlightenment '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Why Must I Always Explain ? '' `` Gloria '' 1995 `` Have I Told You Lately '' `` Days Like This '' `` Perfect Fit '' `` That 's Life '' `` The Healing Game '' `` Rough God Goes Riding '' 1999 `` Precious Time '' `` Back on Top '' 2000s 2002 `` Hey Mr. DJ '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Days_Like_This_(song)&oldid=787920133 '' Categories : 1995 singles Van Morrison songs Songs written by Van Morrison Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2017 , at 10 : 55 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days%20Like%20This%20%28song%29	926
my bride is a mermaid english dub cast			My Bride is a mermaid	my bride is a mermaid	My Bride Is a Mermaid ( Japanese : 瀬戸の花嫁 , Hepburn : Seto no Hanayome , lit . `` The Inland Sea Bride '' ) is a Japanese manga series written by Tahiko Kimura . The manga was serialized between the September 2002 and May 2009 issues of Monthly Gangan Wing , and the June and December 2010 issues of Monthly Gangan Joker , both published by Square Enix . In 2004 , a drama CD based on the series was released by Frontier Works . A 26 - episode anime television series adaptation animated by Gonzo , directed by Seiji Kishi , and written by Makoto Uezu aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between April and September 2007 . Two original video animation episodes were released in November 2008 and January 2009 . Odex , a Singaporean distributor , released it in English in Singapore as Seto No Hana Yome . The anime was licensed for a North American distribution by Funimation Entertainment and was released in 2010 under the title My Bride Is a Mermaid ! .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Michishio family 2.2 Seto family 2.2. 1 Seto Group members 2.3 Edomae family 2.4 Other characters 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.2 Anime 3.3 OVA 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The story of My Bride Is a Mermaid revolves around a young teenage boy named Nagasumi Michishio . One day during his summer vacation at the Seto Inland Sea , Nagasumi is saved from drowning by a mermaid named Sun Seto . Under mermaid law however , either the mermaid whose identity was revealed or the human who saw the mermaid must be executed . In an attempt to save both Nagasumi and Sun 's lives , Sun 's family ( which is the head of a mermaid Yakuza group ) reluctantly decides that the two are to be married . Sun 's father Gōzaburō is enraged about his daughter 's sudden marriage . Between Gōzaburō 's constant attempts on his life and the madcap antics of a slew of antagonists , Nagasumi has a hard time transitioning into his new married lifestyle . Characters ( edit ) Some mermaid / merman characters are named for star ( or planet ) names and sea names . Michishio family ( edit ) Nagasumi Michishio ( 満潮永澄 , Michishio Nagasumi ) Voiced by : Takahiro Mizushima ( Japanese ) ; Todd Haberkorn ( English ) Nagasumi is the male protagonist of the series . Nagasumi is likely the only one in his family who has a clear head , apart from his grandmother . When push comes to shove , Nagasumi demonstrates a great deal of inner strength , and even has a `` danger alert '' mode , where the ahoge strand of hair on top of his head perks up and he exhibits the near - superhuman ability to dodge and evade practically anything or anyone that approaches him with ill intent . He decided to face his fears and take on the responsibility of taking care of Sun as his wife , although it does not make it easy on him due to the fact that almost everyone in the Seto group ( except Sun 's mother -- Ren , and Masa ) is against their union . As the series progresses , however , he truly falls in love with Sun . During the final episode of the anime , he confesses his love in front of her . Sun often uses her Song of Heroes to power Nagasumi up in battle situations , but in the case where Sun is directly threatened he is able to activate the power - up by himself . Nagasumi 's father ( 永澄の父 , Nagasumi no Chichi ) Voiced by : Atsushi Imaruoka ( Japanese ) ; Andy Mullins ( English ) Nagasumi 's father is always shown as an object of suffering , due to his wife 's dying love for him . Whenever his wife shows her interest in Masa , he is shown in a depressed state , like the time she offers Masa her home cooked meal , he is shown coughing on a burger and then subsequently harangued by his boss to get back to work . Nagasumi 's mother ( 永澄の母 , Nagasumi no Haha ) Voiced by : Noriko Namiki ( Japanese ) ; Lydia Mackay ( English ) Nagasumi 's mother is the easy going type , and has an interest for Masa , which her husband is not particularly happy about . Current events in her life have caused her interest towards her husband to gradually die out , but overall she loves her family dearly . She also greatly enjoys having Sun and Lunar living with them , treating them like family as well as the `` daughters '' she never had . Nagasumi 's grandmother ( 永澄の祖母 , Nagasumi no Sobo ) Voiced by : Eriko Matsushima ( Japanese ) ; Juli Erickson ( English ) Nagasumi 's grandmother who lives near the Seto Inland Sea . She makes an appearance early in the story and allows Nagasumi to stay at her house during their stay with her . She does not appear again after the fourth episode of the anime . Seto family ( edit ) Sun Seto ( 瀬戸燦 , Seto San ) Voiced by : Haruko Momoi ( Japanese ) ; Alexis Tipton ( English ) The female , mermaid protagonist of the story , Sun is the daughter of the yakuza Seto Group 's boss Gōzaburō Seto . She is a firm believer in the chivalrous spirit of mermaids , and is devoted to her role as Nagasumi 's wife . She is also in love with Nagasumi . Since she has yet to become an adult , Sun is unable to completely maintain her human form , and her legs revert to a tail whenever she comes into contact with water . She often cites the similarity between the Japanese words `` ninkyō '' ( 任侠 , chivalry ) and `` ningyo '' ( 人魚 , mermaid ) to stress her adherence to honorable courses of action ; in the Funimation release of the anime , her assertion is rephrased as `` honor among thieves is honor under the seas '' . When Sun enters chivalry mode , cherry blossom petals can be seen falling and the enka - style song `` Namida Ichirin '' ( 涙一輪 , lit . Tears of Flowers ) can be heard in the background . It is later revealed during Lunar and Nagasumi 's wedding that if the need arises she can fight very well with a sword and also shows behavior much like a yakuza member . Her name is related to Seto Inland Sea and is a direct reference to the Sun . She has her own personal body guards but does not use them same way that Lunar does . They only show up on matters involving Lunar 's personal body guards whom they ( Sun 's body guards ) are constantly at war with . Because it is well known that cats are fond of meat , particularly fish , like most mermaids , she has a fear of cats ( ailurophobia ) , but is capable of overcoming it if the circumstances require it . Gozaburo Seto ( 瀬戸豪三郎 , Seto Gōzaburō ) Voiced by : Kenta Miyake ( Japanese ) ; John Swasey ( English ) Gōzaburō is a merman who is the boss of the Seto Group . He dotes on his daughter and hates Nagasumi for , as he sees it , trying to steal her away . By pulling strings at the ministry of education , Gōzaburō , together with many of the Seto Group members , enrolls in the staff of Nagasumi 's junior - high school in order to watch over Sun , thus becoming Nagasumi and Sun 's homeroom teacher . Even though he is the yakuza head of the Seto group as well as a powerfully built man with a formidable attitude , he has an overwhelming fear of cats ( or kittens ) due to an incident that happened in his childhood and a fear of his wife as she will not hesitate to hand out punishment . Ren Seto ( 瀬戸蓮 , Seto Ren ) Voiced by : Makiko Nabei ( Japanese ) ; Stephanie Young ( English ) Ren is a mermaid who is Sun 's mother . She likes to encourage Sun and Nagasumi . The most feared member of the Seto Group she usually tries to keep her husband and any other Seto Group members in check , often handing out extreme forms of punishment if they step out of line and has the final say on all matters . She also enjoys teasing Nagasumi , whom she thinks to be cute . She transfers with several other members of the Seto Group to Nagasumi 's school , becoming the new school nurse . Like her daughter Sun when Ren enters chivalry mode pink flower petals can be seen falling and the song `` Namida Ichirin '' ( Ren - san version ( - 蓮さん ver. - ) ) can be heard in the background . Ren on appearance is seen as a kind and gentle person but shows behavior much like a yakuza member . Her name Ren ( 蓮 ) literally means lotus flower . Seto group members ( edit ) Masa ( 政 ) Voiced by : Katsuki Murase ( Japanese ) ; Christopher Sabat ( English ) Masa is a member of the Seto Group and the kendo teacher of Sun . He has an afro and always wearing sunglasses . Masa is the one who , through performing CPR , `` stole '' Nagasumi 's first kiss . He also transfers to Nagasumi 's school , becoming his math teacher ( whose word problems tend to describe to the mathematical aspects of underworld gang operations ) . There is a running gag of Nagasumi displaying an attraction towards Masa since their ' first kiss ' in the first episode . Masa is the only one in the Seto clan apart from Sun 's mother who does not object to the engagement and sometimes even gives advice to Nagasumi . Usually he is portrayed a silent man . However , when he drinks he tends to talk too much and reminisce . He is revealed later in the series to be the long - lost brother of Akeno Shiranui . Masa cares a lot for his sister Akeno Shiranui and is very protective of her often beating up those who are aggressive towards her . Masa is one of the few Merfolk not afraid of cats ; he says that he decided to overcome the fear as a child . Maki ( 巻 ) Voiced by : Natsuko Kuwatani ( Japanese ) ; Monica Rial ( English ) `` Spiral Shell '' ( or `` conch shell , '' in the anime ) Maki , despite being only few inches tall , is an assassin working for the Seto Group , as well a devoted friend of Sun . She uses a shell to shoot water balls as fast and powerful bullets and has a seemingly unlimited supply of ammunition . She , like Gōzaburō , dislikes the idea of `` losing '' Sun to Nagasumi , and will often distract Sun with sweet talk in order to fire her shell gun at Nagasumi . She thinks that Nagasumi and Lunar would be a much better match . She has a fear of cats ( ailurophobia ) , but much to her dismay the cat at the Nagasumi 's house has a liking to Maki and is often seen around her when Maki is not with Sun . She often refers to Nagasumi as a `` sea louse '' . Shark Fujishiro ( シャーク藤代 , Shāku Fujishiro ) Voiced by : Takehito Koyasu ( Japanese ) ; Bryan Massey ( English ) Shark is a member of Seto Group initially summoned by Sun 's father during the Michishio family 's initial visit to the Seto family home to attack Nagasumi . He has been with the Seto Clan since ( and possibly before ) Sun was a child . In human form , he later becomes Nagasumi 's P.E. teacher . By his thinking , the sooner Nagasumi dies , the sooner everyone can return home . He often acts on this logic , trying to eat him . According to him , the answer to all problems is by eating the person causing the chaos , be it Sun 's or Lunar 's fans or a suicide bomber from his own group . He is often seen sleeping and unlike Kai Mikawa he has the ability to only transform his head into that of a shark while his legs remain human . No matter if he 's asking a question or making a statement , he always sounds like he 's asking a question . Octopus Nakajima ( オクトパス中島 , Okutopasu Nakajima ) Voiced by : Masashi Yabe ( Japanese ) ; Chris Cason ( English ) Nakajima is another member of the Seto Group and is actually an octopus . He too becomes a teacher at Nagasumi 's school . Unlike the others , his human form is never shown in the entire anime . Most of the time he appears stuck inside the school due to his huge size . It 's also shown that some of his tentacles are missing . Some scenes taking place in the cafeteria will show octopus being fed to the students . Edomae family ( edit ) Lunar Edomae ( 江戸前留奈 , Edomae Runa ) Voiced by : Sakura Nogawa ( Japanese ) ; Cherami Leigh ( English ) Lunar is a childhood friend and rival of Sun . She has used the powers of her mermaid voice to become an idol singer . She seems to suffer from a superiority complex , and she never passes up an attempt to overshadow Sun . She initially thought that Sun was boasting Nagasumi to her , and in an attempt to outdo Sun she decides to steal him away from her by making Nagasumi her servant , since Nagasumi has also seen her mermaid form . Later she decides to live in Nagasumi 's house until his servant status is over . It was unclear if she has developed a liking to him ( since she has decided to learn how to cook and make him a packed lunch , although still in an attempt to beat Sun ) . However , it is then revealed that she does in fact have feelings for Nagasumi , and planned on marrying him , but this is stopped by Sun , though she continues living with him even after her wedding is canceled . In the manga , Lunar accepts Nagasumi into her family during the commotion of the wedding ; therefore , she is also technically married to Nagasumi . Sun accepts her decision and they both put an end to the war caused by Sun 's interference . Lunar controls her own personal bodyguards made up of the boys of Isono Junior High school and she often calls them in to defend her , using them like her own personal army . They are currently at war with Sun 's bodyguards . Lunar usually refers to herself in plural form ( `` us '' , `` we '' , `` our '' and so on ) , and has a trademark `` hohoho '' laugh that can be heard before she enters the scene . She , like most other mermaids , has a fear of cats . Lunar 's Papa ( ルナパパ , Runa - Papa ) Voiced by : Tesshō Genda ( Japanese ) ; J. Michael Tatum ( English ) President Edomae is Lunar 's father and leader of the Edomae group ( whereas the Seto group 's holdings are in business , the Edomae group focuses in construction and real estate ) . He is two meters tall and constantly dressed in a black skintight suit . Lunar 's Papa is a man of very few words and is modeled after the Terminator . He is an extremely well built man ( though in the manga he looks more thin ) , a point of humor in the show due to his body sounding like metal when hit . His actions are often direct references to the Terminator movies , such as sinking into an incinerator while giving a thumbs up and saying in English , `` I 'll be back '' . His appearance theme is a parody of the lead music score from the Terminator movie ' Judgment Day ' . Despite his cold and unemotional appearance , he cares very much for his daughter and everything he can for her , though discreetly so . Unlike Gozaburo , he appears to be more accepting of the relationship between Nagasumi and Lunar . He is also extremely rich , as evidenced when he uses 10 billion dollars US ( in cash ) to fund a film that Lunar is in . He also has considerable influence in the ministry of education and is able to get into Nagasumi 's school as a middle school student so he could get closer to Lunar . In the final episode , he is revealed to have laser eye beams . He is often seen in female school uniform , much to the disgust of Lunar . Amano Sagami ( 相模天王 , Sagami Amano ) Lunar 's mother and Lunar 's Papa 's ex-wife , prior to the divorce her last name was Edomae . Thought to have left the two when Lunar was five years - old due to losing her affection towards her husband , but in fact became a convict and spent ten years in prison because the crime of running over her clumsy husband - who had immersed himself in work without paying attention to her and their daughter - with a car . True nature is the same as Lunar and she finds a kindred spirit in her daughter when entering in this mode . Lunar became a pop idol partially due to a sense of rivalry with Sun caused by the above - mentioned nature , but her true feelings was that she wanted Amano to see her in the television . She played around with Lunar using the `` war song '' during the girl 's childhood . Other characters ( edit ) Mawari Zenigata ( 銭形巡 , Zenigata Mawari ) Voiced by : Rika Morinaga ( Japanese ) ; Caitlin Glass ( English ) Mawari is the childhood friend of Nagasumi , whom she has a crush on , and is the daughter of the chief of police . She takes it upon herself to act as a moderator of social behavior , and often reprimands Nagasumi for his actions . Mawari 's dream is to become a police chief like her father . Nagasumi says her personality is similar to Sun 's which shocks Sun . Her name is related to Zenigata Heiji and `` Omawari - san '' ( a gentle and polite way to say policeman in Japanese ) . One thing of interest is that whenever Mawari speaks or does something related to peacekeeping , a police whistle can be heard in the background . She is referred to as the queen of cards at Isumo elementary school due to her having won two championships at the Isumo elementary school first year student 's card game tournament with Nagasumi as her partner . She is a member of the disciplinary committee and is the leader of the Public Morals Committee / Peacemakers which is a group formed by the girls of Isono Junior High School ; the group is Isono Junior High 's Police and is the biggest of the three groups , they can take on both Sun and Luna 's group at the same time , they are at war with both Sun and Lunar 's personal body guards . Due to Mawari 's police background she is able to see through the lies that any of her school member make , she often gets close to finding out the fact that Sun is a mermaid but gets stopped by Nagasumi before she does . She also has a trade mark line , `` Do you want Mawari to teach you the rules of society ? '' ( English dub : `` Maybe I should teach you something about the rules of this society ! '' ) ; she says this when people break her rules . Hideyoshi Sarutobi ( 猿飛秀吉 , Sarutobi Hideyoshi ) Voiced by : Masashi Yabe ( Japanese ) ; Anthony Bowling ( English ) Hideyoshi Sarutobi , often referred to as Saru ( or Chimp in the English dub ) , is a friend of Nagasumi who is often portrayed as a perverted monkey ( a pun on his name ; `` saru '' meaning monkey ) . He later became Kai Mikawa 's `` servant '' and always protects and helps him when he is in need . In the beginning , Saru 's reasons for befriending Mikawa are because of his fortune ; However , in episode 24 it is shown Saru genuinely cares for Mikawa . His name is related to Sarutobi Sasuke ( a trait when he is Mikawa 's servant of appearing out of nowhere is also related to Sarutobi Sasuke ) and Toyotomi Hideyoshi ( who himself was also often called `` Saru / Monkey '' ) . Saru occasionally appears dressed as a bearded old man in a robe , `` ero - sennin '' ( English dub : the Pervy Hermit ) , who periodically appears to Nagasumi to offer insights of perverted sagacity . When in the old hermit form he calls himself `` Saru Roshi '' ( English dub : Chimp Roshi ) a parody of Master Roshi from Dragon Ball . Class Rep ( 委員長 , Iinchō ) Voiced by : Noriko Rikimaru ( Japanese ) ; Kate Bristol ( English ) She is a good friend of Mawari and a meganekko . Her true name is unknown as her classmates only refer her as the Class Rep. Despite the fact that she is the class rep , her presence is usually too passive to be noticeable . She later reveals that she has very strong feelings for Nagasumi . Later , she writes a love letter to Nagasumi , to confess her love , but accidentally confesses to Sun due to not looking at the person she was confessing to . This event leads to the sudden creation of an alternate persona , the `` Last Amazoness '' , a girl - loving warrior who declares her intent to have Sun as her own . The Class Rep uses this persona when she 's trying to get noticed or when she needs extra confidence . In recent volumes of the manga , the Last Amazoness takes an active role in fighting troublemakers after receiving a gender - reversing mermaid weapon , the magical bow that fires an arrow of light that never misses its target ( though the projectile itself could be blocked by another organic being ) called `` Gender - X '' , from Saturn . The Class Rep also works with Maki on occasion , believing her to be a fairy , her desire is for people to find out her real name . Kai Mikawa ( 三河海 , Mikawa Kai ) Voiced by : Daisuke Ono ( Japanese ) ; Eric Vale ( English ) Kai Mikawa is the fourteen - year - old son of the head of the multi-million dollar Mikawa Corporation . He rivals Nagasumi for Sun 's hand in marriage , and tends to resort to measures that often put Nagasumi 's well - being in question ( i.e. in the anime , he skyrocketed an over-sized , rampaging Nagasumi , resulting the latter 's brief exile to the moon , from where Mikawa later ordered to be bombarded by missiles fired from his Corporation 's private satellite ) . He is a killer whale from another mermaid group . Strangely while Sun and Lunar are shown in Mermaid form ( torso of a human and tail of a fish ) whenever they fail to maintain their human forms , Mikawa is shown as an entire killer whale when he succumbs to the effect of water . He also has agoraphobia , which is why he travels only in submarines and wears an astronaut 's suit in open spaces ; depriving him of either while out in the open is enough to put him into a state of panic that he 's willing to bribe the first willing person to assist him in any way . While looking for a servant he befriends Saru . His name is related to Mikawa Bay and Neptune ( 海王星 , kaiōsei ) . Mikawa , like most merfolk , has a fear of cats ( ailurophobia ) . He is usually seen in a Japanese navy uniform , but wears his astronaut suit when he 's out in the open , and carrying a katana . He is the leader of Sun 's bodyguards . In a flashback , he used to hate the fact that people only sucked up to him because of his status and wealth when they were kids , but he now uses it to get people to do whatever he wants , such as earning the never - ending support of Saru ( something that Sun does not like ) . Akeno Shiranui ( 不知火明乃明星 , Shiranui Akeno Myōjō ) Voiced by : Eri Kitamura ( Japanese ) ; Trina Nishimura ( English ) Akeno is not only a mermaid , but also a `` mermaid examiner '' . She has the responsibility of deporting all the mer - people who fail to qualify as not only resembling humans but also not arousing any suspicion of their true identities ; and unlike the other mermaids in the cast , Akeno is capable of suppressing her mermaid transformation , for brief moments , after coming into contact with water , having trained herself to do so . When first introduced she had a hostile attitude towards the other major protagonists . This later changes as she develops feelings of compassion towards them and also as she finds her `` duty '' as a knight - in - training as an excuse used by the final antagonist . It is also revealed that she is , in fact , Masa 's younger sister , a fact which she is unaware of . Her name is related to Shiranui Sea and Venus ( 明けの明星 , ake no myōjyō , Venus in the eastern morning sky ) . She is terrified of ghosts and is hinted that she has feelings for Nagasumi . Yoshiuo Minamoto Voiced by : Daisuke Namikawa ( Japanese ) ; Chris Patton ( English ) The final antagonist of the anime . He is a wealthy aristocrat , referred as a `` noble '' in the dub , who had secretly caused the disappearance of several girls who were invited to parties he hosted . He was the employer of Akeno and gave her orders to break up Nagasumi and Sun so he could have her for himself , though his reasons were based only on finding Sun physically attractive . Though he claims to be a `` mermaid noble '' , his speaking and mannerisms are similar to that of a punk ( such as referring to Sun as a `` babe '' or calling Nagasumi a `` drag '' ) . His true form is a repulsive and overweight catfish , something his loyal followers had been unaware of and find hilarious after his true form is revealed upon losing his fight with Nagasumi . He has three giant , carnivorous eels as pets . Satori Sarutobi ( 猿飛悟 , Sarutobi Satori ) Voiced by : Tomoko Kaneda Saru 's little sister who appears in the original manga and the OVA series . After being saved from a burning movie theatre by Nagasumi , she calls him `` Nagasumi Willis '' after `` Bunta Willis '' an action hero that parodies Bruce Willis and Bunta Sugawara . She develops feelings for Nagasumi . Saturn ( サーたん , Sātan ) Voiced by : Ayumi Tsunematsu A childhood friend of Sun , Saturn is a seaweed creature whose hair allows her to cling to ceilings and entangles objects in the water . Her hair can act as weapon to strangle opponents , and sometimes unwillingly trap a lot of things usually found in water , from fish to sea garbage and even people . Lack of water is something she can not handle . She becomes an English teacher at Sun 's junior high school in volume nine of the manga . She appeared in the second OVA ( Gi ) . Tennouzan ( 天王山 , Tennōzan ) A delinquent terrorizing the main character 's school . He heads a small group of bullies who were first seen harassing Mawari , but were stopped by the Class President in her Last Amazoness guise , by turning them all into females using the `` Gender X '' bow supplied by Saturn . Tennōzan is related to Uranus ( 天王星 , Tennōsei ) but can also mean ' a place of a crucial battle ' . Yuhiteru Suruga ( 駿河由比輝 , Suruga Yuhiteru ) Alias : Jupiter . Member of the Weapon Attack Team and executive officer at Isono Junior High school . Jupiter is a friend of Akeno whom she refers to as `` Onee - sama '' and has romantic feelings for . Fuki ( 蕗 , Fuki ) Maki 's younger sister . She is garbed in a similar manner to character Kororo from Shaman King . Uses a fuki leaf instead of a shell for her attacks and uses ice that can freeze her targets . Fuki is the bodyguard of Maruko . Maruko Okhotsk ( 緒呆突丸子 , Ohōtsuku Maruko ) Yet another childhood friend of Sun . She dresses up as a nun . Her voice powers allow her to mind control people and cancel other mermaid 's singing powers . She initially came to kill Nagasumi , believing her forced San to marry . However , she made peace with him when Nagasumi helped save her from her internal bleeding problem . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) The My Bride Is a Mermaid manga series was serialized between the September 2002 and May 2009 issues of the Japanese manga magazine Monthly Gangan Wing , and the June and December 2010 issues of Monthly Gangan Joker , both published by Square Enix . Sixteen tankōbon were released in Japan . No . Release date ISBN 01 February 27 , 2003 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 0880 - 8 02 July 26 , 2003 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 0986 - 3 03 November 27 , 2003 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 1073 - X 04 April 27 , 2004 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 1189 - 2 05 August 27 , 2004 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 1257 - 0 06 December 27 , 2004 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 1341 - 0 07 April 27 , 2005 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 1417 - 4 08 September 27 , 2005 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 1532 - 4 09 March 27 , 2006 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 1648 - 7 10 July 27 , 2006 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 1730 - 0 11 November 27 , 2006 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 1818 - 8 12 March 27 , 2007 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 1976 - 1 13 July 27 , 2007 ISBN 4 - 7575 - 2058 - 1 14 March 27 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 2247 - 3 15 February 22 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 3141 - 3 16 February 22 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 3142 - 0 Anime ( edit ) See also : List of My Bride Is a Mermaid episodes and List of My Bride Is a Mermaid albums The anime TV series adaptation directed by Seiji Kishi , written by Makoto Uezu and produced by Gonzo and AIC aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between April 1 and September 30 , 2007 , containing 26 episodes . Episode 17 of the anime adaptation scheduled for broadcast on the Japanese cable network Anime Theater X on September 3 , 2007 was canceled due to concerns of copyright infringement . Some of the characters who appear in that episode are believed to closely resemble characters from other works . The series was licensed by Funimation and was released under the title My Bride Is a Mermaid ! . The first of two parts was released on July 20 , 2010 . Three pieces of theme music were used for the anime : one opening theme , and two ending themes . The opening theme is `` Romantic Summer '' by Sun ( Haruko Momoi ) & Lunar ( Sakura Nogawa ) , which was written , composed , and arranged by Halko Momoi . In the opening video , the characters dancing behind Sun change depending on the episode whether it is dedicated or related to them ( for example , Nagasumi dancing with the Seto 's Special Squad brothers ) . The first ending theme , used for episodes one through thirteen , and then again for episode twenty - six , is `` Asu e no Hikari '' ( 明日への光 ) by Asuka Hinoi , which was written , composed , and arranged by Yugo Sasakura . In the video , the image in the ending changes slightly between each episode as new characters are introduced in the anime . The second ending theme , used for episodes fourteen through twenty - five , is `` Dan Dan Dan '' by Sun ( Haruko Momoi ) & Lunar ( Sakura Nogawa ) , which was written by Gorō Matsui , and composed and arranged by Shūhei Naruse . In the video , the characters ' animations change depending on the circumstances they undergo during the episode ( for example , the Class President transforming into `` Yes ! Amazoness ! '' ) . OVA ( edit ) An original video animation episode entitled Jin ( 仁 ) was released on November 28 , 2008 , along with the OVA ending theme single , `` Mirai e Go '' ( 未来へ Go ) by Dekabancho . The OVA 's opening theme single , `` Zettai Otome '' ( 絶対乙女 ) by Sun&Lunar , was released on October 29 , 2008 . A second OVA entitled Gi ( 義 ) was released on January 30 , 2009 , along with its ending theme , `` Kakehashi '' ( 梯 - かけはし - ) by Sun&Lunar . The opening theme for this OVA , `` Tenshi Ranman Love Power '' ( 天使爛漫 Love Power ) by Haruko Momoi , Sakura Nogawa , Rika Morinaga , Eri Kitamura , was released on December 24 , 2008 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` My Bride is a Mermaid '' . Funimation . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Funimations Adds My Bride Is A Mermaid ! Comedy Anime '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 瀬戸の花嫁ドラマ CD 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seto no Hanayome OVA Greenlit for Production '' . Anime News Network . 2008 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Seto No Hana Yome '' . Odex . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Seto no Hanayome 17th Episode Broadcast on AT - X Cancelled '' . Anime News Network . 2007 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Official manga website ( in Japanese ) Official anime website ( in Japanese ) Official anime website at TV Tokyo ( in Japanese ) Official anime website at Gonzo ( in Japanese ) Official anime website at Avex Group ( in Japanese ) My Bride is a Mermaid ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Gangan Comics Monthly Shōnen Gangan As Miss Beelzebub Likes B. Ichi Blast of Tempest A Certain Magical Index Corpse Princess Doubt Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō Fullmetal Alchemist Guilty Crown Haré + Guu He Is My Master Hero Tales Heroman High School ! 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( 2016 ) Others Artmic Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Bride_is_a_Mermaid&oldid=838421409 '' Categories : Manga series 2002 manga 2007 anime television series 2008 anime OVAs Anime International Company Funimation Gonzo ( company ) Harem anime and manga Gangan Comics manga Mermaids in fiction Odex Romantic comedy anime and manga School anime and manga Shōnen manga Square Enix manga Yakuza anime and manga Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 日本語 Português Русский Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 22 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who played the koala in the movie sing	Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon , an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition .	Matthew McConaughey	Sing ( 2016 American film )	sing ( 2016 american film )	Sing is a 2016 American 3D computer - animated musical comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It was directed and written by Garth Jennings , co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet , and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , John C. Reilly , Taron Egerton , and Tori Kelly . The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition , hosted by a koala hoping to save his theater .	The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called `` Faith , '' which was nominated for a Golden Globe . It screened on the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2016 , premiered at Microsoft Theater on December 3 , 2016 and was released in the United States on December 21 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews , and grossed $632 million worldwide . Along with The Secret Life of Pets , it marked the first time that Illumination Entertainment released two feature films in the same year . A sequel , entitled Sing 2 , has been announced for a release on December 25 , 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In a world of anthropomorphic animals , koala Buster Moon owns a theater , having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child . Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith , he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000 . But Buster 's assistant , Miss Crawly , accidentally appends two extra zeroes , and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster 's office into the city streets . Animals from all around the city gather for auditions . Those selected include : housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita ; street musician mouse Mike ; mobster 's son gorilla Johnny ; punk - rock porcupine Ash ; a trio of frogs ; and a camel named Pete . Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright , while Ash 's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest . Rosita is paired with another contestant , an exuberant pig named Gunter , for a dancing routine . Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 , money he does not have , he remains optimistic . Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie 's grandmother , former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman , to persuade her to sponsor the prize money . She is hesitant to contribute , but agrees to see a private screening of the show . Encouraged by her grandfather , Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance , but becomes his stage hand instead . When the frogs quit , and Pete is injured , Meena is added as an act . The performers ' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals : Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter , after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray . After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment , Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song , Carly Rae Jepsen 's `` Call Me Maybe . '' Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices . When he tries to do both , he does not show up for the planned pickup in time , and his father and his gang are arrested . Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright , and Mike , certain that the prize money is as good as his , buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse , and then swindles a group of bears in a card game in a nightclub . The day of the screening , the bears interrupt the show , demanding the money from Mike , who in turn , points to Buster . The bears open the chest containing the prize money , but it is nowhere near $100,000 . The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight , flooding the theater , which then comes crashing down . With the lot repossessed by Judith , Buster , who had been living in his theater 's office desk , takes up residence at Eddie 's place ( his parents ' pool house ) . Although the contestants ( besides Mike , who saw Buster as a fraud ) visit him and try to cheer him up , Buster is too despondent to listen to them . He tries to start over by opening a car wash , using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster 's theater . When Meena goes to the theater 's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah , '' Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money . They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena 's family members . As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off , '' more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news . Johnny 's rendition of Elton John 's `` I 'm Still Standing '' impresses his father , who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him . Despite interruption by Judith , Ash sings her original rock song `` Set It All Free . '' Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra 's `` My Way . '' Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder 's `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing , '' which literally brings down the house . The show becomes a success and impresses Nana , who was in the audience . Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened . Voice cast ( edit ) Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly , Taron Egerton , and Nick Kroll at the film 's premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival . Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon , an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition . Reese Witherspoon as Rosita , a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman , and mother to their 25 piglets . Seth MacFarlane as Mike , a white mouse with a big Frank Sinatra-esque voice and an arrogant attitude . Scarlett Johansson as Ash , a teen porcupine and punk rocker who takes part in an alternative - rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance . John C. Reilly as Eddie , a sheep and Buster 's friend who doubts the future of the theater . Tori Kelly as Meena , a teenage elephant with an exquisite voice and severe stage fright . Taron Egerton as Johnny , a teenage gorilla who wants to sing , though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps . Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman , a sheep and Eddie 's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days . Jennifer Hudson as Young Nana Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly , an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster 's administrative assistant . Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy , a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business . Nick Kroll as Gunter , a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show . Beck Bennett as Lance , a porcupine and Ash 's boyfriend . Jay Pharoah as Meena 's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright . Nick Offerman as Norman , a pig and Rosita 's husband . Leslie Jones as Meena 's mother Rhea Perlman as Judith , a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay . Laraine Newman as Meena 's grandmother Adam Buxton as Stan , a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy 's gang . Brad Morris as a Baboon , whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances . Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog , who documents Buster 's singing competition . Oscar , Leo , Caspar , and Asa Jennings as Piglets . Production ( edit ) In January 2014 , it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment , about `` courage , competition and carrying a tune , '' which was originally titled Lunch , and then retitled as Sing . On January 14 , 2015 , Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film 's lead voice role . Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film . On June 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that McConaughey 's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie , a sheep and Buster 's best friend . In November 2015 , it was announced that Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film . The film features 65 pop songs , the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film 's $75 million budget . The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21 , 2016 . Release ( edit ) The almost complete film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11 , 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival . Universal Studios released the film on December 21 , 2016 . Home Media ( edit ) Sing was released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on March 21 , 2017 . It includes three short films : Gunter Babysits , Love at First Sight , and Eddie 's Life Coach . In Gunter Babysits , Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman 's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter . In Love at First Sight , Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman . In Eddie 's Life Coach , Eddie 's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry `` The Winner '' Wishman . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Sing grossed $270.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $362.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $632.4 million , against a production budget of $75 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film , making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016 . In North America , the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin 's Creed , and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release . The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews . It went on to gross $35.3 million in its opening weekend ( a six - day total of $75.5 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , which was in its second week . Sing holds the record for being the highest - grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office , besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( $241.4 million in 2002 ) . Critical response ( edit ) Sing received positive reviews from critics . On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 73 % based on 157 reviews ; the average rating is 6.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sing delivers colorfully animated , cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm - hearted -- albeit familiar -- storyline that lives up to its title . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and wrote , `` In a year full of talking - animal hits , Sing is n't quite as strong a number . It 's a tale that might not be particularly thought - provoking but sure is toe - tapping . '' In her review for the Los Angeles Times , Katie Walsh called Sing , `` a cute movie with genuinely funny moments ( keep an eye out for the koala car wash ) , and some great tunes to boot . '' The Arizona Republic 's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said , `` Sing is like an album with a good song here and there , but too much filler and not enough hits . '' Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival , Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2 / 5 , stating that `` Garth Jennings 's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it 's following a completely unoriginal formula , and yet carries on regardless . '' While Peter Debruge of Variety , who also saw the film during the same festival , did not find the subplots to have any `` profound life lessons , '' he overall praised Jennings ' direction , the cast 's voice performances and the film 's silliness . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards February 6 , 2017 Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up Sing Nominated Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated Feature Production Joby Talbot Golden Globe Awards January 8 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Film Sing Best Original Song `` Faith '' -- Ryan Tedder , Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Song -- Animated Film Best Soundtrack Album Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film Jojo Villanueva Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Animated Movie Sing Nominated Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Reese Witherspoon Most Wanted Pet Favorite Soundtrack Sing Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Animated Film Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a Sing 2 , slated for December 25 , 2020 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Felperin , Leslie ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Matthew McConaughey to Star in Illumination Animated Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` A Complete List of Every Song in Illumination 's ' Sing ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak peek : A-list animals ' SING ' together '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hopewell , John ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Annecy : Chris Meledandri on Matthew McConaughey as a Koala Legit Theater Owner , ' The Grinch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Animated Animals of Illumination Entertainment 's 2016 Musical Comedy , ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buxton , Adam ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` EP. 16 - Pub Walk With Garth Jennings '' . soundcloud.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yuen , Jenny ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` TIFF 2016 : Matthew McConaughey optimistic about ' Sing ' '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sing - Full Cast and Credits '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 3 ′ Set For June 2017 Release ; ' Dr. Seuss ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas ' Arrives Five Months Later '' . Deadline . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` France Fights Bidding War to Lure Hollywood Filmmakers '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Universal now has `` Max '' and `` Lunch '' set up at Illumination MacGuff . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Illumination 's Chris Meledandri Talks Success Secrets , Rumors He 'll Head DreamWorks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Oscar 's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool '' . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' Director Garth Jennings On Working With `` Wizards , '' The Learning Curve Of His Feature Animation Debut `` . Deadline . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Universal & Illumination To Launch ' Sing ' With Live Jennifer Hudson And Tori Kelly Performances At Toronto '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Illumination Entertainment 's ' Sing ' Headed to Retail '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` No. 7 ' Sing ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Rogue One ' Vanquish The Christmas B.O. Competition ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Sing 's ' Box - Office Debut Tops ' Assassin 's Creed , ' ' Passengers ' in Tuesday Night Previews '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` With ' Fences , ' ' La La Land ' Enter Top 10 As ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Rule Holiday -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sing reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Brian Truitt ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Animated ' Sing ' is a poppy treat ( and Matthew McConaughey sings ! ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katie Walsh ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Packed with pop tunes , ' Sing ' discovers the simple fun in putting on a show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Goodykoontz ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' has too much filler , not enough hits '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIFF 2016 : Sing Review - HeyUGuys '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Debruge ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Sing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' Leads Nominations for AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing ' Sequel Coming From Illumination and Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sing ( 2016 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sing ( 2016 film ) . Official website Sing on IMDb Sing at The Big Cartoon DataBase Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 - present ) Sing ( 2016 - present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff Films directed by Garth Jennings The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) Son of Rambow ( 2007 ) Sing ( 2016 ) 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing_(2016_American_film)&oldid=800848175 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2010s musical comedy films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films American children 's animated films American children 's comedy films American computer - animated films American musical comedy films Animated films about animals Films about competitions Films set in a theatre Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films directed by Garth Jennings Jukebox musicals Illumination Entertainment animated films Universal Pictures animated films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 01 : 48 . 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what is the websites code for the country new zealand			List of television networks by country	list of television networks by country	This is a list of television networks by country .	Contents 1 Åland Islands 2 Afghanistan 3 Albania 4 Algeria 5 American Samoa 6 Andorra 7 Angola 8 Antarctica 9 Argentina 10 Armenia 11 Aruba 12 Australia 13 Austria 14 Azerbaijan 15 Bahamas 16 Bahrain 17 Bangladesh 18 Barbados 19 Belarus 20 Belgium 21 Belize 22 Benin 23 Bermuda 24 Bhutan 25 Bolivia 26 Bonaire 27 Bosnia and Herzegovina 28 Botswana 29 Brazil 30 British Indian Ocean Territory 31 British Virgin Islands 32 Brunei 33 Bulgaria 34 Burkina Faso 35 Burundi 36 Cambodia 37 Cameroon 38 Canada 38.1 Over-the - air 38.2 Cable & Satellite 39 Cape Verde 40 Cayman Islands 41 Central African Republic 42 Chad 43 Chile 44 China 45 Colombia 46 Comoros 47 Democratic Republic of the Congo 48 Republic of the Congo 49 Cook Islands 50 Costa Rica 51 Croatia 52 Cuba 53 Curaçao 54 Cyprus 55 Czech Republic 56 Denmark 57 Djibouti 58 Dominica 59 Dominican Republic 60 Ecuador 61 Egypt 62 El Salvador 63 Equatorial Guinea 64 Eritrea 65 Estonia 66 Ethiopia 67 Falkland Islands 68 Faroe Islands 69 Fiji 70 Finland 71 France 72 French Guiana 73 French Polynesia 74 French Southern and Antarctic Lands 75 Gabon 76 Gambia 77 Georgia 78 Germany 79 Ghana 80 Gibraltar 81 Greece 82 Greenland 83 Grenada 84 Guadeloupe 85 Guam 86 Guatemala 87 Guinea 88 Guinea - Bissau 89 Guyana 90 Haiti 91 Honduras 92 Hong Kong 93 Hungary 94 Iceland 95 Indonesia 96 Iran 97 Iraq 98 Ireland 99 India 100 Israel 101 Italy 102 Ivory Coast 103 Jamaica 104 Japan 105 Jordan 106 Kazakhstan 107 Kenya 108 Kiribati 109 North Korea 110 South Korea 111 Kosovo 112 Kurdistan 113 Kuwait 114 Kyrgyzstan 115 Laos 116 Latvia 117 Lebanon 118 Lesotho 119 Liberia 120 Libya 121 Liechtenstein 122 Lithuania 123 Luxembourg 124 Macedonia 125 Macau 125.1 Premium channels 126 Madagascar 127 Malawi 128 Malaysia 129 Maldives 130 Mali 131 Malta 132 Marquesas Islands 133 Marshall Islands 134 Martinique 135 Mauritania 136 Mauritius 137 Mayotte 138 Mexico 138.1 Over-the - air 138.2 National TV Broadcast 139 Federated States of Micronesia 140 Midway Islands 141 Moldova 142 Monaco 143 Mongolia 144 Montenegro 145 Montserrat 146 Morocco 147 Mozambique 148 Myanmar 149 Namibia 150 Nauru 151 Nepal 152 Netherlands 153 Netherlands Antilles 154 New Caledonia 155 New Zealand 156 Nicaragua 156.1 National channels 156.2 Local channels 157 Niger 158 Nigeria 159 Niue 160 Northern Mariana Islands 161 Norway 162 Oman 163 Pakistan 164 Palau 165 Palestine 166 Panama 167 Papua New Guinea 168 Paraguay 169 Peru 170 Philippines 171 Pitcairn Islands 172 Poland 173 Portugal 174 Puerto Rico 175 Qatar 176 Réunion 177 Romania 178 Russia 179 Rwanda 180 Saba 181 Saint Barthélemy 182 Saint Kitts and Nevis 183 Saint Lucia 184 Sint Maarten 185 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 186 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 187 Samoa 188 San Marino 189 São Tomé and Príncipe 190 Saudi Arabia 191 Senegal 192 Serbia 193 Seychelles 194 Sierra Leone 195 Singapore 196 Sint Eustatius 197 Slovakia 198 Slovenia 199 Solomon Islands 200 Somalia 201 South Africa 202 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 203 Spain 204 Sri Lanka 205 Sudan 206 South Sudan 207 Suriname 208 Swaziland 209 Sweden 210 Switzerland 211 Syria 212 Taiwan 213 Tajikistan 214 Tanzania 215 Thailand 216 Tibet 217 Timor - Leste 218 Togo 219 Tokelau 220 Tonga 221 Trinidad and Tobago 222 Tristan da Cunha 223 Tunisia 224 Turkey 225 Turkmenistan 226 Turks and Caicos Islands 227 Tuvalu 228 Uganda 229 Ukraine 230 United Arab Emirates 231 United Kingdom 232 United States 232.1 Over-the - air 232.2 Cable & Satellite 233 United States Virgin Islands 234 Uruguay 235 Uzbekistan 236 Vanuatu 237 Vatican City 238 Venezuela 239 Vietnam 240 Wake Island 241 Wallis and Futuna 242 Western Sahara 243 Yemen 244 Zambia 245 Zanzibar 246 Zimbabwe 247 References 248 External links Åland Islands ( edit ) Åland24 TV Åland Afghanistan ( edit ) Main article : List of television channels in Afghanistan RTA TV Ariana TV Tolo TV Tolo Newsflash TV Tamadon TV Metra Television Shamshad TV Pashto TV Zhwandon TV Zan TV Albania ( edit ) Albanian Screen TV Top Channel TV Klan TV Shqiptar ( TVSH ) Vizion Plus Algeria ( edit ) ENTV ( Entreprise Nationale de la Télévision ) Canal Algérie Algérie 3 ( Thalitha TV ) Tamazight TV 4 Coran TV 5 Echorouk TV Ennahar TV El - Djazairia TV American Samoa ( edit ) K34HI ( Fox ) K36GY KJCP - LP KVZK - 2 ( PBS ) KVZK - 4 ( ABC / CBS ) KVZK - 5 ( ABC / CBS ) KKHJ - LP ( NBC ) Andorra ( edit ) ATV ( Andorra Televisió ) Angola ( edit ) TPA ( Televisão Pública de Angola ) TPA1 TPA2 TPA Internacional TV Zimbo ZAP Novelas Antarctica ( edit ) AFAN - TV Argentina ( edit ) América TV Televisión Pública Argentina El Nueve Telefe El Trece Armenia ( edit ) Armenia TV PTA ( Public TV of Armenia ) Aruba ( edit ) ATV Channel 15 Bo Canal 24 TeleAruba Australia ( edit ) ABC ABC1 ABC2 ABC3 ABC News 24 SBS SBS One SBS2 NITV Seven West Media Seven Network 7Two 7mate 7flix Nine Entertainment Co . Nine Network 9Go ! 9Gem 9Life Ten Network Holdings Network Ten Eleven One Austria ( edit ) ORF1 Österreichischer Rundfunk 1 , public broadcaster ORF2 Österreichischer Rundfunk 2 , public broadcaster 3 Sat -- in association with ARD , ZDF and SF ATV Austria TV , first and biggest private broadcaster Puls 4 Second biggest private broadcaster Servus TV Private broadcaster Austria 9 TV Private broadcaster LT1 Linz Television , local broadcaster for Upper Austria Inn - Sat Local broadcaster for Tyrol TW1 / ORF Sport Plus Österreichischer Rundfunk Sport Plus , Sportschannel , public broadcaster Go TV Music Television Station Azerbaijan ( edit ) ANS TV CBC Ictimai TV Idman Azerbaijan Lider TV Space TV Xazar ANTV.WS Azad Azerbaijan AzTV Regional networks Regional TV ( Khachmas City ) Nakhchivan TV ( Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic ) Alternativ ( Ganja ) Kapaz TV ( Ganja ) Dunya TV ( Sumgayit ) Qutb TV ( Quba ) Xayal TV ( Quba ) Mingachevir TV ( Mingachevir ) Canub TV ( Lankaran ) Simurq ( Tovuz ) Aygun TV ( Zagatala ) Bahamas ( edit ) ZNS - TV Bahrain ( edit ) Bahrain TV Bahrain TV Ch. 55 Bahrain TV Sports Geo TV Middle East Marhaba TV Orbit Channel Al Fann ( Orbit ) Al Riyadiyah ( Orbit ) Al Safwah ( Orbit ) Al - Yawm ( Orbit ) America Plus ( Orbit ) Arabic Series Channel ( Orbit ) Cinema 1 ( Orbit ) Cinema 2 ( Orbit ) Cinema City ( Orbit ) Fun Channel ( Orbit ) Hollywood Channel ( Orbit ) MGM ( Orbit ) Music Now ( Orbit ) Orbit - ESPN Sports Orbit Al Oula Orbit Express Shop Orbit Nature Orbit News Orbit Promo Channel Orbit Sports Channel Super Comedy ( Orbit ) Super Movies ( Orbit ) Super Movies + 1 ( Orbit ) TV Max 1 ( Orbit ) TV Max 2 ( Orbit ) TV Max 3 ( Orbit ) TV Max 4 ( Orbit ) STAR TV ( Satellite Television for Asian Region Bahrain ) Channel ( V ) India Channel ( V ) International CNBC Europe Fox Sports ITV Choice Jetix NGA Bahrain National Geographic Channel Bahrain Sky News STAR Gold STAR Movies STAR News STAR One STAR Plus STAR World Bangladesh ( edit ) Main article : List of television stations in Bangladesh btv ntv rtv boishakhi tv Barbados ( edit ) Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation CBC - TV 8 Caribbean Media Corporation CaribVision ( Internationally broadcast ) Public Broadcast Service Discover Barbados TV Cinestream TV Gone Viral TV Gone Viral Music Gone Viral Vogue Gone Viral X-Treme Vamos Viral TV The Beat 104 Tempo TV Belarus ( edit ) See : Television in Belarus Owner Name ( Cyrillic ) Launched Notes Belarus National State Broadcasting Belarus - 1 1956 First national channel Belarus National State Broadcasting Belarus - 2 2003 Second national channel Belarus National State Broadcasting Belarus - 3 2013 Third national channel Belarus National State Broadcasting Belarus - 24 2005 Satellite channel Belarus National State Broadcasting Belarus - 5 2013 Sports channel Belarus National State Broadcasting NTV - Belarus 2006 localized version of NTV ( Russia ) Ministry of Information Belarus - 51 % ; Belarusbank - 29 % ; `` Factory of information technology '' - 20 % ONT ( Агульнанацыянальнае тэлебачаньне ) 2002 localized version of Channel One ( Russia ) Government of Minsk STV ( Сталічнае тэлебачаньне ) News , local affairs of Minsk region , general entertainment Government of Minsk Belarus RTR 2008 localized version of RTR Planeta ( Russia ) MIR State Broadcasting MIR 2003 Telecom - Garant Skif regional television network BelMuzTV Redaction BelMuzTV 2006 localized version of Muz TV ( Russia ) Dobrovidenie VTV 2002 localized version of CTC Media 8 Kanal 8 Kanal ( 8 канал ) 1996 / 2002 General entertainment Telewizja Polska Belsat TV ( Белсат TV ) 10 December 2007 Independent channel This television - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Belgium ( edit ) See : List of television channels in Belgium Name Owner Description Language Availability 2BE VMMa young and alternative channel Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels - Satellite AB3 AB Groupe commercial station French Cable networks in Wallonia , Brussels and Flanders - Satellite AB4 AB Groupe commercial station French Cable networks in Wallonia and Brussels - Satellite Acht ( 8 ) Concentra general entertainment Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels Actua TV Actua TV BVBA political news channel Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels Antenne Centre Regional television of the La Louvière area French Cable networks in Province of Hainaut , city of La Louvière and surroundings ) Arte Belgique Cooperation between RTBF and ARTE Cultural network French Cable networks in Wallonia , Brussels and Flanders - Satellite ATV Regional television of the Antwerp area Dutch Cable networks in Province of Antwerp , Arrondissement of Antwerp AVS Regional television of the Ghent area Dutch Cable networks in Province of East Flanders , Arrondissements of Ghent , Eeklo and Oudenaarde Be 1 Pay TV , formerly Canal + Belgique , with the channels Be 1 , Be 1 + 1 , Be Cine 1 , Be Cine 2 , Be Sport 1 , Be Sport 2 French Cable networks in Wallonia , Brussels and Flanders - ( HD version of Be 1 and Be Sport 1 ) Belgacom TV Belgacom pay - TV with the channels Belgacom 5 , Belgacom 11 , Belgacom 11 + , Belgacom Zoom and Belgacom Kids ( on demand programs ) Dutch / French Belgacom cable network in Flanders , Brussels and Wallonia . Via Calcio Closed down after two seasons broadcasting Italian football competition . Belgacom 11 + launched in July 2012 with extended exclusive football content from UEFA Champions League , Spanish and Portuguese competitions , whilst Belgacom 11 offers free Belgian football competition . Belgacom 5 started January 2012 with exclusive Belgian basketball competition . BRF TV Belgischer Rundfunk Regional public broadcaster for the German - speaking community of Belgium German Cable networks in the German - speaking community and surrounding Walloon municipalities BVN VRT and Nederlandse Publieke Omroep International broadcaster Dutch Satellite Canal C Regional television of the Namur area French Cable networks in Province of Namur , city of Namur and surroundings Canal Z Roularta Media Group finance channel French Cable networks in Wallonia and Brussels Canal Zoom Regional television of the Gembloux area French Cable networks in Province of Namur , city of Gembloux and surroundings Canvas VRT cultural and sports channel Dutch Cable networks in Flanders , Brussels and Wallonia - Satellite - DVB - T in Flanders and Brussels - ( HD version on cable and satellite ) Club RTL RTL Group commercial station French Cable networks in Wallonia , Brussels and Flanders - Satellite - ( HD version on cable ) één VRT Main channel of the Flemish public broadcaster Dutch Cable networks in Flanders , Brussels and Wallonia - Satellite - DVB - T in Flanders and Brussels - ( HD version on cable and satellite ) Euronews news station French , English , German , Italian , Spanish Cable and DVB - T in Wallonia and Brussels ( Only French audio on DVB - T ) Culture7 Arendsoog Culture programming Dutch Cable networks in Flanders , Brussels and Wallonia - ( HD version on cable ) Sport10 Arendsoog Sport channel Dutch Cable networks in Flanders , Brussels and Wallonia - ( HD version on cable ) Focus TV Roularta Media Group Regional television of the Bruges area and the Belgian coast Dutch Cable networks in Province of West Flanders , Arrondissements of Bruges , Ostend , Diksmuide and Veurne JIM VMMa music station Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels - Satellite Kanaal Z Roularta Media Group finance channel Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels La Une RTBF public broadcaster French Cable networks in Wallonia , Brussels and Flanders - Satellite - DVB - T in Wallonia and Brussels - ( HD version on cable ) La Deux RTBF French Cable networks in Wallonia , Brussels and Flanders - Satellite - DVB - T in Wallonia and Brussels - ( HD version on cable ) La Trois RTBF French Cable networks and DVB - T in Wallonia and Brussels - ( HD version on cable ) Life ! TV Life ! TV Broadcasting Company NV Showbizz channel Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels MCM MCM Group music station French Closed down MaTélé Regional television of the Jemelles area French Cable networks in Province of Namur , Arrondissement of Dinant Nickelodeon / MTV VIMN children 's channel / music station Dutch and French Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels - Satellite NoTélé Regional television of the Tournai area French Cable networks in Province of Hainaut , city of Tournai and surroundings op12 VRT daytime children 's network ( as Ketnet ) , after 8 pm : additional VRT - channel Dutch Cable networks in Flanders , Brussels and Wallonia - Satellite - DVB - T in Flanders and Brussels Plug TV RTL Group commercial station French Cable networks in Wallonia , Brussels and Flanders - Satellite - ( HD version on cable ) Prime & Sporting Telenet Telenet pay - TV with the channels Prime Star , Prime Action , Prime Fezztival , Prime Family , Prime Series , Sporting 1 - 8 , Sporting Golf Dutch Telenet cable network in Flanders and Brussels ( Prime Star , Sporting 1 & Sporting 2 in HD ) Ring TV Regional television of the western part of Flemish Brabant Dutch Cable networks in Province of Flemish Brabant , Arrondissement of Halle - Vilvoorde ROB TV Corelio Regional television of the Leuven area Dutch Cable networks in Flemish Brabant , Arrondissement of Leuven RTC Liège Regional television of the Liège area French Cable networks in Province of Liège , city of Liege and surroundings - ( HD version on cable ) RTL TVI RTL Group main channel of commercial TV in Wallonia and Brussels French Cable networks in Wallonia , Brussels and Flanders - Satellite - DVB - T in parts of Wallonia - ( HD version on cable ) RTV Regional television of the Mechelen area and the Campine Dutch Cable networks in Province of Antwerp , Arrondissements of Mechelen and Turnhout Stories Vlamex BVBA Showbizz channel Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels - Satellite Studio 100 TV Studio 100 & Telenet music station for children Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels Télé Bruxelles Regional television of Brussels French Cable networks in Brussels Capital Region , DVB - T in Brussels Télé MB Regional television of the Mons area French Cable networks in Province of Hainaut , city of Mons and surroundings Télé Sambre Regional television of the Charleroi area French Cable networks in Province of Hainaut , city of Charleroi and surroundings Télé Vesdre Regional television of the Verviers area French Cable networks in Province of Liège , city of Verviers and surroundings TV5MONDE see main page International broadcaster French Satellite TV Brussel Regional television of Brussels Dutch Cable networks in the Brussels Capital Region TV Limburg Concentra Regional television of the province of Limburg Dutch Cable networks in Province of Limburg TMF VIMN music station Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels - Satellite TV - Oost Regional television of East - Flanders Dutch Cable networks in Province of East - Flanders , Arrondissement of Aalst , Dendermonde and Sint - Niklaas TVCom Regional television of Walloon Brabant French Cable networks in Province of Walloon Brabant TV Lux TV Lux ASBL Regional television of Belgian Luxembourg French Cable networks in Province of Luxembourg VIER De Vijver Mediaholding mainstream and young channel Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels - Satellite - ( HD version on cable ) vtm VMMa main channel of commercial TV in Flanders and Brussels Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels - Satellite - ( HD version ) VIJF De Vijver Mediaholding channel aimed at women Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels - Satellite - ( HD version on cable ) Vitaya VMMa Lifestyle channel Dutch Cable networks in Flanders and Brussels - Satellite VOO Foot VOO Soccer channel French Cable networks in Wallonia and Brussels WTV Roularta Media Group Regional television of the southern part of West - Flanders Dutch Cable networks in Province of West - Flanders , Arrondissements of Kortrijk , Roeselare , Tielt and Ypres Belize ( edit ) Centaur Cable Network ( Channel 3 Orange Walk ) Great Belize Television ( Channel 5 ) Tropical Vision Limited ( Channel 7 ) Krem Television ( Channel 15 terrestrial and cable ) Love Belize Television ( cable only ) Benin ( edit ) BB - 24 ( Benin Business 24 ) ORTB Canal 3 Monde Eden TV Benin LC2 International Evangelique TV La Beninoise TV Sikka TV TV Carrefour La Flamme Bermuda ( edit ) Bermuda Broadcasting Company ZFB - TV ( ABC / BBCWN ) 7 - Hamilton , Bermuda ZBM - TV ( CBS ) 9 - Hamilton VSB - TV ( NBC ) 11 - Hamilton BBC World News Bhutan ( edit ) BBS - TV ( Bhutan Broadcasting Service ) Bolivia ( edit ) Activa TV ATB Red Nacional Bolivisión ( Canal 4 ) Red A.D. Venir Internacional Red P.A.T. Red Uno de Bolivia SET ( Sony Entertainment TV Latin America ) Televisión Boliviana Televisión Católica TV Boliviana Internacional Unitel ( Canal 9 Santa Cruz ) Cadena A Megavision Univalle TV Bonaire ( edit ) Flamingo Broadcasting Network N.V. ( FBN ) TV11 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) Alternativna TV Animal Planet Balkanika Music TV Balkanmedia TV BHT 1 BN TV Boomerang BosTel Cartoon Network Discovery Channel Discovery Home & Health Discovery Real Time Disney XD Disney Channel Disney Junior Eurosport Eurosport Eurosport 2 Euronews Extreme Sports History Channel Motors TV Mreza Plus MTV Adria MTV Base MTV Dance MTV Hits MTV Rocks NASN National Geographic Channel Nickelodeon Nick Jr . NTV Hayat OBN ( Open Broadcast Network ) Pink Bosnia & Herzegovina RTRS Banja Luka Svet Plus TCM Travel Channel TV Mostar TVUSK VH1 VH1 Classic Vikom TV Botswana ( edit ) Botswana TV Botswana TV 2 Bleesing TV Access TV Khuduga HD Brazil ( edit ) See : Television in Brazil Ranking Network Founder Currently Bills # 1 Globo Roberto Marinho Roberto Irineu Marinho Membership Chairman # 2 RecordTV Paulo Machado de Carvalho Edir Macedo Edir Macedo 90 % and Ester Bezerra 10 % # 3 SBT Silvio Santos Silvio Santos # 4 Band João Jorge Saad Johnny Saad 1999 -- present # 5 RedeTV ! Amilcare Dallevo and Marcelo de Carvalho Amilcare Dallevo and Marcelo de Carvalho 50 % each # 6 Cultura Assis Chateaubriand Marcos Mendonça Belongs to Fundação Padre Anchieta . Owner Government of the State of São Paulo # 7 Gazeta Emílio Garrastazu Médici Fundação Cásper Líbero # 8 Record News Edir Macedo Luiz Claudio Costa British Indian Ocean Territory ( edit ) Armed Forces Radio and Television Service British Virgin Islands ( edit ) ITC ( Information TV Channel ) BBC World News Brunei ( edit ) RTB1 RTB2 RTB3 RTB4 International RTB5 Bulgaria ( edit ) See : List of television stations in Bulgaria Burkina Faso ( edit ) RTB - www.rtb.bf ( Radio Television du Burkina ) - Public RTB2 - www.rtb.bf ( Radio Television du Burkina ) - Public , Regional SMTV ( Sport & Music Television ) - Private Canal 3 - www.canal3bf.com ( Canal 3 Burkina ) - Private CVK ( Canal Viim Koega ) - Christian TVZ Africa - Private BF1 ( La télé qui ose ) - Private Burundi ( edit ) RTNB ( Radiodiffusion et Télévision Nationale du Burundi ) Cambodia ( edit ) Bayon TV CTV 9 ( Cambodia ) CTN ( Cambodia TV Network ) CTN International TV5 Cambodia TVK TV3 Cambodia Apsara TV MyTV ( Cambodia ) SEATV ( Southeast Asia Television ) Cameroon ( edit ) CRTV ( Cameroon Radio and Television ) STV 1 STV 2 CANAL2 INTERNATIONAL Liberty TV ( Liberty Ministry International ) KCBS TV ( KUMBA CITY BROADCASTING SERVICE ) Equinoxe TV LTM TV Canada ( edit ) Over-the - air ( edit ) See : List of Canadian television networks Cable & Satellite ( edit ) See : List of Canadian television channels Cape Verde ( edit ) RTC ( Rádio e Televisão de Cabo Verde ) Cayman Islands ( edit ) Cayman 27 Island 24 Discover Cayman Info Channel C3 LIME Logic WestStar Central African Republic ( edit ) Central African Republic Communications Télé Centrafrique Chad ( edit ) Télé Tchad Ennahar TV Chad Chile ( edit ) See : List of Chilean television channels China ( edit ) See : List of Chinese - language television channels Colombia ( edit ) ABN ( Avivamiento Broadcasting Network ) Body Channel Cadena Uno Canaan TV Canal 13 ( Teve Andina ) Canal A Canal Capital Canal del Humor Canal Institucional Canal TRO Canal Uno Caracol TV Caracol TV Internacional Cinema + Citytv Bogotá CMB TV CNC ( Canal Noti Colombia ) Cosmovision Cristovisión Despecho TV El Kanal Gran Hermano Guasca TV Hallmark Channel Latin America Humor Channel K Music Radiola TV RCN TV TV Colombia Nuestra Tele Noticias 24 Horas Señal Colombia SET ( Sony Entertainment TV Latin America ) Telea Teleantioquia Telecafé Telecaribe Telepacífico Televida Colombia TV Agro TV Prensa Comoros ( edit ) ORTC ( Office de Radio Télévision des Comores ) Parabole Comores GRTV ( Office de Radio Télévision des mbeni Comores ) Democratic Republic of the Congo ( edit ) RNTC ( Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise ) Canal Tropical TV ( Tropicana TV ) Bethlem Tv - radio ( Office de Radio - Télévision de Seleani Comores - http://www.seleani.com ) Karthala Tv - radio ( Office de Radio - Télévision de Karthala Comores - http://www.seleani.com ) RTCT ( Radio Télévision Caummunautaire Tayna ) DiaspoRDC Digital Congo Canal CVV International KinWeb TV RTVS 1 ( Le Congo a travels le monde ) Tele 50 RTGA @ Groupe L'Avenir B - One TV Republic of the Congo ( edit ) RTC ( Radiodiffusion Télévision Congolaise ) Top TV DRTV International Cook Islands ( edit ) CITV ( Cook Islands Television ) Costa Rica ( edit ) Canal 19 San Jose Conexión TV - Canal 2 Cristovisión - Canal 31 Enlace TBN Extra TV 42 FCN ( Family Christian Network ) Mega Hits - Canal 38 Repretel ( Canal 11 ) Repretel ( Canal 4 ) Repretel ( Canal 6 ) Sinart - Canal 13 Spectamerica Televisión - Canal 9 University of Costa Rica Canal 15 TBN Enlace Juvenil Telecatólica - Canal 48 Telefides Telepaz - Canal 52 Teletica - Canal 7 TV Catolica - Canal 46 Tv33magazine VM Latino - Canal 29 Croatia ( edit ) See : Television in Croatia Cuba ( edit ) Canal Habana Canal Educativo Canal Educativo 2 Cubavisión Cubavision International - overseas broadcasts Tele Rebelde TeleSUR Curaçao ( edit ) TeleCuraçao TV 11 HIT TV Cyprus ( edit ) Al - Hayat - Life in the Word Alfa TV ANT1 Cyprus BBC World News Bayrak TV BTV CyprusDirect.tv Extra TV FETV ( Far East TV ) Globe Documentaries Channel Home & Travel Kibris Genc TV Lumiere TV METV ( Middle East Television ) Mega Channel Cyprus Nicosia Race Club RIK Ena RIK Duo RIK Sat SAT 7 SAT 7 Pars Sigma TV Sigma Sports Telestar TV Czech Republic ( edit ) ČT1 ( Česká televize ) Česká televize 1 / Jednička , public broadcaster ČT2 ( Česká televize ) Česká televize 2 / Dvojka , public broadcaster ( documentary channel ) ČT24 ( Česká televize ) Česká televize 24 / Čtyřiadvacítka , public broadcaster ( news channel ) ČT4 ( Česká televize ) Česká televize 4 / Čtyřka , public broadcaster ( sport channel ) TV Prima ( TV Prima ) Televize Prima , private broadcaster Prima Cool ( TV Prima ) Prima COOL , private broadcaster ( films and series ) TV R1 ( TV Prima ) R1 televize , private broadcaster ( regional news ) TV Nova ( TV Nova ) Televize Nova , private broadcaster Nova Cinema ( TV Nova ) Nova Cinema , private broadcaster ( films and series ) Nova Sport ( TV Nova ) Nova Sport , private broadcaster ( sport channel - Pay TV ) Czech - Slovak MTV ( TV Nova ) Česko - Slovenská MTV , private broadcaster ( music channel - Pay TV ) Barrandov TV ( Barrandov Studios ) Televize Barrandov , private broadcaster Óčko ( MAFRA ) Óčko , private broadcaster ( music channel ) Z1 TV ( J&T Media Enterprises ) Televize Z1 , private broadcaster ( news / economic channel ) Public TV ( PublicCom ) Televize Public , private broadcaster ( lifestyle channel ) TV Noe ( TELEPACE ) Televize Noe , catholic church ( Christian channel ) Other see there : List of TV networks in the Czech Republic Denmark ( edit ) 24 Nordjyske 6eren Canal+ Sport Danmark Canal+ Sport HD Skandinavien Dantoto Racing Discovery Channel ( Danmark ) DK 4 DK 4 Sport DR1 DR2 DR3 DR Ramasjang DR Ultra DR K ECTV ( Eurasian Christian Television ) Hallmark Channel Scandilux Kanal 4 Kanal 5 Kanal 5 HD MTV Denmark SBS Net Silver HD National Geographic Channel Denmark The Voice TV Danmark TV 2 Charlie TV 2 Danmark TV 2 Film TV 2 News TV 2 Sport TV 2 Zulu TV3+ TV 3 Danmark Djibouti ( edit ) Radio Television of Djibouti Dominica ( edit ) DBC ( Dominica Broadcasting Corporation ) Marpin Telecoms & Broadcasting Dominican Republic ( edit ) Ame 47 Canal 47 Antena 21 Antena Latina - Canal 7 Aster TV Canal 8 Cana TV Canal 25 - Canal 25 Carivision International CDN ( Cadena de Noticias ) CERTV - Corporacion Estatal Radio Television - Canal 4 Color Vision ( Canal 9 ) Coral 39 - Canal 39 Digital 15 Isla Vision - Canal 53 MegaVision - Canal 43 Micro Vision - Canal 10 Quisqueya TV Santo Domingo TV Sport Vision 35 TV Supercanal 33 - Canal 33 Supercanal Caribe Super TV 55 - Canal 55 TeleAntillas - Canal 2 Tele Canal - Telecentro - Canal 13 Telefuturo - Canal 23 Telemicro Canal 5 Telesistema - Canal 11 Tele Union - Canal 45 Teleuniverso TU ( Teleuniverso ) - Canal 29 TRA - Tele Radio America - Canal 45 Vegateve Virus Television - Canal 20 Yuna Vision Ecuador ( edit ) Canal 1 Ecuador Canal 1 Internacional Ecuavisa Ecuavisa Internacional ECTV ( Ecuador ) Gama TV Hallmark Channel Latin America RTS Ecuador TC Television Teleamazonas Teleamazonas Internacional Telecuador TeleSUR Unsion TV Zaracay TV Canal 5 Egypt ( edit ) Aghapy TV Al Nas TV Al Nire Al Omma Al Qiethara Satellite Channel Al Tanweer Cultural Channel Al Wasta Al Watan Al Arabi Apu TV CBC TV CBC DRAMA TV CBC EXTRA Dream 1 Dream 2 Al Nahar TV Al Nahar Drama ERTU ERTU 1 ( Al - Oula ) ERTU 2 ( Al - Thania ) ERTU 3 ( Greater Cairo ) ERTU 4 ( Suez Canal Cities ) ERTU 5 ( Alexandria ) ERTU 6 ( Central Delta ) ERTU 7 ( North Upper Egypt ) ERTU 8 ( South Upper Egypt ) ERTU Health & Population Hi TV Mara 7 Mazzika Mazzika Zoom Melody Aflam Melody Arabia Melody Hits TV Melody Tunes Nile Channel Nile Al Manarah Channel Nile Culture Nile Drama Nile Educational Nile Entertainment ( Nile Variety ) Nile Family + Kids Nile High Education Channel Nile News Nile Sports Nile Sports Super Nile TV International OTV ( Orascom Television ) Sharm TV Tamima TV Tasliya TV Yallabina TV Alhayat Tv Alhayat Tv 2 Alhayat Musalsalat Modern Sport Modern Sport 2 Modern Masr Time Quran El Salvador ( edit ) Telecorporacion Salvadoreña channels 2 , 4 , 6 and 35 Grupo Megavision Channels 17 , 19 , 21 , Canal 12 Canal 23 TVE channel 10 Agape Channel 8 TBN channel 35 Equatorial Guinea ( edit ) Radio Nacional de Guinea Equatorial Asonga TV Eritrea ( edit ) Eri - TV Estonia ( edit ) See : Television in Estonia Ethiopia ( edit ) EBC 1 EBC 2 EBC 3 EBS TV kana TV NAHOO TV JTV TV oromia TV Amhara TV Tigray TV ESTV TV Fana Broadcast Corporate TV / Walta TV ENN TV South nations and nationality TV Falkland Islands ( edit ) KTV BFBS TV 1 BFBS TV 2 ( Mount Pleasant base area only ) BBC World News Faroe Islands ( edit ) Kringvarp Føroya Fiji ( edit ) Fiji One Fiji Television Sky Entertainment ( SKY Pacific ) FBC TV Mai TV Finland ( edit ) Canal+ Finland Canal+ Sport Finland Canal+ Sport HD Skandinavien Hallmark Channel Scandilux Jim ( Former Nelonen Plus ) Nelonen Prime MTV Finland MTV3 ( Mainos - TV ) - commercial station MTV Fakta MTV Max Nelonen ( Channel Four Finland ) - commercial station Silver HD Sub ( TV channel ) MTV Juniori MTV Leffa Kutonen Toto TV Nelonen Pro1 Nelonen Pro 2 Yleisradio ( Yle , Finnish Broadcasting Company ) - state broadcaster Yle TV1 Yle TV2 Yle Fem Yle Teema TV Finland France ( edit ) See : List of television stations in France French Guiana ( edit ) Most channels from the France are available in French Guiana . ACG ( Antenne Creole Guyane ) Canal+ Guyane France Ô RFO Télé Guyane French Polynesia ( edit ) Canal+ Polynesie France Ô RFO Polynésie TNTV ( Tahiti Nui Television ) French Southern and Antarctic Lands ( edit ) Parabole Mayotte Gabon ( edit ) Africa1 Radio Bethel Radio Bonne Nouvelle RTG1 ( Radio Télévision Gabonaise 1 ) RTG2 ( Radio Télévision Gabonaise 2 ) Radio Television Nazareth TeleAfrica TV+ RTN Gambia ( edit ) GRTS ( Gambia Radio & Television Service ) Georgia ( edit ) N1 News Channel OF Georgia - Palitranews Alania TV Adjara TV GPB ( Georgian Public Broadcasting ) Imedi TV MZE TV Rustavi 2 Germany ( edit ) See : List of television stations in Germany Ghana ( edit ) Multi TV Christian Entertainment TV Crystal TV GTV ( Ghana ) Metro TV ( Metropolitan Entertainment TV ) TV Africa TV3 NET2 TV Media TV U TV ( United TV ) TopTV ( Ghana ) Viasat1 TV GHone TV Kantanka Tv Adom Tv GTV Govement Homebase Top Tv Light Tv Net2 tv E Tv Max Tv GBC24 GTV life GTV Sport Obononu Tv Family Tv Agoo Tv Ajazeera Atinka Tv Tv7 Pralse Tv 4Syte Tv Fire Tv Oceans Tv Smile Angel Tv Joy Prime FD Guide Tv BOC Tv 7 Plus France 24 - France Sports24 Faith Tv SpyderLee Ent Tv KFM Tv Star Tv Campus Tv ATV EBN BTA Rhema Tv wise TV Gibraltar ( edit ) Diva Futura Channel Diva Futura Live Diva Futura Plus Diva Futura Sex Diva Futura TV GBC Television ( Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation ) Traumgirls TV BBC World News Greece ( edit ) See : Television in Greece Greenland ( edit ) KNR ( Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa ) TV Nutaaq Grenada ( edit ) GBN TV ( Grenada Broadcasting Network ) Gayelle - The Channel Guadeloupe ( edit ) AWA CSTV ( Caribbean Sky Satellite TV ) AWA Junior AWA Music Canal+ Antilles France Ô RFO Télé Guadeloupe Guam ( edit ) KUAM - TV 8 ( NBC ) KGTF 12 ( PBS ) KTGM 14 ( ABC ) KEQI - LP 22 ( IND ) KTKB - LP 26 ( IND ) K28HS 28 K30HB 30 K32GB 32 K36GJ 36 Guatemala ( edit ) VHF Canal 3 ( Albavision ) Canal 5 TV Maya Canal 7 Televisiete ( Albavision ) Canal 9 TV Congreso ( Off air ) Canal 11 Tele - Once ( Albavision ) Canal 13 Trecevisión ( Albavision ) UHF Canal 19 Albanoticias - mirrored - ( Albavision ) Canal 21 Enlace Canal 23 Albanoticias ( Albavision ) Canal 25 Guatevision Canal 27 El canal de la Esperanza Canal 31 TV Azteca Guatemala Canal 33 TV USAC Canal 35 TV Azteca Guatemala Canal 37 Telecentro - mirrored - ( Albavision ) Canal 41 Telecentro ( Albavision ) Canal 61 Enlace Juvenil Canal 63 Televisión Arquidiocesana Canal 65 Family TV Satellite 18 - 50 TV Canal Antigua Vea Canal Guatevision Guatemala do n't have a digital terrestrial standard yet , but it seems that ISDB - T it will be the norm . Albavision used to broadcast for 4 years in the ATSC norm on channel 19 HDTV , but is back to analog on that same frequency . Guinea ( edit ) Radio Télévision Guinéenne ( RTG ) Guinea - Bissau ( edit ) EM TV ( EM TV Guinea - Bissau ) Guyana ( edit ) Guyana TV Btv 2 Cns 6 Wrhm 7 Dtv 8 Hbtv 9 Ncn 11 Rbs13 Mtv14 Hgptv 16 Ntn 18 Hjtv 21 Tvg 28 GUYANA LEARNING CHANNEL 29 Wrhm 38 Mbc 42 Skartv 46 Haiti ( edit ) TQ ( Tele Quisqueya ) TNH ( Télévision Nationale d'Haïti ) Tele L.J.S ( Saint - Marc , Haiti ) Honduras ( edit ) Televisión Educativa Nacional , TEN Canal 10 CampusTV Honduras Canal 59.1 el primer canal digital en alta definición Canal 11 Honduras CANAL 48 - El Canal de la Solidaridad Canal 5 El Líder CBC Canal 6 Internacional JBN ( Jesus Broadcasting Network ) Maya TV SOTEL Canal 11 Telecadena ( 7 & 4 ) Telesistema Hondureno CCI Channel RTV Honduras Hong Kong ( edit ) See : List of television stations in Hong Kong Hungary ( edit ) See : List of television stations in Hungary Iceland ( edit ) See : List of Icelandic television channels Sony Indonesia ( edit ) See : List of TV Stations in Indonesia National free - to - air television channel : TVRI RCTI MNCTV ( formerly Televisi Pendidikan Indonesia ( TPI ) ) SCTV ANTV TV Edukasi Spacetoon Spacetoon 2 Indosiar Trans TV Trans 7 Global TV TVOne formerly LATIVI Metro TV NET . iNews TV RTV Kompas TV Others : Ar - Rahman TV Astro Network Astro Aruna Astro Awani Astro Ceria Astro Kirana Astro Xpresi Crime and Investigation Network Asia Eurosport Asia History Channel Asia i Music Channel iTV Indonesia JTV ( Jawa Televisi ) Metro Papua TV MNC ( Media Nusantara Citra ) MQTV ( Manajemen Qolbu Televisi ) MTV Indonesia Nat Geo Adventure Asia Pacific TV Anugerah Prima Q Channel Star TV ( Satellite Television for Asian Region Indonesia ) BabyTV Channel ( V ) International ESPN Asia Fox Crime Asia Fox News FX Asia Nat Geo Adventure National Geographic Channel Phoenix Chinese Television Phoenix Infonews Sky News Star Movies Star News Star Plus Star Sports Star World Xing Kong Iran ( edit ) See : List of Persian - language television channels AFN TV Amoozesh TV Network Andisheh TV Appadana International Arya TV Azadi TV Azarbayjan - e Gharbi TV Azarbayjan - e Sharghi TV Baran TV Channel One Channel Two Didar Global TV EBC. 1 Esfahan TV Fars TV Jaam - e Jam International IPN Call Shop TV Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4 Farsi 1 GALA TV Gem TV Tehran TV Homa TV IRINN Iranian Cinema Channel Iran Music ITN1 ITN2 IRIB Quran IRIB World Service Jaam - e Jam Jame - Jam TV Network 1 Jame - Jam TV Network 2 Jame - Jam TV Network 3 Kerman TV Khorasan TV Khozestan TV Live Channel Markazi TV Mazandaran TV Mohajer International TV MTC Nejat TV New Channel TV OITN Omid - e-Iran OITN PBC Tapesh Tapesh 2 Music Channel Press TV Pars TV Payam TV PEN PMC Persian News Network ( PNN ) Rang - a-Rang TV Sahar ( TV station ) Salaam TV Simaye Azadi Iran National TV Tamasha International Network VoA TV Persian Yazd TV Your TV Iraq ( edit ) Rudaw Media Network - Rudaw.net Ahlulbayt Satellite Channel - Ahlulbayt.tv Al - Baghdadia TV Al Babilya TV Al Fayhaa TV Al Furat TV Al Iraqiya ( Iraqi Media Network ) Al Iraqiya 2 Al Iraqiya 3 Sports Al Hurria TV Al Mirbad TV Al Nahrain TV ( IMN Southern Region ) Al Nasr TV Al Qiethara Satellite Channel Al Rafiden TV Al Sharqiya Al Sumaria Al Shaabya AldiyarSat Al Forat Network Al - Masar TV Al - Rafidaen TV Al - Zawraa TV Ashur TV Baghdad Satellite Channel Beladi TV Ishtar TV Karbala TV Sana TV STAR TV ( Satellite Television for Asian Region Iraq ) Channel ( V ) India Channel ( V ) International Fox News Channel Fox Sports ITV Choice Jetix Nat Geo Adventure Iraq National Geographic Adventure Iraq Sky News Star Movies Star News Star World Türkmeneli TV Ireland ( edit ) Most channels from the United Kingdom are available in Ireland . Animal Planet Ireland BBC Northern Ireland Bloomberg TV Europe Boomerang Europe Cartoon Network 3e - independent station Channel 9 -- Community channel in Derry City Channel -- independent station in Dublin CNBC Europe CNN International ( Europe / MiddleEast / Africa ) Cúla 4 -- Irish speaking children 's channel Discovery Channel Ireland E4 EuroNews Eurosport Fox TV MGM Movies IRL National Geographic Channel Europe NVTV -- Community channel in Belfast ( Northern Visions Television ) RLO TV Radio Telefís Éireann ( RTÉ ) - Public Service broadcaster ( Website : http://www.rte.ie/ ) RTÉ One RTÉ Two RTÉ News Now RTÉjr Setanta Sports 1 Setanta Sports 2 Setanta Sports Golf Setanta Sports Ireland Setanta Sports News Sky ( BSkyB - satellite network ) Sky Movies Sky1 Sky Sports TG4 ( Irish language semi-independent station ) TMC Europe TV3 - independent station ( Website : http://www.tvthree.ie/ ) Viacom Ireland MTV Rocks MTV Base MTV Dance MTV Hits MTV Nick Jr . Nickelodeon Ireland Paramount Comedy Ireland VH1 VH1 Classic UTV - part of the ITV network note : BBC NI and UTV are based in Northern Ireland , RTÉ and TV3 in the Republic of Ireland . However all four are available to most viewers throughout the island of Ireland , with UTV now accepting advertising from the Republic and targeting some of its programmes specifically at viewers in the Republic . Access to the Republic 's stations ( but in particular TG4 ) in Northern Ireland was a requirement of the Good Friday Agreement peace deal in 1998 , but this has yet to be fully implemented ( mainly due to frequency spectrum issues ) . India ( edit ) See : Lists of television stations in India Israel ( edit ) See : List of Israeli television channels Italy ( edit ) See : List of television channels in Italy Ivory Coast ( edit ) La Première - www.lapremiere.ci - ( Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirienne RTI ) TV2 - www.tv2.ci - ( Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirienne RTI ) TAM - TAM TV - www.tamtam-tv.com - ( Private TV ) Jamaica ( edit ) See : List of Caribbean television channels Japan ( edit ) See also : Television in Japan NHK ( Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai ) Nippon News Network ( NNN ) Japan News Network ( JNN ) Fuji News Network ( FNN ) All - Nippon News Network ( ANN ) TV Tokyo Network ( TXN ) Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations ( JAITS ) Jordan ( edit ) Al Hakeka TV AldiyarSat ATV ( Al Ghad Television ) DJ Music TV JRTV ( Al Ordoniyah ) Mersal TV Moon Sat TV Smarts Way Channel STAR TV ( Satellite Television for Asian Region Jordan ) Channel ( V ) India Channel ( V ) International Fox News Channel Fox Sports ITV Choice Jetix Nat Geo Adventure Jordan National Geographic Adventure Jordan Sky News Star Movies Star News Star One Star Plus Star World Super Tech TV WTV ( Watan TV ) Josat TV Toyor al Jannah Toyor baby Kazakhstan ( edit ) Main article : Media of Kazakhstan CaspioNet Astana Channel 31 Khabar TV KTK ( Kommerceskiyi Televizioniyi Kanal ) NTK - TV Hit tv Rakhat TV Kazakhstan 1 Nickelodeon Russia Muzzone Tantv Kenya ( edit ) Citizen TV Family TV Kenya KBC ( Kenya Broadcasting Corporation ) Kenya Live TV KTN ( Kenya Television Network ) NTV Kenya UTV Brainsworth TV QTV Kiss TV GBS ( Good News Broadcasting System ) Sayare TV ( Sauti Ya Rehema ) Kass TV Inooro TV K24 Kiribati ( edit ) Kiribati TV Sky Pacific North Korea ( edit ) Kaesong Television KCTV ( Korean Central Television ) Korean Educational and Cultural Network MBS ( Mansudae TV Broadcasting Station ) South Korea ( edit ) See : List of Korean broadcasting networks Kosovo ( edit ) Radio Television of Kosovo Kurdistan ( edit ) AsoSat Badinan Sat Çira TV Gali Kurdistan Hawler TV Jamawar Kurdistan Kanal 4 KNN TV Kirkuk TV Komala TV Komar TV Korek TV Kurd 1 Kurd Channel Kurdistan TV KurdMax KurdMax Pepule Kurdistan Parliament Channel Kurdsat Med Muzik Med Nûçe Newroz TV NRT TV NRT 2 Pelistank TV Payam TV Roj TV Rojhelat TV Ronahi TV Rudaw TV Speda TV Sterk TV Tishk TV Vin TV Waar TV Zagros TV Zaro TV Zarok TV Kuwait ( edit ) Al Anwar Al Mishkat Channel Al Naser Club Alafasy TV Alrai TV Al - Watan TV Al - Resalah Satellite TV Bahry TV Channel 4 Teen Geo TV Middle East Ghiras TV KTV ( Kuwait Television ) KTV1 Kuwait KTV2 Kuwait KTV3 Kuwait KTV4 Kuwait Kuwait Space Channel Layalina TV Qubat Al Parlaman Channel STAR TV ( Satellite Television for Asian Region Kuwait ) Channel ( V ) India Channel ( V ) International Fox News Channel Fox Sports ITV Choice Jetix Nat Geo Adventure Kuwait National Geographic Adventure Kuwait Sky News Star Movies Star News Star World Taiba TV Kyrgyzstan ( edit ) KOORT ( Kyrgyz Television ) KTR ( Kyrgyz Television ) Mezon TV ( Kyrgyz Regional Television ) NBT ( Kyrgyz Television ) EL TR ( Kyrgyz Television ) OSH TV ( Kyrgyz Regional Television ) OSH3000 TV ( Kyrgyz Regional Television ) Star TV ( Satellite Television for Asian Region Kyrgyzstan ) Channel ( V ) International Fox News Channel Nat Geo Adventure National Geographic Channel Kyrgyzstan Sky News Star Movies Star World TV Piramida ( Kyrgyz Television ) Laos ( edit ) LNTV ( Lao National TV ) Latvia ( edit ) See : List of Latvian television channels Lebanon ( edit ) Al Jadeed Al Jadeed Local Al Jadeed Sat Al Jadeed USA & Australia Al Manar Al Manar Terrestrial Al Manar Sat Al Mayadeen News TV Al - Zahra TV ATC ( Arab Tourism Channel ) ETV ( Entertainment TV ) Fashion TV Arabiya ( Ceased ) Future TV Future TV Terrestrial Future TV International Future TV America & Australia Future News ( Ceased ) Zёn TV ( Ceased ) Heya TV Rotana LBC Sat Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation LBC Europe LBC America LBC Australia LBC Sub Saharian Africa LBC WOW ( Ceased ) LBC Plus ( Ceased ) LBC C33 ( Ceased ) LBC Nagham Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation Nagham ( Ceased ) LBCI LBCI Drama LBCI News LBCI HD LDC Mlive Morico TV Shopping ( Ceased ) MTC ( Music Time Channel ) ( Ceased ) Murr Television Murr Television Local Murr Television Al Loubnaniya ( Sat ) Murr Television HD National Broadcasting Network Orange TV Télé Liban Télé Liban Terrestrial Télé Liban Sat Charity TV Télé Lumière Noursat Noursat Shabab Noursat Kids Plus , a wide variety of pay television channels from Orbit Showtime , ADD , Cablevision , Econet , Digitek ... Lesotho ( edit ) LTV ( Lesotho Television ) PHCL Christian TV Liberia ( edit ) Liberia Broadcasting System ( LBS ) LNTV Liberia Libya ( edit ) Libya TV Libya Alhurra TV Libya Awalan TV Alnabaa Liechtenstein ( edit ) See : List of German - language television channels Lithuania ( edit ) See : List of Lithuanian television channels 5 Kanalas LTV1 ( Lietuvos TV ) LTV2 ( Lietuvos TV ) LNK BTV Pervy Baltiysky Kanal Lithuania Tango TV TV1 Lithuania TV3 Lietuva TV4 Lithuania Pony Pals Luxembourg ( edit ) Astra HDTV Astra Mosaic Chamber TV - owned by Chambre des Députés in Luxembourgish and French ( website : http://www.chd.lu/ ) DOK - a nationwide public access channel ( website : http://www.dok.lu/ ) Footschool TV Hallmark Channel Scandilux Liberty TV Luxe TV NFM - TV News , Fashion & Music Nordliicht TV - a regional programme for the North of Luxembourg ( website : http://www.nordliicht.lu/ ) RTL Group Club RTL - owned by RTL Group in French ( website : http://www.rtl.be/ ) Den 2ten RTL - owned by RTL Group in Luxembourgish ( website : http://www.rtl.lu/ ) RTL4 - owned by RTL Group in Dutch ( website : http://www.rtl.nl/ ) RTL5 - owned by RTL Group in Dutch ( website : http://www.rtl.nl/ ) RTL7 - owned by RTL Group in Dutch ( website : http://www.rtl.nl/ ) RTL8 - owned by RTL Group in Dutch ( website : http://www.rtl.nl/ ) RTL9 - owned by RTL Group in French ( website : http://www.rtl9.com/ ) RTL II - owned by RTL Group in German ( website : http://www.rtl2.de/ ) RTL Shop - owned by RTL Group in German ( website : http://www.rtlshop.de/ ) RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg - owned by RTL Group in Luxembourgish ( website : http://www.rtl.lu/ ) RTL Television - owned by RTL Group in German ( website : http://www.rtl.de/ ) RTL TVI - owned by RTL Group in French ( website : http://www.rtl.be/ ) Super RTL - owned by RTL Group in German ( website : http://www.superrtl.de/ ) Satmode Tele 2 TTV - owned by Tele 2 in Luxembourgish , French and German ( website : http://www.ttv.lu/ ) Uelzecht Kanal - a regional programme for Esch - Uelzecht ( website : http://www.uelzechtkanal.lu/ ) Macedonia ( edit ) Alsat M ( Albanian - language TV channel ) Balkanika Music TV BOM ( Best of Macedonia ) BTR Sat ( roma - language TV channel broadcasting in Skopje ) Channel 5 www.kanal5.com.mk ( third most watched channel who got the national concession just in 2005 ) K - 15 TV MKTV Sat MTV - Parliament Channel MTV 1 and MTV2 www.mrtv.com.mk ( the national channels , until 2003 / 2004 MTV2 used to be just about the same like MTV1 and the Parliament Channel used to be titled MTV3 and was intended for the minorities living in Macedonia . Back in 2003 / 2004 MTV3 transformed into MTV2 and MTV2 was retitled as Parliament Channel , having broadcast only the National Parliament discussions ) . MTV Adria Orbis TV ( local TV station from Bitola ) SITEL www.sitel.com.mk ( second most watched channel ) Telma www.telma.com.mk ( Telma is fourth privately owned national channel in R. of Macedonia ) TV Koha Macedonia ( Albanian - language TV channel ) TV Sutel ( roma - language TV channel broadcasting in Skopje ) TV Intel Strumica Macau ( edit ) In 1 - flagship free - to - air terrestrial television stations and 2 - flagship analog free - to - air terrestrial television channels in Hong Kong such Teledifusão de Macau ( TDM ; 澳門廣播電視股份有限公司 ( 澳門廣播電視 , 澳門廣視 ) ) is a Macau flagship free - to - air terrestrial television stations and 2 - flagship analog free - to - air terrestrial television channels in Macau such : TDM - 1 ( 澳視 1 台華文頻道 ) in Cantonese flagship free - to - air terrestrial television channel on UHF in normally tuned to 30 by the analog & 91 by the digital . TDM - 2 ( 澳視 2 台葡文頻道 ) in Portuguese flagship free - to - air terrestrial television channel on UHF in normally tuned to 32 by the analog & 92 by the digital . Channel No ( Analog ) Channel No ( Digital ) Channel Name ( English ) Channel Name ( Chinese ) Channel content Language Transmission Format Status Launch Date Licence 30 ( UHF ) 91 TDM - 1 澳視 1 台華文頻道 Cantonese Free - to - air Cantonese Analog & Digital SDTV Terrestrial ( 1990 - 09 - 17 ) 17 September 1990 ( age 27 ) TDM 32 ( UHF ) 92 TDM - 2 澳視 2 台葡文頻道 Portuguese Free - to - air Portuguese Premium channels ( edit ) Macau Asia Satellite Television ( MASTV ) 澳亞衛視 Lotus TV Macau ( LOTUS ) 澳門蓮花衞視 Fung Fu Television ( FFTV ) 功夫衛視 China Satellite Television ( CSTV ) 中華衛視 NewSky Satellite Television ( NewSky ) 新天衛視 Confucius Television ( KZTV ) 孔子衛視 Madagascar ( edit ) MaTV ( Maeva 7 TV ) MBS ( Malagasy Broadcasting System ) RTA ( Radio Television Analamanga ) TV Malagasy ( Radio Télévision Malagasy ) TVF ( Televiziona Fialamboly ) OTV Viva ( Viva television ) Record ( Radio television record ) Malawi ( edit ) Malawi Broadcasting Corporation Prophetic Channel http://www.prophetic.live Malaysia ( edit ) See : List of Malaysian television stations TV1 TV2 TV3 TV Alhijrah NTV7 8TV TV9 TVi ( available on Astro channel 109 only & MYTV channel 110 ) Bernama News Channel ( available on Astro channel 502 & UniFi channel 120 only ) TVMelayu Maldives ( edit ) VTV DhiTV Television Maldives Raajje TV Sun TV DhiPlus SanguTV Channel 13 Channel One Channel 9 D 24 MVTV Al ` Kaun Majlis ICE TV Mali ( edit ) Africable Network ORTM ( Office de Radiodiffusion - Television du Mali ) Malta ( edit ) Main article : List of television stations in Malta Marquesas Islands ( edit ) See : Telecommunications in Marquesas Islands Marshall Islands ( edit ) MBC - TV ( Marshall Broadcasting Company ) Martinique ( edit ) ATV ( Antilles Television ) Tempo RFO Télé Martinique Canal+ Antilles KMT ( Kanal Matinik television ) Mauritania ( edit ) TVM ( TV de Mauritanie ) Nessma TV Mauritius ( edit ) MBC Digital 1 ( MBC1 ) MBC Digital 2 ( MBC2 ) MBC Digital 3 ( MBC3 ) MBC Digital 4 ( DD Bharati ) MBC Digital 8 ( BBC World ) MBC Digital 9 ( France 24 ) MBC Digital 10 ( Knowledge Channel ) MBC Digital 11 ( Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation Sports Channel ) MBC Digital 12 ( Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation Movie Channel ) MBC Digital 13 MBC Digital 14 MBC Digital 15 MBC Digital 16 MBC Digital 17 MBC Digital 18 Mayotte ( edit ) Tempo RFO Télé Mayotte Mexico ( edit ) Over-the - air ( edit ) See List of Mexican television networks National TV Broadcast ( edit ) Azteca 7 - generalsit also in HD Azteca trece - generalist also in HD A+ - generalist also in SD ADN 40 - News Channel Canal 5 - generalist also in HD Canal 22 - cultural also in HD Las Estrellas - generalist also in HD Forotv - News Channel Ingenio TV - cultural GalaTV - generalist also in HD Once TV México - generalist also in HD Once. 2 - cartoons TVU teveunam - cultural Una Voz Con Todos - cultural also in HD Milenio TV - News Channel Excelsior TV - News Channel Federated States of Micronesia ( edit ) KPON 7 Kolonia ( Pohnpei ) TTKK 7 Moen ( Truk ) WAAB 7 Colonia ( Yap ) Midway Islands ( edit ) KMTH - TV ( AFRTS , Midway Island ) Moldova ( edit ) See : Television in Moldova Monaco ( edit ) Monaco Info - local station ( website : http://www.gouv.mc/ ) TMC - commercial station ( website : http://www.tmc.tv/ ) Mongolia ( edit ) Mongolian National Broadcaster ( MNB ) Ulaanbaatar Broadcasting System ( UBS ) Edutainment TV ( Боловсрол суваг ) Eagle TV C1 ( Channel One ) NTV SBN ( Supervision Broadcasting Network ) MN25 TV5 TV8 TV9 TM TV ( Танин Мэдэхүйн ТВ ) BTV ( Б цэг ) Эх орон ТВ ( Motherland TV ) Parliament TV ( Парламентын суваг ) Mongol HD TV ( МонголТВ ) Ett3 HD TV ( эттэ ТВ ) Montenegro ( edit ) See : List of television stations in Montenegro Montserrat ( edit ) Antilles TV Channel 7 , Plymouth , Montserrat / Chance Pic , Montserrat ZJB - TV 13 , ( ABS - TV ) , Plymouth , Montserrat BBC World News Morocco ( edit ) Al Aoula 2M TV Arryadia Arryadia 2 Arrabiâ Al Maghribiya Assadissa Aflam TV Tamazight TV Laayoune TV Medi 1 TV Medi 1 TV Français ( September 2016 ) Mozambique ( edit ) TVM ( Mozambique Television Network ) ZAP Novelas ( 1 ) Myanmar ( edit ) Democratic Voice of Burma ( DVB ) MRTV ( Myanmar Television ) MRTV - 3 ( Myanmar Television 3 ) MRTV - 4 ( Myanmar Television 4 ) Myanmar International Television ( MITV ) Myawady TV ( MWD TV ) Myawady Movies Myawady Series Myawady Variety Myawady Music Myawady Documentary Myawady Shopping Buddha Namibia ( edit ) NBC ( Namibian Broadcasting Corporation ) ONE - Africa Television Nauru ( edit ) NTV ( Nauru Television ) Nepal ( edit ) ABC Television Avenues TV Channel Nepal Image Channel Kantipur Television Nepal Television NTV News NTV PLUS Nepal 1 Sagarmatha Television Terai Television National ( Nepal TV channel ) News 24 ( Nepal ) E24 Nepal Mountain Television Himalaya Television GopiKrishna TV Filmy Netherlands ( edit ) Further information : Television in the Netherlands In the Netherlands , the television market is divided between a number of commercial networks and a system of public broadcasters sharing three channels . Netherlands Public Broadcasting : NPO 1 NPO 2 NPO 3 From SBS Broadcasting ( Sanoma / Talpa Media Holding ) : NET 5 SBS 6 Veronica SBS 9 From RTL Nederland : RTL 4 RTL 5 RTL 7 RTL 8 Netherlands Antilles ( edit ) A-TiVi FBN ( Flamingo Broadcasting Network ) Grand Hotel Casino LBC ( Leeward Broadcasting Corporation ) TeleCuracao TV8 TeVeSur ( Nederland ) New Caledonia ( edit ) Canal+ Caledonie France Ô RFO Télé Nouvelle Calédonie New Zealand ( edit ) See also : List of New Zealand television channels National Channels TVNZ 1 TV2 TV3 FOUR Prime Māori Television ChoiceTV Parliament TV Te Reo Local Channels Channel North Television TVHB CTV CUE Channel 9 45 South TV TV Rotorua tvCentral TV33 TRACKSIDE Face TV The SKY Network Nicaragua ( edit ) National channels ( edit ) Televicentro ( Canal 2 ) - website Canal 4 Telenica ( Canal 8 ) - website Canal 10 ESTV ( Canal 11 ) Magic Channel Nicavisión ( Canal 12 ) 100 % Noticias , El Canal - website Enlace Nicaragua ( Canal 21 ) CDNN 23 atv98 Local channels ( edit ) Bluefields Channel 5 Boacovisión Canal 11 Jalapa Canal 3 Jinotega Canal 3 León Canal 55 Matagalpa Canal 8 Ocotal Channel 11 Rivas Canal 7 San Isidro - La Trinidad - Condega Canal 6 Somoto Canal 13 Telenorte Canal 35 - website Waslala Channel 3 Niger ( edit ) Tal TV Tele Sahel Bonferey TV Radio Television Tenere Dounia TV Radio Television Labari Nigeria ( edit ) 1 Music ACBN ACBN International ACNN TV Aforevo TV Aforevo Music TV Aforevo Francais Africa Health TV African Broadcasting Network Afro Hits TV AIT ( Africa Independent TV ) AIT International AIT Lagos AIT Parliamentary Akwa TV Al - Afrikiy Islamic Television AMC TV ( Startimes Channel 117 ) Arewa24 TV Artmosfair Artmosfair + ARTV Kano AWA TV BCS StarCross TV Be . Television Brekete Family TV Bride TV Champions TV Channels TV Channels 24 Chosen TV CMTV Cool TV Core TV News CRBC DBN ( Degue Broadcasting Network ) DASAMAL TV NETWORK Deeper Christian Life Ministry Channel Digha TV DITV DNI Dog Racing Dove Television Dream God TV Dunamis TV E-Stars TV Ebony Life Edo Broadcasting Service Elijah 's Voice Emerald TV Emmanuel TV Evangel TV EWTN Africa Family Network Africa FAPM TV Farin Wata TV Favour TV Fortis TV FOX Africa FOX Crime Africa FOX Movies Africa FOX Movies Africa + 2 Free Indeed TV Fresh Oil TV FS Devotion Channel FS Football FS Junior FS Movies FS Sports FX Africa G - Rhythm Ga Naku TV Galaxy TV GNN TV GWB Health TV Haba TV Harvest TV Hip TV Hola TV Hosanna Broadcast Network ibakatv Idan TV Irawo TV iROKO Play Isi Mbido IT ITV ITVS Kedu TV Kennis Music Channel Kingdom Africa TV ( DSTV channel 345 ) Kingdom Life Network TV Kuungana Africa TV LTV ( Lagos Weekend Television ) Liberation TV Liberty TV Livestyle Afrika Lighthouse TV LCN ( LoveWorld Christian Network ) Loveworld Plus Lucky Balls TV Lumen Christi TV Network Manara TV Manifestation TV Mantle TV MCN Africa MCN Entertainment Mercy TV Messianic World Plus MFM TV MBI ( Minaj Broadcast International ) Mitv Moneymart TV Montage Sports News More Grace TV Mount Zion TV Mitv ( Murhi International Television ) MY TV Africa MY TV Hausa MY TV More MY TV Series MY TV Toonz MY TV Yoruba Nigezie NN24 Noma TV NTA ( Nigeria Television Authority ) NTA 2 NTA Awka & Onitsha NTA Benin NTA Education NTA Entertainment NTA Hausa NTA Igbo NTA International NTA Knowledge NTA Lagos NTA News 24 NTA Parliament NTA Plus NTA Sports 24 NTA Yoruba Odenigbo TV Ogun Stage TV OnMax TV OnTV Orisun TV Osasogie Gospel TV OSBC Osun State Broadcasting Corporation Oyo State Broadcasting Corporation People 's TV Power Broadcasting Network Quest TV R2 TV Rave TV Rayuwa TV Restoration TV Rhema TV Rivers Stage TV ROK TV Royal TV Salvation TV School On Air SilverBird Television Smash TV SoundCity TV Spice TV ST Yoruba Star Bollywood Star Bollywood Swahili Star Dahin Kowa Star + Star Sports Arena Star Sports Focus Star Sports Premium Star Sports Life Star Sports Premium HD Star World Football Star Zone Niue ( edit ) NBN ( Niue Broadcasting Network ) Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) WSZE 10 ( Saipan , Northern Marianas Islands ) Norway ( edit ) Canal Motor Canal+ Sport HD Skandinavien Canal+ Sport Norge Hallmark Channel Scandilux Moox Live MTV Nordic NRK NRK1 NRK2 NRK3 NRK Super NRK Tegnspråk Rikstoto Direkte Silver HD SportN National Geographic Channel Norge Tippeliga The Voice TV Norge TV Norge TV2 Filmkanalen TV 2 ( Norway ) TV2 Nyhetskanalen TV2 Sport TV2 Zebra TV3 Norge Verdikanalen Viasat 4 Visjon Norge Oman ( edit ) Oman TV Majan Channel Pakistan ( edit ) See : List of Pakistani television stations AAG TV Zindagi Cinema http://zindagicinema.yolasite.com/ Channel5 Aaj TV Aapna Des AKS TV Apna Channel ARY Digital Network ARY Digital ARY One World ARY Zouq Asset Plus ATV ATV News Zindagi News http://zindaginews.webs.com/ AVT Khyber Business Plus Channel 5 City 42 CNBC Pakistan Dawn News Dharti TV Din News DM Digital Network Dunya TV Express News Eye Television Network Fashion TV Pakistan Filmazia Film World Filmax Fun TV G Kaboom Geo News Geo TV Network Geo Super Haq TV HBO Pakistan Hum TV Indus TV Network Indus Vision Indus Music Zindagi Music http://zindagimusic.yolasite.com/ Indus News ILIM TV Kashish TV Khyber News Kook KTN Madani Channel http://www.madanichannel.com Mehran TV Metro One MTV Pakistan Music One News One Nickelodeon nVibe Noor TV Play Prime TV PTV Global Zindagi Super http://zindagisports.yolasite.com/ PTV Home PTV News PTV Mehran PTV Bolan Punjab TV QTV LABBAIK TV Rohi TV Roshni TV Royal News Rung TV Samaa Sanjh TV Network Star Asia StarLite TV Style 360 Sun Sindh TV Sindh TV News The Musik TV 2 Day Uni Plus Value TV Virtual University Waaj TV Waqt TV Waqt News Wikkid Plus Zam TV ZindagiMovies https://web.archive.org/web/20130424161056/http://zindagimovies.webs.com/ Zaiqa TV Wcn News https://web.archive.org/web/20150403112322/http://wcnnews.webs.com/ Asian TV Online stara TV Online Fungiri TV http://www.fungiri.com/ Palau ( edit ) OTV ( Oceania Television ) http://www.oceaniatv.net ( Koror , Palau ) Palestine ( edit ) PSC ( Palestinian Satellite Channel ) Siraj Alaqsa TV Panama ( edit ) Template : Panama TV RPC TV Canal 4 TVN Canal 2 Telemetro Canal 13 FETV Canal 5 SERTV Canal 11 TVMax Canal 9 NexTV Canal 21 Mall TV Canal 7 + 23 Canal 23 Enlace Canal 29 NexTV Canal 33 ( temp . mirroring signal from + 23 ) Plus Canal 35 Hosana Visión Canal 37 QEXTV La Exitosa Canal 27 ( signal test ) Papua New Guinea ( edit ) EM TV ESPN Papua New Guinea Fox News Channel Nat Geo Adventure Papua New Guinea National Geographic Channel Papua New Guinea National Television Service ( NTS ) Star Movies Star Sports Star World Paraguay ( edit ) Canal 13 LaTele Paraguay TV Paraná TV Paravision Red Guaraní SNT Telefuturo TV Sur Unicanal Peru ( edit ) America Television ( Peruvian Network ) Andina de Televisión Austral TV Bethel TV Canal N Cable Magico network Frecuencia Latina Huascaran TV MundoVision PACFC - Pacifico Comunicaciones ( Canal 42 ) PAXTV - Pax TV ( Canal 17 ) Panamericana TV TeleJuan TV Peru Philippines ( edit ) See : List of Philippine television networks and Template : Philippine cable channels Pitcairn Islands ( edit ) CNN Turner Classic Movies Poland ( edit ) See : List of Polish - language television channels Portugal ( edit ) See : List of television stations in Portugal Puerto Rico ( edit ) WKAQ - TV 2 ( Telemundo ) WIPM 3 ( PBS ) ( Government owned ) WAPA - TV 4 ( Televicentro ) WORA - TV 5 ( UNI ) WIPR - TV 6 TuTv ( PBS ) ( Government owned ) WSTE - DT 7 ( Ind ) WSUR 9 ( UNI ) WLII - DT 11 ( Univision ) WOLE - DT 12 ( TEL ) WORO - DT 13 ( Ind / Rel . ) WTIN - TV 14 ( Televicentro Affiliate ) WOST 16 WTCV 18 Tu Canal de Videos ( TCV ) ( Ind ) WWKQ - LD 19 WKPV 20 ( MTV ) WPRU - LP 20 ( ABC ) WSJN - CD 20 ( Rel . ) WNJX 22 ( Ind ) WXWZ - LP 22 ( Rel . ) WJPX 24 ( MTV ) WQTO 26 ( PBS ) WSJP - LD 18 ( The CW ) WSJU - TV 30 ( Ind ) WELU 32 ( Rel . ) WQQZ - CD 33 WRUA 34 ( Citytv ) WDWL 36 ( Rel . ) WJWN 38 ( MTV ) WMTJ 40 ( PBS ) WIRS 42 ( MTV ) W44CK - D 44 ( 3ABN ) WVEO 44 ( Ind ) WTPM - LD 45 ( Rel . ) WIDP 46 ( Rel . ) WQSJ - CD 48 ( Rel . ) WVOZ 48 ( Ind ) WQHA 50 ( Rel . ) WVQS - LD 50 WRFB 52 ( Ind ) WCCV - TV 54 ( Rel . ) WUJA 58 ( Rel . ) WMEI 60 WECN 64 ( Rel . ) WVSN 68 ( Rel . ) Qatar ( edit ) Al Jazeera Al Jazeera Children 's Channel Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera Mobasher Al Jazeera Sports + 1 Al Jazeera Sports + 2 Al Jazeera Sports 2 Al Jazeera Sports Channel Alkass Al - Waha TV Arab Business Channel Geo TV Middle East Qatar TV STAR TV ( Satellite Television for Asian Region Qatar ) Channel ( V ) India Channel ( V ) International Fox News Channel Fox Sports ITV Choice Jetix Nat Geo Adventure Qatar National Geographic Adventure Qatar Sky News Star Movies Star News Star World Réunion ( edit ) Antenne Reunion Canal+ Réunion France Ô Kanal Austral RFO Télé Reunion Romania ( edit ) See : List of Romanian - language television channels Russia ( edit ) See : List of Russian - language television channels Rwanda ( edit ) Rwanda Television TV 10 TV1 BTN TV Rwanda Saba ( edit ) PJF - TV 3 ( LBC ) PJB - TV 6 ( Tele Curaçao ) PJS - TV 6 ( LBC ) RCTV 10 PJF - TV 11 ( ABC , Saba ) Saint Barthélemy ( edit ) France Inter RFO Radio Guadeloupe Radio Saint Barth Radio Transat Saint Kitts and Nevis ( edit ) ZIZ - TV 2 and 5 , Basseterre BBC World News Nevis Television Saint Lucia ( edit ) National Television Network ( NTN 2 ) - Saint Lucia HTS Channel 4 , Castries , Saint Lucia HTS Channel 5 EWTN Channel 6 , Castries , Saint Lucia HTS Channel 11 , Castries , Saint Lucia TBN Channel 13 , Castries , Saint Lucia STV Sint Maarten ( edit ) LBC ( Leeward Broadcasting Corporation ) MSR - TV ( Channel 9 ) www.msrcabletv.com Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( edit ) Tempo RFO Télé Saint - Pierre & Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( edit ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Broadcasting Corporation ( SVGBC ) - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines TBN Channel 4 , Kingstown , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVG - TV Channels 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 , ( CBS / CNN / Caribbean Media Corporation ) , Kingstown , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines BBC World News Samoa ( edit ) CCTV - 9 TV3 Samoa EFKS - TV SBC TV1 San Marino ( edit ) Puntoshop TV San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe ( edit ) RTP Africa TVS Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Al Arabiya MBC 1 MBC 2 MBC 2 - English MBC 3 MBC 4 MBC 4 - English MBC Action MBC Action - English MBC MAX MBC MAX - English MBC Persia MBC FM MBC Panorama Middle East Information Al Atheer TV Al Fajr Space Channel Al Mehwar TV Al Riyadiyah ( Saudi Sports ) Al Ekhbariya ( Saudi News ) Almajd TV Network ART ( Arab Radio & Television Network ) ART Al Monasabat ART Almanahig Aljamiyah ( Manahij Ch . ) ART Iqraa ART Vision ART ART Aflam ART Aflam 2 ART America ART Australia ART Cinema ART Hekayat ART Latino ART Movies America ART Music Channel ART Prime Sport ART Sports 1 ART Sports 2 ART Sports 3 ART Sports 4 ART Sports 5 ART Sports 6 ART Sports 7 ART Sports 8 ART Sports 9 ART Tarab ART Teenz Channel Jeddah TV Osool Rotana Cinema Rotana Clip Rotana Khalijiah Rotana Musical Channel Rotana Tarab Rotana Zaman Saudi TV Saudi TV Channel 1 Saudi TV Channel 2 Al Ekhbariya Al - Riyadiah Seven Stars Shababiyah TV Localized versions of : Channel ( V ) India Channel ( V ) International Fox News Channel Fox Sports ITV Choice super movies Nat Geo Adventure Saudi Arabia National Geographic Adventure Saudi Arabia Sky News Star Movies Star News America plus Senegal ( edit ) 2s TV RTS ( Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise ) Walf TV RDV Serbia ( edit ) See : List of television stations in Serbia Seychelles ( edit ) SBC ( Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation ) INTV One ( Available on IntelVision Cable TV Service ) Intelvision Cable TV TV5 Monde ( Available on Analog Terrestrial and Intelvision Cable TV ) Sierra Leone ( edit ) SLBC ( Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation ) African Young Voice Television STAR TV KTV Sierra Leone Wan Pot TV Sherix Broadcasting Network Singapore ( edit ) See : List of Singaporean television channels Channel 5 Channel 8 Channel U Suria okto Vasantham Channel NewsAsia Sint Eustatius ( edit ) RTV - 7 HOW - TV Slovakia ( edit ) AXN Central Europe AXN Crime Cinemax Central Europe CineMax 2 Central Europe ETV Medicus FilmBox Hallmark Channel Central Europe HBO 2 Central Europe HBO Comedy Central Europe Joj TV TV Markiza MGM Channel Central Europe Moooby - TV More 24 Movies 24 Movies 24 + Music Box Slovakia MiniMax Nautik TV Nonstop Kino Nonstop Kino HD Ring TV Rozhlas a televízia Slovenska Jednotka Dvojka Sport 1 Czech Republic TA3 TV Bratislava TV Patriot ZTV ( Zilinska Televizia ) Slovenia ( edit ) See : List of television stations in Slovenia Solomon Islands ( edit ) SIBC Somalia ( edit ) GBC ( Global Broadcasting Corporation ) Shabelle TV STN North America STN ( Somali TV Network ) ETN ( Eastern Television Network ) HCTV ( Horn Cable Television ) SBC TV ( Somali Broadcasting Corporation ) SNTV ( Somali National Television ) Somaliland National TV Universal TV SOMNEWS TV ( Somali News Television ( Somalia ) South Africa ( edit ) ABN ( Adonai Broadcast Network ) Action X ( M - Net ) Activate - A Mindset Channel ACtv - Africa Christian TV Africa Magic Afrisat TV AGN Global Access SA Al Jazeera Animal Planet Africa Animax Asianet Africa Boogaloos TV BBC Food BBC Prime BBC World Bloomberg Boomerang Cartoon Network CCTV 4 CCTV 9 Channel O - Sound TV CNBC Africa CNN International Crime and Investigation Network Discovery Channel South Africa Discovery Historia Disney Channel E-TV E ! Entertainment ERT ESPN Euro News Fashion TV Fin24 Go Gospel Genesis History Channel South Africa Hallmark Channel IQRAA JCN ( Judah Christian Network ) K - TV World KykNet Manna TV Mindset Health Mindset Learn M - Net M - Net Movies 1 M - Net Movies 2 M - Net Series M - Net Stars MK MTV MTV Base National Geographic Channel South Africa News24 One Gospel Orbicom Business TV Parliamentary Channel South Africa RAI International Rhema Network RTPi RT SABC ( South African Broadcasting Corporation ) SABC Africa SABC1 SABC2 SABC3 Setanta LiM Africa Sports Network Shoma ( Education Foundation ) Sky News Sony Entertainment Television Spirit Word Channel Style Network Summit TV SuperSport 1 ZA SuperSport 2 ZA SuperSport 3 ZA SuperSport 4 ZA SuperSport 5 ZA SuperSport 6 ZA SuperSport 7 ZA SuperSport 8 ZA TCM The Home Channel Travel Channel TBN Africa Telly Track The Block The Soap Channel University of Pretoria VH1 Weather24 Zone Reality Zee TV Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( edit ) See : Telecommunications in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Spain ( edit ) See : List of television stations in Spain RTVE ( state - owned , nationwide ) Mediaset España Comunicación ( private , nationwide ) Atresmedia ( private , nationwide ) FORTA ( association of public regional broadcasting networks ) : Euskal Irrati Telebista Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals Radio y Televisión de Andalucía Compañía de Radio Televisión de Galicia Ente Público Radio Televisión Madrid Radio Televisión Canaria Radiotelevisión de Castilla - La Mancha Ens Públic de Radiotelevisió de les Illes Balears Corporación Aragonesa de Radio y Televisión Radiotelevisión del Principado de Asturias Radiotelevisión de la Región de Murcia Unidad Editorial ( private , nationwide ) Sri Lanka ( edit ) See : List of television networks in Sri Lanka Sudan ( edit ) Al Shrouq TV Blue Nile TV Gutoof TV Sudan TV Zoal TV Goan TV Om Durman TV Kassala TV Khartoum TV South Sudan ( edit ) Ebony TV Southern Sudan Television Suriname ( edit ) ABC TV 4.1 - 4.2 Suriname Apintie TV 10.1 ATV 12.1 - 12.4 - Algemene Televisie Verzorging ( Telesur ) Garuda TV 23.1 - 23.2 Radika TV Ramasha TV RBN ( Rapar Broadcasting Network ) Sky TV Sookha TV STVS ( Surinaamse Televisie Stichting ) Swaziland ( edit ) Channel Swazi Sweden ( edit ) Main article : List of television channels in Sweden Switzerland ( edit ) 3 Plus TV Network Animax Deutschland Bunny X TV EBU Channel Euro 6 TV Eurosport Deutschland Eurosport 2 Deutschland Kabel 1 - private channel in German Koha Vision LoveNight TV MTV Schweiz - private music channel in German Redlight Germany RTL Group RTL 2 Schweiz RTL Shop Samanyolu TV Avrupa Sat. 1 Schweiz - private channel in German Sensuality TV SRG SSR public Swiss television Schweizer Fernsehen - public television in German SF 1 SF zwei SF info Télévision Suisse Romande - public television in French RTS Un RTS Deux RTSI - public television in Italian RSI La 1 RSI La 2 RTR - public television in Romansh TvR SRG SSR Sat Access Star TV - private channel in German Star TV Switzerland Swisscable - trade association of cable service providers Tele Ticino - private channel in Italian Teleclub - pay TV in German TeleVeronika TV5 Monde France Belgique Suisse TVM3 - private music channel in French U1 TV - private channel in German VenusClub TV Viva Schweiz World Fashion Channel Syria ( edit ) Addounia TV Al - Shaam TV Arabic Channel Arrai TV Massaya TV Noor Al - Sham Orient TV Sama TV Spacetoon Spacetoon 2 STAR TV ( Satellite Television for Asian Region Syria ) Channel ( V ) India Channel ( V ) International Fox News Channel Fox Sports ITV Choice Jetix Nat Geo Adventure Syria National Geographic Adventure Syria Sky News Star Movies Star News Star World Syria Drama Channel Syria Education Channel Syria News Channel Syria TV Channel 1 Syria Satellite Channel Talaqie TV Ugarit TV Latakia Taiwan ( edit ) See : List of channels in Taiwan Tajikistan ( edit ) TVT ( Televidenye Tajikistana ) TVS ( TV Safina ) TVB ( TV Bakoristan ) Tanzania ( edit ) ATN ( Agape Television Network ) Channel 5 Tanzania Channel Ten ITV ( Independent Television Limited ) Star TV ( Tanzania ) TBC ( Televisheni ya Taifa ) Tv Iman Thailand ( edit ) See : List of Channels in Thailand BEC Channel 3 BBTV Channel 7 Channel 5 GMM One GMM 25 MCOT Nation Channel NBT New TV NOW26 RS Channel 8 Thai PBS Thai Rath TV True4U Voice TV Workpoint Tibet ( edit ) Tibet People 's Broadcasting Station Timor - Leste ( edit ) Radio - Televisão Timor Leste Togo ( edit ) TVT ( Télévision Togolaise ) Le Chaine Du Futur ( LCF ) NW Cinema NW Info NW Magazine NW Sport 1 Tokelau ( edit ) TBS ( Tokelau Broadcasting System ) LCF Tonga ( edit ) Oceania Broadcasting Network Sky Pacific Television Tonga Tonfön Television Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) CCN TV6 Caribbean New Media Group Gayelle - The Channel Global TV See also : List of television stations in Trinidad and Tobago Tristan da Cunha ( edit ) Cable & Wireless Tunisia ( edit ) Tunisia 1 Tunisia 2 Hannibal - TV Nessma TV Tunisna Telvza TV Tunisia First TV Janoubia TV M Tunisia Zaytouna TV TNN tunisia Al Hiwar Attounsi Al Moustakilla Turkey ( edit ) See : List of television stations in Turkey Turkmenistan ( edit ) Yaslyk TMT - 3 Türkmen Owazy Altyn Asyr TV4 Turkmenistan Miras Turks and Caicos Islands ( edit ) WIV - TV Cable TV 4 Cable Television Services , Providenciales Turks & Caicos Television Cable Television Services , Grand Turk BBC World News Tuvalu ( edit ) TBC ( Tuvaluan Broadcasting Company ) Uganda ( edit ) LTV ( Lighthouse Television ) Pulse Africa Television Record Television ( run by the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God ) Top Television UBC ( Uganda Broadcasting Corporation ) WBS ( Wavah Broadcasting Service ) ABC TV Uganda NTV Uganda NBS TV Urban TV Uganda ABS TV Uganda Face TV Salam TV Spark TV Chanel44 TV Ukraine ( edit ) See : List of Ukrainian - language television channels United Arab Emirates ( edit ) Abu Dhabi Sports Channel Abu Dhabi Sports 2 Abu Dhabi Sports 3 Abu Dhabi TV Abu Dhabi TV + 1 Abu Dhabi TV Europe AEN ( ADD ) Al Arabiya Al Emarah Al Fayhaa Al Shasha ( Showtime Arabia ) Almajd Holy Quran Arabian Travel TV ART Movie World ( ADD ) ARY Digital Middle East CNN Cartoon Network Arabic Cartoon Network Middle East and North Africa Decision Makers TV CNBC Arabiya ( ME Business News ) Discovery Channel Middle East Disney Channel Disney XD Dubai Sports Channel Dubai TV Emirates Channel Fawasel TV Home Cinema ( Showtime Arabia ) Infinity TV Iran Music MAX Middle East MBC ( Middle East Broadcasting Centre ) MBC 2 MBC 3 MBC 4 MET ( Middle East Television ) MTV Mashaweer ( Showtime Arabia ) Music Nation TV MusicPlus Nickelodeon ( Showtime Arabia ) Nojoom Nojoom 3 Nojoom Al Khaleej One TV Dubai Paramount Comedy Channel ( Showtime Arabia ) Paramount Comedy Channel + 2 ( Showtime Arabia ) Pehla Comedy ( ADD ) Pehla Fashion ( ADD ) Pehla Mix ( ADD ) Pehla Prime Time ( ADD ) Pehla Thriller ( ADD ) PMC ( Persian Music Channel ) Prime Sports Qanaty Channel Sama Dubai Selevision SET Middle East ( Sony Entertainment TV ) Sharjah TV Showtime Sport ( Showtime Arabia ) Space Toon Arabic Space Toon English Spicy Channel ( V ) India Channel ( V ) International Fox News Channel Fox Sports ITV Choice Nat Geo Adventure UAE National Geographic Adventure UAE Sky News Star Movies Star News Star World Style UK ( Showtime Arabia ) Ten Sports India Ten Sports Middle East Ten Sports Pakistan The Movie Channel ( Showtime Arabia ) The Movie Channel + 1 ( Showtime Arabia ) The Movie Channel 2 ( Showtime Arabia ) TV Land ( Showtime Arabia ) TV Land + 2 ( Showtime Arabia ) TXT UNI Plus Zee Arabiya United Kingdom ( edit ) See : List of television stations in the United Kingdom ITV ITV plc ITV UTV ITV2 ITV3 ITV4 CITV ITVBE STV Group STV British Broadcasting Corporation BBC One BBC Two BBC Three ( Online Only ) BBC Four BBC News BBC Parliament BBC HD CBBC CBeebies BBC Alba S4C ( Welsh Language ) Channel Four Television Corporation Channel 4 4seven Film4 E4 More4 4Music - Co-owned with The Box Plus Network The Box Plus Network The Box Heat Kiss TV Magic Smash Hits Kerrang ! TV Viacom International Media Networks Europe Channel 5 5 * 5 USA Spike Sky UK Limited Sky 1 Sky 2 Sky Living Sky Atlantic Sky Arts Sky 3D Pick Challenge Real Lives Sky Betting and Gaming Sky News Sky Sports ( 1 - 5 , F1 ) Sky Sports News HQ Sky Cinema ( Action & Adventure , Box Office , Comedy , Crime & Thriller , Disney , Disney Pixar , Drama & Romance , Harry Potter , Hits , Premiere , Sci Fi & Horror , Select ) BT Group BT Sport 1 BT Sport 2 BT Sport 3 ESPN BT Sport Showcase BT Sport 4k UHD United States ( edit ) Over-the - air ( edit ) See List of United States over-the - air television networks Cable & Satellite ( edit ) See List of United States cable and satellite television networks United States Virgin Islands ( edit ) See : List of television stations in the U.S. Virgin Islands Uruguay ( edit ) Saeta TV Channel 10 Monte Carlo TV - Canal 4 TV Nacional Uruguay ( Canal 5 ) Teledoce - Canal 12 Tevé Ciudad TV Libre VTV Uruguaya Latinoamerica TV Red de Television Color TeleSUR Uzbekistan ( edit ) Aloqa TV AYTV ( Andijan Youth Television ) Istiqlol TV Muloqot TV Nickelodeon Russia Orbita TV Qarshi TV STV ( Samarkand Television ) TTV ( Tashkent Television ) TV Bakhoristan Umid TV UzTV ( Uzbek TV & Radio Company ) Uzbekistan TV UzReport TV ( part of uzreport.com ) Vita TV+ ( Channel 30 ) Youth Channel Zafarobod TV Station Zarafshan TV Center Vanuatu ( edit ) VBTC Television Blong Vanuatu National channels : ABC ABC ABC2 ABC3 ABC News 24 ABC 4 Kids SBS SBS One SBS2 NITV Southern Cross Central 7Two 7mate Imparja Television GO ! 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particular states of being of a person place or weather			Glossary of British terms not widely used in the United States	glossary of british terms not widely used in the united states	This is a list of British words not widely used in the United States . In Canada , New Zealand , India , South Africa , and Australia , some of the British terms listed are used , although another usage is often preferred .	Words with specific British English meanings that have different meanings in American and / or additional meanings common to both languages ( e.g. pants , cot ) are to be found at List of words having different meanings in American and British English . When such words are herein used or referenced , they are marked with the flag ( DM ) ( different meaning ) . Asterisks ( * ) denote words and meanings having appreciable ( that is , not occasional ) currency in American English , but are nonetheless notable for their relatively greater frequency in British speech and writing . British English spelling is consistently used throughout the article , except when explicitly referencing American terms . Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z abseil a German loanword for descending on a rope ( US rappel ) accountancy * keeping financial accounts ; the related profession ( US accounting ) accounting * explanation for oneself or one 's actions ; to give such explanations ( US accountability ; giving an account ) Action Man the action figure toy sold in the US as G.I. Joe . advert a contraction of advertisement that is more common in British than American English , although British English also employs the American ad agony aunt or uncle ( informal ) the author of an agony column ( US advice columnist or Dear Abby ) agony column ( informal ) a newspaper or magazine column providing advice to readers ' personal problems ( US advice column ) air marshal the RAF 's three - star officer ( US lieutenant general ) `` all change '' the public - transportation announcement for the last stop ( US All out ) amongst a synonym of among acceptable in British English while seeming old fashioned or pretentious in American English anorak a hooded coat ( US parka ) ; a socially impaired obsessive , particularly trainspotters ( US geek , trekkie , otaku , &c . ) answerphone an automated telephone - answering machine , from the trademark Ansafone ( US & UK answering machine ) anti-clockwise the direction opposite of clockwise ( US counterclockwise ) . approved school ( informal ) a reform school for juvenile delinquents , from their pre-1969 designation ; juvenile detention centres , whether Secure Training Centres for 15 - to 18 - year - olds or Young Offender Institutions for 18 - to 21 - year - olds ( US juvie ) argy - bargy ( informal ) a noisy disagreement ranging from a verbal dispute to pushing - and - shoving or outright fighting . arse buttocks , backside or anus ( more vulgar than US ass ) ( fall ) arse over tit ( vulgar ) to fall head over heels ( be ) arsed ( informal ) to be made to get off one 's arse , usually as a negative or conditional ( US be bothered to ) artic an abbreviation of `` articulated lorry '' ( US semi ) aubergine US eggplant ( both the fruit and colour ) Auntie or Auntie Beeb ( affectionate ) the BBC autocue an automated system for providing scripts to actors and orators , from a genericised trademark ( US teleprompter ) balls - up ( vulgar , though possibly not in origin ) error , mistake , SNAFU . See also cock - up . ( US : fuck up , screw up , mess up ) banger ( 1 ) a sausage ( from the tendency of sausages to burst during frying ) ; ( 2 ) a type of small firework ( no longer legally available ) ; ( 3 ) an old car ( allusion to a tendency to back - fire ) , thus the term ' banger racing ' = stock car racing . ( US : clunker ) . bap soft bread roll or a sandwich made from it ( this itself is a regional usage in the UK rather than a universal one ) ; in plural , breasts ( vulgar slang e.g. `` get your baps out , love '' ) ; a person 's head ( Northern Ireland ) . barmaid * , barman a woman or man who serves drinks in a bar . Barman and the originally American bartender appeared within a year of each other ( 1837 and 1836 ) ; barmaid is almost two centuries older ( circa 1658 ) . barmy crazy , unbalanced ( US : balmy ) barney a noisy quarrel , origin Cockney rhyming slang , `` Barney Rubble , trouble '' . barrister * In England , Wales , and Northern Ireland , this used to be the only type of lawyer qualified to argue a case in both higher and lower law courts ; contrasts with solicitor . For Scotland , see advocate . Occasionally used in the U.S. , but not to define any particular type of lawyer . bedsit ( or bedsitter ) one - room flat that serves as a living room , kitchen and bedroom and with shared bathroom facilities ( US : see SRO ; compare studio apartment ( in British English a studio apartment -- sometimes ' studio flat ' -- would have a self - contained bathroom ) ' efficiency ) Beeb , the Beeb ( affectionate slang ) the BBC ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . See also ' Auntie ' ( above ) . The British band Queen released an album called At the Beeb in the UK and it had to be called `` At the BBC '' for US release . Belisha beacon orange ball containing a flashing light mounted on a post at each end of a zebra crossing ( q.v. ) ; named after the UK Minister of Transport Leslie Hore - Belisha who introduced them in 1934 . bell - end the glans penis , ( slang , vulgar ) a male oriented insult . berk , burk or burke a mildly derogatory term for a fool or stupid person . An abbreviation of either ' Berkshire Hunt ' or ' Berkeley Hunt ' , rhyming slang for cunt . bespoke custom - made to a buyer 's specification ( US : custom - made ) bevvy an alcoholic beverage biccie , bicky , bikky a biscuit ( US : `` cookie '' ) big girl 's blouse a man or a boy who behaves in a way which other men think is how a woman would behave , especially if they show they are frightened of something bint a condescending and sometimes derogatory term for a woman ( from the Arabic for ' daughter ' ) . Usage varies with a range of harshness from ' bitch ' , referring to a disagreeable and domineering woman , to only a slightly derogatory term for a young woman . biro / ˈbaɪroʊ / a ballpoint pen . Named after its Hungarian inventor László Bíró and the eponymous company which first marketed them . bits and bobs sundry items to purchase , pick up , etc. ( e.g. whilst grocery shopping ) ; Britain and US : odds and ends black pudding ( US : blood sausage ) blag ( slang ) to obtain or achieve by deception and / or ill preparation , to bluff , to scrounge , to rob , to wing it . A scam , tall story or deception . Derived from the French word blague . bleeder derogatory term used in place of bloke ( `` what 's that stupid bleeder done now ? '' ) ; use has declined in recent years . blimey ( informal ) an exclamation of surprise . ( Originally gor blimey , a euphemism for God blind me , but has generally lost this connotation . ) bloke ( informal ) man , fellow . e.g. Terry is a top bloke . Also common in Australia and New Zealand . ( US and UK also : guy ) . blower telephone blues and twos ( slang ) emergency vehicle with lights and sirens ( emergency services in the UK generally use blue flashing lights and formerly used a two - tone siren ) ( US : lights and sirens or code ) bobby police officer , named after Sir Robert Peel , the instigator of the world 's first organised police force . The word `` peeler '' of similar origin , is used in Northern Ireland . Bob 's your uncle `` there you go '' , `` it 's that simple '' . ( Some areas of US have the phrase Bob 's your uncle , Fanny 's your aunt ) bodge a cheap or poor ( repair ) job , can range from inelegant but effective to outright failure . e.g. You properly bodged that up ( you really made a mess of that ) . ( US : botch or cob , shortened form of cobble ) See Bodger . boffin an expert , such as a scientist or engineer bog lavatory . bog roll ( roll of ) toilet ( `` bog '' ) paper ( slang ) . bog - standard * completely ordinary , run - of - the - mill , unadulterated , unmodified . ( US vanilla , garden - variety ) . boiled sweet type of confection ( US : hard candy ) bollocks ( vulgar ; originally ballocks , colloquially also spelled as bollox ) testicles ; verbal rubbish ( as in `` you 're talking bollocks '' ) ( US : bullshit ) . The somewhat similar bollix is found in American English , but without the anatomical connotations or vulgar sense meaning ' mess up ' . The twin pulley blocks at the top of a ship 's mast are also known as bollocks , and in the 18th century priests ' sermons were colloquially referred to as bollocks ; it was by claiming this last usage that the Sex Pistols prevented their album Never Mind the Bollocks from being banned under British obscenity laws . Related phrases include bollocksed , which means either tired ( `` I 'm bollocksed ! '' ) or broken beyond repair ; bollocks up , meaning to mess up ( `` He really bollocksed that up '' ) ; and ( a ) bollocking , meaning a stern telling off . Compare dog 's bollocks , below bone - idle * lazy bonnet the panel which covers a vehicle 's engine and various other parts ( US : hood ) boot Separate rear storage compartment of a car . US : trunk botty , bot a person 's bottom ( informal or childish ) bowler a type of men 's hat ( US : derby ) brass monkeys cold -- from `` cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey '' . According to a popular folk etymology , this phrase derives from cannonballs stowed on a brass triangle named after a `` powder monkey '' ( a boy who runs gunpowder to the ship 's guns ) spilling owing to the frame 's contraction in cold weather . ( This is however incorrect for several physical and linguistic reasons . ) The phrase is a 20th - century variant of earlier expressions referring to other body parts , especially the nose and tail , indicating that the brass monkey took the form of a real monkey . brekkie , brekky ( slang ) synonym of breakfast breve ( musical ) a note of two bars ' length ( or a count of 8 ) in 4 / 4 time ( US : double whole note ) bristols ( vulgar , rhyming slang ) breasts ; from football team Bristol City = titty brolly ( informal ) umbrella brown bread ( rhyming slang ) dead ; `` You 're brown bread , mate ! '' browned off Fed up , annoyed or out of patience . bubble and squeak dish of cooked cabbage fried with cooked potatoes and other vegetables . Often made from the remains of the Sunday roast trimmings . buggered ( vulgar , literally a synonym for ' sodomised ' ) worn out ; broken ; thwarted , undermined , in a predicament , e.g. ' If we miss the last bus home , we 're buggered ' ( US : screwed ) . Also used to indicated lack of motivation as in `` I ca n't be buggered '' . ( US : `` I ca n't be bothered . '' ) bugger all little or nothing at all ; `` I asked for a pay rise and they gave me bugger all '' ; `` I know bugger all about plants '' ; damn all . US : zip , jack or ( offensive ) jack shit . Usage is rare in the US . building society an institution , owned by its depositors rather than shareholders , that provides mortgage loans and other financial services ( US equivalent : savings and loan association ) bum bag a bag worn on a strap around the waist ( US : fanny ( DM ) pack ) bumble to wander aimlessly or stroll / walk without urgency to a destination ; usually synonymous with amble when used in the US . bumf , bumph useless paperwork or documentation ( from `` bum fodder '' , toilet paper ) bunce a windfall ; profit ; bonus bureau de change an office where money can be exchanged ( US : currency exchange ) burgle * ( originally colloquial , back - formation from burglar ) to commit burglary ( in the US , burglarize is overwhelmingly preferred , although burgle is occasionally found ) . butty a sandwich ( esp . ' chip butty ' or ' bacon butty ' ) . by - election ( US : special election ) cack ( slang ) faeces ( feces ) ; nonsense or rubbish : `` what a load of cack '' could equally be used to describe someone talking nonsense or as a criticism of something of poor quality . Also spelt `` kak '' as used in Afrikaans and Dutch . Derived from an ancient Indo - European word , kakkos , cognate with German word Kacke , Welsh word `` cach '' and the Irish and Scottish Gaelic word `` cac '' which all mean ' shit ' . cack - handed ( informal ) clumsy * ; left - handed . Derived from cack , meaning `` fæces ( feces ) '' , with reference to the tradition that only the left hand should be used for cleaning the ' unclean ' part of the human body ( i.e. below the waist ) . cafetière device for making coffee ( US : French press ) caff abbreviation for a café ; now used mainly for the old - fashioned establishment ( `` there 's a proper caff up that side road '' ) to distinguish from chain cafés . cagoule type of lightweight hooded waterproof clothing ( US : windbreaker ) call minder ( rare ) telephone message recorder ( US and UK also : answering machine ; voicemail machine ) candidature synonymous with candidacy candy floss spun sugar confection ( US : cotton candy ) ; `` candyfloss culture '' was also used around the late 1950s / early 1960s as a derisory term for the emerging American pop culture , similar to `` McCulture '' or `` Coca - Cola culture '' in more recent times caravan park area where caravans are parked ( US : Trailer park for near - permanently - installed mobile homes , RV park or campground for areas intended for short term recreational vehicle parking . Trailer parks are typically low - income permanent residencies ; RV parks / campgrounds are a holiday ( vacation ) destination . ) car boot storage area of car ( US : trunk ) . Can also mean car boot sale . car hire car rental car park area where cars are parked ( US usually parking lot if outdoor , parking garage if indoor ) . carer a person who cares for another , such as a child , elderly , or disabled person . ( US : caregiver ) carriageway the part of a road that carries the traffic ; see also dual carriageway ( US and UK also : lane ) cash machine automated teller machine . cashpoint automated teller machine . Originally a brand name for Lloyds TSB ATMs , now genericized . cats eye reflector used to mark lane divisions and edges of roads , also written cat 's - eye , genericised from the trademark Catseye ( US : raised pavement marker ; Botts ' dots are similar ) central heating boiler ( US : furnace ) central reservation physical barrier dividing oncoming carriageways ( only on dual - carriageways or motorways ) ( US : median strip ) chancer ( slang ) an opportunist char , cha ( informal ) tea . From Mandarin 茶 ( chá ) . char ( informal ) see charwoman charlady see charwoman Chartered Accountant one authorised to certify financial statements ; the equivalent of an American CPA ( Certified Public Accountant ) charwoman ( dated ) a woman employed as a cleaner , especially as an office cleaner chat up ( someone ) talk flirtatiously with . Similar to American `` come on to ( someone ) '' . chav ( slang , often derogatory , used primarily in Mainland Britain ) typically a nouveau riche or working class person of most of the time lowish intelligence who wears designer label ( e.g. Burberry ) copies , fake gold bling , and is a trouble - maker . `` Chav '' is used nationally , though `` charv '' or `` charva '' was originally used in the northeast of England , deriving from the Roma ( people ) word charva , meaning disreputable youth . The closest US equivalents to the chav stereotype are arguably wiggers , although the cultural differences are existent . cheeky * impertinent ; noun form , cheek , impertinence ; a child answering back to an adult might be told `` do n't give me any of your cheek '' ( also there is the expression `` cheeky monkey ! '' in reaction to a cheeky remark ) . cheerio ! ( informal , friendly ) exclamation of farewell ( similar to ' seeya ! ' and ' ta - ra ! ' ) . No connection to the breakfast cereal Cheerios . cheers * ( informal , interjection ) Thank you . Can also be used to say goodbye . Chesterfield sofa a deep buttoned sofa , with arms and back of the same height . It is usually made from leather and the term Chesterfield in British English is only applied to this type of sofa . child - minder ( babysitter ) a person who looks after babies and young children ( usually in the person 's own home ) while the baby 's parents are working . Childminders are a more professional type of babysitter , and in England are required to be registered with Ofsted , the government - sanctioned education regulation body . They must also possess at least a Level 2 qualification in childcare . A babysitter does not require these qualifications . Babysitter is more common in the UK . chimney pot smoke - stack atop a house . `` Pot '' refers to the cylindrical topmost part that is usually earthenware . The part below is the chimney or chimney stack . chinagraph pencil pencil designed to write on china , glass etc . ( US : grease pencil , china marker ) chip shop ( informal ) fish - and - chip shop ( parts of Scotland , Eire : chipper ) , also chippy ( see also List of words having different meanings in British and American English ) chinwag ( slang ) chat chuffed ( informal , becoming somewhat archaic , originally Liverpudlian ) proud , satisfied , pleased . Sometimes intensified as well chuffed ; cf . made up chunder vomit chunter ( sometimes chunner ) to mutter , to grumble , to talk continuously ; `` What 's he chuntering on about ? '' clanger ( informal ) a big mistake , blunder , bad joke or faux pas ( `` to drop a clanger '' ) ( US : to lay an egg ) clapped out ( informal ) worn out ( said of an object ) cleg horse fly clingfilm thin plastic film for wrapping food ( US : plastic wrap , Saran wrap ) clunge ( informal ) female genitalia cobblers * shoe repairers ; ( slang ) a weaker version of bollocks , meaning ' nonsense ' ( often `` a load of old cobblers '' ) , from rhyming slang ' cobbler 's awls ' = balls cock - up , cockup * ( mildly vulgar ) error , mistake . codswallop * , codd 's wallop `` You 're talking codswallop '' . Sometimes said to be named after Hiram Codd , the inventor of the Codd bottle , which was commonly used in the late 19th Century for fizzy drinks ( `` Codd 's wallop '' ) , though this derivation is thought to be an example of false etymology . ( US : You 're talking garbage ) communication cord near obsolete term for the emergency brake on a train . Is nowadays an alarm handle connected to a PA system which alerts the driver . community payback court - mandated sentence of community service either in addition to or as a substitute for incarceration compère ( French ) master of ceremonies , MC compulsory purchase the power of the governmental authority to take private property for public use ( similar to US : eminent domain ) conservatoire music school ( US usually conservatory ) cooker kitchen stove ( US : stove ) cool box box for keeping food and liquids cool ( US and UK also : cooler ) cop off with ( slang ) to successfully engage the company of a potential sexual partner , to `` pull '' ; to copulate ( have sexual intercourse ) with . coriander * when referring to the leaves , often called `` cilantro '' in the US corn flour Finely ground flour made from corn , used as a thickener in cooking ( US : corn starch ) Cor Blimey see Gor Blimey coster , costermonger a seller of fruit and vegetables cotton bud wad of cotton wool fixed to a small stick , used for cleaning ( US : cotton swab , Q - Tip ) cotton wool Spun cotton , used for cleaning wounds or make - up ( US : Absorbent cotton , cotton ball ) council house / flat , also council housing or estate public housing . In Scotland the term housing scheme , or simply scheme is more commonly used . ( US : projects ) counterfoil * stub of a cheque , ticket etc . ( US : stub ) counterpane a decorative cloth used to cover a bed when it is not in use ( US : bedspread ) courgette ( French ) the plant Cucurbita pepo ( US : zucchini , from the Italian ) . cowl * a wind deflector fitted to a chimney top . crack on ( - to ) whereas `` crack on '' may be used in a generalised sense as `` ( to ) get on with ( something ) '' ( often , a task ) , to `` crack on to ( some person , specifically ) '' indicates one was , or planned to , engage in flirtation , to varying degrees crikey exclamation of surprise ( once a euphemism for Christ 's keys or perhaps Christ Kill Me . Popularized in the US by late Australian herpetologist Steve Irwin ) crimble , crimbo , chrimbo Christmas , especially with regard to its more secular and commercial aspects . crisps very thinly sliced fried potatoes , often flavoured , eaten cold as a snack ( US : potato chips ) crotchet a musical note with a duration of one count in a time signature of 4 / 4 ( common time ) ( US : quarter note ; see Note value ) cuddly toy soft toy ( sometimes used in the US ; also stuffed animal , plush toy ) . Occurs as the title of the Monkees ' song `` Cuddly Toy '' , written by Nilsson . cuppa ( cup of ) tea ( never coffee or other beverage ) current account personal bank account used for everyday transactions ( US : checking account ) curriculum vitae most often abbreviated as CV , education and employment history ( US : résumé ) daft * odd , mad , eccentric , daffy , crazy -- often with the implication of it being amusingly so . `` Do n't be daft '' and `` do n't be silly '' are approximately synonymous . dekko ( informal ) a look , reconnoître `` I 'll take a dekko at it later . '' -- British military slang derived from the Hindustani dhek / dekho meaning `` to see '' . Also less commonly decco , deccie , deek , deeks . dene wooded valley or seaside dune ( mainly SW England ) dibble a police officer ( originally Manchester ) -- from Officer Dibble in the TV series Top Cat div , divvy ( slang ) a fool or idiot ; adjective form , divvy , foolish or idiotic . ( originally Liverpool , possibly from Deva Hospital , Chester ) doddle something accomplished easily -- `` It 's a doddle '' , meaning `` it 's easy '' . dodgems * funfair or fairground bumper cars dodgy * unsound , unstable , and unreliable ( US : sketchy ) . ' That bloke over there looks a bit dodgy ' dogsbody someone who carries out menial tasks on another 's behalf ; a drudge ( US : grunt ) the dog 's bollocks ( vulgar ) something excellent or top quality , the `` bee 's knees '' ( the business ) , the `` cat 's whiskers '' . Sometimes just `` the bollocks . '' ( US : the shit ) . In polite company this phrase may be toned down to `` The mutt 's nuts '' , or the phrase `` The bee 's knees '' ( the business ) may be used as a polite substitute . The etymology of this expression is said by some to derive from printers ' slang for the punctuation symbol ' : - ' when printing involved the use of carved metal blocks to form typesetting . dole * ( informal ) welfare , specifically unemployment benefit . Sometimes used in the US , esp . older generation door furniture ( US : door hardware ) donkey 's years a very long time . ( originally `` donkey 's ears '' as rhyming slang ) . dosh ( slang ) money ( US : dough ) `` how much dosh you got on ya ? '' doss to be lazy , `` I 've been dossing all day '' , also can mean to truant , `` dossing off '' ( similar to bunking off ) . Additionally it can informally take the form of a noun ( i.e. `` that lesson was a doss '' , meaning that lesson was easy , or good ( primarily central Scotland ) . Also `` dosser '' , a lazy person , or a tramp ( US bum ) ; `` to doss down '' , to find a place to sleep , to sleep on some substitute for a bed such as a sofa , the floor , or a park bench ; `` doss - house '' , temporary accommodation for tramps or homeless people , cheap dilapidated rented accommodation with low standards of cleanliness ( US : flophouse ) double first an undergraduate degree where the candidate has gained First - Class Honours in two separate subjects , or alternatively in the same subject in subsequent examinations ( see British undergraduate degree classification ) draper a dealer in drapery ( i.e. clothing , textiles , etc . ) ( US : dry goods ( DM ) ) draughts the board game ( US : checkers ) drawing pin * pin with a large , flat head , used for fixing notices to noticeboards etc . ( US : thumbtack ) dress circle the seats in the first balcony of a theatre ( US : balcony or loge although dress circle is used in a few very large opera houses that have many levels of balconies ) drink - driving operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol ( US : drunk driving ; DUI ( Driving Under the Influence ) ; DWI ( Driving While Intoxicated / Impaired ) ; OWI ( Operating While Intoxicated ) ) driving licence document authorising the holder to drive a vehicle ( US : driver 's license , driver license ) dual carriageway road , usually a major one , with each direction of travel separated from the opposing one by a traffic - free , and usually slightly raised , central reservation . Each direction of travel ( carriageway ) comprises two or more ' lanes ' . ( US : divided highway ) dustbin ( sometimes used in the US ) receptacle for rubbish , very often shortened to ' bin ' . ( US : trash can ; wastebasket ) dustbin man or dustman rubbish collector ( US : garbage man ; trash man ; sanitation engineer ) dustcart rubbish / refuse collecting vehicle ( US : garbage truck ; trash truck ) economy class the cheapest class of passenger airline travel ( US : coach or coach class ) earth , earthed connected to an electric common return ( including but not limited to the physical earth ) , ( US : ground , grounded ) Elastoplast an adhesive bandage placed on a minor cut or scrape ( UK also : plaster or sticking / sticky plaster ( DM ) ; US : Adhesive bandage , Band - Aid ) electric fire domestic electric heater ( US : space heater ) engaged tone tone indicating a telephone line in use , ( US : busy signal ) estate agent * a person who sells property for others ( US : realtor , real estate agent ) estate car a station wagon ex-directory ( of a telephone number ) unlisted ; also informally of a person `` he 's ex-directory '' , meaning his telephone number is unlisted extension lead Extension cable typically refers to mains power but may refer to other cables like telephones , ( US and UK also : extension cord ) faff to dither , futz , waste time , be ineffectual , `` I spent the day faffing about in my room '' . Also related noun ( `` That 's too much of a faff '' ) . fag end cigarette butt ; also used as in ' the fag end of the day ' i.e. the last part of the working day fairing a gift , particularly one given or bought at a fair ( obsolete ) ; type of cookie ( biscuit ) made in Cornwall fairy cake a small sponge cake ( US and UK also : cupcake ) fairy lights Christmas lights fan - assisted oven an oven that has fans to circulate air around food ( US and UK : convection oven ) feck ( vulgar ) mild expletive employed as an attenuated alternative to fuck ( including fecker , fecking , etc . ) ( originally Hiberno - English and popularised by the television series Father Ted ) . ( Similar to US frick / fricking , freak / freaking , eff / effing ) fiddly * requiring dexterity to operate ( `` the buttons on the tiny mobile phone were too fiddly '' ) fire brigade fire department fiscal short for procurator fiscal , name of the public prosecutor in Scotland ( US : district attorney , state prosecutor , etc . ) fish fingers ( US : fish sticks ) fiver five pound note ( bill ) fizzy drink * carbonated soft drink ( US : soda , pop , coke , tonic ( New England ) depending on the region ) flannel washcloth ( US ) flat ( US : apartment ) ; also derived from are the British terms block of flats ( US : apartment block ) , or high flats ( to describe a high - rise apartment building -- see also Tower Block below ) flex electrical lead ( UK ) ; electrical cord ( US ) flight lieutenant an Air Force officer rank ( US : captain ) flypast ceremonial flight of aircraft ( US : flyby ) flyover a road crossing over another road ( US : overpass ) footballer someone who plays association football ( US : soccer player ; someone who plays American football is always a `` football player '' in American English , a term almost never used in Britain ) footie ( slang ) football ( US : soccer ) fortnight * a period of 14 days ( and nights ) or two weeks freephone a telephone number where the caller is not charged for the call ( US : toll - free number ) French letter ( slang ) condom funfair a travelling fair with amusements , stalls , rides etc . ( US : carnival or traveling carnival ) full stop ( US : period ( punctuation mark ) ) gaff ( slang ) house , home . Also any other place : cheap music hall , theatre , pub , club , shop , hangout gaffer * ( informal ) old man ; ( informal ) boss ; football manager ( US : soccer coach ) ; Also in US : ( professional ) chief electrician on a theatrical or film set . gangway * a path between the rows of seats in a theatre or elsewhere ( US aisle ; gangway is a naval command to make a path for an officer ) gaol A prison , mostly historical ( US and most modern UK usage : jail ) G clamp A metal screw clamp ( US : C clamp ) . gearbox system of gears in a vehicle or other machinery ( US transmission ) In UK transmission typically refers to drive shafts . gear - lever / gearstick handle for changing gears in a vehicle or other machinery ( US gearshift ) gen ( informal ) information , info ( short for `` intelligence '' ) ( US : intel ) get off with someone * ( colloquial ) to begin a sexual relationship Geordie a person from Newcastle upon Tyne , or used as an adjective to describe the accent or culture of the surrounding Tyne and Wear region of England . gherkin a pickled cucumber ( US : `` pickle '' ) git * ( derogatory ) scumbag , idiot , annoying person ( originally meaning illegitimate ; from archaic form `` get '' , bastard , which is still used to mean `` git '' in Northern dialects and is used as such in The Beatles ' song `` I 'm So Tired '' ) giro ( slang ) , social security benefit payment ( US : welfare ) , is derived from the largely obsolete Girobank payment system that was once used in Britain for benefit and state pension payments . glandular fever mononucleosis gob 1 . ( n . ) mouth , e.g. `` Shut your gob '' ( US : `` Shut your trap / flap '' ) 2 . ( v . ) phlegm or spit containing phlegm ( US : loogie ) gobby loudmouthed and offensive gob - shite ( vulgar , insult ) slang term for a person who is being mouthy about something or someone gobsmacked ( slang ) utterly astonished , open - mouthed gods ( the ) ( informal ) the highest level of seating in a theatre or auditorium , usually the `` Upper Circle '' , as in `` we have a seat up in the gods '' ( US : nosebleed section ) go pear - shaped see pear - shaped goolies ( slang ) , ( British ) The testicles , from goli Hindi for ball . gor blimey exclamation of surprise , also cor blimey ( originally from `` God blind me '' ) Gordon Bennett ! expression of surprise , contempt , outrage , disgust , frustration . gormless stupid or clumsy go - slow a protest in which workers deliberately work slowly ( US : slowdown or work to rule ) green fingers talent for growing plants ( US : green thumb ) greengrocer * a retail trader in fruit and vegetables ; the short form grocer is more common in American English whereas in British English a grocer sells general foodstuffs gritter a truck that spreads sand or salt on roads when they are covered with ice ( US : salt truck , salt spreader ) grotty disgusting , dirty , poor quality ( originally from grotesque , though now rarely used with quite that meaning ) . In a scene from the 1964 film A Hard Day 's Night , George Harrison has to explain the meaning and origin of the word ; the impression is given that it was then considered modern slang , known only to trendy youngsters ( this is no longer the case ) . George Harrison would have been familiar with the word as well - established Liverpool slang . group captain an Air Force officer rank ( US : colonel ) guard 's van ( n . ) ( also known as a Brake Van or a Driving Van Trailer ) the leading or trailing carriage on a train nowadays used for luggage storage ( US : Caboose ) gumption * initiative , common sense , or courage gutties running shoes , tennis shoes , maybe from `` gutta percha '' old source of natural rubber guv'nor / guv ( slang ) A contraction of `` governor '' , used to describe a person in a managerial position e.g. `` Sorry mate , ca n't come to the pub , my guv'nor's got me working late tonight '' . Heard mostly in London . half - ( as in ' half - eight ' ) meaning thirty minutes past the hour ( Standard English and US : `` Half past '' ) . half ( n . ) Used mainly in Scotland a ' half ' refers to a single measure of alcoholic spirits -- usually Scotch whisky . In colloquial speech , it is usually appended with the name of the spirit ( ' half of vodka ' , ' half of brandy ' ) if referring to anything other than whisky . It may also refer to half a pint of beer ; a ' coming for a swift half ? ' is an invitation to the pub and significantly more than half a pint is generally involved . hand brake * Parking brake operated by a hand control , usually a lever ( US : Emergency brake . In the US , the traditional `` hand brake '' is more often to be found on a bicycle or motorcycle as opposed to a car as in the UK . ) ; handbrake turn , a stunt where the handbrake is used to lock the rear wheels and the resulting oversteer enables the car to be turned rapidly in a small space ( US related : J - turn , bootleg turn , U-turn . ) ha'penny ( pronounced `` HAY - penny '' or `` HAYP - nee '' ) half a penny ; a coin of this denomination belonging to the predecimal coinage which is no longer in circulation . There was also a half penny in the decimal coinage introduced in 1971 which was 1 / 200 of a pound . Ha'pennies stopped being legal tender in 1985 and were removed from circulation . ha'porth ( pronounced `` HAY - puth '' ) halfpennyworth . hash sign the symbol `` # '' ( US : number sign , pound sign ( DM ) , hash tag ) headmaster , headmistress , headteacher , head * the person in charge of a school ( US : principal ( DM ) ; headmaster and the like are usually used for private schools ) Heath Robinson ( of a machine or contraption ) absurdly complex ( see Rube Goldberg machine ) . high street primary business and shopping street ( US : main street ) hire ( v . ) to borrow for a set period of time ( US : to rent ) , hence the British terms `` car hire '' or `` bicycle hire '' ; distinct from the US usage which is `` to employ '' . hire purchase a credit system by which debts for purchased articles are paid in installments ( US : installment plan or layaway if the item is kept at the store until the final payment is made ) hoarding a panel used to display outdoor advertisements , such as on the sides of buildings , or alongside highways ( US billboard ) hob the hot surface on a stove ( US : burner ) hold - all a bag ( US : duffel bag ) holidaymaker person on holiday ( DM ) ( US : vacationer ) hols ( informal ) short for holidays ( DM ) hoover vacuum ( cleaner ) , to vacuum ( archaic in the US ) ; a genericised trademark , from The Hoover Company , the first main manufacturer of vacuum cleaners hot up to become more exciting ( US : heating up ) . hundreds - and - thousands coloured sugar sprinkles used for dessert decoration ( US : sprinkles , non-pareils , jimmies ) ice lolly frozen fruit juice on a stick ; ice pop ( US : Popsicle ) , icing sugar ( US : powdered sugar ) industrial action ( see article ; US : job action ) inverted commas quotation marks ( see also American and British English differences -- Punctuation ) invigilator person who monitors an examination ( US : proctor ( DM ) ) ironmongery ironware , hardware ; hardware store identity parade police lineup J ( edit ) jacket potato baked potato jam sandwich ( slang ) police car . So called as , in the past , most UK police vehicles were white with a horizontal yellow - edged red fluorescent stripe along the entire length of their sides , giving a certain resemblance to a white bread sandwich with a coloured jam filling . The majority of marked vehicle operated by the Metropolitan Police Service retain this livery , albeit the cars are now ( mostly ) silver . Some older vehicles are still in white , while the Diplomatic Protection Group ( DPG ) use red vehicles . ( US : black - and - white . In many cities of the US , police cars are painted black at the hood and trunk and white on the doors and roof . ) jammy ( git , cow ) ( slang ) lucky ( person , woman ) JCB generic name for a mechanical excavator or backhoe loader , based on the eponymously named company which manufactures such devices . jemmy To break into a lock , from the tool that is used in such an occasion as burglary ( US : jimmy ) jerry ( slang ) pejorative term for a German or Germans jerrybuilt or jerry - built An improvised or unsafe building or piece of infrastructure ( e.g. an electrical installation ) , probably in contravention of safety legislation ; ( US : jerry - rigged , jury - rigged ) . jiggery - pokery Expertly tinker with something in a way that a non-expert or casual observer is unlikely to comprehend . jimmy ( Rhyming slang ) urinate , as in jimmy riddle -- piddle jobsworth ( slang ) Originally a minor clerical / government worker who refuses to be flexible in the application of rules to help clients or customers ( as in `` it will cost me more than my job 's worth to bend the rules '' ) . Also used more broadly to apply to anyone who uses their job description in a deliberately obstructive way . johnny ( slang ) a condom ( US : rubber ( DM ) , Jimmy - hat ) John Thomas Better known as slang for penis or `` dick '' ( US : cock , dick , or johnson ) From the novel Lady Chatterley 's Lover Joey Term of abuse used of someone perceived to be foolish , stupid , incompetent , clumsy , uncoordinated , ridiculous , idiotic . Originated with the appearances of cerebral palsy sufferer Joey Deacon on children 's TV programme Blue Peter ; still a popular insult among adults who saw the programmes as children . jumble sale ( see article ; US : rummage sale ) jumper a pullover * , sweater jump leads booster cables used to jump - start a car ( US : jumper cables ) Karno 's Army a chaotic , ineffective team ( usually : Fred Karno 's Army ) ( related US : Keystone Kops , Gang That Could n't Shoot Straight ) kecks ( informal , also spelt keks ) trousers or underpants kerfuffle * a disorderly outburst , disturbance or tumult ; from Scots carfuffle kazi ( slang ) lavatory ( numerous alternative spellings are seen , such as khazi , karzy , karsey , carzey etc . ) kip ( slang ) sleep . kirby grip hair grip . ( US : bobby pin ) kit ( slang ) clothing : hence `` Get your kit off '' : an exhortation to get undressed . Also more specifically any clothing worn for the purpose of sport or exercise , in which context it would not usually be considered slang . kitchen roll paper towels knackered ( slang ) exhausted , broken , originally ' sexually exhausted ' , derived from an old use of the verb meaning ' to kill or castrate ' knacker 's yard premises where superannuated livestock are sent for rendering , etc . ( glue factory ) . Sometimes refers to the same for vehicles , a scrapyard ( US : junkyard ) knackers ( slang ) testicles knickers girls ' and women 's underpants ( US : panties ) : hence , `` Do n't get your knickers in a twist '' ( US : do n't get your panties in a wad , keep calm , hold your horses , chill out ) ladybird red and black flying insect ( US : ladybug ) launderette self - service laundry ( US : laundromat , from an expired Westinghouse trademark ) lav ( informal ) lavatory , toilet ; also , lavvy ( in the US , airplane restrooms are typically called lavatories ) lead ( electrical , as on an appliance or musical instrument , microphone etc . ) electrical cord ( US ) learnt past tense of `` learn '' ( US : learned ) ; occasionally used in African American Vernacular English legacy accounts funds left in a budget ( US : funds remaining ) legless extremely drunk lessons classes ( class used more commonly in US English ) let - out ( n . ) a means of evading or avoiding something letter box 1 . a slot in a wall or door through which incoming post ( DM ) is delivered ( US : mail slot , mailbox ) 2 . ( less common ) a box in the street for receiving outgoing letters and other mail ( more usually called a postbox or pillar box ) ( US : mailbox ) See also Letterbox ( US & UK ) : a film display format taking its name from the shape of a letter - box slot life assurance also described as life insurance regardless of coverage ( US : life insurance ) lift elevator lock - in * illegal gathering in a pub at night to drink after the pub is supposed to have stopped serving alcohol , where the landlord `` locks in '' his guests to avoid being caught by police . Unless the landlord charges for the drinks at the time , the people in the pub are considered his personal guests ; if money is exchanged beforehand or afterwards then it is considered a gift from the guest to the landlord for the hospitality . Since the introduction of the smoking ban in England and Wales in 2007 , a `` lock in '' can now mean a landlord locking the pub doors and allowing smoking inside the premises . Also called a stay - back or stoppy - back in Northern England . ( US : may refer to a large and highly chaperoned `` sleep over '' at a church , school , etc . ) lodger * tenant renting a room rather than an entire property ; typically lives with the renter and his / her family lollipop man / woman / lady a school crossing guard who uses a circular stop sign lolly * 1 . lollipop / ice lolly ( US : popsicle ) ; ( q.v. ) 2 . ( slang ) money loo toilet ( usually the room , not just the plumbing device ) ( US : bathroom in a home , restroom in a public place ; occasionally washroom in the north , borrowed from Canadian usage ) lorry a large goods - carrying motor vehicle ( US and UK also : truck ) loudhailer megaphone ( US : bullhorn ) lower ground In houses , a floor below ground level but not fully underground , typically under a raised ground floor which has steps up from ground level to the main entrance . In offices and shops , a basement . lurgy ( with the / g / sound in `` gargle '' not the / j / in `` lunge '' ) originally spelled `` lurgi '' ) 1 . An imaginary illness allegedly passed on by touch -- used as an excuse to avoid someone . ( c.f. US : cooties ) From an episode of the Goon Show . 2 . ( slang ) A fictitious , yet highly infectious disease ; often used in the phrase `` the dreaded lurgy '' , sometimes as a reference to flu - like symptoms . Can also be used when informing someone you are unwell but you either do not know or do not want to say what the illness is . main * pipe that carries gas or water . `` The water main has burst ! '' ( US : line : e.g. gas line , water line etc . ) mains power , the mains 230 - 250V ( Typically denoted on domestic electricals as the rounded 240V standard ) AC electric current , provided by the electricity grid to homes and businesses ; also attrib . ( `` mains cable '' ) ( US : 120 volts AC , variously called : line power , grid power , AC power , household electricity , etc . ) manky ( slang ) feeling ill , rough , out of sorts ; filthy , dirty , rotten. ( of uncertain origin , poss. from French `` manqué '' -- missed , wasted or faulty ) mardy ( derogatory , mainly Northern and Central England ) describes someone who is in a bad mood , or more generally a crybaby or whiner or `` grumpy , difficult , unpredictable '' . Used , for example , by children in the rhyme `` Mardy , mardy mustard ... '' , and in the title of the Arctic Monkeys song `` Mardy Bum '' . The verb to throw a mardy means to display an outburst of anger . maths mathematics ( US : math ) MD ( managing director ) equivalent of US CEO ( Chief Executive Officer ) , also used in the UK Mexican wave simply called The Wave in the US mentioned in despatches identified for valour or gallantry in action ( US : decorated ) milliard ( obsolete ) one thousand million , or 1,000,000,000 ( US : billion or 1,000,000,000 ) Has for a long time been superseded by the short scale usage of billion ( 1,000,000,000 ) and was never as commonly used in the UK as it still is in mainland Europe ( where the long scale is still used ) ; when the long scale was used in Britain , `` a thousand million '' was more commonplace . mince * 1 . ground meat , especially beef ( US : ground beef , hamburger meat , mince typically describes a chopping style ) 2 . Walk daintily or effeminately . 3 . Use in the phrase mince ( ones ) words -- to obfuscate or conceal ( or use euphemisms ) when talking or writing -- is common to both dialects minge ( vulgar ) ( rhymes with singe ) female genitals or pubic hair minger ( ultimately from the Scots ming `` to smell strongly and unpleasantly '' ; rhymes with `` singer '' ) someone who is unattractive ( i.e. minging , see below ) . minging ( from the Scots mingin ; rhymes with `` singing '' ) disgusting , dirty ; unattractive . minim a musical note with the duration of two counts in a time signature of 4 / 4 ( US : half note ; see Note value ) mobile phone ( US : cell phone ) moggie , moggy ( informal ) non-pedigree cat ; alley cat ; any cat regardless of pedigree ; Morris Minor car ; Morgan car Mole grips trade name for ( US : Vise - Grips ) . mong ( slang ) disgusting , dirty , foul , idiotic person , possible derivation from mongoloid , now obsolete term for someone with Down 's syndrome monged ( out ) ( slang ) being incapable of constructive activity due to drug use , alcohol consumption or extreme tiredness MOT , MOT test ( pronounced emm'oh'tee ) mandatory annual safety and roadworthiness test for motor vehicles over 3 years old ( from `` Ministry of Transport '' , now renamed `` Department for Transport '' ) motorway A controlled - access highway , the largest class of road on the British road network , designed for fast , high volume traffic . Abbreviated to M , as in M25 or M1 . ( US : equivalent to freeway ) mouthing off shouting , ranting or swearing a lot about something or someone . e.g. : `` that guy was just mouthing off about something '' ( US ( DM ) : backtalk ; often shortened to mouth ( `` I do n't need your mouth '' . ) ) move house , move flat , etc . to move out of one 's house or other residence into a new residence ( US : move , move out ) multi-storey used as a noun , to refer to a multi-level parking structure . e.g. `` I knew there 'd be space in the multi-storey , so I parked there '' . munter an ugly woman ( rarely , man ) ; similar to minger muppet an incompetent or foolish person naff ( slang ) lame , tacky , cheap , low quality ( origin uncertain -- numerous suggestions include backslang for fan , an old term for a vagina ) , also gay slang for a straight man ( said to mean `` Not Available For Fucking '' ) naff off ( dated slang ) shove it , get lost , go away -- a much less offensive alternative to `` fuck off '' ( originally obscure Polari slang , made popular by prison sitcom Porridge and famously used by Princess Anne ) nail varnish a varnish applied to nails to enhance strength and glossiness . ( US : nail polish ) nark * 1 . ( v . ) ( informal ) irritate ; also narked , the adjective . 2 . ( n . ) ( slang ) police informer ( US : narc , derived from narcotics agent , but often used in a general sense ) nappy absorbent undergarment for babies ( US : diaper ) National Insurance compulsory payments made to the Government from earnings to pay for welfare benefits , the National Health Service ( see below ) and the state pension fund . never - never ( slang ) hire purchase ( see above ) . Often used in the media as a derogatory term to describe credit or debt . newsagent strictly a shop owner or shop that sells newspapers , usu . refers to a small shop , e.g. corner shop , convenience store , newsstand , or similar ( US : newsdealer ) newsreader someone who reads the news on TV or radio . See news presenter for a description of the different roles of a newscaster , a British newsreader and an American news anchor . nice one * ( slang ) a way of thanking someone , or congratulating them . nick 1 . ( v . ) to steal 2 . ( n . ) a police station or prison nicked arrested ( `` you 're nicked '' ) -- related to `` the nick '' , above ( US : up the river , busted ) nicker ( colloquial ) 1 pound , maintains singular form when used in a plural context ( `` it cost me 2 nicker '' ) , rarely used in the singular niff an unpleasant smell Nissen hut hemicylindrical building of corrugated metal . Named for the designer . ( US : Quonset hut , named for the place of US manufacture ) NHS the National Health Service , the state run healthcare system within the United Kingdom nob 1 . head 2 . a person of wealth or social standing nobble ( v . ) to sabotage , attempt to hinder in some way . E.g. `` Danny nobbled my chances at the pub quiz by getting Gary to defect to his team . '' nonce A slang term for paedophile , pimp , child molester , or idiot . nosh 1 . food , meal ; also `` nosh up '' , a big satisfying meal ( `` I could do with a good nosh up '' ) Cf US usage , where nosh means `` snack '' or `` to eat '' as in the original Yiddish ( i.e. , `` He 's noshing on the shrimp cocktail . '' ) nosy ( or nosey ) parker * a busybody ( similar to US : butt - in , buttinski , nosy ) nous Good sense ; shrewdness : `` Hillela had the nous to take up with the General when he was on the up - and - up again '' ( Nadine Gordimer ) . Rhymes with `` mouse '' or `` moose '' . nowt nothing ; not anything . `` I 've got nowt to do later . '' Northern English . ( see also ' owt ' -- anything ; as in the phrase `` you ca n't get owt for nowt '' or `` you ca n't get anything for nothing '' ) number plate vehicle registration plate ( sometimes used in the US ; also license plate or license tag ) numpty ( originally Scottish , now more widespread ) a stupid person nutter ( informal ) a crazy or insane person , often violent ; also used as a more light - hearted term of reproach ( `` Oi nutter ! '' ) ( occasionally used in the US ) ( US and UK also : nut , nutcase ) O ( edit ) OAP Old Age Pensioner ( US senior citizen ) off - licence / offie a store for alcoholic beverages which must be imbibed elsewhere ( US liquor store ) off - the - peg of clothes etc. , ready - made rather than made to order ( US : off - the - rack ) off you / we go * a command to begin something or to start moving ( US : let 's go ) offal * the entrails and internal organs of a butchered animal . oi coarse exclamation to gain attention , roughly equivalent to `` hey '' ( `` Oi , you ! '' = `` Hey you ! '' ) the Old Bill ( slang ) The police -- specifically the Metropolitan Police in London , but use of the term has spread elsewhere in England one - off * something that happens only once ; limited to one occasion ( as an adjective , a shared synonym is one - shot ; as a noun ( `` She is a one - off '' ; US : one of a kind ) ) on the back foot outclassed ; outmaneuvered by a competitor or opponent on the piss ( vulgar ) drinking heavily ; going out for the purpose of drinking heavily ; at a slight angle , said of an object that should be vertical orientate * less common alternative to orient , deprecated by some as an unnecessary back - formation from orientation Other ranks members of the military who are not commissioned officers . ( US : Enlisted ranks ) ought n't A contraction of ought not ( US should n't , ought not ) overdraft * money spent on a bank account that results in a debit ( negative ) balance ; the amount of the debit balance , an `` overdraft facility '' , is permission from a bank to draw to a certain debit balance . In US English , overdraft and overdraft limit are used , respectively . overleaf * on the other side of the page ( US : reverse ) owt anything . Northern English . `` Why are n't you saying owt ? '' See also ' nowt ' -- as in the phrase `` ca n't get owt for nowt '' meaning `` ca n't get anything for nothing . '' oy See `` oi '' . P45 a form issued upon severance of employment stating an employee 's tax code . ( US : pink slip ) The idiom to get your P45 is often used in Britain as a metonym for being fired or RIF 'd . The alternate phrases to get your cards , or get your books are often used -- dependent on region . package holiday a holiday whose transport , accommodation , itinerary etc. is organised by a travel company ( US and UK less frequently : package tour ) . Cf holiday ( DM ) Page Three a feature found in some tabloid newspapers consisting of a large photograph of a topless female glamour model Paki a Pakistani person ; often loosely applied to anyone from South Asia , or of perceived South Asian origin . Now considered racist . Paki shop a newsagent or general corner shop run by a person of Pakistani or other South Asian origin . No longer considered an acceptable term ; edited out of repeat showings of an episode of Only Fools and Horses . Not to be confused with `` packie '' , used in some areas of the US such as New England , short for `` package store '' , meaning `` liquor store '' . As with some other terms ( cf . fanny pack ) , this is a case where innocent US use of a term may be unintentionally offensive in the UK . panda car ( informal ) police car . Small police car used for transport , as opposed to a patrol or area car ( analogous to US : black - and - white ) Derives from a period in the 1970s when UK police cars resembled those of their US counterparts , only with blue replacing black . paper round ( the job of making ) a regular series of newspaper deliveries ( US : paper route ) paraffin kerosene paracetamol a common and widely available drug for the treatment of headaches , fever and other minor aches and pains ( US : acetaminophen , Tylenol ) parkie ( informal ) park - keeper parky ( informal ) cold , usually used in reference to the weather pasty , Cornish pasty hard pastry case filled with meat and vegetables served as a main course , particularly in Cornwall and in the north of England pear - shaped usually in the phrase `` to go pear - shaped '' , meaning to go drastically or dramatically wrong ( possibly from the idea of a ball deflating ) . cf tits - up peckish * moderately hungry ( usage dated in US ) peeler in Northern Ireland , colloquial word for `` policeman '' . Similar to `` bobby '' , q.v. pelican crossing pedestrian crossing with traffic lights operated by pedestrians ( formed from Pedestrian Light - Controlled ) people mover or people carrier a minivan or other passenger van pernickety fastidious , precise or over-precise ( US : persnickety ) Perspex * Trade name for Poly ( methyl methacrylate ) ( PMMA ) , a transparent thermoplastic sometimes called `` acrylic glass '' ( US : Plexiglass , trade name of a form produced earlier in the U.S. ) petrol refined mixture of hydrocarbons , used esp. to fuel motor vehicles ( short for petroleum spirit , or from French essence de pétrole ) ( US : gasoline , gas ) . Also variously known as motor spirit ( old - fashioned ) , motor gasoline , mogas , aviation gasoline and avgas ( the last two being a slightly heavier type designed for light aircraft ) petrol - head , petrolhead someone with a strong interest in cars ( especially high performance cars ) and motor racing ( US : gearhead or motorhead ) . phone box payphone , public phone . See also `` telephone kiosk '' ( infra ) ( US : phone booth ) pikey a pejorative slang term , used originally to refer to Irish Travellers . Now refers to anyone whose lifestyle is characterised by itinerancy , theft , illicit land occupancy with destruction of amenities , and disregard for authority , without reference to ethnic or national origin . pillar box box in the street for receiving outgoing mail , in Britain traditionally in the form of a free - standing red pillar ; also called postbox or , less commonly , letter box ( US : mailbox ) See also Pillar box ( film ) : an aspect ratio named for a supposed resemblance to the dimensions of the slot found on a pillar box . pillar - box red the traditional bright red colour of a British pillar box ( US : fire engine red or candy apple red ) pillock ( slang , derogatory ) foolish person , used esp. in northern England but also common elsewhere . Derived from the Northern English term pillicock , a dialect term for penis , although the connection is rarely made in general use . pinch * to steal . pisshead ( vulgar ) someone who regularly gets heavily drunk ( cf . BrE meaning of pissed ) . pissing it down ( with rain ) ( slang , mildly vulgar ) raining very hard ( sometimes `` pissing down '' is used in the US , as in `` It 's pissing down out there . '' ) Also `` pissing it down the drain '' or `` pissing it away '' * meaning to waste something . pitch playing field plait * braid , as in hair plaster Band - Aid plasterboard Drywall pleb * ( derogatory ) person of lower class , from plebeian ; similar to townie . Also commonly used to mean idiot . plectrum ( US and UK : guitar pick ) plimsoll a type of shoe with a canvas upper and rubber sole , formerly the typical gym shoe used in schools . Now superseded by `` trainer '' . ( US : sneaker or Tennis shoe ) plod policeman -- from PC Plod in Enid Blyton 's Noddy books . plonk a disparaging term for cheap wine , especially cheap red wine , is now widely known in the UK and also to a lesser extent in the USA . Derives from French vin blanc and came into English use on the western front in World War I . plonker * ( very mildly derogatory ) fool . Used esp. in the south - east of England , although not unknown elsewhere ( probably popularised in the rest of the UK by Only Fools and Horses ) . Derived from a slang term for penis , and sometimes used in this fashion , e.g. `` Are you pulling my plonker ? '' ( to express disbelief ) ( US var : `` Are you yanking my chain ? '' ) points ( n . ) mechanical crossover on a railway , ( US : switch ) , hence the term `` points failure '' is a very common cause of delays on railways and the London Underground . ponce ( n . ) ( slang ) someone with overly affected airs and graces ; an effeminate posturing man ; a pimp . Originates from Maltese slang . ( related US : poncey ) ( v . ) ( slang ) to act like a pimp ; to cadge , to borrow with little or no intention of returning , often openly so ( `` Can I ponce a ciggie off you , mate ? '' ) ponce about / around ( v . ) ( slang ) to act like a fop , to wander about aimlessly without achieving anything ponce off ( v . ) ( slang ) to mooch , to hit up , to leave in a pompous manner pong ( n . ) ( slang ) a strong unpleasant smell ; ( v . ) to give off a strong unpleasant smell ; ( adj . ) pongy poof , poofter ( derogatory ) a male homosexual ( US equivalent : fag , faggot ) pouffe , poof , poove A small drum - shaped soft furnishing used as a foot rest ( related US : hassock , Ottoman ) porky ( ies ) slang for a lie or lying , from rhyming slang `` pork pies '' = `` lies '' postage and packing , P&P charge for said services ( US : shipping and handling , S&H ; the word postage is , however , used in both dialects ) postal order a money order designed to be sent through the post , issued by the UK Post Office ( US : money order , or postal money order if the context is ambiguous ) postbox , post box box in the street for receiving outgoing mail ( US : mailbox ; drop box ) ; see also letter box , pillar box postcode alphanumeric code used to identify an address , part of a UK - wide scheme . ( US equivalent : ZIP Code ) poste restante service whereby mail is retained at a post office for collection by the recipient ( from French ) ( US : general delivery ) postie ( informal ) postman pound shop ( US : dollar store ) powerpoint electrical outlet poxy ( slang ) something that is unsatisfactory or in generally bad condition . prang ( slang ) to crash a motor vehicle with generally minor damage ( US : fender bender ) pram , perambulator wheeled conveyance for babies ( US : baby - carriage ) prat * ( slang ) an incompetent or ineffectual person , a fool , an idiot press - up a conditioning exercise in which one lies prone and then pushes oneself up by the arms ( outside Britain : push - up ) pritt - stick glue stick , from the trademark of a common brand . proper * Real or very much something . `` He 's a proper hero '' ( US : `` He 's a real hero '' ) provisional licence , provisional driving licence a licence for a learner driver , who has not yet passed a driving test ( US : learner 's permit ) pub short for public house ( US : bar ) publican the landlord of a public house . pud ( informal ) short for `` pudding '' , which may mean dessert or occasionally a savoury item such as Yorkshire pudding or black pudding ; a fool ( informal term usually used good - naturedly between family members ) . pulling his pud , means male masturbation by a `` pudknocker '' . pukka legitimate , the real thing , of good quality ( usually Southeastern England term , recently more widely popularised by Jamie Oliver , but dating back to the 19th century ) . From Hindi - Urdu . punch - up a fistfight puncture ( n . ) A flat tire on a vehicle , as in `` I had a puncture on my bicycle '' . punnet small basket for fruit , usually strawberries punter customer or user of services ( more specifically , of businesses which `` rip off '' the customer ) . Occasionally refers to a speculator , bettor , or gambler , or a customer of a prostitute . pushbike ( informal ) bicycle ( predates the modern safety bicycle q.v. velocipede ) pushchair forward - facing baby carriage ( US : stroller ) Q ( edit ) quango quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisation . A semi-public ( supposedly non-governmental ) advisory or administrative body funded by the taxpayer , often having most of its members appointed by the government , and carrying out government policy . quaver a musical note with the duration of one half - count in a time signature of 4 / 4 ( US : eighth note ) . Also compound nouns semiquaver ( US : sixteenth note ) , demisemiquaver ( US : thirty - second note ) , hemidemisemiquaver ( US : sixty - fourth note ) ; see note value . quid ( informal ) the pound sterling monetary unit ; remains quid in plural form ( `` Can I borrow ten quid ? '' ) ( similar to US buck , meaning dollar ) quids in ( informal ) a financially positive end to a transaction or venture `` After all that , we 'll be quids in ! '' ( US : money ahead ) quieten used in the phrase `` quieten down '' ( US : quiet down ) queue The other word for `` line '' . randy ( informal ) having sexual desire , ( now more common in the US because of the Austin Powers franchise ) ( US : horny ) ranker an enlisted soldier or airman or ( more rarely ) a commissioned officer who has been promoted from enlisted status ( `` the ranks '' * ) rashers * cuts of bacon rat - arsed ( slang ) extremely drunk ( similar to US shit - faced ) recce ( informal ) reconnoître , reconnaissance ( pronounced recky ) ( US : recon ) recorded delivery certified mail ( No longer in official use : replaced by `` signed for on delivery '' . ) Red top sensational tabloid newspaper reel of cotton in the US is spool of thread Register Office , Registry Office official office where births , marriages , civil partnerships , and deaths are recorded ; usually refers to local Register Office ( in each town or locality ) . General Register Office is the relevant government department . In England and Wales until 2001 , almost all civil ( non-church ) marriages took place in the local Register Office ; different laws apply in Scotland and Northern Ireland . `` Register Office '' is the correct legal term , but `` registry office '' is in common informal use . ( US : Office of Vital Statistics ) Release on Licence a term for parole in England and Wales retail park an out - of - town shopping complex populated mainly by large format stores , one of which is typically a supermarket . ( US : power center or strip mall are roughly equivalent ) return A ticket that is valid for travel to a destination and back . A round - trip ticket . road - works upgrade or repairs of roads ( US : construction ; roadwork ( singular ) ) rocket ( eruca sativa ) leafy , green vegetable used in salads and sandwiches , ( US : arugula ) rock hard candy in cylindrical form often sold at holiday locations and made so that the location 's name appears on the end even when broken . ( US : no exact equivalent , but similar to a candy cane ) rodgering ( vulgar ) to engage in a sexual act , or suggest it . e.g. : `` I 'd give her a good rodgering ! '' ropey ( informal ) chancy ; of poor quality ; uncertain ( see dodgy ) . Can also mean unwell when used in the form to feel ropey row * a heated noisy argument ( rhymes with cow ) reverse charge call a telephone call for which the recipient pays ( US and UK also : collect call ) ; also v. to reverse ( the ) charge ( s ) * , to make such a call ( dated in US , used in the 1934 American film It Happened One Night -- US usually : to call collect ) rota a roll call or roster of names , or round or rotation of duties ( the ) rozzers ( rare slang ) Police ( `` Quick , the rozzers ! Scarper ! '' ) -- possibly from Robert Peel , who also gave his name to two other slang terms for the police : peelers ( archaic ) and bobbies ( becoming old - fashioned ) . rubber a pencil eraser ( US : eraser . The word eraser is additionally used in the US to refer to a blackboard eraser . `` Rubber '' in the US is a slang term for a condom . ) rubbish * worthless , unwanted material that is rejected or thrown out ; debris ; litter ; metaphorically : bad human output , such as a weak argument or a poorly written novel ( US : trash , garbage ) rucksack * a backpack . rug muncher * lesbian . rumpy pumpy sexual intercourse , used jokingly . ( Popularised in England by its usage in The Black Adder and subsequent series ; the suggestion of actor Alex Norton of a Scots term . ) saloon a four - door car ( US sedan ) sandwich cake or sandwich ( US : layer cake ) sarky ( informal ) sarcastic ( abbrev . ) `` Why are you being so sarky ? '' ( US : snarky ) sarnie , sarny , sannie ( informal ) sandwich ( abbrev . ) sat nav GPS , from satellite navigation scouser a person from Liverpool , or the adjective scouse to describe anything or anyone from either Liverpool or Merseyside . scran ( informal ) food screw * a prison guard scrubber a lower class , ( usually young ) woman of low morals scrumpy cloudy cider , often high in alcoholic content scrumping action of stealing apples from an orchard ; also v. to scrump self - raising flour self - rising flour secateurs gardening tool for pruning plants ( US : garden shears , pruners or clippers ) secondment ( / sɪˈkɒndmənt / ) the assignment of a person from his or her regular organisation to temporary assignment elsewhere . From v. second ( / sɪˈkɒnd / ) selling - out shop A North English form of off - licence ( US liquor store ) Sellotape transparent adhesive tape , from the trademark Cellophane ( US Scotch tape ) semibreve a musical note with the duration of four counts in a time signature of 4 / 4 ( US : whole note ; see Note value ) send to Coventry ostracize , shun ( US : send to Siberia , vote off the island ) serviette ( from French ) table napkin ( DM ) . Regarded as a non-U word , but widely used by non-U people . Frequently encountered in Canada . shafted broken beyond repair -- can also be used to describe extreme exhaustion . Also cheated , ripped off : he got shafted shag To have sexual intercourse shambolic chaotic , disorganized shandy * a drink consisting of lager or beer mixed with a soft drink , originally ginger beer but now more usually lemonade , in near - equal parts . shanks 's pony on foot , walking -- as in `` The car 's broken down , so it 's shanks 's pony I 'm afraid '' . sha n't A contraction of shall not , considered archaic in American English ( US and UK also : wo n't ) . Rarely used in Scotland . shirtlifter homosexual . shite ( vulgar ) variant of shit shopping trolley A cart supplied by a business for use by customers for transport of merchandise to the checkout counter during shopping . ( US : shopping cart ) sixes and sevens crazy , muddled ( usually in the phrase `` at sixes and sevens '' ) . From the London Livery Company order of precedence , in which position 6 is claimed by both the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors and the Worshipful Company of Skinners . skew - whiff skewed , uneven , not straight skint ( informal ) out of money ( US : broke ) skip industrial rubbish bin ( US : dumpster ) skirting board a wooden board covering the lowest part of an interior wall ( US : baseboard ) skive ( off ) ( informal ) to sneak off , avoid work ; to play truant ( US : play hookey ) slag * ( slang ) a promiscuous woman ; US : slut , skank slag off * to badmouth ; speak badly of someone , usually behind their back slaphead ( informal ) bald man slapper a promiscuous woman sleeping partner a partner in business , often an investor , who is not visibly involved in running the enterprise ( US : silent partner ) sleeping policeman mound built into a road to slow down vehicles ( UK also : hump ( DM ) ; US & UK also : speed bump ) slip road ( US : entrance ramp / onramp or exit ramp / offramp ) slippy ( slang ) smooth , wet , with no friction or traction to grip something ( US : slippery ) slowcoach ( slang ) a slow person ( US : slowpoke ) smalls underclothing , underwear , particularly underpants smart dress formal attire smeghead ( slang ) idiot ; a general term of abuse , from Red Dwarf . snog ( slang ) a ' French kiss ' or to kiss with tongues ( US ( DM ) : deep kiss , not necessarily with tongues ) soap dodger one who is thought to lack personal hygiene sod off ( vulgar , moderately offensive ) go away ; get lost solicitor lawyer , legal representative ( US : attorney ) spacker , spacky , spazmo ( vulgar , offensive to many ) idiot , general term of abuse : from `` Spastic '' , referring in England almost exclusively ( when not used as an insult ) to a person suffering from cerebral palsy . ( variant forms spaz / spastic , are used in American English ) See also Joey . spanner ( US : wrench ) ( slang ) an idiot , a contemptible person ( US : a less pejorative synonym for tool . ) `` He 's as stupid as a bag of spanners . '' ( US var. : `` He 's dumber than a bag of hammers '' . ) spawny lucky spiffing ( informal ) very good ( old - fashioned , or consciously used as old - fashioned , associated stereotypically with upper - class people ) ( US : spiffy ) spiv a dealer in black market goods ( during World War II ) . The term wide boy is also often used in the same sense spliff * ( slang ) a hand - rolled cigarette containing a mixture of marijuana and tobacco , also joint . ( Also used in US ; joint , j , or blunt more widely used . ) spotted dick an English steamed suet pudding containing dried fruit ( usually currants ) , commonly served with custard . squaddie ( informal ) a non-commissioned soldier ( US : grunt ) square go unarmed brawl squadron leader an Air Force officer rank ( US : major ) squidgy ( informal ) soft and soggy ( US : squishy ) squiffy ( informal ) intoxicated ( popularly but probably erroneously said to be from British Prime Minister H.H. Asquith , a noted imbiber ) . The word can also be synonymous with skew - whiff . squiz ( rare ) look , most often used in the form to have a squiz at ... stamp ( slang ) National Insurance payments ( e.g. : I have not paid enough stamps to get my full state pension ) star jump a form of exercise ( US : jumping jack ) sticky - backed plastic large sheet of thin , soft , coloured plastic that is sticky on one side ; generic term popularised by craft segments on the children 's TV show Blue Peter ( US similar : contact paper ) sticky wicket ( usually `` batting on a sticky wicket '' ) facing a difficult situation . From cricket : a sticky wicket is one that has a damp surface on top of a dry base , typically after rain . It causes the ball to bounce unpredicatably and possibly dangerously for the batsman ; stockist : a seller ( as a retailer ) that stocks merchandise of a particular type , usually a specified brand or model ( US : dealer ) stone the crows exclamation of surprise ( US holy cow , holy mother of pearl ) straight away immediately ( sometimes used in the US ; also right away ) stroke to move your hand slowly and gently over something e.g. stroke a dog . ( US : pet ) strop ( informal ) bad mood or temper stroppy , to have a strop on ( informal ) recalcitrant , in a bad mood or temper sun cream sunscreen suck it and see to undertake a course of action without knowing its full consequences ( US : take your chances ) suss ( out ) * ( informal ) to figure out ( from suspicion ) suspender belt a ladies ' undergarment to hold up stockings ( US : garter belt ) swot 1 . v. to study for an exam ( US cram ) 2 . n . ( derogatory ) aloof and unpopular schoolchild or student who studies to excess ( US : nerd ) sweets the same term for candy in US sweet FA ( slang ) nothing ( from `` Sweet Fanny Adams '' , alternative : `` Sweet Fuck All '' ) , `` I know sweet FA about cars ! '' ( US : jack shit ) swimming costume swimsuit or bathing suit ; also cozzy for short . ta ( informal ) thank you Taff , Taffy moderately offensive nickname for a Welshman tailback A long line of stationary or slow - moving traffic extending back from a busy junction or similar obstruction on the road . ( US : back up ) takeaway food outlet where you can order food to go ( or be delivered ) ( not usually applied to fast food chains ) . Usage : `` we had a takeaway for dinner '' , `` we went to the local takeaway '' . ( DM ) ; ( US : takeout ) take the piss ( vulgar ) / take the mickey ( slang ) to make fun of somebody or something ; to act in a non-serious manner about something important . Can also mean to transgress beyond what are perceived as acceptable bounds , or to treat with perceived contempt takings * receipts of money Tannoy loudspeaker ( a proprietary brand name ) , public address system tapping up in professional team sport , attempting to persuade a player contracted to one team to transfer to another team without the knowledge or permission of the player 's current team ( US : `` tampering '' ) ta - ra ! ( informal , friendly ) exclamation of farewell ( similar to ' seeya ! ' and ' cheerio ! ' ( above ) ) . Originally from Merseyside ( see Scouser , above ) telephone kiosk payphone , public phone . See also `` phone box '' ( supra ) ( US : phone booth ) tea towel a cloth which is used to dry dishes , cutlery , etc. , after they have been washed . ( US : dish towel ) telerecording a recording of a live television broadcast made directly from a cathode ray tube onto motion picture film . The equivalent US term is kinescope . telly ( informal ) television tenner ten pound note Territorial a member of the Territorial Army ( US rough equivalent is the Army Reserve and National Guard ) tetchy * irascible ( variant of touchy , which is common in American English ) thickie person of low intelligence . throw a wobbly ( informal ) to lose one 's temper , throw a tantrum thruppennies ( rhyming slang ) breasts / tits ( from thrupenny bits , obsolete British coin ) tinned canned as in `` tinned soup '' or `` a tin of tuna '' tip a dump or to throw something away Tipp - Ex white tape or liquid used to make corrections of ink on paper ( US : Wite - Out ) tipping ( it ) down raining hard titchy very small ; tiny ( from tich or titch a small person , from Little Tich , the stage name of Harry Relph ( 1867 -- 1928 ) , English actor noted for his small stature ) titfer ( rhyming slang ) hat ( from tit - for - tat ) ( go ) tits up ( mildly vulgar ) to suddenly go wrong ( literally , to fall over . US : go belly up ) . cf pear - shaped ( appears in the US mainly as military jargon , sometimes sanitized to `` tango uniform '' ) toad - in - the - hole batter - baked sausages , sausages baked in Yorkshire Pudding toff ( slang ) member of the upper classes toffee apple a sugar - glazed apple on a stick eaten esp . on Guy Fawkes Night and Hallowe'en ( US : caramel apple or candy apple ) toffee - nosed antisocial in a pretentious way , stuck up tom female prostitute Tommy Atkins , Tommy common term for a British soldier , particularly associated with World War I tonk ( informal ) to hit hard , sometimes used in cricket to describe a substantial boundary shot : `` he tonked it for six '' . In Southern England can also mean muscular . ( US : ripped or buff ) . torch flashlight tosser * ( slang ) Largely equivalent to `` wanker '' but less offensive ; has the same literal meaning , i.e. one who masturbates ( `` tosses off '' ) . ( US : jerk ) . tosspot ( colloquial , archaic ) a drunkard ; also used in the sense of `` tosser '' . totty ( informal , offensive to some ) sexually alluring woman or women ( more recently , also applied to males ) . Originally a term for a prostitute in the late 19th century . tout usually in the context `` ticket tout '' ; to re-sell tickets , usually to a live event . Verb : to tout , touting . Ticket touts can usually be seen outside a venue prior to the beginning of the event , selling tickets ( which may well be fake ) cash - in - hand . Known as scalping in the US . tower block high rise public housing building . In recent years the US term apartment building has become fashionable to create the distinction between stigmatised public housing projects , and towers built to contain desirable private accommodation . Equally the US word condominium could also be applied to a tower block . tractor a piece of farming equipment Trading Standards local government departments responsible for enforcing laws regulating the conduct of businesses . trainers training shoes , athletic shoes . ( US : sneakers ) . transit , transit van generic name for a full size panel van , based on the Ford vehicle of the same name , which in Britain dominates the market for such vehicles . transport cafe ( sometimes `` caff '' ) roadside diner on a highway used primarily by lorry ( truck ) drivers ( US : truckstop ) treacle refined black sugar syrup ( US : molasses ) truncheon * a police officer 's weapon ( US : nightstick or billy ) tuppence two pence , also infantile euphemism for vagina . cf twopenn'orth tuppenny - ha'penny cheap , substandard turf accountant bookmaker for horse races ( US and UK : bookie ) turn - indicator direction - indicator light on a vehicle ( US : turn signal ) turning A place where you can turn off a road . Not generally used where the turn would take you onto a more major road or for a crossroads . ( US : turn ) . `` drive past the post-office and you 'll see a small turning to the right , which leads directly to our farm '' turn - ups an arrangement at the bottom of trouser - legs whereby a deep hem is made , and the material is doubled - back to provide a trough around the external portion of the bottom of the leg . ( US : cuffs ) twee * excessively cute , quaint , or `` precious '' ( Similar to US cutesy ) twopenn'orth , tuppenn'orth , tup'en'oth one 's opinion ( tuppenn'orth is literally `` two pennies worth '' or `` two pence worth '' , depending on usage ) ; ( US equivalent : two cents ' worth , two cents ) . cf tuppence U ( edit ) uni short for university , used much like US college up himself / herself ( informal ) someone who is stand - offish , stuck - up , snobby . `` He 's a bit up himself . '' Euphemistic variation of up his own arse . ( US : snotty , full of himself / herself ) up sticks ( US : pull up stakes ) V ( edit ) veg shortened form of vegetable or vegetables . ( US : veggie , veggies ) verger ( virger , in some churches ) someone who carries the verge or other emblem of authority before a scholastic , legal , or religious dignitary in a procession ; someone who takes care of the interior of a church and acts as an attendant during ceremonies . verruca a wart which occurs on one 's foot . ( US : plantar wart ) WAG `` wives and girlfriends '' , typically in reference to the significant others of footballers ( US soccer players ) . wage packet weekly employee payment , usually cash though now less comnmonly given as such ( US paycheck ) wally ( informal ) a mild form of idiot or fool ( US dummy ) wanker ( offensive ) a masturbator , used generally as a term of abuse in the fashion of the US jagoff or jerk . WC a `` water closet '' , a loo , a public or private toilet without a bath ( US bathroom or restroom ) washing - up liquid liquid detergent used for washing dishes ( US dishwashing detergent or liquid , dish soap ) wazzock an idiot , popularised ( at least in Southern England ) by the 1981 song `` Capstick Comes Home '' by Tony Capstick , originated and historically more common in Northern England well extremely , very . `` He 's well rich '' ( US `` He 's way rich '' ) Wellingtons , wellies Wellington boots , waterproof rubber boots named after the Duke of Wellington . welly ( informal ) effort ( e.g. : `` Give it some welly '' to mean `` put a bit of effort into an attempt to do something '' US : elbow grease ( also UK ) , oomph ) ; also the singular of `` wellies '' , for Wellington boots ( US : gumboots , rubber boots ) What ho ! ( interj . ) Hello ! ( warmly ) Now considered old - fashioned and ( like `` spiffing '' , above ) stereotypically associated with the upper class ( and in particular the works of P.G. Wodehouse ) . wheel brace tool used to remove the nuts / bolts of the wheel of an automobile ( US : Lug wrench ) whilst A more restricted form of `` while '' which can not be used as a noun , verb , or preposition . In the US , `` whilst '' is old - fashioned and pretentious to the point where it is now only appropriate for creating a dated effect , as in historical fiction . whinge ( informal ) complain , whine , especially repeated complaining about minor things ( e.g. `` Stop whingeing '' meaning `` stop complaining '' ) ; cognate with whine , originated in Scottish and Northern English in the 12th century . Hence whinger ( derogatory ) , someone who complains a lot . whip - round an impromptu collection of money . ( Uk and US : pass the hat round ) white coffee coffee with milk or cream . white pudding oat and fat sausage often eaten at breakfast , common in Ireland and Scotland wide boy see spiv , above windbreaker a series of small connected screens designed to break the wind at the beach , staked into the sand by wooden poles usually with the aid of a rubber mallet windscreen ( US : windshield ) wing commander an Air Force officer rank ( US : lieutenant - colonel ) wing mirrors the external mirrors on a vehicle -- though no longer normally attached to the ' wings ' ( US : fenders ) but to the doors ( US : sideview mirrors , side mirrors ) winkle ( slang ) childish term for a penis ( US : winkie ) witter ( informal ) to continue to talk trivially about a subject long after the audience 's interest has gone ( assuming there was any interest in the first place ) . `` He wittered on . '' wobbler , wobbly ( informal ) tantrum write - off * when cost of repair of a damaged asset ( usually a car ) is not feasible or exceeds its insurance value ( US : total loss , totalled ) Is also used formally in the context of accounting , including in the US , to mean a permissible deduction applied to offset certain kinds of costs ( `` a tax write - off '' ) . wog ( offensive , term of abuse ) member of an ethnic minority , especially a brown one . The word can refer to a wide variety of non-Europeans , including Arabs , sub-Saharans Africans ( and those of sub-Saharan descent ) , Iranians , Indians and Pakistanis , and Turks . Y ( edit ) Y - fronts men 's briefs with an inverted - Y - shaped frontal flap ; originally a trademark ( US : jockey shorts / briefs ; US slang : tighty - whiteys ) yob , yobbo lout , young troublemaker ( origin : boy spelt backwards ) yomp to move on foot across rough terrain carrying heavy amounts of equipment and supplies without mechanised support ( Royal Marines slang popularised by the Falklands War of 1982 , army equivalent is to tab ) . Also used informally for any walk across rough ground . yonks a long time , ages . `` I 've not seen her for yonks . '' ( colloquial ) Z ( edit ) zed last letter of the alphabet , pronounced `` zee '' in the U.S. zebra crossing ( US : crosswalk ) Zimmer , Zimmer frame a trade name for a walking frame , from the American firm Zimmer Holdings . ( US , colloquially : walker ) See also ( edit ) List of words having different meanings in British and American English : A -- L List of words having different meanings in British and American English : M -- Z List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom Cockney rhyming slang References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Abolishing angst regarding among and amongst '' . OxfordWords Blog . Jump up ^ `` argy - bargy : definition of argy - bargy in Oxford dictionary ( American English ) '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ Pepper , John . John Pepper 's Ulster - English Dictionary . Belfast : Appletree Press . ISBN 0904651886 . Jump up ^ `` Barmy -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Balmy -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` balmy : definition of balmy in Oxford dictionary ( British & World English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of barney '' . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Search Chambers '' . chambers.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` barney -- definition of barney in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ `` berk noun -- definition in the British English Dictionary & Thesaurus -- Cambridge Dictionaries Online '' . Dictionary.cambridge.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` www.chambersharrap.co.uk '' . Chambersharrap.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of berk '' . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` berk -- Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online '' . Ldoceonline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` berk : definition of berk in Oxford dictionary ( British & World English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Idioms and phrases The Free Dictionary '' . Idioms.thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Etymonline ' ' '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ blague Jump up ^ `` Bob 's your uncle '' , World Wide Words Jump up ^ `` Everything2.com '' . Everything2.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` bot definition , meaning -- what is bot in the British English Dictionary & Thesaurus -- Cambridge Dictionaries Online '' . cambridge.org . Jump up ^ `` botty -- definition of botty in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ See for example The Q Encyclopedia of Rock Stars by Dafydd Rees and Luke Crampton , Dorling Kindersley , 1999 , entry for The Yardbirds on page 1088 : `` In response to playwright Lord Ted Willis calling their type of music a ' cheap candyfloss substitute for culture ' in the House of Lords , the band goes to his house in Chislehurst , Kent , and plays in his back garden ... '' Jump up ^ `` Chesterfield Sofa '' . The Traditional English Chesterfield Company . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ofsted . `` Factsheet : childcare -- Requirements for the Childcare Register : childminders and home childcarers '' . Ofsted.gov.uk . Ofsted . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` chunter : definition of chunter in Oxford dictionary ( British & World English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` A load of codswallop '' , The Phrase Finder . Retrieved 23 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Community sentences '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ http://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/corn_flour Jump up ^ `` And just what the fuck is a counterpane ? I wondered in a small , unhappy voice ... '' Bill Bryson Notes from a Small Island '' HarperCollins publishers 1995 ISBN 0 - 552 - 99600 - 9 Jump up ^ SHAW , F ; Spiegl , F : Lern Yerself Scouse ; Liverpool , 1965 , Scouse Press Jump up ^ `` donkey 's years : definition of donkey 's years in Oxford dictionary ( British & World English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Donkey 's years -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com. 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of `` faff '' -- Collins English Dictionary `` . collinsdictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` faff -- definition of faff in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . 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Jump up ^ `` get off with sb -- definition in British English Dictionary & Thesaurus -- Cambridge Dictionary Online '' . Dictionary.cambridge.org. 2013 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` www.chambersharrap.co.uk '' . Chambersharrap.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of gobby '' . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nosebleed -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com. 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` gritter Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary '' . cambridge.org . Jump up ^ SHAW , F ; Spiegl , F : Lern Yerself Scouse ; Liverpool , 1965 , Scouse Press ^ Jump up to : H.L. Mencken et al. , The American Language , Abridged Version 1982 Jump up ^ `` Holidaymaker -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com. 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` hot : definition of hot in Oxford dictionary ( British & World English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Joey Deacon '' . Pigeonsnest.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mairi Robinson , ed. ( 1985 ) . The Concise Scots Dictionary . Aberdeen University Press . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 028492 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chambers English Dictionary . Edinburgh : W & R Chambers . 1988 . p. 216 . ISBN 1 - 85296 - 000 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chambers English Dictionary . Edinburgh : W & R Chambers . 1988 . p. 780 . ISBN 1 - 85296 - 000 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of `` khazi '' Collins English Dictionary `` . www.collinsdictionary.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` khazi -- definition of khazi in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . www.oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ OED ( 2nd Edition ) entry at knacker ( verb ) Jump up ^ `` lurgy -- definition of lurgy in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ `` minge -- definition of minge in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Betty . `` Useful Scots word : mingin '' . Caledonian Mercury . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` mobile phone -- definition of mobile phone in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ `` Definition of `` mobile phone '' -- Collins English Dictionary `` . collinsdictionary.com . Jump up ^ Stewart , James B. , `` A Tell - All on Goldman Has Little Worth Telling '' , New York Times , October 19 , 2012 . Described as `` a mildly derogatory term common in British slang '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Busted -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com. 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ' Numpty ' voted nation 's best word '' . BBC News . BBC . 2 April 2007 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/on-the-back-foot Jump up ^ `` ought to '' . Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` P45 : definition of P45 in Oxford dictionary ( British & World English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Always Free Online '' . Collins English Dictionary . 2014 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Always Free Online '' . Collins English Dictionary . 2014 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Hub : Wicked Good Guide to Boston English '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Online Slang Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pedestrian Crossings '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pelican Crossing '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com. 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Frankie Dettori with Jonathan Powell . `` Definition of red - top '' . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Man loses ' right to be forgotten ' Google court bid '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Presenters : Tam Cowan , Stuart Cosgrove ( 18 February 2012 ) . `` Off the Ball '' . Off the Ball . Glasgow . BBC . BBC Radio Scotland . Jump up ^ `` rump '' . Dictionary of the Scots Language . Scottish Language Dictionaries . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . rumpie - pumpie , a jocular term for copulation ( Ayr. 1968 ) Jump up ^ `` sandwich : definition of sandwich in Oxford dictionary ( British & World English ) ( US ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` British and American terms -- Oxford Dictionaries ( US ) '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/shambolic Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-42385803 Jump up ^ Orin Hargraves ( 2003 ) . Mighty Fine Words and Smashing Expressions . Oxford University Press . p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` shite : definition of shite in Oxford dictionary ( American English ) '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ `` baseboard : definition of baseboard in Oxford dictionary ( British & World English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/slag Jump up ^ `` slapper : definition of slapper in Oxford dictionary ( American English ) '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ `` square go -- definition of square go in English '' . Oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://sccwa.tripod.com/cktlist.html/Dictionary-of-Cricket-Terms#QtoT Jump up ^ `` sun cream -- definition of sun cream in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . Oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tailback Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-norfolk-43234357/drone-footage-shows-snow-travel-chaos-in-norfolk Jump up ^ `` tip Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary '' . cambridge.org . Jump up ^ `` tip -- definition of tip in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ http://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tom Jump up ^ `` transport cafe : definition of transport cafe in Oxford dictionary ( British & World English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Always Free Online '' . Collins English Dictionary . 2014 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Search Chambers -- Free English Dictionary '' . Chambers.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Twee -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . merriam-webster.com . Jump up ^ `` veg : definition of veg ( 2 ) in Oxford dictionary ( American English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com. 2013 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Veg -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com. 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary of the Scots Language '' . Dsl.ac.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tibballs , Geoff . `` Definition of whip - round '' . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Always Free Online '' . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Write - off -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . merriam-webster.com . Jump up ^ `` Zimmer -- definition of Zimmer in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Bibliography ( edit ) Hargraves , Orin ( 2002 ) . Mighty Fine Words and Smashing Expressions : Making Sense of Transatlantic English . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515704 - 4 . Peters , Pam ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Guide to English Usage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62181 - X . External links ( edit ) BBC.co.uk , A large project being undertaken by the BBC to document and chart the different word - usage and accents in the British Isles . British and American terms , Oxford Dictionaries Effingpot.com An American 's guide to speaking British , written by a Brit living in Texas . Translating American to British A guide to British slang . American - British / British - American Dictionaries An American to British dictionary and a British to American Dictionary . The Septic 's Companion : A British Slang Dictionary An online dictionary of British slang , viewable alphabetically or by category . 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where is the thalmus located in the brain	The thalamus ( from Greek θάλαμος , `` chamber '' ) is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals , including motor signals , to the cerebral cortex , and the regulation of consciousness , sleep , and alertness .	dorsal part of the diencephalon	Thalamus	thalamus	The thalamus ( from Greek θάλαμος , `` chamber '' ) is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals , including motor signals , to the cerebral cortex , and the regulation of consciousness , sleep , and alertness .	It is a midline symmetrical structure of two halves , within the vertebrate brain , situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain . It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon , as first assigned by Wilhelm His , Sr. in 1893 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Blood supply 1.2 Thalamic nuclei 1.3 Connections 2 Function 3 Development 3.1 Early brain development 3.2 Formation of progenitor domains 3.3 The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser ( MDO ) 3.4 Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus 4 Clinical significance 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Anatomy ( edit ) The thalamus in a 360 ° rotation The thalamus is located in the forebrain which is superior to the midbrain , near the center of the brain , with nerve fibers projecting out to the cerebral cortex in all directions . The medial surface of the thalamus constitutes the upper part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle , and is connected to the corresponding surface of the opposite thalamus by a flattened gray band , the interthalamic adhesion . Blood supply ( edit ) The thalamus derives its blood supply from a number of arteries : the polar artery ( posterior communicating artery ) , paramedian thalamic - subthalamic arteries , inferolateral ( thalamogeniculate ) arteries , and posterior ( medial and lateral ) choroidal arteries . These are all branches of the posterior cerebral artery . Some people have the artery of Percheron , which is a rare anatomic variation in which a single arterial trunk arises from the posterior cerebral artery to supply both parts of the thalamus . Thalamic nuclei ( edit ) See also : List of thalamic nuclei Nuclei of the thalamus The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of four parts , the hypothalamus , epithalamus , prethalamus ( formerly called ventral thalamus ) , and dorsal thalamus . Derivatives of the diencephalon also include the dorsally - located epithalamus ( essentially the habenula and annexes ) and the perithalamus ( prethalamus ) containing the zona incerta and the thalamic reticular nucleus . Due to their different ontogenetic origins , the epithalamus and the perithalamus are formally distinguished from the thalamus proper . The thalamus comprises a system of lamellae ( made up of myelinated fibers ) separating different thalamic subparts . Other areas are defined by distinct clusters of neurons , such as the periventricular nucleus , the intralaminar elements , the `` nucleus limitans '' , and others . These latter structures , different in structure from the major part of the thalamus , have been grouped together into the allothalamus as opposed to the isothalamus . This distinction simplifies the global description of the thalamus . Connections ( edit ) The thalamus is connected to the spinal cord via the spinothalamic tract . The thalamus is manifoldly connected to the hippocampus via the mammillo - thalamic tract , this tract comprises the mammillary bodies and fornix . The thalamus is connected to the cerebral cortex via the thalamocortical radiations . The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord . It transmits information to the thalamus about pain , temperature , itch and crude touch . There are two main parts : the lateral spinothalamic tract , which transmits pain and temperature , and the anterior ( or ventral ) spinothalamic tract , which transmits crude touch and pressure . Function ( edit ) The thalamus has multiple functions , generally believed to act as a relay station , or hub , relaying information between different subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex . In particular , every sensory system ( with the exception of the olfactory system ) includes a thalamic nucleus that receives sensory signals and sends them to the associated primary cortical area . For the visual system , for example , inputs from the retina are sent to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus , which in turn projects to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe . The thalamus is believed to both process sensory information as well as relay it -- each of the primary sensory relay areas receives strong feedback connections from the cerebral cortex . Similarly the medial geniculate nucleus acts as a key auditory relay between the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and the primary auditory cortex . The ventral posterior nucleus is a key somatosensory relay , which sends touch and proprioceptive information to the primary somatosensory cortex . The thalamus also plays an important role in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness . Thalamic nuclei have strong reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex , forming thalamo - cortico - thalamic circuits that are believed to be involved with consciousness . The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal , the level of awareness , and activity . Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma . The role of the thalamus in the more anterior pallidal and nigral territories in the basal ganglia system disturbances is recognized but still poorly understood . The contribution of the thalamus to vestibular or to tectal functions is almost ignored . The thalamus has been thought of as a `` relay '' that simply forwards signals to the cerebral cortex . Newer research suggests that thalamic function is more selective . Many different functions are linked to various regions of the thalamus . This is the case for many of the sensory systems ( except for the olfactory system ) , such as the auditory , somatic , visceral , gustatory and visual systems where localized lesions provoke specific sensory deficits . A major role of the thalamus is support of motor and language systems , and much of the circuitry implicated for these systems is shared . The thalamus is functionally connected to the hippocampus as part of the extended hippocampal system at the thalamic anterior nuclei with respect to spatial memory and spatial sensory datum they are crucial for human episodic memory and rodent event memory . There is support for the hypothesis that thalamic regions connection to particular parts of the mesio - temporal lobe provide differentiation of the functioning of recollective and familiarity memory . The neuronal information processes necessary for motor control were proposed as a network involving the thalamus as a subcortical motor center . Through investigations of the anatomy of the brains of primates the nature of the interconnected tissues of the cerebellum to the multiple motor cortices suggested that the thalamus fulfills a key function in providing the specific channels from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cortical motor areas . In an investigation of the saccade and antisaccade motor response in three monkeys , the thalamic regions were found to be involved in the generation of antisaccade eye - movement ( that is , the ability to inhibit the reflexive jerking movement of the eyes in the direction of a presented stimulus ) . Recent research suggests that the mediodorsal thalamus may play a broader role in cognition . Specifically , the mediodorsal thalamus may `` amplify the connectivity ( signaling strength ) of just the circuits in the cortex appropriate for the current context and thereby contribute to the flexibility ( of the mammalian brain ) to make complex decisions by wiring the many associations on which decisions depend into weakly connected cortical circuits . '' Researchers founds that `` enhancing MD activity magnified the ability of mice to `` think , '' driving down by more than 25 percent their error rate in deciding which conflicting sensory stimuli to follow to find the reward . '' Development ( edit ) The thalamic complex is composed of the perithalamus ( or prethalamus , previously also known as ventral thalamus ) , the mid-diencephalic organiser ( which forms later the zona limitans intrathalamica ( ZLI ) ) and the thalamus ( dorsal thalamus ) . The development of the thalamus can be subdivided into three steps . The thalamus is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon , the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum . Early brain development ( edit ) After neurulation the anlage of the prethalamus and the thalamus is induced within the neural tube . Data from different vertebrate model organisms support a model in which the interaction between two transcription factors , Fez and Otx , are of decisive importance . Fez is expressed in the prethalamus , and functional experiments show that Fez is required for prethalamus formation . Posteriorly , Otx1 and Otx2 abut the expression domain of Fez and are required for proper development of the thalamus . Formation of progenitor domains ( edit ) Early in thalamic development two progenitor domains form , a caudal domain ( TH - C ) and a rostral domain ( TH - R ) . The caudal domain gives rise to all of the glutamatergic neurons in the adult thalamus while the rostral domain gives rise to all of the GABAergic neurons in the adult thalamus . The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser ( MDO ) ( edit ) At the interface between the expression domains of Fez and Otx , the mid-diencephalic organizer ( MDO , also called the ZLI organiser ) is induced within the thalamic anlage . The MDO is the central signalling organizer in the thalamus . A lack of the organizer leads to the absence of the thalamus . The MDO matures from ventral to dorsal during development . Members of the SHH family and of the Wnt family are the main principal signals emitted by the MDO . Besides its importance as signalling center , the organizer matures into the morphological structure of the zona limitans intrathalamica ( ZLI ) . Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus ( edit ) After its induction , the MDO starts to orchestrate the development of the thalamic anlage by release of signalling molecules such as SHH . In mice , the function of signaling at the MDO has not been addressed directly due to a complete absence of the diencephalon in SHH mutants . Studies in chicks have shown that SHH is both necessary and sufficient for thalamic gene induction . In zebrafish , it was shown that the expression of two SHH genes , SHH - a and SHH - b ( formerly described as twhh ) mark the MDO territory , and that SHH signaling is sufficient for the molecular differentiation of both the prethalamus and the thalamus but is not required for their maintenance and SHH signaling from the MDO / alar plate is sufficient for the maturation of prethalamic and thalamic territory while ventral Shh signals are dispensable . The exposure to SHH leads to differentiation of thalamic neurons . SHH signaling from the MDO induces a posterior - to - anterior wave of expression the proneural gene Neurogenin1 in the major ( caudal ) part of the thalamus , and Ascl1 ( formerly Mash1 ) in the remaining narrow stripe of rostral thalamic cells immediately adjacent to the MDO , and in the prethalamus . This zonation of proneural gene expression leads to the differentiation of glutamatergic relay neurons from the Neurogenin1+ precursors and of GABAergic inhibitory neurons from the Ascl1+ precursors . In fish , selection of these alternative neurotransmitter fates is controlled by the dynamic expression of Her6 the homolog of HES1 . Expression of this hairy - like bHLH transcription factor , which represses Neurogenin but is required for Ascl1 , is progressively lost from the caudal thalamus but maintained in the prethalamus and in the stripe of rostral thalamic cells . In addition , studies on chick and mice have shown that blocking the Shh pathway leads to absence of the rostral thalamus and substantial decrease of the caudal thalamus . The rostral thalamus will give rise to the reticular nucleus mainly whereby the caudal thalamus will form the relay thalamus and will be further subdivided in the thalamic nuclei . In humans , a common genetic variation in the promotor region of the serotonin transporter ( the SERT - long and - short allele : 5 - HTTLPR ) has been shown to affect the development of several regions of the thalamus in adults . People who inherit two short alleles ( SERT - ss ) have more neurons and a larger volume in the pulvinar and possibly the limbic regions of the thalamus . Enlargement of the thalamus provides an anatomical basis for why people who inherit two SERT - ss alleles are more vulnerable to major depression , posttraumatic stress disorder , and suicide . Clinical significance ( edit ) A cerebrovascular accident ( stroke ) can lead to the thalamic syndrome , which involves a one - sided burning or aching sensation often accompanied by mood swings . Bilateral ischemia of the area supplied by the paramedian artery can cause serious problems including akinetic mutism , and be accompanied by oculomotor problems . A related concept is thalamocortical dysrhythmia . The occlusion of the artery of Percheron can lead to a bilateral thalamus infarction . Korsakoff 's syndrome stems from damage to the mammillary body , the mammillothalamic fasciculus or the thalamus . Fatal familial insomnia is a hereditary prion disease in which degeneration of the thalamus occurs , causing the patient to gradually lose his ability to sleep and progressing to a state of total insomnia , which invariably leads to death . In contrast , damage to the thalamus can result in coma . Additional images ( edit ) Drawings are by Gray and Carter ( 1858 ) . The left optic nerve and the optic tracts . Coronal section of lateral and 3rd ventricles . Dissection showing the ventricles of the brain . Section of brain showing upper surface of temporal lobe . Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere . Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane . Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories ( I to V ) . Scheme showing the course of the fibers of the lemniscus ; medial lemniscus in blue , lateral in red . Deep dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . Deep dissection of brain - stem . Ventral view . Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons . Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle . Human brain frontal ( coronal ) section Thalamus Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia . Superior view . Horizontal section . Deep dissection Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia . Superior view . Horizontal section . Deep dissection See also ( edit ) List of regions in the human brain List of thalamic nuclei Neothalamus Primate basal ganglia system Thalamic stimulator Thalamotomy 5 - HT7 receptor Nonmotor region of the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harper - index & University of Washington Faculty Web Server & Search engine search page + Perseus Project tufts.edu Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 Jump up ^ Sherman , S. ( 2006 ) . `` Thalamus '' . Scholarpedia. 1 ( 9 ) : 1583 . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 1583 . Jump up ^ Sherman , S. Murray ; Guillery , R.W. ( 2000 ) . Exploring the Thalamus . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 305460 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` What you can learn from Einsteins quirky habits '' Jump up ^ The Thalamus - Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 1749 - 8 . Jump up ^ Percheron , G. ( 1982 ) . `` The arterial supply of the thalamus '' . In Schaltenbrand ; Walker , A.E. Stereotaxy of the human brain . Stuttgart : Thieme . pp. 218 -- 32 . 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Cognitive Neuroscience - The Biology of The Mind . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 91348 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Steriade , Mircea ; Llinás , Rodolfo R. ( 1988 ) . `` The Functional States of the Thalamus and the Associated Neuronal Interplay '' . Physiological Reviews . 68 ( 3 ) : 649 -- 742 . PMID 2839857 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Abigail W. ( August 17 , 2006 ) . `` Your Brain Boots Up Like a Computer '' . LiveScience . Jump up ^ Stein , Thor ; Moritz , Chad ; Quigley , Michelle ; Cordes , Dietmar ; Haughton , Victor ; Meyerand , Elizabeth ( 2000 ) . `` Functional Connectivity in the Thalamus and Hippocampus Studied with Functional MR Imaging '' . American Journal of Neuroradiology. 21 ( 8 ) : 1397 -- 401 . PMID 11003270 . Jump up ^ Aggleton , John P. ; Brown , Malcolm W. ( 1999 ) . `` Episodic memory , amnesia , and the hippocampal -- anterior thalamic axis '' . Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 22 ( 3 ) : 425 -- 44 ; discussion 444 -- 89 . doi : 10.1017 / S0140525X99002034 . PMID 11301518 . Jump up ^ Aggleton , John P. ; O'Mara , Shane M. ; Vann , Seralynne D. ; Wright , Nick F. ; Tsanov , Marian ; Erichsen , Jonathan T. ( 2010 ) . `` Hippocampal - anterior thalamic pathways for memory : Uncovering a network of direct and indirect actions '' . European Journal of Neuroscience. 31 ( 12 ) : 2292 -- 307 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9568.2010. 07251. x . PMC 2936113 . PMID 20550571 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Neil ; Maguire , Eleanor A ; O'Keefe , John ( 2002 ) . `` The Human Hippocampus and Spatial and Episodic Memory '' . Neuron. 35 ( 4 ) : 625 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / S0896 - 6273 ( 02 ) 00830 - 9 . PMID 12194864 . Jump up ^ Evarts , EV ; Thach , WT ( 1969 ) . `` Motor Mechanisms of the CNS : Cerebrocerebellar Interrelations '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 31 : 451 -- 98 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ph. 31.030169. 002315 . PMID 4885774 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.optomotorik.de/blicken/anti-rev.htm Jump up ^ Kunimatsu , J ; Tanaka , M ( 2010 ) . `` Roles of the primate motor thalamus in the generation of antisaccades '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 30 ( 14 ) : 5108 -- 17 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 0406 - 10.2010 . PMID 20371831 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Role Discovered For Brain Region '' . Neuroscience News . 2017 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , L. Ian ; Wimmer , Ralf D. ; Nakajima , Miho ; Happ , Michael ; Mofakham , Sima ; Halassa , Michael M. ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Thalamic amplification of cortical connectivity sustains attentional control '' . Nature . 545 ( 7653 ) : 219 -- 223 . doi : 10.1038 / nature22073 . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . PMC 5570520 . PMID 28467827 . Jump up ^ Kuhlenbeck , Hartwig ( 1937 ) . `` The ontogenetic development of the diencephalic centers in a bird 's brain ( chick ) and comparison with the reptilian and mammalian diencephalon '' . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 66 : 23 -- 75 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 900660103 . Jump up ^ Shimamura , K ; Hartigan , DJ ; Martinez , S ; Puelles , L ; Rubenstein , JL ( 1995 ) . `` Longitudinal organization of the anterior neural plate and neural tube '' . Development . 121 ( 12 ) : 3923 -- 33 . PMID 8575293 . ^ Jump up to : Scholpp , Steffen ; Lumsden , Andrew ( 2010 ) . `` Building a bridal chamber : Development of the thalamus '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 33 ( 8 ) : 373 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2010.05. 003 . PMC 2954313 . PMID 20541814 . Jump up ^ Hirata , T. ; Nakazawa , M ; Muraoka , O ; Nakayama , R ; Suda , Y ; Hibi , M ( 2006 ) . `` Zinc - finger genes Fez and Fez - like function in the establishment of diencephalon subdivisions '' . Development . 133 ( 20 ) : 3993 -- 4004 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 02585 . PMID 16971467 . Jump up ^ Jeong , J. - Y. ; Einhorn , Z. ; Mathur , P. ; Chen , L. ; Lee , S. ; Kawakami , K. ; Guo , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Patterning the zebrafish diencephalon by the conserved zinc - finger protein Fezl '' . Development . 134 ( 1 ) : 127 -- 36 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 02705 . PMID 17164418 . Jump up ^ Acampora , D ; Avantaggiato , V ; Tuorto , F ; Simeone , A ( 1997 ) . `` Genetic control of brain morphogenesis through Otx gene dosage requirement '' . Development . 124 ( 18 ) : 3639 -- 50 . PMID 9342056 . Jump up ^ Scholpp , S. ; Foucher , I. ; Staudt , N. ; Peukert , D. ; Lumsden , A. ; Houart , C. ( 2007 ) . `` Otx1l , Otx2 and Irx1b establish and position the ZLI in the diencephalon '' . Development . 134 ( 17 ) : 3167 -- 76 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 001461 . PMID 17670791 . Jump up ^ Song , Hobeom ; Lee , Bumwhee ; Pyun , Dohoon ; Guimera , Jordi ; Son , Youngsook ; Yoon , Jaeseung ; Baek , Kwanghee ; Wurst , Wolfgang ; Jeong , Yongsu ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Ascl1 and Helt act combinatorially to specify thalamic neuronal identity by repressing Dlxs activation '' . Developmental Biology . 398 ( 2 ) : 280 -- 291 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ydbio. 2014.12. 003 . ISSN 1095 - 564X . PMID 25512300 . Jump up ^ Puelles , L ; Rubenstein , JL ( 2003 ) . `` Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 26 ( 9 ) : 469 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 03 ) 00234 - 0 . PMID 12948657 . Jump up ^ Ishibashi , M ; McMahon , AP ( 2002 ) . `` A sonic hedgehog - dependent signaling relay regulates growth of diencephalic and mesencephalic primordia in the early mouse embryo '' . Development . 129 ( 20 ) : 4807 -- 19 . PMID 12361972 . Jump up ^ Kiecker , C ; Lumsden , A ( 2004 ) . `` Hedgehog signaling from the ZLI regulates diencephalic regional identity '' . Nature Neuroscience. 7 ( 11 ) : 1242 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1338 . PMID 15494730 . Jump up ^ Scholpp , S. ; Wolf , O ; Brand , M ; Lumsden , A ( 2006 ) . `` Hedgehog signalling from the zona limitans intrathalamica orchestrates patterning of the zebrafish diencephalon '' . Development . 133 ( 5 ) : 855 -- 64 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 02248 . PMID 16452095 . Jump up ^ Scholpp , S. ; Delogu , A. ; Gilthorpe , J. ; Peukert , D. ; Schindler , S. ; Lumsden , A. ( 2009 ) . `` Her6 regulates the neurogenetic gradient and neuronal identity in the thalamus '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 47 ) : 19895 -- 900 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0910894106 . PMC 2775703 . PMID 19903880 . Jump up ^ Vue , Tou Yia ; Bluske , Krista ; Alishahi , Amin ; Yang , Lin Lin ; Koyano - Nakagawa , Naoko ; Novitch , Bennett ; Nakagawa , Yasushi ( 2009 ) . `` Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Controls Thalamic Progenitor Identity and Nuclei Specification in Mice '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 29 ( 14 ) : 4484 -- 97 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 0656 - 09.2009 . PMC 2718849 . PMID 19357274 . Jump up ^ Young , Keith A. ; Holcomb , Leigh A. ; Bonkale , Willy L. ; Hicks , Paul B. ; Yazdani , Umar ; German , Dwight C. ( 2007 ) . `` 5HTTLPR Polymorphism and Enlargement of the Pulvinar : Unlocking the Backdoor to the Limbic System '' . Biological Psychiatry . 61 ( 6 ) : 813 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2006.08. 047 . PMID 17083920 . Jump up ^ Dejerine , J. ; Roussy , G. ( 1906 ) . `` Le syndrome thalamique '' . Revue Neurologique. 14 : 521 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Gray , H. & Carter , H.V. ( 1858 ) , Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical , London : John W. Parker and Son , Retrieved ( 16 October 2011 ) ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) → ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thalamus . Stained brain slice images which include the `` thalamus '' at the BrainMaps project ( hide ) Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain Epithalamus Surface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ Thalamus Surface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter / nuclei paired : AN Ventral VA / VL VP / VPM / VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline : MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic fasciculus Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae Hypothalamus Surface Median eminence / Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matter Autonomic zones Anterior ( parasympathetic / heat loss ) Posterior ( sympathetic / heat conservation ) Endocrine posterior pituitary : Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin / vasopressin other : Arcuate ( dopamine / GHRH ) Preoptic ( GnRH ) Suprachiasmatic ( melatonin ) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic fasciculus Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon , but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis ( Fields of Forel ) Brain and spinal cord : neural tracts and fasciculi Sensory / ascending PCML 1 ° : Pacinian corpuscle / Meissner 's corpuscle → Posterior column ( Gracile fasciculus / Cuneate fasciculus ) → Gracile nucleus / Cuneate nucleus 2 ° : → sensory decussation / arcuate fibers ( Posterior external arcuate fibers , Internal arcuate fibers ) → Medial lemniscus / Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus ( VPL , VPM ) 3 ° : → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus Anterolateral / pain Fast / lateral 1 ° ( Free nerve ending → A delta fiber ) → 2 ° ( Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Postcentral gyrus ) → 4 ° ( Posterior parietal cortex ) 2 ° ( Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum ) Slow / medial 1 ° ( Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation ) → 2 ° ( MD of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Cingulate cortex ) Motor / descending Pyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract ( Lateral , Anterior ) → Neuromuscular junction Extrapyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles flexion : Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck Basal ganglia direct : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPi ) → 3 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 4 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 5 ° ( Motor cortex ) indirect : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPe ) → 3 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus ) → 4 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi ) → 5 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 6 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 7 ° ( Motor cortex ) nigrostriatal pathway : Pars compacta → Striatum Cerebellar Afferent Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei Efferent Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere / pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere / spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation , or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe / vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei Bidirectional : Spinocerebellar Unconscious proprioception lower limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal / posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum ) Reflex arc lower limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Ventral / anterior spinocerebellar tract → SCP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalamus&oldid=825694980 '' Categories : Thalamus Motor system Sensory systems Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing more detailed references Infobox brain using components parameter Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 21 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus	931
how early can i buy beer in oklahoma			Alcohol laws of Oklahoma	alcohol laws of oklahoma	The alcohol laws of Oklahoma comprehensively limit and regulate the sale of alcohol in Oklahoma . Much like its neighboring state of Kansas ( see Alcohol laws of Kansas ) , Oklahoma 's approach to alcohol is quite strict . Oklahoma 's approach contrasts sharply with that of another neighboring state , Missouri ( see Alcohol laws of Missouri ) , which has some of the nation 's least restrictive alcohol control laws .	Any beverage containing more than 3.2 % ethanol by weight or 4 % alcohol by volume , that is , most liquors , wines , and typical beer , may only be sold in licensed liquor stores at room temperature . However , pending the ballot results for Oklahoma Question 792 on Election Day in November 2016 may allow any establishment with an alcohol license to sell full strength beer as well as wine under refrigeration . To circumvent the alcohol content restrictions , beer distributors in Oklahoma primarily sell low - point beer . This allows the beer to be sold not only in convenience stores and supermarkets , but in refrigerated form . The law defines low - point beer as any beverage containing between 0.5 % and 3.2 % ethanol by weight . Minors under the age of 21 are not permitted to possess or purchase alcohol ; however , consumption in a `` private setting '' is not prohibited by Oklahoma law . Minors may not have a blood alcohol level of more than . 02 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Liquor sales 1.1 Off - premises 1.2 On - premises 2 Open container 2.1 In public 2.2 Driving 3 DUI 4 Minors , adults under age 21 , and alcohol in Oklahoma 5 References 6 External links Liquor sales ( edit ) Under Oklahoma law , it is a felony to provide alcoholic beverages to the `` mentally deficient , '' the intoxicated , and persons under 21 years of age . Although low - point beer may not be sold where unclothed persons or persons with exposed private parts are present on the same premises , alcohol sales are available by the glass if permitted by the county . Conviction of this crime is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $500 for each offense . Off - premises ( edit ) It is illegal to sell packaged liquor ( off - premises sales ) on Sundays . Sales also are prohibited on Memorial Day , Independence Day , Labor Day , Thanksgiving Day , and Christmas Day . Low - point beer for consumption off - premises may not be sold between 2 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. People who have been convicted of a felony or any alcohol - related crime may not obtain a license to sell packaged alcohol . On - premises ( edit ) In Oklahoma , each county decides for itself whether it will permit the sale of alcohol by the glass . Low - point beer may not be sold for consumption on - premises or allowed to be consumed in places licensed to sell alcohol between 2 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 00 a.m. This crime is punishable by a fine of up to $500 and up to 6 months imprisonment . Licensed vendors may not advertise happy hours , serve more than two beverages at a time to a customer , give a discount to a person or group of persons , or permit the play of games that involve drinking . Open container ( edit ) In public ( edit ) It is illegal to consume or inhale intoxicating beverages in public in Oklahoma . It also is illegal to be drunk or intoxicated in any public place . These crimes are punishable by a fine of between $10 and $100 and between 5 and 30 days of imprisonment . These crimes may cost more as fines to individual cities rather than the state ( e.g. Stillwater and Oklahoma City ) . Driving ( edit ) Opened bottles or any alcoholic beverage with a broken seal may not be stored in an area of the vehicle accessible to the driver . As a result , Oklahoma meets the provisions of the federal Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century for prohibitions of open containers in vehicles . DUI ( edit ) Like every other state in the United States , driving under the influence is a crime in Oklahoma , and is subject to a great number of regulations . It is illegal to drive with a blood or breath alcohol content of 0.08 % or more , or while under the influence of alcohol or any other intoxicating substance . For any person under 21 years of age , Oklahoma has a zero tolerance policy . The breath alcohol limit for such a person is 0.02 % , and any measurable level of alcohol by a breathalyzer is an automatic DUI and driver 's license revocation . This crime is punishable by a fine of up $1,000 US dollars and up to 1 year imprisonment after being evaluated by a person certified by the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse . Minors , adults under age 21 , and alcohol in Oklahoma ( edit ) It is a misdemeanor for persons under 21 years of age to give the impression that they are older for the purpose of obtaining alcoholic beverages . Punishment for this crime is a fine of up to $300 and up to 30 days of community service . Furthermore , the driving license of the convicted individual will be revoked for 6 months for the first offense , 1 year for the second offense , and 2 years for all subsequent offenses , alternatively for any offense they can have their license revoked until they reach 21 years of age at the discretion of the judge . Landowners can not lawfully permit a person under 21 years of age to consume alcohol on their property . Punishment for this crime is a fine between $2,500 and $5,000 and up to 5 years of imprisonment . If a minor is pulled over and charged by an officer to be in violation of any alcohol law , a copy of the violation will be mailed to the legal guardian ( s ) of the child within three days . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 37 Oklahoma Statutes § 534 . Jump up ^ 37 Oklahoma Statutes § 163.2 . ^ Jump up to : Section XXVIII - 5 Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Sale to Unclothed or Partially Unclothed Person Prohibited ^ Jump up to : Section XXVIII - 6 Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Low - Point Beer Sale for Off - Premises Consumption Jump up ^ Section XXVIII - 10 Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Hours During Which Sale Prohibited ^ Jump up to : OSCN Found Document : Unlawful Acts Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Consumption or Inhaling of Intoxicants in Public Places Jump up ^ Bond Schedule , Stillwater Police Department . ( accessed October 9 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Costs , okc.gov . ( accessed October 9 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ United States Department of Transportation - Open Container Law Conformance Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Persons Under the Influence of Alcohol or Other Intoxicating Substance or Combination Thereof Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Cancellation or Denial of Driving Privileges for Certain Alcohol or Substance Abuse Offenses - Notification Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Permitting Invitees Under 21 to Possess or Consume Alcohol or Controlled Dangerous Substances - Penalty Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Procedure for Officers Stopping Persons for Violations Punishable as Misdemeanor - Minors External links ( edit ) Oklahoma statutes : Title 37 . Intoxicating Liquors Oklahoma constitution : Article XXVIII : ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE LAWS AND ENFORCEMENT Oklahoma Alcohol Laws & Offenses Information on Oklahoma Liquor Laws ( hide ) Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_Oklahoma&oldid=797152443 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States by state Oklahoma law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 07 : 29 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol%20laws%20of%20Oklahoma	624
what's that symbol on the patriots field			Gillette Stadium	gillette stadium	Gillette Stadium is a stadium located in Foxborough , Massachusetts , 28 miles ( 45 km ) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of downtown Providence , Rhode Island . It serves as the home stadium and administrative offices for both the NFL 's New England Patriots football franchise and MLS 's New England Revolution soccer team . In 2012 , it also became the home stadium for the football program of the University of Massachusetts ( UMass ) , while on - campus Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium was undergoing renovations . Gillette will continue to host higher attended home games .	The facility opened in 2002 , replacing the old Foxboro Stadium . The seating capacity is 65,878 , including 5,876 club seats and 89 luxury suites . The stadium is owned and operated by Kraft Sports Group , a subsidiary of The Kraft Group , the company through which businessman Robert Kraft owns the Patriots and Revolution . The stadium was originally known as CMGI Field before the naming rights were bought by Gillette after the `` dot - com '' bust . Although Gillette has since been acquired by Procter & Gamble , the stadium retains the Gillette name because P&G has continued to use the Gillette brand name and because the Gillette company was founded in the Boston area . Gillette and the Patriots jointly announced in September 2010 that their partnership , which includes naming rights to the stadium , will extend through the 2031 season . Additionally , uBid ( until April 2003 a wholly owned subsidiary of CMGI ) as of 2009 continues to sponsor one of the main entrance gates to the stadium . The Town of Foxborough approved plans for the stadium 's construction on December 6 , 1999 , and work on the stadium began on March 24 , 2000 . The first official event was a New England Revolution soccer game on May 11 , 2002 . The Rolling Stones played at Gillette Stadium on September 5 , 2002 on the band 's Licks Tour . Jeremiah Freed was the first band to play at the WBCN river rave on June 9 , 2002 making them the first band to ever play Gillette Stadium . Grand opening ceremonies were held four days later on September 9 when the Patriots unveiled their Super Bowl XXXVI championship banner before a Monday Night Football game against the Pittsburgh Steelers . Gillette Stadium is accessible by rail via the Providence / Stoughton and Franklin lines at the Foxboro MBTA station , but only during Patriots games and some concerts . The Patriots have sold out every home game since moving to the stadium -- preseason , regular season , and playoffs . This streak dates back to the 1994 season , while the team was still at Foxboro Stadium . By September 2016 this streak was 231 straight games . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Foxboro Stadium 1.2 Location discussions 1.3 Design 2 Events 2.1 NFL 2.2 College football 2.3 Hockey 2.4 Notable soccer games 2.4. 1 International soccer matches 2.5 Concerts 2.6 Other events 3 Playing surface 3.1 Field logo 4 Patriot Place 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Foxboro Stadium ( edit ) Main article : Foxboro Stadium From the 1971 NFL season until the 2001 NFL season , the Patriots played all of their home games at Foxboro Stadium . The stadium was privately funded on an extremely small budget and featured few amenities . Its aluminum benches would freeze over during games with cold weather and it had an unorganized dirt parking lot . Foxboro Stadium did not prove to bring in the profit that was needed to keep an NFL team in New England , as it was one of the smallest stadiums in the NFL , with just over 60,000 seats . The team had fallen into debt after team executive Chuck Sullivan funded the Jackson Victory Tour , in an attempt to earn more profit for the team . Tickets sales failed , however , and the team 's debt increased even further -- to a final total of US $126 million . After two unsuccessful owners bought the team and stadium , it was clear that a new stadium had to be built for the team to stay in New England . This is when other cities in the New England area , including Boston ( which was previously home to the Patriots and already had a stadium they could , and for a time before Foxboro Stadium opened , did , play in ) , Hartford , and Providence became interested in building new stadiums to lure the Patriots away from Foxborough . Location discussions ( edit ) The first major stadium proposal from another city came in September 1993 . Lowell Weicker , the Governor of Connecticut , proposed to the Connecticut General Assembly that a new stadium should be built in Hartford to attract the Patriots to move there , stating that a stadium had `` potentially great benefit '' if it were built . The bill passed in the State Assembly on September 27 , 1993 . In Massachusetts , there was a proposal to build a `` Megaplex '' in Boston , which would be the site of the stadium , as well as a new Fenway Park ( the home park of the Boston Red Sox ) and a much needed convention center . The proposed sites for this hybrid convention center - stadium were along Summer Street in South Boston or at the so - called Crosstown site along Melnea Cass Boulevard in Roxbury , adjacent to Boston 's South End . The administration of Massachusetts Governor William Weld pushed for construction of a full `` Megaplex '' at the crosstown site , with then - new Boston Mayor Thomas Menino favoring construction of a new , stand - alone convention center in South Boston . Ultimately , the residents of neither of these neighborhoods wanted a stadium , and as a result , Menino backed out , fearing that it would affect his chance at re-election . The Fenway Park plan was cancelled after many `` Save Fenway Park ! '' groups popped up to save the historic ballpark . Kraft then began a plan to build a new stadium in South Boston . In that plan , Kraft was to pay for the stadium himself , hoping to win the support of Weld and Menino . He began to sketch designs , but the project was leaked to the press in December 1996 . The residents of South Boston objected to a stadium being built in that location , causing Menino and Weld to become angry at Kraft . Kraft abandoned all plans for a Boston Stadium after the affair . In January 1997 , Kraft began talks with Providence mayor Vincent Cianci to relocate the team to Providence and build a new stadium there . The proposed 68,000 - seat domed stadium would have cost $250 million , and would have been paid through income taxes , public bonds , surcharges on tickets , and private funds . Residents of the neighborhood of the proposed project were extremely opposed to the project because the surrounding area would have needed massive infrastructure improvements . The proposal fell through after a few weeks . During a news conference in September 1998 , the team revealed plans to build a new stadium in Foxborough , keeping the team in Massachusetts . It was to be funded by the state as well as Kraft himself . This plan brought more competition from Connecticut , as a $1 billion plan to renovate an area of Hartford , including building a stadium . Kraft then signed an agreement to move the team to Hartford on November 18 , 1998 . The proposed stadium included 68,000 seats , 60 luxury boxes , and had a projected cost of $375 million . As before in Boston and Providence , construction of the stadium was challenged by the residents . Problems with the site were discovered , and an agreement could not be reached regarding the details of the stadium . The entire plan eventually fell through , enraging then Connecticut governor John G. Rowland , who lobbied hard for the stadium and spent weeks deliberating with Robert Kraft . Rowland announced at a press conference that he was officially `` a New York Jets fan , now and probably forever '' . In 1999 , the team officially announced that it would remain in Foxborough , which led to Gillette Stadium 's construction . After the Hartford proposal fell through , Robert Kraft paid for 100 % of the construction costs , a rare instance of an NFL owner privately financing the construction of a stadium . Design ( edit ) On April 18 , 2000 , the team revealed plans for the new stadium in Foxborough . It was announced as a 68,000 - seat stadium at a cost of $325 million , with the entire cost privately funded . Boston is thus the only city in professional sports in which all facilities are privately owned and operated . The Patriots own Gillette Stadium , the Red Sox own Fenway Park , and TD Garden is owned by Delaware North ( the owner of the Bruins ) ( the Celtics rent the TD Garden from Delaware North ) . Concurrently announced was a new road to access the stadium from U.S. Route 1 , and an additional 3,000 parking spaces to accommodate the increased number of fans . The stadium was designed by HOK Sport ( now Populous ) . Kraft wanted it modeled on M&T Bank Stadium which had opened in Baltimore , Maryland in 1998 . Kraft insisted on it having a `` front door '' with a Disneyland - like entrance . Populous went through 200 designs before coming up with one that Kraft liked . The entrance includes a lighthouse ( which was originally designed to shoot a light 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) high ) and a bridge modeled on Boston 's Longfellow Bridge . The lighthouse and bridge are now featured on the stadium 's logo . For the first eight years of its existence the stadium used a video display , with a smaller LED scoreboard just beneath it , at each end of the field . The south side also had a large LED scoreboard in addition to the smaller one . In 2010 , the stadium installed two new high definition Daktronics video displays to replace the entire previous setup at both ends . At the time of their construction , the larger screen , at 41.5 feet tall and 164 feet wide ( 12.6 mx 50.0 m ) , was the second - largest video monitor in any NFL stadium ; only AT&T Stadium had a larger one . Gillette Stadium ranks first among all NFL venues in stadium food safety with a 0 % critical violations . The Gillette Stadium food service , instead of being outsourced like most NFL teams , is run in - house and is led by the Patriots executive director of foods and beverage David Wheeler . Events ( edit ) NFL ( edit ) Gillette Stadium mezzanine area The venue has hosted the NFL 's nationally -- televised primetime season -- opening games in 2004 , 2005 , 2015 , and 2017 ( when the Patriots unveiled their championship banners from Super Bowl XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX and LI ) . The stadium also played host to the 2003 AFC Championship Game , in which the Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts 24 -- 14 . Eight days earlier the Patriots hosted the coldest game ( 4 ° F , − 12 ° F wind chill ) in New England Patriots history in the AFC Divisional Playoff game when the Patriots defeated the Tennessee Titans , 17 -- 14 . Gillette Stadium also hosted the 2007 AFC Championship Game , with the Patriots defeating the San Diego Chargers , 21 -- 12 . On January 10 , 2010 , the Baltimore Ravens beat the Patriots 33 -- 14 here giving the Patriots their first home loss in the playoffs in Gillette Stadium . The Patriots suffered their second home playoff loss on January 16 , 2011 in a 28 -- 21 New York Jets victory . During the 2012 NFL playoffs , the Patriots defeated the Denver Broncos , 45 -- 10 , and again hosted the AFC Championship , where they won against the Baltimore Ravens , 23 -- 20 . The following year , they again hosted the AFC Championship game , where they lost 28 -- 13 to the Baltimore Ravens . During the 2015 NFL playoffs , the Patriots avenged their previous defeat by the Baltimore Ravens by edging the Ravens 35 - 31 . They then defeated the Indianapolis Colts , 45 - 7 in the AFC Championship . The stadium hosted its sixth AFC Championship game during the 2016 playoffs , as the Patriots defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 36 -- 17 . In all , the Patriots are 16 -- 3 at Gillette Stadium in the playoffs . College football ( edit ) As part of the UMass football program 's move to Division I FBS , the Minutemen played all of their home games at Gillette Stadium for the 2012 and 2013 seasons . The stadium is 95 miles away from the UMass campus in Amherst -- the longest trip of any FBS member . The Minutemen 's on - campus stadium , Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium , was not suitable for FBS football in its previous configuration . Its small size ( 17,000 seats ) would have made it prohibitively difficult to meet FBS average attendance requirements , and its press box and replay facilities were well below Mid-American Conference standards . Additionally , several nonconference teams would not even consider playing games in Amherst . McGuirk Stadium was renovated to FBS standards for the 2014 season , but the Minutemen 's current deal with the Kraft Group calls for the Minutemen to play four of their home games in Foxborough from 2014 to 2016 in exchange for keeping part of the revenue from ticket sales . Moving forward , Gillette will continue to host UMass football with those games of anticipated larger attendance . Hockey ( edit ) Gillette Stadium also hosted the eighth edition of the NHL Winter Classic , between the Boston Bruins and Montreal Canadiens , on January 1 , 2016 . Notable soccer games ( edit ) Memorable Major League Soccer playoff victories include wins over the Chicago Fire in the 2005 and 2007 Eastern Conference Final , sending the Revs to the MLS Cup . Additionally , the venue hosted MLS Cup 2002 , four games of the 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup , and some Copa America Centenario matches in 2016 . International soccer matches ( edit ) Date Winning Team Result Losing Team Tournament Spectators September 27 , 2003 Norway 7 -- 1 South Korea 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup First Round 14,356 Canada 3 -- 1 Japan October 1 , 2003 United States 1 -- 0 Norway 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup Quarterfinals 25,103 Sweden 2 -- 1 Brazil June 10 , 2016 Chile 2 -- 1 Bolivia Copa América Centenario Group D 19,392 June 12 , 2016 Peru 1 -- 0 Brazil Copa América Centenario Group B 36,187 June 18 , 2016 Argentina 4 -- 1 Venezuela Copa América Centenario Quarterfinal 59,183 Concerts ( edit ) Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Gross Notes September 5 , 2002 The Rolling Stones The Pretenders The Licks Tour -- -- July 6 , 2003 Metallica Limp Bizkit LINKIN PARK Deftones Mudvayne The Summer Sanitarium Tour 42,898 / 48,600 $3,217,350 August 1 , 2003 Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band -- The Rising Tour 96,108 / 98,559 $7,107,215 August 2 , 2003 July 24 , 2004 Toby Keith Montgomery Gentry Jo Dee Messina Gretchen Wilson Scotty Emerick Don Campbell Band The Big Throwdown Tour 39,717 / 41,354 $2,850,279 July 23 , 2005 Kenny Chesney Keith Urban Gretchen Wilson Uncle Kracker Pat Green The Somewhere in the Sun Tour 50,860 / 50,860 $3,263,448 September 3 , 2005 Green Day Jimmy Eat World Against Me ! The American Idiot Tour 26,781 / 43,615 $1,006,421 July 16 , 2006 Kenny Chesney Dierks Bentley Big & Rich Carrie Underwood Gretchen Wilson The Road and The Radio Tour 55,124 / 55,124 $4,136,945 July 27 , 2006 Bon Jovi Nickelback The Have a Nice Day Tour 45,874 / 45,874 $3,384,804 September 20 , 2006 The Rolling Stones Kanye West A Bigger Bang Tour 44,115 / 45,285 $4,042,193 July 28 , 2007 Kenny Chesney Brooks & Dunn Sugarland Sara Evans Pat Green The Flip - Flop Summer Tour 56,926 / 56,926 $4,496,363 July 26 , 2008 Kenny Chesney Keith Urban LeAnn Rimes Gary Allan Sammy Hagar The Poets and Pirates Tour 57,394 / 57,394 $5,274,364 July 18 , 2009 Elton John Billy Joel -- Face to Face 2009 52,007 / 52,007 $6,209,342 July 28 , 2009 AC / DC Anvil The Black Ice World Tour -- -- August 15 , 2009 Kenny Chesney Sugarland Montgomery Gentry Miranda Lambert Lady Antebellum The Sun City Carnival Tour 57,890 / 57,890 $5,041,001 September 20 , 2009 U2 Snow Patrol The U2 360 ° Tour 138,805 / 138,805 $12,859,778 September 21 , 2009 June 5 , 2010 Taylor Swift Kellie Pickler Gloriana Justin Bieber The Fearless Tour 56,868 / 56,868 $3,726,157 Swift became the first woman to headline the stadium . June 13 , 2010 Eagles Dixie Chicks Keith Urban The Long Road Out of Eden Tour 26,433 / 41,582 $2,822,410 July 24 , 2010 Bon Jovi Kid Rock The Circle Tour 51,138 / 51,138 $4,418,585 August 21 , 2010 Brad Paisley Jason Aldean Darius Rucker Sara Evans Easton Corbin The H2O Tour 51,107 / 51,107 $3,476,779 June 25 , 2011 Taylor Swift Needtobreathe Randy Montana James Wesley The Speak Now World Tour 110,800 / 110,800 $8,026,350 June 26 , 2011 August 26 , 2011 Kenny Chesney Zac Brown Band Billy Currington Uncle Kracker The Goin ' Coastal Tour 106,755 / 106,755 $9,228,920 August 27 , 2011 August 18 , 2012 Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band -- The Wrecking Ball World Tour 49,621 / 50,000 $4,548,896 August 24 , 2012 Kenny Chesney Tim McGraw Grace Potter and the Nocturnals Jake Owen The Brothers of the Sun Tour 111,209 / 111,209 $9,926,110 August 25 , 2012 July 20 , 2013 Bon Jovi The J. Geils Band The Because We Can Tour 45,912 / 45,912 $3,514,571 July 26 , 2013 Taylor Swift Ed Sheeran Austin Mahone Joel Crouse The Red Tour 110,712 / 110,712 $9,464,063 At the first show , Carly Simon was the special guest . July 27 , 2013 August 23 , 2013 Kenny Chesney Eric Church Eli Young Band Kacey Musgraves The No Shoes Nation Tour 109,207 / 109,207 $9,465,256 August 24 , 2013 May 31 , 2014 George Strait Tim McGraw Faith Hill Cassadee Pope The Cowboy Rides Away Tour 55,863 / 55,863 $5,005,789 June 15 , 2014 Iggy Azalea -- The New Classic Tour -- -- This concert was part of 103.3 AMP Radio Birthday Bash July 1 , 2014 Beyoncé Jay - Z -- The On the Run Tour 52,802 / 52,802 $5,738,114 Jay - Z became the first rapper to headline the stadium . August 7 , 2014 One Direction 5 Seconds of Summer The Where We Are Tour 148,251 / 148,251 $13,475,239 August 8 , 2014 August 9 , 2014 August 10 , 2014 Luke Bryan Dierks Bentley Lee Brice Cole Swindell The That 's My Kind of Night Tour 56,048 / 56,048 $4,349,568 July 24 , 2015 Taylor Swift Vance Joy Shawn Mendes Haim The 1989 World Tour 116,849 / 116,849 $12,533,166 Walk the Moon was the special guest . July 25 , 2015 MKTO was the special guest . August 22 , 2015 AC / DC Vintage Trouble Rock or Bust World Tour 48,000 / 50,000 -- August 28 , 2015 Kenny Chesney Jason Aldean Brantley Gilbert Cole Swindell Old Dominion The Big Revival Tour The Burn It Down Tour 120,206 / 120,206 $11,624,917 August 29 , 2015 September 12 , 2015 One Direction Icona Pop The On the Road Again Tour 48,167 / 48,167 $4,493,993 Liam Payne and Niall Horan , respectively , made a cover of `` 22 '' by Taylor Swift , because of the 22nd birthday of both . September 25 , 2015 Ed Sheeran Passenger Christina Perri The x Tour 51,996 / 54,000 $3,234,377 June 3 , 2016 Beyoncé DJ Khaled The Formation World Tour 48,304 / 48,304 $6,008,698 July 15 , 2016 Luke Bryan Little Big Town Chris Stapleton Dustin Lynch The Kill the Lights Tour 76,450 / 87,871 $7,511,536 July 16 , 2016 July 19 , 2016 Guns N ' Roses Lenny Kravitz The Not In This Lifetime ... Tour 65,472 / 71,099 $8,302,575 July 20 , 2016 July 30 , 2016 Coldplay Alessia Cara Foxes A Head Full of Dreams Tour 54,952 / 54,952 $6,530,260 August 26 , 2016 Kenny Chesney Miranda Lambert Sam Hunt Old Dominion The Spread the Love Tour 121,399 / 121,399 $11,455,368 August 27 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band -- The River Tour 48,324 / 51,664 $5,439,521 May 19 , 2017 Metallica Volbeat Mix Master Mike The WorldWired Tour 47,778 / 48,905 $6,095,723 June 25 , 2017 U2 The Lumineers The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 55,231 / 55,231 $6,881,340 August 4 , 2017 Coldplay AlunaGeorge Izzy Bizu A Head Full of Dreams Tour 52,188 / 52,188 $6,263,906 August 25 , 2017 Kenny Chesney Thomas Rhett Old Dominion Midland The No Shoes Nation Tour 2017 121,642 / 121,642 $12,095,688 August 26 , 2017 July 26 , 2018 Taylor Swift TBA Taylor Swift 's Reputation Stadium Tour TBA TBA July 27 , 2018 July 28 , 2018 August 24 , 2018 Kenny Chesney Dierks Bentley Brothers Osborne Brandon Lay The Trip Around The Sun Tour TBA TBA August 25 , 2018 September 15 , 2018 Ed Sheeran TBA ÷ Tour TBA TBA Other events ( edit ) Gillette Stadium hosted the NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championships in 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , and 2017 . The AMA Supercross Championship has been racing at Gillette Stadium since 2016 . Monster Jam has been coming to the stadium since 2014 . Playing surface ( edit ) On November 14 , 2006 , two days after a rainstorm contributed to the deterioration of the grass surface in a Patriots game against the Jets , team management decided to replace the natural grass surface with a synthetic surface , FieldTurf . The Patriots ' first game on the surface was a victory over the previously 9 -- 1 Chicago Bears on November 26 . At the conclusion of the 2007 season , Patriots quarterback Tom Brady had a career record of 31 -- 3 on artificial turf . The team lost a preseason matchup in August 2007 to the Tennessee Titans on the new FieldTurf but otherwise won its first eleven regular - season and playoff games on the surface covering the period of November 2006 until September 2008 , when the Patriots lost to the Miami Dolphins . In February 2010 , the surface was pulled and upgraded to FieldTurf `` Duraspine Pro '' , which was expected to meet FIFA standards that the previous turf did not , preventing the team from having to place sod on top of their turf to host international soccer matches . The surface was upgraded again in April 2014 to FieldTurf `` Revolution '' with `` VersaTile '' drainage system . The FieldTurf Revolution product is currently used at many venues across North America , including CenturyLink Field ( home to the NFL 's Seattle Seahawks and MLS 's Seattle Sounders ) and Providence Park , home of the MLS 's Portland Timbers , where its installation was recently completed . Field logo ( edit ) When the field is configured for American football , the Patriots have their `` Flying Elvis '' logo painted on the field at dead center of the 50 - yard line . Off to both sides along the 50 - yard line , the Gillette Stadium logo is also painted on the field . This is a gray - and - yellow stylized representation of the bridge and tower at the north entrance of the stadium . Patriot Place ( edit ) 2009 Energy Project Award Winning 525 kilowatt BIPV CoolPly system on the Patriot Place Complex Adjacent to the Gillette Stadium in Foxborough . The Solar Project was built , and is owned and operated by Constellation Energy . Main article : Patriot Place In 2006 , the Patriots and Kraft announced plans to build a `` super regional lifestyle and entertainment center '' in the area around Gillette Stadium named Patriot Place . The cost of the project was $350 million , more than the cost to build Gillette Stadium itself ; Kraft had purchased much of the surrounding land , about 700 acres ( 280 ha ) , when he bought Foxboro Stadium in the late 1980s . The first phase of the project opened in fall of 2007 , and featured the first Bass Pro Shops in New England , as well as Circuit City ( now closed ) , Bed Bath & Beyond , Five Guys Burgers , Christmas Tree Shops , and Staples . In December 2007 , the Patriots and CBS announced plans to build a themed restaurant and nightclub , named `` CBS Scene '' , at the site , which would also include studios for CBS - owned WBZ - TV . The restaurant was part of the second phase of the project , which included an open mall , a health center , a Cinema de Lux movie theater , a four - star Renaissance hotel , and `` The Hall at Patriot Place . '' Attached to Gillette Stadium , the Hall includes a two - level interactive museum honoring the Patriots accomplishments and Super Bowl championships , plus the Patriots Pro Shop . The first restaurants and stores in phase two began opening in July 2008 , and were followed by the openings of the Hall at Patriot Place and the CBS Scene in time for the beginning of the 2008 New England Patriots season . More locations , including the health center and hotel , opened in 2009 , along with additional sites in phase one . Panorama of Gillette Stadium , taken from the south end , in 2007 . The video screen has since been replaced with a larger one . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Park like a pro around Gillette Stadium '' . 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Venue Information '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gillette Stadium Overview '' . revolutionsoccer.net . March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Football League Rules Digest '' . NFL . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` CMGI Field '' . SportsBusiness Journal . May 20 , 2002 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vanderweil Engineers '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium Information '' . New England Patriots / Gillette Stadium . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gillette Stadium Quick Facts '' . New England Patriots / Gillette Stadium . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CMGI Field is now Gillette Stadium '' . CNN.com . August 5 , 2002 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gillette naming rights extended '' . ESPN Boston . September 21 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CMGI and New England Patriots Agree to Revise Sponsorship Agreement '' . Business Wire . August 5 , 2002 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vaillancourt , Meg ( December 7 , 1999 ) . `` Foxborough Ok 's Patriots Stadium '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Gillette Stadium '' . New England Revolution . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.setlist.fm/festival/2002/wbcn-river-rave-2002-13d6a5bd.html Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ( September 6 , 2002 ) . `` New Stadium is Champion Pats ' Crowning Jewel '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Game Notes : Patriots improve to 3 - 0 in Thursday Night Kickoff games Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 179 Jump up ^ Foulds , p. 103 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 188 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 189 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 193 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 190 - 191 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 191 - 192 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 192 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 194 - 195 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 195 - 197 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 197 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 198 - 200 Jump up ^ Staff , From ; Reports , Wire ( 1 May 1999 ) . `` Patriots Cancel Hartford Move '' . Retrieved 14 June 2016 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 202 ^ Jump up to : Burris , Joe ( April 19 , 2000 ) . `` Light is shed : Patriots Unveil New Stadium Plan , Providing a Beacon of Hope '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Comfort Zone -- Boston Globe -- November 19 , 2001 Jump up ^ `` lighthousestars.com '' . Archived from the original on 10 August 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gillette Stadium upgrades to HD Video Boards '' . Patriots.com . May 26 , 2010 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Patriots Announce Addition of Really Huge HD Video Boards for 2010 in Gillette Stadium Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` OTL : Safer to digest in NFC West '' . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Breer , Albert ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` Patriots Run a Clean Operation '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots History '' . Patriots.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vautour , Matt ( 2011 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Gillette Stadium new home for UMass football beginning in 2012 '' . Daily Hampshire Gazette . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Chimells , Ron ( April 23 , 2011 ) . `` UMass football could play on campus again , but not before 2014 '' . The Republican . Springfield , Massachusetts . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bruins To Host Montreal Canadiens At Gillette Stadium For The 2016 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic '' . Boston Bruins . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Announces Concert Date At Gillette Stadium '' . CBS Boston . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colemon , Miriam ( 2013 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Carly Simon Joins Taylor Swift for ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Juul , Matt ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Headlines 103.3 AMP Radio 's Birthday Bash '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Read , James ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé and Jay Z band together for Foxborough show '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raczka , Rachel ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift brought Walk The Moon onstage at Gillette '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( July 26 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift & MKTO Perform ' Classic ' at Gillette Stadium : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breer , Albert ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` Patriots Putting in New Field at Gillette '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gillette Stadium upgrading field surface '' . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Steve ( January 25 , 2006 ) . `` New Role for Krafts : Developers '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gillette Stadium : New for 2006 '' . Patriots.com. April 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2007 . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Abelson , Jenn ( May 20 , 2007 ) . `` Krafts Building a $350 m Patriot Place Complex , And A Legacy '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bass Pro Shop Opens In Patriot Place '' . WBZ - TV . November 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports Bar & Restaurant Coming To Foxboro '' . WBZ - TV . December 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2008 . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reed , Keith ( May 20 , 2007 ) . `` Patriots Museum Will Have Pizzazz '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Sources Roberts , Randy ( 2005 ) . The Rock , the Curse , and the Hub . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01504 - 3 . Foulds , Alan E. ( 2005 ) . Boston 's Ballparks & Arenas . University Press of New England . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 409 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gillette Stadium . Gillette Stadium Website Gillette Stadium Tickets Web Cam of Gillette Stadium Official Patriot Place Website ( show ) Events and tenants Preceded by Foxboro Stadium Home of the New England Patriots 2002 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Foxboro Stadium Home of the New England Revolution 2002 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Columbus Crew Stadium Host of the MLS Cup 2002 Succeeded by Home Depot Center Preceded by Invesco Field at Mile High Home of the Drum Corps International World Championship 2005 Succeeded by Camp Randall Stadium Preceded by M&T Bank Stadium Home of the NCAA Lacrosse Final Four 2008 -- 2009 Succeeded by M&T Bank Stadium Preceded by Oakland Coliseum RCA Dome Heinz Field Sports Authority Field at Mile High Sports Authority Field at Mile High Host of AFC Championship Game 2008 2012 -- 2013 2015 2017 -- 2018 Succeeded by Heinz Field Heinz Field Sports Authority Field at Mile High Sports Authority Field at Mile High incumbent Preceded by Nationals Park Host of the NHL Winter Classic 2016 Succeeded by Busch Stadium New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New England Revolution Foxborough , Massachusetts The Club History Seasons Records Players CSN New England WBZ - FM Stadiums Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Midnight Riders Affiliated clubs Rochester Rhinos USL Key personnel Owner Robert Kraft General Manager Mike Burns Manager Jay Heaps Major honors ( 1 ) U.S. Open Cup 2007 Major League Soccer Seasons ( 18 ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 UMass Minutemen football Venues Alumni Field ( 1879 -- 1964 ) Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium ( 1965 -- 2011 , 2014 -- ) Gillette Stadium ( alternate ) ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Boston College New Hampshire : Colonial Clash ( Bill Knight Trophy ) UConn Culture & lore Sam the Minuteman `` Fight Mass '' University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Current stadiums of the National Football League American Football Conference East Gillette Stadium Hard Rock Stadium MetLife Stadium New Era Field North FirstEnergy Stadium Heinz Field M&T Bank Stadium Paul Brown Stadium South Lucas Oil Stadium Nissan Stadium NRG Stadium TIAA Bank Field West Arrowhead Stadium Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Sports Authority Field at Mile High StubHub Center National Football Conference East AT&T Stadium FedExField Lincoln Financial Field MetLife Stadium North Ford Field Lambeau Field Soldier Field U.S. Bank Stadium South Bank of America Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Raymond James Stadium West CenturyLink Field Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Levi 's Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium Hall of Fame Game Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium International Series Wembley Stadium Twickenham Stadium Estadio Azteca Both the New York Giants ( NFC ) and the New York Jets ( AFC ) share the same venue . Current stadiums of Major League Soccer Current Primary Avaya Stadium Banc of California Stadium BBVA Compass Stadium BC Place BMO Field CenturyLink Field Children 's Mercy Park Dick 's Sporting Goods Park Gillette Stadium Mapfre Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Orlando City Stadium Providence Park Red Bull Arena Rio Tinto Stadium Saputo Stadium StubHub Center Talen Energy Stadium TCF Bank Stadium Toyota Park Toyota Stadium Yankee Stadium Secondary Levi 's Stadium Olympic Stadium Stanford Stadium Future Allianz Field Audi Field Nashville Fairgrounds Stadium 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup stadiums Columbus Crew Stadium ( Columbus ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough ) The Home Depot Center ( Carson ) Lincoln Financial Field ( Philadelphia ) PGE Park ( Portland ) RFK Stadium ( Washington , D.C. ) Drum Corps International World Championship host venues Warhawk Stadium ( 1972 -- 73 ) Schoellkopf Field ( 1974 ) Franklin Field ( 1975 -- 76 ) Mile High Stadium ( 1977 -- 78 ) Legion Field ( 1979 -- 80 ) Olympic Stadium ( Montreal ) ( 1981 -- 82 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 1983 ) Grant Field ( 1984 ) Camp Randall Stadium ( 1985 -- 87 , 1992 , 1999 , 2002 , 2006 ) Arrowhead Stadium ( 1988 -- 1989 ) New Era Field ( 1990 , 1995 , 2001 ) Cotton Bowl Stadium ( 1991 ) Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium ( 1993 ) Foxboro Stadium ( 1994 ) Camping World Stadium ( 1996 -- 98 , 2003 ) Byrd Stadium ( 2000 ) Invesco Field at Mile High ( 2004 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2005 ) Rose Bowl Stadium ( 2007 ) Memorial Stadium , Bloomington ( 2008 ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( 2009 -- 28 ) Venues of the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup Group stage BBVA Compass Stadium ( Houston ) BMO Field ( Toronto ) Bank of America Stadium ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough , Massachusetts ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Children 's Mercy Park ( Kansas City , Kansas ) StubHub Center ( Carson , California ) Toyota Stadium ( Frisco , Texas ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , Arizona ) Quarter - finals M&T Bank Stadium ( Baltimore ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford , New Jersey ) Semi-finals Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Third - place playoff Talen Energy Stadium ( Chester , Pennsylvania ) Final Lincoln Financial Field ( Philadelphia ) Official website Copa América Centenario stadiums Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough ) Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara ) Lincoln Financial Field ( Philadelphia ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale ) AMA / FIM World Supercross venues Current ( 2017 ) Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( Anaheim ) AT&T Stadium ( Arlington ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Daytona International Speedway ( Daytona Beach ) Ford Field ( Detroit ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( Indianapolis ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford ) Oakland Coliseum ( Oakland ) Petco Park ( San Diego ) Rice - Eccles Stadium ( Salt Lake City ) Rogers Centre ( Toronto ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( Las Vegas ) The Dome at America 's Center ( St. Louis ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( Minneapolis ) Former Astrodome ( Houston ) AT&T Park ( San Francisco ) Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( Atlanta ) BC Place ( Vancouver ) Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) CEFCU Stadium ( San Jose ) Charlotte Motor Speedway ( Charlotte ) Chase Field ( Phoenix ) Dodger Stadium ( Los Angeles ) EverBank Field ( Jacksonville ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough ) Houlihan 's Stadium ( Tampa ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Minneapolis ) Kingdome ( Seattle ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans ) Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( Los Angeles ) Mile High Stadium ( Denver ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) Pontiac Silverdome ( Pontiac ) Qualcomm Stadium ( San Diego ) Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa ) RCA Dome ( Indianapolis ) Route 66 Raceway ( Joliet ) Sun Devil Stadium ( Tempe ) Texas Stadium ( Irving ) Sports venues in the Greater Boston area Active Boston Agganis Arena Alumni Stadium Bright Hockey Center Cabot Center Case Gym Conte Forum Fenway Park George Wright Golf Course Harvard Stadium Lavietes Pavilion Matthews Arena Nickerson Field Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center TD Garden Tennis and Racquet Club White Stadium William J. Devine Memorial Golf Course Metro Boston The Country Club Malkin Athletic Center Warrior Ice Arena Bright - Landry Hockey Center Greater Boston Gillette Stadium LeLacheur Park Paul E. Tsongas Center at UMass Lowell Plainridge Park Suffolk Downs Defunct Boston Garden Braves Field Charles River Speedway Congress Street Grounds Cyclorama Dartmouth Grounds Foxboro Park Foxboro Stadium Franklin Park Franklin Speedway Huntington Avenue Grounds Mechanics Hall Readville Race Track South End Grounds Wonderland Park Never built Boston Sports Megaplex New Fenway Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gillette_Stadium&oldid=827618184 '' Categories : DCI World Championship host venues FIFA Women 's World Cup stadiums CONCACAF Gold Cup stadiums National Football League venues American football venues in Massachusetts Ice hockey venues in Massachusetts Major League Soccer stadiums Soccer venues in Massachusetts New England Patriots stadiums College lacrosse venues in the United States New England Revolution NCAA Men 's Division I Lacrosse Championship venues Buildings and structures in Norfolk County , Massachusetts Tourist attractions in Norfolk County , Massachusetts Foxborough , Massachusetts UMass Minutemen football College football venues High school football venues in the United States 2002 establishments in Massachusetts Sports venues completed in 2002 Lacrosse venues in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 19 : 39 . 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who won the football league championship in 1968	The Football League Season 1967 -- 68 Champions Manchester City ← 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 →	Manchester City	1967 -- 68 Football League	1967 - - 68 football league	The 1967 -- 1968 season was the 69th completed season of the English Football League .	For the first time since 1937 Manchester City won the league title , finishing two points clear of their local rivals Manchester United . Fulham finished bottom of the league and were relegated along with Sheffield United . Coventry City , in their first ever top flight season escaped relegation by one point and would go on to stay in the top division until their eventual relegation at the end of the 2000 -- 01 season . Bill McGarry 's Ipswich Town team won the Second Division by one point from Queens Park Rangers , with both teams promoted . Blackpool finished third on goal average and so missed out . Rotherham United and bottom club Plymouth Argyle were both relegated to the Third Division . Oxford United won their first divisional title and achieved what was then their highest ever finish in only their sixth season as a league club in the Third Division . Runners - up Bury joined them in promotion . Grimsby Town , Colchester United and Scunthorpe United were relegated , although the biggest story concerned bottom placed Peterborough United who were docked 19 points for offering irregular bonuses to their players . Had the points been restored the club would have finished in the top half . As a result of the ruling Mansfield Town escaped relegation . Luton Town won the Fourth Division and were promoted along with Barnsley , Hartlepool United and Crewe Alexandra . No clubs were voted out of the league . Contents ( hide ) 1 Final league tables and results 2 First Division 2.1 Results 2.2 Maps 3 Second Division 3.1 Results 3.2 Maps 4 Third Division 4.1 Results 4.2 Maps 5 Fourth Division 5.1 Results 5.2 Maps 6 See also 7 References Final League tables and results ( edit ) Beginning with the season 1894 -- 95 , clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average ( goals scored divided by goals conceded ) , or more properly put , goal ratio . In case one or more teams had the same goal difference , this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals . The goal average system was eventually replaced by goal difference , beginning with the 1976 -- 77 season . Since the Fourth Division was established in the 1958 -- 59 season , the re-election process has concerned the bottom four clubs in that division . First Division ( edit ) Football League First Division Season 1967 -- 68 Champions Manchester City ( 2nd English title ) Relegated Sheffield United Fulham 1968 -- 69 European Cup Manchester City Manchester United ( defending champions ) FA Cup winners 1968 -- 69 European Cup Winners ' Cup West Bromwich Albion ( 5th FA Cup title ) 1967 -- 68 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Leeds United Liverpool Nottingham Forest Matches played 462 Goals scored 1,398 ( 3.03 per match ) Top goalscorer George Best ( Manchester United ) , 28 Ron Davies ( Southampton ) , 28 Longest winning run Everton ( 7 ) Longest unbeaten run Leeds United ( 14 ) Longest losing run Stoke City ( 7 ) ← 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 → Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Manchester City ! Manchester City ( C ) 42 26 6 10 86 43 58 1968 -- 69 European Cup Manchester United ! Manchester United 42 24 8 10 89 55 1.618 56 Liverpool ! Liverpool 42 22 11 9 71 40 1.775 55 01967 -- 68 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 0 Leeds United ! Leeds United 42 22 9 11 71 41 1.732 53 5 Everton ! Everton 42 23 6 13 67 40 1.675 52 6 Chelsea ! Chelsea 42 18 12 12 62 68 0.912 48 7 Tottenham Hotspur ! Tottenham Hotspur 42 19 9 14 70 59 1.186 47 8 West Bromwich Albion ! West Bromwich Albion 42 17 12 13 75 62 1.21 46 01968 -- 69 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 9 Arsenal ! Arsenal 42 17 10 15 60 56 1.071 44 10 Newcastle United ! Newcastle United 42 13 15 14 54 67 0.806 41 11 Nottingham Forest ! Nottingham Forest 42 14 11 17 52 64 0.813 39 1967 -- 68 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 12 West Ham United ! West Ham United 42 14 10 18 73 69 1.058 38 13 Leicester City ! Leicester City 42 13 12 17 64 69 0.928 38 14 Burnley ! Burnley 42 14 10 18 64 71 0.901 38 15 Sunderland ! Sunderland 42 13 11 18 51 61 0.836 37 16 Southampton ! Southampton 42 13 11 18 66 83 0.795 37 17 Wolverhampton Wanderers ! Wolverhampton Wanderers 42 14 8 20 66 75 0.88 36 18 Stoke City ! Stoke City 42 14 7 21 50 73 0.685 35 19 Sheffield Wednesday ! Sheffield Wednesday 42 11 12 19 51 63 0.81 34 20 Coventry City ! Coventry City 42 9 15 18 51 71 0.718 33 21 Sheffield United ! Sheffield United ( R ) 42 11 10 21 49 70 0.7 32 Relegation to 1968 -- 69 Second Division 22 Fulham ! Fulham ( R ) 42 10 7 25 56 98 0.571 27 Source : rsssf.com Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) number of goals scored ( C ) = Champion ; ( R ) = Relegated ; ( P ) = Promoted ; ( E ) = Eliminated ; ( O ) = Play - off winner ; ( A ) = Advances to a further round . Only applicable when the season is not finished : ( Q ) = Qualified to the phase of tournament indicated ; ( TQ ) = Qualified to tournament , but not yet to the particular phase indicated ; ( RQ ) = Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated ; ( DQ ) = Disqualified from tournament . Results ( edit ) `` The template below ( Fb r header ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Home ╲ Away Arsenal ! ARS Burnley ! BUR Chelsea ! CHE Coventry City ! COV Everton ! EVE Fulham ! FUL Leeds United ! LEE Leicester City ! LEI Liverpool ! LIV Manchester City ! MCI Manchester United ! MUN Newcastle United ! NEW Nottingham Forest ! NOT Sheffield United ! SHU Sheffield Wednesday ! SHW Southampton ! SOU Stoke City ! STK Sunderland ! SUN Tottenham Hotspur ! TOT West Bromwich Albion ! WBA West Ham United ! WHU Wolverhampton Wanderers ! WOL Arsenal ! Arsenal 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 5 -- 3 4 -- 3 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 Burnley ! Burnley 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 0 5 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 Chelsea ! Chelsea 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 6 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 3 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 Coventry City ! Coventry City 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 4 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 4 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 Everton ! Everton 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 5 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 Fulham ! Fulham 1 -- 3 4 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 5 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 4 0 -- 4 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 Leeds United ! Leeds United 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 7 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 2 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 Leicester City ! Leicester City 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 4 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 3 2 -- 4 3 -- 1 Liverpool ! Liverpool 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 6 -- 0 6 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 Manchester City ! Manchester City 1 -- 1 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 1 -- 0 6 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 -- 2 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 Manchester United ! Manchester United 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 6 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 Newcastle United ! Newcastle United 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 4 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ! Nottingham Forest 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 3 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 3 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 0 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Sheffield United ! Sheffield United 2 -- 4 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday ! Sheffield Wednesday 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 0 -- 0 4 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 4 -- 1 2 -- 2 Southampton ! Southampton 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 5 0 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 5 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Stoke City ! Stoke City 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 4 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 Sunderland ! Sunderland 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 2 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur ! Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 6 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 5 -- 1 2 -- 1 West Bromwich Albion ! West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 3 8 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 6 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 2 6 -- 3 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 4 -- 1 West Ham United ! West Ham United 1 -- 1 4 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 7 -- 2 0 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 3 5 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 3 0 -- 1 3 -- 4 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 2 Wolverhampton Wanderers ! Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 6 -- 1 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 2 -- 0 3 -- 4 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 2 Source : Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . 1 The home team is listed in the left - hand column . Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Maps ( edit ) Arsenal Burnley Chelsea Coventry Everton Fulham Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle Nottingham Forest Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke Sunderland Tottenham West Bromwich Albion West Ham Wolverhampton Wanderers Locations of the Football League First Division 1967 -- 1968 teams Arsenal Chelsea Fulham Tottenham West Ham Locations of the Football League First Division London teams 1967 -- 1968 Second Division ( edit ) Football League Second Division Season 1967 -- 68 Champions Ipswich Town ( 2nd title ) Promoted Queens Park Rangers Relegated Plymouth Argyle , Rotherham United Matches played 462 Goals scored 1,303 ( 2.82 per match ) Top goalscorer John Hickton ( Middlesbrough ) , 24 ← 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 → Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Promotion or relegation Ipswich Town ! Ipswich Town ( C ) ( P ) 42 22 15 5 79 44 1.795 59 Promotion to 1968 -- 69 First Division Queens Park Rangers ! Queens Park Rangers ( P ) 42 25 8 9 67 36 1.861 58 Blackpool ! Blackpool 42 24 10 8 71 43 1.651 58 Birmingham City ! Birmingham City 42 19 14 9 83 51 1.627 52 5 Portsmouth ! Portsmouth 42 18 13 11 68 55 1.236 49 6 Middlesbrough ! Middlesbrough 42 17 12 13 60 54 1.111 46 7 Millwall ! Millwall 42 14 17 11 62 50 1.24 45 8 Blackburn Rovers ! Blackburn Rovers 42 16 11 15 56 49 1.143 43 9 Norwich City ! Norwich City 42 16 11 15 60 65 0.923 43 10 Carlisle United ! Carlisle United 42 14 13 15 58 52 1.115 41 11 Crystal Palace ! Crystal Palace 42 14 11 17 56 56 39 12 Bolton Wanderers ! Bolton Wanderers 42 13 13 16 60 63 0.952 39 13 Cardiff City ! Cardiff City 42 13 12 17 60 66 0.909 38 1968 -- 69 European Cup Winners ' Cup 14 Huddersfield Town ! Huddersfield Town 42 13 12 17 46 61 0.754 38 15 Charlton Athletic ! Charlton Athletic 42 12 13 17 63 68 0.926 37 16 Aston Villa ! Aston Villa 42 15 7 20 54 64 0.844 37 17 Hull City ! Hull City 42 12 13 17 58 73 0.795 37 18 Derby County ! Derby County 42 13 10 19 71 78 0.91 36 19 Bristol City ! Bristol City 42 13 10 19 48 62 0.774 36 20 Preston North End ! Preston North End 42 12 11 19 43 65 0.662 35 21 Rotherham United ! Rotherham United ( R ) 42 10 11 21 42 76 0.553 31 Relegation to 1968 -- 69 Third Division 22 Plymouth Argyle ! Plymouth Argyle ( R ) 42 9 9 24 38 72 0.528 27 Source : rsssf.com Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) number of goals scored ( C ) = Champion ; ( R ) = Relegated ; ( P ) = Promoted ; ( E ) = Eliminated ; ( O ) = Play - off winner ; ( A ) = Advances to a further round . Only applicable when the season is not finished : ( Q ) = Qualified to the phase of tournament indicated ; ( TQ ) = Qualified to tournament , but not yet to the particular phase indicated ; ( RQ ) = Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated ; ( DQ ) = Disqualified from tournament . Results ( edit ) `` The template below ( Fb r header ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Home ╲ Away Aston Villa ! AST Birmingham ! BIR Blackburn Rovers ! BLB Blackpool ! BLP Bolton Wanderers ! BOL Bristol City ! BRI Cardiff City ! CAR Carlisle United ! CRL Charlton Athletic ! CHA Crystal Palace ! CRY Derby County ! DER Huddersfield Town ! HUD Hull City ! HUL Ipswich Town ! IPS Middlesbrough ! MID Millwall ! MIL Norwich City ! NWC Plymouth Argyle ! PLY Portsmouth ! POR Preston North End ! PNE Queens Park Rangers ! QPR Rotherham United ! ROT Aston Villa ! Aston Villa 2 -- 4 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 4 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 Birmingham ! Birmingham 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 6 -- 1 6 -- 2 0 -- 0 6 -- 1 2 -- 3 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 Blackburn Rovers ! Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Blackpool ! Blackpool 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 4 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers ! Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 5 -- 3 3 -- 1 6 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 Bristol City ! Bristol City 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 Cardiff City ! Cardiff City 3 -- 0 1 -- 3 3 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 5 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 Carlisle United ! Carlisle United 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 1 Charlton Athletic ! Charlton Athletic 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 5 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 3 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 3 4 -- 1 Crystal Palace ! Crystal Palace 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 3 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 6 -- 0 5 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Derby County ! Derby County 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 4 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 4 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 Huddersfield Town ! Huddersfield Town 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 4 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Hull City ! Hull City 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 Ipswich Town ! Ipswich Town 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 5 -- 0 4 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 Middlesbrough ! Middlesbrough 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 3 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 1 -- 0 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 Millwall ! Millwall 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 5 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 Norwich City ! Norwich City 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 4 2 -- 1 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 Plymouth Argyle ! Plymouth Argyle 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 4 2 -- 1 3 -- 4 1 -- 1 2 -- 5 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 Portsmouth ! Portsmouth 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 Preston North End ! Preston North End 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 5 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 Queens Park Rangers ! Queens Park Rangers 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 6 -- 0 Rotherham United ! Rotherham United 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 Source : Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . 1 The home team is listed in the left - hand column . Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Maps ( edit ) Aston Villa Birmingham Blackpool Blackburn Rovers Bolton Bristol City Carlisle United Cardiff City Charlton Crystal Palace Derby County Huddersfield Hull Ipswich Town Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Preston North End QPR Rotherham Locations of the Football League Second Division 1967 -- 1968 teams Charlton Athletic Crystal Palace Millwall Queens Park Rangers Locations of the Football League Second Division London teams 1967 -- 1968 Third Division ( edit ) Football League Third Division Season 1967 -- 68 Champions Oxford United ( 1st title ) Promoted Bury Relegated Colchester United , Grimsby Town , Peterborough United , Scunthorpe United Matches played 552 Goals scored 1,531 ( 2.77 per match ) Top goalscorer Don Rogers ( Swindon Town ) , 25 ← 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 → Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Promotion or relegation Oxford United ! Oxford United ( C ) ( P ) 46 22 13 11 69 47 1.468 57 Promotion to 1968 -- 69 Second Division Bury ! Bury ( P ) 46 24 8 14 91 66 1.379 56 Shrewsbury Town ! Shrewsbury Town 46 20 15 11 61 49 1.245 55 Torquay United ! Torquay United 46 21 11 14 81 51 1.588 53 5 Reading ! Reading 46 21 9 16 70 60 1.167 51 6 Watford ! Watford 46 21 8 17 74 50 1.48 50 7 Walsall ! Walsall 46 19 12 15 74 61 1.213 50 8 Barrow ! Barrow 46 21 8 17 65 54 1.204 50 9 Swindon Town ! Swindon Town 46 16 17 13 74 51 1.451 49 10 Brighton & Hove Albion ! Brighton & Hove Albion 46 16 16 14 57 55 1.036 48 11 Gillingham ! Gillingham 46 18 12 16 59 63 0.937 48 12 Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic ! Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic 46 16 15 15 56 51 1.098 47 13 Stockport County ! Stockport County 46 19 9 18 70 75 0.933 47 14 Southport ! Southport 46 17 12 17 65 65 46 15 Bristol Rovers ! Bristol Rovers 46 17 9 20 72 78 0.923 43 16 Oldham Athletic ! Oldham Athletic 46 18 7 21 60 65 0.923 43 17 Northampton Town ! Northampton Town 46 14 13 19 58 72 0.806 41 18 Orient ! Orient 46 12 17 17 46 62 0.742 41 19 Tranmere Rovers ! Tranmere Rovers 46 14 12 20 62 74 0.838 40 20 Mansfield Town ! Mansfield Town 46 12 13 21 51 67 0.761 37 21 Grimsby Town ! Grimsby Town ( R ) 46 14 9 23 52 69 0.754 37 Relegation to 1968 -- 69 Fourth Division 22 Colchester United ! Colchester United ( R ) 46 9 15 22 50 87 0.575 33 23 Scunthorpe United ! Scunthorpe United ( R ) 46 10 12 24 56 87 0.644 32 24 Peterborough United ! Peterborough United ( R ) 46 20 10 16 79 67 1.179 31 Source : rsssf.com Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) number of goals scored ( C ) = Champion ; ( R ) = Relegated ; ( P ) = Promoted ; ( E ) = Eliminated ; ( O ) = Play - off winner ; ( A ) = Advances to a further round . Only applicable when the season is not finished : ( Q ) = Qualified to the phase of tournament indicated ; ( TQ ) = Qualified to tournament , but not yet to the particular phase indicated ; ( RQ ) = Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated ; ( DQ ) = Disqualified from tournament . Peterborough deducted 19 points for making irregular payments to players . Results ( edit ) `` The template below ( Fb r header ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Home ╲ Away Barrow ! BRW Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic ! B&BA Brighton & Hove Albion ! B&HA Bristol Rovers ! BRR Bury ! Bury Colchester United ! COL Gillingham ! GIL Grimsby Town ! GRI Mansfield Town ! MAN Northampton Town ! NOR Oldham Athletic ! OLD Orient ! ORI Oxford United ! OXF Peterborough United ! PET Reading ! REA Scunthorpe United ! SCU Shrewsbury Town ! SHR Southport ! SOU Stockport County ! STP Swindon Town ! SWI Torquay United ! TOR Tranmere ! TRA Walsall ! WAL Watford ! WAT Barrow ! Barrow 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 5 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic ! Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 Brighton & Hove Albion ! Brighton & Hove Albion 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Bristol Rovers ! Bristol Rovers 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 0 -- 2 Bury ! Bury 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 4 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 3 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 5 -- 3 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 3 -- 3 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 Colchester United ! Colchester United 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 5 2 -- 5 1 -- 0 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 5 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 Gillingham ! Gillingham 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 4 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 Grimsby Town ! Grimsby Town 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 3 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 Mansfield Town ! Mansfield Town 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 Northampton Town ! Northampton Town 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 4 -- 5 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 Oldham Athletic ! Oldham Athletic 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 5 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 3 -- 4 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 2 -- 0 Orient ! Orient 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 Oxford United ! Oxford United 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 5 -- 4 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 Peterborough United ! Peterborough United 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 3 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 5 -- 1 Reading ! Reading 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 4 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 Scunthorpe United ! Scunthorpe United 2 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 5 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 5 1 -- 1 Shrewsbury Town ! Shrewsbury Town 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 3 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 5 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Southport ! Southport 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 4 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 4 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Stockport County ! Stockport County 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 4 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 5 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 Swindon Town ! Swindon Town 0 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 5 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 0 -- 0 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 5 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 3 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 Torquay United ! Torquay United 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 Tranmere ! Tranmere 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 3 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 Walsall ! Walsall 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 5 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 1 -- 1 Watford ! Watford 3 -- 2 0 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 7 -- 1 1 -- 2 5 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 3 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 Source : Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . 1 The home team is listed in the left - hand column . Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Maps ( edit ) Barrow Brighton & Hove Bournemouth Bristol Rovers Bury Colchester Gillingham Grimsby Town Orient Mansfield Town Northampton Town Oldham Oxford Peterborough Reading Scunthorpe & Lindsey Shrewsbury Southport Stockport Swindon Tranmere Torquay Watford Walsall Locations of the Football League Third Division teams 1967 -- 1968 Fourth Division ( edit ) Football League Fourth Division Season 1967 -- 68 Champions Luton Town ( 1st title ) Promoted Barnsley , Crewe Alexandra , Hartlepools United Failed re-election none Matches played 552 Goals scored 1,485 ( 2.69 per match ) Top goalscorer Les Massie ( Halifax Town ) , 25 Roy Chapman ( Port Vale ) , 25 ← 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 → Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Promotion or relegation Luton Town ! Luton Town ( C ) ( P ) 46 27 12 7 87 44 1.977 66 Promotion to 1968 -- 69 Third Division Barnsley ! Barnsley ( P ) 46 24 13 9 68 46 1.478 61 Hartlepools United ! Hartlepools United ( P ) 46 25 10 11 60 46 1.304 60 Crewe Alexandra ! Crewe Alexandra ( P ) 46 20 18 8 74 49 1.51 58 5 Bradford City ! Bradford City 46 23 11 12 72 51 1.412 57 6 Southend United ! Southend United 46 20 14 12 77 58 1.328 54 7 Chesterfield ! Chesterfield 46 21 11 14 71 50 1.42 53 8 Wrexham ! Wrexham 46 20 13 13 72 53 1.358 53 9 Aldershot ! Aldershot 46 18 17 11 70 55 1.273 53 10 Doncaster Rovers ! Doncaster Rovers 46 18 15 13 66 56 1.179 51 11 Halifax Town ! Halifax Town 46 15 16 15 52 49 1.061 46 12 Newport County ! Newport County 46 16 13 17 58 63 0.921 45 13 Lincoln City ! Lincoln City 46 17 9 20 71 68 1.044 43 14 Brentford ! Brentford 46 18 7 21 61 64 0.953 43 15 Swansea Town ! Swansea Town 46 16 10 20 63 77 0.818 42 16 Darlington ! Darlington 46 12 17 17 47 53 0.887 41 17 Notts County ! Notts County 46 15 11 20 53 79 0.671 41 18 Port Vale ! Port Vale 46 12 15 19 61 72 0.847 39 Re-elected 19 Rochdale ! Rochdale 46 12 14 20 51 72 0.708 38 20 Exeter City ! Exeter City 46 11 16 19 45 65 0.692 38 21 York City ! York City 46 11 14 21 65 68 0.956 36 Re-elected 22 Chester ! Chester 46 9 14 23 57 78 0.731 32 23 Workington ! Workington 46 10 11 25 54 87 0.621 31 24 Bradford Park Avenue ! Bradford Park Avenue 46 15 27 30 82 0.366 23 Source : rsssf.com Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) number of goals scored ( C ) = Champion ; ( R ) = Relegated ; ( P ) = Promoted ; ( E ) = Eliminated ; ( O ) = Play - off winner ; ( A ) = Advances to a further round . Only applicable when the season is not finished : ( Q ) = Qualified to the phase of tournament indicated ; ( TQ ) = Qualified to tournament , but not yet to the particular phase indicated ; ( RQ ) = Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated ; ( DQ ) = Disqualified from tournament . NOTE : Due to financial irregularities , Port Vale were made to apply for re-election to the Football League despite not finishing in the bottom four . Results ( edit ) `` The template below ( Fb r header ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Home ╲ Away Aldershot ! ALD Barnsley ! BAR Bradford City ! BRA Bradford Park Avenue ! BPA Brentford ! BRE Chester ! CHE Chesterfield ! CHF Crewe Alexandra ! CRE Darlington ! DAR Doncaster Rovers ! DON Exeter City ! EXE Halifax Town ! HAL Hartlepool ! HAR Lincoln City ! LIN Luton Town ! LUT Newport County ! NPC Notts County ! NTC Port Vale ! PTV Rochdale ! ROC Southend ! STD Swansea Town ! SWA Workington ! WRK Wrexham ! WRE York City ! YOR Aldershot ! Aldershot 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 Barnsley ! Barnsley 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 4 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 Bradford City ! Bradford City 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 5 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 Bradford Park Avenue ! Bradford Park Avenue 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 5 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 4 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 Brentford ! Brentford 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 5 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 Chester ! Chester 2 -- 5 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 4 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 0 -- 2 6 -- 0 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 Chesterfield ! Chesterfield 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 Crewe Alexandra ! Crewe Alexandra 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Darlington ! Darlington 6 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Doncaster Rovers ! Doncaster Rovers 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 Exeter City ! Exeter City 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 5 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 Halifax Town ! Halifax Town 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 Hartlepool ! Hartlepool 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 Lincoln City ! Lincoln City 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 4 -- 2 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 Luton Town ! Luton Town 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 5 -- 3 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 Newport County ! Newport County 0 -- 2 3 -- 0 0 -- 3 4 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 Notts County ! Notts County 0 -- 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 3 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 Port Vale ! Port Vale 0 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 4 -- 4 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 4 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 Rochdale ! Rochdale 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 4 -- 3 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 3 -- 0 3 -- 2 Southend ! Southend 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 7 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 Swansea Town ! Swansea Town 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 4 -- 2 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 5 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 Workington ! Workington 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 4 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 Wrexham ! Wrexham 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 6 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 2 -- 1 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 York City ! York City 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 6 -- 2 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 4 -- 2 5 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Source : Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . 1 The home team is listed in the left - hand column . Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Maps ( edit ) Aldershot Barnsley Bradford City Bradford Park Avenue Brentford Chester Chesterfield Crewe Alexandra Darlington Doncaster Exeter City Halifax Town Hartlepool Lincoln City Luton Town Newport County Notts County Port Vale Rochdale Southend Swansea Town Workington Wrexham York City Locations of the Football League Fourth Division teams 1967 -- 1968 See also ( edit ) 1967 -- 68 in English football References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England 1967 -- 68 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . ^ Jump up to : `` English League Leading Goalscorers '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . English Football League seasons As first tier 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 As second tier 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 1967 -- 68 in English football `` 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 '' FA competitions FA Cup ( Qualifying rounds Final ) Charity Shield Football League Football League ( First Division Second Division Third Division Fourth Division ) League Cup ( Final ) Lower leagues Isthmian League Northern League Southern League Western League Yorkshire League European competitions European Cup ( Final ) Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( Final ) European Cup Winners ' Cup Related to national team Alf Ramsey Home Championship UEFA Euro 1968 ( qualification ) Club seasons First Division Arsenal Burnley Chelsea Coventry City Everton Fulham Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Nottingham Forest Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Second Division Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bristol City Cardiff City Carlisle United Charlton Athletic Crystal Palace Derby County Huddersfield Town Hull City Ipswich Town Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Preston North End Queens Park Rangers Rotherham United Third Division Barrow Bournemouth and Boscombe Athletic Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol Rovers Bury Colchester United Gillingham Grimsby Town Leyton Orient Mansfield Town Northampton Town Oldham Athletic Oxford United Peterborough United Reading Scunthorpe United Shrewsbury Town Southport Stockport County Swindon Town Torquay United Tranmere Rovers Walsall Watford Fourth Division Aldershot Barnsley Bradford City Bradford Park Avenue Brentford Chester Chesterfield Crewe Alexandra Darlington Doncaster Rovers Exeter City Halifax Town Hartlepools United Lincoln City Luton Town Newport County Notts County Port Vale Rochdale Southend United Swansea Town Workington Wrexham York City 1967 -- 68 in European football ( UEFA ) `` 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 '' Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark ' 67 ' 68 England Faroe Islands ' 67 ' 68 Finland ' 67 ' 68 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary ' 67 ' 68 Iceland ' 67 ' 68 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 67 ' 68 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union ' 67 ' 68 Spain Sweden ' 67 ' 68 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands ' 67 ' 68 Finland ' 67 ' 68 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 67 ' 68 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 67 ' 68 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union Spain Sweden ' 67 Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Scotland UEFA competitions European Cup ( Final ) Cup Winners ' Cup ( Final ) Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( Final ) Intertoto Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967 -- 68_Football_League&oldid = 819106604 '' Categories : English Football League seasons 1967 -- 68 in English football leagues 1967 -- 68 Football League Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 13 : 31 . 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just before texas became a us state in 1845 texas was	In 1845 , the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States of America , becoming the 28th U.S. state . Border disputes between the new state and Mexico , which had never recognized Texas independence and still considered the area a renegade Mexican state , led to the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . When the war concluded , Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas , as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States . Texas ' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery . The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850 , in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave - owning areas but gained El Paso .	annexed to the United States of America	History of Texas ( 1845 -- 1860 )	history of texas ( 1845 - - 1860 )	In 1845 , the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States of America , becoming the 28th U.S. state . Border disputes between the new state and Mexico , which had never recognized Texas independence and still considered the area a renegade Mexican state , led to the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . When the war concluded , Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas , as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States . Texas ' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery . The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850 , in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave - owning areas but gained El Paso .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Annexation 2 Mexican -- American War 3 Compromise of 1850 4 Settlement 5 Indian wars 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Annexation ( edit ) Main article : Texas Annexation The Republic of Texas had formed in 1836 , after breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution . The following year , an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state . Fearing a war with Mexico , which did not recognize Texas independence , the United States declined the offer . In 1844 , James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas . Before he assumed office , the outgoing president , John Tyler , entered negotiations with Texas . On February 26 , 1845 , six days before Polk took office , the U.S. Congress approved the annexation . The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution . In October , Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution , and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29 , 1845 . Mexican -- American war ( edit ) Main article : Mexican -- American War When Texas was annexed , Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States . The annexation bill did not specifically define the boundaries of Texas . The former republic claimed the Rio Grande as its southern border , while Mexican authorities had always considered the Nueces River , situated further north , to be the boundary of Mexican Texas . The United States sent John Slidell to negotiate with the Mexican government , offering l $25 million ( $692,019,231 today ) to set the Texas border at the Rio Grande and to purchase Mexico 's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México . Popular sentiment in Mexico was against any sale , and the army deposed President José Joaquín de Herrera when he appeared inclined to negotiate with Slidell . The United States positioned troops along the Rio Grande . On April 25 , 1846 , in an event known as the Thornton Affair , a large contingent of Mexican cavalry attacked an American patrol in the area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces , killing 16 Americans . On May 3 , Mexican troops initiated the siege of Fort Texas , bombarding a makeshift American fort along the Rio Grande . On May 8 , Zachary Taylor led 2,500 U.S. troops to relieve the fort . He was intercepted by Mexican troops , leading to the Battle of Palo Alto . Mexican troops retreated a short distance to regroup , and the following day the two sides fought fiercely in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma . The U.S. cavalry captured the Mexican artillery , and the Mexican soldiers retreated . The United States officially declared war against Mexico on May 13 . Mexico declared war against the U.S. on July 7 . Throughout the official hostilities , the United States maintained two fronts -- one in the Mexican interior south of the Rio Grande , and one in California . There was no further fighting in Texas . The war ended on February 2 , 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Mexico ceded claims to Texas , and the border was set at the Rio Grande . Compromise of 1850 ( edit ) The expansion of the United States after the Mexican -- American War led to tensions between the slave and free states as to how to maintain the balance between the opposing viewpoints . Texas had been admitted to the United States as a slave state , yet Texas claimed territory north of the 36 ° 30 ' demarcation line for slavery set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise . According to the annexation agreement , if Texas were to be subdivided into multiple states , those north of the compromise line would become free states . Following the conclusion of the Mexican -- American War , Texas also tried to exert control over much of New Mexico . In an effort to avoid some states seceding from the United States , Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 . Texas gave up much of the western territories it had claimed in exchange for $10 million to pay off previous debts . Settlement ( edit ) Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state . German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of economic , social and political conditions in their states . In 1842 , German nobles organized the Adelsverein , banding together to buy land in central Texas to enable German settlement . The Revolutions of 1848 acted as another catalyst for so many immigrants that they became known as the `` Forty - Eighters . '' Many were educated artisans and businessmen . Germans continued to arrive in considerable numbers until 1890 . The first Czech immigrants started their journey to Texas on August 19 , 1851 headed by Jozef Šilar . The rich farmland of Central Texas attracted the Czech immigrants . The counties of Austin , Fayette , Lavaca , and Washington had early Czech settlements . The Czech - American communities are characterized by a strong sense of community and social clubs were a dominant theme of Czech - American life in Texas . By 1865 , the Czech population numbered 700 and climbed to over 60,000 Czech - Americans by 1940 . With their investments in cotton cultivation , Texas planters imported enslaved blacks from the earliest years of settlement . They established cotton plantations mostly in the eastern part of the state , where labor was done by enslaved African Americans . The central area of the state had more subsistence farmers . Indian wars ( edit ) Further information : Texas -- Indian Wars In the late 1850s , settlers continued to push west and north , and by 1856 had begun settling , parts of the Comancheria in large numbers . Angry at the loss of their traditional hunting grounds , several bands of Comanche conducted raids on Texas settlers . In an effort to stop the violence and subdue the Comanche , in 1858 the Texas Rangers paired with members of the Tonkawa tribe -- traditionally , enemies of the Comanche -- for the Antelope Hills Expedition . Federal law promised Indian tribes safety in Indian Territory , located just north of Texas . Nevertheless , the Rangers crossed into Indian Territory and attacked a Comanche village at the Battle of Little Robe Creek . This was the first time any American forces had penetrated to the heart of the Comancheria , attacked Comanche villages with impunity , and successfully made it home . The expedition exhausted the annual Texas defense budget , and the governor disbanded the Rangers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Bruce Winders , Crisis in the Southwest : The United States , Mexico , and the Struggle over Texas ( Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2002 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbach , Lone Star , pp. 264 -- 267 Jump up ^ Cotton Culture from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ `` German Immigration in Texas '' , accessed April 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Handbook of Texas Online Czechs accessed July 28 , 2008 Sources ( edit ) T.R. Fehrenbach , Lone Star : A History of Texas and Texans ( Cambridge : Da Capo Press , 2000 ) External links ( edit ) A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Texas_(1845 -- 1860 ) &oldid = 799080616 '' Categories : History of Texas by period Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 14 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Texas%20%281845%25E2%2580%25931860%29	934
who are the two main groups that are paying taxes			List of taxes	list of taxes	This page , a companion page to tax , lists different taxes by economic design . For different taxes by country , see Tax rates around the world .	Taxes generally fall into the following broad categories : Income tax Payroll tax Property tax Consumption tax Tariff ( taxes on international trade ) Capitation , a fixed tax charged per person Fees and tolls Effective taxes , government policies that are n't explicitly taxes , but result in income to the government through losses to the public Contents ( hide ) 1 Income tax 2 Payroll tax 3 Property taxes 4 Consumption taxes 4.1 General taxes 4.2 Excise taxes 4.2. 1 Current 4.2. 2 Historical 4.2. 3 Proposed 5 Tariffs 6 Capitation 7 Fees and tolls 8 Effective taxes 9 Other taxes 10 Taxation practices 11 Non-compliance 12 See also Income tax ( edit ) Main article : Income tax Capital gains tax is a tax on the sale of an investment , usually stocks , bonds , precious metals and property . Corporate tax is levied on the earnings or profits of a corporation . Dividend tax is a tax on dividends paid to shareholders of a company . Excess profits tax is a tax on unusually high profits levied on a corporation . This was largely levied in the United States in times of war to prevent war profiteering , but has been proposed at other times . Flat tax , an income tax where everyone pays the same tax rate . Gift tax , a tax on gifts received . Gross receipts tax , a tax on revenues received by a corporation , even if they do n't profit . Hall -- Rabushka flat tax , a flat tax on income that excludes investments . Inheritance tax , a tax paid on money gained through inheritance Negative income tax , an income tax where the poor receive payment from the government , instead of owing taxes . Windfall profits tax is a tax on profits gained by a company that has some kind of large unexpected profit . Payroll tax ( edit ) Main article : Payroll tax FICA tax is a tax levied in the United States to fund Social Security and Medicare . Pay - as - you - earn tax is a tax paid on each paycheck to pay towards income tax . It is commonly refunded when taxpayers file income tax returns . Withholding tax is money withheld from a paycheck , often to contribute to income tax liability . Property taxes ( edit ) Main article : Property tax Most property taxes charge for both the value of the land and the value of any buildings or other improvements on the land . Carucage was a tax on land levied in Medieval England . The tax was only collected when the government required extra revenue and was never levied regularly . Council Tax is a tax in the United Kingdom on houses . Danegeld was a tax paid to the Vikings to ensure the Vikings would not raid a person 's land . Kharaj is an Islamic tax on agricultural land . Land value tax is a tax on the value of land that does not tax the value of the improvements on the land . Tallage , a tax on land levied in Medieval Europe . Window tax was a tax levied in England based on the number of windows on a building . Consumption taxes ( edit ) Main article : Consumption tax A general tax refers to a tax that applies to all or most goods and services and where all are taxed at the same rate . An excise tax refers to a tax on a single item , which may be different than the tax levied on other items . General taxes ( edit ) Sales tax is a tax on retail sales . Value added tax is a tax on manufacturing that taxes the difference between the cost of raw materials and the cost of the final product . FairTax is a proposal to replace every tax in a particular country with a single retail sales tax . To avoid having the tax being regressive , the tax system would also provide a rebate to every citizen subject to the tax . Per unit tax , a tax charged proportionally to the amount sold , such as by cents per kilogram . Turnover tax , a tax on intermediate and capital goods that is viewed as a precursor to a value - added tax . Use tax , a tax charged on an item purchased in an area without a sales tax when brought to an areas that has one . Excise taxes ( edit ) Main article : Excise tax Current ( edit ) Alcoholic Tax is a tax that levies alcohol . Carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels , as a measure to income the impact of global warming . Fat tax is a tax levied on unhealthy foods . Financial transaction tax is a tax on certain financial transactions , such as the sale of stocks . Fuel excise is a tax levied on fuels , especially for motor vehicles . Luxury tax is a tax on luxury goods . Soda tax is a tax on soda . Sin tax is a tax levied against any undesired activity . This includes taxes on alcohol and cigarettes . Stamp Duty is a tax levied on official documents . Transfer tax is a tax levied on the sale of property . Vehicle excise duty is a tax on vehicles levied in the United Kingdom . Historical ( edit ) Adet - i ağnam was an annual tax on sheep and goats levied by the Ottoman Empire . Unlike most Ottoman taxes , this tax went to the national treasury , rather than regional treasuries . It was largely collected through tax farming . Resm - i arusane , known as the bride tax , was a tax on marriage levied by the Ottoman Empire . Rav akçesi , a tax levied on rabbis by the Ottoman Empire Salt tax is a tax on salt . Salt taxes have been the least popular taxes in history . Salt taxes in France , India and Russia were significant contributors to revolutions or uprisings in those countries . Proposed ( edit ) Automated Payment Transaction tax is a proposed single tax system where all tax revenue would be collected by a small percentage of all transactions . Bank taxes , propose to improve financial stability . Currency transaction tax is a tax on currency conversions . Spahn tax is a proposed currency transaction tax that attempts to tax speculators while not taxing more necessary currency conversions . Tobin tax is a proposed tax on spot conversions between currencies . Robin Hood tax is a campaign to enact a package of financial transaction taxes . Natural resources consumption tax is a proposed tax on natural resources , including in ungoverned areas such as oceans . Tariffs ( edit ) A tariff is a tax levied on items crossing an international border . Tribute is a payment made from a less powerful country to a more powerful country as a sign of allegiance . Capitation ( edit ) Poll tax , also called a head tax , is a fixed tax that must be paid by each person . Fiscus Judaicus , was a tax that Jews were required to pay in the Roman Empire Jizya is a tax paid by non-Muslims in a Muslim state . Compare to Zakat . Leibzoll was tax that Jews were required to pay in Medieval Europe . Temple tax was a Roman tax used to pay for temples . Tithe is a payment to a church or similar authority . While voluntary in modern times , historically these payments have been mandatory . Tolerance tax was a tax levied in Germany against Jews . Zakat is a tax paid by Muslims in a Muslim state . Compare to Jizya . Fees and tolls ( edit ) Development Impact Tax is a fee charged to a developer to pay for the amount of infrastructure that will need to be built to accommodate the new residents or customers of the development . Such fees fund municipal government services such as roads , domestic water services and schools . Fares are payments required to use public transportation . Toll , a fee required to use government infrastructure , usually a road , including bridges and tunnels . Tuition is a charge collected for attending schools and colleges . Many countries charge tuition for attending government run schools , making this a form of tax . Effective taxes ( edit ) Inflation tax is the value lost by inflation , by holders of cash and those on fixed incomes . Inflation causes those holding cash to lose money by reducing its real value , but at the same time , reduces the amount owed by debtors because the real value of the debt has decreased . Seigniorage is the difference between the value of money and the actual cost required to produce it . Mints make a profit from this difference in value , so it is frequently viewed as a tax . Other taxes ( edit ) Corvée refers to a person being forced to work instead of paying taxes . Such systems require certain classes of people to labor for a certain length of time , and the person would be free once the corvee obligations were met . While a form of unfree labor , it is also considered a tax , since a person 's labor has value . Corvee was often implemented in areas where the poor had no money to pay as taxes . Church tax is any tax that goes to a church . Ecotax , a tax of any kind intended to improve the environment . Franchise tax is a tax levied on the net worth of a corporation . Khums was a tax on items looted during war levied in Islamic States . Scutage was a tax levied in England . A person could pay scutage instead of serving in the military . Surtax is an additional tax levied on some other tax . Wealth tax is a tax on the value of everything owned by a person . Taxation practices ( edit ) Ad valorem tax is any tax that is based on the actual value of the item being taxed . Nearly any type of tax can be an ad valorem tax . Direct tax is a tax paid by a person , as opposed to a tax levied on a business that the person indirectly pays . Double taxation is when a tax is paid twice on the same income or item . Indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary ( such as a store ) on behalf of the person who actually is required to pay ( such as a customer ) Lump - sum tax is a tax that is a set amount , regardless of a person 's wealth or an item 's value . Pigovian tax is a tax on a good or service that causes a harm to society that is not paid by the users of that good or service . It is designed to pay for the negative externalities of the good . Payment in lieu of taxes is a system where an entity that is exempt from taxation makes a payment to the government instead . This payment may be mandatory or voluntary . Usually it applies to property . Proportional tax is any tax where the tax rate is the same for all payers . Progressive tax is a tax that charges the rich a greater percentage of their income than the poor . Regressive tax is a tax that charges the poor a greater percentage of their income than the rich . Single tax is a tax system that has only one tax levied . Steering tax is a tax that aims to change the behavior of the public . Tax Farming is where a government grants persons the right to collect taxes and turn them over to the government . Non-compliance ( edit ) Main article : Tax noncompliance Tax avoidance , legal techniques to avoid paying taxes Tax evasion , illegal techniques designed to avoid paying taxes Tax protester , a person who refuses to pay a tax they believe to be wrong or illegal Tax resistance , refusal to pay taxes as a protest measure Tax haven , a country whose banking or tax laws allows companies to avoid paying taxes in other countries See also ( edit ) Ghetto tax , a term for when poor people are forced to pay more for services . This is not actually a tax . Luxury tax ( sports ) , a fee on sports teams with player salaries exceeding a set maximum . This is charged by the sports league and is not actually a tax . Optimal tax , the study of developing the best tax system Tax incidence , the effect a tax has on the economy and social welfare Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_taxes&oldid=798661161 '' Categories : Taxation - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 05 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20taxes	935
which is the last game of thrones book	A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin six years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter .	A Song of Ice and Fire	A Song of Ice and Fire	a song of ice and fire	A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin six years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter .	A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty - one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Publishing history 2.1 Overview 2.2 First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 2.4 Planned novels and future 2.4. 1 The Winds of Winter 2.4. 2 A Dream of Spring 2.4. 3 TV series and other writings 3 Inspiration and writing 3.1 Genre 3.2 Writing process 3.3 Narrative structure 3.4 Character development 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Derived works 6.1 Novellas 6.2 TV series 6.3 Other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Further information : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters and World of A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Nearly three centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the Targaryen dynasty by Aegon I and his sisters Visenya and Rhaenys , with Aegon Targaryen becoming the first king of the whole of the continent of Westeros , save for the southerly Dorne . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 peaceful years have passed since the rebellion led by Robert Baratheon deposed and killed the last Targaryen king , Aerys II , and proclaimed Robert king of the Seven Kingdoms , with a nine year long summer coming to an end . The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's heir apparent , the 13 - year old Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Queen Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Robert 's chief advisor , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Lannister , Eddard attempts to unseat Joffrey but is betrayed and executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , two of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros attempt to become independent from the Iron Throne : Eddard 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Balon Greyjoy desires to recover the sovereignty of his region , the Iron Islands . The so - called `` War of the Five Kings '' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings . The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8,000 - year - old wall of ice , simply called `` the Wall '' , defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the `` wildlings '' or `` Free Folk '' , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , Eddard 's bastard son . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks , eventually becoming Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings . The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of Aerys , the last Targaryen king . On the continent of Essos , east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother Viserys Targaryen to a powerful warlord , but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline and her legitimate claim to the throne , but also devastating weapons of war . Publishing history ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Books in the Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions . # Title Pages Chapters Words Audio US release A Game of Thrones 694 73 292,727 33h 53m August 1996 A Clash of Kings 768 70 318,903 37h 17m February 1999 A Storm of Swords 973 82 414,604 47h 37m November 2000 A Feast for Crows 753 46 295,032 31h 10m November 2005 5 A Dance with Dragons 1040 73 414,788 48h 56m July 2011 6 The Winds of Winter Forthcoming 7 A Dream of Spring Forthcoming Total 4,228 344 1,736,054 198h 53m First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon in Mariehamn , 2015 . George R.R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci - fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid-1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s . He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired . `` The first scene ... chapter one of the first book , the chapter where they find the direwolf pups ... just came to me out of nowhere . I was ... at work on a different novel , and suddenly I saw that scene . It did n't belong in the novel I was writing , but it came to me so vividly that I had to sit down and write it , and by the time I did , it led to a second chapter , and the second chapter was the Catelyn chapter where Ned has just come back . '' -- George R.R. Martin in 2014 In 1994 , Martin gave to his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title . The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella . The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the Ice and Fire series to make the best - seller lists , reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers . Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list . Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints . In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five - year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five - year gap . The material of the written 250 - page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin . The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books . With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons . Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of The New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin `` the American Tolkien '' . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half - finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 . With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two - thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff - hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling `` the Meereenese knot '' , which the interviewer understood as `` making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on ( Daenerys ) '' . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money . Planned novels and future ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book . The Winds of Winter ( edit ) Further information : The Winds of Winter The Winds of Winter will resolve the Dance with Dragons cliffhangers early on and `` will open with the two big battles that ( the fifth book ) was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle ( ... ) of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Greyjoy , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel have been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considers only 200 as `` really finished '' ; the rest needs revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again . In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well . '' Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . During the Guadalajara International Book Fair in Mexico in early December 2016 , Martin offered the following hint as to the tone of this book : There are a lot of dark chapters right now ... I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places . A Dream of Spring ( edit ) Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel `` until I decide not to be firm '' . With his stated goal of telling the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show . Martin offered the following hint as to how the series would conclude during a Q&A at the Guadalajara International Book Fair . `` I 'm not going to tell you how I 'm going to end my book , but I suspect the overall flavor is going to be as much bittersweet as it is happy . '' TV series and other writings ( edit ) Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two - year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2 , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series . Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand - alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand - alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project . Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) Further information : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H.P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as `` epic fantasy '' , and specifically named Tad Williams as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean . `` ( Martin 's Ice and Fire series ) was groundbreaking ( at least for me ) in all kinds of ways . Above all , the books were extremely unpredictable , especially in a genre where readers have come to expect the intensely predictable . ( ... ) A Game of Thrones was profoundly shocking when I first read it , and fundamentally changed my notions about what could be done with epic fantasy . '' -- Fantasy writer Joe Abercrombie in 2008 The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books . Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were `` far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors '' , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher - edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie . Writing process ( edit ) Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one - year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with the Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2016 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . As of 2011 , Martin was still typing his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4.0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re-inserted at a later time . The Ice and Fire series was partly inspired by the Wars of the Roses , a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England . This painting by Richard Burchett portrays Edward IV demanding that his defeated enemies be taken from Tewkesbury Abbey . Martin set the Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle - earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in `` almost a daydreaming process '' , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished . Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries . The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and readers monitor for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication . For instance , Martin has inconsistently referred to certain characters ' eye colors , and has described a horse as being of one sex and then another . Narrative structure ( edit ) Number of chapters per point - of - view character ( hide ) POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 -- 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 -- -- 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 -- 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 -- -- -- -- 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 -- 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 -- 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 -- ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth -- 6 -- 13 Theon Greyjoy -- 6 -- -- 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister -- -- 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly -- -- 5 5 -- 10 Cersei Lannister -- -- -- 10 12 Brienne of Tarth -- -- -- 8 -- 8 Aeron Greyjoy -- -- -- -- ≥ 1 Areo Hotah -- -- -- ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy -- -- -- Arys Oakheart -- -- -- -- Victarion Greyjoy -- -- -- ≥ 1 Arianne Martell -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell -- -- -- -- Jon Connington -- -- -- -- Melisandre -- -- -- -- Barristan Selmy -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 ) The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short - lived one - time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of `` the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death '' . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers `` experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once '' , such that `` every fight is both triumph and tragedy ( ... ) and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time '' . Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the Ice and Fire story begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi-authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense . Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of `` cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle '' , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear - cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one - time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn . The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true . Character development ( edit ) Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic Ice and Fire fantasy to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 - page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever - growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to `` make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well - mixed in their natures '' . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that `` Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity '' ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) . Martin deliberately ignored the writing rule of never giving two characters names starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The Ice and Fire story therefore has children called `` Robert '' in honor of King Robert of House Baratheon , a `` Brandon '' in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable `` Ty '' commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin distinguished people sharing a given name by adding numbers or locations to their given names ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y . All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the Ice and Fire characters are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him . Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five - year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five - year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire Although involving dragons and sorcery , the Ice and Fire series de-emphasizes magic as compared to many other epic fantasy works ( emblem of J. Allen St. John 's 1905 fantasy work The Face in the Pool ) . Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , the Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others . Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the Ice and Fire world , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as `` more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential '' , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa . A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters , Martin instead endorses William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature . According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , `` whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . '' Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non-existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure . Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that `` few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series '' , for which reviews have been `` orders of magnitude better '' than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a `` superb fantasy saga '' that `` raised Martin to a whole new level of success '' . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that `` no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort '' , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was `` rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage '' . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated : The success is all the more remarkable because ( the series debuted ) without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R.R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of . Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that `` Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . '' After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a `` major force for evolution in fantasy '' and proclaimed him `` the American Tolkien '' , explaining that , although Martin was `` ( not ) the best known of America 's straight - up fantasy writers '' at the time and would `` never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today '' . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien `` has stuck to ( Martin ) , as it was meant to '' , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( `` He 's much better than that '' ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( `` an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy '' ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 . According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that `` Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons '' . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had `` superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody - mindedness '' , that A Clash of Kings was `` notable particularly for the lived - in quality of ( their fictional world and ) for the comparatively modest role of magic '' , and that A Storm of Swords was one `` of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy '' . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment `` sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although `` The new volume has a similar feel to Feast '' , `` Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters ( who were ) notably absent from the previous book . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , `` Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage '' , and the novels captivate readers with `` complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters '' . CNN remarked that `` the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well - crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style '' , and David Orr of The New York Times found that `` All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . '' Salon. com 's Andrew Leonard `` could n't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . '' The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to `` catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that ( Martin ) leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . '' Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized `` It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I could n't stop reading ... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding ( of the long impending winter ) . '' Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views : That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy ( in the real world ) , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it . Sales ( edit ) Sales performance of the Ice and Fire series in the New York Times combined print and e-book fiction bestseller list in 2011 between the airing of the Game of Thrones pilot episode and the publication of A Dance with Dragons . The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million . Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best - seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is `` a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it '' . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out - of - print solo novels . The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best - seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on `` The New York Times '' hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with Ice and Fire approaching triple - digit growth in year - on - year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie - ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 . At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first - day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170,000 hardcovers , 110,000 e-books , and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books . All five volumes and the four - volume boxed set were among the top 100 best - selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box - sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales . Fandom ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre-internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie - like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish - based fan of Cuban - American descent , Elio M. García , Jr. , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi-professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends . Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science - fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended . `` After all , as some of you like to point out in your emails , I am sixty years old and fat , and you do n't want me to ' pull a Robert Jordan ' on you and deny you your book . Okay , I 've got the message . You do n't want me doing anything except A Song of Ice and Fire . Ever . ( Well , maybe it 's okay if I take a leak once in a while ? ) '' -- George R.R. Martin on his blog in 2009 While Martin calls the majority of his fans `` great '' , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called `` To My Detractors '' on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this `` an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) -- Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997 A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) -- Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999 A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001 A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) -- Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006 A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012 Derived works ( edit ) Novellas ( edit ) Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire `` Egg '' , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned . The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen . Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon : Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones . Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords . Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows . TV series ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series . The sixth season premiered on April 24 , 2016 . These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23 , winning 12 , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series . Other works ( edit ) Main article : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin - off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by the Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same - titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full - sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise . See also ( edit ) Book : A Song of Ice and Fire Outline of A Song of Ice and Fire franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milne , Ben ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamin , Debra ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Jewish legacy behind Game of Thrones '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . They struck gold , however , with their next attempt : a television series based on a French fantasy series which in turn was based on a seven - part set of stories by a French Jewish immigrant . Maurice Druon was born in France in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Russia and first made a name for himself in the realm of academic journals . 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Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Dunk and Egg Return to Comics '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` A Dangerous Delivery '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous Women Arrives on Tor.com '' . Tor.com . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` A Dangerous Delivery '' . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( March 16 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin announces new ' Game of Thrones ' prequel short story , ' The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blood of the Dragon '' . Asimov 's Science Fiction . July 1996 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Path of the Dragon '' . Asimov 's Science Fiction . December 2000 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arms of the Kraken '' . Dragon. 27 No. 10 ( 305 ) : 90 -- 111 . March 2003 . Jump up ^ McKevitt , Greg ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` What 's the appeal of Game of Thrones ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` HBO renews Game of Thrones for second season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . emmys.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' renewed for third season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones renewed for season 4 ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Television Academy '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 5 and Season 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Sets Record for Most Emmy Wins in a Year '' . Variety . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Kristen ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Arm yourself for Game of Thrones season finale with these Westeros - themed records '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Game of Thrones breaks record , wins best drama series - The HBO series won Outstanding Drama Series at this year 's ceremony '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` From The Art of George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire '' . fantasyflightgames.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Art of George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice & Fire , Volume II '' . fantasyflightgames.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` ICE & FIRE role playing game '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Song of Ice and Fire RPG homepage : Ours is the Fury ! '' . greenronin.com . June 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` A Game of Thrones No. 1 Review : The popular fantasy epic jumps from books to TV to comics '' . ign.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Home Interactive press release '' . focus-home.com . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` From Bleak to Bleaker in A Game of Thrones the Roleplaying Game 's New Trailer '' . Time . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Genesis for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Westeros Goes Social with ' Game of Thrones Ascent ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lands of Ice and Fire ( A Game of Thrones ) '' . randomhouse.ca . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Nothing Holds an Edge Like Valyrian Steel '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Valyrian Resin to produce Ice & Fire mini-busts '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Sword Miniatures and Tom Meier to produce George Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire premium miniature line '' . darkswordminiatures.com . August 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coins inspired by the fictional works of George R.R. Martin '' . shirepost.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Shop '' Shows `` Game of Thrones '' . hbo.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : No One Ever Gets The Most Iconic Part Of Game Of Thrones Right '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Not A Blog : The Real Iron Throne '' . GRRM.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` George R.R. Martin shows us what the Iron Throne REALLY looks like '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Behold the Iron Throne the Way George R.R. Martin Intended It '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's Official Website So Spake Martin , Collection of statements , correspondences and interviews by George R.R. Martin . A Song of Ice and Fire series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Song of Ice and Fire at the Internet Book List A Song of Ice and Fire at DMOZ George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways VIAF : 258305993 LCCN : n95101054 GND : 1024427412 SUDOC : 183641272 BNF : cb161841362 ( data ) BIBSYS : 13030568 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire&oldid=806913831 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire Death in fiction Death games in fiction Fantasy novel series High fantasy novels Incest in fiction Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Witchcraft in written fiction Works about women in war Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Good articles Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Alemannisch বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 22 : 36 . 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when was bank of america founded in the us			Bank of America	bank of america	Bank of America Corporation ( abbreviated as BofA ) is a multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina , United States . It is ranked 2nd on the list of largest banks in the United States by assets . As of 2016 , Bank of America was the 26th largest company in the United States by total revenue . In 2016 , it was ranked # 11 on the Forbes Magazine Global 2000 list of largest companies in the world .	Its acquisition of Merrill Lynch in 2008 made it the world 's largest wealth management corporation and a major player in the investment banking market . As of December 31 , 2016 , it had US $ 886.148 billion in assets under management ( AUM ) . As of December 31 , 2016 , the company held 10.73 % of all bank deposits in the United States . It is one of the Big Four banks in the United States , along with Citigroup , JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo -- its main competitors . Bank of America operates -- but does not necessarily maintain retail branches -- in all 50 states of the United States , the District of Columbia and more than 40 other countries . It has a retail banking footprint that serves approximately 46 million consumer and small business relationships at 4,600 banking centers and 15,900 automated teller machines ( ATMs ) . Bank of America provides its products and services through 4,600 retail financial centers , approximately 15,900 automated teller machines , call centers , and online and mobile banking platforms . The bank 's Consumer Real Estate Services segment offers consumer real estate products comprising both fixed and adjustable - rate first - lien mortgage loans for home purchase and refinancing needs , home equity lines of credit , and home equity loans . Bank of America has been the subject of many lawsuits and investigations regarding both mortgages and financial disclosures dating back to the financial crisis , including a record settlement of $16.65 billion on August 21 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Bank of Italy 1.2 Expansion in California 1.3 Expansion outside California 1.4 Merger of NationsBank and BankAmerica 1.5 2001 to present 1.5. 1 Acquisition of Countrywide Financial 1.5. 2 Acquisition of Merrill Lynch 1.5. 3 Federal Troubled Asset Relief Program 1.5. 4 Bonus settlement 1.5. 5 Fraud 1.5. 6 Downsizing ( 2011 to 2014 ) 1.5. 7 Sale of stake in China Construction Bank 1.5. 8 $17 billion settlement with Justice Department 1.5. 9 DOD Community Bank 1.6 Introduction of Erica 2 Operations 2.1 Consumer Banking 2.2 Global Banking 2.3 Global Wealth and Investment Management 2.4 Global Markets 2.5 Offices 2.5. 1 International offices 3 Charitable efforts 4 Lawsuits 5 Controversies 5.1 Parmalat controversy 5.2 Consumer credit controversies 5.3 WikiLeaks 5.4 Anonymous 5.5 Mortgage business 5.6 Accounts of Iranians frozen 5.7 Investment in mountaintop removal 6 Notable buildings 6.1 Former buildings 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Bank of Italy ( edit ) Main article : Bank of Italy ( United States ) The history of Bank of America dates back to October 17 , 1904 , when Amadeo Pietro Giannini founded the Bank of Italy in San Francisco . The Bank of Italy served the needs of many immigrants settling in the United States at that time , providing services denied to them by the existing American banks which typically discriminated against them and often denied service to all but the wealthiest . Giannini was raised by his mother and stepfather Lorenzo Scatena , as his father was fatally shot over a pay dispute with an employee . When the 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck , Giannini was able to save all deposits out of the bank building and away from the fires . Because San Francisco 's banks were in smoldering ruins and unable to open their vaults , Giannini was able to use the rescued funds to commence lending within a few days of the disaster . From a makeshift desk consisting of a few planks over two barrels , he lent money to those who wished to rebuild . In 1922 , Giannini established Bank of America and Italy . In 1986 , Deutsche Bank AG acquired 100 % of Banca d'America e d'Italia , a bank established in Naples in 1917 following the name - change of Banca dell'Italia Meridionale with the latter established in 1918 . In 1918 another corporation , Bancitaly Corporation , was organized by A.P. Giannini , the largest stockholder of which was Stockholders Auxiliary Corporation . This company acquired the stocks of various banks located in New York City and certain foreign countries . In 1928 , Giannini merged his bank with Bank of America , Los Angeles , headed by Orra E. Monnette and consolidated it with other bank holdings to create what would become the largest banking institution in the country . Bank of Italy was renamed on November 3 , 1930 , to Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association , which was the only such designated bank in the United States of America at that time . Giannini and Monnette headed the resulting company , serving as co-chairs . Expansion in California ( edit ) Branch banking was introduced by Giannini shortly after 1909 legislation in California that allowed for branch banking in the state . Its first branch outside San Francisco was established in 1909 in San Jose . By 1929 , the bank had 453 banking offices in California with aggregate resources of over US $1.4 billion . There is a replica of the 1909 Bank of Italy branch bank in History Park in San Jose , and the 1925 Bank of Italy Building is an important downtown landmark . Giannini sought to build a national bank , expanding into most of the western states as well as into the insurance industry , under the aegis of his holding company , Transamerica Corporation . In 1953 , regulators succeeded in forcing the separation of Transamerica Corporation and Bank of America under the Clayton Antitrust Act . The passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 prohibited banks from owning non-banking subsidiaries such as insurance companies . Bank of America and Transamerica were separated , with the latter company continuing in the insurance business . However , federal banking regulators prohibited Bank of America 's interstate banking activity , and Bank of America 's domestic banks outside California were forced into a separate company that eventually became First Interstate Bancorp , later acquired by Wells Fargo and Company in 1996 . It was not until the 1980s , with a change in federal banking legislation and regulation , that Bank of America was again able to expand its domestic consumer banking activity outside California . New technologies also allowed credit cards to be linked directly to individual bank accounts . In 1958 , the bank introduced the BankAmericard , which changed its name to Visa in 1977 . A consortium of other California banks introduced Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) to compete with BankAmericard . Expansion outside California ( edit ) Following the passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 , BankAmerica Corporation was established for the purpose of owning and operation of Bank of America and its subsidiaries . Bank of America expanded outside California in 1983 , with its acquisition , orchestrated in part by Stephen McLin , of Seafirst Corporation of Seattle , Washington , and its wholly owned banking subsidiary , Seattle - First National Bank . Seafirst was at risk of seizure by the federal government after becoming insolvent due to a series of bad loans to the oil industry . BankAmerica continued to operate its new subsidiary as Seafirst rather than Bank of America until the 1998 merger with NationsBank . BankAmerica experienced huge losses in 1986 and 1987 by the placement of a series of bad loans in the Third World , particularly in Latin America . The company fired its CEO , Sam Armacost . Though Armacost blamed the problems on his predecessor , A.W. ( Tom ) Clausen , Clausen was appointed to replace Armacost . The losses resulted in a huge decline of BankAmerica stock , making it vulnerable to a hostile takeover . First Interstate Bancorp of Los Angeles ( which had originated from banks once owned by BankAmerica ) , launched such a bid in the fall of 1986 , although BankAmerica rebuffed it , mostly by selling operations . It sold its FinanceAmerica subsidiary to Chrysler and the brokerage firm Charles Schwab and Co. back to Mr. Schwab . It also sold Bank of America and Italy to Deutsche Bank . By the time of the 1987 stock market crash , BankAmerica 's share price had fallen to $8 , but by 1992 it had rebounded mightily to become one of the biggest gainers of that half - decade . The Bank of America Tower in New York City . BankAmerica 's next big acquisition came in 1992 . The company acquired its California rival , Security Pacific Corporation and its subsidiary Security Pacific National Bank in California and other banks in Arizona , Idaho , Oregon , and Washington ( which Security Pacific had acquired in a series of acquisitions in the late 1980s ) . This was , at the time , the largest bank acquisition in history . Federal regulators , however , forced the sale of roughly half of Security Pacific 's Washington subsidiary , the former Rainier Bank , as the combination of Seafirst and Security Pacific Washington would have given BankAmerica too large a share of the market in that state . The Washington branches were divided and sold to West One Bancorp ( now U.S. Bancorp ) and KeyBank . Later that year , BankAmerica expanded into Nevada by acquiring Valley Bank of Nevada . In 1994 , BankAmerica acquired the Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Co. of Chicago , which had become federally owned as part of the same oil industry debacle emanating from Oklahoma City 's Penn Square Bank , that had brought down numerous financial institutions including Seafirst . At the time , no bank possessed the resources to bail out Continental , so the federal government operated the bank for nearly a decade . Illinois at that time regulated branch banking extremely heavily , so Bank of America Illinois was a single - unit bank until the 21st century . BankAmerica moved its national lending department to Chicago in an effort to establish a financial beachhead in the region . Pyramid - shaped former Bank of America branch building towers over Interstate 410 in San Antonio , Texas . These mergers helped BankAmerica Corporation to once again become the largest U.S. bank holding company in terms of deposits , but the company fell to second place in 1997 behind North Carolina 's fast - growing NationsBank Corporation , and to third in 1998 First Union Corp . On the capital markets side , the acquisition of Continental Illinois helped BankAmerica to build a leveraged finance origination and distribution business ( Continental Illinois had extensive leveraged lending relationships ) which allowed the firm 's existing broker - dealer , BancAmerica Securities ( originally named BA Securities ) , to become a full - service franchise . In addition , in 1997 , BankAmerica acquired Robertson Stephens , a San Francisco -- based investment bank specializing in high technology for $540 million . Robertson Stephens was integrated into BancAmerica Securities and the combined subsidiary was renamed BancAmerica Robertson Stephens . Merger of NationsBank and BankAmerica ( edit ) Logo of the former Bank of America ( BA ) , 1969 -- 1998 In 1997 , Bank of America lent D.E. Shaw & Co. , a large hedge fund , $1.4 billion in order to run various businesses for the bank . However , D.E. Shaw suffered significant loss after the 1998 Russia bond default . NationsBank of Charlotte acquired BankAmerica in October 1998 in what was the largest bank acquisition in history at that time . While NationsBank was the nominal survivor , the merged bank took the better - known name of Bank of America . Hence , the holding company was renamed Bank of America Corporation , while NationsBank , N.A. merged with Bank of America NT&SA to form Bank of America , N.A. as the remaining legal bank entity . The combined bank still operates under Federal Charter 13044 , which was granted to Giannini 's Bank of Italy on March 1 , 1927 . However , the merged company is headquartered in Charlotte and retains NationsBank 's pre-1998 stock price history . Additionally , all U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) filings before 1998 are listed under NationsBank , not Bank of America . NationsBank president , chairman and CEO Hugh McColl took on the same roles with the merged company . Bank of America possessed combined assets of $570 billion , as well as 4,800 branches in 22 states . Despite the mammoth size of the two companies , federal regulators insisted only upon the divestiture of 13 branches in New Mexico , in towns that would be left with only a single bank following the combination . ( Branch divestitures are only required if the combined company will have a larger than 25 % Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) deposit market share in a particular state or 10 % deposit market share overall . ) In addition , the combined broker - dealer , created from the integration of BancAmerica Robertson Stephens and NationsBanc Montgomery Securities , was named Banc of America Securities in 1998 . 2001 to present ( edit ) Typical Bank of America local office in Los Angeles In 2001 , McColl stepped down and named Ken Lewis as his successor . In 2004 , Bank of America announced it would purchase Boston - based bank FleetBoston Financial for $47 billion in cash and stock . By merging with Bank of America , all of its banks and branches were given the Bank of America logo . At the time of merger , FleetBoston was the seventh largest bank in United States with $197 billion in assets , over 20 million customers and revenue of $12 billion . Hundreds of FleetBoston workers lost their jobs or were demoted , according to The Boston Globe . On June 30 , 2005 , Bank of America announced it would purchase credit card giant MBNA for $35 billion in cash and stock . The Federal Reserve Board gave final approval to the merger on December 15 , 2005 , and the merger closed on January 1 , 2006 . The acquisition of MBNA provided Bank of America a leading domestic and foreign credit card issuer . The combined Bank of America Card Services organization , including the former MBNA , had more than 40 million U.S. accounts and nearly $140 billion in outstanding balances . Under Bank of America the operation was renamed FIA Card Services . Bank of America footprint Bank of America operated under the name BankBoston in many other Latin American countries , including Brazil . In 2006 , Bank of America sold BankBoston 's operations to Brazilian bank Banco Itaú , in exchange for Itaú shares . The BankBoston name and trademarks were not part of the transaction and , as part of the sale agreement , can not be used by Bank of America ( ending the BankBoston brand ) . In May 2006 , Bank of America and Banco Itaú ( Investimentos Itaú S.A. ) entered into an acquisition agreement through which Itaú agreed to acquire BankBoston 's operations in Brazil and was granted an exclusive right to purchase Bank of America 's operations in Chile and Uruguay . The deal was signed in August 2006 under which Itaú agreed to purchase Bank of America 's operations in Chile and Uruguay . Prior to the transaction , BankBoston 's Brazilian operations included asset management , private banking , a credit card portfolio , and small , middle - market , and large corporate segments . It had 66 branches and 203,000 clients in Brazil . BankBoston in Chile had 44 branches and 58,000 clients and in Uruguay it had 15 branches . In addition , there was a credit card company , OCA , in Uruguay , which had 23 branches . BankBoston N.A. in Uruguay , together with OCA , jointly served 372,000 clients . While the BankBoston name and trademarks were not part of the transaction , as part of the sale agreement , they can not be used by Bank of America in Brazil , Chile or Uruguay following the transactions . Hence , the BankBoston name has disappeared from Brazil , Chile and Uruguay . The Itaú stock received by Bank of America in the transactions has allowed Bank of America 's stake in Itaú to reach 11.51 % . Banco de Boston de Brazil had been founded in 1947 . On November 20 , 2006 , Bank of America announced the purchase of The United States Trust Company for $3.3 billion , from the Charles Schwab Corporation . US Trust had about $100 billion of assets under management and over 150 years of experience . The deal closed July 1 , 2007 . On September 14 , 2007 , Bank of America won approval from the Federal Reserve to acquire LaSalle Bank Corporation from ABN AMRO for $21 billion . With this purchase , Bank of America possessed $1.7 trillion in assets . A Dutch court blocked the sale until it was later approved in July . The acquisition was completed on October 1 , 2007 . Many of LaSalle 's branches and offices had already taken over smaller regional banks within the previous decade , such as Lansing and Detroit based Michigan National Bank . The deal increased Bank of America 's presence in Illinois , Michigan , and Indiana by 411 branches , 17,000 commercial bank clients , 1.4 million retail customers , and 1,500 ATMs . Bank of America became the largest bank in the Chicago market with 197 offices and 14 % of the deposit share , surpassing JPMorgan Chase . LaSalle Bank and LaSalle Bank Midwest branches adopted the Bank of America name on May 5 , 2008 . Ken Lewis , who had lost the title of Chairman of the Board , announced that he would retire as CEO effective December 31 , 2009 , in part due to controversy and legal investigations concerning the purchase of Merrill Lynch . Brian Moynihan became President and CEO effective January 1 , 2010 , and afterward credit card charge offs and delinquencies declined in January . Bank of America also repaid the $45 billion it had received from the Troubled Assets Relief Program . Acquisition of Countrywide financial ( edit ) On August 23 , 2007 , the company announced a $2 billion repurchase agreement for Countrywide Financial . This purchase of preferred stock was arranged to provide a return on investment of 7.25 % per annum and provided the option to purchase common stock at a price of $18 per share . On January 11 , 2008 , Bank of America announced that it would buy Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion . In March 2008 , it was reported that the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) was investigating Countrywide for possible fraud relating to home loans and mortgages . This news did not hinder the acquisition , which was completed in July 2008 , giving the bank a substantial market share of the mortgage business , and access to Countrywide 's resources for servicing mortgages . The acquisition was seen as preventing a potential bankruptcy for Countrywide . Countrywide , however , denied that it was close to bankruptcy . Countrywide provided mortgage servicing for nine million mortgages valued at $1.4 trillion as of December 31 , 2007 . This purchase made Bank of America Corporation the leading mortgage originator and servicer in the U.S. , controlling 20 -- 25 % of the home loan market . The deal was structured to merge Countrywide with the Red Oak Merger Corporation , which Bank of America created as an independent subsidiary . It has been suggested that the deal was structured this way to prevent a potential bankruptcy stemming from large losses in Countrywide hurting the parent organization by keeping Countrywide bankruptcy remote . Countrywide Financial has changed its name to Bank of America Home Loans . Chart showing the trajectory of BOA share value and transaction volume during the 2007 - 2009 Financial Crisis In December 2011 , the Justice Department announced a $335 million settlement with Bank of America over discriminatory lending practice at Countrywide Financial . Attorney General Eric Holder said a federal probe found discrimination against qualified African - American and Latino borrowers from 2004 to 2008 . He said that minority borrowers who qualified for prime loans were steered into higher - interest - rate subprime loans . Acquisition of Merrill Lynch ( edit ) On September 14 , 2008 , Bank of America announced its intention to purchase Merrill Lynch & Co. , Inc. in an all - stock deal worth approximately $50 billion . Merrill Lynch was at the time within days of collapse , and the acquisition effectively saved Merrill from bankruptcy . Around the same time Bank of America was reportedly also in talks to purchase Lehman Brothers , however a lack of government guarantees caused the bank to abandon talks with Lehman . Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy the same day Bank of America announced its plans to acquire Merrill Lynch . This acquisition made Bank of America the largest financial services company in the world . Temasek Holdings , the largest shareholder of Merrill Lynch & Co. , Inc. , briefly became one of the largest shareholders of Bank of America , with a 3 % stake . However , taking a loss Reuters estimated at $3 billion , the Singapore sovereign wealth fund sold its whole stake in Bank of America in the first quarter of 2009 . Shareholders of both companies approved the acquisition on December 5 , 2008 , and the deal closed January 1 , 2009 . Bank of America had planned to retain various members of the then Merrill Lynch 's CEO , John Thain 's management team after the merger . However , after Thain was removed from his position , most of his allies left . The departure of Nelson Chai , who had been named Asia - Pacific president , left just one of Thain 's hires in place : Tom Montag , head of sales and trading . The bank , in its January 16 , 2009 earnings release , revealed massive losses at Merrill Lynch in the fourth quarter , which necessitated an infusion of money that had previously been negotiated with the government as part of the government - persuaded deal for the bank to acquire Merrill . Merrill recorded an operating loss of $21.5 billion in the quarter , mainly in its sales and trading operations , led by Tom Montag . The bank also disclosed it tried to abandon the deal in December after the extent of Merrill 's trading losses surfaced , but was compelled to complete the merger by the U.S. government . The bank 's stock price sank to $7.18 , its lowest level in 17 years , after announcing earnings and the Merrill mishap . The market capitalization of Bank of America , including Merrill Lynch , was then $45 billion , less than the $50 billion it offered for Merrill just four months earlier , and down $108 billion from the merger announcement . Bank of America CEO Kenneth Lewis testified before Congress that he had some misgivings about the acquisition of Merrill Lynch , and that federal officials pressured him to proceed with the deal or face losing his job and endangering the bank 's relationship with federal regulators . Lewis ' statement is backed up by internal emails subpoenaed by Republican lawmakers on the House Oversight Committee . In one of the emails , Richmond Federal Reserve President Jeffrey Lacker threatened that if the acquisition did not go through , and later Bank of America were forced to request federal assistance , the management of Bank of America would be `` gone '' . Other emails , read by Congressman Dennis Kucinich during the course of Lewis ' testimony , state that Mr. Lewis had foreseen the outrage from his shareholders that the purchase of Merrill would cause , and asked government regulators to issue a letter stating that the government had ordered him to complete the deal to acquire Merrill . Lewis , for his part , states he did n't recall requesting such a letter . The acquisition made Bank of America the number one underwriter of global high - yield debt , the third largest underwriter of global equity and the ninth largest adviser on global mergers and acquisitions . As the credit crisis eased , losses at Merrill Lynch subsided , and the subsidiary generated $3.7 billion of Bank of America 's $4.2 billion in profit by the end of quarter one in 2009 , and over 25 % in quarter 3 2009 . On September 28 , 2012 , Bank of America settled the class action lawsuit over the Merrill Lynch acquisition and will pay $2.43 billion . This was one of the first major securities class action lawsuits stemming from the financial crisis of 2007 - 2008 to settle . Many major financial institutions had a stake in this lawsuit , including Chicago Clearing Corporation , hedge funds , and bank trusts , due to the belief that Bank of America stock was a sure investment . Federal Troubled Asset relief program ( edit ) Bank of America received $20 billion in the federal bailout from the U.S. government through the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) on January 16 , 2009 , and a guarantee of $118 billion in potential losses at the company . This was in addition to the $25 billion given to them in the fall of 2008 through TARP . The additional payment was part of a deal with the U.S. government to preserve Bank of America 's merger with the troubled investment firm Merrill Lynch . Since then , members of the U.S. Congress have expressed considerable concern about how this money has been spent , especially since some of the recipients have been accused of misusing the bailout money . Then CEO Ken Lewis was quoted as claiming `` We are still lending , and we are lending far more because of the TARP program . '' Members of the U.S. House of Representatives , however , were skeptical and quoted many anecdotes about loan applicants ( particularly small business owners ) being denied loans and credit card holders facing stiffer terms on the debt in their card accounts . According to a March 15 , 2009 , article in The New York Times , Bank of America received an additional $5.2 billion in government bailout money , channeled through American International Group . As a result of its federal bailout and management problems , The Wall Street Journal reported that the Bank of America was operating under a secret `` memorandum of understanding '' ( MOU ) from the U.S. government that requires it to `` overhaul its board and address perceived problems with risk and liquidity management '' . With the federal action , the institution has taken several steps , including arranging for six of its directors to resign and forming a Regulatory Impact Office . Bank of America faces several deadlines in July and August and if not met , could face harsher penalties by federal regulators . Bank of America did not respond to The Wall Street Journal story . On December 2 , 2009 , Bank of America announced it would repay the entire $45 billion it received in TARP and exit the program , using $26.2 billion of excess liquidity along with $18.6 billion to be gained in `` common equivalent securities '' ( Tier 1 capital ) . The bank announced it had completed the repayment on December 9 . Bank of America 's Ken Lewis said during the announcement , `` We appreciate the critical role that the U.S. government played last fall in helping to stabilize financial markets , and we are pleased to be able to fully repay the investment , with interest ... As America 's largest bank , we have a responsibility to make good on the taxpayers ' investment , and our record shows that we have been able to fulfill that commitment while continuing to lend . '' Bonus settlement ( edit ) On August 3 , 2009 , Bank of America agreed to pay a $33 million fine , without admission or denial of charges , to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) over the non-disclosure of an agreement to pay up to $5.8 billion of bonuses at Merrill . The bank approved the bonuses before the merger but did not disclose them to its shareholders when the shareholders were considering approving the Merrill acquisition , in December 2008 . The issue was originally investigated by New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo , who commented after the suit and announced settlement that `` the timing of the bonuses , as well as the disclosures relating to them , constituted a ' surprising fit of corporate irresponsibility ' '' and `` our investigation of these and other matters pursuant to New York 's Martin Act will continue . '' Congressman Kucinich commented at the same time that `` This may not be the last fine that Bank of America pays for how it handled its merger of Merrill Lynch . '' A federal judge , Jed Rakoff , in an unusual action , refused to approve the settlement on August 5 . A first hearing before the judge on August 10 was at times heated , and he was `` sharply critic ( al ) '' of the bonuses . David Rosenfeld represented the SEC , and Lewis J. Liman , son of Arthur L. Liman , represented the bank . The actual amount of bonuses paid was $3.6 billion , of which $850 million was `` guaranteed '' and the rest was shared amongst 39,000 workers who received average payments of $91,000 ; 696 people received more than $1 million in bonuses ; at least one person received a more than $33 million bonus . On September 14 , the judge rejected the settlement and told the parties to prepare for trial to begin no later than February 1 , 2010 . The judge focused much of his criticism on the fact that the fine in the case would be paid by the bank 's shareholders , who were the ones that were supposed to have been injured by the lack of disclosure . He wrote , `` It is quite something else for the very management that is accused of having lied to its shareholders to determine how much of those victims ' money should be used to make the case against the management go away , '' ... `` The proposed settlement , '' the judge continued , `` suggests a rather cynical relationship between the parties : the S.E.C. gets to claim that it is exposing wrongdoing on the part of the Bank of America in a high - profile merger ; the bank 's management gets to claim that they have been coerced into an onerous settlement by overzealous regulators . And all this is done at the expense , not only of the shareholders , but also of the truth . '' While ultimately deferring to the SEC , in February 2010 , Judge Rakoff approved a revised settlement with a $150 million fine `` reluctantly '' , calling the accord `` half - baked justice at best '' and `` inadequate and misguided '' . Addressing one of the concerns he raised in September , the fine will be `` distributed only to Bank of America shareholders harmed by the non-disclosures , or ' legacy shareholders ' , an improvement on the prior $33 million while still `` paltry '' , according to the judge . Case : SEC v. Bank of America Corp. , 09 - cv - 06829 , United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . Investigations also were held on this issue in the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , under chairman Edolphus Towns ( D - NY ) and in its investigative Domestic Policy Subcommittee under Kucinich . Fraud ( edit ) In 2010 , the U.S. government accused the bank of defrauding schools , hospitals , and dozens of state and local government organizations via misconduct and illegal activities involving the investment of proceeds from municipal bond sales . As a result , the bank agreed to pay $137.7 million , including $25 million to the Internal Revenue service and $4.5 million to state attorney general , to the affected organizations to settle the allegations . Former bank official Douglas Campbell pleaded guilty to antitrust , conspiracy and wire fraud charges . As of January 2011 , other bankers and brokers are under indictment or investigation . On October 24 , 2012 , the top federal prosecutor in Manhattan filed a lawsuit alleging that Bank of America fraudulently cost American taxpayers more than $1 billion when Countrywide Financial sold toxic mortgages to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . The scheme was called ' Hustle ' , or High Speed Swim Lane . On May 23 , 2016 the Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the finding of fact by the jury that low quality mortgages were supplied by Countrywide to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the `` Hustle '' case supported only `` intentional breach of contract , '' not fraud . The action , for civil fraud , relied on provisions of the Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act . The decision turned on lack of intent to defraud at the time the contract to supply mortgages was made . Downsizing ( 2011 to 2014 ) ( edit ) During 2011 , Bank of America began conducting personnel reductions of an estimated 36,000 people , contributing to intended savings of $5 billion per year by 2014 . In December 2011 , Forbes ranked Bank of America 's financial health 91st out of the nation 's largest 100 banks and thrift institutions . Bank of America cut around 16,000 jobs in a quicker fashion by the end of 2012 as revenue continued to decline because of new regulations and a slow economy . This put a plan one year ahead of time to eliminate 30,000 jobs under a cost - cutting program , called Project New BAC . In the first quarter of 2014 , Berkshire bank purchased 20 Bank of America branches in Central and eastern New York for 14.4 million dollars . The branches were from Utica / Rome region and down the Mohawk Valley east to the capital region . In April and May 2014 , Bank of America sold two dozen branches in Michigan to Huntington Bancshares . The locations were converted to Huntington National Bank branches in September . As part of its new strategy Bank of America is focused on growing its mobile banking platform . As of 2014 , Bank of America has 31 million active online users and 16 million mobile users . Its retail banking branches have decreased to 4,900 as a result of increased mobile banking use and a decline in customer branch visits . Sale of stake in China Construction Bank ( edit ) In 2005 , Bank of America acquired a 9 % stake in China Construction Bank , one of the Big Four banks in China , for $3 billion . It represented the company 's largest foray into China 's growing banking sector . Bank of America has offices in Hong Kong , Shanghai , and Guangzhou and was looking to greatly expand its Chinese business as a result of this deal . In 2008 , Bank of America was awarded Project Finance Deal of the Year at the 2008 ALB Hong Kong Law Awards . In November 2011 , Bank of America announced plans to divest most of its stake in the China Construction Bank . In September 2013 , Bank of America sold its remaining stake in the China Construction Bank for as much as $1.5 billion , marking the firm 's full exit from the country . $17 billion settlement with Justice Department ( edit ) In August 2014 , Bank of America agreed to a near - $17 billion deal to settle claims against it relating to the sale of toxic mortgage - linked securities including subprime home loans , in what was believed to be the largest settlement in U.S. corporate history . The bank agreed with the U.S. Justice Department to pay $9.65 billion in fines , and $7 billion in relief to the victims of the faulty loans which included homeowners , borrowers , pension funds and municipalities . Real estate economist Jed Kolko said the settlement is a `` drop in the bucket '' compared to the $700 billion in damages done to 11 million homeowners . Since the settlement covered such a substantial portion of the market , he said for most consumers `` you 're out of luck . '' Much of the government 's prosecution was based on information provided by three whistleblowers - Shareef Abdou ( a senior vice president at the bank ) , Robert Madsen ( a professional appraiser employed by a bank subsidiary ) and Edward O'Donnell ( a Fannie Mae official ) . The three men received $170 million in whistleblower awards . DOD Community Bank ( edit ) DOD Community Bank logo . Bank of America has formed a partnership with the United States Department of Defense creating a newly chartered bank DOD Community Bank ( `` Community Bank '' ) providing full banking services to military personnel at 68 branches and ATM locations on U.S. military installations in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Cuba , Diego Garcia , Germany , Japan , Italy , Kwajalein Atoll , South Korea , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom . It should be noted that even though Bank of America operates Community Bank customer services are not interchangeable between the two financial institutions , meaning a Community Bank customer can not go to a Bank of America branch and withdraw from their account and vice versa . Deposits made into checking and savings accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000 despite the fact that none of Community 's operating branches are located within the jurisdictional borders of the United States . Introduction of Erica ( edit ) At the Money 20 / 20 conference in October 2016 , retail banking president Thong Nguyen introduced a digital assistant called Erica , whose name comes from the bank name . Starting in 2017 , customers will be able to use voice or text to communicate with Erica and get advice , check balances and pay bills . Unlike the people who work for the bank , Erica will be available 24 / 7 . Digital banking head Michelle Moore said the technology was designed to help customers do a better job of managing money . Forrester analyst Peter Wannemacher says bank customer experiences with the technology have been `` uneven or poor , '' but Bank of America intends to adapt Erica as needed . Operations ( edit ) Bank of America branch in Washington , D.C. Bank of America generates 90 % of its revenues in its domestic market . The core of Bank of America 's strategy is to be the number one bank in its domestic market . It has achieved this through key acquisitions . Consumer banking ( edit ) Consumer Banking , the largest division in the company , provides financial services to consumers and small businesses including , banking , investments and lending products including business loans , mortgages , and credit cards . It provides for investing online through its electronic trading platform , Merrill Edge . The consumer banking division represented 38 % of the company 's total revenue in 2016 . The company earns revenue from interest income , service charges , and fees . The company is also a mortgage servicer . It competes primarily with the retail banking arms of America 's three other megabanks : Citigroup , JPMorgan Chase , and Wells Fargo . The Consumer Banking organization includes over 4,600 retail financial centers and approximately 15,900 automated teller machines . Bank of America is a member of the Global ATM Alliance , a joint venture of several major international banks that provides for reduced fees for consumers using their ATM card or check card at another bank within the Global ATM Alliance when traveling internationally . This feature is restricted to withdrawals using a debit card and users are still subject to foreign currency conversion fees , credit card withdrawals are still subject to cash advance fees and foreign currency conversion fees . Global banking ( edit ) Bank of America Tower , located on Laura Street in Jacksonville , Florida The Global Banking division provides banking services , including investment banking and lending products to businesses . It includes the businesses of Global Corporate Banking , Global Commercial Banking , Business Banking , and Global Investment Banking . The division represented 22 % of the company 's revenue in 2016 . Before Bank of America 's acquisition of Merrill Lynch , the Global Corporate and Investment Banking ( GCIB ) business operated as Banc of America Securities LLC . The bank 's investment banking activities operate under the Merrill Lynch subsidiary and provided mergers and acquisitions advisory , underwriting , capital markets , as well as sales & trading in fixed income and equities markets . Its strongest groups include Leveraged Finance , Syndicated Loans , and mortgage - backed securities . It also has one of the largest research teams on Wall Street . Bank of America Merrill Lynch is headquartered in New York City . Global wealth and investment management ( edit ) The Global Wealth and Investment Management ( GWIM ) division manages investment assets of institutions and individuals . It includes the businesses of Merrill Lynch Global Wealth Management and U.S. Trust and represented 21 % of the company 's total revenue in 2016 . It is among the 10 largest U.S. wealth managers . It has over $2.5 trillion in client balances . GWIM has five primary lines of business : Premier Banking & Investments ( including Bank of America Investment Services , Inc . ) , The Private Bank , Family Wealth Advisors , and Bank of America Specialist . Global markets ( edit ) The Global Markets division offers services to institutional clients , including trading in financial securities . The division provides research and other services such as market maker and risk management using derivatives . The division represented 19 % of the company 's total revenues in 2016 . Offices ( edit ) The Bank of America principal executive offices are located in the Bank of America Corporate Center , Charlotte , North Carolina . The skyscraper is located at 100 North Tryon Street , and stands at 871 ft ( 265 m ) , having been completed in 1992 . In 2012 , Bank of America cut ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council ( ALEC ) . International offices ( edit ) Bank of America 's Global Corporate and Investment Banking has its U.S. headquarters in New York , European headquarters in London , and Asian headquarters in Hong Kong and Singapore . Charitable efforts ( edit ) Bank of America volunteers at the Los Angeles LGBT pride parade in 2011 In 2007 , the bank offered employees a $3,000 rebate for the purchase of hybrid vehicles . The company also provided a $1,000 rebate or a lower interest rate for customers whose homes qualified as energy efficient . In 2007 , Bank of America partnered with Brighter Planet to offer an eco-friendly credit card , and later a debit card , which help build renewable energy projects with each purchase . In 2010 , the bank completed construction of the 1 Bank of America Center in Charlotte center city . The tower , and accompanying hotel , is a LEED - certified building . Bank of America has also donated money to help health centers in Massachusetts and made a $1 million donation in 2007 to help homeless shelters in Miami . In 1998 , the bank made a ten - year commitment of $350 billion to provide affordable mortgage , build affordable housing , support small business and create jobs in disadvantaged neighborhoods . In 2004 , the bank pledged $750 million over a ten - year period for community development lending and affordable housing programs . Lawsuits ( edit ) In August 2011 , Bank of America was sued for $10 billion by American International Group . Another lawsuit filed in September 2011 pertained to $57.5 billion in mortgage - backed securities Bank of America sold to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . That December , Bank of America agreed to pay $335 million to settle a federal government claim that Countrywide Financial had discriminated against Hispanic and African - American homebuyers from 2004 to 2008 , prior to being acquired by BofA . In September 2012 , BofA settled out of court for $2.4 billion in a class action lawsuit filed by BofA shareholders who felt they were misled about the purchase of Merrill Lynch . On February 9 , 2012 , it was announced that the five largest mortgage servicers ( Ally / GMAC , Bank of America , Citi , JPMorgan Chase , and Wells Fargo ) agreed to a historic settlement with the federal government and 49 states . The settlement , known as the National Mortgage Settlement ( NMS ) , required the servicers to provide about $26 billion in relief to distressed homeowners and in direct payments to the states and federal government . This settlement amount makes the NMS the second largest civil settlement in U.S. history , only trailing the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement . The five banks were also required to comply with 305 new mortgage servicing standards . Oklahoma held out and agreed to settle with the banks separately . On October 24 , 2012 , American federal prosecutors filed a $1 billion civil lawsuit against Bank of America for mortgage fraud under the False Claims Act , which provides for possible penalties of triple the damages suffered . The government asserted that Countrywide , which was acquired by Bank of America , rubber - stamped mortgage loans to risky borrowers and forced taxpayers to guarantee billions of bad loans through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . The suit was filed by Preet Bharara , the United States attorney in Manhattan , the inspector general of FHFA and the special inspector for the Troubled Asset Relief Program . In March 2014 , Bank of America settled the suit by agreeing to pay $6.3 billion to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and to buy back around $3.2 billion worth of mortgage bonds . In April 2014 , the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) ordered Bank of America to provide and estimated $727 million in relief to consumers harmed by practices related to credit card add - on products . According to the Bureau , roughly 1.4 million customers were affected by deceptive marketing of add - on products and 1.9 million customers were illegally charged for credit monitoring and reporting services they were not receiving . The deceptive marketing misconduct involved telemarketing scripts containing misstatements and off - script sales pitches made by telemarketers that were misleading and omitted pertinent information . The unfair billing practices involved billing customers for privacy related products without having the authorization necessary to perform the credit monitoring and credit report retrieval services . As a result , the company billed customers for services they did not receive , unfairly charged consumers for interest and fees , illegally charged approximately 1.9 million accounts , and failed to provide the product benefit . A $7.5 million settlement was reached in April 2014 with former chief financial officer for Bank of America , Joe L. Price , over allegations that the bank 's management withheld material information related to its 2008 merger with Merrill Lynch . In August 2014 , the United States Department of Justice and the bank agreed to a $16.65 billion agreement over the sale of risky , mortgage - backed securities before the Great Recession ; the loans behind the securities were transferred to the company when it acquired banks such as Merrill Lynch and Countrywide in 2008 . As a whole , the three firms provided $965 billion of mortgage - backed securities from 2004 -- 2008 . The settlement was structured to give $7 billion in consumer relief and $9.65 billion in penalty payments to the federal government and state governments ; California , for instance , received $300 million to recompense public pension funds . The settlement was the largest in United States history between a single company and the federal government . Controversies ( edit ) Parmalat controversy ( edit ) Parmalat SpA is a multinational Italian dairy and food corporation . Following Parmalat 's 2003 bankruptcy , the company sued Bank of America for $10 billion , alleging the bank profited from its knowledge of Parmalat 's financial difficulties . The parties announced a settlement in July 2009 , resulting in Bank of America paying Parmalat $98.5 million in October 2009 . In a related case , on April 18 , 2011 , an Italian court acquitted Bank of America and three other large banks , along with their employees , of charges they assisted Parmalat in concealing its fraud , and of lacking sufficient internal controls to prevent such frauds . Prosecutors did not immediately say whether they would appeal the rulings . In Parma , the banks were still charged with covering up the fraud . Consumer credit controversies ( edit ) In January 2008 , Bank of America began notifying some customers without payment problems that their interest rates were more than doubled , up to 28 % . The bank was criticized for raising rates on customers in good standing , and for declining to explain why it had done so . In September 2009 , a Bank of America credit card customer , Ann Minch , posted a video on YouTube criticizing the bank for raising her interest rate . After the video went viral , she was contacted by a Bank of America representative who lowered her rate . The story attracted national attention from television and internet commentators . More recently , the bank has been criticized for allegedly seizing three properties that were not under their ownership , apparently due to incorrect addresses on their legal documents . WikiLeaks ( edit ) In October 2009 , Julian Assange of WikiLeaks claimed that his organization possessed a 5 gigabyte hard drive formerly used by a Bank of America executive and that Wikileaks intended to publish its contents . In November 2010 , Forbes published an interview with Assange in which he stated his intent to publish information which would turn a major U.S. bank `` inside out '' . In response to this announcement , Bank of America stock dropped 3.2 % . In December 2010 , Bank of America announced that it would no longer service requests to transfer funds to WikiLeaks , stating that `` Bank of America joins in the actions previously announced by MasterCard , PayPal , Visa Europe and others and will not process transactions of any type that we have reason to believe are intended for WikiLeaks ... This decision is based upon our reasonable belief that WikiLeaks may be engaged in activities that are , among other things , inconsistent with our internal policies for processing payments . '' Later in December , it was announced that Bank of America purchased more than 300 Internet domain names in an attempt to preempt bad publicity that might be forthcoming in the anticipated WikiLeaks release . The domain names included as BrianMoynihanBlows.com , BrianMoynihanSucks.com and similar names for other top executives of the bank . Sometime before August 2011 , WikiLeaks claimed that 5 GB of Bank of America leaks was part of the deletion of over 3500 communications by Daniel Domscheit - Berg , a now ex-WikiLeaks volunteer . Anonymous ( edit ) On March 14 , 2011 , one or more members of the decentralized collective Anonymous began releasing emails it said were obtained from Bank of America . According to the group , the emails documented `` corruption and fraud '' , and relate to the issue of improper foreclosures . The source , identified publicly as Brian Penny , was a former LPI Specialist from Balboa Insurance , a firm which used to be owned by the bank , but was sold to Australian Reinsurance Company QBE . Mortgage business ( edit ) In 2010 the state of Arizona launched an investigation into Bank of America for misleading homeowners who sought to modify their mortgage loans . According to the attorney general of Arizona , the bank `` repeatedly has deceived '' such mortgagors . In response to the investigation , the bank has given some modifications on the condition that the homeowners refrain from criticizing the bank . In 2011 the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development inspector general claimed that the bank was blocking access to employees and data in order to slow down an investigation into its alleged misdeeds . Accounts of Iranians frozen ( edit ) In May 2014 many Iranian students in the U.S. and some American - Iranian citizens realized their accounts have been frozen by Bank of America . Although Bank of America denied to reveal any information or reason regarding this , some Iranians believe that it is related to sanctions against Iran . Although most account holders say they did not receive any notification prior their accounts being frozen , Bank of America insists that they do not freeze any account without prior notification . Investment in mountaintop removal ( edit ) Bank of America has been criticized for its heavy investment in the environmentally damaging processes of coal mining , especially through mountaintop removal ( MTR ) . On May 6 , 2015 , the company announced that it would `` reduce ( its ) credit exposure ... to the coal mining industry , '' i.e. reduce its financing of companies engaging in MTR , coal mining , and coal power production . The company stated that pressure to divest from universities and environmental groups led to this policy change . Notable buildings ( edit ) Bank of America Plaza , the tallest building in Atlanta Bank of America Stadium , home to the Carolina Panthers of the NFL Notable buildings which Bank of America currently occupies include : Bank of America Tower in Phoenix , Arizona Bank of America Center in Los Angeles Transamerica Pyramid , in San Francisco 555 California Street , formerly the Bank of America Center and world headquarters , in San Francisco Bank of America Plaza in Fort Lauderdale , Florida Bank of America Tower in Jacksonville , Florida Bank of America Financial Center ( Brickell ) and Bank of America Museum Tower ( Downtown Miami ) in Miami , Florida Bank of America Center in Orlando , Florida Bank of America Tower in St. Petersburg , Florida Bank of America Plaza in Tampa , Florida Bank of America Plaza in Atlanta , Georgia Bank of America Building , formerly the LaSalle Bank Building in Chicago , Illinois One City Center , often called the Bank of America building due to signage rights , in Portland , Maine Bank of America Building in Baltimore , Maryland Bank of America Plaza in St Louis , Missouri Bank of America Tower in Albuquerque , New Mexico Bank of America Tower in New York City Bank of America Corporate Center in Charlotte , North Carolina ( the corporate headquarters ) Bank of America Plaza in Charlotte , North Carolina Bank of America Plaza in Dallas , Texas Bank of America Center in Houston , Texas Bank of America Tower in Midland , Texas Bank of America Plaza in San Antonio , Texas Bank of America Fifth Avenue Plaza in Seattle , Washington Columbia Center in Seattle , Washington Bank of America Tower in Hong Kong City Place I , also known as United Healthcare Center , in Hartford , Connecticut ( the tallest building in Connecticut ) 9454 Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills , California Former buildings ( edit ) The Robert B. Atwood Building in Anchorage , Alaska was at one time named the Bank of America Center , renamed in conjunction with the bank 's acquisition of building tenant Security Pacific Bank . This particular branch was later acquired by Alaska - based Northrim Bank and moved across the street to the Linny Pacillo Parking Garage . The Bank of America Building ( Providence ) opened in 1928 as the Industrial Trust Building and remains the tallest building in Rhode Island . Through a number of mergers it was later known as the Industrial National Bank building and the Fleet Bank building . The building was leased by Bank of America from 2004 to 2012 and has been vacant since March 2013 . The building is commonly known as the Superman Building based on a popular belief that it was the model for the Daily Planet building in the Superman comic books . The Miami Tower iconic in its appearance in Miami Vice was known as the Bank of America Tower for many years . It is located in Downtown Miami . On April 18 , 2012 , the AIA 's Florida Chapter placed it on its list of Florida Architecture : 100 Years . 100 Places as the Bank of America Tower . See also ( edit ) North Carolina portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Companies portal List of members ATM Industry Association ( ATMIA ) BAML Capital Partners Bank of America ( Asia ) Bank of America Canada Calibuso , et al. v. Bank of America Corp. , et al . List of bank mergers in United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bank of America '' . NNDB . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Corporation '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bank of America 2016 Form 10 - K Annual Report Jump up ^ This is from the bank 's own Twitter page : `` Connect with us , the official BofA Twitter reps . '' Retrieved 9 Dec. 2017 . Jump up ^ Largest Banks in the United States Jump up ^ Forbes - The World 's Biggest Public Companies 2016 RANKING : Bank of America ^ Jump up to : Cohan , William D. ( September 2009 ) , `` An offer he could n't refuse '' , The Atlantic Jump up ^ Comoreanu , Alina ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Bank Market Share by Deposits and Assets '' . WalletHub . Jump up ^ `` Citigroup posts 4th straight loss ; Merrill loss widens '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dash , Eric ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` 4 Major Banks Tap Fed for Financing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ B of A has operations ( for example , Merrill Lynch offices ) , but no retail branches in Alabama , Alaska , Hawaii , Louisiana , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , West Virginia , Wisconsin , or Wyoming . Bank of America Branches and ATMs Archived July 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Click `` Browse locations by state . '' © 2014 Bank of America Corporation . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Of America Corp '' . Intelligent Investor . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America to Pay $16.65 Billion in Historic Justice Department Settlement for Financial Fraud Leading up to and During the Financial Crisis '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Department of Justice . August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Made America ? -- Innovators -- A.P. Giannini '' . PBS.org . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Amadeo Peter Giannini '' . Famous Entrepreneurs by Evan Carmichael . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nation & World : Ripples from 1906 San Francisco quake felt even today Archived October 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Seattle Times . Retrieved on August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fradkin , Philip L. ( 2005 ) . The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906 : How San Francisco Nearly Destroyed Itself . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23060 - 6 Jump up ^ Bank of America - Our Heritage : Loans on a Handshake . About.bankofamerica.com ( April 18 , 1906 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ In 1918 , the Bank of Italy Archived July 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . opened a Delegation in New York in order to follow American political , economic and financial affairs more closely ; together with the London Delegation , this was the first permanent overseas office opened by the Bank , at a time when the foundations were being laid for the restructuring of the international money market . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Expansion '' pp. 34 - 38 In : Branch Banking California . Report for the U.S. Federal Reserve System . web version at : PDF version Jump up ^ Transamerica Corporation , a corporation of Delaware Archived August 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , has petitioned this court to review an order of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System entered against it under Section 11 of the Clayton Act , 15 U.S.C.A. § 21 , to enforce compliance with Section 7 of the Act , 15 U.S.C.A. § 18 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Visa '' . Visa Inc . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matassa Flores , Michele ( April 2 , 1992 ) . `` Key Bank , West One Finalize Purchases '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ BA Securities , Inc . Changes to BancAmerica Securities , Inc ... Business Wire , January 16 , 1997 Jump up ^ BankAmerica Adds 4 Traders To Its High - Yield Bond Sector . American Banker , June 17 , 1996 Jump up ^ BankAmerica to Buy Robertson , Stephens Investment Company . The New York Times , June 9 , 1997 Jump up ^ Kolman , Joe ( 1998 ) . `` Inside D.E. Shaw '' . Derivatives Strategy . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Thomas S. ( October 21 , 1998 ) . `` BankAmerica 's Coulter to Step Down Oct. 30 '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Petruno , Tom ( October 15 , 1998 ) . `` Surprise BofA Losses Trigger Plunge in Stock '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Mitchell ( April 14 , 1998 ) . `` Nations Bank Drives $62 Billion Merger : A New BankAmerica : Biggest of U.S. Banks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Montgomery name disappears , as Banc of America Securities debuts . Investment Dealers ' Digest , May 17 , 1999 ^ Jump up to : `` US banking mega-merger unveiled '' . BBC News . October 27 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America To Buy U.S. Trust '' . Forbes . November 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom , Henderson ( April 14 , 2008 ) . `` BOA to ' paint the town red ' with LaSalle name change '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Dan ; Lublin , Joann S. ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Bank of America Chief Resigns Under Fire '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul R. ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` BofA : No longer hated on Wall Street '' . CNNMoney.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Salas , Caroline ; Church , Steven ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide Gives Bank of America $447 million Gain '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America to buy Countrywide for $4 billion '' . Reuters . January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide FBI Investigation '' . CNNMoney.com . March 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Arena , Kelli ( September 24 , 2008 ) , `` FBI probing bailout firms '' , CNNMoney.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bauerlein , Valerie ; Hagerty , James S. ( January 12 , 2008 ) . `` Behind Bank of America 's Big Gamble '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. A1 , A5 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide Financial Corporation Thirteen Month Statistical Data for the period ended December 31 , 2007 '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BofA completes deal for Countrywide Financial '' . Orlando Sentinel . Associated Press . July 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America May Not Guarantee Countrywide 's Debt '' . Bloomberg News . May 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` BofA settles unfair lending claims for $335 million '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach ( September 15 , 2008 ) . `` Wachtell , Shearman , Cravath on Bank of America - Merrill Deal '' . Law.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popper , Margaret ( September 14 , 2008 ) . `` Bank of America Said to Walk Away From Lehman Talks ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Andrew Ross ( September 15 , 2008 ) . `` Lehman Files for Bankruptcy ; Merrill Is Sold '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lehman Brothers files for Bankruptcy '' . BBC News . September 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFP : Temasek could profit on Merrill takeover : economists '' . Google News . September 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lim , Kevin & Azhar , Saeed ( May 22 , 2009 ) , `` Singapore 's Temasek defends costly Bank of America exit '' , Reuters , retrieved August 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Completes Merrill Lynch Purchase '' . prnewswire.com for Bank of America . January 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keoun , Bradley ; Trowbridge , Poppy ( December 18 , 2008 ) . `` Bank of America Moves Chai ; Berkery Said to Depart '' . Bloomberg L.P . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Greg ; Guerrera , Francesco ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` BofA Asia head and Thain ally leaves '' . Financial Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dash , Eric ; Story , Louise ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Bank of America to Receive Additional $20 billion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ LOUISE STORY and JO BECKER ( June 11 , 2009 ) . `` Bank Chief Tells of U.S. Pressure to Buy Merrill Lynch '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kim Dixon ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` BofA documents , e-mails show pressure to buy Merrill Lynch '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Buys Merrill Lynch Creating Unique Financial Services Firm '' ( Press release ) . Bank of America . September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Debt overshadows US bank 's profit '' . BBC News . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mildenberg , David ( October 5 , 2009 ) . `` Merrill Bringing Down Lewis Gives Bank 30 % Profits as ' a Steal ' '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Silver - Greenberg , Jessica ; Craig , Susanne ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Bank of America Settles Suit Over Merrill for $2.43 Billion '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rucker , Patrick ; Stempel , Jonathan ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Bank of America gets big government bailout '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Giannone , Joseph A. ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. pushed Bank of America to complete Merrill buy : report '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ellis , David ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Bank CEOs flogged in Washington '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary Williams ( March 15 , 2009 ) , `` A.I.G. Lists Firms It Paid With Taxpayer Money '' , The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Regulators to B of A : Obey or Else '' , The Wall Street Journal , July 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ Bank of America to Repay Entire $45 billion in TARP to U.S. Taxpayers , PR Newswire , December 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Completes US TARP Repayment '' . Google News . October 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kouwe , Zachery ( August 3 , 2009 ) , `` BofA Settles S.E.C. Suit Over Merrill Deal '' DealBook blog , The New York Times , Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stempel , Jonathan , `` Judge blocks Bank of America - SEC bonus settlement '' Reuters , 8 / 6 / 09 . Retrieved 8 / 7 / 09 . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ( August 10 , 2009 ) , `` Judge Attacks Merrill Pre-Merger Bonuses '' , The New York Times , ( p . B1 , August 11 , 2009 NY ed . ) , retrieved August 11 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Story , Louise , `` Judge Rejects Settlement Over Merrill Bonuses '' , The New York Times , September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Glovin , David ( February 22 , 2010 ) , `` Bank of America $150 million SEC Accord Is Approved '' , Bloomberg.com , retrieved March 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Executive Compensation : How Much is Too Much ? '' Hearing , with statements , October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kucinich on new NY AG fraud charges against Bank of America and SEC settling charges against BofA for misleading shareholders '' Press release , February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Zachary A. ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America to pay $137 million in state fraud cases '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selway , William , & Braun , Martin Z . ( January 2011 ) , `` The Men who Rigged the Muni Market '' , Bloomberg Markets , pp. 79 -- 84 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Sues Bank Of America Over Mortgage Loans To Fannie And Freddie '' . npr . October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Protess , Ben ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. Accuses Bank of America of a ' Brazen ' Mortgage Fraud '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Viswanatha , Aruna ; Rexrode , Christina ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Bank of America Penalty Thrown Out in Crisis - Era ' Hustle ' Case Appeals court says government did n't prove case , bank does n't have to pay $1.27 billion '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America ending 30K more jobs '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . American City Business Journals . September 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Full List : America 's Best And Worst Banks '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` BofA speeds up plans to cut 16,000 jobs : WSJ '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Huntington Bank buys 13 branches to Flint - area , Monroe , Muskegon in $500 million deal '' . MLive.com . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America invests in China '' . BBC News . June 17 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ALB Asia -- legal deals , law deals , law firm deals , lawyer deals '' . Legalbusinessonline.com.au . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Son , Hugh ; Tong , Stephanie ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Bank of America 's Construction Bank Sale Lifts Capital , Reduces China Risk '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barreto , Elzio ; Thomas , Denny ; Rudegeair , Peter ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Bank of America selling remaining stake in Chinese bank '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America to pay nearly $17 bn to settle mortgage claims '' . Philadelphia Herald . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Handley , Meg . `` Mortgage Settlement : Do the Big Banks Owe You Money ? '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahany , Brian ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Whistleblowers Share Over $170 M in Bank of America Settlement '' . MahanyLaw . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Community Bank official website Jump up ^ DOD Community Bank Branch and ATM locations Jump up ^ Community Bank Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ `` Awards for Excellence 2007 Best Bank : Bank of America '' . Euromoney . July 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Whoa ! Bank of America cuts ties to ALEC '' . Teamsters . November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Pacific Global Regions Bank of America Merrill Lynch '' . Bank of America . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Vows $20 Billion for Green Projects '' . NBC News . Associated Press . February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cui , Carolyn ( November 30 , 2007 ) . `` Credit Cards ' Latest Pitch : Green Benefits '' . Wall Street Journal . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ O'Daniel , Adam ; Boye , Will ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Credit Cards ' Latest Pitch : Green Benefits '' . Charlotte Business Journal . Jump up ^ Kowalczyk , Liz ( March 10 , 2007 ) . `` Bank to aid health centers '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Freer , Jim ( March 9 , 2007 ) . `` BofA donates $1 M to Camillus House '' . South Florida Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Meeting $350 Billion Community Development Goals '' ( Press release ) . Bank of America . June 20 , 2002 -- via PRNewswire . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Balance Sheet : Social Scorecard '' . Forbes . December 13 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Eileen AJ ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fitch may downgrade BofA , Morgan Stanley , Goldman '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Countrywide Will Settle a Bias Suit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joint State - Federal Mortgage Servicing Settlement FAQ '' . Attorneys General Executive Committee . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nelson D. ; Creswell , Julie ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Mortgage Plan Gives Billions to Homeowners , but With Exceptions '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Protess , Ben ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. Accuses Bank of America of a ' Brazen ' Mortgage Fraud '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Son , Hugh ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` BofA 's Moynihan Delivers at Last on Vow to Boost Dividend '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CFPB Orders Bank Of America To Pay $727 Million In Consumer Relief For Illegal Credit Card Practices '' . Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Rachel ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ex-Finance Chief at Bank of America to Pay $7.5 Million in Settlement '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Puzzanghera , Jim ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America to Pay Record $16.65 Billion to Settle Mortgage Claims '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Holder to Announce Record Bank of America Settlement '' . CBS News . August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Deon ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America 's Nearly $17 Billion Settlement Could be Announced Thursday '' . The Charlotte Observer . Jump up ^ Corkery , Michael ; Apuzzo , Matt ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America Reaches $16.65 Billion Mortgage Settlement '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McCoy , Kevin ; Johnson , Kevin ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America Agrees to Nearly $17 B Settlement '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` BofA settles with Parmalat for $100 M '' . Charlotte Business Journal . July 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Italy / US : Parmalat receives Bank of America settlement '' . Aroq Ltd . October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sylvers , Eric ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Judge Clears Banks in Parmalat Case '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berner , Robert ( February 7 , 2008 ) , A Credit Card You Want to Toss '' Archived January 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2008 ) , Mortgage Woes Boost Credit Card Debt Archived May 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Arthur ( September 21 , 2009 , updated November 21 , 2009 ) , `` Ann Minch Triumphs In Credit Card Fight '' , The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ferran , Lee ( September 29 , 2009 ) , `` Woman Boycotts Bank of America , Wins '' , Good Morning America , ABC News . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pepitone , Julianne ( September 29 , 2009 ) , `` YouTube credit card rant gets results '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gomstyn , Alice ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` No Mortgage , Still Foreclosed ? Bank of America Sued for Seizing Wrong Homes '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nystedt , Dan ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Wikileaks plans to make the Web a leakier place '' . Computerworld . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andy Greenberg ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` WikiLeaks ' Julian Assange Wants To Spill Your Corporate Secrets '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Of America Shares Fall On WikiLeaks Fears '' . CBS News . Associated Press . November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` WikiLicks '' . Crime . Orlando : Criminal Brief . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nelson D. ( December 18 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America Suspends Payments Made to WikiLeaks '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Wants You to Know Its Executives Do n't Suck '' . Domain Name Wire . December 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tiku , Nitasha ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America Prepares to Get WikiLeaked by Buying Up Negative Domain Names '' . New York . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kapne , Suzanne ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Hundreds of anti-BofA websites registered '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rothacker , Rick ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America buys up critical domain names '' . The Charlotte Observer . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We can confirm that the DDB ... '' August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We can confirm that the DDB '' . August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Koons , Cynthia ; Fitzpatrick , Dan ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Anonymous ' Perplexing Leak of Bank of America Documents '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` QBE Completes Acquisition of Balboa Insurance Co . Portfolio '' . Reuters . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garofalo , Pat ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Bank Of America 's Offer To Homeowners : We 'll Modify Loans If You 'll Erase All The Mean Things Said About Us On Twitter '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America closing Iranian students ' accounts '' . Tehran Times . May 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Costello , Ryan ; Abdi , Jamal ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Why Is Bank of America Closing Iranian Students ' Accounts ? Ryan Costello '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` نگرانی از ' بسته شدن حساب ایرانیان ' در یک بانک آمریکایی '' ( Concerned about ' closing an Iranian account ' in an American Bank ) . BBC Persian Television ( in Farsi ) . May 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Carter , Zach ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` CEO Defends Support for Mountaintop Removal Mining '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Valerie Volcovici ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Bank of America 's new policy to limit credit exposure to coal '' . Business Insider . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Architecture : 100 Years . 100 Places '' . AIA Florida . Further reading ( edit ) Cohen , Lauren ( 2016 ) . Bank of America Interview Tips . Los Angeles , CA : Smith - Westfield Press . Bonadio , Felice A. ( 1994 ) . A.P. Giannini : Banker of America . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08249 - 4 . Hector , Gary ( 1988 ) . Breaking the Bank : The Decline of BankAmerica . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 35392 - 2 . James , Marquie ; James , Bessie ( 1954 ) . Biography of a Bank : The Story of Bank of America N.T. &S. A. New York : Harper and Brothers . Johnston , Moira ( 1990 ) . Roller Coaster : The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking . New York : Ticknor & Fields . Josephson , Matthew ( 1972 ) . The Money Lords : The Great Finance Capitalists , 1925 -- 1950 . New York : Weybright and Talley . Lampert , Hope ( 1986 ) . Behind Closed Doors : Wheeling and Dealing in the Banking World . New York : Atheneum . Light , Larry ( October 1 , 2007 ) . `` Money for the Masses '' . Forbes . Monnette , Orra Eugene . Personal Papers Collection . Los Angeles , CA : Los Angeles Public Library . Nash , Gerald G. ( 1992 ) . A.P. Giannini and the Bank of America . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Yockey , Ross ( 1999 ) . McColl : The Man with America 's Money . Atlanta : Longstreet Press . Ahmed , Azam ; Demirjian , Karoun ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Credit offered to illegal residents '' . Chicago Tribune . Taibbi , Matt ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Bank of America : Too Crooked to Fail '' . Rolling Stone . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bank of America . Official website DOD Community Bank operated by Bank of America official website Business data for Bank of America Corp : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings Bank of America Divisions Bank of America Home Loans Bank of America Merrill Lynch Merrill Lynch U.S. Trust Historical components Banc of America Securities Bank of America , Los Angeles Bank of America NT&SA Bank of Italy Bank of New England BankBoston Barnett Bank Baybank Benj. Franklin Savings and Loan Boatmen 's Bancshares Cassatt & Company Central Bank and Trust Citizens & Southern National Bank Commercial National Bank Continental Illinois Countrywide Financial E.A. Pierce & Co . Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles First Franklin First Republic Bank Corporation Fleet Bank Fourth Financial Corporation G.H. Walker & Co . Gibraltar Savings and Loan LaSalle Bank Mercury Asset Management MBNA / Maryland National Bank Michigan National Bank Montgomery Securities NationsBank North Carolina National Bank Provident Institution for Savings Rainier Bancorp Robertson Stephens Seafirst Bank Security Pacific Bank Shawmut Bank Standard Federal Bank Sovran Bank Summit Bancorp Suretrade Western Savings and Loan White Weld & Co . 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when was the last time new york had a total eclipse			List of Solar Eclipses in the 21st century	list of solar eclipses in the 21st century	During the 21st century , there will be 224 solar eclipses of which 77 will be partial , 72 will be annular , 68 will be total and 7 will be hybrids between total and annular eclipses . Of these , two annular and one total eclipse will be non-central , in the sense that the very center ( axis ) of the moon 's shadow will miss the earth ( for more information see gamma ) . In the 21st century the greatest number of eclipses in one year is four , in 2011 , 2029 , 2047 , 2065 , 2076 , and 2094 . The predictions given here are by Fred Espenak of NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center .	At this point , the longest duration in which the moon completely covered the sun , known as totality , was during the solar eclipse of July 22 , 2009 . This total solar eclipse had a maximum duration of 6 minutes and 39 seconds . The longest possible duration of a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 32 seconds . The longest annular solar eclipse of the 21st century took place on January 15 , 2010 , with a duration of 11 minutes and 8 seconds . The maximum possible duration is 12 minutes and 29 seconds . The eclipse of May 20 , 2050 , will be the second hybrid eclipse in the span of less than one year , the first one being on November 25 , 2049 . The next solar eclipse ( Partial ) will occur on February 15 , 2018 ; the last solar eclipse ( Total ) occurred on August 21 , 2017 . The table contains the date and time of the greatest eclipse ( in dynamical time , which in this case is the time when the axis of the Moon 's shadow cone passes closest to the centre of Earth ; this is in Universal Time ) . The number of the saros series that the eclipse belongs to is given , followed by the magnitude of the eclipse ( the fraction of the Sun 's diameter obscured by the Moon ) and the type of the eclipse ( either total , annular , partial or hybrid ) . For total and annular eclipses , the duration of the eclipse is given , as well as the location of the greatest eclipse ( the point of maximum eclipse ) and the path width of the total or annular eclipse . The geographical areas from which the eclipse can be seen are listed . Date Time of greatest eclipse ( UTC ) Saros Type Magnitude Central duration ( min : s ) Location Path width Geographical area Ref ( s ) km mi 2001 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2001 12 : 04 : 46 127 Total 1.050 4 : 57 - 11.3 11 ° 18 ′ S 2 ° 42 ′ E / 11.3 ° S 2.7 ° E / - 11.3 ; 2.7 200 120 Total : Angola , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Mozambique and Madagascar Partial : South America , Africa 2001 - 12 - 14 December 14 , 2001 20 : 53 : 01 132 Annular 0.968 3 : 53 00.6 0 ° 36 ′ N 130 ° 42 ′ W / 0.6 ° N 130.7 ° W / 0.6 ; - 130.7 126 78 Annular : Nicaragua and Costa Rica Partial : North and Central America , northwestern South America , Hawaii 2002 - 06 - 10 June 10 , 2002 23 : 45 : 22 137 Annular 0.996 0 : 23 34.5 34 ° 30 ′ N 178 ° 36 ′ W / 34.5 ° N 178.6 ° W / 34.5 ; - 178.6 13 8.1 Annular : Manado , Indonesia , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and Puerto Vallarta , Mexico Partial : eastern Asia , northeastern Australia , North America , Hawaii 2002 - 12 - 04 December 4 , 2002 07 : 32 : 16 142 Total 1.024 2 : 04 - 39.5 39 ° 30 ′ S 59 ° 36 ′ E / 39.5 ° S 59.6 ° E / - 39.5 ; 59.6 87 54 Total : Angola , Botswana , Zimbabwe , South Africa , Mozambique and South Australia Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Indonesia , Australia 2003 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2003 04 : 09 : 22 147 Annular 0.938 3 : 37 66.6 66 ° 36 ′ N 24 ° 30 ′ W / 66.6 ° N 24.5 ° W / 66.6 ; - 24.5 -- Annular : Greenland , Iceland , northeastern Scotland , Faroe Islands , Shetland Islands Partial : Eastern Europe , northern and western Asia , Middle East , Alaska , Greenland and northwestern Canada 2003 - 11 - 23 November 23 , 2003 22 : 50 : 22 152 Total 1.038 1 : 57 - 72.7 72 ° 42 ′ S 88 ° 24 ′ E / 72.7 ° S 88.4 ° E / - 72.7 ; 88.4 495 308 Total : East Antarctica Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica , southern Chile and Argentina 2004 - 04 - 19 April 19 , 2004 13 : 35 : 05 119 Partial 0.737 -- - 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ S 44 ° 18 ′ E / 61.6 ° S 44.3 ° E / - 61.6 ; 44.3 -- Partial : Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica , southern Africa 2004 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2004 03 : 00 : 23 124 Partial 0.928 -- 61.2 61 ° 12 ′ N 153 ° 42 ′ W / 61.2 ° N 153.7 ° W / 61.2 ; - 153.7 -- Partial : eastern Russia , Mongolia , Northeastern China , Korea , Japan , Hawaii , western Alaska 2005 - 04 - 08 April 8 , 2005 20 : 36 : 51 129 Hybrid 1.007 0 : 42 - 10.6 10 ° 36 ′ S 119 ° 00 ′ W / 10.6 ° S 119.0 ° W / - 10.6 ; - 119.0 27 17 Hybrid : Venezuela , Colombia , Panama , southeastern French Polynesia , Bounty Islands Partial : Pacific , Mexico , Central America , Caribbean , western South America , New Zealand , West Antarctica 2005 - 10 - 03 October 3 , 2005 10 : 32 : 47 134 Annular 0.958 4 : 32 12.9 12 ° 54 ′ N 28 ° 42 ′ E / 12.9 ° N 28.7 ° E / 12.9 ; 28.7 162 101 Annular : Portugal , Spain , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Chad , Sudan , Kenya and Somalia Partial : Africa , Europe , Western Asia , Middle East and India Pakistan 2006 - 03 - 29 March 29 , 2006 10 : 12 : 23 139 Total 1.052 4 : 07 23.2 23 ° 12 ′ N 16 ° 42 ′ E / 23.2 ° N 16.7 ° E / 23.2 ; 16.7 104 65 Total : Brazil , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Niger , Libya , northwest Egypt , Turkey , Georgia , southwestern Russia and Kazakhstan Partial : North Africa , Central Africa , eastern Brazil , Central Asia , Middle East , India Pakistan and Europe 2006 - 09 - 22 September 22 , 2006 11 : 41 : 16 144 Annular 0.935 7 : 09 - 20.6 20 ° 36 ′ S 9 ° 06 ′ W / 20.6 ° S 9.1 ° W / - 20.6 ; - 9.1 261 162 Annular : Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana Partial : South America , West Africa , Southern Africa , Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica 2007 - 03 - 19 March 19 , 2007 02 : 32 : 57 149 Partial 0.876 -- 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ N 55 ° 30 ′ E / 61.0 ° N 55.5 ° E / 61.0 ; 55.5 -- Partial : Asia , western Alaska 2007 - 09 - 11 September 11 , 2007 12 : 32 : 24 154 Partial 0.751 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 90 ° 12 ′ W / 61.0 ° S 90.2 ° W / - 61.0 ; - 90.2 -- Partial : Central and Southern South America , Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica , south Atlantic 2008 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2008 03 : 56 : 10 121 Annular 0.965 2 : 12 - 67.6 67 ° 36 ′ S 150 ° 30 ′ W / 67.6 ° S 150.5 ° W / - 67.6 ; - 150.5 444 276 Annular : West Antarctica Partial : Antarctica , southeastern Australia , New Zealand , southeastern Melanesia , southeastern Micronesia , southeastern Polynesia 2008 - 08 - 01 August 1 , 2008 10 : 22 : 12 126 Total 1.039 2 : 27 65.7 65 ° 42 ′ N 72 ° 18 ′ E / 65.7 ° N 72.3 ° E / 65.7 ; 72.3 237 147 Total : Nunavut , northern Greenland , central Russia , western Mongolia , western China Partial : Nova Scotia , PEI , New Brunswick , Quebec , Nunavut , Greenland , northern Europe , Asia 2009 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2009 07 : 59 : 45 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 54 - 34.1 34 ° 06 ′ S 70 ° 12 ′ E / 34.1 ° S 70.2 ° E / - 34.1 ; 70.2 280 170 Annular : southeast Sumatra , Jakarta and Borneo Partial : Southern Africa , east Antarctica , South East Asia , Philippines , Australia 2009 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2009 02 : 36 : 25 136 Total 1.080 6 : 39 24.2 24 ° 12 ′ N 144 ° 06 ′ E / 24.2 ° N 144.1 ° E / 24.2 ; 144.1 258 160 Total : central and northeastern Pakistan India , Bhutan , Bangladesh , Myanmar , China , northern part of the Ryukyu Islands ( Satsunan ) Partial : Southeast Asia , Japan , South Korea , the Philippines , Indonesia , Central Pacific Ocean area and its islands 2010 - 01 - 15 January 15 , 2010 07 : 07 : 39 141 Annular 0.919 11 : 08 01.6 1 ° 36 ′ N 69 ° 18 ′ E / 1.6 ° N 69.3 ° E / 1.6 ; 69.3 333 207 Annular : Central African Republic , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Maldives , southeastern India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Myanmar , central China Partial : Africa , Southeastern Europe , Middle East , Asia 2010 - 07 - 11 July 11 , 2010 19 : 34 : 38 146 Total 1.058 5 : 20 - 19.7 19 ° 42 ′ S 121 ° 54 ′ W / 19.7 ° S 121.9 ° W / - 19.7 ; - 121.9 259 161 Total : Southern Chile and Argentina , Southeastern Polynesia Partial : southwestern South America , French Polynesia , Hawaii 2011 - 01 - 04 January 4 , 2011 08 : 51 : 42 151 Partial 0.858 -- 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ N 20 ° 48 ′ E / 64.7 ° N 20.8 ° E / 64.7 ; 20.8 -- Partial : Europe , Northern Africa , Central Asia , Middle East 2011 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2011 21 : 17 : 18 118 Partial 0.601 -- 67.8 67 ° 48 ′ N 46 ° 48 ′ E / 67.8 ° N 46.8 ° E / 67.8 ; 46.8 -- Partial : Iceland , northern Canada , Alaska , northeastern Asia , Greenland , northern Scandinavia 2011 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2011 08 : 39 : 30 156 Partial 0.097 -- - 65.2 65 ° 12 ′ S 28 ° 36 ′ E / 65.2 ° S 28.6 ° E / - 65.2 ; 28.6 -- Partial : Southern Indian Ocean near Antarctica 2011 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2011 06 : 21 : 24 123 Partial 0.905 -- - 68.6 68 ° 36 ′ S 82 ° 24 ′ W / 68.6 ° S 82.4 ° W / - 68.6 ; - 82.4 -- Partial : Southwestern South Africa , Antarctica , Tasmania , New Zealand 2012 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2012 23 : 53 : 54 128 Annular 0.944 5 : 46 49.1 49 ° 06 ′ N 176 ° 18 ′ E / 49.1 ° N 176.3 ° E / 49.1 ; 176.3 237 147 Annular : Southern China , Hong Kong , Macau , Kyushu , Shikoku , southern Honshu , Tokyo , Oregon , California , Nevada , Utah , Arizona , New Mexico , Texas Partial : Pacific , eastern Asia , North America , Hawaii 2012 - 11 - 13 November 13 , 2012 22 : 12 : 55 133 Total 1.050 4 : 02 - 40.0 40 ° 00 ′ S 161 ° 18 ′ W / 40.0 ° S 161.3 ° W / - 40.0 ; - 161.3 179 111 Total : Arnhem Land and central Cape York Peninsula , Australia , Kermadec Islands , New Zealand Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Melanesia , Southeastern South America , Southern Pacific , Polynesia , Antarctic Peninsula , West Antarctica , Talos Dome 2013 - 05 - 10 May 10 , 2013 00 : 26 : 20 138 Annular 0.954 6 : 03 02.2 2 ° 12 ′ N 175 ° 30 ′ E / 2.2 ° N 175.5 ° E / 2.2 ; 175.5 173 107 Annular : Western Australia , Northern Territory and Queensland , Australia , Louisiade Archipelago , Solomon Islands , Kiribati Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Central Pacific , Hawaii , Indonesia 2013 - 11 - 03 November 3 , 2013 12 : 47 : 36 143 Hybrid 1.016 1 : 40 03.5 3 ° 30 ′ N 11 ° 42 ′ W / 3.5 ° N 11.7 ° W / 3.5 ; - 11.7 58 36 Hybrid : Gabon , Republic of the Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Kenya , Ethiopia Partial : Eastern America , Eastern Canada , Caribbean , Eastern South America , South Europe , Africa 2014 - 04 - 29 April 29 , 2014 06 : 04 : 33 148 Annular ( non-central ) 0.987 -- - 70.6 70 ° 36 ′ S 131 ° 18 ′ E / 70.6 ° S 131.3 ° E / - 70.6 ; 131.3 -- Annular : western Wilkes Land Partial : South Indian Ocean , Australia , east Antarctica 2014 - 10 - 23 October 23 , 2014 21 : 45 : 39 153 Partial 0.811 -- 71.2 71 ° 12 ′ N 97 ° 12 ′ W / 71.2 ° N 97.2 ° W / 71.2 ; - 97.2 -- Partial : Northern Pacific , North America , Mexico , Eastern Russia 2015 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2015 09 : 46 : 47 120 Total 1.045 2 : 47 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ N 6 ° 36 ′ W / 64.4 ° N 6.6 ° W / 64.4 ; - 6.6 463 288 Total : Faroe Islands , Svalbard , North Atlantic , North Pole Partial : Greenland , Europe , Central Asia , Western Russia 2015 - 09 - 13 September 13 , 2015 06 : 55 : 19 125 Partial 0.788 -- - 72.1 72 ° 06 ′ S 2 ° 18 ′ W / 72.1 ° S 2.3 ° W / - 72.1 ; - 2.3 -- Partial : Southern Africa , South Indian Ocean , east Antarctica 2016 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2016 01 : 58 : 19 130 Total 1.045 4 : 09 10.1 10 ° 06 ′ N 148 ° 48 ′ E / 10.1 ° N 148.8 ° E / 10.1 ; 148.8 155 96 Total : Indonesia , Micronesia , Marshall Islands Partial : Southeastern Asia , Korea , Japan , Eastern Russia , Alaska , northwestern Australia , Hawaii , Pacific 2016 - 09 - 01 September 1 , 2016 09 : 08 : 02 135 Annular 0.974 3 : 06 - 10.7 10 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 48 ′ E / 10.7 ° S 37.8 ° E / - 10.7 ; 37.8 100 62 Annular : Atlantic , Central Africa , Madagascar , Indian Partial : Africa , Indian Ocean 2017 - 02 - 26 February 26 , 2017 14 : 54 : 33 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 44 - 34.7 34 ° 42 ′ S 31 ° 12 ′ W / 34.7 ° S 31.2 ° W / - 34.7 ; - 31.2 31 19 Annular : southern Chile and Argentina , Angola , southwestern Katanga Partial : Southern and Western Africa , Southern South America , Antarctica 2017 - 08 - 21 August 21 , 2017 18 : 26 : 40 145 Total 1.031 2 : 40 37.0 37 ° 00 ′ N 87 ° 42 ′ W / 37.0 ° N 87.7 ° W / 37.0 ; - 87.7 115 71 Total : Oregon , Idaho , Wyoming , Nebraska , northeastern Kansas , Missouri , Southern Illinois , Western Kentucky , Tennessee , Southwestern North Carolina , northeastern Georgia , South Carolina Partial : North America , Hawaii , Greenland , Iceland , British Isles , Portugal , Central America , Caribbean , northern South America , Chukchi Peninsula 2018 - 02 - 15 February 15 , 2018 20 : 52 : 33 150 Partial 0.599 -- - 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ S 0 ° 36 ′ E / 71.0 ° S 0.6 ° E / - 71.0 ; 0.6 -- Partial : Antarctica , Southern South America 2018 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2018 03 : 02 : 16 117 Partial 0.336 -- - 67.9 67 ° 54 ′ S 127 ° 24 ′ E / 67.9 ° S 127.4 ° E / - 67.9 ; 127.4 -- Partial : South Australia , Victoria , Tasmania , Indian Ocean , Budd Coast 2018 - 08 - 11 August 11 , 2018 09 : 47 : 28 155 Partial 0.737 -- 70.4 70 ° 24 ′ N 174 ° 30 ′ E / 70.4 ° N 174.5 ° E / 70.4 ; 174.5 -- Partial : Northeastern Canada , Greenland , Iceland , Arctic Ocean , Scandinavia , northern British Isles , Russia , northern Asia 2019 - 01 - 06 January 6 , 2019 01 : 42 : 38 122 Partial 0.715 -- 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 153 ° 36 ′ E / 67.4 ° N 153.6 ° E / 67.4 ; 153.6 -- Partial : Northeastern Asia , Southwestern Alaska , Aleutian Islands 2019 - 07 - 02 July 2 , 2019 19 : 24 : 08 127 Total 1.046 4 : 33 - 17.4 17 ° 24 ′ S 109 ° 00 ′ W / 17.4 ° S 109.0 ° W / - 17.4 ; - 109.0 201 125 Total : Pitcairn Islands , central Argentina and Chile , Tuamotu Archipelago Partial : South America , Easter Island , Galapagos Islands , Southern Central America , Polynesia 2019 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2019 05 : 18 : 53 132 Annular 0.970 3 : 40 01.0 1 ° 00 ′ N 102 ° 18 ′ E / 1.0 ° N 102.3 ° E / 1.0 ; 102.3 118 73 Annular : northeastern Pakistan Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Qatar , United Arab Emirates , Oman , Lakshadweep , Southern India , Sri Lanka , northern Sumatra , southern Malaysia , Singapore , Borneo , central Indonesia , Palau , Micronesia , Guam Partial : Asia , Western Melanesia , northwestern Australia , Middle East , East Africa 2020 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2020 06 : 41 : 15 137 Annular 0.994 0 : 38 30.5 30 ° 30 ′ N 79 ° 42 ′ E / 30.5 ° N 79.7 ° E / 30.5 ; 79.7 21 13 Annular : Democratic Republic of the Congo , Sudan , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Yemen , Empty Quarter , Oman , southern Pakistan , northern India , New Delhi , Tibet , southern China , Chongqing , Taiwan Partial : Asia , Southeastern Europe , Africa , Middle East , West Melanesia , Western Australia , Northern Territory , Cape York Peninsula 2020 - 12 - 14 December 14 , 2020 16 : 14 : 39 142 Total 1.025 2 : 10 - 40.3 40 ° 18 ′ S 67 ° 54 ′ W / 40.3 ° S 67.9 ° W / - 40.3 ; - 67.9 90 56 Total : Southern Chile and Argentina , Kiribati , Polynesia Partial : Central and Southern South America , Southwest Africa , Antarctic Peninsula , Ellsworth Land , Western Queen Maud Land 2021 - 06 - 10 June 10 , 2021 10 : 43 : 07 147 Annular 0.943 3 : 51 80.8 80 ° 48 ′ N 66 ° 48 ′ W / 80.8 ° N 66.8 ° W / 80.8 ; - 66.8 527 327 Annular : Northern Canada , Greenland , Russia Partial : Northern North America , Europe , Asia 2021 - 12 - 04 December 4 , 2021 07 : 34 : 38 152 Total 1.037 1 : 54 - 76.8 76 ° 48 ′ S 46 ° 12 ′ W / 76.8 ° S 46.2 ° W / - 76.8 ; - 46.2 419 260 Total : Antarctica Partial : South Africa , South Atlantic 2022 - 04 - 30 April 30 , 2022 20 : 42 : 36 119 Partial 0.640 -- - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 71 ° 30 ′ W / 62.1 ° S 71.5 ° W / - 62.1 ; - 71.5 -- Partial : Southeast Pacific , Southern South America 2022 - 10 - 25 October 25 , 2022 11 : 01 : 20 124 Partial 0.862 -- 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ N 77 ° 24 ′ E / 61.6 ° N 77.4 ° E / 61.6 ; 77.4 -- Partial : Europe , northeast Africa , Mid East , West Asia 2023 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2023 04 : 17 : 56 129 Hybrid 1.013 1 : 16 - 09.6 9 ° 36 ′ S 125 ° 48 ′ E / 9.6 ° S 125.8 ° E / - 9.6 ; 125.8 49 30 Hybrid : Indonesia , Australia , Papua New Guinea Partial : Southeast Asia , East Indies , Philippines , New Zealand 2023 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2023 18 : 00 : 41 134 Annular 0.952 5 : 17 11.4 11 ° 24 ′ N 83 ° 06 ′ W / 11.4 ° N 83.1 ° W / 11.4 ; - 83.1 187 116 Annular : Western United States , Central America , Colombia , Brazil Partial : North America , Central America , South America 2024 - 04 - 08 April 8 , 2024 18 : 18 : 29 139 Total 1.057 4 : 28 25.3 25 ° 18 ′ N 104 ° 06 ′ W / 25.3 ° N 104.1 ° W / 25.3 ; - 104.1 198 123 Total : Mexico , central and northeastern United States , East Canada Partial : North America , Central America 2024 - 10 - 02 October 2 , 2024 18 : 46 : 13 144 Annular 0.933 7 : 25 - 22.0 22 ° 00 ′ S 114 ° 30 ′ W / 22.0 ° S 114.5 ° W / - 22.0 ; - 114.5 266 165 Annular : Southern Chile , Southern Argentina Partial : Pacific , Southern South America 2025 - 03 - 29 March 29 , 2025 10 : 48 : 36 149 Partial 0.938 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 77 ° 06 ′ W / 61.1 ° N 77.1 ° W / 61.1 ; - 77.1 -- Partial : Northwest Africa , Europe , northern Russia 2025 - 09 - 21 September 21 , 2025 19 : 43 : 04 154 Partial 0.855 -- - 60.9 60 ° 54 ′ S 153 ° 30 ′ E / 60.9 ° S 153.5 ° E / - 60.9 ; 153.5 -- Partial : South Pacific , New Zealand , Antarctica 2026 - 02 - 17 February 17 , 2026 12 : 13 : 06 121 Annular 0.963 2 : 20 - 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ S 86 ° 48 ′ E / 64.7 ° S 86.8 ° E / - 64.7 ; 86.8 616 383 Annular : Antarctica Partial : South Argentina , Chile , South Africa , Antarctica 2026 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2026 17 : 47 : 06 126 Total 1.039 2 : 18 65.2 65 ° 12 ′ N 25 ° 12 ′ W / 65.2 ° N 25.2 ° W / 65.2 ; - 25.2 294 183 Total : Arctic , Greenland , Iceland , Spain , Northeastern Portugal Partial : Northern North America , Western Africa , Europe 2027 - 02 - 06 February 6 , 2027 16 : 00 : 48 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 51 - 31.3 31 ° 18 ′ S 48 ° 30 ′ W / 31.3 ° S 48.5 ° W / - 31.3 ; - 48.5 282 175 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Atlantic Partial : South America , Antarctica , West and South Africa 2027 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2027 10 : 07 : 50 136 Total 1.079 6 : 23 25.5 25 ° 30 ′ N 33 ° 12 ′ E / 25.5 ° N 33.2 ° E / 25.5 ; 33.2 258 160 Total : Morocco , Spain , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Yemen , Somalia Partial : Africa , Europe , Mid East , West and South Asia 2028 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2028 15 : 08 : 59 141 Annular 0.921 10 : 27 03.0 3 ° 00 ′ N 51 ° 30 ′ W / 3.0 ° N 51.5 ° W / 3.0 ; - 51.5 323 201 Annular : Ecuador , Peru , Brazil , Suriname , Spain , Portugal Partial : Eastern North America , Central and South America , Western Europe , northwest Africa 2028 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2028 02 : 56 : 40 146 Total 1.056 5 : 10 - 15.6 15 ° 36 ′ S 126 ° 42 ′ E / 15.6 ° S 126.7 ° E / - 15.6 ; 126.7 230 140 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : Southeast Asia , East Indies 2029 - 01 - 14 January 14 , 2029 17 : 13 : 48 151 Partial 0.871 -- 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 114 ° 12 ′ W / 63.7 ° N 114.2 ° W / 63.7 ; - 114.2 -- Partial : North America , Central America 2029 - 06 - 12 June 12 , 2029 04 : 06 : 13 118 Partial 0.458 -- 66.8 66 ° 48 ′ N 66 ° 12 ′ W / 66.8 ° N 66.2 ° W / 66.8 ; - 66.2 -- Partial : Arctic , Scandinavia , Alaska , northern Asia , northern Canada 2029 - 07 - 11 July 11 , 2029 15 : 37 : 19 156 Partial 0.230 -- - 64.3 64 ° 18 ′ S 85 ° 36 ′ W / 64.3 ° S 85.6 ° W / - 64.3 ; - 85.6 -- Partial : Southern Chile , Southern Argentina 2029 - 12 - 05 December 5 , 2029 15 : 03 : 58 123 Partial 0.891 -- - 67.5 67 ° 30 ′ S 135 ° 42 ′ E / 67.5 ° S 135.7 ° E / - 67.5 ; 135.7 -- Partial : Southern Argentina , Southern Chile , Antarctica 2030 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2030 06 : 29 : 13 128 Annular 0.944 5 : 21 56.5 56 ° 30 ′ N 80 ° 06 ′ E / 56.5 ° N 80.1 ° E / 56.5 ; 80.1 250 160 Annular : Algeria , Tunisia , Greece , Turkey , Russia , northern China , Japan Partial : Europe , Northern Africa , Mid East , Asia , Arctic , Alaska 2030 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2030 06 : 51 : 37 133 Total 1.047 3 : 44 - 43.6 43 ° 36 ′ S 71 ° 12 ′ E / 43.6 ° S 71.2 ° E / - 43.6 ; 71.2 169 105 Total : Botswana , South Africa , Australia Partial : South Africa , Southern Indian Ocean , East Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2031 - 05 - 21 May 21 , 2031 07 : 16 : 04 138 Annular 0.959 5 : 26 08.9 8 ° 54 ′ N 71 ° 42 ′ E / 8.9 ° N 71.7 ° E / 8.9 ; 71.7 152 94 Annular : Angola , Republic of the Congo , Zambia , Tanzania , south Indian Ocean , Malaysia , Indonesia Partial : Africa , south Asia , East Indies , Australia 2031 - 11 - 14 November 14 , 2031 21 : 07 : 31 143 Hybrid 1.011 1 : 08 - 00.6 0 ° 36 ′ S 137 ° 36 ′ W / 0.6 ° S 137.6 ° W / - 0.6 ; - 137.6 38 24 Hybrid : Pacific , Panama Partial : south United States , Central America , northwest South America 2032 - 05 - 09 May 9 , 2032 13 : 26 : 42 148 Annular 0.996 0 : 22 - 51.3 51 ° 18 ′ S 7 ° 06 ′ W / 51.3 ° S 7.1 ° W / - 51.3 ; - 7.1 44 27 Annular : south Atlantic Partial : south South America , South Africa 2032 - 11 - 03 November 3 , 2032 05 : 34 : 13 153 Partial 0.855 -- 70.4 70 ° 24 ′ N 132 ° 36 ′ E / 70.4 ° N 132.6 ° E / 70.4 ; 132.6 -- Partial : Asia 2033 - 03 - 30 March 30 , 2033 18 : 02 : 36 120 Total 1.046 2 : 37 71.3 71 ° 18 ′ N 155 ° 48 ′ W / 71.3 ° N 155.8 ° W / 71.3 ; - 155.8 781 485 Total : east Russia , Alaska Partial : North America 2033 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2033 13 : 54 : 31 125 Partial 0.689 -- - 72.2 72 ° 12 ′ S 121 ° 12 ′ W / 72.2 ° S 121.2 ° W / - 72.2 ; - 121.2 -- Partial : south South America , Antarctica 2034 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2034 10 : 18 : 45 130 Total 1.046 4 : 09 16 ° 06 ′ N 22 ° 12 ′ E / 16.1 ° N 22.2 ° E / 16.1 ; 22.2 159 99 Total : Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Sudan , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , China Partial : Africa , Europe , west Asia 2034 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2034 16 : 19 : 28 135 Annular 0.974 2 : 58 - 18.2 18 ° 12 ′ S 72 ° 36 ′ W / 18.2 ° S 72.6 ° W / - 18.2 ; - 72.6 102 63 Annular : Chile , Bolivia , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil Partial : Central America , South America 2035 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2035 23 : 05 : 54 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 48 - 29.0 29 ° 00 ′ S 154 ° 54 ′ W / 29.0 ° S 154.9 ° W / - 29.0 ; - 154.9 31 19 Annular : New Zealand , Pacific Partial : Australia , Mexico , Antarctica 2035 - 09 - 02 September 2 , 2035 01 : 56 : 46 145 Total 1.032 2 : 54 29.1 29 ° 06 ′ N 158 ° 00 ′ E / 29.1 ° N 158.0 ° E / 29.1 ; 158.0 116 72 Total : China , Korea , Japan , Pacific Partial : east Asia , Pacific 2036 - 02 - 27 February 27 , 2036 04 : 46 : 49 150 Partial 0.629 -- - 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ S 131 ° 24 ′ W / 71.6 ° S 131.4 ° W / - 71.6 ; - 131.4 -- Partial : Antarctica , south Australia , New Zealand 2036 - 07 - 23 July 23 , 2036 10 : 32 : 06 117 Partial 0.199 -- - 68.9 68 ° 54 ′ S 3 ° 36 ′ E / 68.9 ° S 3.6 ° E / - 68.9 ; 3.6 -- Partial : south Atlantic 2036 - 08 - 21 August 21 , 2036 17 : 25 : 45 155 Partial 0.862 -- 71.1 71 ° 06 ′ N 47 ° 00 ′ E / 71.1 ° N 47.0 ° E / 71.1 ; 47.0 -- Partial : Alaska , Canada , Arctic , west Europe , northwest Africa 2037 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2037 09 : 48 : 55 122 Partial 0.705 -- 68.5 68 ° 30 ′ N 20 ° 48 ′ E / 68.5 ° N 20.8 ° E / 68.5 ; 20.8 -- Partial : north Africa , Europe , Mid East , west Asia 2037 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2037 02 : 40 : 36 127 Total 1.041 3 : 58 - 24.8 24 ° 48 ′ S 139 ° 06 ′ E / 24.8 ° S 139.1 ° E / - 24.8 ; 139.1 201 125 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : East Indies , Australia , Pacific 2038 - 01 - 05 January 5 , 2038 13 : 47 : 11 132 Annular 0.973 3 : 18 02.1 2 ° 06 ′ N 25 ° 24 ′ W / 2.1 ° N 25.4 ° W / 2.1 ; - 25.4 107 66 Annular : Cuba , Dominican Republic , Cote d'Ivoire , Ghana , Niger , Chad , Egypt Partial : east North America , north South America , Atlantic , Africa , Europe 2038 - 07 - 02 July 2 , 2038 13 : 32 : 55 137 Annular 0.991 1 : 00 25.4 25 ° 24 ′ N 21 ° 54 ′ W / 25.4 ° N 21.9 ° W / 25.4 ; - 21.9 31 19 Annular : Colombia , Venezuela , Mauritania , Morocco , Mali , Niger , Chad , Sudan , Ethiopia , Kenya Partial : North and Central America , South America , Africa , Europe , Mid East 2038 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2038 01 : 00 : 10 142 Total 1.027 2 : 18 - 40.3 40 ° 18 ′ S 164 ° 00 ′ E / 40.3 ° S 164.0 ° E / - 40.3 ; 164.0 95 59 Total : Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific Partial : southeast Asia , East Indies , Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific , Antarctica 2039 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2039 17 : 12 : 54 147 Annular 0.945 4 : 05 78.9 78 ° 54 ′ N 102 ° 06 ′ W / 78.9 ° N 102.1 ° W / 78.9 ; - 102.1 365 227 Annular : Alaska , north Canada , Norway , Sweden , Finland , Estonia , Russia Partial : North America , west Europe 2039 - 12 - 15 December 15 , 2039 16 : 23 : 46 152 Total 1.036 1 : 51 - 80.9 80 ° 54 ′ S 172 ° 48 ′ E / 80.9 ° S 172.8 ° E / - 80.9 ; 172.8 380 240 Total : Antarctica Partial : south South America 2040 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2040 03 : 43 : 02 119 Partial 0.531 -- - 62.8 62 ° 48 ′ S 174 ° 24 ′ E / 62.8 ° S 174.4 ° E / - 62.8 ; 174.4 -- Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica 2040 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2040 19 : 09 : 02 124 Partial 0.807 -- 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ N 53 ° 24 ′ W / 62.2 ° N 53.4 ° W / 62.2 ; - 53.4 -- Partial : North and Central America 2041 - 04 - 30 April 30 , 2041 11 : 52 : 21 129 Total 1.019 1 : 51 - 09.6 9 ° 36 ′ S 12 ° 12 ′ E / 9.6 ° S 12.2 ° E / - 9.6 ; 12.2 72 45 Total : Angola , Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Kenya , Somalia Partial : Brazil , Africa , Mid East 2041 - 10 - 25 October 25 , 2041 01 : 36 : 22 134 Annular 0.947 6 : 07 09.9 9 ° 54 ′ N 162 ° 54 ′ E / 9.9 ° N 162.9 ° E / 9.9 ; 162.9 213 132 Annular : Mongolia , China , Korea , Japan , Pacific Partial : east Asia , Pacific 2042 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2042 02 : 17 : 30 139 Total 1.061 4 : 51 27.0 27 ° 00 ′ N 137 ° 18 ′ E / 27.0 ° N 137.3 ° E / 27.0 ; 137.3 210 130 Total : Malaysia , Indonesia , Philippines , north Pacific Partial : east and southeast Asia , Australia , Pacific 2042 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2042 02 : 00 : 42 144 Annular 0.930 7 : 44 - 23.7 23 ° 42 ′ S 137 ° 48 ′ E / 23.7 ° S 137.8 ° E / - 23.7 ; 137.8 273 170 Annular : Thailand , Malaysia , Indonesia , Australia , New Zealand Partial : south - east Asia , East Indies , south Pacific , Antarctica 2043 - 04 - 09 April 9 , 2043 18 : 57 : 49 149 Total ( non-central ) 1.010 -- 61.3 61 ° 18 ′ N 152 ° 00 ′ E / 61.3 ° N 152.0 ° E / 61.3 ; 152.0 -- Total : northeast Russia Partial : north North America , northeast Asia 2043 - 10 - 03 October 3 , 2043 03 : 01 : 49 154 Annular ( non-central ) 0.950 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 35 ° 18 ′ E / 61.0 ° S 35.3 ° E / - 61.0 ; 35.3 -- Annular : south Indian Ocean Partial : Antarctica , southwest Australia , Indian Ocean 2044 - 02 - 28 February 28 , 2044 20 : 24 : 40 121 Annular 0.960 2 : 27 - 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ S 25 ° 36 ′ W / 62.2 ° S 25.6 ° W / - 62.2 ; - 25.6 -- Annular : south Atlantic Partial : Antarctica , South America 2044 - 08 - 23 August 23 , 2044 01 : 17 : 02 126 Total 1.036 2 : 04 64.3 64 ° 18 ′ N 120 ° 24 ′ W / 64.3 ° N 120.4 ° W / 64.3 ; - 120.4 453 281 Total : Greenland ; Canada 's Northwest Territories and Nunavut , Alberta , southwestern Saskatchewan ; Montana , North Dakota Partial : north Asia , western North America , Greenland 2045 - 02 - 16 February 16 , 2045 23 : 56 : 07 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 47 - 28.3 28 ° 18 ′ S 166 ° 12 ′ W / 28.3 ° S 166.2 ° W / - 28.3 ; - 166.2 281 175 Annular : New Zealand , Pacific Partial : Australia , Hawaii 2045 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2045 17 : 42 : 39 136 Total 1.077 6 : 06 25.9 25 ° 54 ′ N 78 ° 30 ′ W / 25.9 ° N 78.5 ° W / 25.9 ; - 78.5 256 159 Total : south United States , Haiti , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , Guyana , French Guyana , Suriname , Brazil Partial : North , Central and South America , western Africa 2046 - 02 - 05 February 5 , 2046 23 : 06 : 26 141 Annular 0.923 9 : 42 04.8 4 ° 48 ′ N 171 ° 24 ′ W / 4.8 ° N 171.4 ° W / 4.8 ; - 171.4 310 190 Annular : Papua New Guinea , Hawaii , California , Oregon , Idaho Partial : Australia , western United States 2046 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2046 10 : 21 : 13 146 Total 1.053 4 : 51 - 12.7 12 ° 42 ′ S 15 ° 12 ′ E / 12.7 ° S 15.2 ° E / - 12.7 ; 15.2 206 128 Total : Brazil , Angola , east Namibia , Botswana , South Africa , Swaziland , south Mozambique Partial : Africa 2047 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2047 01 : 33 : 18 151 Partial 0.891 -- 62.9 62 ° 54 ′ N 111 ° 42 ′ E / 62.9 ° N 111.7 ° E / 62.9 ; 111.7 -- Partial : east Asia , Alaska 2047 - 06 - 23 June 23 , 2047 10 : 52 : 31 118 Partial 0.313 -- 65.8 65 ° 48 ′ N 178 ° 00 ′ W / 65.8 ° N 178.0 ° W / 65.8 ; - 178.0 -- Partial : north Canada , Greenland , northeast Asia 2047 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2047 22 : 36 : 17 156 Partial 0.361 -- - 63.4 63 ° 24 ′ S 160 ° 12 ′ E / 63.4 ° S 160.2 ° E / - 63.4 ; 160.2 -- Partial : southeast Australia , New Zealand 2047 - 12 - 16 December 16 , 2047 23 : 50 : 12 123 Partial 0.882 -- - 66.4 66 ° 24 ′ S 6 ° 36 ′ W / 66.4 ° S 6.6 ° W / - 66.4 ; - 6.6 -- Partial : Antarctica , south Chile , south Argentina 2048 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2048 12 : 58 : 53 128 Annular 0.944 4 : 58 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 11 ° 30 ′ W / 63.7 ° N 11.5 ° W / 63.7 ; - 11.5 272 169 Annular : midwest United States , Quebec , Ontario , Greenland , Iceland , Norway , Sweden , Russia , Afghanistan Partial : North America , Caribbean , north Africa , Europe , west Asia 2048 - 12 - 05 December 5 , 2048 15 : 35 : 27 133 Total 1.044 3 : 28 - 46.1 46 ° 06 ′ S 56 ° 24 ′ W / 46.1 ° S 56.4 ° W / - 46.1 ; - 56.4 160 99 Total : Chile , Argentina , Namibia , Botswana Partial : south South America , southwest Africa 2049 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2049 13 : 59 : 59 138 Annular 0.963 4 : 45 15.3 15 ° 18 ′ N 29 ° 54 ′ W / 15.3 ° N 29.9 ° W / 15.3 ; - 29.9 134 83 Annular : Peru , Ecuador , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Senegal , Mali , Burkina Faso , Ghana , Nigeria Partial : southeast United States , Central America , South America , Africa , south Europe 2049 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2049 05 : 33 : 48 143 Hybrid 1.006 0 : 38 - 03.8 3 ° 48 ′ S 95 ° 12 ′ E / 3.8 ° S 95.2 ° E / - 3.8 ; 95.2 21 13 Hybrid : Saudi Arabia , Yemen , Malaysia , Indonesia Partial : east Africa , south Asia , East Indies , Australia 2050 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2050 20 : 42 : 50 148 Hybrid 1.004 0 : 21 - 40.1 40 ° 06 ′ S 123 ° 42 ′ W / 40.1 ° S 123.7 ° W / - 40.1 ; - 123.7 27 17 Hybrid : south Pacific Partial : New Zealand , southwest South America 2050 - 11 - 14 November 14 , 2050 13 : 30 : 53 153 Partial 0.887 -- 69.5 69 ° 30 ′ N 1 ° 00 ′ E / 69.5 ° N 1.0 ° E / 69.5 ; 1.0 -- Partial : northeast United States , east Canada , north Africa , Europe 2051 - 04 - 11 April 11 , 2051 02 : 10 : 39 120 Partial 0.985 -- 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ N 32 ° 12 ′ E / 71.6 ° N 32.2 ° E / 71.6 ; 32.2 -- Partial : Asia , Alaska , Canada , Greenland 2051 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2051 21 : 02 : 14 125 Partial 0.602 -- - 72.0 72 ° 00 ′ S 117 ° 42 ′ E / 72.0 ° S 117.7 ° E / - 72.0 ; 117.7 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2052 - 03 - 30 March 30 , 2052 18 : 31 : 53 130 Total 1.047 4 : 08 22.4 22 ° 24 ′ N 102 ° 30 ′ W / 22.4 ° N 102.5 ° W / 22.4 ; - 102.5 164 102 Total : central Pacific , Mexico , United States , central Atlantic Partial : Central and North America , north South America 2052 - 09 - 22 September 22 , 2052 23 : 39 : 10 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 51 - 25.7 25 ° 42 ′ S 175 ° 00 ′ E / 25.7 ° S 175.0 ° E / - 25.7 ; 175.0 106 66 Annular : Australia , south Pacific Partial : New Zealand , Antarctica , West Indies 2053 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2053 07 : 08 : 19 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 50 - 23.0 23 ° 00 ′ S 83 ° 00 ′ E / 23.0 ° S 83.0 ° E / - 23.0 ; 83.0 31 19 Annular : central Indian Ocean , Indonesia Partial : Africa , Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2053 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2053 09 : 34 : 09 145 Total 1.033 3 : 04 21.5 21 ° 30 ′ N 41 ° 42 ′ E / 21.5 ° N 41.7 ° E / 21.5 ; 41.7 116 72 Total : Spain , Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Maldives , Indonesia Partial : Greenland , Africa , Europe , Asia 2054 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2054 12 : 33 : 40 150 Partial 0.668 -- - 72.0 72 ° 00 ′ S 97 ° 54 ′ E / 72.0 ° S 97.9 ° E / - 72.0 ; 97.9 -- Partial : Antarctica , South Africa , Madagascar , Chile 2054 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2054 18 : 04 : 02 117 Partial 0.066 -- - 69.8 69 ° 48 ′ S 121 ° 18 ′ W / 69.8 ° S 121.3 ° W / - 69.8 ; - 121.3 -- Partial : Antarctica 2054 - 09 - 02 September 2 , 2054 01 : 09 : 34 155 Partial 0.979 -- 71.7 71 ° 42 ′ N 82 ° 18 ′ W / 71.7 ° N 82.3 ° W / 71.7 ; - 82.3 -- Partial : Asia , United States , Canada , Greenland 2055 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2055 17 : 54 : 05 122 Partial 0.693 -- 69.5 69 ° 30 ′ N 112 ° 12 ′ W / 69.5 ° N 112.2 ° W / 69.5 ; - 112.2 -- Partial : Canada , United States , Mexico , Cuba 2055 - 07 - 24 July 24 , 2055 09 : 57 : 50 127 Total 1.036 3 : 17 - 33.3 33 ° 18 ′ S 25 ° 48 ′ E / 33.3 ° S 25.8 ° E / - 33.3 ; 25.8 202 126 Total : South Africa Partial : Africa , Antarctica 2056 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2056 22 : 16 : 45 132 Annular 0.976 2 : 52 03.9 3 ° 54 ′ N 153 ° 30 ′ W / 3.9 ° N 153.5 ° W / 3.9 ; - 153.5 95 59 Annular : central Pacific , Mexico Partial : New Zealand , western North America 2056 - 07 - 12 July 12 , 2056 20 : 21 : 59 137 Annular 0.988 1 : 26 19.4 19 ° 24 ′ N 123 ° 42 ′ W / 19.4 ° N 123.7 ° W / 19.4 ; - 123.7 43 27 Annular : central Pacific , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Brazil Partial : south North America , Central America , north South America 2057 - 01 - 05 January 5 , 2057 09 : 47 : 52 142 Total 1.029 2 : 29 - 39.2 39 ° 12 ′ S 35 ° 12 ′ E / 39.2 ° S 35.2 ° E / - 39.2 ; 35.2 102 63 Total : southern Atlantic , southern Indian Ocean Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2057 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2057 23 : 40 : 15 147 Annular 0.946 4 : 23 71.5 71 ° 30 ′ N 176 ° 12 ′ W / 71.5 ° N 176.2 ° W / 71.5 ; - 176.2 298 185 Annular : China , Mongolia , Russia , Canada , United States Partial : Asia , North America 2057 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2057 01 : 14 : 35 152 Total 1.035 1 : 50 - 84.9 84 ° 54 ′ S 21 ° 48 ′ E / 84.9 ° S 21.8 ° E / - 84.9 ; 21.8 355 221 Total : Antarctica Partial : Australia 2058 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2058 10 : 39 : 25 119 Partial 0.414 -- - 63.5 63 ° 30 ′ S 61 ° 06 ′ E / 63.5 ° S 61.1 ° E / - 63.5 ; 61.1 -- Partial : South Africa , Madagascar 2058 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2058 00 : 19 : 35 157 Partial 0.126 -- 65.9 65 ° 54 ′ N 9 ° 54 ′ E / 65.9 ° N 9.9 ° E / 65.9 ; 9.9 -- Partial : Russia , Greenland , Norway , Sweden , Finland 2058 - 11 - 16 November 16 , 2058 03 : 23 : 07 124 Partial 0.764 -- 62.9 62 ° 54 ′ N 174 ° 12 ′ E / 62.9 ° N 174.2 ° E / 62.9 ; 174.2 -- Partial : Russia , China , Mongolia , Japan 2059 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2059 19 : 22 : 16 129 Total 1.024 2 : 23 - 10.7 10 ° 42 ′ S 100 ° 24 ′ W / 10.7 ° S 100.4 ° W / - 10.7 ; - 100.4 95 59 Total : central Pacific , Ecuador , Peru , Brazil Partial : North , Central and South America 2059 - 11 - 05 November 5 , 2059 09 : 18 : 15 134 Annular 0.942 7 : 00 08.7 8 ° 42 ′ N 47 ° 06 ′ E / 8.7 ° N 47.1 ° E / 8.7 ; 47.1 238 148 Annular : France , Libya , Egypt , Sudan , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Somalia , Indonesia Partial : Africa , Europe , Asia 2060 - 03 - 30 April 30 , 2060 10 : 10 : 00 139 Total 1.066 5 : 15 28.0 28 ° 00 ′ N 20 ° 54 ′ E / 28.0 ° N 20.9 ° E / 28.0 ; 20.9 222 138 Total : Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Niger , Chad , Libya , Egypt , Turkey , Kazakhstan , Russia Partial : Africa , Asia 2060 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2060 09 : 24 : 10 144 Annular 0.928 8 : 06 - 25.8 25 ° 48 ′ S 28 ° 06 ′ E / 25.8 ° S 28.1 ° E / - 25.8 ; 28.1 281 175 Annular : Guinea , Sierra Leone , Liberia , Ivory Coast , Angola , Namibia , Botswana , South Africa Partial : Africa , Antarctica , South America 2061 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2061 02 : 56 : 49 149 Total 1.048 2 : 37 64.5 64 ° 30 ′ N 59 ° 12 ′ E / 64.5 ° N 59.2 ° E / 64.5 ; 59.2 559 347 Total : Kazakhstan , Russia Partial : Asia , Middle East , North America 2061 - 10 - 13 October 13 , 2061 10 : 32 : 10 154 Annular 0.947 3 : 41 - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 54 ° 24 ′ W / 62.1 ° S 54.4 ° W / - 62.1 ; - 54.4 743 462 Annular : Antarctica , Argentina , Chile Partial : South America 2062 - 03 - 11 March 11 , 2062 04 : 26 : 16 121 Partial 0.933 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 147 ° 06 ′ W / 61.0 ° S 147.1 ° W / - 61.0 ; - 147.1 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2062 - 09 - 03 September 3 , 2062 08 : 54 : 27 126 Partial 0.975 -- 61.3 61 ° 18 ′ N 150 ° 18 ′ E / 61.3 ° N 150.3 ° E / 61.3 ; 150.3 -- Partial : Greenland , Europe , Asia 2063 - 02 - 28 February 28 , 2063 07 : 43 : 30 131 Annular 0.929 7 : 41 - 25.2 25 ° 12 ′ S 77 ° 42 ′ E / 25.2 ° S 77.7 ° E / - 25.2 ; 77.7 280 170 Annular : Indian Ocean , Indonesia , Malaysia , Mindanao , Philippines Partial : Africa , Indies , southeast Asia , the rest of Philippines , Antarctica , Australia 2063 - 08 - 24 August 24 , 2063 01 : 22 : 11 136 Total 1.075 5 : 49 25.6 25 ° 36 ′ N 168 ° 24 ′ E / 25.6 ° N 168.4 ° E / 25.6 ; 168.4 252 157 Total : China , Mongolia , Japan , central Pacific Partial : Asia , central Pacific 2064 - 02 - 17 February 17 , 2064 07 : 00 : 23 141 Annular 0.926 8 : 56 07.0 7 ° 00 ′ N 69 ° 42 ′ E / 7.0 ° N 69.7 ° E / 7.0 ; 69.7 295 183 Annular : Zaire , Zambia , Tanzania , India , Nepal , Bangladesh , Bhutan , China Partial : Africa , Asia 2064 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2064 17 : 46 : 06 146 Total 1.049 4 : 28 - 10.9 10 ° 54 ′ S 96 ° 00 ′ W / 10.9 ° S 96.0 ° W / - 10.9 ; - 96.0 184 114 Total : Central Pacific , Chile , Argentina Partial : Americas , Antarctica 2065 - 02 - 05 February 5 , 2065 09 : 52 : 26 151 Partial 0.912 -- 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ N 21 ° 54 ′ W / 62.2 ° N 21.9 ° W / 62.2 ; - 21.9 -- Partial : North America , Europe , West Asia 2065 - 07 - 03 July 3 , 2065 17 : 33 : 52 118 Partial 0.164 -- 64.8 64 ° 48 ′ N 71 ° 54 ′ E / 64.8 ° N 71.9 ° E / 64.8 ; 71.9 -- Partial : northern Europe , Russia 2065 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2065 05 : 34 : 17 156 Partial 0.490 -- - 62.7 62 ° 42 ′ S 46 ° 30 ′ E / 62.7 ° S 46.5 ° E / - 62.7 ; 46.5 -- Partial : Antarctica , South Africa , Madagascar 2065 - 12 - 27 December 27 , 2065 08 : 39 : 56 123 Partial 0.877 -- - 65.4 65 ° 24 ′ S 149 ° 12 ′ W / 65.4 ° S 149.2 ° W / - 65.4 ; - 149.2 -- Partial : Chile , Argentina , Antarctica , Australia 2066 - 06 - 22 June 22 , 2066 19 : 25 : 48 128 Annular 0.943 4 : 40 70.1 70 ° 06 ′ N 96 ° 24 ′ W / 70.1 ° N 96.4 ° W / 70.1 ; - 96.4 309 192 Annular : Russia , Alaska , Canada Partial : North America , northern Europe , north Asia 2066 - 12 - 17 December 17 , 2066 00 : 23 : 40 133 Total 1.042 3 : 14 - 47.4 47 ° 24 ′ S 175 ° 48 ′ E / 47.4 ° S 175.8 ° E / - 47.4 ; 175.8 152 94 Total : Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific Partial : Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2067 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2067 20 : 42 : 26 138 Annular 0.967 4 : 05 21.0 21 ° 00 ′ N 130 ° 12 ′ W / 21.0 ° N 130.2 ° W / 21.0 ; - 130.2 119 74 Annular : central Pacific , Ecuador , Peru Partial : Americas 2067 - 12 - 06 December 6 , 2067 14 : 03 : 43 143 Hybrid 1.001 0 : 08 - 06.0 6 ° 00 ′ S 32 ° 24 ′ W / 6.0 ° S 32.4 ° W / - 6.0 ; - 32.4 2.5 Hybrid : Honduras , Nicaragua , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Brazil , Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Sudan Partial : Americas , Africa , south Europe 2068 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2068 03 : 56 : 39 148 Total 1.011 1 : 06 - 31.0 31 ° 00 ′ S 123 ° 12 ′ E / 31.0 ° S 123.2 ° E / - 31.0 ; 123.2 63 39 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2068 - 11 - 24 November 24 , 2068 21 : 32 : 30 153 Partial 0.911 -- 68.5 68 ° 30 ′ N 131 ° 06 ′ W / 68.5 ° N 131.1 ° W / 68.5 ; - 131.1 -- Partial : North America , Russia 2069 - 04 - 21 April 21 , 2069 10 : 11 : 09 120 Partial 0.899 -- 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ N 101 ° 18 ′ W / 71.0 ° N 101.3 ° W / 71.0 ; - 101.3 -- Partial : Europe , Asia , north Africa , North America 2069 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2069 17 : 53 : 18 158 Partial 0.088 -- - 68.8 68 ° 48 ′ S 69 ° 54 ′ W / 68.8 ° S 69.9 ° W / - 68.8 ; - 69.9 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2069 - 10 - 15 October 15 , 2069 04 : 19 : 56 125 Partial 0.530 -- - 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ S 5 ° 30 ′ W / 71.6 ° S 5.5 ° W / - 71.6 ; - 5.5 -- Partial : Antarctica 2070 - 04 - 11 April 11 , 2070 02 : 36 : 09 130 Total 1.047 4 : 04 29.1 29 ° 06 ′ N 135 ° 06 ′ E / 29.1 ° N 135.1 ° E / 29.1 ; 135.1 168 104 Total : Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Alaska , Canada 2070 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2070 07 : 08 : 57 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 44 - 32.8 32 ° 48 ′ S 60 ° 24 ′ E / 32.8 ° S 60.4 ° E / - 32.8 ; 60.4 110 68 Annular : Angola , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Mozambique , Madagascar Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2071 - 03 - 31 March 31 , 2071 15 : 01 : 06 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 52 - 16.7 16 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 00 ′ W / 16.7 ° S 37.0 ° W / - 16.7 ; - 37.0 31 19 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil , Republic of the Congo , Zaire Partial : South America , Africa , Antarctica 2071 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2071 17 : 20 : 28 145 Total 1.033 3 : 11 14.2 14 ° 12 ′ N 76 ° 42 ′ W / 14.2 ° N 76.7 ° W / 14.2 ; - 76.7 116 72 Total : Mexico , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Brazil Partial : Americas , Africa 2072 - 03 - 19 March 19 , 2072 20 : 10 : 31 150 Partial 0.720 -- - 72.2 72 ° 12 ′ S 30 ° 24 ′ W / 72.2 ° S 30.4 ° W / - 72.2 ; - 30.4 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2072 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2072 08 : 59 : 20 155 Total 1.056 3 : 13 69.8 69 ° 48 ′ N 102 ° 00 ′ E / 69.8 ° N 102.0 ° E / 69.8 ; 102.0 732 455 Total : Russia Partial : Greenland , Europe , Asia 2073 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2073 01 : 55 : 59 122 Partial 0.677 -- 70.5 70 ° 30 ′ N 114 ° 54 ′ E / 70.5 ° N 114.9 ° E / 70.5 ; 114.9 -- Partial : Asia , Alaska 2073 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2073 17 : 15 : 23 127 Total 1.029 2 : 29 - 43.2 43 ° 12 ′ S 89 ° 24 ′ W / 43.2 ° S 89.4 ° W / - 43.2 ; - 89.4 206 128 Total : Chile , Argentina Partial : South America , Antarctica 2074 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2074 06 : 44 : 15 132 Annular 0.980 2 : 21 06.6 6 ° 36 ′ N 78 ° 48 ′ E / 6.6 ° N 78.8 ° E / 6.6 ; 78.8 79 49 Annular : Sudan , Ethiopia , Somalia , Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , China , Japan Partial : Africa , Asia , Indies 2074 - 07 - 24 July 24 , 2074 03 : 10 : 32 137 Annular 0.984 1 : 57 12.8 12 ° 48 ′ N 133 ° 42 ′ E / 12.8 ° N 133.7 ° E / 12.8 ; 133.7 58 36 Annular : Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia , New Zealand 2075 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2075 18 : 36 : 04 142 Total 1.031 2 : 42 - 37.2 37 ° 12 ′ S 94 ° 06 ′ W / 37.2 ° S 94.1 ° W / - 37.2 ; - 94.1 110 68 Total : Chile , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil Partial : New Zealand , South America , Antarctica 2075 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2075 06 : 05 : 44 147 Annular 0.947 4 : 45 63.1 63 ° 06 ′ N 95 ° 12 ′ E / 63.1 ° N 95.2 ° E / 63.1 ; 95.2 262 163 Annular : south Europe , Russia Partial : Europe , Asia , Africa , north North America 2076 - 01 - 06 January 6 , 2076 10 : 07 : 27 152 Total 1.034 1 : 49 - 87.2 87 ° 12 ′ S 173 ° 42 ′ W / 87.2 ° S 173.7 ° W / - 87.2 ; - 173.7 340 210 Total : Antarctica Partial : Australia , South America 2076 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2076 17 : 31 : 22 119 Partial 0.290 -- - 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ S 51 ° 12 ′ W / 64.4 ° S 51.2 ° W / - 64.4 ; - 51.2 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2076 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2076 06 : 50 : 43 157 Partial 0.275 -- 67.0 67 ° 00 ′ N 98 ° 06 ′ W / 67.0 ° N 98.1 ° W / 67.0 ; - 98.1 -- Partial : Russia , North America 2076 - 11 - 26 November 26 , 2076 11 : 43 : 01 124 Partial 0.731 -- 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 40 ° 06 ′ E / 63.7 ° N 40.1 ° E / 63.7 ; 40.1 -- Partial : Africa , Europe , west Asia 2077 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2077 02 : 46 : 05 129 Total 1.029 2 : 54 - 13.1 13 ° 06 ′ S 148 ° 18 ′ E / 13.1 ° S 148.3 ° E / - 13.1 ; 148.3 119 74 Total : Australia Partial : Indies , Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica 2077 - 11 - 15 November 15 , 2077 17 : 07 : 56 134 Annular 0.937 7 : 54 07.8 7 ° 48 ′ N 70 ° 48 ′ W / 7.8 ° N 70.8 ° W / 7.8 ; - 70.8 262 163 Annular : United States , Caribbean , Colombia , Venezuela , Brazil , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana Partial : Americas 2078 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2078 17 : 56 : 55 139 Total 1.070 5 : 40 28.1 28 ° 06 ′ N 93 ° 42 ′ W / 28.1 ° N 93.7 ° W / 28.1 ; - 93.7 232 144 Total : Mexico , United States Partial : Americas 2078 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2078 16 : 55 : 44 144 Annular 0.926 8 : 29 - 27.8 27 ° 48 ′ S 83 ° 18 ′ W / 27.8 ° S 83.3 ° W / - 27.8 ; - 83.3 287 178 Annular : Chile , Argentina Partial : Americas , Antarctica 2079 - 05 - 01 May 1 , 2079 10 : 50 : 13 149 Total 1.051 2 : 55 66.2 66 ° 12 ′ N 46 ° 18 ′ W / 66.2 ° N 46.3 ° W / 66.2 ; - 46.3 406 252 Total : United States , Canada , Greenland Partial : west Americas , Europe , Africa , Asia 2079 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2079 18 : 11 : 21 154 Annular 0.948 3 : 39 - 63.4 63 ° 24 ′ S 160 ° 36 ′ W / 63.4 ° S 160.6 ° W / - 63.4 ; - 160.6 495 308 Annular : Antarctica , New Zealand Partial : South America 2080 - 03 - 21 March 21 , 2080 12 : 20 : 15 121 Partial 0.873 -- - 60.9 60 ° 54 ′ S 85 ° 54 ′ E / 60.9 ° S 85.9 ° E / - 60.9 ; 85.9 -- Partial : Antarctica , Africa 2080 - 09 - 13 September 13 , 2080 16 : 38 : 09 126 Partial 0.874 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 25 ° 48 ′ E / 61.1 ° N 25.8 ° E / 61.1 ; 25.8 -- Partial : North America , Europe , Africa 2081 - 03 - 10 March 10 , 2081 15 : 23 : 31 131 Annular 0.930 7 : 36 - 22.4 22 ° 24 ′ S 36 ° 42 ′ W / 22.4 ° S 36.7 ° W / - 22.4 ; - 36.7 277 172 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Cameroon Partial : South America , Africa , Antarctica 2081 - 09 - 03 September 3 , 2081 09 : 07 : 31 136 Total 1.072 5 : 33 24.6 24 ° 36 ′ N 53 ° 36 ′ E / 24.6 ° N 53.6 ° E / 24.6 ; 53.6 247 153 Total : Central Europe , France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , Hungary , Croatia , Serbia , Romania , Greece , Bulgaria , Turkey , Syria , Iraq , Kuwait , Qatar , UAE , Saudi Arabia , Oman Partial : Africa , Europe , Asia 2082 - 02 - 27 February 27 , 2082 14 : 47 : 00 141 Annular 0.930 8 : 12 09.4 9 ° 24 ′ N 47 ° 06 ′ W / 9.4 ° N 47.1 ° W / 9.4 ; - 47.1 277 172 Annular : Peru , Brazil , Suriname , French Guiana , Portugal , Spain , France , Italy , Germany , Austria Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa 2082 - 08 - 24 August 24 , 2082 01 : 16 : 21 146 Total 1.045 4 : 01 - 10.3 10 ° 18 ′ S 151 ° 48 ′ E / 10.3 ° S 151.8 ° E / - 10.3 ; 151.8 163 101 Total : Indonesia , New Guinea , South Pacific Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2083 - 02 - 16 February 16 , 2083 18 : 06 : 36 151 Partial 0.943 -- 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ N 154 ° 06 ′ W / 61.6 ° N 154.1 ° W / 61.6 ; - 154.1 -- Partial : Mexico , United States , Canada 2083 - 07 - 15 July 15 , 2083 00 : 14 : 23 118 Partial 0.017 -- 64.0 64 ° 00 ′ N 37 ° 42 ′ W / 64.0 ° N 37.7 ° W / 64.0 ; - 37.7 -- Partial : Greenland 2083 - 08 - 13 August 13 , 2083 12 : 34 : 41 156 Partial 0.615 -- - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 67 ° 30 ′ W / 62.1 ° S 67.5 ° W / - 62.1 ; - 67.5 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2084 - 01 - 07 January 7 , 2084 17 : 30 : 23 123 Partial 0.872 -- - 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ S 68 ° 30 ′ E / 64.4 ° S 68.5 ° E / - 64.4 ; 68.5 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2084 - 07 - 03 July 3 , 2084 01 : 50 : 26 128 Annular 0.942 4 : 25 75.0 75 ° 00 ′ N 169 ° 06 ′ W / 75.0 ° N 169.1 ° W / 75.0 ; - 169.1 377 234 Annular : Russia , United States , Canada Partial : northern Europe , Asia , North America 2084 - 12 - 27 December 27 , 2084 09 : 13 : 48 133 Total 1.040 3 : 04 - 47.3 47 ° 18 ′ S 47 ° 42 ′ E / 47.3 ° S 47.7 ° E / - 47.3 ; 47.7 146 91 Total : South Atlantic , Indian Ocean Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2085 - 06 - 22 June 22 , 2085 03 : 21 : 16 138 Annular 0.970 3 : 29 26.2 26 ° 12 ′ N 131 ° 18 ′ E / 26.2 ° N 131.3 ° E / 26.2 ; 131.3 106 66 Annular : India , Myanmar , China , central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2085 - 12 - 16 December 16 , 2085 22 : 37 : 48 143 Annular 0.997 0 : 19 - 07.3 7 ° 18 ′ S 160 ° 48 ′ W / 7.3 ° S 160.8 ° W / - 7.3 ; - 160.8 10 6.2 Annular : central Pacific Partial : Australia , North America 2086 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2086 11 : 07 : 14 148 Total 1.017 1 : 48 - 23.2 23 ° 12 ′ S 12 ° 30 ′ E / 23.2 ° S 12.5 ° E / - 23.2 ; 12.5 86 53 Total : Namibia , Botswana , South Africa Partial : South America , Africa 2086 - 12 - 06 December 6 , 2086 05 : 38 : 55 153 Partial 0.927 -- 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 96 ° 12 ′ E / 67.4 ° N 96.2 ° E / 67.4 ; 96.2 -- Partial : Asia 2087 - 05 - 02 May 2 , 2087 18 : 04 : 42 120 Partial 0.801 -- 70.3 70 ° 18 ′ N 127 ° 36 ′ E / 70.3 ° N 127.6 ° E / 70.3 ; 127.6 -- Partial : north Europe , north Asia , North America 2087 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2087 01 : 27 : 14 158 Partial 0.215 -- - 67.8 67 ° 48 ′ S 165 ° 24 ′ E / 67.8 ° S 165.4 ° E / - 67.8 ; 165.4 -- Partial : New Zealand 2087 - 10 - 26 October 26 , 2087 11 : 46 : 57 125 Partial 0.470 -- - 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ S 130 ° 30 ′ W / 71.0 ° S 130.5 ° W / - 71.0 ; - 130.5 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2088 - 04 - 21 April 21 , 2088 10 : 31 : 49 130 Total 1.047 3 : 58 36.0 36 ° 00 ′ N 15 ° 06 ′ E / 36.0 ° N 15.1 ° E / 36.0 ; 15.1 173 107 Total : Mauritania , western Sahara , Mali , Algeria , Tunisia , Greece , Turkey , Russia , Kazakhstan , China Partial : North America , Africa , Europe , Asia 2088 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2088 14 : 48 : 05 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 38 - 39.7 39 ° 42 ′ S 56 ° 00 ′ W / 39.7 ° S 56.0 ° W / - 39.7 ; - 56.0 115 71 Annular : Chile , Argentina Partial : South America , Antarctica , Africa 2089 - 04 - 10 April 10 , 2089 22 : 44 : 42 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 53 - 10.2 10 ° 12 ′ S 154 ° 48 ′ W / 10.2 ° S 154.8 ° W / - 10.2 ; - 154.8 30 19 Annular : Australia , central Pacific Partial : Antarctica , North America 2089 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2089 01 : 15 : 23 145 Total 1.033 3 : 14 07.4 7 ° 24 ′ N 162 ° 48 ′ E / 7.4 ° N 162.8 ° E / 7.4 ; 162.8 115 71 Total : China , Central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2090 - 03 - 31 March 31 , 2090 03 : 38 : 08 150 Partial 0.784 -- - 72.1 72 ° 06 ′ S 156 ° 18 ′ W / 72.1 ° S 156.3 ° W / - 72.1 ; - 156.3 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2090 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2090 16 : 56 : 36 155 Total 1.056 3 : 36 60.7 60 ° 42 ′ N 40 ° 30 ′ W / 60.7 ° N 40.5 ° W / 60.7 ; - 40.5 463 288 Total : Canada , Greenland , United Kingdom , France Partial : North America , Europe , Africa , north Asia 2091 - 02 - 18 February 18 , 2091 09 : 54 : 40 122 Partial 0.656 -- 71.2 71 ° 12 ′ N 17 ° 48 ′ W / 71.2 ° N 17.8 ° W / 71.2 ; - 17.8 -- Partial : North Africa , Europe , Asia 2091 - 08 - 15 August 15 , 2091 00 : 34 : 43 127 Total 1.022 1 : 38 - 55.6 55 ° 36 ′ S 150 ° 30 ′ E / 55.6 ° S 150.5 ° E / - 55.6 ; 150.5 236 147 Total : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica Partial : Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2092 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2092 15 : 10 : 20 132 Annular 0.984 1 : 48 09.9 9 ° 54 ′ N 48 ° 42 ′ W / 9.9 ° N 48.7 ° W / 9.9 ; - 48.7 62 39 Annular : Panama , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Morocco , Algeria Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa 2092 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2092 09 : 59 : 33 137 Annular 0.979 2 : 31 05.6 5 ° 36 ′ N 30 ° 18 ′ E / 5.6 ° N 30.3 ° E / 5.6 ; 30.3 75 47 Annular : Liberia , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Central African Republic , Sudan , Kenya , Somalia Partial : Africa 2093 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2093 03 : 22 : 16 142 Total 1.034 2 : 58 - 34.1 34 ° 06 ′ S 136 ° 24 ′ E / 34.1 ° S 136.4 ° E / - 34.1 ; 136.4 119 74 Total : Australia Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2093 - 07 - 23 July 23 , 2093 12 : 32 : 04 147 Annular 0.946 5 : 11 54.6 54 ° 36 ′ N 1 ° 18 ′ E / 54.6 ° N 1.3 ° E / 54.6 ; 1.3 241 150 Annular : United States , Canada , Central Europe , Turkey , Iraq , Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa , Asia 2094 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2094 18 : 59 : 03 152 Total 1.034 1 : 51 - 84.8 84 ° 48 ′ S 10 ° 36 ′ W / 84.8 ° S 10.6 ° W / - 84.8 ; - 10.6 329 204 Total : Antarctica Partial : South America , Antarctica , New Zealand 2094 - 06 - 13 June 13 , 2094 00 : 22 : 11 119 Partial 0.162 -- - 65.3 65 ° 18 ′ S 163 ° 36 ′ W / 65.3 ° S 163.6 ° W / - 65.3 ; - 163.6 -- Partial : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica 2094 - 07 - 12 July 12 , 2094 13 : 24 : 35 157 Partial 0.422 -- 68.0 68 ° 00 ′ N 152 ° 48 ′ E / 68.0 ° N 152.8 ° E / 68.0 ; 152.8 -- Partial : North America , Asia 2094 - 12 - 07 December 7 , 2094 20 : 05 : 56 124 Partial 0.705 -- 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ N 95 ° 00 ′ W / 64.7 ° N 95.0 ° W / 64.7 ; - 95.0 -- Partial : North America 2095 - 06 - 02 June 2 , 2095 10 : 07 : 40 129 Total 1.033 3 : 18 - 16.7 16 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 12 ′ E / 16.7 ° S 37.2 ° E / - 16.7 ; 37.2 145 90 Total : Namibia , South Africa , Botswana , Zambia , Mozambique , Madagascar Partial : Africa 2095 - 11 - 27 November 27 , 2095 01 : 02 : 57 134 Annular 0.933 8 : 47 07.2 7 ° 12 ′ N 169 ° 48 ′ E / 7.2 ° N 169.8 ° E / 7.2 ; 169.8 285 177 Annular : China , Korea , Japan , central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2096 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2096 01 : 37 : 14 139 Total 1.074 6 : 07 27.3 27 ° 18 ′ N 153 ° 24 ′ E / 27.3 ° N 153.4 ° E / 27.3 ; 153.4 241 150 Total : Indonesia , Central Pacific , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia , North America 2096 - 11 - 15 November 15 , 2096 00 : 36 : 15 144 Annular 0.924 8 : 53 - 29.7 29 ° 42 ′ S 163 ° 18 ′ E / 29.7 ° S 163.3 ° E / - 29.7 ; 163.3 294 183 Annular : Malaysia , Indonesia , New Guinea , Australia , New Zealand Partial : Indies , Antarctica 2097 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2097 18 : 34 : 31 149 Total 1.054 3 : 10 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 149 ° 30 ′ W / 67.4 ° N 149.5 ° W / 67.4 ; - 149.5 339 211 Total : Alaska , Russia Partial : Asia , North America , northern Europe 2097 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2097 02 : 01 : 25 154 Annular 0.949 3 : 36 - 65.8 65 ° 48 ′ S 86 ° 48 ′ E / 65.8 ° S 86.8 ° E / - 65.8 ; 86.8 411 255 Annular : Antarctica Partial : Australia 2098 - 04 - 01 April 1 , 2098 20 : 02 : 31 121 Partial 0.798 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 38 ° 06 ′ W / 61.0 ° S 38.1 ° W / - 61.0 ; - 38.1 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2098 - 09 - 25 September 25 , 2098 00 : 31 : 16 126 Partial 0.787 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 101 ° 00 ′ W / 61.1 ° N 101.0 ° W / 61.1 ; - 101.0 -- Partial : Asia , North America 2098 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2098 10 : 36 : 11 164 Partial 0.006 -- - 61.8 61 ° 48 ′ S 95 ° 30 ′ W / 61.8 ° S 95.5 ° W / - 61.8 ; - 95.5 -- Partial : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica 2099 - 03 - 21 March 21 , 2099 22 : 54 : 32 131 Annular 0.932 7 : 32 - 20.0 20 ° 00 ′ S 149 ° 00 ′ W / 20.0 ° S 149.0 ° W / - 20.0 ; - 149.0 275 171 Annular : central Pacific Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica , North America 2099 - 09 - 14 September 14 , 2099 16 : 57 : 53 136 Total 1.068 5 : 18 23.4 23 ° 24 ′ N 62 ° 48 ′ W / 23.4 ° N 62.8 ° W / 23.4 ; - 62.8 241 150 Total : Canada , United States , central Atlantic Partial : Americas , Africa 2100 - 03 - 10 March 10 , 2100 22 : 28 : 11 141 Annular 0.934 7 : 29 12.0 12 ° 00 ′ N 162 ° 24 ′ W / 12.0 ° N 162.4 ° W / 12.0 ; - 162.4 257 160 Annular : central Pacific , Hawaii , Northwestern United States Partial : Australia , North America 2100 - 09 - 04 September 4 , 2100 08 : 49 : 20 146 Total 1.040 3 : 32 - 10.5 10 ° 30 ′ S 39 ° 00 ′ E / 10.5 ° S 39.0 ° E / - 10.5 ; 39.0 142 88 Total : central Africa , Madagascar Partial : Africa , Antarctica References ( edit ) Acknowledgement : Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak , NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center ^ Jump up to : `` Five Million Catalog of Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms '' . NASA . March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Littmann , Mark ; Willcox , Ken ; Espenak , Fred . Totality : Eclipses of the Sun ( Second ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513179 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Solar eclipses : 2011 -- 2020 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The day the sun disappears is coming '' . CNN . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2021 -- 2030 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2031 -- 2040 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2041 -- 2050 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2051 -- 2060 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2061 -- 2070 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2071 -- 2080 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2081 -- 2090 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2091 -- 2100 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Bibliography ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF `` Catalog of Solar Eclipses : 2001 to 2100 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 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tea originated in the area where india china and burma meet in the			History of tea	history of tea	The history of tea is long and complex , spreading across multiple cultures over the span of thousands of years . Tea likely originated in southwest China during the Shang dynasty as a medicinal drink . An early credible record of tea drinking dates to the 3rd century AD , in a medical text written by Hua Tuo . Tea was first introduced to Portuguese priests and merchants in China during the 16th century . Drinking tea became popular in Britain during the 17th century . The British introduced tea production , as well as tea consumption , to India , in order to compete with the Chinese monopoly on tea .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographic origins 2 Origin myths 3 Early history 3.1 China 3.1. 1 Hong Kong 3.2 Japan 3.3 Korea 3.4 Vietnam 4 Global expansion 4.1 Portugal and Italy 4.2 India 4.3 Iran 4.4 Taiwan 4.5 Thailand 4.6 Turkey 4.7 United Kingdom 4.8 United States 4.9 Canada 4.10 Australia 4.11 Sri Lanka 4.12 Africa and South America 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources 6 Further reading Geographic origins ( edit ) Brick tea `` Camellia sinensis originated in southeast Asia , specifically around the intersection of latitude 29 ° N and longitude 98 ° E , the point of confluence of the lands of northeast India , north Burma , southwest China and Tibet . The plant was introduced to more than 52 countries , from this ' centre of origin ' . '' On morphological differences between the Assamese and Chinese varieties , botanists have long asserted a dual botanical origin for tea ; however , statistical cluster analysis , the same chromosome number ( 2n = 30 ) , easy hybridization , and various types of intermediate hybrids and spontaneous polyploids all appear to demonstrate a single place of origin for Camellia sinensis -- the area including the northern part of Burma , and Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China . Yunnan Province has also been identified as `` the birthplace of tea ... the first area where humans figured out that eating tea leaves or brewing a cup could be pleasant . '' Fengqing County in the Lincang City Prefecture of Yunnan Province in China is said to be home to the world 's oldest cultivated tea tree , some 3,200 years old . According to The Story of Tea , tea drinking likely began in Yunnan province during the Shang Dynasty ( 1500 BC -- 1046 BC ) , as a medicinal drink . From there , the drink spread to Sichuan , and it is believed that there `` for the first time , people began to boil tea leaves for consumption into a concentrated liquid without the addition of other leaves or herbs , thereby using tea as a bitter yet stimulating drink , rather than as a medicinal concoction . '' Origin myths ( edit ) Japanese painting depicting Shennong . In one popular Chinese legend , Shennong , the legendary Emperor of China and inventor of agriculture and Chinese medicine was drinking a bowl of just boiled water due to a decree that his subjects must boil water before drinking it some time around 2737 BC when a few leaves were blown from a nearby tree into his water , changing the color . The emperor took a sip of the brew and was pleasantly surprised by its flavor and restorative properties . A variant of the legend tells that the emperor tested the medical properties of various herbs on himself , some of them poisonous , and found tea to work as an antidote . Shennong is also mentioned in Lu Yu 's famous early work on the subject , The Classic of Tea . A similar Chinese legend goes that the god of agriculture would chew the leaves , stems , and roots of various plants to discover medicinal herbs . If he consumed a poisonous plant , he would chew tea leaves to counteract the poison . A rather gruesome legend dates back to the Tang Dynasty . In the legend , Bodhidharma , the founder of Chan Buddhism , accidentally fell asleep after meditating in front of a wall for nine years . He woke up in such disgust at his weakness that he cut off his own eyelids . They fell to the ground and took root , growing into tea bushes . Sometimes , another version of the story is told with Gautama Buddha in place of Bodhidharma . Scholars however believe that tea drinking likely originated in the southwest of China , and that the Chinese words for tea themselves may have been originally derived from the Austro - Asiatic languages of the people who originally inhabited that area . Whether or not these legends have any basis in fact , tea has played a significant role in Asian culture for centuries as a staple beverage , a curative , and a status symbol . It is not surprising , therefore , that theories of its origin are often religious or royal in nature . Early History ( edit ) China ( edit ) Main article : History of tea in China Lu Yu 's statue in Xi'an The Chinese have consumed tea for thousands of years . The earliest physical evidence known to date , found in 2016 , comes from the mausoleum of Emperor Jing of Han in Xi'an , indicating that tea was drunk by Han Dynasty emperors as early as the 2nd century BC . The samples were identified as tea from the genus Camellia particularly via mass spectrometry. and written records suggest that it may have been drunk earlier . People of the Han Dynasty used tea as medicine ( though the first use of tea as a stimulant is unknown ) . China is considered to have the earliest records of tea consumption , with possible records dating back to the 10th century BC . Note however that the current word for tea in Chinese only came into use in the 8th century AD , there are therefore uncertainties as to whether the older words used are the same as tea . The word tu 荼 appears in Shijing and other ancient texts to signify a kind of `` bitter vegetable '' ( 苦菜 ) , and it is possible that it referred to a number of different plants , such as sowthistle , chicory , or smartweed , including tea . In the Chronicles of Huayang , it was recorded that the Ba people in Sichuan presented tu to the Zhou king . The state of Ba and its neighbour Shu were later conquered by the Qin , and according to the 17th century scholar Gu Yanwu who wrote in Ri Zhi Lu ( 日知錄 ) : `` It was after the Qin had taken Shu that they learned how to drink tea . '' The first known reference to boiling tea came from the Han dynasty work `` The Contract for a Youth '' written by Wang Bao where , among the tasks listed to be undertaken by the youth , `` he shall boil tea and fill the utensils '' and `` he shall buy tea at Wuyang '' . The first record of cultivation of tea also dated it to this period ( Ganlu era of Emperor Xuan of Han ) when tea was cultivated on Meng Mountain ( 蒙山 ) near Chengdu . From the Tang to the Qing dynasties , the first 360 leaves of tea grown here were picked each spring and presented to the emperor . Even today its green and yellow teas , such as the Mengding Ganlu tea , are still sought after . An unknown Chinese inventor was also the first person to invent a tea shredder . An early credible record of tea drinking dates to 220 AD , in a medical text Shi Lun ( 食论 ) by Hua Tuo , who stated , `` to drink bitter t'u constantly makes one think better . '' Another possible early reference to tea is found in a letter written by the Qin Dynasty general Liu Kun . However , before the mid-8th century Tang dynasty , tea - drinking was primarily a southern Chinese practice . It became widely popular during the Tang Dynasty , when it was spread to Korea , Japan , and Vietnam . Laozi , the classical Chinese philosopher , was said to describe tea as `` the froth of the liquid jade '' and named it an indispensable ingredient to the elixir of life . Legend has it that master Lao was saddened by society 's moral decay and , sensing that the end of the dynasty was near , he journeyed westward to the unsettled territories , never to be seen again . While passing along the nation 's border , he encountered and was offered tea by a customs inspector named Yin Hsi . Yin Hsi encouraged him to compile his teachings into a single book so that future generations might benefit from his wisdom . This then became known as the Dao De Jing , a collection of Laozi 's sayings . During the Sui Dynasty ( 589 -- 618 AD ) tea was introduced to Japan by Buddhist monks . The Tang Dynasty writer Lu Yu 's ( simplified Chinese : 陆羽 ; traditional Chinese : 陸羽 ; pinyin : lùyǔ ) Cha Jing ( The Classic of Tea ) ( simplified Chinese : 茶经 ; traditional Chinese : 茶經 ; pinyin : chá jīng ) is an early work on the subject . ( See also Tea Classics ) According to Cha Jing tea drinking was widespread . The book describes how tea plants were grown , the leaves processed , and tea prepared as a beverage . It also describes how tea was evaluated . The book also discusses where the best tea leaves were produced . Teas produced in this period were mainly tea bricks which were often used as currency , especially further from the center of the empire where coins lost their value . In this period , tea leaves were steamed , then pounded and shaped into cake or brick forms . A Ming Dynasty painting by artist Wen Zhengming illustrating scholars greeting in a tea party During the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , production and preparation of all tea changed . The tea of Song included many loose - leaf styles ( to preserve the delicate character favored by court society ) , and it is the origin of today 's loose teas and the practice of brewed tea . A new powdered form of tea also emerged . Steaming tea leaves was the primary process used for centuries in the preparation of tea . After the transition from compressed tea to the powdered form , the production of tea for trade and distribution changed once again . Illustration of the legend of monkeys harvesting tea The Chinese learned to process tea in a different way in the mid-13th century . Tea leaves were roasted and then crumbled rather than steamed . By the Yuan and Ming dynasties , unfermented tea leaves were first pan-fried , then rolled and dried . This stops the oxidation process which turns the leaves dark and allows tea to remain green . In the 15th century , Oolong tea , where the tea leaves were allowed to partially ferment before pan-frying , was developed . Western taste , however , preferred the fully oxidized black tea , and the leaves were allowed to ferment further . Yellow tea was an accidental discovery in the production of green tea during the Ming dynasty , when apparently sloppy practices allowed the leaves to turn yellow , but yielded a different flavour as a result . Tea production in China , historically , was a laborious process , conducted in distant and often poorly accessible regions . This led to the rise of many apocryphal stories and legends surrounding the harvesting process . For example , one story that has been told for many years is that of a village where monkeys pick tea . According to this legend , the villagers stand below the monkeys and taunt them . The monkeys , in turn , become angry , and grab handfuls of tea leaves and throw them at the villagers . There are products sold today that claim to be harvested in this manner , but no reliable commentators have observed this firsthand , and most doubt that it happened at all . For many hundreds of years the commercially used tea tree has been , in shape , more of a bush than a tree . `` Monkey picked tea '' is more likely a name of certain varieties than a description of how it was obtained . In 1391 , the Ming court issued a decree that only loose tea would be accepted as a `` tribute '' . As a result , loose tea production increased and processing techniques advanced . Soon , most tea was distributed in full - leaf , loose form and steeped in earthenware vessels . Hong Kong ( edit ) See also : Hong Kong tea culture In Hong Kong , apart from the yum cha culture of southern China , a localised version of English tea was developed , the Hong Kong - style milk tea . Japan ( edit ) This section includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ancient Tea Urns used by merchants to store tea Japanese tea ceremony Main article : History of tea in Japan Tea use spread to Japan about the sixth century AD . Tea became a drink of the religious classes in Japan when Japanese priests and envoys , sent to China to learn about its culture , brought tea to Japan . Ancient recordings indicate the first batch of tea seeds were brought by a priest named Saichō ( 最澄 , 767 -- 822 ) in 805 and then by another named Kūkai ( 空海 , 774 -- 835 ) in 806 . It became a drink of the royal classes when Emperor Saga ( 嵯峨天皇 ) , the Japanese emperor , encouraged the growth of tea plants . Seeds were imported from China , and cultivation in Japan began . In 1191 , the famous Zen priest Eisai ( 栄西 , 1141 -- 1215 ) brought back tea seeds to Kyoto . Some of the tea seeds were given to the priest Myoe Shonin , and became the basis for Uji tea . The oldest tea specialty book in Japan , Kissa Yōjōki ( 喫茶養生記 , How to Stay Healthy by Drinking Tea ) , was written by Eisai . The two - volume book was written in 1211 after his second and last visit to China . The first sentence states , `` Tea is the ultimate mental and medical remedy and has the ability to make one 's life more full and complete . '' Eisai was also instrumental in introducing tea consumption to the warrior class , which rose to political prominence after the Heian Period . Green tea became a staple among cultured people in Japan -- a brew for the gentry and the Buddhist priesthood alike . Production grew and tea became increasingly accessible , though still a privilege enjoyed mostly by the upper classes . The tea ceremony of Japan was introduced from China in the 15th century by Buddhists as a semi-religious social custom . The modern tea ceremony developed over several centuries by Zen Buddhist monks under the original guidance of the monk Sen no Rikyū ( 千利休 , 1522 -- 1591 ) . In fact , both the beverage and the ceremony surrounding it played a prominent role in feudal diplomacy . In 1738 , Soen Nagatani developed Japanese sencha ( 煎茶 ) , literally roasted tea , which is an unfermented form of green tea . It is the most popular form of tea in Japan today . In 1835 , Kahei Yamamoto developed gyokuro ( 玉露 ) , literally jewel dew , by shading tea trees during the weeks leading up to harvesting . At the end of the Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) , machine manufacturing of green tea was introduced and began replacing handmade tea . Korea ( edit ) See also : Korean tea ceremony and Korean tea Darye , Korean tea ceremony The first historical record documenting the offering of tea to an ancestral god describes a rite in the year 661 in which a tea offering was made to the spirit of King Suro , the founder of the Geumgwan Gaya Kingdom ( 42 -- 562 ) . Records from the Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 -- 1392 ) show that tea offerings were made in Buddhist temples to the spirits of revered monks . During the Joseon Dynasty ( 1392 -- 1910 ) , the royal Yi family and the aristocracy used tea for simple rites . The `` Day Tea Rite '' was a common daytime ceremony , whereas the `` Special Tea Rite '' was reserved for specific occasions . Toward the end of the Joseon Dynasty , commoners joined the trend and used tea for ancestral rites , following the Chinese example based on Zhu Xi 's text formalities of Family . Stoneware was common , ceramic more frequent , mostly made in provincial kilns , with porcelain rare , imperial porcelain with dragons the rarest . The earliest kinds of tea used in tea ceremonies were heavily pressed cakes of black tea , the equivalent of aged pu - erh tea still popular in China . However , importation of tea plants by Buddhist monks brought a more delicate series of teas into Korea , and the tea ceremony . Green tea , `` Jakseol ( 작설 , 雀舌 ) '' or `` Jungno ( 죽로 , 竹露 ) '' , is most often served . However , other teas such as `` Byeoksoryeong ( 벽소령 , 碧宵嶺 ) '' Cheonhachun ( 천하 춘 , 天下春 ) , Ujeon ( 우전 , 雨前 ) , Okcheon ( 옥천 , 玉泉 ) , as well as native chrysanthemum tea , persimmon leaf tea , or mugwort tea may be served at different times of the year . Vietnam ( edit ) Vietnamese green teas have been largely unknown outside of mainland Asia until the present day . Recent free - enterprise initiatives are introducing these green teas to outside countries through new export activities . Some specialty Vietnamese teas include Lotus tea and Jasmine tea . Vietnam also produces black and oolong teas in lesser quantities . Vietnamese teas are produced in many areas that have been known for tea - house `` retreats . '' For example , some are located amidst immense tea forests of the Lamdong highlands , where there is a community of ancient Ruong houses built at the end of the 18th century . Global expansion ( edit ) A conical urn - shaped silver - plated samovar used for boiling water for tea in Russia and some Middle eastern countries The earliest record of tea in a more occidental writing is said to be found in the statement of an Arabian traveler , that after the year 879 the main sources of revenue in Canton were the duties on salt and tea . Marco Polo records the deposition of a Chinese minister of finance in 1285 for his arbitrary augmentation of the tea taxes . The travelers Giovanni Batista Ramusio ( 1559 ) , L. Almeida ( 1576 ) , Maffei ( 1588 ) , and Teixeira ( 1610 ) also mentioned tea . In 1557 , Portugal established a trading port in Macau and word of the Chinese drink `` chá '' spread quickly , but there is no mention of them bringing any samples home . In the early 17th century , a ship of the Dutch East India Company brought the first green tea leaves to Amsterdam from China . Tea was known in France by 1636 . It enjoyed a brief period of popularity in Paris around 1648 . The history of tea in Russia can also be traced back to the seventeenth century . Tea was first offered by China as a gift to Czar Michael I in 1618 . The Russian ambassador tried the drink ; he did not care for it and rejected the offer , delaying tea 's Russian introduction by fifty years . In 1689 , tea was regularly imported from China to Russia via a caravan of hundreds of camels traveling the year - long journey , making it a precious commodity at the time . Tea was appearing in German apothecaries by 1657 but never gained much esteem except in coastal areas such as Ostfriesland . Tea first appeared publicly in England during the 1650s , where it was introduced through coffeehouses . From there it was introduced to British colonies in America and elsewhere . Portugal and italy ( edit ) Tea was first introduced to Europe by Italian traveler Giovanni Battista Ramusio , who in 1555 published Voyages and Travels , containing the first European reference to tea , which he calls `` Chai Catai '' ; his accounts were based on second - hand reports . Portuguese priests and merchants in the 16th century made their first contact with tea in China , at which time it was termed chá . The first Portuguese ships reached China in 1516 , and in 1560 Portuguese missionary Gaspar da Cruz published the first Portuguese account of Chinese tea ; in 1565 Italian missionary Louis Almeida published the first European account of tea in Japan . India ( edit ) A view of tea Plantations in Munnar , Kerala , India Tea Garden in Assam , India Main article : History of tea in India See also : Assam tea , Darjeeling tea , Masala chai , Nilgiri tea , Doodh Pati Chai , and Munnar Commercial production of tea was first introduced into India by the British , in an attempt to break the Chinese monopoly on tea . The British , `` using Chinese seeds , plus Chinese planting and cultivating techniques , launched a tea industry by offering land in Assam to any European who agreed to cultivate tea for export . '' Tea was originally only consumed by Anglicized Indians , it was not until the 1950s that tea grew widely popular in India through a successful advertising campaign by the India Tea Board . Prior to the British , the plant may have been used for medicinal purposes . Some cite the Sanjeevani tea plant first recorded reference of tea use in India . However , scientific studies have shown that the Sanjeevani plant is in fact a different plant and is not related to tea . The Singpho tribe and the Khamti tribe also validate that they have been consuming tea since the 12th century . However , commercial production of tea in India did not begin until the arrival of the British East India Company , at which point large tracts of land were converted for mass tea production . The Chinese variety is used for Sikkim , Darjeeling tea , and the Assamese variety , clonal to the native to Assam , everywhere else . The British started commercial tea plantations in India and in Ceylon : `` In 1824 tea plants were discovered in the hills along the frontier between Burma and Assam . The British introduced tea culture into India in 1836 and into Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) in 1867 . At first they used seeds from China , but later seeds from the clonal Assam plant were used . '' Only black tea was produced until recent decades . India was the top producer of tea for nearly a century , but was displaced by China as the top tea producer in the 21st century . Indian tea companies have acquired a number of iconic foreign tea enterprises including British brands Tetley and Typhoo . While India is the largest consumer of tea worldwide , the per - capita consumption of tea in India remains a modest 750 grams per person every year . Recently consumption of green tea has seen a great upsurge across the cities . Average growth in the consumption is assumed to be over 50 % . One estimate suggest the market size has already crossed over INR 1400crore and will reach a 6000 crore in next few years . Top station , 41 km ( 1 Hour ) from Munnar , is aptly named , as it is home to some of the highest tea plantations in India . It lies on the state of Kerala and commands a panoramic view of rolling green hills . A panoramic view of tea plantations in Munnar , Kerala , India . Iran ( edit ) Tea harvest in Lahijan , Iran Gilan in North of Iran is main production center of Iranian Tea . Historically , Lahijan is the first town in Iran to have tea plantations . With its mild weather , soil quality and fresh spring water , Lahijan stands to have the largest area of tea cultivation in Iran . `` Lahijan Spring Tea '' is the best quality tea produced in the country . Tea is cultivated at other cities of Gilan , for example Fuman and Roudsar . Taiwan ( edit ) Tea plantation in Taiwan Taiwan is famous for the making of Oolong tea and green tea , as well as many western - styled teas . Bubble Tea or `` Zhen Zhu Nai Cha '' ( Mandarin : 珍珠奶茶 ) is black tea mixed with sweetened condensed milk and tapioca . Since the island was known to Westerners for many centuries as Formosa -- short for the Portuguese Ilha Formosa , or `` beautiful island '' -- tea grown in Taiwan is often identified by that name . Thailand ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this section if you can . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Thai tea or `` cha - yen '' ( Thai : ชา เย็น ) in Thailand , is a drink made from strongly brewed black tea ( `` red tea '' in East Asia ) . Other ingredients may include added orange blossom water , star anise , crushed tamarind seed or red and yellow food coloring , and sometimes other spices as well . This tea is sweetened with sugar and condensed milk . Usually , Thai people drink Thai hot tea in the morning , frequently with Yau ja gwai ( fried dough ) or Pa - tong - ko ( Thai : ปาท่องโก๋ ) . The varieties of Thai tea include : Thai hot tea ( Thai : ชา ร้อน , cha - ron ) is Thai tea served hot . Dark Thai hot tea ( Thai : ชา ดํา ร้อน , cha - dam - ron ) is Thai tea served hot with no milk content , sweetened with sugar only . Dark Thai iced tea ( Thai : ชา ดํา เย็น , cha - dam - yen ) is Thai tea served cold with ice and without milk . Turkey ( edit ) See also : Turkish tea Turkish tea Turkey is traditionally one of the largest tea markets in the world . Turkish black tea is the most popular drink in Turkey , even more popular than Turkish coffee . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : British tea culture Tea plantation in the Cameron Highlands , Malaysia The first record of tea in English came from a letter written by Richard Wickham , who ran an East India Company office in Japan , writing to a merchant in Macao requesting `` the best sort of chaw '' in 1615 . Peter Mundy , a traveller and merchant who came across tea in Fujian in 1637 , wrote , `` chaa -- only water with a kind of herb boiled in it '' . In 1657 , Thomas Garway , a `` tobacconist and coffee - man '' was the first to sell tea in London at his house in Exchange Alley , charging between 16 and 50 shillings per pound . The same year , tea was listed as an item in the price list in a London coffee house , and the first advertisement for tea appeared in 1658 . On 25 September 1660 Samuel Pepys recorded in his diary : `` I did send for a cup of tee ( a China drink ) of which I never had drank before . '' It is probable that early imports were smuggled via Amsterdam or through sailors arriving on eastern boats . The marriage of King Charles II in 1662 to the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza also brought the tea drinking habit to court . Official trade of tea began in 1664 with an import of only two pound two ounces for presentation to the king , but grew to 24 million pounds a year by 1801 . Regular trade began in Canton ( now Guangzhou ) , where it was controlled by two monopolies : the Chinese Cohong ( trading companies ) and the British East India Company . The Cohong acquired tea from ' tea men ' who had an elaborate supply chain into the mountains and provinces where tea grew . The East India Company brought back many products , of which tea was just one , but proved one of the most successful . It was initially promoted as a medicinal beverage or tonic but by the end of the seventeenth century was taken as an all - purpose drink , albeit mainly by the elite , as it was still expensive . Tea was not traded in significant amounts until the 18th century . By 1700 tea was being sold by grocers and tea shops in London , the latter frequented by women as well as men . By the 1720s black tea overtook green tea in popularity as the price dropped , and early on British drinkers began adding sugar and milk to tea , a practice that was not done in China . By the 1720s European maritime trade with China was dominated by exchange of silver for tea . As prices continued to drop , tea became increasingly popular , and by 1750 had become the British national drink . A fungus reduced coffee production in Ceylon by 95 % in the 19th century , cementing tea 's popularity . The escalation of tea importation and sales over the period 1690 to 1750 is mirrored closely by the increase in importation and sales of cane sugar : the British were not drinking just tea but sweet tea . Thus , two of Britain 's trading triangles converged : the sugar sourced from Britain 's trading triangle encompassing Britain , Africa and the West Indies and the tea from the triangle encompassing Britain , India and China . In China , the Qing dynasty Qianlong Emperor wrote to King George III in response to the MaCartney Mission 's request for trade in 1793 : `` Our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its borders . There is therefore no need to import the manufactures of outside barbarians in exchange for our own produce . '' Tea also had to be paid in silver bullion , and critics of the tea trade at this time would point to the damage caused to Britain 's wealth by this loss of bullion . As a way to generate the silver needed as payment for tea , Britain began exporting opium from the traditional growing regions of British India ( in present - day Pakistan and Afghanistan ) into China . Although opium use in China had a long history , the British importation of opium , which began in the late 18th century , increased fivefold between 1821 and 1837 , and usage of the drug became more widespread across Chinese society . The Qing government attitude towards opium , which was often ambivalent , hardened due to the social problems created by drug use , and took serious measures to curtail importation of opium in 1838 -- 39 . Tea by now had become an important source of tax revenue for the British Empire and the banning of the opium trade and thus the creation of funding issues for tea importers was one of the main causes of the First Opium War . While waging war on China was one of Britain 's tactics , it also began to explore , then executed , a plan to use India for growing tea . After tea plants were smuggled out of China , plantations were established in areas such as Darjeeling , Assam , and Ceylon . As an attempt to circumvent its dependence on Chinese tea , the East India Company sent Scottish botanist Robert Fortune to China to purchase and bring out of China tea plants , which were then taken to India , although it was the discovery of native varieties of tea plant in India which proved more important for the development of production there . Tea remained a very important item in Britain 's global trade , contributing in part to Britain 's global dominance by the end of the eighteenth century . To this day tea is seen worldwide as a symbol of ' Britishness ' , but also , to some , as a symbol of old British colonialism . The London 2012 section of the paralympic handover in Beijing included tea as part of the routine . A cup or mug of tea in Britain is usually made in a different way than is common in China and other Eastern countries . Over 90 % of tea consumed is black tea , often but not always with a small amount of milk and / or sugar added . The tea used is often contained in a tea bag . As of 2009 , the UK can boast one commercial tea plantation with another planned . The existing one lies in Cornwall and is owned by the Tregothnan Estate . By 2015 , another will lie in Pembrokeshire , Wales , owned by the Pembrokeshire Tea Company . United states ( edit ) See also : American tea culture and Tea production in the United States While coffee is by far more popular , hot brewed black tea is enjoyed both with meals and as a refreshment by much of the population . Similarly , iced tea is consumed throughout . In the Southern states sweet tea , sweetened with large amounts of sugar or an artificial sweetener and chilled , is the fashion . Outside the South , sweet tea is sometimes found , but primarily because of cultural migration and commercialization . The drinking of tea in the United States was largely influenced by the passage of the Tea Act and its subsequent protest during the American Revolution . Tea consumption sharply decreased in America during and after the Revolution , when many Americans switched from drinking tea to drinking coffee , considering tea drinking to be unpatriotic . The American specialty tea market quadrupled in the years from 1993 to 2008 , now being worth $6.8 billion a year . Similar to the trend of better coffee and better wines , this tremendous increase was partly due to consumers who choose to trade up . Specialty tea houses and retailers also started to pop up during this period . Canada ( edit ) Canadians were big tea drinkers from the days of British colonisation until the Second World War , when they began drinking more coffee like their American neighbors to the south . During the 1990s , Canadians begun to purchase more specialty teas instead of coffee . A commercial tea farm has opened on Vancouver Island in British Columbia in 2010 and expects production to start in 2015 . Australia ( edit ) See also : Tea in Australia The Aboriginal Australians drank an infusion from the plant species leptospermum ( a different plant from the tea plant or camellia sinensis ) . Upon discovering Australia , Captain Cook noticed the aboriginal peoples drinking it and called it tea . Today the plant is referred to as the `` ti tree '' . Through colonisation by the British , tea was introduced to Australia . In fact , tea was aboard the First Fleet in 1788 . Tea is a large part of modern Australian culture due to its British origins . Australians drink tea and have afternoon tea and morning tea much the way the British do . Additionally , due to Australia 's climate , tea is able to be grown and produced in northern Australia . In 2000 , Australia consumed 14,000 tonnes of tea annually . Tea production in Australia remains very small and is primarily in northern New South Wales and Queensland . Most tea produced in Australia is black tea , although there are small quantities of green tea produced in the Alpine Valleys region of Victoria . In 1884 , the Cutten brothers established the first commercial tea plantation in Australia in Bingil Bay in northern Queensland . In 1883 , Alfred Bushell opened the first tea shop in Australia in present - day Queensland . In 1899 , Bushell 's sons moved the enterprise to Sydney and began selling tea commercially , founding Australia 's first commercial tea seller Bushell 's Company . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Tea Garden in Sri Lanka See also : Tea production in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is renowned for its high quality tea and as the fourth biggest tea producing country globally , after China , India and Kenya , and has a production share of 9 % in the international sphere . The total extent of land under tea cultivation has been assessed at approximately 187,309 hectares . The plantations started by the British were initially taken over by the government in the 1960s , but have been privatized and are now run by ' plantation companies ' which own a few ' estates ' or tea plantations each . Ceylon tea is divided into 3 groups as Upcountry , Mid country and Low country tea based on the geography of the land on which it is grown . Africa and South America ( edit ) Africa and South America have seen greatly increased tea production in recent decades , the great majority for export to Europe and North America respectively , produced on large estates , often owned by tea companies from the export markets . Almost all production is of basic mass - market teas , processed by the Crush , Tear , Curl method . Kenya is now the third largest global producer ( figures below ) , after China and India , and is now the largest exporter of tea to the United Kingdom . There is also a great consumption of tea in Chile . In South Africa , the non-Camellia sinensis beverage rooibos is popular . In South America yerba mate is a popular infused beverage . The only European plantation is Chá Gorreana , located in Ribeira Grande , São Miguel island , Azores ( Portugal ) . In South America , the tea production in Brazil has strong roots due to the country 's origins in Portugal , the strong presence of Japanese immigrants and also because of the influences of their neighbor 's yerba mate culture . Brazil had a big tea production until the 80s , but it has weakened in the past decades . Right now , there 's only a few families trying to reorganize the tea production in the Registro , São Paulo , facing strong competition against the coffee companies . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mary Lou Heiss ; Robert J. Heiss ( 23 March 2011 ) . The Story of Tea : A Cultural History and Drinking Guide . Random House . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60774 - 172 - 5 . By the time of the Shang dynasty ( 1766 -- 1050 BC ) , tea was being consumed in Yunnan Province for its medicinal properties ^ Jump up to : Martin , p. 29 : `` beginning in the third century CE , references to tea seem more credible , in particular those dating to the time of Hua T'o , a highly respected physician and surgeon '' ^ Jump up to : Bennett Alan Weinberg ; Bonnie K. Bealer ( 2001 ) . The World of Caffeine : The Science and Culture of the World 's Most Popular Drug . Psychology Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92722 - 2 . The Portuguese traders and the Portuguese Jesuit priests , who like Jesuits of every nation busied themselves with the affairs of caffeine , wrote frequently and favorably to compatriots in Europe about tea . ^ Jump up to : Colleen Taylor Sen ( 2004 ) . Food Culture in India . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32487 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mary Lou Heiss ; Robert J. Heiss . The Story of Tea : A Cultural History and Drinking Guide . citing Mondal ( 2007 ) p. 519 Jump up ^ Yamamoto , Kim & Juneja 1997 : 4 `` For a long time , botanists have asserted the dualism of tea origin from their observations that there exist distinct differences in the morphological characteristics between Assamese varieties and Chinese varieties . Hashimoto and Shimura reported that the differences in the morphological characteristics in tea plants are not necessarily the evidence of the dualism hypothesis from the researches using the statistical cluster analysis method . In recent investigations , it has also been made clear that both varieties have the same chromosome number ( 2n = 30 ) and can be easily hybridized with each other . In addition , various types of intermediate hybrids or spontaneous polyploids of tea plants have been found in a wide area extending over the regions mentioned above . These facts may prove that the place of origin of Camellia sinensis is in the area including the northern part of the Burma , Yunnan , and Sichuan districts of China . '' Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) . `` A Tea From the Jungle Enriches a Placid Village '' . The New York Times . New York . p . A8 . Jump up ^ The Oldest Tea Tree on the Earth , ( Kunming , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Guangdong News , Pearl River Delta , Canton Fair - Newsgd.com , NewsGD '' . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Saberi , Helen . Tea , a global history . London . Reaktion books ltd. 2010 . Print . Jump up ^ Chow p. 19 - 20 ( Czech edition ) ; also Arcimovicova p. 9 , Evans p. 2 and others Jump up ^ Lu Ju p. 29 - 30 ( Czech edition ) Jump up ^ Chow p. 20 - 21 Jump up ^ Evans p. 3 Jump up ^ Mair & Hoh 2009 , pp. 264 - 267 . ^ Jump up to : Houyuan Lu et al. ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` Earliest tea as evidence for one branch of the Silk Road across the Tibetan Plateau '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / srep18955 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archaeologists discover world 's oldest tea buried with ancient Chinese emperor '' . The Independent . 10 January 2015 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tea '' . Encarta . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tea '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia Sixth Edition . 2001 -- 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : James A. Benn . Tea in China : A Religious and Cultural History . Hong Kong University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 9789888208739 . Jump up ^ Mair & Hoh 2009 , pp. 264 - 265 . ^ Jump up to : Mair & Hoh 2009 , pp. 29 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mair & Hoh 2009 , pp. 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ The History of Tea -- Tea Bags and Makers . Inventors.about.com ( 9 April 2012 ) . Retrieved on 13 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett Alan Weinberg , Bonnie K. Bealer ( 2001 ) . The World of Caffeine : The Science and Culture of the World 's Most Popular Drug . Routledge . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0415927222 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Pettigrew , Jane ( 2009 ) . `` The discovery of Tea '' . afternoon tea . PITKIN . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84165 - 143 - 9 . Known as the ' Elixir of Life ' Jump up ^ Mair & Hoh 2009 , pp. 39 - 41 . Jump up ^ James A. Benn . Tea in China : A Religious and Cultural History . Hong Kong University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 9789888208739 . Jump up ^ Mair & Hoh 2009 , pp. 118 . Jump up ^ George Staunton ( 1797 ) . An Historical Account of the Embassy to the Emperor of China , Undertaken By Order of the King of Great Britain ; Including the Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants ; and Preceded By an Account of the Causes of the embassy and Voyage to China . J. Stockdale . p. 452 . The Chinese perceiving these dispositions in the monkey took advantage of the propensities of the animal and converted them to life in a domestic state which in that of nature were exerted to their annoyance . Jump up ^ Robert Fortune ( 1852 ) . A Journey to the Tea Countries of China ; including Sung - Lo and the Bohea Hills . J. Murray . p. 237 . I should not like to assert that no tea is gathered on these hills by the agency of chains and monkeys but I think it may be safely affirmed that the quantity in such is small . Jump up ^ Constance Frederica Gordon Cumming . Wanderings in China . W. Blackwood and Sons . p. 318 . Jump up ^ Laura C. Martin ( 2007 ) . Tea : The Drink that Changed the World . Tuttle Publishing . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3724 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kiple & Ornelas 2000 : 4 Jump up ^ Book of Tea By Kakuzō Okakura ( pp. 5 -- 6 ) . Published 1964 . Courier Dover Publications . Sociology. 94 pages . ISBN 0 - 486 - 20070 - 1 Jump up ^ Ukers , William Harrison ( 1 January 1935 ) . `` All about Tea '' . Tea and coffee trade journal Company . Retrieved 8 January 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sen , Colleen Taylor . p. 26 . `` Ironically , it was the British who introduced tea drinking to India , initially to anglicized Indians ... tea did not become a mass drink in India until the 1950s when the India Tea Board , faced with a surplus of low - grade tea , launched an advertising campaign to popularize tea in the North , where the drink of choice was milk . '' Jump up ^ `` In search of Sanjeevani '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ tea . ( 2008 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Sanyal ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Paul Chrystal ( October 17 , 2014 ) . Tea : A Very British Beverage . Amberley Publishing Limited . Jump up ^ Bradley , Rose M. ( 1912 ) . The English housewife in the Seventeenth & Eighteenth Centuries . E. Arnold . p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` The Diary of Samuel Pepys '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tea '' . In Our Time . 29 April 2004 . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ The Cottager 's monthly visitor . XX. 1842 . p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Willard J. ( 7 April 2016 ) . `` The Cambridge History of China : Volume 9 , The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800 '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 8 January 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yong , Ed . `` Ant farm '' . Aeon Magazine . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qianlong Letter to George III ( 1792 ) '' . University of California , Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Movable Feasts , Sarah Murray , 2007 , pp. 161 Jump up ^ Movable Feasts , Sarah Murray , 2007 , pp. 164 Jump up ^ `` www.london2012.com '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Levin , Angela ( 20 May 2013 ) . `` Welcome to Tregothnan , England 's only tea estate '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Turner , Robin ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` Duo plant tea in Wales '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Adams , John ( 1774 - 07 - 06 ) . `` John Adams to Abigail Adams '' . The Adams Papers : Digital Editions : Adams Family Correspondence , Volume 1 . Massachusetts Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 25 . I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote : When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon , and I had ridden 35 miles at least . `` Madam '' said I to Mrs. Huston , `` is it lawfull for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled , or paid no Duties ? '' `` No sir , said she , we have renounced all Tea in this Place . I cant make Tea , but I'le make you Coffee . '' Accordingly I have drank Coffee every Afternoon since , and have borne it very well . Tea must be universally renounced . I must be weaned , and the sooner , the better . ( 2 ) Stone , William L. ( 1867 ) . `` Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel 's Adventures '' . Mrs. General Riedesel : Letters and Journals relating to the War of Independence and the Capture of the Troops at Saratoga ( Translated from the Original German ) . Albany : Joel Munsell . p. 147 . She then became more gentle , and offered me bread and milk . I made tea for ourselves . The woman eyed us longingly , for the Americans love it very much ; but they had resolved to drink it no longer , as the famous duty on the tea had occasioned the war . At Google Books . Note : Fredricka Charlotte Riedesel was the wife of General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel , commander of all German and Indian troops in General John Burgoyne 's Saratoga campaign and American prisoner of war during the American Revolution . ( 3 ) Heiss , Mary Lou ; Heiss , Robert . J ( 2007 ) . `` A History of Tea : The Boston Tea Party '' . The Story of Tea : A Cultural History and Drinking Guide . pp. 21 -- 24 . At Google Books . ( 4 ) Zuraw , Lydia ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) . `` How Coffee Influenced The Course Of History '' . NPR . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 25 . ( 5 ) DeRupo , Joseph ( 2013 - 07 - 03 ) . `` American Revolution : Stars , Stripes -- and Beans '' . National Coffee Association . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 25 . ( 6 ) Luttinger , Nina ; Dicum , Gregory ( 2006 ) . The coffee book : anatomy of an industry from crop to the last drop . The New Press . p. 33 . At Google Books . Jump up ^ ' Tea finally making a stir in America ' Times Online . Retrieved 17 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Polly ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` Suited to a tea . '' Cincinnati Enquirer . Jump up ^ `` Rising tea sales drive profits for beverage chains ; Canadian tea drinking outside the home on the increase with spread of DavidsTea , Teavana '' . CBC News . November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tea farm on Vancouver Island , a Canadian first '' . Vancouver Sun . 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tea '' . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Nerada Tea '' . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ tea , Bushells . `` About Bushells - Bushells tea '' . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sri Lanka Tea Board '' . Pureceylontea.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Where the world 's biggest tea drinkers are '' . QUARTZ. 2014 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Sources ( edit ) Mair , Victor H. ; Hoh , Erling ( 2009 ) . The True History of Tea . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 25146 - 1 . Mondal , T.K. ( 2007 ) . Pua , E.C. ; Davey , M.R. , eds . `` Tea '' . Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry . Berlin : Springer . Transgenic Crops V. ( 60 ) . Further reading ( edit ) The Historyscoper Tea ( Camellia sinensis ) Common varieties Black tea Assam Bohea Ceylon Congou Darjeeling Dianhong Kangra Keemun Lapsang souchong ( Jin Jun Mei ) Nilgiri Tibeti Rize Yingdehong Oolong tea Bai Jiguan Ban Tian Yao Bu Zhi Chun Da Hong Pao Darjeeling oolong Dong ding Dongfang Meiren Gaoshan Huangjin Gui Huang Meigui Qilan Pouchong Rougui Ruanzhi Shui Jin Gui Shui Hsien Tieluohan Tieguanyin Green tea Anji bai cha Aracha Baimao Hou Bancha Biluochun Chun Mee Dafang Genmaicha Lu'an Melon Seed Gunpowder Gyokuro Hojicha Taiping houkui Huangshan Maofeng Hyson Kabusecha Kamairicha Konacha Kukicha Longjing Matcha Maojian Mecha Mengding Ganlu Sencha Shincha Tamaryokucha White tea Bai Mudan Baihao Yinzhen Darjeeling White Shoumei Yellow tea Junshan Yinzhen Huoshan Huangya Fermented tea Pu - erh Lahpet Blended or flavoured teas Earl Grey ( Lady Grey ) Breakfast tea ( English , Irish ) Jasmine tea Lapsang souchong Masala chai Moroccan mint tea Prince of Wales Russian Caravan By country Australian Chinese British Korean Nepali Taiwanese Turkish Vietnamese Culture Customs Afternoon / High tea / Evening meal Tea party Tasseography Tea ceremonies Japanese Chinese Korean Yum cha Associated places Chashitsu ( tea room ) Mizuya ( prep room ) Sukiya - zukuri ( style ) Roji ( garden ) Teahouse circuit or trek ( Himalayas ) By country American Argentine Azerbaijani Brazilian Chinese Dominican Hong Kong Indian Mexican Pakistani Russian Senegalese Taiwanese History China India Japan Production and distribution Tea processing ( Tea leaf grading ) Tea tasting Decaffeination Cultivation : Tea plant diseases and Tea plant predation Tea companies By country Bangladesh Kenya Sri Lanka United States Auctions London Chittagong Guwahati Preparation Flowering teas Infusion Decoction ISO Procedure Steeping Ground or pressed ( Tea bag , Tea brick ) Tea and health Health effects Phenolic content Caffeine Compounds : Theanine , Flavan - 3 - ol ( Catechin ) , Epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) , Theaflavin Sale Pleasure garden Teahouse Consumption by country Tea - based drinks Bubble tea Builder 's tea Butter tea Doodh pati chai Ginger tea Hong Kong - style milk tea Iced tea Arnold Palmer Jagertee Kahwah Lei cha Milk tea Noon chai 7 layered Tea Shahi haleeb Suutei tsai Sweet tea Teh botol Teh tarik Thai tea Troq chai Yuenyeung See also Teaware ( Tea chest , Tea caddy ) Tea set ( Brewing : Strainer or Infuser , Utensils : Teacup or Teapot ) Coffee Herbal tea Bak kut teh Mate Guayusa Kuding Kombucha List of Chinese teas Lipton Institute of Tea Teas of related species Camellia japonica Camellia sasanqua Camellia taliensis Tea seed oil Category : Tea Drink Portal Coffee & Tea Task Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_tea&oldid=825473275 '' Categories : History of tea Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles needing cleanup from March 2010 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from March 2010 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2010 Articles containing Thai - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20tea	939
who is the youngest elected president of usa	The median age at accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months , which is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration . The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt , who became president following William McKinley 's assassination , at the age of 7004156620000000000 ♠ 42 years , 322 days . The youngest person elected president was John F. Kennedy , who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004159420000000000 ♠ 43 years , 236 days . Assassinated three years into his term , he became the youngest at the time of leaving office ( 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days ) ; the youngest person at the time of leaving office after serving a full four - year term was Theodore Roosevelt ( 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days ) . The oldest person at the time of entering office was Donald Trump , at the age of 7004257880000000000 ♠ 70 years , 220 days ; Ronald Reagan was the oldest person in office , at the age of 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days when his presidency ended in January 1989 .	John F. Kennedy	List of presidents of the United States by age	list of presidents of the united states by age	This is a list of presidents of the United States by age . The first table charts the age of each United States president at the time of presidential inauguration ( first inauguration if elected to multiple and consecutive terms ) , upon leaving office , and at the time of death . Each president 's lifespan ( age at death ) is measured in two ways , to allow for the differing number of leap days that each experienced . The first figure is the number of days between the president 's date of birth and date of death , allowing for leap days ; in parentheses , the same period is given in years and days , with the years being the number of whole years that the president lived , and the days being the number of days since the last birthday . Where the president is still living , their lifespan is calculated up to September 18 , 2017 . The second table includes those presidents who had the distinction among their peers of being the oldest living president , and charts both when they became and ceased to be oldest living .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 List of presidents by age 2.1 Notes 3 Timeline of oldest living presidents 4 Sources Overview ( edit ) See also : Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States Age of presidents when assuming office approximately follows a bell curve ( mean age marked by red line , c. 55.5 years ) The median age at accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months , which is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration . The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt , who became president following William McKinley 's assassination , at the age of 7004156620000000000 ♠ 42 years , 322 days . The youngest person elected president was John F. Kennedy , who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004159420000000000 ♠ 43 years , 236 days . Assassinated three years into his term , he became the youngest at the time of leaving office ( 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days ) ; the youngest person at the time of leaving office after serving a full four - year term was Theodore Roosevelt ( 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days ) . The oldest person at the time of entering office was Donald Trump , at the age of 7004257880000000000 ♠ 70 years , 220 days ; Ronald Reagan was the oldest person in office , at the age of 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days when his presidency ended in January 1989 . The oldest living president is George H.W. Bush , born June 12 , 1924 ( age 7004340660000000000 ♠ 93 years , 98 days ) . The second oldest living president , Jimmy Carter , has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history , currently at 7004133900000000000 ♠ 36 years , 241 days . The youngest living president is Barack Obama , born August 4 , 1961 ( age 7004204990000000000 ♠ 56 years , 45 days ) . The longest - lived president was Gerald Ford , who died at the age of 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days . He surpassed Ronald Reagan for this distinction on November 11 , 2006 , 45 days prior to his death . ( Reagan had surpassed the longevity of the nation 's second president , John Adams , on October 12 , 2001 . ) The shortest - lived president to have died by natural causes ( excluding John Kennedy and James A. Garfield -- who , like Kennedy , was assassinated ) was James K. Polk , who died at the age of 7004195830000000000 ♠ 53 years , 225 days ; only 103 days after leaving office . Since 1797 , when George Washington 's service as president ended , there have been five periods in American history where the only living president was the incumbent president . John Adams , December 14 , 1799 to March 4 , 1801 , between the death of George Washington , and the first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson Ulysses S. Grant , July 31 , 1875 to March 4 , 1877 , between the death of Andrew Johnson and the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes Theodore Roosevelt , June 24 , 1908 to March 4 , 1909 , between the death of Grover Cleveland and the inauguration of William Howard Taft Herbert Hoover , January 5 , 1933 to March 4 , 1933 , between the death of Calvin Coolidge and the first inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt Richard Nixon , January 22 , 1973 to August 9 , 1974 , between the death of Lyndon B. Johnson and the inauguration of Gerald Ford . The greatest number of presidents -- former presidents plus the incumbent -- alive at any given time is six , which has happened four times . Including : Martin Van Buren , John Tyler , Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , and Abraham Lincoln ; between March 4 , 1861 ( Abraham Lincoln 's first inauguration ) and January 18 , 1862 ( John Tyler 's death ) Including : Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , and Bill Clinton ; between January 20 , 1993 ( Bill Clinton 's first inauguration ) and April 22 , 1994 ( Richard Nixon 's death ) Including : Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush ; between January 20 , 2001 ( George W. Bush 's first inauguration ) and June 5 , 2004 ( Ronald Reagan 's death ) Including : Jimmy Carter , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , Barack Obama and Donald Trump ; began on January 20 , 2017 ( Donald Trump 's inauguration ) and is ongoing . Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s . They are ( in order of birth ) : John Adams ( 1735 -- 1826 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1874 -- 1964 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1911 -- 2004 ) Gerald Ford ( 1913 -- 2006 ) George H.W. Bush ( born 1924 ) Jimmy Carter ( born 1924 ) List of presidents by age ( edit ) # President Birth date Presidency start date Age at start date Presidency end date Age at end date Post-presidency timespan Death date Lifespan Washington , George George Washington 000000001732 - 02 - 22 - 0000 Feb 22 , 1732 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 Apr 30 , 1789 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 7004237520000000000 ♠ 65 years , 10 days 01,015 1,015 days ( 7003101500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 285 days ) 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 Dec 14 , 1799 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days ( 24,767 days ) Adams , John A. John Adams 000000001735 - 10 - 30 - 0000 Oct 30 , 1735 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 7004224060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 125 days 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 7004238660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 125 days 09,253 9,253 days ( 7003925300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 122 days ) 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days ( 33,119 days ) Jefferson , Thomas Thomas Jefferson 000000001743 - 04 - 13 - 0000 Apr 13 , 1743 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 7004211440000000000 ♠ 57 years , 325 days 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 7004240660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 325 days 06,331 6,331 days ( 7003633100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 122 days ) 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 7004303970000000000 ♠ 83 years , 82 days ( 30,397 days ) Madison , James James Madison 000000001751 - 03 - 16 - 0000 Mar 16 , 1751 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 7004211720000000000 ♠ 57 years , 353 days 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 7004240940000000000 ♠ 65 years , 353 days 07,056 7,056 days ( 7003705600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 116 days ) 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 Jun 28 , 1836 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days ( 31,150 days ) Monroe , James James Monroe 000000001758 - 04 - 28 - 0000 Apr 28 , 1758 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 7004214940000000000 ♠ 58 years , 310 days 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 7004244160000000000 ♠ 66 years , 310 days 02,313 2,313 days ( 7003231300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 122 days ) 000000001831 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1831 7004267290000000000 ♠ 73 years , 67 days ( 26,729 days ) 6 Adams , John Q. John Q. Adams 000000001767 - 07 - 11 - 0000 Jul 11 , 1767 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 7004210550000000000 ♠ 57 years , 236 days 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 7004225160000000000 ♠ 61 years , 236 days 06,930 6,930 days ( 7003693000000000000 ♠ 18 years , 356 days ) 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 Feb 23 , 1848 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days ( 29,446 days ) 7 Jackson , Andrew Andrew Jackson 000000001767 - 03 - 15 - 0000 Mar 15 , 1767 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 7004226340000000000 ♠ 61 years , 354 days 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 7004255560000000000 ♠ 69 years , 354 days 03,018 3,018 days ( 7003301800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 96 days ) 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 Jun 8 , 1845 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days ( 28,574 days ) 8 Van Buren , Martin Martin Van Buren 000000001782 - 12 - 05 - 0000 Dec 5 , 1782 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 7004198120000000000 ♠ 54 years , 89 days 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 7004212730000000000 ♠ 58 years , 89 days 07,812 7,812 days ( 7003781200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 142 days ) 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 Jul 24 , 1862 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days ( 29,085 days ) 9 Harrison , William H. William H. Harrison 000000001773 - 02 - 09 - 0000 Feb 9 , 1773 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 7004248590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 23 days 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days 00,000 0 days 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days ( 24,890 days ) 10 Tyler , John John Tyler 000000001790 - 03 - 29 - 0000 Mar 29 , 1790 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004186330000000000 ♠ 51 years , 6 days 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1845 7004200630000000000 ♠ 54 years , 340 days 06,164 6,164 days ( 7003616400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 320 days ) 000000001862 - 01 - 18 - 0000 Jan 18 , 1862 7004262270000000000 ♠ 71 years , 295 days ( 26,227 days ) 11 Polk , James K. James K. Polk 000000001795 - 11 - 02 - 0000 Nov 2 , 1795 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1845 7004180190000000000 ♠ 49 years , 122 days 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 7004194800000000000 ♠ 53 years , 122 days 00,103 103 days 000000001849 - 06 - 15 - 0000 Jun 15 , 1849 7004195830000000000 ♠ 53 years , 225 days ( 19,583 days ) 12 Taylor , Zachary Zachary Taylor 000000001784 - 11 - 24 - 0000 Nov 24 , 1784 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 7004234750000000000 ♠ 64 years , 100 days 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days 00,000 0 days 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days ( 23,967 days ) 13 Fillmore , Millard Millard Fillmore 000000001800 - 01 - 07 - 0000 Jan 7 , 1800 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004184450000000000 ♠ 50 years , 183 days 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1853 7004194140000000000 ♠ 53 years , 56 days 07,674 7,674 days ( 7003767400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 4 days ) 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 Mar 8 , 1874 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days ( 27,088 days ) 14 Pierce , Franklin Franklin Pierce 000000001804 - 11 - 23 - 0000 Nov 23 , 1804 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1853 7004176330000000000 ♠ 48 years , 101 days 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1857 7004190940000000000 ♠ 52 years , 101 days 04,601 4,601 days ( 7003460100000000000 ♠ 12 years , 218 days ) 000000001869 - 10 - 08 - 0000 Oct 8 , 1869 7004236950000000000 ♠ 64 years , 319 days ( 23,695 days ) 15 Buchanan , James James Buchanan 000000001791 - 04 - 23 - 0000 Apr 23 , 1791 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1857 7004240560000000000 ♠ 65 years , 315 days 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 7004255170000000000 ♠ 69 years , 315 days 02,646 2,646 days ( 7003264600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 89 days ) 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 Jun 1 , 1868 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days ( 28,163 days ) 16 Lincoln , Abraham Abraham Lincoln 000000001809 - 02 - 12 - 0000 Feb 12 , 1809 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 7004190130000000000 ♠ 52 years , 20 days 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days 00,000 0 days 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days ( 20,516 days ) 17 Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson 000000001808 - 12 - 29 - 0000 Dec 29 , 1808 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205610000000000 ♠ 56 years , 107 days 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1869 7004219800000000000 ♠ 60 years , 65 days 02,340 2,340 days ( 7003234000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 149 days ) 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 Jul 31 , 1875 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days ( 24,320 days ) 18 Grant , Ulysses S. Ulysses S. Grant 000000001822 - 04 - 27 - 0000 Apr 27 , 1822 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1869 7004171130000000000 ♠ 46 years , 311 days 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1877 7004200350000000000 ♠ 54 years , 311 days 03,063 3,063 days ( 7003306300000000000 ♠ 8 years , 141 days ) 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 Jul 23 , 1885 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days ( 23,098 days ) 19 Hayes , Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001822 - 10 - 04 - 0000 Oct 4 , 1822 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1877 7004198750000000000 ♠ 54 years , 151 days 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1881 7004213360000000000 ♠ 58 years , 151 days 04,337 4,337 days ( 7003433700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 319 days ) 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 Jan 17 , 1893 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days ( 25,673 days ) 20 Garfield , James A. James A. Garfield 000000001831 - 11 - 19 - 0000 Nov 19 , 1831 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1881 7004180030000000000 ♠ 49 years , 105 days 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days 00,000 0 days 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days ( 18,202 days ) 21 Arthur , Chester A. Chester A. Arthur 000000001829 - 10 - 05 - 0000 Oct 5 , 1829 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004189770000000000 ♠ 51 years , 349 days 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1885 7004202390000000000 ♠ 55 years , 150 days 00,624 624 days ( 7002624000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 259 days ) 000000001886 - 11 - 18 - 0000 Nov 18 , 1886 7004208630000000000 ♠ 57 years , 44 days ( 20,863 days ) 22 Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001837 - 03 - 18 - 0000 Mar 18 , 1837 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1885 7004175180000000000 ♠ 47 years , 351 days 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1889 7004189790000000000 ♠ 51 years , 351 days 05,590 5,590 days ( 15 years , 112 days ) 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days ( 26,030 days ) 23 Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison 000000001833 - 08 - 20 - 0000 Aug 20 , 1833 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1889 7004202850000000000 ♠ 55 years , 196 days 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 7004217460000000000 ♠ 59 years , 196 days 02,930 2,930 days ( 7003293000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 9 days ) 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 Mar 13 , 1901 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days ( 24,676 days ) 24 Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001837 - 03 - 18 - 0000 Mar 18 , 1837 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 7004204400000000000 ♠ 55 years , 351 days 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 7004219010000000000 ♠ 59 years , 351 days 05,590 5,590 days ( 15 years , 112 days ) 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days ( 26,030 days ) 25 McKinley , William William McKinley 000000001843 - 01 - 29 - 0000 Jan 29 , 1843 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 7004197580000000000 ♠ 54 years , 34 days 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days 00,000 0 days 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days ( 21,412 days ) 26 Roosevelt , Theodore Theodore Roosevelt 000000001858 - 10 - 27 - 0000 Oct 27 , 1858 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004156620000000000 ♠ 42 years , 322 days 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 03,595 3,595 days ( 7003359500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 308 days ) 000000001919 - 01 - 06 - 0000 Jan 6 , 1919 7004219850000000000 ♠ 60 years , 71 days ( 21,985 days ) 27 Taft , William H. William H. Taft 000000001857 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1857 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1913 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 06,213 6,213 days ( 7003621300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 4 days ) 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 Mar 8 , 1930 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days ( 26,471 days ) 28 Wilson , Woodrow Woodrow Wilson 000000001856 - 12 - 28 - 0000 Dec 28 , 1856 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1913 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 7004234410000000000 ♠ 64 years , 66 days 01,066 1,066 days ( 7003106600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 336 days ) 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 Feb 3 , 1924 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days ( 24,507 days ) 29 Harding , Warren G. Warren G. Harding 000000001865 - 11 - 02 - 0000 Nov 2 , 1865 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 7004202100000000000 ♠ 55 years , 122 days 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days 00,000 0 days 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days ( 21,091 days ) 30 Coolidge , Calvin Calvin Coolidge 000000001872 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1872 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004186550000000000 ♠ 51 years , 29 days 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 7004206960000000000 ♠ 56 years , 243 days 01,403 1,403 days ( 7003140300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 307 days ) 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 Jan 5 , 1933 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days ( 22,099 days ) 31 Hoover , Herbert Herbert Hoover 000000001874 - 08 - 10 - 0000 Aug 10 , 1874 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 7004199290000000000 ♠ 54 years , 206 days 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 7004213900000000000 ♠ 58 years , 206 days 11,553 11,553 days ( 7004115530000000000 ♠ 31 years , 230 days ) 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 Oct 20 , 1964 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days ( 32,943 days ) 32 Roosevelt , Franklin D. Franklin D. Roosevelt 000000001882 - 01 - 30 - 0000 Jan 30 , 1882 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 7004186600000000000 ♠ 51 years , 33 days 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days 00,000 0 days 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days ( 23,082 days ) 33 Truman , Harry S. Harry S. Truman 000000001884 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1884 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004222530000000000 ♠ 60 years , 339 days 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 7004250930000000000 ♠ 68 years , 257 days 07,280 7,280 days ( 7003728000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 341 days ) 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 Dec 26 , 1972 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days ( 32,373 days ) 34 Eisenhower , Dwight D. Dwight D. Eisenhower 000000001890 - 10 - 14 - 0000 Oct 14 , 1890 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 7004227430000000000 ♠ 62 years , 98 days 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 7004256650000000000 ♠ 70 years , 98 days 02,989 2,989 days ( 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days ) 000000001969 - 03 - 28 - 0000 Mar 28 , 1969 7004286540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 165 days ( 28,654 days ) 35 Kennedy , John F. John F. Kennedy 000000001917 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1917 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 7004159420000000000 ♠ 43 years , 236 days 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days 00,000 0 days 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days ( 16,978 days ) 36 Johnson , Lyndon B. Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001908 - 08 - 27 - 0000 Aug 27 , 1908 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004201750000000000 ♠ 55 years , 87 days 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 7004220610000000000 ♠ 60 years , 146 days 01,463 1,463 days ( 7003146300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 2 days ) 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 Jan 22 , 1973 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days ( 23,524 days ) 37 Nixon , Richard Richard Nixon 000000001913 - 01 - 09 - 0000 Jan 9 , 1913 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 7004204650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 11 days 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1974 7004224920000000000 ♠ 61 years , 212 days 07,196 7,196 days ( 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days ) 000000001994 - 04 - 22 - 0000 Apr 22 , 1994 7004296880000000000 ♠ 81 years , 103 days ( 29,688 days ) 38 Ford , Gerald Gerald Ford 000000001913 - 07 - 14 - 0000 Jul 14 , 1913 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1974 7004223060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 26 days 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 7004232010000000000 ♠ 63 years , 190 days 10,932 10,932 days ( 7004109320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 340 days ) 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 Dec 26 , 2006 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days ( 34,133 days ) 39 Carter , Jimmy Jimmy Carter 000000001924 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1924 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 7004191040000000000 ♠ 52 years , 111 days 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 7004205650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 111 days 13,390 13,390 days ( 7004133900000000000 ♠ 36 years , 241 days ) 2017 - 09 - 18 7004339550000000000 ♠ 92 years , 352 days ( 33,955 days ) 40 Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 000000001911 - 02 - 06 - 0000 Feb 6 , 1911 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days 05,615 5,615 days ( 7003561500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 137 days ) 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 Jun 5 , 2004 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days ( 34,088 days ) 41 Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 000000001924 - 06 - 12 - 0000 Jun 12 , 1924 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 7004235980000000000 ♠ 64 years , 222 days 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1993 7004250590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 222 days 09,007 9,007 days ( 7003900700000000000 ♠ 24 years , 241 days ) 2017 - 09 - 18 7004340660000000000 ♠ 93 years , 98 days ( 34,066 days ) 42 Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 000000001946 - 08 - 19 - 0000 Aug 19 , 1946 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1993 7004169560000000000 ♠ 46 years , 154 days 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 7004198780000000000 ♠ 54 years , 154 days 06,085 6,085 days ( 7003608500000000000 ♠ 16 years , 241 days ) 2017 - 09 - 18 7004259630000000000 ♠ 71 years , 30 days ( 25,963 days ) 43 Bush , George W. George W. Bush 000000001946 - 07 - 06 - 0000 Jul 6 , 1946 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 7004199220000000000 ♠ 54 years , 198 days 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2009 7004228440000000000 ♠ 62 years , 198 days 03,163 3,163 days ( 7003316300000000000 ♠ 8 years , 241 days ) 2017 - 09 - 18 7004260070000000000 ♠ 71 years , 74 days ( 26,007 days ) 44 Obama , Barack Barack Obama 000000001961 - 08 - 04 - 0000 Aug 4 , 1961 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2009 7004173360000000000 ♠ 47 years , 169 days 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 169 days 00 , 134241 241 days 2017 - 09 - 18 7004204990000000000 ♠ 56 years , 45 days ( 20,499 days ) 45 Trump , Donald Donald Trump 000000001946 - 06 - 14 - 0000 Jun 14 , 1946 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 7004257880000000000 ♠ 70 years , 220 days 2017 - 09 - 18 7004288540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 364 days 24,732 2017 - 09 - 18 7004260290000000000 ♠ 71 years , 96 days ( 26,029 days ) # President Birth date Presidency start date Age at start date Presidency end date Age at end date Post-presidency timespan Death date Lifespan Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Birthdate as changed to New Style . ^ Jump up to : Died in office . ^ Jump up to : Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms ( 1889 -- 1893 ) , and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term ( 1897 ) until his death ( 1908 ) . Jump up ^ Resigned from office . ^ Jump up to : Ongoing . Timeline of oldest living presidents ( edit ) See also : Living Presidents of the United States Of the 44 persons who have served as president , 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time . Herbert Hoover became the oldest living president ( while still president himself ) when Calvin Coolidge died in January 1933 , and retained this distinction until his death 31 years later . Lyndon B. Johnson became the oldest living president upon the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 but held this distinction for only 27 days . On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death , but by the election of a president who was older . Theodore Roosevelt ( born 1858 ) lost this distinction when William Taft ( born 1857 ) was inaugurated , then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson ( born 1856 ) was inaugurated . More recently , Richard Nixon ( born 1913 ) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan ( born 1911 ) was inaugurated . Furthermore , although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president ( at age 50 ) and a former president ( at age 51 ) , he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term . Consequently , Taft was the oldest living president twice : first during his presidency ( having succeeded the younger Roosevelt ) , and a second time after Wilson ( his successor as president but an older man ) died . Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction at the age of 90 . On seven occasions , the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office . In the cases of John Adams , Ulysses S. Grant , Theodore Roosevelt , Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon , this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president ; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison , the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor ( John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively ) . President Became oldest living president Ceased to be oldest living president Age at start date Age at end date Duration ( years , days ) Duration ( days ) Washington , George George Washington 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1789 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1799 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days 7003388000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 228 days 03,880 3,880 days Adams , John John Adams 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1799 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1826 7004234210000000000 ♠ 64 years , 45 days 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days 7003969800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 202 days 09,698 9,698 days Madison , James James Madison 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1826 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 1836 7004275030000000000 ♠ 75 years , 110 days 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days 7003364700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 360 days 03,647 3,647 days Jackson , Andrew Andrew Jackson 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 1836 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1845 7004253070000000000 ♠ 69 years , 105 days 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days 7003326700000000000 ♠ 8 years , 345 days 03,267 3,267 days Adams , John Quincy John Quincy Adams 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1845 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1848 7004284560000000000 ♠ 77 years , 332 days 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days 7002990000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 260 days 00,990 990 days Van Buren , Martin Martin Van Buren 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1848 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1862 7004238200000000000 ♠ 65 years , 80 days 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days 7003526500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 151 days 05,265 5,265 days Buchanan , James James Buchanan 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1862 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1868 7004260240000000000 ♠ 71 years , 92 days 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days 7003213900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 313 days 02,139 2,139 days Fillmore , Millard Millard Fillmore 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1868 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1874 7004249820000000000 ♠ 68 years , 146 days 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days 7003210600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 280 days 02,106 2,106 days Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1874 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1875 7004238100000000000 ♠ 65 years , 69 days 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days 7002510000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 145 days 00,510 510 days Grant , Ulysses S. Ulysses S. Grant 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1875 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1885 7004194530000000000 ♠ 53 years , 95 days 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days 7003364500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 357 days 03,645 3,645 days Hayes , Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1885 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1893 7004229380000000000 ♠ 62 years , 292 days 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days 7003273500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 178 days 02,735 2,735 days Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1893 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1901 7004217000000000000 ♠ 59 years , 150 days 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days 7003297600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 55 days 02,976 2,976 days Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1901 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1908 7004233700000000000 ♠ 63 years , 360 days 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days 7003266000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 103 days 02,660 2,660 days Roosevelt , Theodore Theodore Roosevelt 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1908 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1909 7004181370000000000 ♠ 49 years , 241 days 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days 00,253 253 days Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1909 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1913 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 01,461 1,461 days Wilson , Woodrow Woodrow Wilson 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1913 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1924 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days 7003398800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 336 days 03,988 3,988 days Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1924 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1930 7004242460000000000 ♠ 66 years , 141 days 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days 7003222500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 33 days 02,225 2,225 days Coolidge , Calvin Calvin Coolidge 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1930 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1933 7004210650000000000 ♠ 57 years , 247 days 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 303 days 01,034 1,034 days Hoover , Herbert Herbert Hoover 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1933 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1964 7004213320000000000 ♠ 58 years , 148 days 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days 7004116110000000000 ♠ 31 years , 289 days 11,611 11,611 days Truman , Harry S. Harry S. Truman 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1964 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1972 7004293840000000000 ♠ 80 years , 165 days 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days 02,989 2,989 days Johnson , Lyndon B. Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1972 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1973 7004234970000000000 ♠ 64 years , 121 days 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days 00,027 27 days Nixon , Richard Richard Nixon 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1973 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1981 7004219280000000000 ♠ 60 years , 13 days 7004248480000000000 ♠ 68 years , 11 days 7003292000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 364 days 02,920 2,920 days Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1981 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2004 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days 7003853700000000000 ♠ 23 years , 137 days 08,537 8,537 days Ford , Gerald Gerald Ford 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2004 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2006 7004331990000000000 ♠ 90 years , 327 days 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days 7002934000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 204 days 00,934 934 days Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2006 Current 7004301470000000000 ♠ 82 years , 197 days Current 7003391900000000000 ♠ 10 years , 266 days 03,919 3,919 days President Became oldest living president Ceased to be oldest living president Age at start date Age at end date Duration ( years , days ) Duration ( days ) Sources ( edit ) Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey , `` The Presidents of the United States '' . The White House . Robert S. Summers , `` POTUS : Presidents of the United States '' . Internet Public Library . 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when does the next amazing race episode air			The Amazing Race ( U.S. TV series )	the amazing race ( u. s. tv series )	The Amazing Race is an American reality competition show in which typically eleven teams of two race around the world . The race is generally split into twelve legs , with each leg requiring teams to deduce clues , navigate themselves in foreign areas , interact with locals , perform physical and mental challenges , and vie for airplane , boat , taxi , and other public transportation options on a limited budget provided by the show . Teams are progressively eliminated at the end of most legs , while the first team to arrive at the end of the final leg wins the grand prize of US $1 million . As the original version of the Amazing Race franchise , the CBS program has been running since 2001 . Numerous international versions have been developed following the same core structure , while the U.S. version is also broadcast to several other markets . The series was renewed for a 30th season , which premiered on January 3 , 2018 , and aired over eight weeks .	The show was created by Elise Doganieri and Bertram van Munster , who , along with Jonathan Littman , serve as executive producers . The show is produced by Earthview Inc. ( headed by Doganieri and van Munster ) , Jerry Bruckheimer Television for CBS Television Studios and ABC Studios ( a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company ) . The series has been hosted by veteran New Zealand television personality Phil Keoghan since its inception . Since the inception of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality - Competition Program in 2003 , The Amazing Race has won it ten out of fourteen times ; the show has also won other awards and commendations . Although it has moved around several prime time slots since its inception , the program has averaged about 10 million viewers per season . On April 18 , 2018 , CBS renewed the series for a thirty - first season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Series overview 3 Production 3.1 Concept 3.2 Planning 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 4 Countries and locales visited 4.1 North America 4.2 South America 4.3 Europe 4.4 Africa 4.5 Asia 4.6 Oceania 4.7 Notes 5 Impact and reception 5.1 U.S. broadcast and ratings 5.2 International broadcast and versions 5.3 Critical reception 5.4 Awards and nominations 5.5 Home media releases 5.6 Other media 5.7 Legacy 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : Rules and structure of The Amazing Race The Amazing Race is a reality television competition , typically involving eleven teams of two , in a race around the world . The race cycle is divided into a number of legs , normally twelve ; each episode generally covers the events of one leg . Each leg ends with a Pit Stop , where teams are given a chance to rest and recover before starting the next leg twelve hours later . The first team to arrive at a Pit Stop is often awarded a prize such as a trip , while the last team is normally eliminated from the race . Some legs are non-elimination legs , where the last team to arrive may be penalized in the following leg . Some races have featured double - length legs , where the teams meet the host at what appears to be a Pit Stop , only to be told to continue to race . The final leg of each race is run by the last three remaining teams , and the first to arrive at the final destination wins the show 's prize , US $ 1 million . The average length of each race is approximately 25 to 30 days . Teams follow clues given to them in marked envelopes , including ( from left to right ) Route Info , Detours , and Roadblocks . During each leg , teams follow clues from Route Markers -- boxes containing clue envelopes marked in the race 's red , yellow , and white colors -- to determine their next destination . Travel between destinations includes commercial and chartered airplanes , boats , trains , taxis , buses , and rented vehicles provided by the show , or the teams may simply travel by foot . Teams are required to pay for all expenses while traveling from a small stipend ( on the order of $100 ) given to them at the start of each leg . Any money left unspent can be used in future legs of the race . The only exception is air travel , where teams are given a credit card to purchase economy - class fares . Some teams have used the tactic of begging to replenish lost money . Clues may directly identify locations , contain cryptic riddles such as `` Travel to the westernmost point in continental Europe '' that teams must figure out , or include physical elements , such as a country flag , indicating their next destination . Clues may also describe a number of tasks that teams must complete before continuing to race . As such , teams are generally free and sometimes required to engage locals to help in any manner to decipher clues and complete tasks . Tasks are typically designed to highlight the local culture of the country they are in . Such tasks include : Route Info : A general clue that may include a task to be completed by the team before they can receive their next clue . Detours : A choice of two tasks . Teams are free to choose either task or swap tasks if they find one option too difficult . There is generally one Detour present on each leg of the race . Roadblocks : A task only one team member can complete . Teams must choose which member will complete the task based on a brief clue about the task before fully revealing the details of the task . Later editions of the program have limits on the number of Roadblocks one team member can perform , that both team members perform the same amount . There is generally one Roadblock present on each leg of the race . Fast Forwards : A task that only one team may complete , allowing that team to skip all remaining tasks and head directly for the next Pit Stop . Teams may only claim one Fast Forward during the entire race . Fast Forwards were absent in seasons 18 , 19 , 24 and 26 , but it is not known if they were simply not shown on air or not included in the race . Intersections : Tasks that require two teams to work together until otherwise instructed . While Intersected , teams may be required to perform Detours , Roadblocks ( a two - person task using one person from each team ) , and Fast Forwards together . Yields : A station where a team can force another trailing team to wait a predetermined amount of time before continuing the race . Teams may only yield any other team once per race . The Yield was last used in season 11 and has since been supplanted by the U-Turn . U-Turns : A station , located after a Detour , where a team can force another trailing team to return and complete the other option of the Detour they did not select . Teams may only U-Turn any other team once per race . In season 29 , U-Turn stations were moved before the Detour , and the limitation on the number of U-Turns a team could use was lifted . Speed Bumps : A task that only the team that is saved from elimination on the previous leg must complete before continuing on the race . This usually consists of a small , easy to complete task . Switchbacks : A task that is based on an iconic task performed on an earlier season of the Race , typically at the same location that was previously used . Examples have been a Roadblock that held a team back for several hours leading to their elimination and a Fast Forward that presented a difficult choice but the team who took it ultimately won the race . Teams are penalized for failing to complete these tasks as instructed or other rules of the race , generally thirty minutes plus any time gained for the infraction . Such penalties may be enforced while teams are racing , when they arrive at the Pit Stop , or at the start of the next leg . The events of the race are generally edited and shown in chronological order , cutting between the actions of each team as they progress . More recent seasons have been edited to show split - screen footage of simultaneous actions or two or more different teams in the style of 24 . Footage from the race is interspersed with commentary from the individual teams or members recorded after each leg to give more insight on the events being shown . The show helps to track the progress of racers through a leg by providing frequent on - screen information identifying teams and their placement . Series overview ( edit ) Season Start line date Finish line date Winners Teams Legs Notes March 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 08 ) April 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 08 ) Rob Frisbee & Brennan Swain 11 13 January 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 07 ) February 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 03 ) Chris Luca & Alex Boylan August 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 09 ) September 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 07 ) Flo Pesenti & Zach Behr 12 January 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 18 ) February 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 14 ) Reichen Lehmkuhl & Chip Arndt 5 January 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 30 ) February 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 27 ) Chip & Kim McAllister 11 Introduced the Yield and non-elimination penalty 6 August 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 13 ) September 12 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 12 ) Freddy Holliday & Kendra Bentley 12 Introduced the double - length leg 7 November 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 20 ) December 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 19 ) Uchenna & Joyce Agu 8 July 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 07 ) July 31 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 31 ) Nick , Alex , Megan , & Tommy Linz 10 11 Family Edition Featured family teams of four , including children as young as 8 years old 9 November 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 07 ) December 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 03 ) B.J. Averell & Tyler MacNiven 11 12 10 May 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 27 ) June 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 24 ) Tyler Denk & James Branaman 12 Introduced the Intersection 11 November 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 20 ) December 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 17 ) Eric Sanchez & Danielle Turner 11 13 All - Stars Featured returning favorite teams , and a new team that began dating after their first season 12 July 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 08 ) July 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 29 ) TK Erwin & Rachel Rosales 11 Introduced the U-Turn and Speed Bump 13 April 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 22 ) May 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 14 ) Nick & Starr Spangler 14 October 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 31 ) November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) Tammy & Victor Jih Introduced the Blind U-Turn 15 July 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 18 ) August 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 07 ) Meghan Rickey & Cheyne Whitney 12 12 Introduced the Switchback , and start line elimination 16 November 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 28 ) December 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 20 ) Dan & Jordan Pious 11 17 May 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 26 ) June 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) Nat Strand & Kat Chang Introduced the Express Pass and Double U-Turn 18 November 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 20 ) December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) Kisha & Jen Hoffman Unfinished Business Featured returning teams who lost their first race and wanted to prove they could win 19 June 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 18 ) July 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 10 ) Ernie Halvorsen & Cindy Chiang Introduced the Hazard and a double elimination 20 November 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 26 ) December 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 19 ) Rachel & Dave Brown , Jr . 21 May 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 26 ) June 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 16 ) Josh Kilmer - Purcell & Brent Ridge Introduced the Double Your Money prize and the Blind Double U-Turn 22 November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) December 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 07 ) Bates & Anthony Battaglia Introduced a second Express Pass that must be given to another team 23 June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) July 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 02 ) Jason Case & Amy Diaz 24 November 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 16 ) December 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 06 ) Dave & Connor O ' Leary All - Stars Featured returning favorite teams , and a composite team 25 May 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 31 ) June 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) Amy DeJong & Maya Warren Introduced the Save and Blind Detour ; first season to feature four teams racing in the final leg 26 November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) December 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 06 ) Laura Pierson & Tyler Adams Featured dating teams , including five `` blind date '' teams meeting in person for the first time 27 June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) Kelsey Gerckens & Joey Buttitta Introduced a single Express Pass that must be given to another team once used , and the recipients must use it in the following leg 28 November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) Dana Alexa & Matt Steffanina Featured notable social media personalities 29 June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) July 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 02 ) Brooke Camhi & Scott Flanary Featured individual contestants that met and teamed up for the first time at the starting line 30 October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Cody Nickson & Jessica Graf Introduced the Head - to - Head and the Partner Swap Production ( edit ) Concept ( edit ) The original idea for The Amazing Race came from Elise Doganieri and Bertram van Munster . The two had previously met when van Munster was producing programs such as COPS , and they continued to work together and eventually married . Around 2000 , van Munster was wrapping up production of his nature documentary series Wild Things , and was looking for another concept . Doganieri , an advertising executive at that point , had come back from that year 's MIPCOM , and complained about the lack of good ideas from people working in television . van Munster jokingly bet her on the spot to come up with an idea herself . Dogenieri recalled her previous experience backpacking across Europe and meeting and interacting with the various local residents , and offered the idea of several teams of players racing across the world interspersed with local challenges that would test the team 's resolve and relationships , and which teams would be eliminated along the way but not due to someone else doing something against that team. van Munster was intrigued with the idea , and had already had experience with reality television with COPS , considered to be the predecessor of reality television during the 1990s . The two approached Jerry Bruckheimer and Jonathan Littman with the idea , and the four refined it into the concept of The Amazing Race. van Munster pitched the idea to Les Moonves of CBS shortly thereafter , who greenlit the show by June 2000 . Initial scouting for locations for the first season started in August 2000 , and filming took place between March and April 2001 . Planning ( edit ) Most Race seasons , including The Amazing Race 18 ( shown above ) , almost fully circumnavigate the globe , starting and ending in the United States and visiting three to six continents . Prior to the race , the production team plans out the locations and tasks that the racers will travel , working in conjunction with local representatives , which van Munster had initially had available for a different show . The staff also consults with ex-military or federal agents that are aware of political matters in foreign areas , who may advise on countries or regions to avoid . Van Munster and others will then travel the proposed course to verify the locations and identify needs for filming for the show . The crew works with local government representatives to assure the safety of the racers while traveling through certain areas of the world . Despite pre-planning , the production crew may be faced with obstacles forcing them to change tasks or even locations . In one situation during planning of the second race , the Argentine bank system failed , creating political unrest , and a new country was selected . Similarly , after the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and the sexual assault of American reporter Lara Logan , the production staff considers Egypt to be `` off the map right now . '' It is estimated by van Munster that over 2,000 people worldwide are involved in the production of any one season of the race . Tasks are generally selected to represent the local flavor of the country or region they are in . They typically look for activities that are not often considered something a tourist would do but part of the way of life in a country , as this would generally be a new experience for all the racers . Production relies on their own experiences as well to develop tasks ; Van Munster noted that a task in season 21 involving synchronized swimming was based on his own struggles as a teenager to learn how to do a similar routine , thus assuring that if he could do it , racers could do it as well . A Race 's route has to be approved by CBS before production can start on their scouting . The specific tasks , clues , and other Race elements like the sequence of non-elimination legs , are all set about a month before filming . The production can allow for some flexibility to minimize the difficulties of production . In the first season , one pit stop was located and extended to 72 hours instead of the normal 12 due to a sandstorm . Also in that season , two of the four final teams ended up 24 hours behind the lead teams due to flight and hours - of - operation limitations , creating a production nightmare . In later seasons , production has improvised extended pit stops by a day or so to prevent teams from becoming too spread out . In one season , Keoghan was detained by officials in Ukraine , and the local American ambassador , a fan of the show , helped to free him . The producers review previous seasons and make changes to new seasons as to keep the show fresh and unexpected ; Littman stated that with as many season now filmed of the Race , many racers come to know what to expect and as producers , they need a way to shake things up , as `` whenever you throw a wrench into ( the Race ) , it completely throws them off '' . For example , while teams at Pit Stops during the first several seasons were allowed to mingle , the producers have since purposely kept teams apart during this time , as it serves to both keep teams unaware of the finishing order and the fate of an eliminated team , and prevents alliances from forming to keep the teams competitive . They also looked to change the format of the team structure , but found that their first such experiment with the season 8 `` Family Edition '' was poorly received by American audiences though had a strong reception from overseas broadcasts of that series . Though The Amazing Race involves significant amounts of travel across the world for around a hundred people , Doganieri estimates that their production costs are in line if not less than other reality television shows , in part that most of the production staff have been with the show for a long period and work efficiently to help move the competition . The cost of the show has been subsidized by its sponsors , who provide trips and other prizes to teams that arrive first on certain legs , or have their products featured as a task . For example , more recent seasons have been sponsored by Travelocity , and typically one leg per season will involve a task that includes the Travelocity `` Roaming Gnome '' ; trip prizes for first - place finishes on many legs are funded by Travelocity and the local hotel at the trip destination . Ford Motor Company is also a major sponsor in later seasons of the show , and typically teams will be given Ford vehicles to drive for various legs and as prizes for finishing first on a leg . In another example , a tea - themed leg in the 18th season was sponsored by Snapple who had developed a new limited edition flavor for the show . The Amazing Race has been considered to be a show that incorporates a large number of product placements as tracked by ACNeilsen , often being one of the top shows for product placement each year . Casting ( edit ) Phil Keoghan , the host of The Amazing Race The Amazing Race is hosted by New Zealander Phil Keoghan . Keoghan initiates the start of the race , introduces each new area and describes each task for the viewers , and meets each team at the Pit Stops along with a local greeter informing the teams of their placement or their elimination followed by a short interview , as well as announcing the winners at the finish line . Keoghan was a television host in New Zealand prior to The Amazing Race , and had traveled the world and performed adventurous feats for these shows . His background led him to apply for the hosting duties of Survivor . Though Keoghan was on the shortlist , the producers of Survivor chose Jeff Probst , while Keoghan was found to be a better fit for The Amazing Race . Keoghan 's performance as a host has been highlighted by his ability to arch his eyebrows to the arriving teams to increase suspense before revealing their position , and racers and fans of the show often refer to the progressive elimination of teams as `` Philimination '' . Keoghan signed an extended contract with CBS to continue hosting The Amazing Race for `` several years '' , according to TV Guide , shortly after the conclusion of The Amazing Race 18 . The contract will also allow Keoghan to develop ideas into shows for the network . Four teams from four different seasons . Clockwise from top left : best friends Danny & Oswald of Season 2 , married parents Kim & Chip of Season 5 , brothers Gerard & Ken of Season 3 , and dating couple Lori & David of Season 9 . Prior to each race , CBS and World Race Productions hold casting auditions around the country and accept submissions through postal mail . More recent seasons have included recruited contestants . According to casting director Lynne Spillman , they look to cast a diverse array of teams to appeal to a wide range of audience members . Spillman notes they put more value on contestants that are `` great talkers '' as well as racers , and see those that have deep knowledge of the Race as a plus over other factors like looks and strength . The casting process takes about four months to complete . All teams are compensated for the time missed from their jobs , though the amount is undisclosed and confidential ; one racer claimed that most people would lose money from the Race stipend compared to their typical salaries . See also : List of The Amazing Race ( U.S. TV series ) contestants Each member of the two - person teams is required to be adult American citizen with an existing relationship with their teammate ; according to Keoghan , in contrast to other reality television shows that pit individuals against each other , `` it 's more interesting to see how an experience like ( the Race ) affects an existing relationship '' . Teams are primarily married and dating couples ( regardless of sexual orientation ) , near and distant relatives , co-workers , and friends . Most teams that participate are average Americans , but The Amazing Race has included teams or team members with some celebrity status . This has included contestants from other reality TV shows , including Alison Irwin , Jordan Lloyd , Jeff Schroeder , Rachel Reilly , Brendon Villegas , Cody Nickson and Jessica Graf from Big Brother ; Rob Mariano , Amber Mariano ( née Brkich ) , Ethan Zohn , Jenna Morasca , Keith Tollefson , and Whitney Duncan from Survivor ; and The Fabulous Beekman Boys stars Josh Kilmer - Purcell and Brent Ridge . Several professional athletes have also participated , including the Harlem Globetrotters Herbert `` Flight Time '' Lang and Nathaniel `` Big Easy '' Lofton ; former NFL players Ken Greene , Marcus Pollard , Chester Pitts , and Ephraim Salaam ; professional bull and bronco rider Cord McCoy ; professional snowboarders Andy Finch and Amy Purdy ; Ironman Triathlon competitor Sarah Reinertsen ; Major League Soccer goalkeeper Andrew Weber ; professional hockey players Bates Battaglia and Anthony Battaglia ; professional surfer and survivor of a shark attack Bethany Hamilton , former NBA All - Star Shawn Marion and Cedric Ceballos , IndyCar racers Alexander Rossi and Conor Daly , and professional skiers & X-Games champions Kristi Leskinen and Jen Hudak . Numerous beauty pageant participants and winners have raced on the show , including Nicole O'Brian , Christie Lee Woods , Dustin - Leigh Konzelman , Kandice Pelletier , Ericka Dunlap , Caitlin Upton , Mallory Ervin , Stephanie Murray Smith , Brook Roberts , and Amy Diaz . Other celebrities include father and son screenwriters and actors Mike and Mel White , professional poker players Maria Ho and Tiffany Michelle , former prisoner of war from the Iraq war Ron Young , professional sailor Zac Sunderland , YouTube stars Kevin `` KevJumba '' Wu and Joey Graceffa . The show 's 28th season was primarily made up of social media celebrities and their partners , friends , or relatives as a means to capture a younger audience demographic . The show 's 29th season featured 22 strangers who met for the first time at the starting line . Three special seasons of the Race have featured returning teams or racers . Racers have found fame in part due to their appearance on The Amazing Race . Chip Arndt , who had raced with his civil partner Reichen Lehmkuhl , has become an activist for lesbian and gay community . Blake Mycoskie , based on his experiences traveling to Argentina during the race , later founded TOMS Shoes with the concept to donate one pair of shoes to poor children in countries like Argentina for each one sold . Dating goth couple Kent `` Kynt '' Kaliber and Vyxsin Fiala have become models for the Hot Topic chain of punk / rock culture clothing stores after their appearance on the show . Cord McCoy and his brother and Race partner Jet are using their experience from both their cattle ranching and from the Race as well as their celebrity status from their appearance to run for separate positions in the 2017 Oklahoma legislature . Filming ( edit ) Through the 17th season of the Race , the show used standard - definition television cameras despite the move of most other primetime shows , including reality television shows like Survivor , to high - definition television ( HD ) cameras prior to 2010 . World Race Production has cited the cost and fragility of HD equipment as a barrier to its use for the Race . While other scripted or reality shows that film in one location have the ability to replace equipment quickly from a nearby facility , the mobile nature of the Race made the prospect of using HD difficult . The 18th season of the Race , filmed in late 2010 , was the first to be filmed in HD . The production team uses Sony XDCAMs , allowing the filming to be transferred directly to digital format and couriered to the editors . Prior to the filming of the race , selected teams are given a list of countries - including additional countries that are not planned for the race - for which they will need to apply for visas . Teams prepare backpacks for clothing , hygiene , and other personal items ; the racers are given a list of items that are forbidden from taking . Electronics like laptops , cell phones , and GPS devices are banned from the race , and racers are asked to avoid clothing with brand logos . Travelers can not bring maps ahead of time , although they can buy maps during the competition if they choose . A few days before the race , teams are sequestered at a hotel for a final review of the rules , before they are finally taken to the race starting line . Several takes of the start of the Race are recorded for production of the show and to go over any final rules clarifications with the racers , before the Race is officially started . Once the Race starts , each team is accompanied by a two - person audio / video crew that films the team . Unless otherwise indicated , the crew must be able to accompany the team through all travels ; for example , teams must be able to acquire four tickets on a single flight or otherwise can not take that flight . Four tickets are usually purchased off - camera using a credit card supplied by World Race Productions . The crews rotate between teams at Pit Stops to avoid any possible favoritism that may develop between a team and its crew , and to avoid giving the appearance of collusion . At pit stops , a team of captains that accurately record arrival times , amounts of money teams have remaining , and other factors to make sure that racers have properly completed each leg , assuring that the Race is run in a fair manner . The production team will remind players about critical local rules and laws they must follow to avoid any legal conflicts , but otherwise try to avoid giving too many instructions to players ; Littman stated they chose not to interfere too much as `` that 's when you get the best material . They 're wild cards . '' van Munster stated : `` ... when Phil yells ' Go , ' it 's ' Action ' until three weeks later when we say ' Cut . ' '' The production crew , including Keoghan , Doganieri , and van Munster , all typically travel to the next destination of the race ahead of the teams . In planning the race , the production team develops what Doganieri calls a Fast / Slow document , outlining what they believe is the fastest and slowest times that a team may take to complete all tasks on a leg based on test runs , from which they use to plan their travel ahead of the teams . According to Doganieri , this Fast / Slow document has been about 98 % accurate through all seasons through 2014 . Productions work with local agents , representatives , and film crews to prepare for the tasks before the racers arrive , and are in coordination with the audio / video crews to track racers during a leg . For example , to prevent clue boxes from being interfered with by locals , they are covered with garbage bags and monitored by production staff , and only when teams are about five minutes out are the bags removed . At times , the production team has been only minutes ahead of teams before they check into the Pit Stop , forcing production to restage the teams ' arrival there once they are ready . In the 25th season , Keoghan was featured filming explanations for tasks as racers ran about behind him . Most eliminated teams are sent to a resort destination informally dubbed `` Sequesterville '' , where they will wait until the end of the race to be flown into the final destination city so they can be present at the Finish Line . In later seasons , short web videos hosted by CBS titled `` Elimination Station '' show the events at this location as new teams arrive and the events that occur during the teams ' stay . Other teams , generally the last few eliminated before the final three , are used as `` decoy teams '' , and run the race 's final leg ahead of the actual final teams , in hopes of confusing possible spoilers about the race 's outcome from locals . Keoghan has also recorded his own videos during the show 's filming , used to show what happens behind the scenes to viewers . Countries and locales visited ( edit ) Countries that The Amazing Race visited are shown in color . U.S. states and territories that The Amazing Race visited are shown in color . Most race routes in The Amazing Race circumnavigate the globe , starting from one United States city and ending in another . Those exceptions include : In three seasons , the race began and ended in the same city : season one ( New York City ) , season six ( Chicago ) , and season nine ( Denver ) ; only in season nine was the starting line and finish line in the same place ( Red Rocks Amphitheater ) Season seven crossed through Argentina , South Africa , and India before returning westward to Europe Season eight ( also known as Family Edition ) , which stayed entirely within North America Season twenty - eight began in the contestants ' homes -- scattered across the United States -- via video chat with Phil Keoghan . Teams were instructed to travel to that season 's first destination city , Mexico City . As of season 30 , The Amazing Race has visited 89 different countries . Other than the United States , the most visited country in the original American series is China , with 21 Pit Stops in 10 different cities among 14 seasons . North America ( edit ) Rank Country Seasons visited Pit Stops United States All 43 Panama 3 ( 8 , 19 , 29 ) Canada 2 ( 5 , 8 ) 0 Mexico 2 ( 3 , 28 ) 5 Costa Rica 1 ( 8 ) Jamaica 1 ( 7 ) South America ( edit ) Rank Country Seasons visited Pit Stops Argentina 6 ( 5 , 7 , 11 , 16 , 20 , 27 ) 10 Brazil 6 ( 2 , 9 , 13 , 18 , 27 , 29 ) 9 Chile 4 ( 7 , 11 , 16 , 23 ) 7 Peru 2 ( 7 , 26 ) 5 Bolivia 1 ( 13 ) Colombia 1 ( 28 ) Ecuador 1 ( 11 ) Paraguay 1 ( 20 ) Uruguay 1 ( 5 ) Europe ( edit ) Rank Country Seasons visited Pit Stops France 11 ( 1 , 4 , 6 , 10 , 16 , 21 , 22 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 30 ) 15 Germany 9 ( 3 , 6 , 9 , 14 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 26 ) 7 Italy 8 ( 1 , 4 , 9 , 12 , 20 , 24 , 25 , 29 ) 12 Netherlands 7 ( 4 , 12 , 15 , 19 , 21 , 26 , 27 ) 6 5 Russia 6 ( 5 , 9 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 21 ) 10 Switzerland 6 ( 3 , 14 , 18 , 22 , 24 , 28 ) 7 United Kingdom 6 ( 3 , 7 , 17 , 22 , 24 , 25 ) 8 8 Austria 5 ( 3 , 4 , 14 , 18 , 23 ) 9 Norway 4 ( 6 , 17 , 23 , 29 ) Spain 4 ( 3 , 10 , 21 , 24 ) Sweden 4 ( 6 , 15 , 17 , 25 ) 12 Poland 3 ( 11 , 23 , 27 ) 13 Belgium 2 ( 19 , 30 ) Czech Republic 2 ( 15 , 30 ) Denmark 2 ( 19 , 25 ) Greece 2 ( 9 , 29 ) Iceland 2 ( 6 , 30 ) Portugal 2 ( 3 , 23 ) Turkey 2 ( 7 , 21 ) 20 Croatia 1 ( 12 ) Estonia 1 ( 15 ) Finland 1 ( 10 ) 0 Hungary 1 ( 6 ) Ireland 1 ( 12 ) Lithuania 1 ( 12 ) Liechtenstein 1 ( 18 ) 0 Malta 1 ( 25 ) Monaco 1 ( 26 ) 0 Romania 1 ( 14 ) Ukraine 1 ( 10 ) Africa ( edit ) Rank Country Seasons visited Pit Stops Morocco 4 ( 3 , 10 , 25 , 30 ) 6 Tanzania 4 ( 5 , 11 , 20 , 29 ) 6 South Africa 3 ( 1 , 2 , 7 ) Botswana 2 ( 1 , 7 , 22 ) Namibia 2 ( 2 , 26 ) Zambia 2 ( 1 , 27 ) Zimbabwe 2 ( 27 , 30 ) 8 Burkina Faso 1 ( 12 ) Egypt 1 ( 5 ) Ethiopia 1 ( 6 ) Ghana 1 ( 17 ) Kenya 1 ( 5 ) 0 Madagascar 1 ( 10 ) Malawi 1 ( 19 ) Mauritius 1 ( 10 ) Mozambique 1 ( 11 ) Senegal 1 ( 6 ) Seychelles 1 ( 16 ) Tunisia 1 ( 1 ) Asia ( edit ) Rank Country Seasons visited Pit Stops China 14 ( 1 , 2 , 6 , 10 , 11 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 30 ) 21 India 11 ( 1 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 18 , 20 , 27 ) 17 Japan 7 ( 9 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 20 , 23 , 26 ) 8 Thailand 7 ( 1 , 2 , 9 , 14 , 19 , 26 , 30 ) 12 5 Indonesia 5 ( 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 28 ) 9 Malaysia 5 ( 3 , 4 , 11 , 16 , 24 ) 6 Vietnam 5 ( 3 , 10 , 15 , 22 , 29 ) 9 8 United Arab Emirates 4 ( 5 , 15 , 23 , 28 ) 6 9 Singapore 3 ( 3 , 16 , 25 ) South Korea 3 ( 4 , 17 , 29 ) 11 Bangladesh 2 ( 17 , 21 ) Cambodia 2 ( 13 , 15 ) Oman 2 ( 9 , 17 ) Philippines 2 ( 5 , 25 ) Sri Lanka 2 ( 6 , 24 ) Taiwan 2 ( 12 , 19 ) 17 Armenia 1 ( 28 ) Azerbaijan 1 ( 20 ) Bahrain 1 ( 30 ) Georgia 1 ( 28 ) Kazakhstan 1 ( 13 ) Kuwait 1 ( 10 ) Mongolia 1 ( 10 ) Oceania ( edit ) Rank Country Seasons visited Pit Stops Australia 4 ( 2 , 4 , 9 , 18 ) 8 New Zealand 4 ( 2 , 5 , 13 , 22 ) 5 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This count only includes countries that fielded actual route markers , challenges or finish mats . Airport stopovers and mandatory layovers are not counted or listed . Jump up ^ Including the unincorporated organized territories of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( 7 ) , Guam ( 11 ) ( which is located in Oceania ) , and the United States Virgin Islands ( 25 ) . Jump up ^ Includes 30 Finish Lines Jump up ^ Including the overseas country of French Polynesia ( 22 ) , which is in Oceania . Jump up ^ Includes the region of Siberia ( 14 ) , which is part of the Asian continent . Jump up ^ As of season 25 , the show has visited all four of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom : England ( all 6 above listed seasons ) , Scotland ( 3 , 22 , 25 ) , Northern Ireland ( 22 ) , and Wales ( 24 ) . Jump up ^ An aired Detour option in season 1 required teams to travel to Botswana , but no one chose the option . Jump up ^ Including the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong ( 2 , 11 , 17 , 27 , 30 ) and Macau ( 11 , 27 ) . Impact and reception ( edit ) U.S. broadcast and Ratings ( edit ) Seasonal rankings ( based on average total viewers per episode ) of The Amazing Race on CBS . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Season premiere Premiere viewers ( millions ) Season finale Finale viewers ( millions ) TV season Average viewers ( millions ) Rank ( viewers ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm September 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 05 ) 11.80 December 13 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 13 ) 13.65 2001 -- 02 73 8.80 March 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 11 ) N / A May 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 15 ) N / A 49 10.30 October 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) N / A December 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 18 ) N / A 2002 71 8.98 Thursday 8 : 00 pm May 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 29 ) 9.94 August 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 21 ) N / A 2003 N / A 8.32 5 Tuesday 10 : 00 pm July 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 06 ) 10.30 September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) N / A N / A 10.73 6 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm November 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) N / A February 8 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 08 ) N / A 2004 -- 05 31 11.54 7 March 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) N / A May 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 10 ) 16.01 25 13.05 8 September 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 27 ) N / A December 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 13 ) N / A 2005 -- 06 42 10.80 9 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Tuesday 10 : 00 pm Wednesday 8 : 00 pm February 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 28 ) N / A May 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 17 ) N / A 56 9.10 10 Sunday 8 : 00 pm September 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) N / A December 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 10 ) N / A 2006 -- 07 31 11.50 11 February 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 18 ) N / A May 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 06 ) N / A 44 10.10 12 November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) N / A January 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 20 ) 9.75 2007 -- 08 25 11.84 13 September 28 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 28 ) 10.29 December 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) 10.57 2008 -- 09 27 11.14 14 February 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 15 ) 9.20 May 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 10 ) 10.49 29 10.91 15 September 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 27 ) 10.40 December 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 06 ) 12.32 2009 -- 10 28 11.14 16 February 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 14 ) 8.90 May 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 09 ) 10.63 29 10.40 17 September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 11.54 December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) 12.12 2010 -- 11 22 11.93 18 February 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 20 ) 9.15 May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 8.97 39 10.35 19 September 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) 10.18 December 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 11 ) 11.72 2011 -- 12 34 11.13 20 February 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 19 ) 10.34 May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) 9.40 37 10.30 21 September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) 9.40 December 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) 9.35 2012 -- 13 29 10.68 22 February 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 17 ) 9.57 May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) 9.10 36 10.17 23 September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 8.62 December 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 9.21 2013 -- 14 34 9.49 24 February 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 23 ) 6.71 May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 8.22 25 Friday 8 : 00 pm September 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) 5.48 December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) 6.59 2014 -- 15 69 7.49 26 Wednesday 9 : 30 pm Friday 8 : 00 pm February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 6.16 May 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) 5.72 27 Friday 8 : 00 pm September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) 5.79 December 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) 6.16 2015 -- 16 58 7.56 28 February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) 6.09 May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) 5.93 29 Thursday 10 : 00 pm March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 4.30 June 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 01 ) 3.91 2016 -- 17 64 6.33 30 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Wednesday 9 : 00 pm January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 7.33 February 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 4.34 2017 -- 18 Notes Jump up ^ Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . ^ Jump up to : Because this edition of The Amazing Race aired during the summer ( and outside of the typical television season , which runs September to May ) , it was not ranked in either the television season preceding it or succeeding it . Jump up ^ The two - hour premiere was the only episode to air Tuesday at 9 : 00 pm . ^ Jump up to : Episodes aired Tuesdays at 10 : 00 pm during the entire month of March 2006 , and then moved to Wednesdays at 8 : 00 pm for the remainder of the season to make room for CSI : NY . Jump up ^ Starting from 2013 -- 14 TV season ranking , the two seasons are listed together in the final rankings together as The Amazing Race . Previously , seasons were listed separately . Jump up ^ Starting with the 2014 - 15 season , final season viewer averages are based on Live + 7 ratings data . Jump up ^ The ninety - minute premiere was the only episode to air Wednesday at 9 : 30 pm . Jump up ^ Two episodes aired on April 20 and May 18 , with the first airing at the earlier time of 9 : 00 pm and the second at the regular time . ^ Jump up to : Episodes aired Wednesdays at 8 : 00 pm during the entire month of January 2018 , and then moved to Wednesdays at 9 : 00 pm for the remainder of the season to make way for Celebrity Big Brother , all in 2 - hour episodes . During its first four seasons , even with extensive critical praise , the show garnered low Nielsen ratings , facing cancellation a number of times . The premiere of the show aired six days before the September 11 attacks , leaving the fate of the show in doubt . Producer van Munster stated that `` Once we saw our billboards covered in dust from the 9 / 11 tragedy , we knew we had a problem '' . Low viewership of the show was also attributed to it being lost among all other reality television shows at the time and unable to garner similar numbers as Survivor . The Amazing Race premiered against a similarly themed reality show Lost on NBC ( unrelated to ABC 's Lost show ) ; Lost featured teams of two stranded in a remote area of the world and forced to find their way back to the United States . A vice president of programming at CBS considered The Amazing Race to be `` a show that was always on the bubble '' of being canceled . The show was considered to be saved due to several factors : the show was well received by critics , winning the Emmy for Outstanding Reality - Competition Programming in 2003 and 2004 ; consistent viewership numbers ; and feedback from the large number of fans representing the young target demographic , including Sarah Jessica Parker , who had called in directly to CBS President Les Moonves asking to save the show . The fifth season of the series , which aired from July to September 2004 , had very high viewership numbers for that time of the year , averaging 10.7 million with a finale of nearly 13 million , doubling the viewership in the 18 - to - 34 demographic and won its time slot for every episode . The improved ratings are credited to the particular teams selected for that season . As a result , CBS began airing the sixth season during the `` high - profile heart '' of the November 2004 sweeps . The New York Times 's Kate Aurthur suggests that ratings increases for the fifth , sixth , and seven season were a direct result of the show having racers that were portrayed as `` villain '' characters ( specifically , Colin from season 5 , Jonathan from season 6 , and Rob and Amber from season 7 ) that created more tension between teams than previous seasons , and gave viewers teams to root for or against . A temporary setback struck The Amazing Race after a Family Edition that aired later that year was not received warmly by viewers , which resulted in lowered viewership . The change in format , with teams of four and allowing for young children to race alongside their parents , hampered the travel ability of the show . Keoghan , though pleased they had tried something different with the show , attributed the poor response to the Family Edition due to too many people to follow and lack of exotic locations . This spilled over to Season 9 where it experienced dismaying ratings of only an average of 9.1 million viewers per episode , a drop from 13 million just 2 seasons ago in Season 7 . The timeslot changing for Season 9 was also attributed to the drop in ratings . From the tenth season to the twenty - fourth season , the show was moved to Sunday nights ; as a result , The Amazing Race has seen further increases in its numbers . It is believed that part of this increase is due to `` sports overruns '' ( football , basketball , or golf ) that resulted from games played earlier on Sunday pushing the airtime for The Amazing Race back by some amount on the East Coast along with other CBS programming . In the Sunday timeslot , The Amazing Race follows 60 Minutes ; Variety states that , while both shows have different target demographics , the crossover audience between the shows is very high based on the average household income of its viewers , and is part of the Race 's success . In the 2010 season , another reality television show , Undercover Boss , was scheduled following The Amazing Race ; the overall impact of these three shows have helped CBS to regain viewership on Sunday nights . According to Variety , the average age of Amazing Race viewers that watch the show live in 2009 was 51.9 years , while for those that time - shifted the show , the average age was 39.2 years . In a 2010 survey by Experian Simmons , The Amazing Race was found to be the second - highest show proportion of viewers that identify themselves as Republicans , following Glenn Beck . The season 16 finale , however , was the lowest - rated finale since season 4 . Although season 18 averaged over 10 million viewers and finished in top 40 most watched shows of the 2010 - 2011 television season , the ratings dropped and the season 18 finale was the second - lowest - rated Sunday night finale . The season 21 finale was down 31 % from the season 19 finale on December 11 , 2011 . It tied as the show 's lowest rated finale ever . Ratings also dropped during the season 24 finale , which was down 33 % from the season 15 finale on May 18 , 2014 . As a result of decreasing ratings , starting with the twenty - fifth season , the show moved to Fridays at 8 : 00 pm , where it had its lowest viewership ever in this series . Ratings for the show since the move to Friday have remained steady , with seasons premieres maintaining around 6 million viewers and only small drops over the course of a given season . With the show 's age , some of its current fans were not born when the show had first aired in 2001 , and the production team used a concept like season 28 , aired in 2016 , where the use of YouTube and other Internet celebrities was intended to help bridge the gap between long - time and new fans . The success of The Amazing Race has led other networks to attempt to develop reality shows in a similar vein ; CBS Vice President for alternative programming Jennifer Bresnan stated that many of these shows pose themselves as `` The Amazing Race mixed with ' X ' '' to try to vary the format . Such shows include Treasure Hunters ( NBC , 2006 ) , Expedition Impossible ( ABC , 2011 ) , and Around the World in 80 Plates ( Bravo , 2012 ) . The Great Escape ( TNT , 2012 ) brought van Munster and Doganieri to help with production , and was considered by critics as a `` lite '' version of The Amazing Race . International broadcast and versions ( edit ) The United States version of The Amazing Race is rebroadcast in several countries around the world . Airings in both Canada and Australia are very popular . The Canadian showing on CTV is commonly one of the top ten most watched shows each week , according to BBM Canada , Australian broadcasts of the episodes on the Seven Network often fall into the top 20 programs for the week . Episodes of The Amazing Race also air in several other countries shortly after the American broadcast , including Israel , Latin America , China , Vietnam and the Philippines . Main article : The Amazing Race § The Amazing Race around the world AXN Asia broadcasts The Amazing Race across southeast Asia ; the popularity of the show through the service led to CBS allowing for the option of creating international versions of the show in October 2005 . The Amazing Race Asia was one of the first versions created , following essentially the same format as the United States version . Other international versions of the show have been produced out of Latin America , Europe , Israel , Australia , and Canada . Critical reception ( edit ) Part of the show 's success is considered to be the relatively simple formula of following several teams on a race around the world . Because of this , viewers can live `` vicariously through the people on the screen '' , according to Andy Dehnart of the RealityBlurred.com website . The show is often considered to be `` travel porn '' , offering locations that most people would never get to see in their lifetimes . Keoghan offers that : `` ( The Amazing Race ) exposes particular Americans to a world they do n't see in primetime TV . Most of what they see is a war here , a person killed there , a natural disaster over here . We present a world that seems inviting , with people who are warm and helpful , not this big scary place that if you get in a plane you 're going to be killed by traveling to some foreign land . '' , Phil Keoghan The show is also considered to be successful in that it does not rely on the typical tropes of reality television , where players are trying to avoid becoming too much of a target to be voted off by their fellow contestants ; in The Amazing Race , a team 's success is primarily based on their own performance . At the same time , the reality show setting can bring out unbecoming behavior , often leading to the stereotypical idea of ugly American tourists . Latter seasons of the Race have been more critically panned . One factor is the predictability of the show , with little variety in the construction of specific legs and foregone outcomes of which team would be eliminated . The media site The A.V. Club , which had covered the Race for several seasons , opted to end its Race recaps mid-Season 21 , with editor Scott Von Doviak stating that the show `` has become so stale and predictable '' . Though Denhert was a supporter of the show in its earlier seasons , he has criticized latter seasons for becoming too predictable , as `` failed to grow and evolve , it seems stale '' . Denhert does acknowledge that budget cuts for all CBS programming , including the Race , are likely causes for simple tasks and lackluster legs ; Keoghan does state that the reduced budgets has made the timetable for filming `` really brutal '' , but also considers that the difficulty of filming also reflects on the difficulty of the Race for the teams as well . Denhert further points to the lack of time given for the viewer to learn about the individuals on each team , and instead has added elements like the U-Turn and the Yield to create inter-team drama . The show is known for a dedicated fan base that keeps in touch with the show 's producers and contestants . While a race is being run and filmed , fans of the show watch for news or spotting of the racers and attempt to track their progress in real time , enhanced by recent social media tools , leading production to figure out ways to masquerade their presence in any city such as through the use of decoy teams . Despite this , fans readily track the Race as it is being run across the globe . In the 19th season , one contestant had lost her passport at a gas station while getting directions to Los Angeles International Airport . Though spotted by their A / V crew , they could not intervene , but instead alerted production , who prepared for an early elimination of the team at LAX . A bystander found the passport , and after he posted about it on Twitter , he was directed by a fan tracking the Race 's progress to take the passport to the airport , returning it before the scheduled flight and keeping the team in the race . Subsequent seasons have had publicly attended live starts such as starting in Times Square for season 25 , and frequent use of live social media updates by the racers by permission of production during season 28 . Coinciding with the broadcast finale for each season though about the 13th season , fans from the website Television Without Pity arranged for a `` TARCon '' event in New York City along with the season 's teams and other former racers . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Amazing Race won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality - Competition Program for the first seven years after the creation of the award in 2003 , and ten of the twelve years since its creation , against other , more popular reality TV shows such as Survivor , Dancing with the Stars , and American Idol . Its streak was ended in 2010 when Top Chef won the Emmy for this category . Host Phil Keoghan revealed in an interview that the show 's loss that year made him and the producers realize that they will have to try harder to win the Emmy again . In 2011 , the show won in the category again for the eighth time . After its seventh consecutive win , some in the media , including Survivor host Jeff Probst suggested that The Amazing Race willingly drop out from the competition in future years , similar to Candice Bergen declining any further nominations after her fifth Emmy win for her role in Murphy Brown . Van Munster has stated that it is `` not likely '' he will pull the show from future Emmy awards , considering that it reflects on his and his crew 's hard work and high standards . The show has also been nominated and won several times for technical production ( Creative Arts ) Emmy awards , for Cinematography and Picture Editing for Non-Fiction programs , whereas it has only been nominated for Sound Mixing and Sound Editing for Non-Fiction programs . The show has been nominated in the same five categories for three years consecutively , a trend which continued with the 2007 Primetime Emmy Awards . Summary of Emmy Awards and nominations Year Type Result Record 2003 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Won 1 for 1 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Won 2 for 2 Creative Arts Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` I Could Never Have Been Prepared For What I 'm Looking At Right Now '' Nominated 0 for 1 Outstanding Picture Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` I Could Never Have Been Prepared For What I 'm Looking At Right Now '' Nominated 0 for 1 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` I Could Never Have Been Prepared For What I 'm Looking At Right Now '' Nominated 0 for 1 2005 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Won 3 for 3 Creative Arts Outstanding Picture Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` We 're Moving Up the Food Chain '' Won 1 for 2 Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` We 're Moving Up the Food Chain '' Nominated 0 for 2 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` We 're Moving Up the Food Chain '' Nominated 0 for 2 Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` We 're Moving Up the Food Chain '' Nominated 0 for 1 2006 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Won 4 for 4 Creative Arts Outstanding Picture Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Here Comes The Bedouin ! '' Won 2 for 3 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Here Comes The Bedouin ! '' Won 1 for 3 Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Here Comes The Bedouin ! '' Nominated 0 for 3 Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Here Comes The Bedouin ! '' Nominated 0 for 2 2007 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Won 5 for 5 Creative Arts Outstanding Picture Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` I Know Phil , Little Ol ' Gorgeous Thing ! '' Won 3 for 4 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` I Know Phil , Little Ol ' Gorgeous Thing ! '' Won 2 for 4 Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` I Know Phil , Little Ol ' Gorgeous Thing ! '' Nominated 0 for 4 Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` I Know Phil , Little Ol ' Gorgeous Thing ! '' Nominated 0 for 3 2008 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Won 6 for 6 Creative Arts Outstanding Picture Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Honestly , They Have Witch Powers Or Something '' Nominated 3 for 5 Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming for the episode `` Honestly , They Have Witch Powers Or Something '' Nominated 0 for 1 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Honestly , They Have Witch Powers Or Something '' Nominated 2 for 5 Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Honestly , They Have Witch Powers Or Something '' Nominated 0 for 5 Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Honestly , They Have Witch Powers Or Something '' Nominated 0 for 4 2009 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Won 7 for 7 Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Phil Keoghan Nominated 0 for 1 Creative Arts Outstanding Picture Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Do n't Let A Cheese Hit Me '' Nominated 3 for 6 Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming for the episode `` Do n't Let A Cheese Hit Me '' Nominated 0 for 2 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Do n't Let A Cheese Hit Me '' Nominated 2 for 6 Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Do n't Let A Cheese Hit Me '' Nominated 0 for 6 Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Do n't Let A Cheese Hit Me '' Nominated 0 for 5 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Nominated 7 for 8 Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Phil Keoghan Nominated 0 for 2 Creative Arts Outstanding Picture Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` I Think We 're Fighting the Germans . Right ? '' Nominated 3 for 7 Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming for the episode `` I Think We 're Fighting the Germans . Right ? '' Nominated 0 for 3 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` I Think We 're Fighting the Germans . Right ? '' Nominated 2 for 7 Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` I Think We 're Fighting the Germans . Right ? '' Nominated 0 for 7 Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` I Think We 're Fighting the Germans . Right ? '' Nominated 0 for 6 2011 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Won 8 for 9 Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Phil Keoghan Nominated 0 for 3 Creative Arts Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming for the episode `` You Do n't Get Paid Unless You Win '' Nominated 3 for 8 Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming for the episode `` You Do n't Get Paid Unless You Win '' Nominated 0 for 4 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` You Do n't Get Paid Unless You Win '' Nominated 2 for 8 Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` You Do n't Get Paid Unless You Win '' Nominated 0 for 8 Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` You Do n't Get Paid Unless You Win '' Nominated 0 for 7 2012 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Won 9 for 10 Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Phil Keoghan Nominated 0 for 4 Creative Arts Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming for the episode `` Let Them Drink Their Haterade '' Nominated 3 for 9 Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming for the episode `` Let Them Drink Their Haterade '' Nominated 0 for 5 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Let Them Drink Their Haterade '' Nominated 2 for 9 Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Let Them Drink Their Haterade '' Nominated 0 for 9 Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Let Them Drink Their Haterade '' Nominated 0 for 8 2013 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Nominated 9 for 11 Creative Arts Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming for the episode `` Be Safe and Do n't Hit a Cow '' Nominated 3 for 10 Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Be Safe and Do n't Hit a Cow '' Nominated 2 for 10 Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Be Safe and Do n't Hit a Cow '' Nominated 0 for 10 Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Be Safe and Do n't Hit a Cow '' Nominated 0 for 9 2014 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Won 10 for 12 Creative Arts Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming for the episode `` Part Like the Red Sea '' Nominated 0 for 6 Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming for the episode `` Part Like the Red Sea '' Nominated 2 for 11 Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming for the episode `` Part Like the Red Sea '' Nominated 3 for 11 Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Part Like the Red Sea '' Nominated 0 for 11 Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) for the episode `` Part Like the Red Sea '' Nominated 0 for 10 2015 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Nominated 10 for 13 Creative Arts Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming for the episode `` Morocc'and Roll '' Nominated 2 for 12 Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming for the episode `` Morocc'and Roll '' Nominated 3 for 12 2016 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Nominated 10 for 14 Creative Arts Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming for the episode `` We 're Only Doing Freaky Stuff Today '' Nominated 2 for 13 Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming for the episode `` We 're Only Doing Freaky Stuff Today '' Nominated 3 for 12 2017 Primetime Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Nominated 10 for 15 Creative Arts Outstanding Cinematography for Reality Programming for the episode `` Bucket List Type Stuff '' Nominated 2 for 14 Outstanding Picture Editing For A Structured Or Competition Reality Program for the episode `` Bucket List Type Stuff '' Nominated 3 for 14 Total : 15 wins , 74 nominations The production staff of The Amazing Race has been nominated each year since 2004 for the Producers Guild of America 's Golden Laurel award for Television Producer of a Non-Fiction Program , and won this award in 2005 . Bert Van Munster has been nominated six times for the Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs award for The Amazing Race each year between 2005 and 2010 , and winning the award in 2007 . Due to its favorable portrayal of gay couples , The Amazing Race has been nominated in 2004 and 2006 for , but not won , the GLAAD Media Award Outstanding Reality Program . It has received a similar nomination for 2009 , and won in 2012 . Home media releases ( edit ) Seasons 1 and 7 were released in stores . The remaining seasons have been released exclusively on Amazon.com through its CreateSpace manufacture on demand program . Only region 1 is available . Select seasons have also been released on Blu - ray . DVD name Release date The First Season September 27 , 2005 The Second Season January 24 , 2011 The Third Season November 22 , 2011 The Fourth Season November 29 , 2011 The Fifth Season April 24 , 2012 The Sixth Season April 24 , 2012 The Seventh Season December 20 , 2005 The Eighth Season : Family Edition October 23 , 2012 The Ninth Season October 23 , 2012 The Tenth Season May 1 , 2013 The Eleventh Season : All - Stars May 1 , 2013 The Twelfth Season March 24 , 2014 The Thirteenth Season April 8 , 2014 The Fourteenth Season May 21 , 2014 The Fifteenth Season May 21 , 2014 The Sixteenth Season November 4 , 2014 The Seventeenth Season November 4 , 2014 The Eighteenth Season : Unfinished Business October 7 , 2015 The Nineteenth Season October 7 , 2015 The Twentieth Season February 13 , 2017 The Twenty - First Season December 9 , 2016 The Twenty - Second Season November 21 , 2017 The Twenty - Third Season November 21 , 2017 The Twenty - Fourth Season : All - Stars November 19 , 2017 The Twenty - Fifth Season TBA The Twenty - Sixth Season TBA The Twenty - Seventh Season TBA Other media ( edit ) Two board games have been made based on The Amazing Race : a DVD Board Game and a traditional board game . A video game for the Wii home game console has been also been produced as well as an iOS version . Two books have been written by fans of the show ; the first is written by Adam - Troy Castro , titled `` My Ox Is Broken ! '' : Detours , Roadblocks , Fast Forwards and Other Great Moments from TV 's The Amazing Race `` , which features an introduction from Season 8 racers Billy and Carissa Gaghan . The second book is `` Circumnavigating the Globe : Amazing Race 10 to 14 and Amazing Race Asia 1 to 3 '' written by Arthur E. Perkins Jr . Legacy ( edit ) Total Drama Presents : The Ridonculous Race `` The Amazing Alphabet Race '' , a segment shown during Sesame Street 's 38th season as previewed on NBC 's Today Show , is played by Elmo and hosted by `` Amazing Al '' , the muppet version of Phil Keoghan . The format of The Amazing Race has led to much smaller scale events for local cities and towns , having teams race through the area with clues and tasks . Countries and cities that are featured on the show often see the exposure as a boon . A member of the Icelandic Tourist Board noted that after their country shown as one of the locations in The Amazing Race 6 , their website saw an increase in information requests , and they worked to develop a `` Trace the Race '' travel package to allow visitors to see the same locations shown on the show . `` Competitours '' was created by Steve Belkin to create 8 to 14 - days European tours in the style of The Amazing Race ; the tourists are only given instructions each night on where they will be traveling next with a Race - like task to do the next day ( such as encouraging locals to dance with them at a tourist location ) , to be demonstrated by recording themselves with a video camera . The Amazing Race has inspired popular culture , with notable references to it in such shows as Robot Chicken , MadTV ( in which Charla and Mirna of Season 5 participated ) , 30 Rock and American Dad ( which US host , Phil Keoghan guest starred in the episode ) even Sesame Street . The Canadian cartoon / reality show Total Drama Presents : The Ridonculous Race is a direct parody of The Amazing Race . And also an episode titled `` The Amazing Model Race '' of the twelfth cycle of America 's Next Top Model , where it has a race - themed challenge . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews ' Elementary ' and ' The Amazing Race ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Romero , Nick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother to air opposite the Winter Olympics '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serpe , Gina ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Amazing New Teams Rev to Race '' . E ! News . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Hawaii Five - 0 , Madam Secretary and Bull Among CBS ' 11 Latest Renewals '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perkins 2009 , pp. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Gerri . `` Inside The Amazing Race '' . How Stuff Works . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` The Amazing Race ( 2009 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pennington , Gail ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Amazing Race ' 18 goes high and wide '' . St. Louis Today . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' Raises the Prize to $2 Million for Season 21 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Francescutti , Mark ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` CBS 's ' The Amazing Race ' spotted in Dallas '' . Dallas News . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazing Race ' Kicks Off 27th Season At Venice Beach '' . CBS Los Angeles . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hughes , William ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Amazing Race is casting social media stars for this season 's race '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Amazing Race 's ' Phil Keoghan on Close Calls , Superfan Encounters and How the Show Stays Fresh '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ AmazingRaceCBS new season just started in downtown LA . Story to come ... # TAR # AmazingRace '' . Twitter . CelebSightings . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Tracy ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' films Season 29 in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Amazing Race Season 29 Cast : Meet the 22 Strangers Who Will Pair Up as Teams '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Fan Favorites to Compete on ' The Amazing Race ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matt , Carter ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Amazing Race 30 filming already over , Jessica Graf confirms '' . Carter Matt . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Berger , Warren ( September 2 , 2001 ) . `` COVER STORY ; A Long Trip , With Someone You Know '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bloomenthal , Andrew ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Amazing Race ' Brain Trust Reveals Some Tricks to the Trade '' . Variety . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bloomenthal , Andrew ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Amazing Race ' Producers Leave a lot Up to Fate '' . Variety . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petrozzello , Donna ( September 4 , 2001 ) . `` ' Race ' spans globe '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shain , Michael ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Egypt is off the map for us ' : Logan attack rumbles through primetime TV '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eakin , Marah ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` What 's it like to be a contestant on The Amazing Race '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : The ' Amazing Race ' Creator Feared Cancellation Until Their First Win '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lacher , Irene ( September 30 , 2012 ) . `` The Sunday Conversation : Bertram van Munster and Elise Doganieri of ' The Amazing Race ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomes : Cute garden dwellers or little villains ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Snapple Partners With CBS on `` The Amazing Race '' '' ( Press release ) . Snapple . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Advertising Spending Declines 0.5 % In First Half 2007 , Nielsen Reports '' ( Press release ) . ACNeilsen . September 24 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Petrozzello , Donna ( March 1 , 2001 ) . `` CBS Picks Its Guide to Run the ' Race ' '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Racing up the ratings '' . The Age . Melbourne . May 5 , 2005 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Martin ( March 28 , 2009 ) . `` ' Amazing Race 's ' Phil Keoghan sets out to bike the USA '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Father - Son Duo Closer After The Amazing Race '' . People . November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schinder , Michael ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Phil Keoghan Signs New Deal , Sticks With The Amazing Race '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bowling Moms ' answer lingering questions about the race '' . Movie Usenet . August 19 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Warren , Michael ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Saving the world , one wedge at a time '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zekas , Rita ( May 22 , 2000 ) . `` Amazing Race Goths are daredevils at heart '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboy brothers ride ' Amazing Race ' fame , run for office '' . Associated Press . June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Amazing Race Getting HD Upgrade '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Grey , Ellen ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Ellen Gray : Ex - ' Race ' contestants get another run - in HD '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lingo ( February 11 , 2005 ) . `` How is the whole visa situation handled ? '' . The Amazing Race FAQ : Casting and Pre-Race Activities . TARflies Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins 2009 , pp. 13 . Jump up ^ Note : although one account suggested that cell phones could be borrowed in certain instances once the trip is underway . Jump up ^ Boylan , Alex ; Bernstein , Ryan . `` The Day I ... Won The Amazing Race '' . Hall of Fame Network . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` 8 Amazing Secrets From The Amazing Race Start Line '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perkins 2009 , pp. 12 . Jump up ^ McLean , Thomas ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Great shots from rough spots '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` IGN Interview : The Amazing Race 's Phil Keoghan '' . IGN . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lingo ( February 11 , 2005 ) . `` Where do the eliminated contestants go ? I 've heard of a place called `` Sequesterville . '' `` . The Amazing Race FAQ : Eliminated Teams . TARflies Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Joe ( November 4 , 2006 ) . `` An Audience Finally Catches Up to ' The Amazing Race ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Jr. , Arthur ( 2009 ) . Circumnavigating the Globe : Amazing Race 10 to 14 and Amazing Race Asia 1 to 3 . AuthorHouse . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 1119 - 2 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' 20 / 20 ' tops ' Amazing Race ' and ' Lost ' '' . Media Life Magazine . September 6 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS nips NBC in flick face - off '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen 's TOP 156 Shows for 2002 - 03 '' . Groups.google.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Amazing Race 4 ' premiere draws best premiere ratings since 1st ' Race , ' draws just under 10 million viewers '' . Reality TV World . May 30 , 2003 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford ( September 30 , 2003 ) . `` CBS gives fifth seasons to ' Amazing Race , ' ' Big Brother ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CBS ' ' The Amazing Race 5 ' premiere delivers best ratings since ' The Amazing Race 3 ' finale '' . Reality TV World . August 7 , 2004 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CBS ( October 20 , 2004 ) . `` Eleven teams await the starting gun as the next `` The Amazing Race '' is about to begin `` . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 - 05 Final audience and ratings figures '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CBS 's ' The Amazing Race 7 ' finishes big , sets series ratings records '' . Reality TV World . November 5 , 2005 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 - 06 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 - 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , January 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year end ratings , TAR vs. other hot shows . - alt. tv. amazing - race Google Groups '' . Groups.google.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( September 29 , 2008 ) . `` Ratings : ' Desperate Housewives ' returns to win Sunday night '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Finale of `` The Amazing Race 13 '' Outruns `` Race 12 '' `` . The Futon Critic . December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : Desperate Housewives leads a slow Sunday '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Winning Streak Hits 10 '' . The Futon Critic . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS wins premiere week in viewers and adults 25 - 54 - Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Season Finale of The Amazing Race 15 Posts Largest Audience Of the Season '' . TV by the Numbers . December 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Final 2009 - 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Sunday : Olympics Take Night , But Undercover Boss Strong in Second Outing '' . TV by the Numbers . February 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CBSPressExpress.com . `` CBS Ratings Press Release '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Wins premiere week in viewers , adults 18 -- 49 and adults 25 -- 54 '' . CBS Press Express . September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS # 1 IN VIEWERS AND A25 - 54 FOR 11TH TIME IN 12 WEEKS '' . CBS Press Express . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Full 2010 - 11 Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com. 2010 - 11 Season : Series Ranking In Total Viewers ( in thousands ) . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBS WINS THE WEEK IN VIEWERS LED BY NCIS AND THE GOOD WIFE '' . May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Desperate Housewives , ' ' CSI : Miami , ' ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBS SWEEPS WEEK IN VIEWERS AND DEMOS ; # 1 FOR THE SEASON IN ALL MEASURES '' . CBS Press Express . December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com. 2011 - 12 Season : Series Ranking In Total Viewers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up + Unscrambled CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Simpsons ' , ' Amazing Race ' Finale , ' Harry 's Law ' Adjusted Up ; ' Desperate Housewives ' , ' NYC 22 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' 666 Park Avenue ' , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' American Dad ' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com. 2011 - 12 Season : Series Ranking In Total Viewers . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Amazing Race ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Good Wife ' & ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Red Widow ' Adjusted Down + Final FOX Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Betrayal ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2013 . Primetime Shows 2013 - 2014 - Total Viewers . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : Olympics Closing Ceremony . ' The Amazing Race ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' American Dream Builders ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : `` Shark Tank Adjusted Up '' ; `` Hawaii Five - 0 Adjusted Down '' `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The Amazing Race ' , ' Caught on Camera ' or ' Dateline ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : De Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Primetime Shows 2013 - 2014 - Total Viewers . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Messengers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' + ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Amazing Race ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : De Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Primetime Shows 2015 - 2016 - Total Viewers . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' finale and ' Grimm ' adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ′ adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NCIS and 24 Others Get Finale Dates at CBS -- Which Might Be Series Finales ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Amazing Race ' finale and ' Love Connection ' adjust up , plus final NBA numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Final Live + 7 viewer averages for 2016 - 17 : ' Sunday Night Football ' holds off ' The Big Bang Theory ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' American Housewife ' reruns adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( September 7 , 2001 ) . `` CBS Wins , NBC ' Lost ' '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( November 16 , 2004 ) . `` With help from fans , hit CBS show rolls on '' . The Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Petrozzello , Donna ( May 25 , 2003 ) . `` ' Race ' Is Gaining '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( April 26 , 2005 ) . `` On TV , Reality Loves A Villain '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` Oh , the places they 'll go '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bienstock , Jordan ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Everyone 's a Critic : Stop changing my show 's format '' . CNN . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazing Race is back on course '' . Ottawa Citizen . February 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( December 9 , 2007 ) . `` ' Amazing Race ' still running '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Toff , Benjamin ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Hoops Lift CBS '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Nick ( December 4 , 2010 ) . `` Upscale auds still watch NBC '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adalain , Josef ( December 27 , 2010 ) . `` Your 2010 Network Report Cards : How 'd CBS Do This Year ? '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` TV audiences are growing older '' . Variety . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hibbard , James ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Reign of Right - Wing Primetime '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings ABC Wins Another Slow Sunday ; Amazing Race Lowest Finale Ever ; Celebrity Apprentice Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Finales Of ' Brothers & Sisters , ' ' CSI : Miami ' Up ; ' The Amazing Race ' Hits Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' The Amazing Race ' Finale , ' Family Guy ' & ' The Mentalist ' Down , ' The Simpsons ' & ' Bob 's Burgers ' Up ; Christmas With Holly ' Not So Festive '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Race ' shocker finale ratings disappoint '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` CBS fall schedule revealed : ' CSI ' to Sundays ; ' 2.5 Men ' ends run '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Eric ( March 19 , 2016 ) . `` Behind the Scenes of ' The Amazing Race ' and Its Social - Media - Star Season '' . Re / code . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Malcom , Shawna ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` Race to mimic success of ' Amazing ' never ends '' . Variety . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( June 23 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' The Great Escape ' is like ' The Amazing Race ' lite '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Program Reports '' . BBM Canada . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Programs - Ranking Report ( E ) '' ( PDF ) . OzTAM . March 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Programs - Ranking Report ( E ) '' ( PDF ) . OzTAM . January 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bly , Laura ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Amazing Race ' teams return for another round - the - world adventure '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cudmore , Doug ( May 28 , 2003 ) . `` Trains , planes and travel porn ; The Amazing Race back for third season Competing pairs just go and go and go '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ariano , Tara ( July 2 , 2004 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' runs on its own merit '' . MSN . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Von Doviak , Scott ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Funky Monkey '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Denhert , Andy ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` How The Amazing Race should fix itself '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Denhert , Andy ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` Phil Keoghan responds to criticism that The Amazing Race is no longer really amazing '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( October 6 , 2005 ) . `` An interview with Phil Keoghan of `` The Amazing Race '' `` . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Terdiman , Daniel ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` How online tools spoil reality show secrets '' . CNet . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Twitter 's ' Amazing Race ' Assist '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wang , Cynthia ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` How Top Chef Beat Amazing Race for the Emmy '' . People.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazing Race ' host Phil Keoghan revved up for Emmy races '' . Goldderby.com . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( September 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Amazing Race ' reclaims reality competition Emmy '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race 15 ' : Should it stop being so darn Emmy - winning ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joel & Ethan Coen Win DGA Feature Film Award Other Winners of 2007 DGA Awards Announced ( January 26 , 2008 ) '' . Directors Guild of America . January 26 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dramatic Series Night , Comedy Series , Musical Variety , Reality Programs , Daytime Serials , Commercials , Children 's Programs Nominees Announced '' . DGA Monthly . Directors Guild of America . January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Directors Guild reveals TV nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` DGA announces TV nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Awards for `` The Amazing Race '' on the Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ Engelbrektson , Lisa ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` GLAAD honors ' Men , ' ' Precious ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puente , Maria ( March 16 , 2013 ) . `` GLAAD awards Ratner , ' Smash ' and ' Amazing Race ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Race on DVD , Release Info , Reviews , News '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leider , Polly ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` ' Amazing Race ' -- In A Box '' . CBS News . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kate Stanhope . `` Survivor , Amazing Race and Criminal Minds to Become Video Games '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ My Ox Is Broken ! : Roadblocks , Detours , Fast Forwards and Other Great Moments from Tv 's ' the Amazing Race ' . Amazon.com . ASIN 1932100911 . ISBN 978 - 1932100914 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Circumnavigating the Globe : Amazing Race 10 to 14 and Amazing Race Asia 1 to 3 . Amazon.com . ASIN 1449011195 . ISBN 978 - 1449011192 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Bly , Laura ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` ' Amazing Race ' fans tag along for worldwide ride '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Noel , Joel ( February 22 , 2009 ) . `` A mini ' Amazing Race ' for the ordinary folks '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Atta Toy '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 13 . May 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Episode # 1001 '' . MadTV . Season 10 . Episode 1 . September 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody to Love and '' . 30 Rock . Season 2 . Episode 27 . November 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Phil Keoghan ( @ PhilKeoghan ) ( 29 July 2017 ) . ``. @ AmazingRaceCBS fans this Monday Animated # Philiminator hosts the # BitchinRace # browsie # ReadYourClue ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` August 10 , 2007 show '' . Today Show . August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 4154 '' . Sesame Street . September 28 , 2007 . and The Office ( U.S. TV series ) . Jump up ^ Gillette , Amelie ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model : `` The Amazing Model Race '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Amazing Race on IMDb The Amazing Race at TV.com The Amazing Race Original U.S. version Seasons 5 6 7 8 : Family Edition 9 10 11 : All - Stars 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 : Unfinished Business 19 20 21 22 23 24 : All - Stars 25 26 27 28 29 30 Contestants Versions outside the U.S. Asia 5 Asia contestants Australia 3 : Australia v New Zealand Australia contestants A Corrida Milionária Canada 5 Canada contestants China Rush China Rush contestants China French version HaMerotz LaMillion 5 6 HaMerotz LaMillion contestants Latin American version 4 : Edição Brasil 5 6 : Ecuador Latin American version contestants Norge Norge contestants Philippines Philippines contestants Velyki perehony Vietnam 5 Related Shanghai Rush The Ridonculous Race Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality - Competition Program The Amazing Race , Race 3 ( 2003 ) The Amazing Race , Race 4 ( 2004 ) The Amazing Race , Race 7 ( 2005 ) The Amazing Race , Race 9 ( 2006 ) The Amazing Race , Race 10 ( 2007 ) The Amazing Race , Race 12 ( 2008 ) The Amazing Race , Race 14 ( 2009 ) Top Chef , season 6 ( 2010 ) The Amazing Race , Race 18 ( 2011 ) The Amazing Race , Race 20 ( 2012 ) The Voice , season 3 / season 4 ( 2013 ) The Amazing Race , Race 23 ( 2014 ) The Voice , season 7 / season 8 ( 2015 ) The Voice , season 9 / season 10 ( 2016 ) The Voice , season 11 / season 12 ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming The Amazing Race ( 2011 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2012 ) Shark Tank ( 2013 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( 2014 ) The Chair ( 2015 ) Making a Murderer ( 2016 ) Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ( 2017 ) GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Reality Program Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ( 2004 -- 2005 ) The Real World : Philadelphia ( 2005 ) `` Straight Man in a Gay World '' ( 2006 ) Project Runway ( 2007 , 2011 ) Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List ( 2008 ) I Want to Work for Diddy ( 2009 ) Transamerican Love Story ( 2009 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( 2010 ) Dancing with the Stars ( 2012 ) The Amazing Race ( 2013 ) Big Freedia : Queen of Bounce ( 2014 ) R&B Divas : Atlanta ( 2015 ) I Am Cait ( 2016 ) I Am Jazz ( 2016 ) Strut ( 2017 ) CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) Living Biblically ( since 2018 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. 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how many missions on call of duty world at war 2			Call of Duty : WWII	call of duty : wwii	Call of Duty : WWII is a first - person shooter video game developed by Sledgehammer Games and published by Activision . It is the fourteenth main installment in the Call of Duty series and was released worldwide on November 3 , 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . It is the first title in the series to be set primarily during World War II since Call of Duty : World at War in 2008 . The game is set in the European theatre , and is centered around a squad in the 1st Infantry Division , following their battles on the Western Front , and set mainly in the historical events of Operation Overlord ; the multiplayer expands to different fronts not seen in the campaign .	Upon release , the game received generally positive reviews from critics , with many appreciating the return to the franchise 's World War II roots . Praise was given towards its story , visuals , the combat support of squad members and return of the health bar in single - player , Zombies mode , and multiplayer . However , it was criticized for the single - player 's lack of innovation and similarity to past games set in the same era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Campaign 1.2 Multiplayer 1.3 Nazi Zombies 2 Plot 2.1 Campaign 2.2 Nazi Zombies 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Similar to its predecessors , Call of Duty : WWII is a first - person shooter game but it removes the advanced system of movement present in the two previous Call of Duty titles , which included double jumping and wall running . Instead , it features a return of traditional movement to the series , taking it back to a `` boots on the ground '' gameplay style . The game does not feature an unlimited sprint mechanic , seen in the previous two titles . Instead of a `` slide '' movement mechanic , which allowed players to slide quickly on the ground , WWII features a `` hit - the - deck '' mechanic that allows the player to leap forward and throw themselves on the ground in order to get to cover quickly , similarly to a previous mechanic known as `` dolphin dive '' in Treyarch 's Call of Duty : Black Ops and Call of Duty : Black Ops II . Campaign ( edit ) WWII is the first title since the original game and Call of Duty 2 : Big Red One not to feature health regeneration in the campaign . Instead , players must find health packs scattered throughout levels , or rely on their medic squadmate to provide health packs . Other members of the player 's squad can provide ammunition , grenades , call in mortar strikes , or spot enemies and reveal their position in form of silhouettes . In certain sections of the game , enemy soldiers in the campaign can be captured , and wounded allies can be dragged to cover . In some parts of the campaign , players are able to control vehicles . Multiplayer ( edit ) The multiplayer mode for Call of Duty : WWII was revealed on E3 2017 , which took place from June 13 -- 15 . Sledgehammer Games announced features such as the new headquarters social space , divisions , war mode and the return to `` boots - on - the - ground '' gameplay . Players who pre-order the game were invited to a closed beta , which was released initially for the PlayStation 4 , but later was released on other platforms . In online multiplayer matches , players are randomly assigned either to Allies or Axis side . On Allies side , players can play as soldiers in American , British , Soviet , French Resistance armies . On the Axis side , players play as the Wehrmacht , rather than Waffen - SS in an effort to avoid ' glorifying ' Nazi extremists . When explaining this decision , Glen Schofield , co-founder and co-studio head at Sledgehammer , said `` The big distinction that Germans still make today is that between the German military and the Nazis . We made sure we made that distinction in the game , that the Germans were doing their duty '' . Instead of the usual create - a-class system , WWII features Divisions . Players can choose one out of five divisions , each with their own different basic combat training , division training and weapon skills . This also eliminates perks , as players need to progress through ranks in divisions in order to use additional skills . Five divisions featured in the game are : Infantry : The most versatile division in the game , it is equipped for mid to long range combat . The special skill of this division is the bayonet charge , which can lead to brutal melee combat . Airborne : This division makes players move fast while remaining quiet . Players in this division can attach suppressors to sub-machine guns at any time during combat which allows for more stealth based gameplay style . Armored : This division has the heaviest firepower , being able to mount machine guns . Mountain : This division focuses on long range combat , making sniper rifles more precise with aim assist and improving the aim through scope by blocking out surroundings from player 's view . Expeditionary : Shotguns used by players in this division have incendiary rounds that burn enemies to death . WWII also features Headquarters mode , which acts as a social space in the game . The hub is set on the Omaha Beach in Normandy , three days after the invasion when Allies retake the beach and turn it into a base . 48 players can be in the Headquarters at a time , and take part in various activities . For example , players can watch other players open loot boxes while in the Headquarters . There is a firing range in the hub , where all players can practise their shooting skills with all weapons , as well as a field where they can test scorestreaks . There are also areas where players can engage in `` 1v1 '' fights , as other players watch the duels . The end - game `` killcam '' highlight shown at the end of multiplayer matches has been changed to `` Bronze Star '' , which show kills `` deemed most impressive '' ( counted by most points gained in a row ) , similar to Overwatch . The exception to this is the Search & Destroy game mode , which does not use Bronze Star killcam . Search & Destroy uses a final killcam , showing the last kill in the round . A new game mode , War , is introduced as a `` narrative - driven '' multiplayer game mode , developed in partnership with Raven Software . In War , two teams of 6 players perform objectives as either the Allied or Axis faction , inspired by some of the iconic World War II battles , such as storming Normandy on D - Day as the Allied , or defending the Normandy bunker as the Axis in the map Operation Neptune . In addition to War , popular game modes such as Team Deathmatch , Domination and Hardpoint return , as well as Gridiron , a `` boots on the ground '' variation of Uplink , which was originally introduced by Sledgehammer Games in Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare . Nazi Zombies ( edit ) WWII includes a zombies cooperative game mode , similar to previous entries by Treyarch and Infinity Ward , with its own original storyline set in alternate history and separate from the campaign . The game mode , dubbed Nazi Zombies in reference to its first iteration in Treyarch 's Call of Duty : World at War , is also set in the events of World War II , as the Third Reich makes a desperate attempt to turn the tide of the war by creating an undead army in the final stages of the war . While the mode is based on science - fiction and is a fictional take on the war , Sledgehammer Games co-founder Michael Condrey said that the story of the mode is based on some `` real events '' . He also revealed that the experience is similar to Dead Space , a third person shooter horror video game directed by both Condrey and Schofield during their work time at EA Redwood Shores . In regards to gameplay , Nazi Zombies retains the wave - based survival formula that have been used in all previous Zombies entries , with brand new additions . A class system is introduced , where players can opt for one of four combat roles : Offense , Control , Medic and Support , which provide different in - game abilities . Class loadouts are also included , with equippable Raven Mods , which are perks similar to the multiplayer mode . Sledgehammer Games also attempted to rationalize some of the popular mechanics , such as weapon wallbuys and currencies , with realistic explanation that fit within the lore of the game mode . Nazi Zombies includes a hint system , where portions of the main story quest are given directional hints for players to find and progress . In regards to the story quest , Sledgehammer 's creative director Cameron Dayton reveals that there is a `` casual path '' for new and casual players where they can progress with the story , while a `` hardcore '' path , which is considered the official canon , exists with hidden objectives , and expands more on the story beyond what the casual path contains . Plot ( edit ) Campaign ( edit ) On June 6 , 1944 , U.S. Army Private First Class Ronald `` Red '' Daniels ( Brett Zimmermann ) of the 1st Infantry Division takes part in the Normandy landings with his platoon , consisting of Private First Class Robert Zussman ( Jonathan Tucker ) , Private Drew Stiles ( Kevin Coubal ) , Technician Fifth Grade Frank Aiello ( Jeff Schine ) , Technical Sergeant William Pierson ( Josh Duhamel ) and First Lieutenant Joseph Turner ( Jeffrey Pierce ) . Zussman is stabbed by a German soldier , resulting in his hospitalization for several weeks . Zussman returns to duty in time for Operation Cobra , where American forces successfully push to reclaim the town of Marigny . The platoon is ordered by Colonel Davis ( Matt Riedy ) to conduct an operation with British Special Operations Executive officers Major Arthur Crowley ( David Alpay ) and Vivian ( Helen Sadler ) to intercept a German armored train carrying V2 - rockets . Daniels and Zussman successfully derail the train before being escorted back to their squad by French Resistance leader Rousseau ( Bella Dayne ) . A week later , Rousseau and Crowley infiltrate a German garrison in Paris to retrieve explosives in preparation for the platoon 's assault upon it . Midway through , Rousseau kills SS - und Polizeiführer Heinrich ( J. Paul Boehmer ) in retaliation for his murder of her family . The platoon then liberates Paris . Two months later , the platoon enters Aachen , and is saved from a German attack by support from tank commander Staff Sergeant Augustine Pérez ( Christian Lanz ) . They are then ordered to take over a German - occupied hotel . They discover civilians inside the hotel , and Turner orders their evacuation , to Pierson 's dismay . A young girl named Anna ( Lilith Max ) goes missing , and Daniels rescues her . German soldiers open fire on a truck carrying the civilians , killing Anna 's older sister . Pierson sends the truck away without protection , creating a rift with Turner . At the Battle of Hürtgen Forest , the platoon is ordered to take Hill 493 . Turner splits the platoon into two groups ; Pierson and Zussman are tasked with advancing towards the hill , while Turner and Daniels cover them until they can meet at the bottom . Turner 's squad soon receives a transmission revealing that Pierson ordered an attack on the hill against Turner 's orders , forcing Turner to join in . The platoon destroys artillery positions , but the Germans counterattack with a Tiger II tank . Daniels is knocked out trying to disable the tank , which is destroyed by Pérez . Turner is fatally wounded rescuing Daniels , and orders Daniels to abandon him while he covers the platoon 's escape . Pierson becomes head of the platoon and makes Daniels his second - in - command , promoting him to Corporal . At the height of the Battle of the Bulge , the platoon is surrounded by Germans . Daniels meets an African - American technician , Howard ( Russell Richardson ) , who helps the platoon contact air support . The platoon captures several German soldiers , and discovers that the Germans plan to destroy a bridge at Remagen , the last bridge over the Rhine . After destroying the explosives in transit , Pierson orders the platoon to attack a nearby air base to destroy the remaining explosives . The attack fails , resulting in Daniels and Zussman being surrounded by enemy troops . Daniels is saved by Howard , while Zussman is captured and taken to a German prisoner of war camp , Stalag IX - B. Daniels disobeys Pierson and attempts to pursue the German truck carrying Zussman , but ends up injuring himself in the process and letting the truck escape . He is then hospitalized , with Pierson denying him from the platoon . In Stalag IX - B , Zussman is interrogated on his Jewish heritage by SS officer Metz ( George Regout ) , then is beaten and sent to a concentration camp . After recovering for eight weeks , Daniels learns from Davis about the events that changed Pierson in the Battle of Kasserine Pass : instead of recklessly leading his men to their deaths , like everyone thought , he risked his and his men 's lives in vain to save part of his platoon that was trapped . Daniels later confronts Pierson in his tent and tears up his honorable discharge papers in order to rejoin the platoon . They successfully capture the last bridge over the Rhine . The platoon heads into Germany , liberating concentration camps in search of Zussman , eventually reaching the Berga concentration camp , which they find abandoned ; the camp 's survivors were sent on a death march . Daniels finds and saves Zussman by killing Metz before he can execute him . At the end of the war , Daniels parts ways with his platoon and returns to Texas , reuniting with his wife and newborn son . He visits the grave of his older brother , Paul ( Chris Browning ) , who died while fighting a wolf when Red failed to shoot it in time . He places his Bronze Star medal on the grave , saying that his brother deserves it for teaching him how to fight for himself and for his brothers . Nazi Zombies ( edit ) Austrian engineer Marie Fischer ( Katheryn Winnick ) is sent on a mission to her hometown village of Mittelburg , Bavaria by her commanding officer , Major Rideau ( Darin De Paul ) , to retrieve lost artifacts stolen by the Nazis for experimentation , as well as rescue her brother , Klaus , who provided the information . Klaus has been unwillingly working with their lead scientist Peter Straub ( Udo Kier ) and weapons expert Colonel Heinz Richter ( Tomm Voss ) on a project to exploit a new energy dubbed `` Geistkraft '' ( literally translates as : ' Spiritforce ' ) to assist the Nazi party 's war efforts . Marie is accompanied by Scottish ex-art thief Drostan Hynd ( David Tennant ) , French Resistance fighter Olivia Durant ( Élodie Yung ) and American captain Jefferson Potts ( Ving Rhames ) , all of whom have significant knowledge on the stolen arts and relics . However , on their train ride to Mittelburg , the group is attacked by an unidentified colossal being . Marie is stranded from the others , and finds herself taking temporary refuge at a small house nearby , where she holds out against hordes of dead German soldiers reanimated by Geistkraft , until she is able to make her way to the village . After reuniting with the other three , Marie and the group proceed further down into the village 's hidden bunker , where Straub has set up his laboratory . There , they fend off against Straub 's undead horde , as well as Richter , whose obsession on weaponization of Geistkraft puts him at odds with Straub . Eventually , the group recovers the artifact , the hilt of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa 's sword . They then encounter the creature from earlier , a humanoid - shaped amalgam of numerous body parts sewn and stitched together , dubbed the Panzermörder , with Klaus fused into the creature 's chest . Using special magnetized batteries , the group manages to stun the Panzermörder and attach the batteries onto it , causing it to be attracted to Richter 's zeppelin flying above the village . The zeppelin explodes , killing the Panzermörder and freeing Klaus from its body . The hilt 's power somehow revives Klaus , causing him to be possessed by an unknown force . Klaus staggers into the village , telling Marie and the group to continue fighting , and that the Emperor must not return , before activating a fire trap , seemingly killing himself . Development ( edit ) Call of Duty : World War II is the second game in the Call of Duty franchise developed by Sledgehammer Games , and the third to benefit under publisher Activision 's three - year development cycle ( the first being Sledgehammer 's Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare ) in order for a longer development time for each game . A modern Call of Duty title set in World War II was alluded to in a 2014 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare launch interview with Michael Condrey , co-founder of Sledgehammer Games . In the interview by Metro , the interviewer asked him what the possibilities of where the next Call of Duty could go in terms of setting . Condrey responded , `` Well , no . It 's curious . I can only answer from my own personal tastes , this is my own personal opinion . But some of my favorite pieces of entertainment are set in World War II . Band of Brothers , I 'm a massive fan of Band of Brothers . '' Condrey then dived further into the subject , `` And that 's a great hero 's war , kind of the last that was recognised as a noble cause in a war . So yeah , I think a next generation game with the latest production values and robustness in a World War II setting like Band of Brothers would be amazing . Now , how would it play and how would the multiplayer work after the new movement set in Advanced Warfare ? That 's a tougher question than I 've had to tackle yet ... '' . Sledgehammer Games was hesitant to reveal all the authentic settings from World War II that developers have put into the game 's storyline . Activision initially refused to deny claims that Nazi extermination camps would be featured in the game . Adam Rosenberg of Mashable wrote that video games set during World War II tended to be `` Holocaust deniers '' in the sense that they avoided broaching the subject for business reasons , but that this could be the very first Call of Duty World War II based game where the Holocaust would be depicted . Senior creative director Bret Robbins said in an interview `` Some very , very dark things happened during this conflict and it felt wrong for us to ignore that . '' He further stated `` We absolutely show atrocities . It 's an unfortunate part of the history , but you ca n't tell an authentic , truthful story without going there . So we went there . '' Robbins argued that audiences can now handle games with more maturity and nuance , `` People are ready for it . They want it , '' he said . When asked directly over Twitter as to whether or not the story campaign would allow gamers the opportunity to play as soldiers from the Axis powers such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , Sledgehammer Games confirmed that the campaign gameplay would be limited to allied forces . More specifically , Sledgehammer co-founder Michael Condrey confirmed that the game will focus exclusively on the Allied powers . The Windows version of the game was developed in partnership with Raven Software . In regards to it , Raven 's CTO Dwight Luetscher stated that they were trying to focus on the Windows platform , as well as the community , by responding to their needs for it to excel . The Windows version features several notable changes , including removal of controller aim assist and addition of sensitivity slider for aim - down - sights mechanic . All pre-orders excluding the PC version included access to the private beta , which was made available first on the PlayStation 4 from August 25 to 28 , followed by a second week for both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One from September 1 to 4 . The PC beta was announced as an open beta , and ran from September 29 to October 2 on Steam . Players who participated in the beta received the Beta Combat Pack for the full game , which contains a special in - game helmet , emblem and calling card . The game is available in three editions : Base Edition , Digital Deluxe Edition and the Pro Edition . The Pro Edition was sold exclusively at GameStop , with pre-orders of the game at GameStop also included a limited edition hat . Release ( edit ) The game was released worldwide on November 3 , 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . Upon the game 's release , online servers were down for most of the day , inhibiting players from playing online multiplayer , as well as some not being able to access the campaign and Nazi Zombies . Activision acknowledged the problem and announced they were working to resolve it . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 79 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( XONE ) 75 / 100 ( PC ) Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7 / 10 EGM 8.5 / 10 Game Informer 8.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar Giant Bomb IGN 8 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 70 / 100 Polygon 7 / 10 Call of Duty : WWII received `` generally favorable '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Miguel Concepcion of GameSpot awarded the game a 9 / 10 , writing that the campaign was `` moving '' and `` salutes the brotherhood that grows and strengthens on the battlefield '' , while praising the game 's `` excellent visuals and sound design '' . Daniel Tack from Game Informer gave the game a 8.75 / 10 , stating that he felt the campaign was the only drawback overall ; despite capturing a `` signature explosive feel through various adrenaline - fueled moments '' , he thought progression felt tedious as a result of `` standard gunplay and endless killing fields . '' He praised the multiplayer as the `` shining star of the three modes '' , especially enjoying the game 's new War mode in terms of its variety , and highlighted the return to the traditional gameplay and range of customization options . In his 8.5 / 10 review for Electronic Gaming Monthly , Nick Plasses wrote that the campaign 's protagonists were `` well characterized and ( ... ) the cause for the game 's most impactful conflicts '' . He praised the lack of regenerating health which gave the game `` new levels of strategy and exploration , ultimately adding more entertainment than frustration '' , and that the reliance on fellow soldiers `` necessitates more strategic positioning and resource management '' . IGN 's Miranda Sanchez awarded the game 8 / 10 , saying the campaign was a `` more human perspective than we 've seen in recent years '' , with interesting and diverse characters . However , she criticized its conflicting tone , as well as several repetitive and frustrating missions . She wrote that the Zombies was the standout mode in the game , which helped strike `` a rewarding balance for the diehard zombies fans ( ... ) and those that just want to jump in and have a good time '' , although criticized that the experience suffered when playing with other people . Destructoid 's Chris Moyse praised the game as a `` satisfying experience '' and the campaign as `` one of the series ' best in some time '' , but felt that `` it also makes little effort to overhaul the brand as a whole , playing it incredibly safe when the opportunity for reinvention was right there for the taking . '' Polygon 's Russ Frushtick generally praised the multiplayer , calling it `` strong and enjoyable '' , but criticized the campaign , writing that `` just about every mission feels like déjà vu , as if I 'd played it before in another game '' and that `` Changing the time period so dramatically only helps to highlight how little has changed since the franchise 's total re-imagining with Call of Duty 4 . '' Jeff Gerstmann of Giant Bomb was more critical of the game as a whole , stating that `` despite all of Activision 's big talk about `` boots on the ground '' action and how this was going to be some big deal , the setting change did n't bring any new and exciting inspiration with it . This feels like the most wheel - spinning , by - the - numbers Call of Duty they 've made thus far . '' Sales ( edit ) The game earned over $500 million within its first three days of release . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McMillan , Emily . `` Wilbert Roget II composes for Call of Duty : World War II '' . Video Game Music Online . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Colin ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII confirmed , full reveal next week '' . Polygon . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unlimited sprint wo n't be featured in Call of Duty : WWII '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Condrey , Michael ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` You can `` hit - the - deck '' and scramble for cover , officially `` . @ MichaelCondrey . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Call Of Duty : WW2 Ditching Health Regen , Has Some Form Of Dedicated Classes '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ acast ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Call Of Duty : WW2 Interview Gamertag Radio on acast '' . acast . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Announcing Call of Duty : WWII '' . Activision . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Need To Know About The ' Call Of Duty : World War II ' Reveal '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , James ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 : Bosses reveal the one gameplay feature they WON 'T include '' . Daily Star . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : WW2 Gives You Prizes For Watching Others Open Loot Boxes '' . Kotaku UK . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII -- how an indie classic inspired the latest instalment '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : WWII Ditches Endgame Killcam for Something Better '' . twinfinite.net . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Condrey , Michael . `` I 'm way overdue on this , sorry . Yes , S&D will be final killcam , not Bronze Star camera '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keshav ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII Zombies has a ' back story that 's based on real events , ' similar experience to Dead Space '' . Charlie INTEL . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : WWII - Zombies Interview '' . YouTube . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , David Jenkins for ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` COD : Advanced Warfare Michael Condrey interview '' . Metro . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call of Duty : WWII ' wo n't ignore the Holocaust anymore '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pink , Aiden ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Call Of Duty ' Video Game Will Depict The Holocaust '' . The Forward . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fenlon , Wes ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII devs want to ' win the hearts and minds of the PC community ' '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plagge , Kallie ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Call Of Duty : WW2 - Everything We Know So Far '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII is launching November 3rd '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gary ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 Servers down : Activision provide server update following launch '' . The Express . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Jason ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 Error Code 103294 and 102780 Fix : CoD WW2 Stuck on Loading Screen and Ca n't Play Online '' . GameRevolution . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : WWII for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : WWII for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : WWII for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moyse , Chris ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Call of Duty : WWII '' . Destructoid . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Plessas , Nick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tack , Daniel ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rallying The Shooter On Multiple Fronts - Call of Duty : WWII - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Jason ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 Review -- War Has Changed Back '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Concepcion , Miguel ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Call Of Duty : WWII Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Leon ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gerstmann , Jeff ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Miranda ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WW2 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davenport , James ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WWII review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frushtick , Russ ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII review '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dring , Christopher ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII doubles Infinite Warfare sales worldwide '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal History portal Video games portal World War II portal ( hide ) Call of Duty Games World War II setting Call of Duty United Offensive Finest Hour Big Red One Roads to Victory World at War Nintendo DS version Final Fronts WWII Modern Warfare story arc 4 : Modern Warfare Nintendo DS version Remastered Modern Warfare 2 Mobilized Controversies `` No Russian '' Modern Warfare 3 Downloadable content Defiance Black Ops story arc World at War Zombies Black Ops Zombies Black Ops II Declassified Strike Team Black Ops III Other games Ghosts Advanced Warfare Infinite Warfare Media Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish `` Not Ready to Die '' `` Nightmare '' `` Carry On '' `` Shepherd of Fire '' `` Survival '' Main developers Infinity Ward Sledgehammer Games Treyarch Related articles Championship Elite Experience 2011 Experience 2016 Captain Price id Tech 3 IW engine Soap MacTavish World League Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_of_Duty:_WWII&oldid=816068990 '' Categories : 2017 video games Call of Duty First - person shooters Multiplayer online games PlayStation 4 games Video games set in France Windows games World War II first - person shooters Xbox One games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Xbox One X enhanced games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 01 : 42 . 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who were the leaders of each country in ww2			World war II casualties	world war ii casualties	World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history in absolute terms of total casualties . Over 60 million people were killed , which was about 3 % of the 1940 world population ( est . 2.3 billion ) . The tables below give a detailed country - by - country count of human losses . World War II fatality statistics vary , with estimates of total deaths ranging from 50 million to more than 80 million . The higher figure of over 80 million includes deaths from war - related disease and famine . Civilians killed totalled 50 to 55 million , including 19 to 28 million from war - related disease and famine . Military deaths from all causes totalled 21 to 25 million , including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war .	Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War casualties . Research in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union has caused a revision of estimates of Soviet WW2 fatalities . According to Russian government figures , USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6 million . including 8.5 million due to war related famine and disease In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) researchers estimated Poland 's dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million . Historian Rüdiger Overmans of the Military History Research Office ( Germany ) published a study in 2000 that estimated the German military dead and missing at 5.3 million , including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany 's 1937 borders , in Austria , and in east - central Europe . The People 's Republic of China puts its war dead at 20 million , while the Japanese government puts its casualties due to the war at 3.1 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification of casualties 2 Human losses by country 2.1 Total deaths 2.2 Nazi Germany 2.3 USSR 2.4 Holocaust deaths 2.4. 1 Jewish deaths 2.4. 2 Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi - affiliated forces 2.5 Japanese war crimes 2.6 Oppression in the Soviet Union 2.7 Military casualties by branch of service 2.8 Commonwealth military casualties 3 Charts and graphs 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External links Classification of casualties Polish military officers executed by the Soviet NKVD in the Katyn massacre , exhumation photo taken by the Polish Red Cross delegation in 1943 . Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject . Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed during World War II . The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that `` casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable . '' The table below gives data on the number of dead for each country , along with population information to show the relative impact of losses . When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country , a range of war losses is given , in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed . Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians . Military figures include battle deaths ( KIA ) and personnel missing in action ( MIA ) , as well as fatalities due to accidents , disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity . Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing , Holocaust victims , German war crimes , Japanese war crimes , population transfers in the Soviet Union , Allied war crimes , and deaths due to war related famine and disease . The sources for the casualties of the individual nations do not use the same methods , and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease are not given for Japan , Germany and several other highly stressed populations . The losses listed here are actual deaths ; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead . The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear - cut . For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union , China , Poland , Germany , and Yugoslavia , sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity , crimes against humanity and war - related famine . The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war - related famine deaths in the USSR , China , Indonesia , Vietnam , the Philippines , India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties . The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources , including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available . Human losses by country Total deaths Human losses of World War II by country ( when the number of deaths in a country is disputed , a range of war losses is given ) The details of the figures are provided in the footnotes Country Total population 1 / 1 / 1939 Military deaths from all causes Civilian deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity Civilian deaths due to war related famine and disease Total deaths Deaths as % of 1939 population Albania 1,073,000 30,000 30,000 2.80 Australia 6,968,000 39,700 700 40,400 0.58 Austria ( German - controlled ) 6,653,000 Included with German Army Included with Germany ( see table below ) Belgium 8,387,000 12,000 76,000 88,000 1.05 Brazil 40,289,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 0.00 Bulgaria 6,458,000 18,500 3,000 21,500 0.33 Burma ( British colony ) 16,119,000 2,600 250,000 252,600 1.57 Canada 11,267,000 42,000 1,600 43,600 0.38 China 517,568,000 3,000,000 to 3,750,000 + 7,357,000 to 8,191,000 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 2.90 to 3.86 Cuba 4,235,000 100 100 0.00 Czechoslovakia ( in postwar 1945 - 1992 borders ) 14,612,000 46,000 to 35,000 294,000 to 320,000 340,000 to 355,000 2.33 to 2.43 Denmark 3,795,000 6,000 6,000 0.16 Dutch East Indies 69,435,000 11,500 300,000 2,400,000 to 4,000,000 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 4.3 to 5.76 Egypt 16,492,000 1,100 1,100 0.00 Estonia ( within 1939 borders ) 1,134,000 34,000 ( in both Soviet & German armed forces ) 49,000 83,000 7.3 Ethiopia 17,700,000 15,000 85,000 100,000 0.56 Finland 3,700,000 83,000 to 95,000 2,000 85,000 to 95,000 2.30 to 2.57 France ( including colonies ) 41,680,000 210,000 390,000 600,000 1.44 French Indochina 24,664,000 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 1,000,000 to 2,200,000 4.05 to 8.11 Germany 69,300,000 4,440,000 to 5,318,000 1,500,000 to 3,000,000 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 ( see table below ) Greece 7,222,000 35,100 171,800 300,000 to 600,000 507,000 to 807,000 7.02 to 11.17 Guam 22,800 1,000 to 2,000 1,000 to 2,000 4.39 to 8.77 Hungary 9,129,000 300,000 264,000 564,000 6.18 Iceland 118,900 200 200 0.17 India ( British ) 377,800,000 87,000 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 1,600,000 to 2,600,000 0.42 to 0.69 Iran 14,340,000 200 200 0.00 Iraq ' 3,698,000 500 200 700 0.01 Ireland 2,960,000 Irish volunteers included with UK Armed Forces 100 100 0.00 Italy ( in postwar 1947 borders ) 44,394,000 319,200 to 341,000 Italian nationals and c . 20,000 Africans conscripted by Italy 153,200 492,400 to 514,000 1.11 to 1.16 Japan 71,380,000 2,100,000 to 2,300,000 550,000 to 800,000 2,500,000 to 3,100,000 3.50 to 4.34 Korea ( Japanese colony ) 24,326,000 Included with Japanese military 483,000 to 533,000 483,000 to 533,000 1.99 to 2.19 Latvia ( within 1939 borders ) 1,994,500 30,000 ( in both Soviet and German Armies ) 220,000 250,000 12.5 Lithuania ( within 1939 borders ) 2,575,000 25,000 ( in both Soviet and German Armies ) 345,000 370,000 14.36 Luxembourg 295,000 Included with German & Belgian military 5,000 5,000 1.69 Malaya & Singapore 5,118,000 100,000 100,000 1.95 Malta ( British ) 269,000 Included with U.K. 1,500 1,500 0.55 Mexico 19,320,000 100 100 0.00 Mongolia 819,000 300 300 0.04 Nauru ( Australian ) 3,400 500 500 14.7 Nepal 6,087,000 Included with British Indian Army Netherlands 8,729,000 6,700 187,300 16,000 210,000 2.41 Newfoundland ( British ) 320,000 1,100 ( included with the U.K. & Canada ) 100 1,200 0.03 New Zealand 1,629,000 11,700 11,700 0.72 Norway 2,945,000 2,000 8,200 10,200 0.35 Papua and New Guinea ( Australian ) 1,292,000 15,000 15,000 1.16 Philippines ( U.S. Territory ) 16,000,303 27,000 164,000 336,000 527,000 3.29 Poland ( within 1939 borders ) 34,849,000 240,000 5,620,000 to 5,820,000 5,900,000 to 6,000,000 16.93 to 17.22 Portuguese Timor 480,000 40,000 to 70,000 40,000 to 70,000 8.33 to 14.58 Romania ( in postwar 1945 borders ) 15,970,000 300,000 200,000 500,000 3.13 Ruanda - Urundi ( Belgian ) 3,800,000 300,000 300,000 7.89 South Africa 10,160,000 11,900 11,900 0.12 South Pacific Mandate ( Japanese ) 127,000 10,000 10,000 7.87 Soviet Union ( within 1946 -- 91 borders ) 188,793,000 8,668,000 to 11,400,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 20,000,000 to 27,000,000 ( see table below ) Spain 25,637,000 Included with the German Army Sweden 6,341,000 100 . 2,000 2,100 0.03 Switzerland 4,210,000 100 100 0.00 Thailand 15,023,000 5,600 2,000 7,600 0.05 Turkey 17,370,000 200 200 0.00 United Kingdom including British Colonies 47,760,000 383,700 67,200 450,900 0.94 United States 131,028,000 407,300 12,100 419,400 0.32 Yugoslavia 15,490,000 300,000 to 446,000 581,000 to 1,400,000 1,027,000 to 1,700,000 6.63 to 10.97 Other nations 300,000,000 Approx . totals 2,300,000,000 21,000,000 to 25,500,000 29,000,000 to 30,500,000 19,000,000 to 28,000,000 70,000,000 to 85,000,000 3.0 to 3.7 Figures are rounded to the nearest hundredth place . Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non-combat causes . Partisan and resistance fighter deaths are included with military losses . The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths . Whenever possible the details are given in the footnotes . The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities , for example the deaths of Austrians , French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses . The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States , France , and the UK do not give the details of the national origin , race and religion of the losses . Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing , Holocaust victims , German war crimes , Japanese war crimes , population transfers in the Soviet Union , Allied war crimes , and deaths due to war related famine and disease . The exact breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited . Nazi Germany Main article : German casualties in World War II ( hide ) Human losses of the Third Reich in World War II ( included in above figures of total war dead ) A detailed description is given in the footnotes for Germany and Austria. ^ Country Population 1939 Military deaths Civilian deaths due to Allied Strategic Bombing Civilian deaths due to Nazi persecution Civilian deaths due Expulsion of Germans Total deaths Deaths as % of 1939 population Austria 6,653,000 250,000 to 261,000 24,000 100,000 370,000 5.56 Germany ( within 1937 borders ) 69,300,000 3,760,000 to 4,456,000 353,000 ( 1942 borders ) to 410,000 300,000 to 500,000 400,000 to 1,225,000 5,700,000 8.23 Foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 7,423,000 430,000 to 538,000 200,000 to 886,000 738,000 to 1,316,000 9.96 to 17.76 Foreign nationals in western Europe 215,000 63,000 63,000 29.3 Approx . Totals 83,500,000 4,440,000 to 5,318,000 353,000 to 434,000 400,000 to 600,000 600,000 to 2,111,000 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 8.26 to 8.86 German sources do not provide figures for Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany . Russian historian G. Krivosheev puts the losses of the `` Vlasovites , Balts and Muslims etc . '' in German service at 215,000 USSR Main article : World War II casualties of the Soviet Union The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead ^ AY4 Soviet Republic Population 1940 ( within 1946 - 91 borders ) Military deaths Civilian deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity Civilian deaths due to war related famine and disease Total Deaths as % of 1940 population Armenia 1,320,000 150,000 30,000 180,000 13.6 % Azerbaijan 3,270,000 210,000 90,000 300,000 9.1 % Belarus 9,050,000 620,000 1,360,000 310,000 2,290,000 25.3 % Estonia 1,050,000 30,000 50,000 80,000 7.6 % Georgia 3,610,000 190,000 110,000 300,000 8.3 % Kazakhstan 6,150,000 310,000 350,000 660,000 10.7 % Kyrgyzstan 1,530,000 70,000 50,000 120,000 7.8 % Latvia 1,890,000 30,000 190,000 40,000 260,000 13.7 % Lithuania 2,930,000 25,000 275,000 75,000 375,000 12.7 % Moldova 2,470,000 50,000 75,000 45,000 170,000 6.9 % Russia 110,100,000 6,750,000 4,100,000 3,100,000 13,950,000 12.7 % Tajikistan 1,530,000 50,000 70,000 120,000 7.8 % Turkmenistan 1,300,000 70,000 30,000 100,000 7.7 % Ukraine 41,340,000 1,650,000 3,700,000 1,500,000 6,850,000 16.3 % Uzbekistan 6,550,000 330,000 220,000 550,000 8.4 % Unidentified -- 165,000 130,000 295,000 Total USSR 194,090,000 10,600,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 26,600,000 13.7 % The source of the figures is Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow , 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . pp 21 -- 35 . Erlikman , a Russian historian , notes that these figures are his estimates . The population listed here of 194.090 million is taken from Soviet era sources . Recent studies published in Russia put the actual corrected population in 1940 at 192.598 million . According to Russian estimates the population in 1939 included 20.268 million in the territories annexed by the USSR from 1939 -- 40 : the eastern regions of Poland 12.983 million ; Lithuania 2.440 million ; Latvia 1.951 million ; Estonia 1.122 million ; Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina 3.7 million ; less transfers out of ( 392,000 ) ethnic Germans deported during the Nazi -- Soviet population transfers ; the Anders Army ( 120,000 ) ; the First Polish Army ( 1944 -- 45 ) ( 26,000 ) and Zakerzonia & the Belastok Region ( 1,392,000 ) which was returned to Poland in 1945 . Russian sources estimate post war population transfers resulted in a net loss of ( 622,000 ) . The additions were the annexation of the Carpatho - Ukraine 725,000 ; the Tuvan People 's Republic 81,000 ; the remaining population on South Sakhalin 29,000 and in the Kaliningrad Oblast 5,000 ; and the deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the USSR in 1944 - 47 518,000 . The transfers out included the flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR 1944 - 47 ( 1,529,000 ) and the post war emigration to the west ( 451,000 ) According to Viktor Zemskov 3 / 4 of the post war emigration to the west was of persons who were from the territories annexed in 1939 - 40 Estimates in the west for the population transfers differ . According to Sergei Maksudov , a Russian demographer living in the west , the population of the territories annexed by the USSR was 23 million less the net population transfers out of 3 million persons who emigrated from the USSR including 2,136,000 Poles who left the USSR ; 115,000 Polish soldiers of the Anders Army ; 392,000 Germans who left in the era of the Nazi - Soviet Pact and 400,000 Jews , Romanians , Germans Czech and Hungarians who emigrated after the war The Polish government - in - exile put the population of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union at 13.199 million Polish sources put the number of refugees from the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union living in post war Poland at about 2.2 million , about 700,000 more than those listed in the Soviet sources of Poles repatriated . The difference is due to the fact that Poles from the eastern regions who were deported to Germany during the war or had fled Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were not included in the figures of the organized transfers in 1944 - 47 . Figures for Belarus , Ukraine and Lithuania include about two million civilian dead that are also listed in Polish sources in the total war dead of Poland . Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union . The formal transfer of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union occurred with the Polish -- Soviet border agreement of August 1945 . According to Erlikman , in addition to the war dead , there were 1,700,000 deaths due to Soviet repression . ( 200,000 executed ; 4,500,000 sent to prisons and Gulag of whom 1,200,000 died ; 2,200,000 deported of whom 300,000 died ) Holocaust deaths Further information : The Holocaust and Holocaust victims Included in the figures of total war dead for each nation are victims of the Holocaust . Jewish deaths The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II . Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million ( 78 % ) of the 7.3 million Jews in German occupied Europe were Holocaust victims . Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews . Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead : In Nazi extermination camps : according to Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) researchers , 2,830,000 Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps ( 500,000 Belzec ; 150,000 Sobibor ; 850,000 Treblinka ; 150,000 Chełmno ; 1,100,000 Auschwitz ; 80,000 Majdanek ) . Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the death camps , including Romanian Transnistria , at 3.0 million . In the USSR by the Einsatzgruppen : Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the area of the mobile killing groups at 1.4 million . Aggravated deaths in the Ghettos of Nazi - occupied Europe : Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the Ghettos at 700,000 . Yad Vashem has identified the names of four million Jewish Holocaust dead . The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . The low , high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added . Country Pre-war Jewish population in 1933 Low estimate deaths High estimate deaths . Low % High % Average % Austria 191,000 ( see footnote ) 50,000 65,000 26.2 % 34.0 % 30.1 % Belgium 60,000 ( see footnote ) 25,000 29,000 41.7 % 48.3 % 45.0 % Czech Republic 92,000 77,000 78,300 83.7 % 85.1 % 84.4 % Denmark 8,000 60 116 0.8 % 1.5 % 1.1 % Estonia 4,600 1,500 2,000 32.6 % 43.5 % 38.0 % France 260,000 ( see footnote ) 75,000 77,000 28.8 % 29.6 % 29.2 % Germany 566,000 ( see footnote ) 135,000 142,000 23.9 % 25.1 % 24.5 % Greece 73,000 59,000 67,000 80.8 % 91.8 % 86.3 % Hungary ( borders 1940 ) 725,000 502,000 569,000 69.2 % 78.5 % 73.9 % Italy 48,000 6,500 9,000 13.5 % 18.8 % 16.1 % Latvia 95,000 70,000 72,000 73.7 % 75.8 % 74.7 % Lithuania 155,000 130,000 143,000 83.9 % 92.3 % 88.1 % Luxembourg 3,500 1,000 2,000 28.6 % 57.1 % 42.9 % Netherlands 112,000 ( see footnote ) 100,000 105,000 89.3 % 93.8 % 91.5 % Norway 1,700 800 800 47.1 % 47.1 % 47.1 % Poland ( borders 1939 ) 3,250,000 2,700,000 3,000,000 83.1 % 92.3 % 87.7 % Romania ( borders 1940 ) 441,000 121,000 287,000 27.4 % 65.1 % 46.3 % Slovakia 89,000 60,000 71,000 67.4 % 79.8 % 73.6 % Soviet Union ( borders 1939 ) 2,825,000 700,000 1,100,000 24.8 % 38.9 % 31.9 % Yugoslavia 68,000 56,000 65,000 82.4 % 95.6 % 89.0 % Total 9,067,000 4,869,860 5,894,716 50.4 % ( avg . ) 59.7 % ( avg . ) 55.1 % ( avg . ) The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . From 1933 to 1939 about 400,000 Jews fled Germany , Austria , and Czechoslovakia . Some of these refugees were in western Europe when Germany occupied these countries in 1940 . In 1940 there were 30,000 Jewish refugees in the Netherlands , 12,000 in Belgium , 30,000 in France , 2,000 in Denmark , 5,000 in Italy , and 2,000 in Norway Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust includes those Jews who were resident in Holland in 1933 . By 1940 the Jewish population had increased to 140,000 with the inclusion of 30,000 Jewish refugees . In the Netherlands 8,000 Jews in mixed marriages were not subject to deportation . However an article in the Dutch periodical De Groene Amsterdammer maintains that some Jews in mixed marriages were deported before the practice was ended by Hitler . Hungarian Jewish Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000 . Romanian Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 469,000 within 1939 borders , which includes 300,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940 . According to Martin Gilbert , Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,000 in Italy , and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi - affiliated forces See also : The Holocaust in Ukraine Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis . Donald L. Niewyk professor of history at Southern Methodist University maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways : first , that it was the genocide of the Jews alone ; second , that there were several parallel Holocausts , one for each of the several groups ; third , the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews ; fourth , it would include all racially motivated German crimes , such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war , Polish and Soviet civilians , as well as political prisoners , religious dissenters , and homosexuals . Using this definition , the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people . According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy . R.J. Rummel estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20.9 million persons . Timothy Snyder put the victims of the Nazis killed only as result of deliberate policies of mass murder such as executions , deliberate famine and in death camps at 10.4 million persons including 5.4 million Jews . German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis . Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons , including 5.6 -- 5.7 million Jews . Roma Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi persecution , some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust . Most estimates of Roma ( Gypsies ) victims range from 130,000 to 500,000 . Ian Hancock , Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin , has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead . Hancock writes that , proportionately , the death toll equaled `` and almost certainly exceed ( ed ) , that of Jewish victims '' . In a 2010 publication , Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as `` remainder to be liquidated '' , `` hangers - on '' and `` partisans '' . The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , the authors maintain that `` statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial . These figures ( cited below ) are based on necessarily rough estimates '' . Country Pre-war Roma population Low estimate victims High estimate victims Austria 11,200 6,800 8,250 Belgium 600 350 500 Czech Republic 13,000 5,000 6,500 Estonia 1,000 500 1,000 France 40,000 15,150 15,150 Germany 20,000 15,000 15,000 Greece ? 50 50 Hungary 100,000 1,000 28,000 Italy 25,000 1,000 1,000 Latvia 5,000 1,500 2,500 Lithuania 1,000 500 1,000 Luxembourg 200 100 200 Netherlands 500 215 500 Poland 50,000 8,000 35,000 Romania 300,000 19,000 36,000 Slovakia 80,000 400 10,000 Soviet Union ( borders 1939 ) 200,000 30,000 35,000 Yugoslavia 100,000 26,000 90,000 Total 947,500 130,565 285,650 Handicapped persons : 200,000 to 250,000 handicapped persons were killed . A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 and Action 14f13 programs at 200,000 . Prisoners of War : POW deaths in Nazi captivity totalled 3.1 million including 2.6 to 3 million Soviet prisoners of war . Ethnic Poles : According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum `` It is estimated that the Germans killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II . '' They maintain that `` Documentation remains fragmentary , but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians ( non-Jews ) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war . '' However the Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) in 2009 estimated 2,770,000 ethnic Polish deaths due to the German occupation ( see World War II casualties of Poland ) . Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians : According to Nazi ideology , Slavs were useless sub-humans . As such , their leaders , the Soviet elite , were to be killed and the remainder of the population enslaved or expelled further eastward . As a result , millions of civilians in the Soviet Union were deliberately killed , starved , or worked to death . Contemporary Russian sources use the terms `` genocide '' and `` premeditated extermination '' when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR . Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime - related famine account for a major part of the huge toll . The Cambridge History of Russia puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi - occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews . There were an additional 2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union . The authors maintain `` scope for error in this number is very wide '' . At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations . Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior . The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler `` were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths '' , and `` In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle . The general outline is clear : people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances . But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well ; some overlap and others are yet to be found '' . Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0 million Ukrainians and 1.4 million Belarusians `` were racially motivated '' . According to Paul Robert Magocsi , between 1941 and 1945 , approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine . Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans , 1.0 million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan , c. 3.0 million Soviet POW and 1.0 million Jews ( in pre-war borders ) . Soviet author Georgiy A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi - occupied USSR at 8.2 million ( 4.0 million Ukrainians , 2.5 million Belarusians , and 1.7 million Russians ) . A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7 million civilians ( including Jews ) : 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals ; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor ; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory . Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures . Homosexuals : According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum `` Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals . Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons , and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps . '' They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps . Other victims of Nazi persecution : Between 1,000 and 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy , about 1,000 Jehovah 's Witnesses , and an unknown number of Freemasons perished in Nazi prisons and camps . `` The fate of black people from 1933 - 45 in Nazi Germany and in German - occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution , sterilization , medical experimentation , incarceration , brutality , and murder . '' During the Nazi era Communists , Socialists , Social Democrats , and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution . Serbs : The numbers of Serbs murdered by the Ustaše is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely . Yad Vashem estimates over 500,000 murdered , 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism . The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustaše murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia between 1941 -- 45 , with roughly 45,000 to 52,000 murdered at the Jasenovac concentration camp alone . According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90,000 Serbs , Jews , Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac . According to Yugoslav sources published in the Tito era the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200,000 to at least 600,000 persons . See also World War II persecution of Serbs . Japanese war crimes Main article : Japanese war crimes Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes . R.J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,424,000 . Detailed by country : China 3,695,000 ; Indochina 457,000 ; Korea 378,000 ; Indonesia 375,000 ; Malaya - Singapore 283,000 ; Philippines 119,000 , Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000 . Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000 Detailed by country : China 400,000 ; French Indochina 30,000 ; Philippines 27,300 ; Netherlands 25,000 ; France 14,000 ; Britain 13,000 ; British Colonies 11,000 ; US 10,700 ; Australia 8,000 . Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000 . Detailed by country : China 12,392,000 ; Indochina 1,500,000 ; Korea 500,000 ; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000 ; Malaya and Singapore 100,000 ; Philippines 500,000 ; Burma 170,000 ; Forced laborers in Southeast Asia 70,000 , 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians ; Timor 60,000 ; Thailand and Pacific Islands 60,000 . Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584 . Detailed by country : China 270,000 ; Netherlands 8,500 ; Britain 12,433 ; Canada 273 ; Philippines 20,000 ; Australia 7,412 ; New Zealand 31 ; and the United States 12,935 . Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore , 11,000 died in captivity . There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease . Oppression in the Soviet Union The total war dead in the USSR includes victims of Soviet oppression . The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages . The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal . Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet - era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons . The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941 -- 1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives . The Soviet - era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991 . J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet - era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era . Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives , maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll . Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB . Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete ; for example , he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre . Rosefielde 's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939 -- 40 and 5,458,000 from 1941 -- 1945 . Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin 's victims , they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps . In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression . Since the collapse of the USSR , Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation . Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000 -- 100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets . In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000 . The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940 -- 1941 at 33,900 including ( 7,800 deaths ) of arrested people , ( 6,000 ) deportee deaths , ( 5,000 ) evacuee deaths , ( 1,100 ) people gone missing and ( 14,000 ) conscripted for forced labor . After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R. , 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944 -- 45 . The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives : Reported deaths for the years 1939 -- 1945 1,187,783 , including : judicial executions 46,350 ; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804 ; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629 . Deported to special settlements : ( figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only , not including those executed , sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army . Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war ) . Deported from annexed territories 1940 -- 41 380,000 to 390,000 persons , including : Poland 309 -- 312,000 ; Lithuania 17,500 ; Latvia 17,000 ; Estonia 6,000 ; Moldova 22,842 . In August 1941 , 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets . Deported during the War 1941 -- 1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including : Soviet Germans 1,209,000 ; Finns 9,000 ; Karachays 69,000 ; Kalmyks 92,000 ; Chechens and Ingush 479,000 ; Balkars 37,000 ; Crimean Tatars 191,014 ; Meskhetian Turks 91,000 ; Greeks , Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000 ; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000 ; Poles 30,000 . A total of 2,230,500 persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941 -- 1948 . Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives ( Germany 381,067 ; Hungary 54,755 ; Romania 54,612 ; Italy 27,683 ; Finland 403 , and Japan 62,069 ) . However some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million . Military casualties by branch of service Country Branch of service Number served Killed / missing Wounded Prisoners of war Captured Percent killed Germany Army 13,600,000 4,202,000 30.9 Germany Air Force ( including infantry units ) 2,500,000 433,000 17.3 Germany Navy 1,200,000 138,000 11.5 Germany Waffen SS 900,000 314,000 34.9 Germany Volkssturm and other Paramilitary Forces 231,000 Germany Total ( incl . conscripted foreigners ) 18,200,000 5,318,000 6,035,000 11,100,000 29.2 Japan Army ( 1937 -- 1945 ) 6,300,000 1,326,076 85,600 30,000 24.2 Japan Navy ( 1941 -- 1945 ) 2,100,000 414,879 8,900 10,000 19.8 Japan POW dead after Surrender . 381,000 Japan Imperial Japan Total 8,400,000 2,121,955 94,500 40,000 25.3 Italy Army 3,040,000 246,432 8.1 Italy Navy 259,082 31,347 12.0 Italy Air Force 130,000 13,210 10.2 Italy Partisan forces 80,000 to 250,000 35,828 14 to 44 Italy RSI forces 520,000 13,021 to 35,000 2.5 to 6.7 Italy Total Italy 3,430,000 319,207 to 341,000 320,000 1,300,000 9.3 to 9.9 Soviet Union ( 1939 -- 40 ) All branches of service 136,945 205,924 Soviet Union ( 1941 -- 45 ) All branches of service 34,476,700 8,668,400 14,685,593 4,050,000 25.1 Soviet Union Conscripted Reservists not yet in active service ( see note below ) 500,000 Soviet Union Civilians in POW camps ( see note below ) 1,000,000 1,750,000 Soviet Union Paramilitary and Soviet partisan units 400,000 Soviet Union Total Soviet Forces 34,476,700 10,725,345 14,915,517 5,750,000 31.1 British Empire and Commonwealth All branches of service 17,843,000 580,497 475,000 318,000 3.3 United States Army 11,260,000 318,274 565,861 124,079 2.8 United States Air Force ( included with Army ) ( 3,400,000 ) ( 88,119 ) ( 17,360 ) 2.5 United States Navy 4,183,446 62,614 37,778 3,848 1.5 United States Marine Corps 669,100 24,511 68,207 2,274 3.7 United States Coast Guard 241,093 1,917 0.8 United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps 2,600 8 0.3 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps United States Total U.S. Armed Forces 16,353,639 407,316 671,846 130,201 2.5 Germany The number killed in action was 2,303,320 ; died of wounds , disease or accidents 500,165 ; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial ; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war ; 25,000 suicides ; 12,000 unknown ; 459,475 confirmed POW deaths , of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S. , UK and France ; and 363,000 in Soviet custody . POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945 , primarily in Soviet captivity . Rüdiger Overmans writes `` It seems entirely plausible , while not provable , that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action , the other half ( 700,000 ) however in fact died in Soviet custody '' . Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war . USSR Estimated total Soviet military war dead from 1941 -- 45 on the Eastern Front ( World War II ) including missing in action , POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million . There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939 -- 40 during the Winter War with Finland . The official figures for military war dead and missing from 1941 -- 45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths , 555,500 non-combat deaths. 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries . Figures include Navy losses of 154,771 . Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial . Casualties in 1939 -- 40 include the following dead and missing , Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 ( 8,931 ) ; Invasion of Poland of 1939 ( 1,139 ) ; Winter War with Finland ( 1939 -- 40 ) ( 126,875 ) . The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled . The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000 ; the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000 , including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries , and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated . This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead . However , western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity ( in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead ) . Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up , primarily in 1941 , who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength . Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths . British Commonwealth Number served : UK and Crown Colonies ( 5,896,000 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 2,582,000 ) , Australia ( 993,000 ) ; Canada ( 1,100,000 ) ; New Zealand ( 295,000 ) ; South Africa ( 250,000 ) . Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission : UK and Crown Colonies ( 383,786 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 87,032 ) , Australia ( 40,464 ) ; Canada ( 45,383 ) ; New Zealand ( 11,929 ) ; South Africa ( 11,903 ) . Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone ( according to preliminary 1945 figures ) : 264,443 . Royal Navy ( 50,758 ) ; British Army ( 144,079 ) ; Royal Air Force ( 69,606 ) . Wounded : UK and Crown Colonies ( 284,049 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 64,354 ) , Australia ( 39,803 ) ; Canada ( 53,174 ) ; New Zealand ( 19,314 ) ; South Africa ( 14,363 ) . Prisoner of war : UK and Crown Colonies ( 180,488 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 79,481 ) ; Australia ( 26,358 ) ; South Africa ( 14,750 ) ; Canada ( 9,334 ) ; New Zealand ( 8,415 ) . The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7 m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars . U.S. Battle deaths ( including POWs who died in captivity , does not include those who died of disease and accidents ) were 292,131 : Army 234,874 ( including Army Air Forces 52,173 ) ; Navy 36,950 ; Marine Corps 19,733 ; and Coast Guard 574 ( 185,924 deaths occurred in the European / Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia / Pacific theater of operations ) . During World War II , 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war ( 12,935 held by Japan and 1,124 held by Germany ) . During World War II , 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action . 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action . During World War II , 26,000 Japanese - Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action . Commonwealth military casualties The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) Annual Report 2014 -- 2015 is the source of the military dead for the British Empire . The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead . The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen / women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies , whose death was attributable to their war service . Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions . For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947 . Charts and graphs Military and civilian deaths during World War II for the Allied and the Axis Powers . Axis Military personnel killed , percentage by country . Allies Military personnel killed , percentage by country . World War II Military Deaths by Country ( using Wikipedia 's cited numbers ) See also World War II casualties of Poland World War II casualties of the Soviet Union German casualties in World War II Equipment losses in World War II World War I casualties List of wars and disasters by death toll Footnotes ^ A Albania No reliable statistics on Albania 's wartime losses exist , but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead . Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses . Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 200 , these Jews were Yugoslav citizens resident in Albania . Jews of Albanian origin survived the Holocaust . ^ B Australia The Australian War Memorial reports 39,648 military deaths . This figure includes all personnel who died from war - related causes during 1939 -- 47 . According to official statistics Australian battle casualties included 27,073 killed , died of wounds or died as POW ; wounded or injured in action were 23,477 , these figures exclude non-battle casualties , such as deaths in non operational areas and deaths due to natural causes . The Australian government does not regard merchant mariners as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while crewing merchant ships around the world , are included in the total civilian deaths . Other civilian fatalities were due to air raids and attacks on passenger ships . The preliminary data for Australian losses included 23,365 killed , 6,030 missing , 39,803 wounded , and 26,363 POWs . ^ C Austria Military war dead reported by Rüdiger Overmans of 261,000 are included with Germany . Austrian civilian casualties were 99,700 victims of Nazi persecution and 24,000 killed in Allied air raids . The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis . `` For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous : During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps . Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison , while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps , only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war . In addition , 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing , and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing '' raids . ^ D Belgium Belgian government sources reported 12,000 military war dead which included ( 8,800 killed , 500 missing in action , 200 executed , 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs ) and civilian losses of 73,000 which included ( 32,200 deaths due to military operations , 3,400 executed , 8,500 political deportees , 5,000 workers in Germany and 27,000 Jewish Holocaust victims ) . Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures , they are included with German military casualties . ^ E Brazil The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510 , Navy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic were 492 . Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers . ^ F Bulgaria Total Bulgarian military war dead were 18,500 including 6,671 battle deaths There were 3,000 civilian deaths in Allied air raids including 1,400 in the bombing of Sofia A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Bulgarian casualties : Military deaths : 2,000 military Axis occupation forces in Yugoslavia and Greece ; 10,124 dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths . Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Erlikman notes `` According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed . The communists claim that 20 -- 35,000 persons died . In reality deaths were 10,000 , including and unknown number of civilians . '' ^ G Burma Military casualties with the pro-Japanese Burma National Army were 400 killed in action , 1,500 other deaths , 715 missing , 2,000 wounded and 800 POW Civilian deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totalled 250,000 ; 110,000 Burmese , plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma . Werner Gruhl estimates 70,000 Asian laborers died cruelly during the construction of the Burma Railway . ^ H Canada The Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 Merchant Navy deaths . An additional 700 military dead from Newfoundland are included with the U.K. Library and Archives Canada puts military losses at 44,090 ( 24,525 Army , 17,397 Air Force , 2,168 Navy . ) The preliminary data for Canadian losses included killed 37,476 , missing 1,843 , wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045 . ^ I China Sources for total Chinese war dead are divergent and range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below . John W. Dower has noted `` So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain ' millions ' of deaths . Certainly , it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead , a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union . '' Dower cited a United Nations report from 1947 that put Chinese war dead at 9 million . According to Rana Mitter `` the death toll on China is still being calculated , but conservative estimates number the dead at 14 million '' Rana Mitter cited the estimate of Chinese casualties by Odd Arne Westad of 2 million combat deaths and 12 civilian deaths , Mitter also cited a Chinese study published in 2006 that put the death toll in the war at 8 to 10 million . An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that `` a conservative estimate would put total human casualties directly caused by the war of 1937 - 1945 at between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000 '' This study cited a Chinese Nationalist source that put total civilian casualties at 2,144,048 = ( 1,073,496 killed ; 237,319 wounded ; 71,050 captured by Japanese ; 335,934 killed in Japanese air raids ; 426,249 wounded in air raids ) , military casualties at 6,750,000 from 1937 - 1943 ( 1,500,000 killed ; 3,000,000 wounded ; 750,000 missing ; 1,500,000 deaths caused by sickness , etc . In addition 960,000 collaborator forces and 446,736 Communist were killed or wounded The official Chinese government ( communist ) statistic for China 's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino - Japanese War from 1937 -- 1945 is 20 million dead and 15 million wounded . Chinese scholar Bianxiu Yue has published a study of China 's population losses in the Second Sino - Japanese War . He put total Chinese losses at 20.6 million dead and 14.2 million injured . Official Nationalist Chinese casualty figures were : killed 1,319,958 ; wounded 1,716,335 and missing 130,126 , An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that these figures are `` unreasonably low '' and `` highly suspect '' R.J. Rummel 's estimate of total war dead from 1937 -- 45 is 19,605,000 . Military dead : 3,400,000 ( including 400,000 POW ) Nationalist / Communist , and 432,000 collaborator forces. Civilian war deaths : 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of Japanese war crimes ( not including an additional 400,000 POWs ). Other deaths : Repression by Chinese Nationalists 5,907,000 ( 3,081,000 military conscripts who died due to mistreatment and 2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government , including the 1938 Yellow River flood ) ; political repression by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000 . Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000 . Werner Gruhl estimates China 's total war losses at 15,554,000 , Civilians : 12,392,000 including ( 8,191,000 ) due to the Japanese brutality and military dead 3,162,000 . ^ J Cuba Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant mariners . ^ K Czechoslovakia According to the Czechoslovak State Statistical Office the population at 1 / 1 / 1939 ( within post war 1945 - 1992 borders ) was 14,612,000 The population in 1939 included about 3.3 million ethnic Germans that were expelled after the war or were German military casualties during the war . Russian demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Czechoslovak war dead of 340,000 persons , 46,000 military and 294,000 civilians A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Czechoslovak casualties : 35,000 Military deaths : including : killed during 1938 occupation ( 171 ) ; Czechoslovak Forces with the Western Allies ( 3,220 ) ; Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front ( 4,570 ) ; Slovak Republic Axis forces ( 7,000 ) ; Czechs in German forces ( 5,000 ) , partisan losses 10,000 and ( 5,000 ) POWs . 320,000 Civilian deaths : ( 10,000 ) in bombing and shelling ; ( 22,000 ) executed ; ( 285,000 in camps including 270,000 Jews , 8,000 Roma ) ; and ( 3,000 ) forced laborers in Germany . ^ L Denmark The Danish Ministry of Education has detailed Denmark 's losses in the war of about 8,000 persons including 2,685 killed in Denmark in bombing raids , resistance fighters and those executed by the Germans and 3,000 who died outside Denmark including ( 2,000 merchant seamen , 63 serving with Allied forces , 600 in German camps , 400 workers in Germany ) . In addition 2,000 Danish volunteers were killed serving in the Germany military . ^ M Dutch East Indies The United Nations reported in 1947 that `` about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation . '' They reported , `` The total number who were killed by the Japanese , or who died from , hunger , disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone , 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands . Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died ; most of them were men of working age . '' John W. Dower cited the 1947 UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia . Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3,000,000 Indonesians and 30,000 interned Europeans . A discussion of the famine in Java during 1944 -- 45 , leads Pierre van der Eng to conclude that 2.4 million Indonesians perished . Dutch Military losses in Asia were 2,500 killed in the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign Data from the Netherlands Institute of War Documentation puts the number of Dutch POW captured by the Japanese at 37,000 of whom 8,500 died . The Japanese interned 105,530 Dutch civilians in the East Indies , of whom 13,567 died . ^ MA Egypt Egyptian military casualties were 1,125 killed and 1,308 wounded . The British used the Egyptian army to guard lines of communication and to clear minefields . ^ N Estonia Estonia 's human losses due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 67,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression . Soviet occupation 1940 - 41 dead and missing of 43,900 including ( 7,800 ) arrested persons who were murdered or perished in the Soviet Union ; ( 6,000 ) deported persons who perished in the Soviet Union ; ( 24,000 ) mobilized persons who perished in the Soviet Union and ( 1,100 ) persons who went missing ) Losses during the 1941 -- 1944 Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany were 23,040 , including ( 7,800 ) executed by Nazis and ( 1,040 ) killed in prison camps . ( 200 ) people died in forced labor in Germany . ( 800 ) deaths in Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities , ( 1,000 ) killed in Allied air raids on Germany and ( 1,000 ) perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944 -- 45 . ( 10,000 ) Estonians were war dead in the Germany armed forces and ( 1,000 ) surrendered POW were executed by the Soviets . Included in the above figures is the genocide of ( 243 ) Roma people and ( 929 ) Jews After the reoccupation by the USSR , 16,000 Estonians died in Soviet repressions during 1944 -- 53 . Total deaths from 1940 -- 53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were approximately 83,000 persons ( 7.3 % of the population ) . ^ O Ethiopia Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100,000 including 15,000 native military with Italian forces . Small and Singer put the military losses at 5,000 . The deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy are not included with the Italian war dead . The Italian Ministry of Defense estimated 10,000 deaths of native soldiers in East African Campaign These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo - Abyssinian War and Italian occupation from 1935 -- 41 . The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and Italian occupation from 1935 -- 41 . However , R.J. Rummel estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans were killed by the Italians from the 1920s -- 1941 `` based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program ' Timewatch ' '' , which aired January 17 , 1992 . ^ P Finland Military dead include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union , as well as action against German forces in 1944 -- 45 . Winter War ( 1939 -- 40 ) losses were 22,830 , military deaths from 1941 -- 44 were 58,715 , and 1,036 in 1944 -- 45 in the Lapland War . The Finnish National Archives website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish war dead . The war dead database 1939 - 1945 includes all servicemen and women who died during being listed in the Finnish army , navy or the air force . It also includes foreign volunteers who died during their service in Finland and Finnish SS - men who died while serving in the German army. The database contains civilians in case they have been buried at a military cemetery . That was sometimes done if the deceased was , for example , an ammunition worker , air raid victim or a civilian worker who for some other reason died because of the war . Some parishes continued burying in second world war military cemeteries up to the 1980s . Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish POW taken in the War . During the Winter war of 1939 -- 40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns in combat . 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen - SS and 256 were killed in action . Civilian war dead were 2,000 , due in part to the bombing of Helsinki in World War II . ^ Q France French military war of 210,000 dead include 150,000 regular forces ( 1939 -- 40 Battle of France 92,000 ; 1940 -- 45 on Western Front ( World War II ) 58,000 ) ; 20,000 French resistance fighters and 40,000 POWs in Germany . Civilian losses of 390,000 include : ( 60,000 killed in bombardments , 60,000 in land fighting , 30,000 murdered in executions , 60,000 political deportees , 40,000 workers in Germany , 100,000 victims of Nazi genocide ( Jews & Roma ) and 40,000 French nationals in the German Armed forces who were conscripted in Alsace - Lorraine , ) The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200,000 . They note that these losses include combatants from the French colonies as well as metropolitan France ; regular soldiers and members of the resistance . Vadim Erlikman a Russian historian , estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22,000 . 752 civilians were killed during the US air attacks on French Tunisia in 1942 -- 43 . R.J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps , these deaths are included with French civilian casualties . ^ R French Indochina John W. Dower estimated 1.0 million deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupation . Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 1,500,000 . Vietnamese sources put the number of deaths during the 1944 -- 45 famine in North Vietnam at between 1 and 2 million . ^ S Germany The following notes summarize German casualties , the details are presented in German casualties in World War II . German population The 1939 Population for Germany within 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png was 69.3 million persons Foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe were subject to conscription by Nazi Germany during the war . According to a 1958 report by the West German Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistical Office ) the pre war ethnic German population in eastern Europe was 7,423,300 persons ( 249,500 Baltic states & Memel ; 380,000 Danzig ; 1,371,000 Poland ( 1939 Borders ) ( 14 ) ; 3,477,000 Czechoslovakia ; 623,000 Hungary ; 536,800 Yugoslavia ; and 786,000 Romania ) . These German estimates are disputed . A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that `` Generally speaking , the German estimates ... are not only highly arbitrary , but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses '' . He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the post war expulsions . Total German war dead ( 1949 ) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistical Office ) estimated total war dead of 5,483,000 ; ( 3,250,000 ) military ; ( 500,000 ) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign ; ( 1,533,000 ) deaths in the expulsions from Poland and ( 200,000 ) victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ( 1953 ) The German economist de : Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated total war dead of 6,000,000 ; ( 3,100,000 ) military ; ( 600,000 ) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign ; ( 800,000 ) deaths to expulsion from Poland ( 300,000 ) victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution , ( 1,200,000 ) increase in natural deaths due to the war . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe . ( 1956 ) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistical Office ) estimated total war dead of 5,650,000 = ( 3,760,000 ) military ; ( 430,000 ) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign ; ( 1,260,000 ) deaths to expulsion from Poland and ( 200,000 ) victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe . ( 1961 ) The West German government issued a statement listing a total of 7,032,800 war dead : ( military dead 3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and 432,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) ; ( 430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign in prewar 1937 borders ) ; ( 300,000 victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution including 170,000 Jews ) ; ( expulsion dead 1,224,900 in prewar 1937 borders and 885,900 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) These figures do not include Austria . The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , listed Austrian casualties as 250,000 military dead and 24,000 civilians killed in bombing raids ( 1984 ) A German demographic study estimated 6,900,000 deaths caused by the war in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png . ( 3,800,000 ) military and ( 3,100,000 ) civilians . ( 1991 ) A German demographic study estimated 5,450,000 to 5,600,000 war dead ( 4,300,000 military dead ; 430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign and 882,000 deaths due to expulsions from Poland ) . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ( 1998 ) A German demographic study estimated 5,500,000 to 6,900,000 war dead . These figures vary because of the shift of borders between 1937 and 1940 . ( 2005 ) The German government issued a report listing total war dead of 7,375,800 = ( 3,100,000 soldiers killed ; 1,200,000 soldiers missing ; 500,000 civilians killed in bombing raids ; 2,251,500 civilian victims of expulsions and deportations ; 24,300 Austrian civilians killed and 300,000 victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution . These figures include Austria and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe . ) German military casualties ( 1945 ) The casualty figures compiled by the German High Command ( OKW ) as of January 31 , 1945 put total military losses at 2,001,399 dead , 1,902,704 missing and POW held by Allies and 4,429,875 wounded . ( 1946 ) The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. estimated German military dead at 3,250,000 . ( 1947 ) The combined staff of the U.K. , Canada and the U.S. prepared `` A study of the employment of German manpower from 1933 - 1945 '' . They estimated German casualties up until April 30 , 1945 at 2,230,324 dead , 2,870,404 missing and POW held by Allies . ( 1960 ) The West German government issued figures of the war losses . Total military dead were put at 4,440,000 ( 3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png ; 430,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe and 250,000 Austria . ) ( 1974 ) The Maschke Commission found that about 1.2 million German military personnel reported as missing more than likely died as POWs , including 1.1 million in the USSR . ( 1985 ) The Deutsche Dienststelle ( WASt ) has been responsible for providing information for the families of those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war , they do not compile figures of the total war dead . By 1985 they had identified 3.1 million confirmed dead and 1.2 million missing and presumed dead . The Deutsche Dienststelle ( WASt ) reported the same figures in 2005 ( 1993 ) The Russian historian G. Krivosheev puts the losses of the `` Vlasovites , Balts and Muslims etc . '' in German service at 215,000 According to Krivosheev 450,600 German POWs died in Soviet captivity ( 356,700 in camps and 93,900 in transit ) ( 2000 ) Rüdiger Overmans , an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical survey of German military personnel records at the Deutsche Dienststelle ( WASt ) . The Overmans research project was financed by a private foundation and published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense ( Germany ) . The study found that the statistics compiled by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties . The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000 ( 4,456,000 in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and 539,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe , 261,000 Austria and 63,000 foreign nationals from western European nations ) . The Overmans study did not include Soviet citizens in German service The details of the Overmans study are presented in German casualties in World War II . In a separate study Overmans concluded that the actual death toll of German POWs was about 1.1 million men including ( 1.0 million ) in the USSR Civilian Casualties ^ S1 Official German and Austrian sources from the 1950s reported about 2,950,000 civilian war dead : 434,000 air raid dead ( 410,000 Germany , 24,000 Austria 300 , 00 deaths due to Nazi racial , religious and political persecution not including victims of the Nazi euthanasia program . Austrian sources put the number of victims of the Nazis at 100,000 ; 2,111,000 Deaths due to expulsion of the Germans from east - central Europe . The German government still maintains that 2.0 million civilians perished during the flight and expulsions from Eastern Europe . ^ S2 Recent research indicates about 1,550,000 civilian war dead : 353,000 000 air raid dead 300,000 00 deaths due to Nazi racial , religious and political persecution in Germany and 100,000 in Austria ; . German government sources reported 200,000 victims of the Nazi euthanasia program Deaths due to expulsion of the Germans from east - central Europe were 600,000 according to a report by the German Federal Archive Civilian casualties in air raids ( 1945 - 47 ) The United States Strategic Bombing Survey gave three different figures for German air raid deaths . 1 - The summary report of September 30 , 1945 put total casualties for the entire period of the war at 305,000 killed and 780,000 wounded . 2 - The section Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy of October 31 , 1945 put the losses at 375,000 killed and 625,000 wounded 3 - The section The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany of January 1947 made a preliminary calculated estimate of air raid dead at 422,000 . Regarding overall losses they concluded that `` It was further estimated that an additional number , approximately 25 % of known deaths in 1944 - 45 , were still unrecovered and unrecorded . With an addition of this estimate of 1944 - 45 unrecorded deaths , the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks '' ( 1956 ) A German government study put German air war dead at 635,000 ; 500,000 killed by allied strategic bombing and 135,000 refugees killed during the evacuations from eastern Europe in 1945 . These figures include 593,000 Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png ( 410,000 civilians , 32,000 foreigners and POW and 23,000 military and Police killed in strategic bombing and 127,000 civilians and 1,000 military and Police refugees fleeing on the eastern front ) . There were an additional 42,000 dead in Austria and the annexed territories ( 26,000 civilians , 7,000 foreigners and POW and 1,000 military and Police were killed in strategic bombing and 7,000 refugees fleeing on the eastern front ) Historian Richard Overy in 2014 published a study of the air war The Bombers and the Bombed : Allied Air War Over Europe 1940 - 1945 in which he disputed the official German figures of air war dead . He estimated total air raid deaths at 353,000 . Overy maintains that the German estimates are based on incorrect speculations for losses during the last three months of the war when there was a gap in the record keeping system . He points out that the figures for air raid dead in the last three months of the war were estimated in the West German figures from 1956 at 300,000 people which he believes is not plausible . The official figures include an inflated total of 60,000 in the Bombing of Dresden and the inclusion of refugees fleeing westward . Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign The West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20,000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders , not including the former German territories in Poland . However , there is a more recent estimate of 22,000 civilians killed during the fighting in Berlin only . Deaths due to Nazi political , racial and religious persecution The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political , racial and religious persecution at 300,000 ( including 170,000 German Jews ) A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 Euthanasia program at over 200,000 persons . Expulsion and flight of ethnic GermansThe following notes summarize German expulsion casualties , the details are presented in the flight and expulsion of Germans ( 1944 -- 1950 ) , the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union ' and the Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans . The figures for these losses are currently disputed , estimates of the total deaths range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 . The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions was estimated at 2.2 million by the West German government in 1958 . German government reports which were released to the public in 1987 and 1989 have caused some historians in Germany to put the actual total at 500,000 to 600,000 . English language sources put the death toll at 2 to 3 million based on the West German government statistical analysis of the 1950s . ( 1950 ) The West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions. ( 1.5 million in prewar 1937 Germany Oder -- Neisse line # / media / File : Oder - neisse. gif and 1.5 million foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) ( 1954 - 1961 ) The Schieder commission made preliminary estimates the civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2.3 million persons , broken out as follows : 2,000,000 Poland ( in post war borders ) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia ; 225,600 Czechoslovakia ; 69,000 Yugoslavia ; 40,000 Romania ; 6,000 Hungary. These preliminary figures were superseded with the publication of the 1958 West German demographic study . ( 1958 ) A West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the flight during the war , post war expulsions and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union , broken out as follows : Germany in 1937 borders Oder -- Neisse line # / media / File : Oder - neisse. gif 1,339,000 ; Poland in 1939 borders ( 15 ) 185,000 ; Danzig 83,000 ; Czechoslovakia 273,000 ; Yugoslavia 136,000 ; Romania 101,000 ; Hungary 57,000 ; Baltic States 51,000 . ( 1965 ) , The search service of the German churches and Red Cross was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe due to the expulsions , broken out as follows : 367,392 Poland ( in post war borders ) ; 18,889 Sudetenland ; 64,779 Slovakia , Hungary , Romania and Yugoslavia ; 9,064 Baltic States ; and 12,889 Germans resettled in Poland . There were an additional 1,905,991 unsolved cases of persons reported missing . The results of this survey were kept secret until 1987 . ( 1966 ) The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees , Refugees and War Victims issued a statement that put the number of expulsion dead at 2,111,000 ( 1,225,000 Germany in 1937 borders Oder -- Neisse line # / media / File : Oder - neisse. gif and 886,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) ( 1974 ) A study by the German Federal Archive estimated a death toll of 600,000 of civilians in the expulsions and deportations to the USSR. ( 400,000 in Poland ( in post war borders ) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia ; 130,000 in Czechoslovakia and 80,000 in Yugoslavia . ) The authors of the report maintain that these figures cover only those deaths caused violent acts and deaths in forced labor and internment camps . They also stated that their figures do not include deaths due to malnutrition and disease , this has been disputed by historian Ingo Haar who believes that total losses are between 500 - 600,000 This report was kept secret and not published until 1989 . ( 1985 ) A demographic analysis which has the support of the German government , estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union broken out as follows : ( 870,000 Germany in 1937 borders east of the Oder -- Neisse line ; 108,000 Germans resettled in Poland during the war ; 174,000 Poland in 1939 borders ( 16 ) ; 40,000 Danzig ; 220,000 Czechoslovakia ; 106,000 Yugoslavia ; 75,000 Romania ; 84,000 Hungary ; 33,000 Baltic States ; 310,000 USSR ) The German government currently maintains that 2.0 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe . In 2006 Christoph Bergner , Secretary of State in Germany 's Bureau for Inner Affairs maintainted that the figure of 2 million deaths is correct because it includes the deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions . A 2005 report by the German government search service put the death toll at 2,251,500 , they did not provide details of the figure The current position in 2015 of the German government Federal Agency for Civic Education is that 2 million civilians perished in the expulsions , they cited as the source for this figure Gerhard Reichling , Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen . The German government figures of 2.0 to 2.5 million civilian deaths due to the expulsions have been disputed by scholars since the publication of the results of the German church search service survey and the report by the German Federal Archive . German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn have published a detailed study of the flight and expulsions . They maintain that figures related to flight and expulsion have been manipulated by the German government due to political pressure . The Hahn 's believe the official German figure of 2 million deaths is an historical myth , lacking foundation . They place the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe . The Hahn 's maintain that the 473,013 confirmed deaths is a correct accounting of the losses . Most of these losses occurred during the Nazi organized flight and evacuation during the war , and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union ; they point out that there are 80,522 confirmed deaths in the postwar internment camps . German historian Rüdiger Overmans published a study of German military casualties , this project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths . Overmans did however provide a critical analysis of the previous studies by German government of the human losses in the expulsions . Overmans maintains that these studies lack adequate support , he maintains that a figure of 500,000 expulsion dead is credible and that there are more arguments for the lower figures rather than the higher figures , he believes that new research is needed to determine the correct balance of the human losses in the expulsions . According to Overmans the figure of 1.9 million missing persons reported by the search service is unreliable as it includes military dead and persons of dubious German ancestry who were not expelled after the war but remained in eastern Europe , also the figures for expellees living in the GDR was understated . German historian Ingo Haar called into question the validity of the official government figure of 2.0 million expulsion deaths in a 2006 article in the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung . Since then Haar has published three articles in academic journals that covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions . According to Haar the numbers were set too high for postwar political reasons . His own research indicates that all reasonable estimates of deaths from expulsions lie between around 500,000 and 600,000 , he maintains that deaths due to disease , hunger and other conditions are already included in these numbers . The German Historical Museum puts the number of deaths due to the expulsions at 600,000 , they maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies can not be supported . A joint Czech -- German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000 Germans perished in the expulsions . The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data . The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population ; military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable . Polish historian Bernadetta Nitschke has provided a summary of the research in Poland on German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland , not including other eastern European countries . Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1.6 million deaths in Poland reported by the West German government in the 1950s with the figure of 400,000 ( in Poland only ) that was disclosed in 1989 . According to Nitschke most of the civilian deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war , the deportation to the U.S.S.R. for forced labor , and after the resettlement in the Soviet occupation zone in post war Germany . Polish historians Witold Sienkiewicz and Grzegorz Hryciuk believe that between 600,000 and 1.2 million German civilians perished during the wartime evacuations . The main causes of death were cold , stress , and bombing . According to Sienkiewicz and Hryciuk between 200,000 - 250,000 persons were held in postwar Polish internment camps and between 15,000 - 60,000 perished . Post war increase in natural deaths German government figures of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties . The German economist Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated that there were 1,200,000 excess deaths caused by the harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war . Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000 in post war Germany The West German Statistisches Bundesamt put the actual deaths from 1939 - 46 due to natural causes at 7,130,000 persons , the demographic study by Peter Marschalck estimated the expected deaths in peacetime due to natural causes of 5,900,000 persons , a difference of 1,230,000 excess deaths . In Allied - occupied Germany the shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946 -- 47 . The average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800 , an amount insufficient for long - term health . ^ T Greece The Greek government is planning to claim reparations from Germany for war damages . The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II . Military dead 35,077 , including : 13,327 killed in the Greco - Italian War of 1940 -- 41 ; 1,100 with the Greek Royal Forces in the Middle East , and 20,650 partisan deaths . Civilian deaths 171,845 , including : 56,225 executed by Axis forces ; 105,000 dead in German concentration camps ( including Jews ) ; 7,120 deaths due to bombing ; 3,500 merchant marine dead ; 600,000 Famine deaths during the war A study published by Cambridge University Press in 2010 estimated that Greece suffered approximately 300,000 deaths during the Axis occupation as a result of famine and malnutrition Gregory Frumkin , who was throughout its existence editor of the Statistical Year - Book of the League of Nations gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war . He points out that `` the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent '' . His estimates for Greek losses are as follows : the war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco - Italian War of 1940 -- 41 , 60,000 non-Jewish civilians , 20,000 non-Jewish deportees , 60,000 Jews and 140,000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II . In campaigns against the Greek Resistance the German occupiers engaged in a policy of reprisals against civilians , the most notorious were the Distomo massacre and the Massacre of Kalavryta . According to the German historian Dieter Pohl at least 25,000 but perhaps even more civilians were killed in mass executions . Pohl maintains that about 1 million persons ( 14 % of the population ) were displaced in the campaigns against the Greek Resistance because their homes were destroyed or they were expelled and became refugees . ^ TA Guam Guam was a United States administered territory during World War Two . The local Chamorro people were granted U.S. citizenship in the Guam Organic Act of 1950 . According to an official U.S. report during the Battle of Guam on December 8 -- 10 , 4 Guam local military personnel and 3 Guam residents were killed in the battle . However , Japanese sources reported 40 -- 50 of the local population killed . Between 1,000 to 2,000 Chamorro people were killed or otherwise died of abuse and mistreatment during the Japanese occupation of Guam from December 10 , 1941 until August 10 , 1944 , including an estimated 600 civilians who were massacred by the Japanese during the Battle of Guam ( 1944 ) . ^ U Hungary Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of Hungarian losses . Military losses were 300,000 to 310,000 including 110 -- 120,000 killed in action and 200,000 in Soviet POW and labor camps and 20 - 25,000 Jews in Hungarian military labor service . About 210,000 were from Hungary in the 1939 borders and about 100,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia , Romania and Yugoslavia . Civilian dead within the borders of present - day Hungary included 220,000 Hungarian Jews killed in the Holocaust and 44,000 deaths from military operations ^ V Iceland Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines . ^ W India India which was a British Colony during World War II included the present day India , Pakistan and Bangladesh . India under British administration is sometimes referred to as the British Raj . The war dead of 87,029 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army during the Second World War . Gurkha casualties with the British Indian Army can be broken down as : 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded . The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was , killed 24,338 , missing 11,754 , wounded 64,354 and POW 79,489 . Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore , 11,000 died in captivity . The pro-Japanese Indian National Army lost 2,615 dead and missing . Bengal famine of 1943 John W. Dower estimated 1.5 million civilian deaths in the Bengal famine of 1943 . Amartya Sen currently the Lamont University Professor at Harvard University has recently estimated that a figure of 2.0 to 2.5 million fatalities may be more accurate . ^ X Iran Losses during allied occupation in 1941 . ^ Y Iraq Losses during Anglo - Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941 . According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum between 150 - 180 Jews were killed in the Farhud pogram in 1941 ^ Z Ireland Although neutral , an estimated 70,000 of the Irish Free State 's citizens volunteered in the British military service . Some 40 Irish citizens were killed by accidental bombings in Dublin and Carlow , and 33 Irish merchant seamen were killed in U-boat attacks by Germany . ^ AA Italy The Italian government issued an accounting of the war dead in 1957 , they broke out the losses before and after the Armistice with Italy : military dead and missing 291,376 ( 204,376 pre-armistice and 87,030 post armistice ). Civilian dead and missing at 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice ) including in air raids 61,432 ( 42,613 post armistice ) . A brief summary of data from this report can be found online . Military war dead Confirmed dead were 159,957 ( 92,767 pre-armistice , 67,090 post armistice ) Missing and presumed dead ( including POWs ) were 131,419 ( 111,579 pre-armistice , 19,840 post armistice ) Losses by branch of service : Army 201,405 ; Navy 22,034 ; Air Force 9,096 ; Colonial Forces 354 ; Chaplains 91 ; Fascist militia 10,066 ; Paramilitary 3,252 ; not indicated 45,078 . Military Losses by theatre of war : Italy 74,725 ( 37,573 post armistice ) ; France 2,060 ( 1,039 post armistice ) ; Germany 25,430 ( 24,020 post armistice ) ; Greece , Albania , and Yugoslavia 49,459 ( 10,090 post armistice ) ; USSR 82,079 ( 3,522 post armistice ) ; Africa 22,341 ( 1,565 post armistice ) , at sea 28,438 ( 5,526 post armistice ) ; other and unknown 6,844 ( 3,695 post armistice ) . Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy , included 5,927 with the Allies , 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters in Italy and 13,000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces . Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews . According to Martin Gilbert , Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,000 in Italy and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya Updated studies ( 2010 ) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence , p. 4 have revised the military deaths to 319,207 , of which 246,432 belonged to the Army , 31,347 to the Navy , 13,210 to the Air Force , 15,197 to the Partisan formations and 13,021 to the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic . The casualties recorded for Italy do not include Italians who were born in Italian colonies and possessions ( ethnic Italians in Libya , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Somalia and the Dodecanese ) and in national territories that Italy lost with the Paris peace treaty of 1947 ( mainly the Julian March , Istria and Zara / Zadar ; a large part of the victims of the Foibe massacres are thus not included ) . Also Africans conscripted by Italy are not included in their figures . With regards to the Partisan casualties , it should be noted that a ministerial study published in 1955 listed the partisans killed or executed as 35,828 ; however , the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans , whereas partisans who were formerly members of the Italian armed forces ( more than half those killed ) were considered as members of their armed force of origin . With regards to the Italian Social Republic casualties , it should be pointed out that the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro excludes from its lists of the fallen the individuals who committed war crimes . In the context of the RSI , where numerous war crimes were committed in the anti-partisan warfare , and many individuals were therefore involved in such crimes ( especially GNR and Black Brigades personnel ) , this influences negatively the casualty count , under a statistical point of view . The `` RSI Historical Foundation '' ( Fondazione RSI Istituto Storico ) has drafted a list that lists the names of some 35,000 RSI military personnel killed in action or executed during and immediately after World War II ( including the `` revenge killings '' that occurred at the end of the hostilities and in their immediate aftermath ) , including some 13,500 members of the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana and Milizia Difesa Territoriale , 6,200 members of the Black Brigades , 2,800 Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana personnel , 1,000 Marina Nazionale Repubblicana personnel , 1,900 X MAS personnel , 800 soldiers of the `` Monterosa '' Division , 470 soldiers of the `` Italia '' Division , 1,500 soldiers of the `` San Marco '' Division , 300 soldiers of the `` Littorio '' Division , 350 soldiers of the `` Tagliamento '' Alpini Regiment , 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments , 4,000 troops of miscellaneous units of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano ( excluding the aabove - mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments ) , 300 members of the Legione Autonoma Mobile `` Ettore Muti '' , 200 members of the Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani , 550 members of the Italian SS , and 170 members of the Cacciatori degli Appennini Regiment . This would bring the total number of Italian military personnel killed to some 341,000 ( excluding colonial troops ) . . According to the official history of the Italian Army ( Rovighi , Alberto ( 1988 ) , Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale : ( giugno 1940 -- novembre 1941 ) ( Operations in East Africa : ( June 1940 -- November 1941 ) ) , Rome , Stato Maggiore Esercito , Ufficio storico ) From June 1940 to 16 April 1941 , 11,755 askaris were killed in Italian East Africa , excluding the losses in Giuba region and eastern fronts . After that date , in the last battles in East Africa there were 490 askaris killed in the battle of Culqualber and 3,700 killed in the battle of Gondar , plus an unknown number in the battle of Amba Alagi and other minor clashes . This would mean that the number of askaris killed in East Africa was likely somewhere between 16,000 and 20,000 . According to the Italian Army official history ( USSME , La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale , tomo I , allegato 32 ( page 375 ) ) , the two Libyan colonial divisions lost 1,399 soldiers killed ( not counting the officers , who were Italian ) in the battle of Sidi Barrani , where they were both destroyed . There was not much use of colonial troops in North Africa afterwards . ^ AB Japan Estimates for total Japanese war dead from 1937 - 1945 range from at least 2.5 million to 3.237 million According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Japanese war dead ( 1937 -- 45 ) totaled 3.1 million persons including 2.3 million soldiers and Army / Navy civilian employees , 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 civilians living outside of Japan . These figures include military dead of 30,000 Chinese from Taiwan and 22,182 Koreans . Military dead According to a report compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964 , combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war ( 1937 -- 45 ) numbered approximately 2,121,000 ; broken down as follows : Key : Location , Army dead , Navy dead , ( Total dead ) Japan Proper : 58,100 , 45,800 , ( 103,900 ) Bonin Islands : 2,700 , 12,500 , ( 15,200 ) Okinawa : 67,900 , 21,500 , ( 89,400 ) Formosa ( Taiwan ) : 28,500 , 10,600 , ( 39,100 ) Korea : 19,600 , 6,900 , ( 26,500 ) Sakhalin , the Aleutian , and Kuril Islands : 8,200 , 3,200 , ( 11,400 ) Manchuria : 45,900 , 800 , ( 46,700 ) China ( inc . Hong Kong ) : 435,600 , 20,100 , ( 455,700 ) Siberia : 52,300 , 400 , ( 52,700 ) Central Pacific : 95,800 , 151,400 , ( 247,200 ) Philippines : 377,500 , 121,100 , ( 498,600 ) French Indochina : 7,900 , 4,500 , ( 12,400 ) Thailand : 6,900 , 100 , ( 7,000 ) Burma ( inc . India ) : 163,000 , 1,500 , ( 164,500 ) Malaya & Singapore : 8,500 , 2,900 , ( 11,400 ) Andaman & Nicobar Islands : 900 , 1,500 , ( 2,400 ) Sumatra : 2,700 , 500 , ( 3,200 ) Java : 2,700 , 3,800 , ( 6,500 ) Lesser Sundas : 51,800 , 1,200 , ( 53,000 ) Borneo : 11,300 , 6,700 , ( 18,000 ) Celebes : 1,500 , 4,000 , ( 5,500 ) Moluccas : 2,600 , 1,800 , ( 4,400 ) New Guinea : 112,400 , 15,200 , ( 127,600 ) Bismarck Archipelago : 19,700 , 10,800 , ( 30,500 ) Solomon Islands : 63,200 , 25,000 , ( 88,200 ) Total : 1,647,200 , 473,800 , ( 2,121,000 ) Overall , perhaps two thirds of all Japanese military dead came not from combat , but from starvation and disease . In some cases this figure was potentially even higher , up to 80 % in the Philippines and a staggering 97 % in New Guinea . According to John W. Dower the Japanese source Showa Shi -- 1959 by Shigeki Toyama put Japanese war dead from 1937 - 1941 in the Second Sino - Japanese War at 185,467 In 1949 the report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board put military war dead from December 1941 to December 21 , 1946 at 1,555,308 Killed and 309,402 wounded These figures do not include an additional 240,000 missing Army personnel . The figures of wounded show only those receiving pensions . The details of these figures are as follows : Army China after Pearl Harbor 202,958 killed and 88,920 wounded . vs. United States 485,717 killed and 34,679 wounded . vs. U.K. and Netherlands 208,026 killed and 139,225 wounded . vs. Australia 199,511 killed and 15,000 wounded . French Indochina 2,803 killed and 6,000 wounded . Manchuria & USSR 7,483 killed and 4,641 wounded . other overseas 23,388 killed and 0 wounded Japan proper 10,543 killed and 6,782 wounded Army total 1,140,429 killed and 295,247 wounded . Navy Sailors 300,386 killed and 12,275 wounded and missing . Civilians in Navy service 114,493 killed and 1,880 wounded and missing . Navy total 414,879 killed and 14,155 wounded and missing . The Japanese Central Liaison Office reported in July 1947 to the Allied occupation authorities that Japanese military dead from 1935 - 1945 were 1,687,738 ( 1,340,700 Army and 347,038 Navy ) The Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 191,250 war dead from 1937 to 1941 in the Second Sino - Japanese War and 2,133,915 in the Pacific War Their figures include civilians who participated in combat and Chinese ( Taiwan ) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces . According to the calculations of Werner Gruhl Japanese military war dead were 2,565,878 ( 250,000 from 1931 -- 41 and 2,315,878 from 1942 - 45 ) John W. Dower Dower maintains that `` only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat , the majority being caused by illness and starvation . '' According to Dower over 300,000 Japanese POW were missing after being captured by the Soviets . Japanese figures as of 12 / 31 / 1948 listed 469,074 missing personnel in Soviet hands , while at the same time the Soviets admitted to holding 95,000 Japanese prisoners thus leaving 374,041 surrendered Japanese personnel who were unaccounted for and presumed dead . According to Dower `` Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied ( non-Soviet ) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities . The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported from 1951 - 60 that 254,000 military personnel and civilians were confirmed dead and 95,000 went missing in Soviet hands after the war . The details of these losses are as follows : 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps , 36,000 in North Korea , 9,000 on Sakhalin and 103,000 in the USSR . According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare 65,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the 1945 military campaign against the Soviet Union . After the war ended deaths at the hands of the Red Army and local Chinese population were 185,000 Manchuria , 28,000 in North Korea and 10,000 on Sakhalin and the Kurile islands . An additional 700,000 were taken prisoner by the Soviets were 50,000 died in forced labor in the USSR and Outer Mongolia . The Japanese government figures for POW deaths are not in agreement with Soviet figures . Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62,105 ( 61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces ) out of the 640,105 captured ( 609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces ) . Civilian Dead The 1949 report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment . Total casualties were 668,315 including 299,485 dead , 24,010 missing and 344,820 injured . These figures include the casualties in Tokyo ( 東京 ) 97,031 dead , 6,034 missing and 113,923 injured ; in Hiroshima ( 広島 ) 86,141 dead , 14,394 missing and 46,672 injured , in Nagasaki ( 長崎 ) 26,238 dead , 1,947 missing and 41,113 injured . According to John W. Dower an error which appears in English language sources puts the total killed in air raids at 668,000 , a figure which includes dead , missing and injured . A Japanese academic study published in 1979 by The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki puts the total dead in the atomic attacks at 140,000 ( ± 10,000 ) in Hiroshima and 70,000 ( ± 10,000 ) in Nagasaki . According to the authors of the report a study of atomic bomb related casualties in Hiroshima in December 1945 was `` lost and not discovered until twenty years later '' , they cited a similar survey in Nagasaki done in December 1945 . The authors maintain that the lower casualty figures published in the immediate post war era did not include military personnel and missing persons . The figures of dead in the atomic attacks from this study were cited by John W. Dower in his ' War Without Mercy According to the World Nuclear Association , `` In Hiroshima , of a resident civilian population of 250,000 it was estimated that 45,000 died on the first day and a further 19,000 during the subsequent four months . In Nagasaki , out of a population of 174,000 , 22,000 died on the first day and another 17,000 within four months . Unrecorded deaths of military personnel and foreign workers may have added considerably to these figures . About 15 square kilometers ( over 50 % ) of the two cities was destroyed . It is impossible to estimate the proportion of these 103,000 deaths , or of the further deaths in military personnel , which were due to radiation exposure rather than to the very high temperatures and blast pressures caused by the explosions . '' They noted that `` To the 103,000 deaths from the blast or acute radiation exposure at Hiroshima and Nagasaki have since been added those due to radiation - induced cancers , which amounted to some 400 within 30 years , and which may ultimately reach about 550 . ( Some 93,000 exposed survivors were still being monitored 50 years later . ) '' The Radiation Effects Research Foundation puts the number of deaths ( within two to four months ) , in Hiroshima at 90,000 to 166,000 persons , and in Nagasaki at 60,000 to 80,000 persons . They noted that deaths caused by the atomic bombings include those that occurred on the days of the bombings due to the overwhelming force and heat of the blasts , as well as later deaths attributable to radiation exposure . The total number of deaths is not known precisely because military personnel records in each city were destroyed ; entire families perished , leaving no one to report deaths ; and unknown numbers of forced laborers were present in both cities The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey published the following estimates of Japanese casualties due to U.S. bombing . 1 - Summary Report ( July 1946 ) Total civilian casualties in Japan , as a result of 9 months of air attack , including those from the atomic bombs , were approximately 806,000 . Of these , approximately 330,000 were fatalities . 2 - United States Strategic Bombing Survey , Medical Division ( 1947 ) The bombing of Japan killed 333,000 civilians and injured 473,000 . Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings , leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing . 3 - The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy . Summary report ( 1947 ) Estimated that 252,769 Japanese were killed and 298,650 injured in the air war . 4 - The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale Based on a survey of Japanese households the death toll was put at 900,000 dead and 1.3 million injured , the SBS noted that this figure was subject to a maximum sampling error of 30 % . 5 - Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki The most striking result of the atomic bombs was the great number of casualties . The exact number of dead and injured will never be known because of the confusion after the explosions . Persons unaccounted for might have been burned beyond recognition in the falling buildings , disposed of in one of the mass cremations of the first week of recovery , or driven out of the city to die or recover without any record remaining . No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed . Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities , the constant threat of incendiary raids , and the formal evacuation programs of the Government , an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan . In this uncertain situation , estimates of casualties have generally ranged between 100,000 and 180,000 for Hiroshima , and between 50,000 and 100,000 for Nagasaki . The Survey believes the dead at Hiroshima to have been between 70,000 and 80,000 , with an equal number injured ; at Nagasaki over 35,000 dead and somewhat more than that injured seems the most plausible estimate . John W. Dower puts Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 and 150,000 in Battle of Okinawa based on a recent study of the campaign . However American military sources put civilian dead on Okinawa at 42,000 , they noted that Japanese sources indicate 50,000 Okinawan noncombatants were killed during the campaign War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27,000 . ^ AC Korea American researcher R.J. Rummel estimated 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria . According to Rummel , `` Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover . We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939 , but how many died can only be roughly estimated . '' Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 533,000 John W. Dower has noted `` Between 1939 and 1945 , close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work , mostly in mines and heavy industry , and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places . Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . ^ AD Latvia Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Latvian civilian war dead from 1941 - 45 at 220,000 ( 35,000 in military operations ; 110,000 executed , 35,000 in Germany and 40,000 due to hunger and disease . Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 10,000 and 15,000 with German . POW deaths 3,000 . ^ AE Lithuania Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Lithuanian civilian war dead from 1941 - 45 at 345,000 ( 25,000 in military operations ; 230,000 executed , 15,000 in Germany and 75,000 due to hunger and disease . Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 15,000 and 5,000 with German . POW deaths 4,000 . ^ AF Luxembourg Total war dead were 5,000 which included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in a separate unit attached to the Belgian Army . ^ AG Malaya and Singapore The British colony of Malaya consisted of the Straits Settlements , the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States . Today they are the nations Malaysia and Singapore . According to John W. Dower `` Malayan officials after the war claimed , possibly with exaggeration , that as many as 100,000 residents , mostly Chinese , may have been killed by the Japanese ; of 73,000 Malayans transported to work on the Burma - Siam railway , 25,000 were reported to have died . According to Werner Gruhl in Singapore the Japanese murdered 5,000 to 10,000 Chinese in 1942 . In Malaya and Singapore an estimated 50,000 Chinese were killed in this genocide by the end of the war ^ AH Malta 1,493 civilians were killed and 3,734 wounded during the Siege of Malta ( World War II ) Maltese civilians killed during the siege are also included with U.K. civilian deaths by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ^ AI Mexico Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners . A Mexican Air Force unit Escuadrón 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 5 combat deaths . ^ AJ Mongolia Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol ( 200 ) and the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria ( 72 ) campaigns . ^ AK Nauru During World War II Japan occupied Nauru in August 1942 and deported 1,200 Nauruans to work as laborers in the Caroline Islands , where 463 died . The survivors returned to Nauru in January 1946 . ^ BG Nepal Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army during the Second World War . The war dead reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission for India include Nepalese in the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army . Gurkha casualties can be broken down as : 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded . ^ AL Netherlands In 1948 the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) issued a report of war losses . They listed 210,000 direct war casualties in the Netherlands , not including the Dutch East Indies . Military deaths 6,750 which included 3,900 regular Army , 2,600 Navy forces , and 250 POW in Germany . Civilian deaths of 203,250 which included 1,350 Merchant seaman , 2,800 executed , 2,500 dead in Dutch concentration camps , 20,400 killed by acts of war , 104,000 Jewish Holocaust dead , 18,000 political prisoners in Germany , 27,000 workers in Germany , 3,700 Dutch nationals in the German armed forces and 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany and 16,000 deaths in the Dutch famine of 1944 . Not Included in the figure of 210,000 war dead are 70,000 `` indirect war casualties '' , which are attributed to an increase in natural deaths from 1940 - 1945 and 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the Dutch Merchant Marine The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead . ^ AM Newfoundland Newfoundland lost 1,089 persons with U.K. and Canadian Forces during the war . The losses of the Newfoundland Merchant Navy are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland , Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942 . ^ AN New Zealand The Auckland War Museum puts the number of World War II dead at 11,671 The preliminary data for New Zealand losses was killed 10,033 , missing 2,129 , wounded 19,314 and POW 8,453 . ^ AO Norway According to Norwegian government sources the war dead were 10,200 Military ( Norwegian & Allied Forces ) 2,000 ( 800 Army , 900 Navy and 100 Air ) . Civilians 7,500 ( 3,600 Merchant seaman , 1,500 resistance fighters , 1,800 civilians killed and 600 Jews killed ) In German Armed Forces700 ^ AP Papua New Guinea Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities . Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters . ^ AQ Philippines According to Werner Gruhl the death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 527,000 ( 27,000 military dead , 141,000 massacred , 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine ) . Civilian losses included victims of Japanese war crimes , such as the Manila massacre which claimed the lives of 100,000 Filipinos Between 5,000 and 10,000 Filipinos serving with the Filipino troops , Scouts , Constabulary and Philippine Army units lost their lives on the Bataan Death March . ^ AR Poland Total Polish war dead In 2009 , Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) put the figure of Poland 's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000 ; including an estimated 150,000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression . The IPN 's figures include 2.7 to 2.9 million Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust and 2,770,000 ethnic Poles ( including `` Direct War Losses '' − 543,000 ; `` Murdered in Camps and in Pacification '' − 506,000 ; `` Deaths in prisons and Camps '' 1,146,000 ; `` Deaths outside of prisons and Camps '' 473,000 ; `` Murdered in Eastern Regions '' 100,000 ; `` Deaths in other countries '' 2,000 ) . Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 2,830,000 Jews ( including 1,860,000 Polish Jews ) in the extermination camps in Poland , in addition over 1.0 million Polish Jews were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen in the eastern regions or died of starvation and disease while in ghettos . In his 2009 book , Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University emphasizes the lack of reliable data concerning Warld War II losses . According to him , between 2.35 and 2.9 million Polish citizens of Jewish ethnicity were killed , in addition to about two million ethnic Poles . He writes that not even estimated figures are available regarding Polish citizens of German , Ukrainian or Belarusian ethnicity . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum maintains that in addition to 3 million Polish Jews killed in the Holocaust . `` Documentation remains fragmentary , but today scholars of independent Poland believe that at least 1.9 million Polish civilians ( non-Jews ) were victims of German occupation policies and the war . Czesław Łuczak in 1993 estimated Poland 's war dead to be 5.9 to 6.0 million , including 2.9 to 3.0 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 2.0 million ethnic Polish victims of the German and Soviet occupations , ( 1.5 million under German occupation and the balance of 500,000 in the former eastern Polish regions under Soviet occupation ) . Łuczak also included in his figures an estimated 1,000,000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups who comprised 20 % of Poland 's pre-war population . Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated Poland 's losses in World War II to be 5.6 million ; including 5,150,000 victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and The Holocaust , 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940 -- 41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943 -- 44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia . Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews ; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles ; 500,000 Ukrainians and Belarusians . Total losses by geographic area were about 4.4 million in present - day Poland and about 1.6 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union . Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about 2.0 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union . Contemporary Russian sources also include Poland 's losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths . The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims during the German occupation ( including 123,178 military deaths , 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million Jews ) , out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews ; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses . Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939 , including the territories annexed by the USSR . The figure of 6.0 million war dead has been disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about 3.0 million Jews and 2.0 million ethnic Poles , not including other ethnic groups ( Ukrainians and Belarussians ) . They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and presumed dead , but actually remained abroad in the West and the USSR after the war . Polish losses during the Soviet occupation ( 1939 -- 1941 ) In August 2009 , Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) estimated that 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression . Since the collapse of the USSR , Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation . In his 2009 book , Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University states that about 325,000 Polish citizens were deported by the Soviets in 1940 -- 41 . The number of the deaths for which the Soviets are responsible `` probably did not exceed 100,000 '' , and the same applies to the killings perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists . Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000 -- 100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets . In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000 . An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000 . Polish military casualties Poland lost a total of 139,800 regular soldiers and 100,000 Polish resistance movement fighters during the war . Polish military casualties . Military dead and missing were 66,000 and 130,000 wounded in the 1939 Invasion of Poland , in addition 17,000 -- 19,000 were killed by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre and 12,000 died in German POW camps . The Polish contribution to World War II included the Polish Armed Forces in the West , and the 1st Polish Army fighting under Soviet command . Total casualties of these forces in exile were 33,256 killed in action , 8,548 missing in action , 42,666 wounded and 29,385 interned . The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 Warsaw Uprising cost the lives of 120,000 -- 130,000 Polish civilians and 16,000 -- 17,000 Polish resistance movement fighters . The names of Polish war dead are presented at a database online . During the war , 2,762,000 Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the Deutsche Volksliste . A West German government report estimated the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces , these men were conscripted in violation of international law . The Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) estimates 200,000 -- 210,000 Polish citizens , including 76,000 ethnic Poles were conscripted into the Soviet armed forces in 1940 -- 41 during the occupation of the eastern regions . The ( IPN ) also reported that the Germans conscripted 250,000 Polish nationals into the Wehrmacht , 89,300 later deserted and joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West . ^ AS Timor Officially neutral , East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942 -- 45 . Allied commandos initiated a guerrilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population . The Australian Dept. of Defence estimated the civilian death toll at 40,000 to 70,000 . However , another source puts the death toll at 40,000 to 50,000 . ^ AT Romania Demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Romanian war dead at 300,000 military and 200,000 civilians Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000 . Total killed were 93,326 ( 72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with Allies ) . Total missing and POW were 341,765 ( 283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with Allies ) , only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity . Civilian losses included 160,000 Jewish Holocaust dead , the genocide of Roma people 36,000 and 7,693 civilians killed in Allied air raids on Romania ^ AU Ruanda Urundi The 1943 famine in Ruanda which took 300,000 lives was due to a local drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food production for the war effort in the Congo . As Ruanda ( Rwanda ) was not occupied nor its food supply cut off , these deaths are not usually included with World War II casualties . However , at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine there to the Bengal famine of 1943 , which is attributed to war . ^ AW South Africa The war dead of 11,907 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840 , missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and POW 14,589 . ^ AX South Pacific Mandate This territory includes areas now known as the Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Palau , and the Northern Mariana Islands . Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire ; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands . In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities . John W. Dower put Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 ^ AY Soviet Union The following notes summarize Soviet casualties , the details are presented in World War II casualties of the Soviet Union A 1993 report published by the Russian Academy of Science estimated the total Soviet losses in World War II at 26.6 million . The Russian Ministry of Defense in 1993 put total military dead and missing from 1941 - 45 at 8,668,400 These figures have generally been accepted by historians in the west . The total population loss of 26,616,000 is an estimate based on a demographic study . The enumerated total based on prewar mortality levels is 22,352,000 including 13,684,000 civilians and 8,668,000 military dead and missing Total population losses Russian demographers E.M. Andreev , L.E. Darski and T.L. Kharkova ( ADK ) authored a study of the Soviet population from 1922 -- 1991 that put total war losses from 1941 -- 1945 at 26.6 million , this is the source used by the Russian government for total losses in the war . This figure includes 4.4 million war dead due to a 1941 - 45 decline in natural deaths and an increase in infant mortality . According to ( ADK ) persons dying of natural causes declined from 2.17 % in 1940 to 1.58 % in 1946 , this was due to the fact that a disproportionate number of adults , especially men were killed during the war , than those persons under 18 and women who survived . ( ADK ) estimated figure for births during the war is based on a post war survey of the Total fertility rate which put the number of births during the war at about one half of the prewar level . They estimated that there was an increase of 1.3 million in Infant mortality caused by the war . They also believe that between 9 - 10 million of the total Soviet war dead were due to the worsening of life conditions in the entire USSR , including the region that was not occupied . ( ADK ) estimated the population of the USSR in June 1941 within the 1946 - 1991 borders of the USSR at 196.716 million , this figure included the 1939 USSR population of 168.525 million , a natural growth in the population from 1939 to mid 1941 of 7.923 million and territories annexed by the USSR of 20.268 million , ( eastern regions of Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina , Tuva , Zakarpattia Oblast , South Sakhalin and the Kaliningrad Oblast ) . and Soviet citizens remaining abroad after the war 622,000 According to the Russian demographer Dr. L.L. Rybakovsky there are a wide range of estimates for total war dead by Russian scholars . He cites figures of total war dead that range from 21.8 million up to 28.0 million . Rybakovsky points out that the variables that are used to compute losses are by no means certain and are currently disputed by historians in Russia. Viktor Zemskov put the total war dead at 20 million , he maintained that the official fifure figure of 26.6 million includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war . Some Russian historians put the figure as high as 46.0 million by counting the population deficit due to children not born during the war . Based on the birth rate prior to the war there is a population shortfall of about 20 million births during the war . The figures for the number of children born during the war and natural deaths are rough estimates because of a lack of vital statistics Military Casualties The official Russian Ministry of Defense figure for military total dead and missing from 1941 to 1945 is 8,668,400 ; including 6,330,000 killed in action or died of wounds and 556,000 dead from non-combat causes ; 500,000 MIA and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries after the war . The Russian Ministry of Defense maintains that their figure of 8.668 million is correct based on the number of men conscripted . The statistic of 8.668 million military dead includes only the deaths of the forces in the field units of the Army and Navy and does not include civilian support forces in rear areas , conscripted reservists killed before being listed on active strength , militia units , and Soviet partisan dead , the Russian Ministry of Defense maintains that they should be included with civilian war losses . The number of military dead is disputed . Critics of the Russian Ministry of Defense maintain that the military war dead do not include 2 to 3 million POW 's and conscripted reservists , a recent academic study put Soviet military dead at 11.4 million The estimate by most western historians of Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million out of 5.7 million total POWs in German hands. Richard Overy has noted that `` The official figures themselves must be viewed critically , given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed , wounded or even conscripted '' . The late S.N. Mikhalev of the History department of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University published a critical analysis of the official Russian wartime casualty statistics , he estimated actual Soviet military war dead at 10.9 million . He maintained that the official figures can not be reconciled to the total men drafted and that POW deaths were understated Vadim Erlikman puts military dead at 10.6 million , a recent estimate by the late Viktor Zemskov put military dead at 11.5 million Declassified documents from the Soviet archives published in Russia list total military losses of 11.5 million . Military irreplaceable losses of 7,660,000 military dead and missing based on a General Staff report of July 1945 and 3,912,283 prisoner of war dead , The figure of 8.7 million war dead is based on the field reports of the Red Army and Navy . An alternative method to determine Soviet war losses is the Russian Military Archives data base listing the names with the individual war dead and missing . S.A. Il'enkov , an official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense , maintained , `` We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13,850,000 '' . Il'Enkov maintains that the field unit reports did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel . He believes that the information in the Russian Military Archives alphabetical card - indexes `` is a priceless treasure of history , which can assist in resolving the problems of the price of Soviet victory '' There were additional casualties in 1939 -- 40 , which totalled 136,945 : Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 ( 8,931 ) ; Invasion of Poland of 1939 ( 1,139 ) ; and the Winter War with Finland from 1939 -- 40 ( 126,875 ) . The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the OBD Memorial database online . Civilian war dead In 1995 the Russian Academy of Science published a report that analyzed Soviet losses in the war . They estimated civilian deaths in the German occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons , which included 7.4 million deaths caused by direct , intentional actions of violence , 2.2 million deaths of civilians deported to Germany for forced labor ; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory . The authors cited sources published in the Soviet era to support these figures . The Russian Academy of Science report estimated an additional 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian dead due to famine in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans . Viktor Zemskov maintained that the Russian government has exaggerated Soviet civilian losses . Zemeskov believed that the official figure of 18 million civilian war dead was inflated by manipulating the number of natural deaths , underestimating the military losses of POWs and missing and by including persons evacuated to the rear with deaths in the occupied territories . According Zemskov the actual civilian dead directly related to the war was 4.5 million , including about 3 million victims of German atrocities and the partisan war , 200,000 forced laborers , the remaining balance caused by acts of war such as the siege of Leningrad . He also believed that an additional 4.0 million civilians died of famine and disease due to the worsening of living conditions . ^ AZ Spain There were 4,500 military deaths with the all Spanish Blue Division serving with the German Army in the U.S.S.R . The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943 . R.J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps , these deaths are included with French civilian casualties . ^ BA Sweden During the Winter war of 1939 -- 40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served with the Finnish Armed Forces and lost 28 men in combat . 33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16 , 1943 . During the war , Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by both German and Soviet submarines ; 2,000 merchant seamen were killed . ^ BB Switzerland The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties . ^ BC Thailand Military deaths included : 108 dead in the French -- Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) and 5,559 who died either resisting the Japanese invasion ( 1941 ) , or fighting alongside Japanese forces in the Burma Campaign of 1942 -- 45 . Allied bombing in 1944 -- 45 caused 2,000 civilian deaths . Unlike other parts of South East Asia , Thailand did not suffer from famine during the war . ^ BD Turkey The Refah tragedy ( Turkish : Refah faciası ) refers to a maritime disaster during World War II , when the cargo steamer Refah of neutral Turkey , carrying Turkish military personnel from Mersin in Turkey to Port Said , Egypt was sunk in eastern Mediterranean waters by a torpedo fired from an unidentified submarine . Of the 200 passengers and crew aboard , only 32 survived . ^ BE United Kingdom and Colonies The Commonwealth War Graves Commission reported a total of 383,758 military dead from all causes for both the UK and non-dominion British colonies , not including India which was reported separately , figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials. These figures include deaths that occurred after the war up until 31 December 1947 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission also maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection ( including foreign nationals ) who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War . The names of 67,170 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour . Modern updates of UK casualties including the wounded are contained in French , David ( 2000 ) . Raising Churchill 's Army : The British Army and the War against Germany 1919 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924630 - 0 . online The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a summary of the U.K. war losses , excluding colonies . This report ( HMSO 6832 ) listed : Total war dead of 357,116 ; Navy ( 50,758 ) ; Army ( 144,079 ) ; Air Force ( 69,606 ) ; Women 's Auxiliary Territorial Service ( 624 ) ; Merchant Navy ( 30,248 ) ; British Home Guard ( 1,206 ) and Civilians ( 60,595 ) . The total still missing on 2 / 28 / 1946 were 6,244 ; Navy ( 340 ) ; Army ( 2,267 ) ; Air Force ( 3,089 ) ; Women 's Auxiliary Territorial Service ( 18 ) ; Merchant Navy ( 530 ) ; British Home Guard ( 0 ) and Civilians ( 0 ) . These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia . Colonial forces are not included in these figures . There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to `` natural causes '' which are not included in these figures . Deaths due to air and V - rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard . The preliminary 1945 data for U.K. colonial forces was killed 6,877 , missing 14,208 , wounded 6,972 and POW 8,115 . UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces . UK colonial forces included units from East Africa , West Africa , Ghana , the Caribbean , Malaya , Burma , Hong Kong , Jordan , Sudan , Malta and the Jewish Brigade . The Cyprus Regiment made up of volunteers that fought with the UK Army , and suffered about 358 killed and 250 missing . Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Army during the Second World War . Included with U.K. casualties are citizens of the various European countries occupied by Germany . There were separate RAF squadrons with citizens from Poland ( 17 ) ; Czechoslovakia ( 5 ) ; Netherlands ( 1 ) ; Free French ( 7 ) ; Yugoslavia ( 2 ) ; Belgium ( 3 ) ; Greece ( 3 ) ; Norway ( 2 ) . Volunteers from the United States served in 3 RAF squadrons known as the Eagle Squadrons . Many foreign nationals and persons from the British colonies served in the UK Merchant Navy . ^ BF United States American military dead # ^ BF1 Total U.S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 407,316 . The breakout by service is as follows : Army 318,274 ( 234,874 battle , 83,400 nonbattle ) , Navy 62,614 , Marine Corps 24,511 , and the Coast Guard 1,917 . Deaths in battle were 292,131 . The breakout by service is as follows : Army 234,874 , Navy 36,950 , Marine Corps 19,733 , and Coast Guard 574 . These losses were incurred during the period 12 / 1 / 41 until 12 / 31 / 46 including an additional 126 men in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were attacked by U-Boats . The United States Army Air Forces losses , which are included in the Army total , were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non-combat causes . U.S. Combat Dead by Theater of war : Europe -- Atlantic 183,588 ( Army ground forces 141,088 , Army Air Forces 36,461 , and Navy / Coast Guard 6,039 ) ; Asia -- Pacific 108,504 ( Army ground forces 41,592 , Army Air Forces 15,694 , Navy / Coast Guard 31,485 , Marine Corps 19,733 ) ; unidentified theaters 39 ( Army ) . Included with combat deaths are 14,059 POWs ( 1,124 in Europe and 12,935 in Asia ) . The details of U.S. military casualties are listed online : the U.S. Army , the U.S. Navy , and the U.S. Marine Corps . U.S. Army figures include the deaths of 5,337 Filipinos serving in the Philippine Scouts , of whom 5,135 died in battle ( see p. 118 ) . The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives . American Battle Monuments Commission website lists the names of military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing . American civilian dead # ^ BF2 According to the Usmm.org , 9,521 merchant mariners lost their lives in the war ( 8,421 killed and 1,100 who later died of wounds ) . In 1950 , the United States Coast Guard put U.S. Merchant Marine losses at 5,662 ( 845 due to enemy action , 37 in prison camps , and 4,780 missing ) , excluding U.S. Army transports and foreign flagged ships and they did not break out losses between the Atlantic and Pacific theaters . The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II are listed by USMM.org . During World War II the Civil Air Patrol assumed many missions including anti-submarine patrol and warfare , border patrols , and courier services . During World War II CAP 's coastal patrol had flown 24 million miles , found 173 enemy U-boats , attacked 57 , hit 10 and sank two , dropping a total of 83 bombs and depth charges throughout the conflict . By the end of the war , 64 CAP members had lost their lives in the line of duty . According to U.S. War Department figures , 18,745 American civilians were interned in the war ( 13,996 in the Far East and 4,749 in Europe ) . A total of 2,419 American civilian internees were listed as dead and missing . Under Japanese internment , 992 died and another 544 were listed as `` unknown '' ; under German internment , 168 died and a further 715 were listed as `` unknown '' . During World War II , 68 U.S. civilians were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . The official U.S report listed 1 U.S. civilian killed during the Battle of Guam on December 8 -- 10 . However , another source reported 13 `` civilians '' killed during in the battle and 70 U.S. civilians were killed during the Battle of Wake Island from December 8 -- 23 , 1941 . 98 U.S. civilian POWs were massacred by the Japanese on Wake Island in October 1943 . 6 U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in May 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs . ^ BG Yugoslavia The official Yugoslav figure for total war dead is 1.7 million ( 300,000 military and 1,400,000 civilians ) . This figure is cited in reference works dealing with World War II Studies in Yugoslavia by Franjo Tudjman and Ivo Lah put losses at 2.1 million However , the official Yugoslav figure has been disputed studies by Vladimir Žerjavić and Bogoljub Kočović who put actual losses at about 1.0 million persons . The calculation of Yugoslav losses is not an exact accounting listing of the dead , but is based on demographic calculations of the population balance which estimate births during the war and natural deaths . The number of persons who emigrated after the war ( ethnic Germans , Hungarians , Italians and Yugoslav refugees to the west ) are rough estimates . The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war - related deaths were 1,067,000 . The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it `` was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census '' . A recent study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000 , which included losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans and 209,000 `` Quislings and collaborators '' ( see discussion below losses of Yugoslav collaborators ) Civilian dead of 581,000 included 57,000 Jews . Losses by each Yugoslav republic were : Bosnia 316,000 ; Serbia 273,000 ; Croatia 271,000 ; Slovenia 33,000 ; Montenegro 27,000 ; Macedonia 17,000 ; and killed abroad 80,000 . Bogoljub Kočović , a Yugoslav statistician , calculated that the actual war losses were 1,014,000 . Jozo Tomasevich , Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University , stated that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić `` seem to be free of bias , we can accept them as reliable '' . The losses of Yugoslav collaborators Croatian emigres in the west made exaggerated allegations that 500 - 600,000 Croatians and Chetniks were massacred by the Partisans after the war , these claims are cited by Rudolph Rummel in his study Statistics of Democide Jozo Tomasevich noted that the figures of the number of collaborators killed by the Partisans are disputed . According to Tomasevich some Croatian exiles `` have been more moderate in their estimates '' , putting the death toll at `` about 200,000 '' . Regarding the death toll in the reprisals by the Yugoslav partisans Tomasevich believed that `` It is impossible to establish the exact number of victims in these operations , although fairly accurate figures could probably be reached after much additional unbiased research '' The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows A. Military operations between the occupying military forces and their quisling collaborators against the Yugoslav resistance . B. German forces , under express orders from Hitler , fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs , who were considered Untermensch . One of the worst one - day massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre . C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants . All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale . At the end of the war , many Ustaše and Slovene collaborators were killed in or as a result of the Bleiburg repatriations . D . The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political , religious or racial reasons . The most numerous victims were Serbs . According to Yad Vashem `` During their four years in power , the Ustasa carried out a Serb genocide , exterminating over 500,000 , expelling 250,000 and forcing another 200,000 to convert to Catholicism . The Ustasa also killed most of Croatias Jews , 20,000 Gypsies and many thousands of their political enemies . '' According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum `` The Croat authorities murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and Bosnia during the period of Ustaša rule ; more than 30,000 Croatian Jews were killed either in Croatia or at Auschwitz - Birkenau '' . The USHMM reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps . The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims . Stara Gradiška was a sub-camp of Jasenovac established for women and children . The names and data for 12,790 victims at Stara Gradiška have been established Serbian sources currently claim that 700,000 persons were murdered at Jasenovac Some 40,000 Roma were murdered . Jewish victims in Yugoslavia totaled 67,122 . E. Reduced food supply caused famine and disease . F. Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties . The hardest hit localities were Podgorica , Leskovac , Zadar and Belgrade . G . The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties . ^ BH Other Nations Dominican Republic had 27 Merchant Mariners killed References ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Census BureauWorld Population Historical Estimates of World Population '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Second ' ' Second Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Users.erols.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey A. Hosking ( 2006 ) . `` Rulers and victims : the Russians in the Soviet Union '' . Harvard University Press . p. 242 ; ISBN 0 - 674 - 02178 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note -- World War II -- Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge. 1993 ; ISBN 0415101948 Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , pp. 124 -- 31 ( these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946 - 1991 , including territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 Jump up ^ Overmans 2000 , p . Bd. 46 . Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans , Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 page 228 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 ^ Jump up to : China 's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations . ( In Chinese ) Guo Rugui , editor - in - chief Huang Yuzhang Jiangsu People 's Publishing House , 2005 ; ISBN 7 - 214 - 03034 - 9 , pp. 4 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . iUniverse , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0595350636 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Users.erols.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 280670 - X , p. 290 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy ( 1986 ) ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 ^ Jump up to : R.J. Rummel . 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Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 582 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 540 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 512 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 556 ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian War Museum '' . Warmuseum.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian War Museum '' . Warmuseum.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . 1,600 in Merchant Navy Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 412 Jump up ^ Ho Ping - ti . Studies on the Population of China , 1368 -- 1953 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1959 . Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . China 's Bloody Century . Transaction 1991 ISBN 0 - 88738 - 417 - X . Table 5A ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 p. 85 ^ Jump up to : Ho Ping - ti . Studies on the Population of China , 1368 -- 1953 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1959 . p. 252 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed. ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p 540 ^ Jump up to : Waller Wynne , Population of Czechoslovakia . ( International Population Statistics Reports series P - 90 , No. 3 ) . U.S. Dept. of Commerce ) Washington 1953 . p. 43 - The U.S. Commerce Dept . Census Bureau cited the following source for the population at 1 / 1 / 1939 for Czechoslovakia , State Statistical Office , Statistical Bulletin of Czechoslovakia , v. II ( 1947 ) no . 4 , Prague p. 57 ^ Jump up to : Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow Page 294 ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : `` Hvor mange dræbte danskere ? '' . Danish Ministry of Education . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed. ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 557 ( 2,500 killed in 1942 campaign ) Jump up ^ Van Waterford . Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II , McFarland & Company , 1994 ; ISBN 0899508936 , p. 144 ( 8,500 Dutch POW deaths ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 ( 300,000 forced laborers ) ^ Jump up to : Pierre van der Eng. ( 2008 ) `` Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation , 1940 -- 1950 '' , MPRA Paper No. 8852 , pp. 35 -- 38 . http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/ ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower . War Without Mercy , 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 295 -- 96 Jump up ^ Heike Liebau et al , World in World Wars : Experiences , Perceptions , and Perspectives from Africa and Asia . Studies in Global Social History , 2010 ) , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression ; The White Book : Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940 -- 1991 Tallinn 2005 . ISBN 9985 - 70 - 195 - X , p. 38 , Table 2 ( 24,000 mobolized by USSR and 10,000 with Germans ) ^ Jump up to : Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression ; The White Book : Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940 -- 1991 Tallinn 2005 . ISBN 9985 - 70 - 195 - X , p. 38 , Table 2 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed. ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 491 ^ Jump up to : National Defence College ( 1994 ) , Jatkosodan historia 6 , Porvoo ; ISBN 951 - 0 - 15332 - X ^ Jump up to : `` Finnish National Archives '' . Kronos.narc.fi . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory Frumkin . 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Nazi Empire : German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 273 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67408 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ASSESSING THE GUAM WAR CLAIMS PROCESS , COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Dec. 12 , 2009 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 , Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 102 ^ Jump up to : Támas Stark . Hungary 's Human Losses in World War II . Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91 - 86624 - 21 - 0 p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Támas Stark . Hungary 's Human Losses in World War II . Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91 - 86624 - 21 - 0 p. 59 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hve margir Íslendingar dóu í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni ? '' . Visindavefur.hi.is. 2005 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Amartya Sen interviewed by David Barsamian of Alternative Radio Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 498 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Farhud '' . U.S. Holocaust Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bombing Incidents in Ireland during the Emergency 1939 -- 1945 '' . Csn.ul.ie . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence . Jump up ^ ( Rovighi , Alberto ( 1988 ) , Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale : ( giugno 1940 -- novembre 1941 ) '' Jump up ^ ( USSME , La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale , tomo I , allegato 32 ( page 375 ) ) Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica . Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome , 1957 ^ Jump up to : `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 297 - 299 ( includes 1 , 1740 , 995 dead 1937 - 45 and 380,000 surrendered Japanese who were unaccounted for after the war ) Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . Universe , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 . ( figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 297 - 99 ( including air raid dead and Japanese civilians killed on Siapan and Okinawa , ) Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . iUniverse , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 ( 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 overseas , figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 299 ( According to Dower Japanese war dead are `` at least 2.5 million '' ) Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . Universe , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 ( figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Jump up ^ R.J. Rumell , Statistics of democide Table 3.1 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 28 footnotes 6&7 ( Killed : 10,000 with Soviets and 15,000 with Germans ; 3,000 POW deaths , 2,000 partisans ) ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 29 , footnote 5&6 ( Killed : 15,000 with Soviets and 5,000 with Germans . POW deaths 4,000 , 1,000 partisans ) ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy ( 1986 ) ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6. p. 492 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 540 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 74 ^ Jump up to : `` United States State Department Background notes Nauru '' . State.gov . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) Netherlands '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . 1945 population ^ Jump up to : Higgins , Jenny ( 2007 ) . `` Newfoundlanders and Labradorians in WWII '' . Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Sinking of the SS Caribou ^ Jump up to : `` Auckland War Museum , World War Two Hall of Memories '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . pp. 112 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Bjij , V. Lal and Kate Fortune . The Pacific Islands -- An Encyclopedia , p. 244 Jump up ^ https://psa.gov.ph/old/census2000/history.html ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , pp 143 - 44 Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed . W. Parker Mauldin , Washington , D.C. , 1954 p. 103 ( population on 1 / 1 / 1939 ) Jump up ^ Gniazdowski , Mateusz . Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II . Assessments and Estimates -- an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs , 2007 , ( 140,000 Regular forces and 100,000 resistance fighters ) Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej ( Poland and Poles in the Second World War ). Styczeń 1993 ; ISBN 83 - 232 - 0511 - 6 , p. 683 Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej ( Poland and Poles in the Second World War ) , Styczeń 1993 ; ISBN 83 - 232 - 0511 - 6 , p. 683 ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Defence ( Australia ) , 2002 , `` A Short History of East Timor '' `` . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 03 . ( accessdate : October 13 , 2010 . ) Jump up ^ League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Catharine Newbury The Cohesion of Oppression : Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda : 1860 -- 1960 Columbia University Press , 1993 ISBN 0 - 231 - 06257 - 5 pp. 157 -- 158 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p. 22 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 p. 29 ( 10,000 civilian dead on Saipan ) Jump up ^ Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 52 - 53 ( The 1939 population was adjusted by Andreev to reflect the net population transfers from 1939 - 1945 . ) Jump up ^ R.W. Davies . Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union , 1913 - 1945 . Cambridge University Press 2005 . p. 77 . ISBN 052145770X . access - date = requires url = ( help ) 1939 population 188.8 million ( 168.5 in pre-war territory and 20.3 in annexed territories ) Jump up ^ Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge. 1993 ; ISBN 0415101948 p. 429 . ( 1939 population including annexed territories 188.794 million ) Jump up ^ Krivosheev , G.F. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . page 85 ( 8 , 8668 , 000 , including 1,283,000 POW and 500,000 missing ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note - World War II - Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . ( 8.668 million including 1.783 million POW and missing ) Jump up ^ Hartmann , Christian ( 2013 ) . Operation Barbarossa : Nazi Germany 's War in the East , 1941 -- 1945 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966078 - 0 . 11.4 million Jump up ^ Ian Dear . Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press 1995 . p. 290 . ISBN 0198662254 . ( 10 million military dead ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 10,600,000 , including 2.6 million POW ) Jump up ^ S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941 - 1945 gg : Statisticheskoe issledovanie Krasnoiarskii gos . pedagog . universitet 2000 ISBN 978 - 5 - 85981 - 082 - 6 . Pages 18 - 21 . S. N Mikhalev Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945 A Statistical Investigation Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University ( In Russian ) ( 10.922 million total dead and missing ) Jump up ^ Ian Dear . Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press 1995 . p. 290 . ISBN 0198662254 . ( 10 million civilian dead ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 10,000,000 ) Jump up ^ Российская академия наук ( Russian Academy of Sciences ) . Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны : сборник статей - Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII : Collection of Articles . Saint - Petersburg , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 pp. 124 - 27 ( 10,242,000 including 7,420,000 killed by intentional acts of violence , 2,164,000 as forced labor for Germany and 658,000 in siege of Leningrad ) Jump up ^ Российская академия наук ( Russian Academy of Sciences ) . Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны : сборник статей - Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII : Collection of Articles . Saint - Petersburg , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 Pages 127 and 158 ( 6.6 to 7.1 million deaths due to famine and disease including 4.1 million in German occupied USSR and 2.5 - 3.2 million deaths in area not occupied by Germany ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 6,000,000 famine deaths ) Jump up ^ Zemskov , Viktor . `` The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War ( in Russian ) '' . demoscope.ru # 559 - 60 , July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Viktor Zemskov maintains that the figure of 27 million total war dead includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war Jump up ^ Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge. 1993 . ISBN 0415101948 pp. 434 - 436 ( 26.6 million war dead includes a decline in natural deaths of 3.0 million and a 1.3 million increase in infant mortality ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 26,500,000 ) Jump up ^ R.W. Davies . Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union , 1913 - 1945 . Cambridge University Press 2005 . pp. 77 -- 79 . ISBN 052145770X . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Total losses of 26.6 million out of a 1939 population of 188.8 million , which included 20.3 million annexed territories Jump up ^ Michael Haynes , Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol. 55 , No. 2 , 2003 , 300 -- 309 ( 26.6 million ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note - World War II - Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . ( 26 to 27 million ) Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedish Volunteer Corps '' . Svenskafrivilliga.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Aerospace Power Journal . Summer 2000 . The Diplomacy of Apology : U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II by Jonathan E. Helmreich Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Eiji Murashima , `` The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography : The 1942 -- 43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence '' Modern Asian Studies , v40 , n4 ( 2006 ) pp. 1053 -- 1096 , p1057n : Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` SS_Refah , Graces Guide '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 39 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013 - 2014 Archived 2015 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , page 44 . Figures include civilians killed in the Battle of Britain , Siege of Malta ( World War II ) , and civilians interned by enemy nations . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . 156 ^ Jump up to : I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 280670 - X , p. 290 ^ Jump up to : Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford : Stanford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 In Cap. 17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses ( pp 744 -- 750 ) ^ Jump up to : Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 78 ( available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess ) ^ Jump up to : Rüdiger Overmans , Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 pp. 228 - 232 Jump up ^ `` Austria facts and Figures Page 44 '' > Austria facts and Figures p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Austria facts and Figures p. 44 Jump up ^ File : DR1937. 1. png ^ Jump up to : Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 pp. 228 - 232 ^ Jump up to : Richard Overy , The Bombers and the Bombed : Allied Air War Over Europe 1940 - 1945 ( 2013 ) pp 304 - 7 ( Overy noted that `` No doubt this does not include all those who were killed or died of wounds , but it does include uniformed personnel , POWs , and foreign workers , and it applies to the Greater German area '' . Using the United States Strategic Bombing Survey data Overy calculated an average monthly death toll of 18,777 from September 1944 to January 1945 , taking this monthly average he estimated losses of 57,000 from February to April 1945 to which he adds an additional 25,000 killed in Dresden for total deaths of 82,000 from February to April 1945 . The figures up until the end of January 1945 of 271,000 and the 82,000 from February to April 1945 give an overall figure of 353,000 air war deaths . Overy summarizes : `` Detailed reconstruction of deaths caused by the Royal Air Force bombing from February to May 1945 , though incomplete , suggests a total of at least 57,000 . If casualties inflicted by the American air forces are assumed to be lower , since their bombing was less clearly aimed at cities , an overall death toll of 82,000 is again statistically realistic . In the absence of unambiguous statistical evidence , the figure of 353,000 gives an approximate scale consistent with the evidence '' . ) Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956 Jump up ^ Germany reports . With an introd . by Konrad Adenauer . Germany ( West ) . Presse - und Informationsamt . Wiesbaden , Distribution : F. Steiner , 1961 ) pp. 31 - 33 ( figure includes 170,000 German Jews ) . The West German government did not list euthanasia victims along with the war dead . ^ Jump up to : Germany reports . With an introd . by Konrad Adenauer . Germany ( West ) . Presse - und Informationsamt . Wiesbaden , Distribution : F. Steiner , 1961 ) pp. 31 - 33 ( they give figure of 300 , 00 German deaths due to racial , religious and political persecution including 170,000 Jews . Figure does not include the Nazi euthanasia program ^ Jump up to : Bundesarchiv Euthanasie '' im Nationalsozialismus 2003 report by German Federal Archive puts the dead toll in the Nazi euthanasia program at over 200,000 Jump up ^ German Federal Archive , Siegel , Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte . Bonn 1989 P. 41 ( 100,000 during wartime flight ; 200,000 in USSR as forced labor and 100,000 in internment camps ) Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956 , Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland . ( German government Statistical Office ) Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 p. 228 ( Overmans uses the German description `` Deutsche nach Abstammung '' German according to ancestry Jump up ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 79 ( available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess ) Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : German Federal Archive , Siegel , Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte . Bonn 1989 P. 53 ( 38,000 during wartime flight ; 5,000 in USSR as forced labor and 160,000 in internment camps ) Jump up ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 79 ( available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess ) Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , pp. 78 - 79 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 Page 333 Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , Page 78 Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , Page 78 ^ Jump up to : `` Austria facts and Figures Page 44 '' > Austria facts and Figures p. 44 The Austrian government estimates 100,000 victims of Nazi persecution including 65,000 Jews . Jump up ^ German Federal Archive , Siegel , Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte . Bonn 1989 pp. 53 - 54 Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , pp 78 - 79 ^ Jump up to : Krivosheev , G.F. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . page 278 Jump up ^ `` Russian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII - by Lt. Gen Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio Munoz '' . Feldgrau.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 118 Jump up ^ `` НАСЕЛЕНИЕ Советского Союза 1922 - 1991 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 pp. 82 - 84 Jump up ^ Naselenie Rossii v XX Veke : V 3 - kh Tomakh : Tom 2 . 1940 - 1959 ( The Population of Russia in the 20th century : volume 2 ) Jump up ^ ' Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 pp. 82 - 84 Jump up ^ Naselenie Rossii v XX Veke : V 3 - kh Tomakh : Tom 2 . 1940 - 1959 ( The Population of Russia in the 20th century : volume 2 ) Jump up ^ Zmeskov , Viktor . `` Репатриация перемещённых советских граждан ( Repatriation of displaced Soviet citizens '' . Социологические исследования. 1995 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . ) более чем на 3 / 4 состояла из `` западников '' и менее чем на 1 / 4 - из `` восточников '' Jump up ^ S. Maksudov Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918 -- 1958 The Samizdat register II / edited by Roy Medvedev New York : Norton , 1981 . pp. 238 - 240 ) Jump up ^ Mały Rocznik Statystyczny Polski 1939 - 1941 Jump up ^ Eberhardt , , Piotr . `` Political Migrations on Polish Territories 1939 - 1950 , '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Krystyna Kersten , Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej . Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI , 1994 p. 46 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow , 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . pp 21 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 pp. 242 -- 244 ^ Jump up to : Niewyk , Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Raul Hilberg , The Destruction of the European Jews New Viewpoints 1973 p. 767 . Jump up ^ Yad Vashem The Shoah Victims ' Names Recovery Project ^ Jump up to : Since the Czech Republic as political entity exists only since 1969 / 1993 , this political name stands for Czech part ( Czech lands -- during the war divided into so - called Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia and Sudetenland ) of then - occupied Czechoslovakia . Jump up ^ `` File : Hungary 1938 -- 1947. png -- Wikimedia Commons '' . Commons.wikimedia.org. 2010 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 pp. 23 Jump up ^ Raul Hilberg , The Destruction of the European Jews , Franklin Watts 1961 p. 379 Jump up ^ `` De vervolging van gemengd - gehuwde joden in Nederland Teruggefloten door Hitler '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 p. 244 Jump up ^ Post-war map of Romania ^ Jump up to : Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust , 1988 ; ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 , p. 244 Jump up ^ A Mosaic of Victims : Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis . Ed. by Michael Berenbaum New York University Press 1990 ; ISBN 1 - 85043 - 251 - 1 Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Mosaic of Victims : Overview '' `` . Ushmm.org . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Niewyk , Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 Google Books Jump up ^ `` Florida Center for Instructional Technology , College of Education , University of South Florida , A Teachers Guide to the Holocaust '' . Fcit.usf.edu . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : R.J. Rummel . Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder . Transaction 1992 ; ISBN 1 - 56000 - 004 - X , p. 13 Jump up ^ Timothy Snyder , Bloodlands , Basic Books 2010 , pp 411 -- 12 Jump up ^ Hellmuth Auerbach : Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft . In : Wolfgang Benz ( Hg . ) : Legenden , Lügen , Vorurteile . Ein Wörterbuch zur Zeitgeschichte . Dtv , Neuauflage 1992 , ISBN 3 - 423 - 04666 - X , Page . 161 . Jump up ^ Dieter Pohl , Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS - Zeit 1933 -- 1945 , WBG ( Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft ) , 2003 ; ISBN 3534151585 , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Genocide of European Roma , 1939 -- 1945 '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanock , Ian . `` Romanies and the Holocaust : A Reevaluation and an Overview '' Stone , D. ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) The Historiography of the Holocaust . Palgrave , Basingstoke and New York . Jump up ^ Hancock , Ian . Jewish Responses to the Porajmos -- The Romani Holocaust , Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies , University of Minnesota . Jump up ^ Danger ! Educated Gypsy , p. 243 , University of Hertfordshire Press , 2010 Jump up ^ Niewyk , Donald L. and Francis Nicosia . The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Mentally and Physically Handicapped : Victims of the Nazi Era Jump up ^ Bundesarchiv : Euthanasie - Verbrechen 1939 -- 1945 ( Quellen zur Geschichte der `` Euthanasie '' - Verbrechen 1939 -- 1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven . Ein Inventar . Einführung von Harald Jenner ) Jump up ^ Quellen zur Geschichte der `` Euthanasie '' - Verbrechen 1939 -- 1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven . Ein Inventar ( 1 ) Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder . Transaction 1992 ISBN 1 - 56000 - 004 - X . Table A Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , Washington , DC . `` POLISH VICTIMS '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , Washington , DC . `` Polish Resistance and Conclusions '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tomasz Szarota 1945 '' > Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 page 32 . Foreword by Janusz Kurtyka . ( Digital copy : Internet Archive Wayback Machine ) Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` The German Army and the Racial Nature of the War Against the Soviet Union '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 . M.V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among the civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941 -- 1945 , pp 124 -- 31 ( in Russian ; these losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941 , including Polish territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Perrie , Maureen ( 2006 ) , The Cambridge History of Russia : The twentieth century , Cambridge University Press ( 2006 ) , pp. 225 -- 27 ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 81144 - 9 Jump up ^ Bohdan Wytwycky , The Other Holocaust : Many Circles of Hell The Novak Report , 1980 Jump up ^ Niewyk , Donald L. ( 2000 ) The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Magocsi , Paul Robert ( 1996 ) . A History of Ukraine . University of Toronto Press . p. 633 . ISBN 9780802078209 . Jump up ^ Dieter Pohl , Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS - Zeit 1933 -- 1945 , WBG ( Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft ) , 2003 ; ISBN 3534151585 , pp. 109 , 128 , 153 Jump up ^ Michael Berenbaum ( ed . ) , A Mosaic of Victims : Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis , New York University Press , 1990 ; ISBN 1 - 85043 - 251 - 1 Jump up ^ Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII : Collection of Articles ( In Russian ) . Saint - Petersburg , 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 . M.V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941 -- 1945 , pp 124 -- 31 . The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` How many Catholics were killed during the Holocaust ? '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Jehovah 's Witnesses '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Freemasonry Under the Nazi Regime '' , ushmm.org ; accessed March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Blacks During the Holocaust '' `` . Ushmm.org . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Non-Jewish Resistance '' Holocaust Encyclopedia , United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , Washington , D.C. `` . Ushmm.org . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' profile , Yad Vashem , Shoah Resource Center . Jump up ^ `` Jasenovac '' . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4442245&ct=5851813#.VKbzIvldUXs Jump up ^ Vladimir Dedijer , History of Yugoslavia , McGraw - Hill Inc . ( USA ) , 1975 ; ISBN 0 - 07 - 016235 - 2 , p. 582 Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 Transaction 1998 ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 ( Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA 's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars . ) ^ Jump up to : Ian Dear & MRD Foot , The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2001 ) p. 443 Jump up ^ Van Waterford , Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II , McFarland & Co. , 1994 ; ISBN 0 - 89950 - 893 - 6 , pp. 141 -- 46 ( figures taken from De Japanse Burgenkampen by D. Van Velden Jump up ^ Bernice Archer , The internment of Western civilians under the Japanese , 1941 -- 1945 : a patchwork of internment . London , New York : Routledge Curzon , 2004 . ISBN 962 - 209 - 910 - 6 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Edwin Bacon , Glasnost and the Gulag : New information on Soviet forced labour around World War II . Soviet Studies Vol 44 . 1992 - 6 Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will Jump up ^ J. Arch Getty , `` Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years : A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence , '' ( with Gаbor T. Rittersporn , and V.N. Zemskov ) , American Historical Review , 98 : 4 , Oct. 1993 Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 p. 175 Jump up ^ J. Arch Getty , Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years : A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence , ( with Gаbor T. Rittersporn , and V.N. Zemskov ) , American Historical Review , 98 : 4 , Oct. 1993 Jump up ^ Stephen G. Wheatcroft , Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police : The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data - Not the Last Word Europe - Asia Studies Volume 51 , Issue 2 , 1999 Jump up ^ Robert Conquest , `` Excess deaths and camp numbers : Some comments '' , Soviet Studies Volume 43 , Issue 5 , 1991 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde , Red Holocaust , Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde . Red Holocaust Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 , pp 76 - 77 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 , p 179 ( Rosefielde 's figures were derived by estimating the population from 1939 -- 1945 using hypothetical birth and death rates ; he then compares this 1945 estimated population to the actual ending population in 1945 . The difference is 31.0 million excess deaths of which 23.4 million are attributed to the war and 7.6 million to Soviet repression ) Jump up ^ Michael Haynes . A Century Of State Murder ? : Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia , Pluto Press , 2003 ; ISBN 0745319300 , pp 62 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Stephane Courtois , The Black Book of Communism : Crimes , Terror , Repression , Harvard Univ Pr , 1999 ISBN 0 - 674 - 07608 - 7 p. 372 Jump up ^ Poland World War II casualties ( in thousands ) Jump up ^ `` Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations '' ( PDF ) . White Book . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Haynes . A Century Of State Murder ? : Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia , Pluto Press , 2003 ; ISBN 0745319300 , pp. 214 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will , p. 123 Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will , p. 119 Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will , pp 123 -- 57 Jump up ^ J. Otto Pohl , The Stalinist Penal System : A History of Soviet Repression and Terror , 1930 -- 1953 , McFarland & Company , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0336 - 5 , p. 133 Jump up ^ J. Otto Pohl , The Stalinist Penal System : A History of Soviet Repression and Terror , 1930 -- 1953 , McFarland & Company , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0336 - 5 , p. 148 . The Soviet Archives did not provide the details by year of the figure of 309,100 deaths in the settlements . Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev ( 2001 ) . Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie . OLMA - Press . pp. Tables 200 -- 203 . ISBN 5 - 224 - 01515 - 4 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Mark , Pawns of Yalta : Soviet Refugees and America 's Role in Their Repatriation , University of Illinois Press , 1982 ; ISBN 0 - 252 - 00897 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 pp. 333 -- 335 ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 297 Jump up ^ Ellis , John . World War II -- A statistical survey Facts on File 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2971 - 7 . p. 254 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 363 According to John W. Dower ; the `` Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied ( non-Soviet ) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities ; An additional 300,000 Japanese prisoners died in Soviet hands after the surrender Jump up ^ `` Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN : THE OCCUPATION : MILITARY PHASE VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT ' U.S. Government printing Office 1966 p. 130 endnote 36 '' . History.army.mil . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Nimmo , William . Behind a curtain of silence : Japanese in Soviet custody , 1945 -- 1956 , Greenwood 1989 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 25762 - 9 , pp. 116 -- 118 The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that 347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or missing in Soviet hands after the war . The Japanese list the losses of 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps , 36,000 in North Korea , 9,000 from Sakhalin and 103,000 in the U.S.S.R. Jump up ^ Giuseppe Fioravanzo , La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale , Volume XXI - L'organizzazione della Marina durante il conflitto , Tomo II : Evoluzione organica dal 10.6. 1940 al 8.9. 1943 , Historical Branch of the Italian Navy , 1975 , pp. 346 - 364 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ La nostra guerra 1940 - 1945 Jump up ^ Resistenzialismo versus resistenza . Jump up ^ The number of partisans escalated during the final insurrection of April 1945 . Jump up ^ Vincitori e vinti , books.google.it ; accessed March 4 , 2016. ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ `` Italians in WWII '' . Storiaxxisecolo.it . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ A large number of partisans and members of the RSI forces were former members of the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy , to which is referred the 3,430,000 figure . Jump up ^ Italian Ministry of Defence , Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro , 2010 Jump up ^ 600,000 POWs of Allies ; 50,000 POWs of Russians ; 650,000 POWs of Germans ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp. 51 -- 80 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp. 85 -- 87 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp. 230 -- 238 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , pp. 13 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials ^ Jump up to : Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939 -- 1945 HMSO 1946 Cmd. 6832 Jump up ^ The UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951 ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Research Report -- American War and Military Operations Casualties . Updated February 26 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : STATISTICAL AND ACCOUNTING BRANCH OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL ( June 1 , 1953 ) . `` Tables `` Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition , type of personnel , and theater : 7 December 1941 - 31 December 1946 '' through `` Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition , and duty branch : 7 December 1941 -- 31 December 1946 '' `` . U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II . U.S Department of the Army . pp. 5 -- 8 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 -- via Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library . Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) Jump up ^ http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20V%20-%20Victory%20and%20Occupation%20%20PCN%2019000262800_5.pdf US Marine Corps History Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd Ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 584 Jump up ^ https://www.usphs.gov/aboutus/history.aspx History of the PHSCC Jump up ^ http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/public-health-service-commissioned-corps/2/ The Public Health Service Commissioned Corps : Two centuries and counting Jump up ^ http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/corps.html NOAA Corps and the Coast and Geodetic Survey Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) ( incl . 14,072 dead while POWs ) ^ Jump up to : https://fas.org/man/crs/RL30606.pdf CRS Report for Congress , U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II : The Issue of Compensation by Japan ( figure does not include an additional c. 19,000 civilians interned ) Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg , 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , p. 335 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg , Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , pp. 236 , 239 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , p. 289 Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill , 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 85 ^ Jump up to : `` G.I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA - Press , 2001 ; ISBN 5 - 224 - 01515 - 4 Table 176 '' . Lib.ru . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 236 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 21 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 91 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 p. 236 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , pp 13 - 14 Jump up ^ Ellis , John . World War II -- A statistical survey Facts on File 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2971 - 7 . pp. 253 -- 54 Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939 -- 1945 HMSO 1946 Cmd. 6832 Jump up ^ Grant , Reg . `` World War II : Europe '' . Page 60 . ^ Jump up to : UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951 . ^ Jump up to : The Times on November 30 , 1945 . The official losses of the Commonwealth and the Colonies were published here Jump up ^ `` The ' Debt of Honour Register ' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission '' . Direct.gov.uk . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , pp. 584 -- 91 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd Ed . 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p 585 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd Ed . 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . pp. 584 -- 585 Jump up ^ Kara Allison Schubert Carroll , Coming to grips with America : The Japanese American experience in the Southwest . 2011 ISBN 1 - 2440 - 3111 - 9 . p. 184 Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ Beaumont , Joan ( 2001 ) . Australian Defence : Sources and Statistics . The Australian Centenary History of Defence . Volume VI . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554118 - 9 . Jump up ^ Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . Jump up ^ McKernan , Michael . Strength of a Nation : Six years of Australians fighting for the nation and defending the homefront in World War II , Crows Nest NSW , Allen & Unwin ; ISBN 1 - 74114 - 714 - X , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Rűdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , p. 335 Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 , pp. 44 - 45 Jump up ^ Rűdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , p. 230 Jump up ^ Ellis , John . World War II -- A statistical survey Facts on File 1993 ; ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2971 - 7 , p. 255 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 582 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 512 ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 112 Jump up ^ `` Service Files of the Second World War - War Dead , 1939 - 1947 '' . Library and Archived Canada . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Times on November 30 , 1945 . The official losses of the Commonwealth and the Colonies were published here . Jump up ^ Rana Mitter , Forgotten Ally : China 's World War II , 1937 - 1945 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2013 ; ISBN 061889425X , p. 5 Jump up ^ Rana Mitter , Forgotten Ally : China 's World War II , 1937 - 1945 , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2013 ; ISBN 061889425X , p. 381 ^ Jump up to : Ho Ping - ti . Studies on the Population of China , 1368 -- 1953 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1959 . p. 251 - 52 Jump up ^ 卞修跃. , 抗日战争时期中国人口损失问题研究 ( 1937 - 1945 ) . Bianxiu Yue , Research on Anti-Japanese War of China 's population loss problems ( 1937 - 1945 ) Beijing 2012 ISBN 9787516902059 ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 280670 - X , p. 221 Jump up ^ Ho Ping - ti . Studies on the Population of China , 1368 -- 1953 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1959 . p. 250 Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . China 's Bloody Century . Transaction 1991 ISBN 0 - 88738 - 417 - X . Table 5A Jump up ^ United Nations , Economic and Social Council , Report of the Working Group for Asia and the Far East , Supp. 10 . 1947 pp. 13 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , pp 19 , 143 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed. ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 557 ^ Jump up to : Van Waterford . Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II , McFarland & Company 1994 ; ISBN 0899508936 , pp 141 - 46 Jump up ^ Heike Liebau et al , World in World Wars : Experiences , Perceptions , and Perspectives from Africa and Asia . Studies in Global Social History , 2010 ) , p. 227 . Jump up ^ `` Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations '' ( PDF ) . White Book . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations '' ( PDF ) . White Book . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression ; The White Book : Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940 -- 1991 Tallinn 2005 ; ISBN 9985 - 70 - 195 - X , p. 38 Table 2 Jump up ^ Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression ; The White Book : Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940 -- 1991 Tallinn 2005 ; ISBN 9985 - 70 - 195 - X , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations '' ( PDF ) . White Book . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression ; The White Book : Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940 -- 1991 Tallinn 2005 ; ISBN 9985 - 70 - 195 - X , Table 2 Jump up ^ `` Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations '' ( PDF ) . White Book . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations '' ( PDF ) . White Book . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Melvin Small & Singer , Joel David . Resort to Arms : International and Civil Wars 1816 -- 1965 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Del Boca , Angelo , The Ethiopian war . Univ. of Chicago Press . 1969 ; ISBN 0 - 226 - 14217 - 5 , p. 261 Jump up ^ Italy 's War Crimes in Ethiopia , 1946 ( reprinted 2000 ) ; ISBN 0 - 9679479 - 0 - 1 . Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 , Transaction 1998 ; ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 , Chapter 14 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 p. 52 Jump up ^ `` Finnish Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII by Jarto Nieme , Russ Folsom and Jason Pipes '' . Feldgrau.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . pp 60 -- 65 Jump up ^ France Ministry of Defense , memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr ; accessed March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) France Ministry of Defense -- Mémoire des hommes Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , pp 83 -- 89 Jump up ^ Rick Atkinson , An Army at Dawn : The War in North Africa , 1942 -- 1943 , Simon and Schuster , 2007 ; ISBN 0 - 7435 - 7099 - 5 , p. 478 Jump up ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste . Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939 / 50. Herausgeber : Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden . - Stuttgart : Verlag W. Kohlhammer , 1958 , pp 45 - 46 Jump up ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 , p. 79 ( available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess ) Jump up ^ pl : Piotr Eberhardt , Political Migrations In Poland 1939 - 1948 Warsaw2006 pp 53 - 54 Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik November 1949 pp 226 - 29 , journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland . ( German Federal Statistical Office ) ^ Jump up to : B. Gleitze , Deutschlands Bevölkerungsverluste durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg , `` Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung '' 1953 , s . 375 -- 384 Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956 , Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland . ( German government Statistical Office ) Jump up ^ Germany reports . With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer . Germany ( West ) . Presse - und Informationsamt . Wiesbaden , Distribution : F. Steiner , 1961 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Heinz Günter Steinberg , Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Bonn 1991 pp. 142 - 145 ISBN 9783885570899 Jump up ^ Hubert , Michael , Deutschland im Wandel . Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 Steiner , Franz Verlag 1998 ; ISBN 3 - 515 - 07392 - 2 , p. 272 ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) Willi Kammerer ; Anja Kammerer - Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht : 1940 -- 1945 : 8 Bde . Bernard & Grafe 1982 ( ISBN 9783881990738 ) , pp 1508 - 11 Jump up ^ Metropolitan Life Insurance Company , Statistical bulletin January 1946 p. 7 Jump up ^ Burkhart Müller - Hillebrand Das Heer 1933 -- 1945 . Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues . Band III . Der Zweifrontenkrieg . Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende . Mittler , Frankfurt am Main 1969 , p 262 ^ Jump up to : Overmans , Rüdiger : Die Toten des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Deutschland . Bilanz der Forschung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wehrmacht und Vertreibungsverluste , in : Der Zweite Weltkrieg . Analysen , Grundzüge , Forschungsbilanz , Michalka , Wolfgang ( Hrsg . ) , München : Piper 1989 , pp 862 - 63 Jump up ^ Erich Maschke , Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges . E. Bielefeld & W. Gieseking , 1962 - 1974 vol 15 , pp 185 - 230 . Jump up ^ Krivosheev , G.F. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill Books ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 276 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans 's personal website ( in German ) Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans , Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht . Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege . 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( German government Statistical Office ) Jump up ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Erich Hampe `` Der Zivile Luftschutz im Zweiten Weltkrieg '' , pp 138 - 42 Jump up ^ Peter Antill & Dennis , Peter . Berlin 1945 : end of the Thousand Year Reich . Books.google.com . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 915 - 0 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Germany reports . With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer . Germany ( West ) . Presse - und Informationsamt . Wiesbaden , Distribution : F. Steiner , 1961 ) , p. 32 Jump up ^ Bundesarchiv Euthanasie '' im Nationalsozialismus , bundesarchiv.de ; accessed March 5 , 2016. ( in German ) Jump up ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste . Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939 / 50. Herausgeber : Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden - Stuttgart : Verlag W. Kohlhammer , 1958 . Jump up ^ Ingo Haar , `` Hochgerechnetes Unglück , Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben '' , Süddeutsche Zeitung , November 14 , 2006 Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 ( 1,863,000 in post war expulsions and an additional 1.0 million in wartime flight ) Jump up ^ Alfred M. de Zayas : A terrible Revenge . Palgrave / Macmillan , New York , 1994 ; ISBN 1 - 4039 - 7308 - 3 , p. 152 - ( 2,111,000 ) Jump up ^ Charles S Maier , The Unmasterable Past : History , Holocaust , and German National Identity Harvard Univ , MA , 1988 ISBN 0 - 674 - 92975 - 6 , p. 75 - ( 2,000,000 ) Jump up ^ Douglas Botting , The Aftermath : Europe ( World War II ) , Time - Life Books , 1983 ; ISBN 0 - 8094 - 3411 - 3 , pp 21 , 81 - ( 2,000,000 ) Jump up ^ H.W. Schoenberg , Germans from the East : A Study of their migration , resettlement and subsequent group history , since 1945 , Springer London , Limited , 1970 ; ISBN 90 - 247 - 5044 - X , p. 33 - ( 2,225,000 ) Jump up ^ Hermann Kinder , Werner Hilgemann , Ernest A. Menze , Anchor Atlas of World History , Vol. 2 : 1978 - ( 3,000,000 ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica - 1992 - ( 2,384,000 ) Jump up ^ Kurt Glaser & Stephan Possony , Victims of Politics - 1979 - ( 2,111,000 ) Jump up ^ Sir John Keegan , The Second World War , 1989 - ( 3.1 million including 1.0 million during wartime flight ) Jump up ^ The Expulsion of ' German ' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War , Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees , European University Institute , Florence . HEC No. 2004 / 1 , p. 4 - ( 2,000,000 ) Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik 1950 # 2 pp. 8 - 9 Jump up ^ Bundesministerium für Vertriebene , Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost - Mitteleuropa Vol. 1 -- 5 , Bonn , 1954 -- 1961 Jump up ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste . Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939 / 50. Herausgeber : Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden . - Stuttgart : Verlag W. Kohlhammer , 1958 Jump up ^ Gesamterhebung zur Klärung des Schicksals der deutschen Bevölkerung in den Vertreibungsgebieten , München : Zentralstelle des Kirchl . Suchdienstes , 1965 Jump up ^ Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch : Ingo Haar Die deutschen '' Vertreibungsverluste `` -- Forschungsstand , Kontexte und Probleme , in Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' Springer 2009 : ISBN 978 - 3 - 531 - 16152 - 5 , p. 369 Jump up ^ Rűdiger Overmans . Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung . ( This paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994 ) , Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI - 1994 Jump up ^ Pistohlkors , Gert . Informationen zur Klärung der Schicksale von Flüchtlingen aus den . Vertreibungsgebieten östlich von Oder und Neiße . Published in Schulze , Rainer , Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte : Bilanzierung der Forschung und Perspektiven für die künftige Forschungsarbeit Hildesheim : A. Lax , 1987 Jump up ^ Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn : Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern . Legenden , Mythos , Geschichte . Paderborn 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 506 - 77044 - 8 , p. 702 Jump up ^ Facts concerning the problem of the German expellees and refugees , Bonn 1967 ^ Jump up to : Ingo Haar , `` Hochgerechnetes Unglück , Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben '' , Süddeutsche Zeitung , 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ German Federal Archive Spieler , Silke . ed . Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte ... Bonn : Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. ( 1989 ) ; ISBN 3 - 88557 - 067 - X . Jump up ^ Gerhard Reichling , Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen , Teil 1 , Bonn 1995 ( revised ed ) Jump up ^ Christoph Bergner , Secretary of State of Germany 's Bureau for Inner Affairs , outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk on 29 November 2006 , ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Willi Kammerer & Anja Kammerer -- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 , p. 12 : published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross ; the forward to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily Jump up ^ `` Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung , Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße '' , bpb.de ; accessed December 1 , 2015. ( in German ) ^ Jump up to : Hans Henning Hahn & Eva Hahn , Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern . Legenden , Mythos , Geschichte , Paderborn : Schöningh , 2010 , pp. 659 -- 726 , 839 : ill. , maps ; 24cm . D820. P72 G475 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 506 - 77044 - 8 ( in German ) ^ Jump up to : Rűdiger Overmans - Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung . ( this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994 ) , Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI - 1994 ^ Jump up to : Zahl der Vertreibungsopfer ist neu zu erforschen Rüdiger Overmans Deutschlandfunk ; accessed June 21 , 2015 . ( in German ) Jump up ^ Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft : Ingo Haar Die deutschen '' Vertreibungsverluste `` -- Forschungsstand , Kontexte und Probleme , Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' , Berlin : Springer , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 531 - 16152 - 5 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Herausforderung Bevölkerung : zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor , im und nach dem Dritten Reich Ingo Haar , Bevölkerungsbilanzen '' und `` Vertreibungsverluste . Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung , Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften , 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 531 - 15556 - 2 ( in German ) ^ Jump up to : Ingo Haar , Die Deutschen `` Vertreibungsverluste -- Zur Entstehung der `` Dokumentation der Vertreibung - Tel Aviver Jahrbuch , 2007 , Tel Aviv : Universität Tel Aviv , Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften , Forschungszentrum für Geschichte ; Gerlingen ( Germany ) : Bleicher Verlag ^ Jump up to : Ingo Haar , `` Straty zwiazane z wypedzeniami : stan badañ , problemy , perspektywy '' , Polish Diplomatic Review , 2007 , nr 5 ( 39 ) ; accessed 6 December 2014 . ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans , Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg , Munich : Oldenbourg , 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1. ( in German ) Jump up ^ Die Toten des Zweiten Weltkriegs in Deutschland . Bilanz der Forschung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wehrmacht - und Vertreibungsverluste , in : Der Zweite Weltkrieg . Analysen , Grundzüge , Forschungsbilanz , Michalka , Wolfgang ( Hrsg . ) , München : Piper 1989 , S. 858 - 873 Jump up ^ Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft : Ingo Haar Die deutschen '' Vertreibungsverluste `` -- Forschungsstand , Kontexte und Probleme , Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' , Berlin : Springer , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 531 - 16152 - 5 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Herausforderung Bevölkerung : zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor , im und nach dem Dritten Reich Ingo Haar , Bevölkerungsbilanzen '' und `` Vertreibungsverluste . Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung , Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften , 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 531 - 15556 - 2 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Die Flucht der deutschen Bevölkerung 1944 / 45 , dhm.de ; accessed 21 June 2015. ( in German ) Jump up ^ Hoensch , Jörg K. und Hans Lemberg , Begegnung und Konflikt . Schlaglichter auf das Verhältnis von Tschechen , Slowaken und Deutschen 1815 -- 1989 Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2001 ; ISBN 3 - 89861 - 002 - 0 Jump up ^ Bernadetta Nitschke . Vertreibung und Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Polen 1945 bis 1949 . München , Oldenbourg Verlag , 2003 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56832 - 9 , pp. 269 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Witold Sienkiewicz & Grzegorz Hryciuk , Wysiedlenia , wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939 -- 1959 : atlas ziem Polski : Polacy , Żydzi , Niemcy , Ukraińcy , Warsaw : Demart , 2008 , p. 170 , Określa je wielkosciami między 600tys . a 1.2 mln zmarłych i zabitych . Głowną przyczyną zgonów było zimno , stres i bombardowania ; accessed 26 May 2015. ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ Witold Sienkiewicz & Grzegorz Hryciuk , Wysiedlenia , wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939 -- 1959 : atlas ziem Polski : Polacy , Żydzi , Niemcy , Ukraińcy , Warsaw : Demart , 2008 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Alan S. Milward , The Reconstruction of Western Europe Jump up ^ `` Does Germany owe Greece wartime reparations money ? '' . BBC News . June 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vast Greek war claims against Germany explode like a ' time - bomb ' '' , The Telegraph , 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . pp. 89 -- 91 Jump up ^ Dieter Pohl , Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS - Zeit 1933 -- 1945 , WBG ( Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft ) , 2003 ; ISBN 3534151585 , pp. 123 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : George J. McMillin , Captain , USN Surrender of Guam to the Japanese Jump up ^ Thomas Wilds , `` The Japanese Seizure of Guam '' , Marine Corps Gazette , July 1955 Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials ^ Jump up to : Parker , John . ( 2005 ) . The Gurkhas : The Inside Story of the World 's Most Feared Soldiers . Headline Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1415 - 7 p. 250 ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Roberts ( January 11 , 2004 ) . `` The Challenge Of The Irish Volunteers of World War II '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica . Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 Rome , 1957 . Jump up ^ `` The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy : A first attempt . Demographic Research , Vol. 13 , No. 15 '' . Demographic-research.org . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 Rome 1957 , pp. 4 - 5 Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome 1957 , pp. 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome 1957 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome 1957 , pp. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito . Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa -- Edizioni 1986 ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy , 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 , Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 144 Jump up ^ `` Figures were compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964 . '' . Australia - Japan Research Project . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dower , pp. 298 Jump up ^ American Historical Association : Lessons from Iwo Jima footnote 1 Retrieved 10 March 2016 Jump up ^ Stevens , The Naval Campaigns for New Guinea paragraph 30 Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Japan Statistical Year - Book , 1949 ( etc . ) . Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister 's Office . Eng . & Jap . ( Tokyo ) 1949 - pp 1056 - 58 , Tables 608 - 09 Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Dower cites the figures of killed but not the wounded Jump up ^ Japan Statistical Year - Book , 1949 ( etc . ) . Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister 's Office . Eng . & Jap . ( Tokyo ) 1949 - p. 1058 , Tables 608 - 09 Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Dower cites the figures of killed but not the wounded Jump up ^ Annual Changes in Population of Japan Proper 1 October 1920 -- 1 October 1947 , General Headquarters for the Allied Powers Economic and Scientific Section Research and Programs Division . Tokyo , July 1948 . p. 20 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 144 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 299 , 363 ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp. 299 , 363 Jump up ^ `` Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN : THE OCCUPATION : MILITARY PHASE VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT - U.S. Government printing Office 1966 , p. 130 endnote 36 '' . History.army.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nimmo , William . Behind a curtain of silence : Japanese in Soviet custody , 1945 -- 1956 , Greenwood 1989 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 25762 - 9 , pp 116 -- 18 Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . iUniverse , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0595350636 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Krivosheev . Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie , OLMA - Press , 2001 ; ISBN 5 - 224 - 01515 - 4 '' . Lib.ru . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Overall Report of Damage Sustained by the Nation During the Pacific War Economic Stabilization Agency , Planning Department , Office of the Secretary General , 1949 '' . JapanAirRaids . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overall Report of Damage Sustained by the Nation During the Pacific War Economic Stabilization Agency , Planning Department , Office of the Secretary General , 1949 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Japan Statistical Year - Book , 1949 ( etc . ) . Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister 's Office . Eng . & Jap . ( Tokyo ) 1949 , pp 1056 - 57 , Table 607 Jump up ^ Eisei Ishikawa , David L. Swain , Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings , Basic Books , 1981 , ISBN 046502985X p. 115 ( English translation of Japanese study published in 1979 Jump up ^ Eisei Ishikawa , David L. Swain , Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings , Basic Books , 1981 , ISBN 046502985X p. 115 ( English translation of Japanese study published in 1979 Jump up ^ Eisei Ishikawa , David L. Swain , Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings , Basic Books , 1981 , ISBN 046502985X ( English translation of Japanese study published in 1979 Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 297 -- 99 Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Subsequent Weapons Testing '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Radiation Effects Research Foundation How many people died as a result of the atomic bombings ? , rerf.jp ; accessed March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report United States Government Printing Office Washington : 1946 p. 20 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey , Medical Division ( 1947 ) , pp. 143 - 44 Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey Report # 55 The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. United States Government Printing Office , Washington : 1947 , p. 7 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale. United States Government Printing Office , Washington : 1947 , p. 194 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki United States Government Printing Office Washington : 1946 , p. 15 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Major Chas . S. Nichols , Jr. , USMC Henry I. Shaw , Jr . `` Okinawa : Victory in the Pacific '' . Historical Branch , G - 3 Division , Headquarters , U.S. Marine Corps . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Major Chas . S. Nichols , Jr. , USMC Henry I. Shaw , Jr. ( 1955 ) . Okinawa : Victory in the Pacific . Historical Branch , G - 3 Division , Headquarters , U.S. Marine Corps . p. 260 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 578 Jump up ^ `` R.J. Rummel `` Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 '' Transaction 1998 ; ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 ( Chapter 3 ) `` . Hawaii.edu . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 p. 143 Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . p. 107 Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 , Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 91 Jump up ^ `` History Of The Nepalese Army '' . Nepalarmy.mil.np . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Netherlands War Graves Foundation '' . Ogs.nl . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland '' . Cdli.ca . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Maj . Richard M. , ( U.S. Army , retired ) ( 28 October 2002 ) . `` Bataan , Corregidor , and the Death March : In Retrospect '' ^ Jump up to : Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , pp. 29 -- 30 ^ Jump up to : Czesław Brzoza , Andrzej Leon Sowa , Historia Polski 1918 -- 1945 ( History of Poland : 1918 -- 1945 ) , pp. 694 -- 697 . Kraków 2009 , Wydawnictwo Literackie , ISBN 978 - 83 - 08 - 04125 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum : Polish Victims '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Meeting line between the German and the Soviet Army after their joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej ( Poland and Poles in the Second World War ). Styczeń 1993 ISBN 83 - 232 - 0511 - 6 p. 683 ^ Jump up to : Gniazdowski , Mateusz . Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II . Assessments and Estimates -- an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs , 2007 , no . 1. This article is available from the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com Jump up ^ Poland World War II casualties ( in thousands ) Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . p. 119 Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed . W. Parker Mauldin , Washington , D.C. , 1954 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Andreev , E.M. , et al , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 5 - 02 - 013479 - 1 , p. 78 . Total Soviet losses of 26.6 million are computed for the population in mid-1941 in the territory of the Soviet Union of 1946 -- 1991 Jump up ^ Poland . Bureau odszkodowan wojennych , Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939 -- 1945 . Warsaw 1947. ( the figures of 2.8 million Jews and 3.2 million Poles are based on language spoken , not religion ) Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak , Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939 -- 1945 . Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI , 1994 Jump up ^ `` go to note on Polish Casualties by Tadeusz Piotrowski at the bottom of the page '' . Project In Posterum . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Franciszek Proch , Poland 's Way of the Cross , New York , 1987 ^ Jump up to : T. Panecki , Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej pl : Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny , 1995 , no . 1 -- 2 , pp. 13 -- 18 Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 20 Jump up ^ `` Victims of the Nazi Regime - Database of Polish citizens repressed under the German Occupation '' . Straty.pl . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Nürnberg Document No. 3568 . Data from this document is listed in Martin Brozat , Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik Fischer Bücheri 1961 . p. 125 Jump up ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste . Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939 / 50 . Herausgeber : Statistisches Bundesamt -- Wiesbaden . -- Stuttgart : Verlag W. Kohlhammer , 1958 Jump up ^ Schimitzek , Stanislaw , Truth or Conjecture ? Warsaw 1966 Jump up ^ Ruas , Óscar Vasconcelos , `` Relatório 1946 - 47 '' , AHU Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow 1971 , p. 294 Jump up ^ Mark Axworthy . Third Axis Fourth Ally . Arms and Armour 1995 ; ISBN 1 - 85409 - 267 - 7 , pp 216 -- 17 Jump up ^ Mark Axworthy . Third Axis Fourth Ally . Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1 - 85409 - 267 - 7 , p. 314 Jump up ^ Linden , Jan Church and revolution in Rwanda , Manchester University Press 1977 ; ISBN 0 - 8419 - 0305 - 0 , p. 207 Jump up ^ Alexander De Waal , Famine crimes : politics & the disaster relief industry in Africa Indiana Univ . Press , 1999 ; ISBN 0 - 253 - 21158 - 1 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013 - 2014 Archived 2015 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , page 44 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials . Jump up ^ Poyer , Lin ; Falgout , Suzanne ; Carucci , Laurence Marshall . The Typhoon of War : Micronesian Experiences of the Pacific War Univ of Hawaii Press , Honolulu , Hawaii , USA , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2168 - 8 Jump up ^ Andreev , E.M. , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 5 - 02 - 013479 - 1 Jump up ^ Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note -- World War II -- Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 ^ Jump up to : Michael Haynes , Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a Note , Europe Asia Studies vol 55 , No. 2 , 2003 , 300 -- 309 Jump up ^ `` Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note - World War II - Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Perrie , Maureen ( 2006 ) , The Cambridge History of Russia : The Twentieth Century , Cambridge University Press , pp. 225 - 27 Jump up ^ Andreev , EM ; Darski , LE ; Kharkova , TL ( 11 September 2002 ) . `` Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes '' . In Lutz , Wolfgang ; Scherbov , Sergei ; Volkov , Andrei . Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 85320 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , pp. 124 -- 31 ( these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946 - 1991 , including territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Krivosheev , G.F. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . Greenhill Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 280 - ^ Jump up to : Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge . P. 436 , 1993 ; ISBN 0415101948 Jump up ^ Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , pp. 50 - 53 ( eastern regions of Poland ( 10 million ) , Lithuania ( 2.9 million ) , Latvia ( 1.9 million ) , Estonia 1.1 million ) , Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina ( 3.7 million ) , Tuva ( 86,000 ) , Zakarpattia Oblast 700,000 , South Sakhalin ( 30,000 ) and the Kaliningrad Oblast ) . Jump up ^ Zmeskov , Victor . `` Repatriation of Soviet Citizens ( in Russian ) '' . Социологические исследования . May 1995 . No 5 . С. 3 -- 13 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : L.L. Rybakovsky . Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War ( in Russian ) , Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya , 2000 , No 6 . ^ Jump up to : Zemskov , Viktor . `` The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War ( in Russian ) '' . demoscope.ru # 559 - 60 , July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Krivosheev , G.F. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . page 85 ( 8,668,000 , including 1,283,000 POW and 500,000 missing ) Jump up ^ Hartmann , Christian ( 2013 ) . Operation Barbarossa : Nazi Germany 's War in the East , 1941 -- 1945 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966078 - 0 . Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Russia 's War : A History of the Soviet Effort : 1941 -- 1945 , Penguin Books , 1998 ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 027169 - 4 , p . XV Jump up ^ `` Obituary of S.N. Mikhalev who passed away in 2005 '' . Andjusev.narod.ru . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ S.N. Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941 - 1945 gg : Statisticheskoe issledovanie Krasnoiarskii gos . pedagog . universitet , 2000 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 85981 - 082 - 6 , pp 18 - 21 . S.N. Mikhalev . Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945 : A Statistical Investigation , Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 10,600,000 , including 2.6 million POW ) Jump up ^ Mikhalev , S.N. ( 2000 ) . Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941 -- 1945 gg : Statisticheskoe issledovanie ( Human Losses in the Great Patriotic Wa < r 1941 -- 1945 A Statistical Investigation ) . Krasnoiarskii gos . pedagog . universitet ( Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University ) . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 85981 - 082 - 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Soviet General Staff report July 1945 ( 6,331,000 killed and 1,329,000 missing and accounted for ) Jump up ^ Жертвы двух диктатур . Остарбайтеры и военнопленные в Третьем Рейхе и их репатриация . -- М. : Ваш выбор ЦИРЗ , 1996 . -- p735 - 738 . ( Victims of Two Dictatorships . Ostarbeiters and POW in Third Reich and Their Repatriation ) ( Russian ) Jump up ^ S.A. Il'enkov Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno - Istoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7 ( 22 ) , Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation 2001 , pp 73 - 80 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 89710 - 005 - 7 ( The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion ) ; in Russian ; available at the New York Public Library ) Jump up ^ Il'Enkov , S.A. ( June 1996 ) . `` Concerning the registration of Soviet armed forces ' wartime irrevocable losses , 1941 -- 1945 '' . The Journal of Slavic Military Studies . 9 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` OBD Memorial '' . Obd-memorial.ru . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , pp. 124 -- 31 ( these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946 - 1991 , including territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 515 Jump up ^ Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Aerospace Power Journal ( Summer 2000 ) : The Diplomacy of Apology : U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II by Jonathan E. Helmreich '' . Airpower.maxwell.af.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aerospace Power Journal ( Summer 2000 ) : The Bombing of Zurich by Jonathan E. Helmreich '' . Airpower.maxwell.af.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sorasanya Phaengspha ( 2002 ) The Indochina War : Thailand Fights France . Sarakadee Press . Jump up ^ Eiji Murashima , `` The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography : The 1942 -- 43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence '' Modern Asian Studies , v40 , n4 ( 2006 ) pp. 1053 -- 96 , p. 1057n : `` Deaths in the Thai military forces from 8 December 1941 through the end of the war included 143 officers , 474 non-commissioned officers , and 4,942 soldiers . ( Defense Ministry of Thailand , In Memory of Victims who Fell in Battle ( in Thai ) , Bangkok : Krom phaenthi Thahanbok , 1947 ) . With the exception of about 180 who died in the 8 December ( 1941 ) battles and another 150 who died in battles in the Shan states ( Burma ) , almost all of the war dead died of malaria and other diseases . '' Jump up ^ E. Bruce Reynolds , `` Aftermath of Alliance : The Wartime Legacy in Thai - Japanese Relations '' , Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , v21 , n1 , March 1990 , pp. 66 -- 87 . `` An OSS document ( XL 30948 , RG 226 , USNA ) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944 -- 45 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings , most of them totally destroyed . However , an account by M.R. Seni Pramoj ( a typescript entitled ' The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain ' and filed under Papers on World War II , at the Thailand Information Center , Chulalongkorn University , p. 12 ) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids . '' Jump up ^ E. Bruce Reynolds , `` Aftermath of Alliance : The Wartime Legacy in Thai - Japanese Relations '' , Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , v21 , n1 , March 1990 , pp 66 - 87 . Thailand exported rice to neighboring Japanese - occupied countries during 1942 -- 45 ( p 72n ) and did not experience the notorious famines that occurred in India and French Indochina ( see above ) between 1943 -- 44 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013 - 2014 Archived 2015 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , page 44 . Jump up ^ UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951 Jump up ^ Marika Sherwood . `` Colonies , Colonials and World War Two '' . BBC . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus Veterans Association World War II '' . Cyprusveterans.com.cy . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marika Sherwood , World War II Colonies and Colonials . Savannah Press 2013 ; ISBN 978 - 0951972076 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Coast Guard History '' . Uscg.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , pp 584 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Casualties in World War II '' . History.navy.mil . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S. National Archives Casualties from World War II Jump up ^ `` American Battle Monuments Commission '' . Abmc.gov . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariners in `` ocean - going service '' during World War II have Veteran Status . They may be entitled to a gravestone , flag for their coffin , and burial in a National Cemetery `` . Usmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Merchant Marine at War '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Summary of Merchant Marine Personnel Casualties in World War II , US Coast Guard , Washington : Government Printing Office , July 1 , 1950 , p . VII Jump up ^ `` U.S. Merchant Marine Casualties during World War II '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Air Patrol '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . With the attacks of September 11 , 2001 and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security , the decision was made in 2002 for the United States Air Force to move CAP `` operational '' mission activities from the Air Force 's operations directorate ( HAF / A3 ) to the Air Force 's newly created homeland security directorate ... Jump up ^ `` CAP History and Organization '' ( PDF ) . Civil Air Patrol . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Center for Internee Rights , Civilian prisoners of the Japanese in the Philippine Islands Turner Press 2002 ; ISBN 1 - 56311 - 838 - 6 Jump up ^ The annual death rate from 1942 -- 1945 of Americans interned by Japan was about 3.5 % . There were 1,536 deaths among the 13,996 interned civilians from 1942 -- 45 . The United States interned about 100,000 Japanese Americans between 1942 -- 45 . The 1946 report by the U.S. Dept. of The Interior `` The Evacuated People a Quantitative Description '' gave the annual death rate from 1942 -- 1945 of Japanese detained in the U.S. at about 0.7 % . There were 1,862 deaths among the 100,000 to 110,000 American civilians of Japanese ancestry interned in the U.S. from 1942 -- 45 . The annual death rate among the U.S. population as a whole from 1942 -- 45 was about 1.1 % per annum . Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Roger Mansell Captured : The Forgotten Men of Guam Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 580 Jump up ^ Robert Goralski , World War II Almanac , 1939 -- 1945 : a political and military record , New York , p. 428 Jump up ^ Sir John Keegan Atlas of the Second World War , HarperCollins 1997 , pp. 204 - 05 Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , p. 733 ^ Jump up to : Danijela Nadj ( 1993 ) . Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims . Zagreb : Croatian Information center . ISBN 0 - 919817 - 32 - 7 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Bureau of the Census . The Population of Yugoslavia ( eds . Paul F. Meyers and Arthur A. Campbell ) , Washington , p. 23 Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , Cap . 17 Alleged and True Population Losses ^ Jump up to : Kočović , Bogoljub Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji , 1990 ; ISBN 86 - 01 - 01928 - 5 , pp 172 -- 89 Jump up ^ Danijela Nadj ( 1993 ) . Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims - The authors survey of the demographic and human war losses in Yugoslavia . Zagreb : Croatian Information center . ISBN 0 - 919817 - 32 - 7 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , In Cap . 17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses . p. 737 Jump up ^ Statistics of Democide ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , p. 729 Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , p. 746 Jump up ^ `` Croatian President Mesic Apologizes for Croatian Crimes Against the Jews during the Holocaust '' . Yad Vashem . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` JASENOVAC '' . USHMM . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Jasenovac '' `` . Ushmm.org . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Silberman , F. ( 2013 ) . Memory and Postwar Memorials : Confronting the Violence of the Past . Springer . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Donald Kendrick , The Destiny of Europe 's Gypsies . Basic Books , 1972 ; ISBN 0 - 465 - 01611 - 1 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ; ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 , p. 244 Jump up ^ Thomas M. Leonard , John F. Bratzel , George Lauderbaugh . Latin America in World War II , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers ( September 11 , 2006 ) , p. 83 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casualties of World War II . The Central Database of Shoah Victims ' Names World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_casualties&oldid=798779348 '' Categories : World War II casualties Demographic history Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with Italian - 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who is buried in the queen vic eastenders			The Queen Victoria	the queen victoria	The Queen Victoria ( more often referred to as The Queen Vic or The Vic ) is the Victorian public house in the BBC soap opera , EastEnders . It has the fictional address of 46 Albert Square , Walford , London E20 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance and development 1.1 2010 fire 2 Storylines 3 Employees 3.1 Current staff 3.2 Previous staff 4 Key events in The Queen Victoria 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Appearance and development ( edit ) Exterior of The Queen Victoria as it appeared 2010 - 2014 In the series ' backstory , Albert Square was built around 1860 during the reign of Queen Victoria . Originally the pub was to be called The Balmoral but after the death of Prince Albert it was renamed as a tribute to the mourning Queen . In reality , Albert Square is based on the real Fassett Square in Hackney , but there is no pub there so The Queen Victoria is based on what was once College Park Tavern on Harrow Road in London NW10 . Initially , the pub 's exterior is first seen painted brown . This is later changed to a green and cream colour scheme before Grant Mitchell ( Ross Kemp ) sets alight to the Queen Victoria in 1992 , after which it is painted red . Following another blaze in 2010 , the pub is painted red , green and cream . On Boxing Day 2013 , the new family to the square , the Carters , took over the Queen Vic and since then it has had a refurbishment and has been painted red once again . During the first months of the show , The Queen Victoria has a partition wall down the middle of the bar which separates it into two sections . The smaller section , known as the ' snug ' , houses a dart board and fruit machines , whilst the larger section , known as the saloon bar , is used primarily as the customer seating area . Den Watts ( Leslie Grantham ) gets permission from the brewery to remove the partition in 1985 , and hires Tony Carpenter ( Oscar James ) to do the job . In 2007 the pub has its first refurbishment in 15 years , and another in late 2010 . In reality the pub exterior shell on the outdoor permanent set was built during 1984 for the new series the following year . The exterior shell was made to look as though it had stood for a hundred years . The internal sets are in a studio separate from the building situated in the Square . Inside Soap said that the pub was the most `` haunted '' location in EastEnders , considering the number of characters who have died in or outside the building , including Den , Archie Mitchell ( Larry Lamb ) , Bradley Branning ( Charlie Clements ) , Tiffany Mitchell ( Martine McCutcheon ) and Tom Clements ( Donald Tandy ) . 2010 fire ( edit ) Main article : Queen Vic Fire Week In a storyline shown during September 2010 , The Queen Victoria was severely damaged by a fire . This allowed for a subtle redesign and upgrade of the set ; required when high - definition broadcasting commenced . A separate set was built on the George Lucas sound stage at Elstree Studios to enable the pub interior to be set alight safely . A team of nearly forty - five crew members were involved in the filming of the fire including makeup , stunt team , fire safety officers , cameras , lighting , sound and the costume department . The exterior scenes took five half days to shoot ( as it could only be shot at night ) and were shot at the BBC studios in Borehamwood . The interior scenes were shot a week after and took three days to film . Safety necessitated having the set re-created at the Elstree Film Studios stage facility that is designed and equipped to film fire scenes . EastEnders Production Manager Rona McKendrick says `` Potentially hazardous scenes like this always require specialist knowledge and we rely on their experience and advice to ensure that everything is achieved as safely as possible . We had a Stunt Team comprising Lee Sheward , our Stunt Co-ordinator and his team of Stunt Doubles . A Visual FX team designed and executed all the fire sequences and we had specialist Fire Officers providing out of vision fire cover / safety . '' Of the fire itself , McKendrick said `` Everyone was very sad to see The Vic taken out of Stage One and moved to Elstree Film Studios for the burn , I 've known the set for 18 years and to see the enormous space it left was as if a piece of history had been removed '' . Storylines ( edit ) In the EastEnders series spin - off CivvyStreet ( 1988 ) life in Albert Square is featured between 1939 and 1945 , and The Queen Victoria ( The Queen Vic ) freehold is owned by the brewery , Luxford & Copley . Ray and Lil Daniels are the landlords . When the series begins , the brewery remain owners and Den ( Leslie Grantham ) and Angie Watts ( Anita Dobson ) have been landlords for ten years . Gus and Flo Leonard , and Alf and Polly Barrett are alluded to as landlords prior to the start of the series . Angie is served with divorce papers by Den on Christmas Day 1986 and two years later he passes control to Frank ( Mike Reid ) and Pat Butcher ( Pam St. Clement ) . In 1990 , Frank and Pat hand over the pub to Eddie Royle . Eddie is murdered by Nick Cotton ( John Altman ) the following year , and the daughter of Den and Angie , Sharon Watts ( Letitia Dean ) , becomes the first licensee when she buys the freehold of The Queen Vic with the assistance of her husband Grant Mitchell ( Ross Kemp ) and his brother Phil ( Steve McFadden ) ; the three live there . Grant sets fire to the pub in 1992 in an insurance scam and it is refurbished . Grant and Sharon divorce and their share of The Queen Vic is sold to Grant 's mother , Peggy ( Barbara Windsor ) . Peggy marries Frank in 1999 and he again becomes a landlord . When Grant leaves Walford , Peggy 's alcoholic son Phil sells his share of pub to Dan Sullivan ( Craig Fairbrass ) for a mere £ 5 to spite his domineering mother . However , he subsequently buys back his share and evicts Dan from The Queen Vic . After Frank disappears and leaves her penniless , Peggy is forced to sell the pub in early 2001 . The new buyer is revealed to be Sharon , in partnership with Steve Owen ( Martin Kemp ) . Steve has to sell his share to raise ransom money for his wife Mel ( Tamzin Outhwaite ) and Phil buys back part of The Queen Vic . In 2002 , Sharon also sells up to Phil and the pub returns to the control of the Mitchells . Peggy appoints Alfie Moon as manager later that year . In 2004 , Den tricks his way back into ownership of The Queen Vic , and within a few months he is killed by his second wife , Chrissie ( Tracy - Ann Oberman ) , who buries his body in the cellar of pub . Chrissie forges his signature on a deed of transfer and tells the customers that he has left Walford , signing The Queen Vic over to her . Sam Mitchell ( Kim Medcalf ) digs up Den 's body and Chrissie , in a plan to escape , sells the pub to Ian Beale ( Adam Woodyatt ) and is subsequently arrested for murder . Her confessing to forging his signature nullifies the sale to Ian and ownership reverts to Sharon , Den 's heir . Sharon returns The Queen Vic to Peggy and Phil . When Sam ( now played by Danniella Westbrook ) breaks bail in 2009 , the family goes into debt . Phil secures The Queen Vic against a loan from Ian , who is forced to sell it to Peggy 's ex-husband Archie ( Larry Lamb ) . The Mitchells initially continue running the pub but Peggy relents and hands over control to Archie and his fiancée Janine Butcher ( Charlie Brooks ) after her step daughter Ronnie Mitchell ( Samantha Womack ) suffers a miscarriage during a confrontation with her father Archie . After Archie is murdered on Christmas Day , his daughter Roxy ( Rita Simons ) inherits The Queen Vic . When Roxy tries to sell it on , Peggy objects , and Roxy signs over the pub to her . Later in 2010 , Phil develops a drug addiction and is locked in a room in the pub by Peggy . After he escapes , he argues with his mother and sets fire to the pub as an act of revenge . The fire traps him and Stacey Branning ( Lacey Turner ) along with her baby Lily , but they all manage to escape . Again , fire destroys The Queen Vic and Peggy transfers ownership to Phil before she leaves Walford . Phil renovates the pub and rents it to Alfie Moon and his wife Kat ( Jessie Wallace ) . Kat is away temporarily in 2012 when Roxy again is landlady but upon Kat 's return , The Queen Vic is forced to close down due to an outbreak of bed bugs , the source of which was thought to be Shirley Carter ( Linda Henry ) , who has been staying . Instead , it was found that the source was the flat where Kat was meeting her lover Derek Branning ( Jamie Foreman ) . The Queen Vic returns to Phil when Kat and Alfie fail to pay rent and Roxy is again made manager . However , Phil has a change of mind about Kat and Alfie when he finds out from Kat about her affair and subsequent attempt to save her marriage , all the while leaving Roxy as manager . During Christmas 2012 , Alfie finds out about the affair , they separate and Roxy and Amy move back to The Queen Vic . Roxy replaces Kat as the joint licensee of the pub with Alfie , but leaves after Alfie reunites with Kat on the day of his and Roxy 's wedding . As an act of revenge against the Moons , Phil decides to sell the pub and Alfie and Kat are forced to move out . Mick Carter ( Danny Dyer ) buys The Queen Victoria on Christmas Day , 2013 , and the following day moves into the pub with his wife Linda Carter ( Kellie Bright ) and son Johnny Carter ( Sam Strike ) . Phil is surprised to discover that Mick is Shirley 's brother . When Shirley persuades their estranged father into giving them £ 10,000 to repair the rising damp in the cellar , Mick and Linda give Shirley a 10 % stake in the pub . In 2016 , Mick and Linda 's son , Lee Carter ( Danny - Boy Hatchard ) gets into debt , and Mick pays it off by taking out loans . The family struggle to pay for court fines after Babe Smith ( Annette Badland ) sells alcohol outside of licensing hours , repairs to a leaking roof , for Sylvie Carter 's ( Linda Marlowe ) funeral , and vets bills for their dog , Lady Di ( Hot Lips ) . While Linda and Mick are away , Linda sends Woody Woodward ( Lee Ryan ) to look after the pub as a manager . Max Branning ( Jake Wood ) hears of the Carters ' financial problems and suggests to Shirley that they sell the freehold of the pub . Shirley convinces Linda but they do not tell Mick , and Shirley forges his signature . The new freeholders , Grafton Hill , send Fi Browning ( Lisa Faulkner ) , a business consultant , to look at ways to maximise profit at the pub , and concludes that two members of staff need to be made redundant , but insists that the freeholders want Woody to stay , so barmaid Tracey ( Jane Slaughter ) is made redundant . It then emerges that the company Max works for , Weyland & Co , are involved and they have a mole in the pub , as the company is planning to redevelop the local area and The Queen Vic is their first target . It is soon revealed that Fi is the mole , and Grafton Hill makes them pay for further repairs . Fi tricks the Carters into thinking the debt is less , so when they fail to pay , they are given a month to leave and it is revealed that Fi 's father , James Willmott - Brown ( William Boyde ) is the owner . However , after Fi realises that James is a rapist and he is arrested for fraud , she offers the Carters the chance to buy the Vic back , which they are eventually able to do . Employees ( edit ) Current staff ( edit ) Character Job role Years Mick Carter Landlord 2013 -- Linda Carter Landlady 2013 -- Shirley Carter Landlady 2014 - Whitney Carter Barmaid 2011 , 2015 -- Tracey Barmaid 1989 -- Previous staff ( edit ) Job role Characters Owners Luxford and Copley , Sharon Watts , Sam Mitchell , Den Watts , Chrissie Watts , Ian Beale , Archie Mitchell , Roxy Mitchell , Peggy Mitchell , Phil Mitchell , Grafton Hill , Fi Browning Landlords and licensees Ray Sewell , Lil Sewell , Gus Leonard , Flo Leonard , Alf Barratt , Polly Barratt , Den Watts , Angie Watts , Jan Hammond , Pat Butcher , Frank Butcher , Eddie Royle , Sharon Watts , Grant Mitchell , Dan Sullivan , Steve Owen , Chrissie Watts , Phil Mitchell , Archie Mitchell , Peggy Mitchell , Alfie Moon , Kat Moon , Roxy Mitchell Managing supervisors James Willmott - Brown , Sam Mitchell , Ronnie Mitchell , Sharon Mitchell , Fi Browning Bar managers Simon Wicks , Sharon Watts , Barry Evans , Alfie Moon , Roxy Mitchell , Woody Woodward Bartenders Lofty Holloway , Arthur Fowler , Nina Harris , Sam Mitchell , Ricky Butcher , Little Mo Mitchell , Kat Slater , Spencer Moon , Jake Moon , Simon Wicks , Melanie Healy , Trevor Morgan , Donna Ludlow , Kathy Beale , Clyde Tavernier , Michelle Fowler , Cindy Beale , Steve Elliot , Tiffany Mitchell , Debbie Wilkins , Lorraine Wicks , Jan Hammond , Binnie Roberts , Josie McFarlane , Mary Flaherty , Shelley Lewis , Dennis Rickman , Honey Mitchell , Sean Slater , Dawn Swann , Danny Mitchell , Glenda Mitchell , Ronnie Mitchell , Chelsea Fox , Christian Clarke , Pat Butcher , Billy Mitchell , Peggy Mitchell , Janine Butcher , Stacey Slater , Eddie Moon , Tyler Moon , Ryan Malloy , Jodie Gold , Kim Fox , Roxy Mitchell , Mo Harris , Ray Dixon , Jean Slater , Patrick Trueman , Fatboy , Kirsty Branning , Babe Smith , Nancy Carter , Lee Carter , Stacey Fowler , Masood Ahmed , Johnny Carter , Callum Highway Cleaners Ethel Skinner , Pauline Fowler , Little Mo Mitchell , Rosie Miller , Juley Smith , Danielle Jones , Mo Harris , Julie Perkins , Billy Mitchell , Bianca Jackson , Kat Slater , Lauren Branning , Shirley Carter , Denise Fox Potmen Tom Clements , Jim Branning , Charlie Slater , Ted Murray , Patrick Trueman Caterers and cooks Ethel Skinner , Debbie Wilkins , Magda Czajkowski , Cindy Beale , Hattie Tavernier , Ian Beale , Christian Clarke , Jane Beale , Jean Slater , Ray Dixon , Babe Smith , Abi Branning Events managers Jean Slater , Babe Smith Key events in the Queen Victoria ( edit ) The Queen Victoria 's bust of Queen Victoria ( pictured on display at the Elstree and Borehamwood Museum ) was used from 1993 until 2010 , and from 2012 onwards . 1980s 1985 : Den Watts ( Leslie Grantham ) has off - screen sex in the bar with his daughter 's best friend , Michelle Fowler ( Susan Tully ) , resulting in her pregnancy . 1986 : Pat Wicks ( Pam St. Clement ) tells her former husband Pete Beale ( Peter Dean ) that he is not the father of her son Simon ( Nick Berry ) . 1986 : Den serves his wife Angie ( Anita Dobson ) with divorce papers , on Christmas Day . 1988 : Potman Tom Clements ( Donald Tandy ) dies in the gentlemen 's toilets , of a stroke , on 21 April . 1990s 1992 : Grant Mitchell ( Ross Kemp ) sets fire to the pub to claim money on the insurance , with his wife , Sharon ( Letitia Dean ) , trapped inside . 1994 : Michelle is shot by Dougie Briggs ( Max Gold ) . 1994 : `` Sharongate '' : Sharon is caught out when Grant plays in the bar a taped confession of her affair with Phil Mitchell ( Steve McFadden ) during Phil and Kathy Beale 's ( Gillian Taylforth ) engagement party . 1995 : Grant and Michelle have sex in the bar , which results in Michelle 's pregnancy . 1996 : Mark Fowler ( Todd Carty ) publicly declares he is HIV positive . 1998 : Tiffany Mitchell ( Martine McCutcheon ) falls down the stairs and falsely accuses Grant of pushing her . 1998 : Bianca Butcher ( Patsy Palmer ) gives birth to her son Liam Butcher in the pub . 1999 : Bianca and Dan Sullivan 's ( Craig Fairbrass ) affair is blurted out by Carol Jackson ( Lindsey Coulson ) which results in Carol having an abortion . 2000s 2000 : Pat and Frank Butcher ( Mike Reid ) are humiliated by Peggy Mitchell ( Barbara Windsor ) when she exposes their affair by reading out a goodbye letter from Frank . 2001 : Steve Owen ( Martin Kemp ) pays Jamie Mitchell ( Jack Ryder ) to smash the windows in order to play mind games with Phil 2002 : A fight breaks out between the Slaters and the Truemans . 2003 : Little Mo Mitchell ( Kacey Ainsworth ) is raped -- and impregnated -- by Graham Foster ( Alex McSweeney ) . 2003 : Kat Slater ( Jessie Wallace ) and Alfie Moon ( Shane Richie ) marry on Christmas Day . 2005 : Den is murdered by his wife Chrissie Watts ( Tracy - Ann Oberman ) with Pauline Fowler 's ( Wendy Richard ) dog - shaped doorstop ; she buries his body under concrete in the cellar of the pub . 2005 : Den 's corpse is uncovered by Sam Mitchell ( Kim Medcalf ) on the wedding day of Sharon and Dennis Rickman ( Nigel Harman ) . 2007 : The pub is raided by Terry Bates ( Nicholas Bell ) and his gang who are looking for Jase Dyer ( Stephen Lord ) ; the interior is destroyed . 2008 : On Christmas Day , Sean Slater ( Robert Kazinsky ) discovers that he is not the real father of Amy Mitchell . 2009 : At the wedding reception of Peggy and Archie Mitchell ( Larry Lamb ) , Ronnie Mitchell ( Samantha Womack ) discovers that Danielle Jones ( Lauren Crace ) is her daughter . 2009 : Archie Mitchell is murdered on Christmas Day when Stacey Slater ( Lacey Turner ) pushes the bust of Queen Victoria onto his head . 2010s 2010 : While resisting arrest for Archie 's murder , Bradley Branning ( Charlie Clements ) falls to his death from the pub roof . 2010 : The pub is raided by Billie Jackson ( Devon Anderson ) and his crew for money . 2010 : Phil starts a fire that destroys the entire building to hurt his mother , Peggy . 2010 : On Christmas Eve , Janine Malloy ( Charlie Brooks ) reveals that Stacey killed Archie . 2010 : Mo Harris ( Laila Morse ) delivers Kat 's baby Tommy in the barrel store on 30 December . 2011 : On New Year 's Day , Ronnie swaps her dead baby James with Kat 's son Tommy . 2012 : Kat begins an affair with a mystery man , later revealed to be Derek Branning ( Jamie Foreman ) . 2012 : A huge fight breaks out between members of the pub 's football team . 2013 : Kat Moon and Roxy Mitchell ( Rita Simons ) have a catfight in the pub , with Alfie and Michael Moon ( Steve John Shepherd ) having to break it up . 2013 : Whilst attending Jack Branning 's ( Scott Maslen ) birthday party , Max Branning ( Jake Wood ) is arrested for attempted murder after supposedly tampering with the brakes of Carl White 's ( Daniel Coonan ) car , leading to the car crash that injured Carl and left Phil fighting for his life . 2014 : Stan Carter ( Timothy West ) accidentally leaves a lit cigarette near the curtains causing a small fire , which is then extinguished by firemen . 2014 : Dean Wicks ( Matt Di Angelo ) rapes Linda Carter ( Kellie Bright ) on the kitchen table . 2014 : After learning that Linda was raped by Dean , Mick Carter ( Danny Dyer ) destroys the interior of the pub . 2014 : Shirley Carter ( Linda Henry ) stops Mick killing Dean by revealing they are brothers . 2015 : Kim Fox - Hubbard ( Tameka Empson ) gives birth to her baby girl , Pearl , in the toilets . 2015 : Dean threatens to set fire to the pub but is stopped by Mick and Nancy Carter ( Maddy Hill ) . 2015 : Linda falls down the stairs whilst pregnant . 2016 : Ryan Malloy ( Neil McDermott ) steals money from the safe . 2016 : Nancy and Lee Carter ( Danny - Boy Hatchard ) fight , causing Ollie Carter to hit his head after his highchair is knocked over . Ollie later stops breathing and suffers a seizure . 2016 : Ben Mitchell ( Harry Reid ) humiliates his girlfriend Abi Branning ( Lorna Fitzgerald ) by dragging her onto the karaoke stage in her underwear and revealing that she lied about being pregnant and suffering a miscarriage . 2016 : It is revealed to a packed pub that Jay Brown ( Jamie Borthwick ) has been dating 14 year old schoolgirl Linzi Bragg ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) . 2016 : During Stacey and Martin Fowler 's ( James Bye ) wedding reception , Bobby Beale ( Eliot Carrington ) confesses that he murdered his half - sister Lucy Beale ( Hetti Bywater ) . 2016 : Abi locks Babe Smith ( Annette Badland ) in the walk - in freezer . 2016 : Three armed robbers raid the pub ; Johnny Carter ( Ted Reilly ) is injured . 2017 : Babe serves alcohol to an undercover police officer , leading to her , Mick and Shirley being arrested . 2017 : Bex Fowler ( Jasmine Armfield ) confronts Michelle in front of a packed pub over whether she has been having sex with Preston Cooper ( Martin Anzor ) . 2017 : Sylvie Carter ( Linda Marlowe ) dies by electrocuting herself in the bath . 2017 : The ceiling collapses in the kitchen as a result of leakage , trapping the Carter family 's dog , Lady Di ( Hot Lips ) . 2017 : Steven Beale ( Aaron Sidwell ) proposes to Lauren Branning ( Jacqueline Jossa ) in a full pub and she accepts . 2017 : Hugo Browning ( Simon Williams ) informs the Carters that The Vic needs £ 60,000 of building repairs giving them 5 weeks to come up with the money for them or be evicted . This leads to Mick insulting Hugo , whilst Linda throws a drink over Fi Browning ( Lisa Faulkner ) . 2017 : Most of Max Branning ( Jake Wood ) 's scheming is uncovered as he publicly kisses Fi before Carmel Kazemi ( Bonnie Langford ) is expecting him to propose to her . It is also revealed that Fi wilfully misled the Carters in falling short of raising the £ 60,000 therefore , ownership falls onto James Willmott - Brown ( William Boyde ) 's company , Weyland & Co , which owns Grafton Hill , the company that in turn owns the freehold of the pub . 2017 : While attempting to prevent their dad Max Branning ( Jake Wood ) from committing suicide , Lauren and Abi Branning ( Jacqueline Jossa and Lorna Fitzgerald ) fall from the roof of the pub in the same place as their half - brother Bradley . Lauren survives while Abi later dies of her injuries . 2018 : Cal ( Jesse Rutherford ) starts dealing drugs in the pub under the instruction of Aidan Maguire ( Patrick Bergin ) . See also ( edit ) List of fictional pubs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hassell , Katherine ( 15 February 2015 ) . `` The most memorable moments of EastEnders '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soap 's Most Haunted ! '' . Inside Soap. 2016 ( 43 ) : 49 . 29 October -- 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 22 June 2010 ) . `` ' EastEnders ' pub to burn down in blaze '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Conder , Matt ( 15 September 2010 ) . `` Walford Web -- Walford Lite -- The Great Fire of Walford -- Behind the Scenes '' . Walford Web . Walford Web . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) The Queen Victoria BBC EastEnders profile via The Internet Archive ( hide ) EastEnders Awards and nominations Crew In popular culture Characters Present characters Past characters Spin - off characters Locations Walford The Queen Victoria Storylines The Banned The Firm Dickens Hill `` Sharongate '' `` Who Shot Phil ? '' `` Get Johnny Week '' `` The Secret Mitchell '' `` Who Killed Archie ? '' `` Who 's Been Sleeping with Kat ? '' `` Who Killed Lucy Beale ? '' Episodes Two - handers Episodes in Ireland `` Pretty Baby ... '' `` EastEnders Live '' Queen Vic Fire Week Episode 4466 EastEnders Live Week Episode 5276 Specials `` CivvyStreet '' `` EastEnders in Paris '' Dimensions in Time `` East Street '' Families Beale Branning Carter Ferreira Karim Mitchell Watts Spin - offs Television spin - offs EastEnders : E20 Kat & Alfie : Redwater characters Music Theme tune `` Anyone Can Fall in Love '' `` Every Loser Wins '' `` Something Outa Nothing '' EastEnders portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Queen_Victoria&oldid=827821339 '' Categories : EastEnders locations Fictional drinking establishments Fictional elements introduced in 1985 Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 22 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Queen%20Victoria	944
the fulcrum is located between the weight and the point of force application			Lever	lever	A lever ( / ˈliːvər / or US : / ˈlɛvər / ) is a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge , or fulcrum . A lever is a rigid body capable of rotating on a point on itself . On the basis of the location of fulcrum , load and effort , the lever is divided into three types . It is one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists . A lever amplifies an input force to provide a greater output force , which is said to provide leverage . The ratio of the output force to the input force is the mechanical advantage of the lever .	Contents 1 Etymology 2 Early use 3 Force and levers 4 Classes of levers 5 Law of the lever 6 Virtual work and the law of the lever 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` lever '' entered English about 1300 from Old French , in which the word was levier . This sprang from the stem of the verb lever , meaning `` to raise '' . The verb , in turn , goes back to the Latin levare , itself from the adjective levis , meaning `` light '' ( as in `` not heavy '' ) . The word 's primary origin is the Proto - Indo - European ( PIE ) stem legwh - , meaning `` light '' , `` easy '' or `` nimble '' , among other things . The PIE stem also gave rise to the English word `` light '' . Early use ( edit ) The earliest remaining writings regarding levers date from the 3rd century BCE and were provided by Archimedes . ' Give me a place to stand , and I shall move the Earth with it ' is a remark of Archimedes who formally stated the correct mathematical principle of levers ( quoted by Pappus of Alexandria ) . It is assumed that in ancient Egypt , constructors used the lever to move and uplift obelisks weighing more than 100 tons . Force and levers ( edit ) A lever in balance A lever is a beam connected to ground by a hinge , or pivot , called a fulcrum . The ideal lever does not dissipate or store energy , which means there is no friction in the hinge or bending in the beam . In this case , the power into the lever equals the power out , and the ratio of output to input force is given by the ratio of the distances from the fulcrum to the points of application of these forces . This is known as the law of the lever . The mechanical advantage of a lever can be determined by considering the balance of moments or torque , T , about the fulcrum . T 1 = F 1 a , ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) = F_ ( 1 ) a , \ ! ) T 2 = F 2 b ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 2 ) = F_ ( 2 ) b \ ! ) where F is the input force to the lever and F is the output force . The distances a and b are the perpendicular distances between the forces and the fulcrum . Since the moments of torque must be balanced , T 1 = T 2 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) = T_ ( 2 ) \ ! ) . So , F 1 a = F 2 b ( \ displaystyle F_ ( 1 ) a = F_ ( 2 ) b \ ! ) . The mechanical advantage of the lever is the ratio of output force to input force , M A = F 2 F 1 = a b . ( \ displaystyle MA = ( \ frac ( F_ ( 2 ) ) ( F_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( b ) ). \ ! ) This relationship shows that the mechanical advantage can be computed from ratio of the distances from the fulcrum to where the input and output forces are applied to the lever , assuming no losses due to friction , flexibility or wear . This remains true even though the horizontal distance ( perpendicular to the pull of gravity ) of both a and b change ( diminish ) as the lever changes to any position away from the horizontal . Classes of levers ( edit ) Three classes of levers Levers are classified by the relative positions of the fulcrum , effort and resistance ( or load ) . It is common to call the input force the effort and the output force the load or the resistance . This allows the identification of three classes of levers by the relative locations of the fulcrum , the resistance and the effort : Class 1 : Fulcrum in the middle : the effort is applied on one side of the fulcrum and the resistance ( or load ) on the other side , for example , a seesaw , a crowbar or a pair of scissors . Mechanical advantage may be greater than , less than , or equal to 1 . Class 2 : Resistance ( or load ) in the middle : the effort is applied on one side of the resistance and the fulcrum is located on the other side , for example , a wheelbarrow , a nutcracker , a bottle opener or the brake pedal of a car . Load arm is smaller than the effort arm . Mechanical advantage is always greater than 1 . It is also called force multiplier lever . Class 3 : Effort in the middle : the resistance ( or load ) is on one side of the effort and the fulcrum is located on the other side , for example , a pair of tweezers or the jaw . The effort arm is smaller than the load arm . Mechanical advantage is always less than 1 . It is also called speed multiplier lever . These cases are described by the mnemonic fre 123 where the fulcrum is in the middle for the 1st class lever , the r‍esistance is in the middle for the 2nd class lever , and the effort is in the middle for the 3rd class lever . Law of the lever ( edit ) The lever is a movable bar that pivots on a fulcrum attached to a fixed point . The lever operates by applying forces at different distances from the fulcrum , or a pivot . Assuming the lever does not dissipate or store energy , the power into the lever must equal the power out of the lever . As the lever rotates around the fulcrum , points farther from this pivot move faster than points closer to the pivot . Therefore , a force applied to a point farther from the pivot must be less than the force located at a point closer in , because power is the product of force and velocity . If a and b are distances from the fulcrum to points A and B and the force F applied to A is the input and the force F applied at B is the output , the ratio of the velocities of points A and B is given by a / b , so we have the ratio of the output force to the input force , or mechanical advantage , is given by M A = F B F A = a b . ( \ displaystyle MA = ( \ frac ( F_ ( B ) ) ( F_ ( A ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( b ) ) . ) This is the law of the lever , which was proven by Archimedes using geometric reasoning . It shows that if the distance a from the fulcrum to where the input force is applied ( point A ) is greater than the distance b from fulcrum to where the output force is applied ( point B ) , then the lever amplifies the input force . On the other hand , if the distance a from the fulcrum to the input force is less than the distance b from the fulcrum to the output force , then the lever reduces the input force . The use of velocity in the static analysis of a lever is an application of the principle of virtual work . Virtual work and the law of the lever ( edit ) A lever is modeled as a rigid bar connected to a ground frame by a hinged joint called a fulcrum . The lever is operated by applying an input force F at a point A located by the coordinate vector r on the bar . The lever then exerts an output force F at the point B located by r . The rotation of the lever about the fulcrum P is defined by the rotation angle θ in radians . This is an engraving from Mechanics Magazine published in London in 1824 . Let the coordinate vector of the point P that defines the fulcrum be r , and introduce the lengths a = r A − r P , b = r B − r P , ( \ displaystyle a = \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( A ) - \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( P ) , \ quad b = \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( B ) - \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( P ) , ) which are the distances from the fulcrum to the input point A and to the output point B , respectively . Now introduce the unit vectors e and e from the fulcrum to the point A and B , so r A − r P = a e A , r B − r P = b e B . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( A ) - \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( P ) = a \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( A ) , \ quad \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( B ) - \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( P ) = b \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( B ) . ) The velocity of the points A and B are obtained as v A = θ _̇ a e A ⊥ , v B = θ _̇ b e B ⊥ , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( v ) _ ( A ) = ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) a \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( A ) ^ ( \ perp ) , \ quad \ mathbf ( v ) _ ( B ) = ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) b \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( B ) ^ ( \ perp ) , ) where e and e are unit vectors perpendicular to e and e , respectively . The angle θ is the generalized coordinate that defines the configuration of the lever , and the generalized force associated with this coordinate is given by F θ = F A ⋅ ∂ v A ∂ θ _̇ − F B ⋅ ∂ v B ∂ θ _̇ = a ( F A ⋅ e A ⊥ ) − b ( F B ⋅ e B ⊥ ) = a F A − b F B , ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ theta ) = \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( A ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( v ) _ ( A ) ) ( \ partial ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ) ) - \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( B ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( v ) _ ( B ) ) ( \ partial ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ) ) = a ( \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( A ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( A ) ^ ( \ perp ) ) - b ( \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( B ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( B ) ^ ( \ perp ) ) = aF_ ( A ) - bF_ ( B ) , ) where F and F are components of the forces that are perpendicular to the radial segments PA and PB . The principle of virtual work states that at equilibrium the generalized force is zero , that is F θ = a F A − b F B = 0 . ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ theta ) = aF_ ( A ) - bF_ ( B ) = 0. \ , \ ! ) Thus , the ratio of the output force F to the input force F is obtained as M A = F B F A = a b , ( \ displaystyle MA = ( \ frac ( F_ ( B ) ) ( F_ ( A ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( b ) ) , ) which is the mechanical advantage of the lever . This equation shows that if the distance a from the fulcrum to the point A where the input force is applied is greater than the distance b from fulcrum to the point B where the output force is applied , then the lever amplifies the input force . If the opposite is true that the distance from the fulcrum to the input point A is less than from the fulcrum to the output point B , then the lever reduces the magnitude of the input force . See also ( edit ) Applied mechanics Linkage ( mechanical ) Mechanical advantage Mechanism ( engineering ) Simple machine Tipping point ( physics ) Virtual work Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Etymology of the word `` lever '' in the Online Etymological Jump up ^ Davidovits , Paul ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Physics in Biology and Medicine , Third edition . Academic Press . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 369411 - 9 . Jump up ^ Uicker , John ; Pennock , Gordon ; Shigley , Joseph ( 2010 ) . Theory of Machines and Mechanisms ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537123 - 9 . Jump up ^ Usher , A.P. ( 1929 ) . A History of Mechanical Inventions . Harvard University Press ( reprinted by Dover Publications 1988 ) . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 14359 - 0 . OCLC 514178 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Levers . Look up lever in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Lever at Diracdelta science and engineering encyclopedia A Simple Lever by Stephen Wolfram , Wolfram Demonstrations Project . 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names of super gurus of super dancer 2	Contestant From Choreographer Notes Bishal Sharma Jorhat , Assam Vaibhav Ghuge Winner Vaishnavi Prajapati Panipat , Haryana Manan Sachdeva Finalist Power card entry on 26 November 2017 Ritik Diwaker Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh Pratik Utekar Finalist Akash Thapa Dehradun , Uttarakhand Vivek Chachere Finalist Shagun Singh Bhilai , Chhattisgarh Aishwarya Radhakrishnan Eliminated on 18 March 2018 Akash Mitra Patna , Bihar Rishikaysh Jogadaand Power card entrant ( Eliminated on February 2018 ) Muskan Sharma Indore , Madhya Pradesh Paul Marshal Eliminated on 11 February 2018 Mishti Sinha Ahmednagar , Maharashtra Omkar Shinde Palden Lama Mawroh Left the show due to injury on 26 January 2018 Power card entry on 26 November 2017 Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Arushi Saxena Ludhiana , Punjab Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 14 January 2018 Vivek Jogdande Aurangabad , Maharashtra Ruel Dausan Varindani Eliminated on 19 November 2017 Jyoti Ranjan Sahu Bhubaneswar , Odisha Anuradha Iyengar Eliminated on 19 November 2017 Abir Rahman Kolkata , West Bengal Sonali Kar Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Kunal Jyoti Rabha Guwahati , Assam Palden Lama Mawroh Eliminated on 29 October 2017 Chandresh Delwar Indore , Madhya Pradesh Khushboo Gupta Eliminated on 29 October 2017		Super Dancer	super dancer	Super Dancer is an Indian Hindi kids dance reality television series , which airs on Sony Entertainment Television and Sony Entertainment Television Asia. The winner of season 1 of this series is Ditya Bhande and Bishal Sharma is the winner of Super Dancer Chapter 2 . The series is produced by Ranjeet Thakur and Hemant Ruprell for their production house Frames Production .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Season 1 2.1 Participants 2.2 Power Card Entry 3 Season 2 3.1 Participants 3.2 Power Card Entry 3.3 Robo Girl Trend 3.4 5 - Year Old Dancers 3.5 Varun 's Kind Gesture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Concept ( edit ) The show Super Dancer - Dance Ka Kal aims to find a kid prodigy who has the potential to be the future of dance . The kids are aged between 4 and 13 years of age . They are not only required to have 3Ds of dancing - Desire , Discipline and Determination - but also should be a keen learner , adaptable to all dance styles and circumstances and should be a passionate dancer with a unique personality . This show is an ideal opportunity for every kid to hone their talent and dancing skills . After the initial auditions and mega auditions , 12 Super Dancers are selected to be competing for the title of Dance Ka Kal ( future of dance ) . They are each paired with one choreographer ( Super Guru ) who has a unique style similar to theirs . These Super Gurus train them , choreograph acts for them and also perform with them . The Super Dancers perform on Saturdays and along with their choreographers on Sunday . The performances are voted by the audience every week on the website or the SonyLiv App . On the basis of the number of votes , one kid is being eliminated every week . Season 1 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Ditya Sagar Bhande Mumbai Ruel Dausan WINNER Dipali Borkar Pune Sonali Kar Finalist Masoom Narzary Guwahati Palden Lama Mawroh Finalist Yogesh Sharma Mathura Vaibhav Ghughe Finalist Laxman Kumbhar Raipur Paul Marshal Finalist Eliminated on 23 October 2016 Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Siddhanth Damedhar Aurangabad Shyam Yadav Eliminated on 23 October 2016 Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Eliminated on 26 November 2016 Ashish Das Guwahati Lipsa Acharya Eliminated on 19 November 2016 Ananya Choksi Raipur Amrita Maitra Eliminated on 12 November 2016 Varsha Mishra Agra Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Harsh Prajapati Jaipur Anuja Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Mahi Soni Chattarpur Sneha Kapoor Eliminated on 9 October 2016 Lakshay Sinha Malda Biki Das Eliminated Power Card Entry ( edit ) Five contestants - Laxman Kumbhar , Siddhanth Damedhar ( both of whom were eliminated from the show earlier ) , Lakshay Sinha ( who could n't perform earlier in the competition due to his injury ) , Tiyash Saha & Harsh Dhara ( both standby contestants ) were called back on 30 October 2016 to gain a Power Card Entry into the competition . The judges chose Laxman Kumbhar & Siddhanth Damedhar and they Re-entered the competition . Winner Ditya Sagar Bhande from Mumbai won the first season of Super dancer . Her choreographer was Ruel Dausan . Season 2 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Bishal Sharma Jorhat , Assam Vaibhav Ghuge Winner Vaishnavi Prajapati Panipat , Haryana Manan Sachdeva Finalist Power card entry on 26 November 2017 Ritik Diwaker Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh Pratik Utekar Finalist Akash Thapa Dehradun , Uttarakhand Vivek Chachere Finalist Shagun Singh Bhilai , Chhattisgarh Aishwarya Radhakrishnan Eliminated on 18 March 2018 Akash Mitra Patna , Bihar Rishikaysh Jogadaand Power card entrant ( Eliminated on February 2018 ) Muskan Sharma Indore , Madhya Pradesh Paul Marshal Eliminated on 11 February 2018 Mishti Sinha Ahmednagar , Maharashtra Omkar Shinde Palden Lama Mawroh Left the show due to injury on 26 January 2018 Power card entry on 26 November 2017 Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Arushi Saxena Ludhiana , Punjab Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 14 January 2018 Vivek Jogdande Aurangabad , Maharashtra Ruel Dausan Varindani Eliminated on 19 November 2017 Jyoti Ranjan Sahu Bhubaneswar , Odisha Anuradha Iyengar Eliminated on 19 November 2017 Abir Rahman Kolkata , West Bengal Sonali Kar Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Kunal Jyoti Rabha Guwahati , Assam Palden Lama Mawroh Eliminated on 29 October 2017 Chandresh Delwar Indore , Madhya Pradesh Khushboo Gupta Eliminated on 29 October 2017 Power Card Entry ( edit ) Three contestants , Vaishnavi Prajapati from Panipat with her Super Guru Manan , Akash Mitra from Patna with his Super Guru Rishikesh Jogdand and Mishti Sinha from Ahmednagar with her Super Guru Palden Lama Mowroh took a return on Power Card Entry . With top 9 , voting started . For almost 6 weeks at a stretch , there was not a single elimination on the show . Firstly , Arushi Saxena ( known as all rounder of the show ) had to leave the show by normal elimination and provided the show Super 8 . Mishti Sinha had to bid goodbye to the show due to an injury in her leg . Doctors suggested her to have respite and show got Super 7 . Robo girl trend ( edit ) Muskan Sharma termed as `` robotic girl '' of the show had set a trend of perfect indomitable robotics . She pursued such a different and tough dance form making many persons her fan . She performed robotics with contemporary and salsa which gave her a distinct look . Appreciated , she was said as trendsetter by shilpa shetty as the incredible girl invigorated and emboldened many other girls to chase robotics . Her Super Guru Paul always tried to present a message in her dance in which they were invincible . But voted less till super 7 , she was eliminated . 5 - year old Dancers ( edit ) Akash Mitra is an amazing child on the show . He is super cute and seems to be Anurag Basu 's favorite . He is always indifferent to all the situations and is termed as `` God Ka Favourite Bachcha '' . With his Super Guru Rishikesh , this 5 year old showcase his talent in many styles . He is majorly seen in feud with his friend Vaishnavi. he later got eliminated just before top 5 . Vaishnavi is a 5 year old talented girl on the show who gets tickled easily . Judges were shocked when they come to know about her handicapped but willing mentor . She and her Super Guru Manan does simple but effective acts on the stage without getting encumbered . Varun 's kind gesture ( edit ) Moved by the plight of one of the contestants Ritik Diwaker , bollywood actor Varun Dhawan decides to sponsor the 11 - year - old boy 's education . In the day of grand finale , Ritik danced on a medley of songs , including `` Bulleya '' , `` Dil Diyan Gallan '' and the title track of Dangal , and Varun was impressed . He 's seen some of his earlier acts too and was bowled over by his happy feet . When he learnt that Ritik 's father , Gaurishankar Diwaker , is unable to work as his left hand is nonfunctional , Varun decided to help the child as he did n't want his studies to suffer . See also ( edit ) Super Dancer Season 2 : Winner Name 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Super Dancer Chapter 2 : Bishal Sharma from Assam wins the show , '' The GenX Times , 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's four new shows from different genres '' . Indian Television . 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Dancer Official Site '' . superdancer.sonyliv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` VARUN DHAWAN TO SPONSOR SUPER DANCER 2 CONTESTANT RITIK DIWAKER 'S EDUCATION '' . Mumbai Mirror . Indian Times . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Drama Ek Deewaana Tha Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai Porus Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi , Rahasya Bhi Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Dancer&oldid=841002431 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series 2016 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian dance television shows Indian reality television series Television shows set in Mumbai Sony Entertainment Television series Frames Production series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 12 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Dancer	675
who did rob lowe play in the stand	The townspeople are taken to a CDC facility in Vermont . All but Stu succumb to the superflu , which kills 99.4 % of the world 's population in two weeks . The scattered survivors include would - be rock star Larry Underwood ( Adam Storke ) ; deaf mute Nick Andros ( Rob Lowe ) ; Frannie Goldsmith ( Molly Ringwald ) and her unborn child from Jesse , her boyfriend prior to the plague ; her teenaged neighbor Harold Lauder ( Corin Nemec ) ; imprisoned criminal Lloyd Henreid ( Miguel Ferrer ) ; and `` Trashcan Man '' ( Matt Frewer ) , a mentally ill arsonist and scavenger . The survivors soon begin having visions , either from kindly Mother Abagail ( Ruby Dee ) or from the demonic Randall Flagg ( Jamey Sheridan ) . The two sets of survivors are instructed in dreams to either travel to Nebraska to meet Abagail , or to Las Vegas to join Flagg .	Nick Andros	The Stand ( miniseries )	the stand ( miniseries )	The Stand is a 1994 American television horror miniseries based on the novel of the same name by Stephen King . King also wrote the teleplay and has a minor role in the series . It was directed by Mick Garris and stars Gary Sinise , Miguel Ferrer , Rob Lowe , Ossie Davis , Ruby Dee , Jamey Sheridan , Laura San Giacomo , Molly Ringwald , Corin Nemec , Adam Storke , Ray Walston , and Matt Frewer . It originally aired on ABC starting on May 8 , 1994 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Releases 4.1 Original broadcast 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Credits and personnel 6 Reception 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 1994 Casting Society of America ( Artios ) 7.2 1994 Emmy Awards 7.3 1995 Screen Actors Guild Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On June 13 , at a top - secret government laboratory in rural California , a weaponized version of influenza is accidentally released . A guard escapes the lab and begins traveling across the country to his family home in East Texas , unintentionally spreading the virus along the way . On June 17th , he crashes his car into a gas station in the town of Arnette , where Stu Redman ( Gary Sinise ) and some friends have gathered . As the man lays dying , he warns Redman that he had been pursued by a `` Dark Man . '' The next day , the U.S. military arrives to quarantine the town . The townspeople are taken to a CDC facility in Vermont . All but Stu succumb to the superflu , which kills 99.4 % of the world 's population in two weeks . The scattered survivors include would - be rock star Larry Underwood ( Adam Storke ) ; deaf mute Nick Andros ( Rob Lowe ) ; Frannie Goldsmith ( Molly Ringwald ) and her unborn child from Jesse , her boyfriend prior to the plague ; her teenaged neighbor Harold Lauder ( Corin Nemec ) ; imprisoned criminal Lloyd Henreid ( Miguel Ferrer ) ; and `` Trashcan Man '' ( Matt Frewer ) , a mentally ill arsonist and scavenger . The survivors soon begin having visions , either from kindly Mother Abagail ( Ruby Dee ) or from the demonic Randall Flagg ( Jamey Sheridan ) . The two sets of survivors are instructed in dreams to either travel to Nebraska to meet Abagail , or to Las Vegas to join Flagg . As their journeys begin , Lloyd is freed from prison by Flagg in exchange for becoming his second in command . Trashcan Man , a pyromaniac , destroys fuel tanks across the Midwest and is directed to Las Vegas . Larry escapes New York City with a mysterious woman named Nadine Cross ( Laura San Giacomo ) . Despite their mutual attraction , Nadine is unable to consummate a relationship with Larry because of her visions of Flagg , who commands her to join him ; she leaves Larry to travel on her own . After escaping the CDC facility , Stu gathers a group of survivors , including Frannie , Harold , and Glen Bateman ( Ray Walston ) . They are later joined by various other immune survivors . As the group travels toward Nebraska , Harold is consumed with jealousy over Stu 's leadership of the group and his growing relationship with Frannie , on whom Harold has an unrequited crush . Meanwhile , Nick makes his way across the Midwest , eventually meeting Tom Cullen ( Bill Fagerbakke ) , a mentally challenged man . The two men encounter Julie Lawry ( Shawnee Smith ) , a vicious girl who vows to kill them when they refuse to let her join them . Eventually Nick 's group reaches Abagail 's farm in Hemingford Home , Nebraska . She warns that a great conflict is imminent and they must all travel on to Boulder , Colorado . There , the survivors form a new community called the Boulder Free Zone , where they begin restoring civilization . Flagg sets up an autocratic regime in Las Vegas , with the intent of defeating the Boulder survivors using salvaged nuclear weapons . Frannie feels increasing anxiety because she is unsure whether her baby will be immune to the superflu . Harold 's resentment towards Stu and Frannie intensifies , causing him to be seduced by Nadine and join forces with Flagg . Abagail , convinced that she has fallen into the sin of pride , leaves Boulder to walk in the wilderness . Three Boulder survivors are chosen to infiltrate Las Vegas : Tom , Dayna Jurgens ( Kellie Overbey ) , and Judge Farris ( Ossie Davis ) . They hypnotize Tom to follow a set of instructions , including that he leave Las Vegas at the next full moon . Harold and Nadine plant a bomb in Frannie and Stu 's home , planning to set it off during a meeting of the Free Zone council . A weakened Abagail returns to town and gives a psychic warning to the council members at the meeting . The warning allows most of the council to escape the explosion , but Nick is killed . Before she passes away , Abagail tells Stu , Larry , Glen , Frannie and fellow council member Ralph Brentner that they must travel to Las Vegas to confront Flagg . When Nadine and Harold flee , Flagg causes Harold to be seriously injured in a motorcycle accident . Nadine leaves him with broken legs . He kills himself with a gun the next day . Flagg calls Nadine to him . She tries to escape and tells him no when he wants to consummate their relationship . Flagg tells her it is too late to say no and forces himself on her . Nadine is unresponsive following the attack by Flagg . Upon returning to Las Vegas , an increasingly unstable Flagg finds Dayna , who kills herself rather than give up information . He intercepts Farris , who is accidentally killed before he can be tortured . Tom leaves Las Vegas when the moon is full , but Julie recognizes him ; she tries to alert Flagg , but Tom escapes into the desert and hides from Flagg and his men . Shortly afterwards , a crazed Nadine taunts Flagg and commits suicide with the unholy fetus he conceived in her . With winter fast approaching , Stu , Larry , Glen , and Ralph leave Boulder to set out on their quest . Stu breaks his leg and must stay behind . The remaining three are captured by Flagg 's forces . Glen is separated from Larry and Ralph . Flagg orders Lloyd to kill Glen after he taunts Flagg . As Larry and Ralph endure a show trial on Fremont Street , Trashcan Man arrives with a stolen nuclear weapon . Flagg is unable to stop a spectral hand from detonating the bomb as the voice of Abagail declares that God 's promise has been kept . Las Vegas is destroyed and Flagg is apparently killed . Stu is rescued by Tom , who takes him to a nearby cabin to heal his leg as winter sets in . They eventually return to Boulder in the midst of a blinding snow storm . Frannie gives birth to a baby which is determined to have the superflu , but the infant survives . Assured that the immune survivors can safely reproduce , the inhabitants of Boulder set to work rebuilding the world . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Stand characters Gary Sinise as Stu Redman Molly Ringwald as Frannie Goldsmith Jamey Sheridan as Randall Flagg Laura San Giacomo as Nadine Cross Ruby Dee as Mother Abagail Freemantle Ossie Davis as Judge Richard Farris Miguel Ferrer as Lloyd Henreid Corin Nemec as Harold Lauder Matt Frewer as Trashcan Man Adam Storke as Larry Underwood Ray Walston as Glen Bateman Rob Lowe as Nick Andros Bill Fagerbakke as Tom Cullen Peter Van Norden as Ralph Brentner Bridgit Ryan as Lucy Swann Rick Aviles as Rat Man Max Wright as Dr. Herbert Denninger Shawnee Smith as Julie Lawry Cynthia Garris as Susan Stern Richard Jewkes as Dick Ellis Sarah Schaub as Gina McKone William Newman as Dr. Soames Kareem Abdul - Jabbar as The Monster Shouter Warren Frost as Dr. George Richardson John Bloom as Deputy Joe - Bob Troy Evans as Sheriff Johnny Baker Stephen King as Teddy Weizak John Landis as Russ Dorr Dan Martin as Rich Moffat John Dunbar as Dave Roberts Sam Raimi as Bobby Terry Chuck Adamson as Barry Dorgan Kellie Overbey as Dayna Jurgens Ray McKinnon as Charlie D. Campion Tom Holland as Carl Hough David Kirk Chambers as Brad Kitchner Kathy Bates as Rae Flowers ( uncredited ) Ed Harris as Gen. Bill Starkey ( uncredited ) Sherman Howard as Dr. Dietz Ken Jenkins as Peter Goldsmith Richard Lineback as Poke Freeman Sam Anderson as Whitney Horgan Leo Geter as Chad Norris Patrick Kilpatrick as Ray Booth Jordan Lund as Bill Hapscomb Jesse Bennett as Vic Palfrey Jim Haynie as Deputy Kingsolving Billy L. Sullivan as Joe Hope Marie Carlton as Sally Campion Mary Ethel Gregory as Alice Underwood Britney Lewis as Arlene Moses Gunn had originally been cast as Judge Farris , but shortly after filming had commenced his health declined , and he died shortly after that . Ossie Davis , who was present at the filming because his wife , Ruby Dee , was playing Mother Abagail , took over the role of Judge Farris . Having both starred in previous film adaptations of King 's works , Ed Harris and Kathy Bates both had small , uncredited roles in the early parts of the series . Bates 's character , Rae Flowers , was originally a man ( Ray Flowers ) , but when Bates became available , King - who wanted her to play the part - rewrote the role as a woman . Harris plays the Army general in charge of the original bio-weapons project who kills himself after the failure of the disease containment . Rob Lowe had been originally considered for the role of Larry Underwood , but Garris felt that having him in the more unusual role of the deaf and mute Nick Andros would better suit the production ( Lowe has been deaf in his right ear since childhood ) . Adam Storke ended up with the role of Underwood , where his musical skills were an asset . Miguel Ferrer , who played Lloyd Henreid , was originally interested in the role of Randall Flagg , but the sights for that part were initially set on actors such as Christopher Walken , Jeff Goldblum , Willem Dafoe , and James Woods . Stephen King wanted someone the audience `` was n't terribly familiar with '' . After Ferrer heard that Jamey Sheridan had been offered the part but was n't sure it was something he wanted to do , Ferrer convinced him to take the part . Production ( edit ) Production Designer Nelson Coates , who garnered an Emmy nomination for his design work , created all 225 sets for the miniseries . Faced with prices of $40 per stalk for New York - made fake cornstalks , Coates opted instead to grow 3,250 cornstalks as a cost - cutting measure ; when a winter storm hit Utah , the reproduction of a Nebraska house with cornfield became complicated by the fact that the harsh weather did not allow the corn crop to grow taller than 4 feet . Signs at Rae Flowers ' radio station feature the logo of WZON , a real - life radio station in Bangor , Maine , owned by King . Originally , parts of the miniseries were to be filmed on location in Boulder , Colorado . After the passage of Colorado Amendment 2 , which nullified local gay rights laws , the production was moved to Utah due to protests . Releases ( edit ) Original broadcast ( edit ) Part Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` The Plague '' Mick Garris Stephen King May 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 08 ) `` The Dreams '' Mick Garris Stephen King May 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 09 ) `` The Betrayal '' Mick Garris Stephen King May 11 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 11 ) `` The Stand '' Mick Garris Stephen King May 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 12 ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Stephen King 's The Stand ( Original Television Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album ( Digital download ) / Audio CD by W.G. Snuffy Walden Released May 24 , 1994 Length 46 : 40 Label Varèse Sarabande Credits and personnel ( edit ) Music composed by W.G. Snuffy Walden Executive producer : Robert Townson Produced by W.G. Snuffy Walden Music recorded and mixed by Ray Pyle and Avram Kipper at O'Henry Studios , Devonshire Studios and Taylor Made Studios Music editor : Allan K. Rosen Synclavier programming by Mark Morgan Orchestrations by Don Davis and John Dickson Scoring contractors : Paul Zimmitti and Debbi Datz Principal musicians : Guitar : W.G. Snuffy Walden and Dean Parks Piano : Randy Kerber Percussion : Michael Fisher Woodwinds : Jon Clarke Violin : Charlie Bisharat Reception ( edit ) The film was met with generally positive reviews . John J. O'Connor at the New York Times wrote , `` A great deal of time and money has gone into this production , and it 's right up there on the screen ... The nagging problem at the heart of `` The Stand '' is that once the story settles early on into its schematic oppositions of good versus evil , sweet old Mother Abagail versus satanic Flagg , monotony begins to seep through the superstructure ... Muddled , certainly , but Stephen King 's ' The Stand ' is clever enough to keep you wondering what could possibly happen next . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1994 Casting Society of America ( Artios ) ( edit ) Won -- Best Mini Series Casting : Lynn Kressel 1994 Emmy Awards ( edit ) Won -- Outstanding Makeup For A Miniseries , Movie Or A Special : Steve Johnson , Bill Corso , David Dupuis , Joel Harlow , Camille Calvet Won -- Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Miniseries or a Movie : Grand Maxwell , Michael Ruschak , Richard Schexnayder , Don Summer Nominated -- Outstanding Art Direction For A Miniseries , Or Movie : Nelson Coates , Burton Rencher , Michael Perry , Susan Benjamin Nominated -- Outstanding Cinematography For A Miniseries Or Movie : Edward J. Pei Nominated -- Outstanding Miniseries : Richard P. Rubinstein , Stephen King , Mitchell Galin , Peter R. McIntosh Nominated -- Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) : W.G. Walden 1995 Screen Actors Guild Awards ( edit ) Nominated -- Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries : Gary Sinise See also ( edit ) State of nature References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , John J. ( May 6 , 1994 ) . `` TV Weekend ; A Plague and Its Effects '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Stephen King , Mick Garris ( 1999 ) . Stephen King 's The Stand ( DVD ) . Artisan . Jump up ^ Michael Booth. `` 5 Points a star : Hollywood action invades Denver neighborhood '' , The Denver Post , August 27 , 1994 , page A1 . Jump up ^ Dusty Saundes . `` Amendment 2 Drives Film 's Makers Away '' Rocky Mountain News , May 8 , 1994 External links ( edit ) The Stand on IMDb Films directed by Mick Garris Fuzzbucket ( 1986 ) Critters 2 : The Main Course ( 1988 ) Psycho IV : The Beginning ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) Virtual Obsession ( 1998 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Stephen King 's Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Nightmare Cinema ( 2018 ) Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) Elevation ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; 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the cast of the movie rules don't apply			Rules Do n't Apply	rules don't apply	Rules Do n't Apply is a 2016 American romantic comedy - drama film written , co-produced and directed by Warren Beatty . The ensemble cast features Beatty , Annette Bening , Matthew Broderick , Lily Collins and Alden Ehrenreich .	Set in 1958 Hollywood , the film follows the romantic relationship between a young actress and her driver , which is forbidden by their employer , Howard Hughes . The film had its world premiere as the opening film of the AFI Fest on November 10 , 2016 , and was theatrically released in the United States on November 23 , 2016 by 20th Century Fox . It received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb , grossing just $3.9 million against its $25 million budget . The film was nominated for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical for Lily Collins at the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Distribution 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Release 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This film 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1964 Acapulco , Frank Forbes , Levar Mathis , and Nadine Henly are anxiously pushing their employer , Howard Hughes , to phone in to a press conference . The story cuts back to 1958 Los Angeles , with Frank picking up Marla Mabrey , a devout Baptist beauty queen from Virginia , alongside her strict mother Lucy . Marla is under contract with Hughes ' RKO Pictures , receiving $400 a week ( $3,320 today ) and living in a beautiful home . Frank becomes Marla 's main driver , chauffeuring her to the singing and dancing classes set up for Hughes ' current retinue of 26 contract starlets . Marla is patiently waiting for her screen test for Stella Starlight , a film project she has been promised . She and Lucy are frustrated by delays , compounded by the fact that they have yet to meet Hughes . Marla befriends fellow RKO starlet Mamie , whose ex-boyfriend , Richard Miskin , keeps trying to reconnect . Levar regularly reminds Frank that the starlets are not to have boyfriends , and the chauffeurs must avoid any friendships with the girls . Frank , like Marla , is devoutly religious , occasionally going home to Fresno to see his fiancée Sarah . He and Sarah have secretly had sex , which the two believe makes them effectively husband and wife already . When Lucy decides that they should return to Virginia , Marla sends Lucy away and continues waiting for her screen test . With her mother gone , Frank and Marla develop a deep connection . He lets her drive the car , shares his dreams , even tells her the full detail of his relationship with Sarah when Marla confides that she is a virgin . Marla eventually shares that she worries that she does n't conform to the Hollywood `` rules '' of being a great singer ( though she does write songs ) , or dancer , or having a big bosom . Frank tells her that the rules do n't apply to her . Marla finally meets with Hughes in a private bungalow . She turns down his offer of a drink , as she has never had alcohol , then talks frankly with him about her aspirations to act . Hughes calls his executive secretary , Nadine , to set up Marla 's screen test . Frank has his own first meeting with Hughes later that night , during which Hughes takes an immediate liking to him and brings Frank into his inner circle of staff . Hughes is behaving strangely , becoming very reclusive . His minority shareholders at Trans World Airlines ( TWA ) openly disagree with how he runs the company , and he worries that they may try to have him committed so that they can control the company . When his right - hand - man , Noah Dietrich , upsets Hughes by suggesting he see a psychiatrist , Hughes gets legal advice that he should get married so that his `` wife '' can refuse to sign any commitment papers . Marla 's screen test is a meaningless façade . At her house , Marla sings Frank a song she wrote for him , leading to them sharing a passionate kiss . They quickly stop themselves , but Marla tells him that she feels like an adulterer , as she agrees that Frank is effectively married to Sarah , but Frank says that he is going to Fresno to break up with Sarah . While Frank is gone , Marla is called to another late night meeting with Hughes . She is very upset about Frank and consumes her first alcohol . When Hughes finally joins her , a very drunk Marla tells him how special he is . She performs her song for Hughes , who becomes emotional and suddenly proposes marriage , resulting in them having sex . The next day , Frank is devastated when she reveals that she is engaged to someone ( she does n't say who ) and rudely dismisses him . Within days , Hughes marries Jean Peters to protect him from being committed , fires Noah and hires Robert Maheu to be the CEO of his companies . Maheu warns him that the TWA shareholders could force Hughes to physically appear in court on charges of mismanaging TWA . Marla is upset with herself for believing Hughes ' proposal and having sex with him . When she later informs Hughes that she is pregnant with his child , he reacts by suggesting she is lying and looking for money . She is again very dismissive and rude to Frank , then returns to Virginia . Hughes takes his entourage out of the U.S. , becoming more and more reclusive . When the U.S. courts decide in favor of the minority TWA shareholders , with a judgement for $645 million , Hughes has to sell his most cherished asset , his father 's original Hughes Tool Company , to pay off the debt . The story cuts back to 1964 , with Frank , Levar , and Nadine waiting for Hughes to make his call to the U.S. press . It concerns a book written by Miskin , Mamie 's ex-boyfriend , who claims to have interviewed Hughes in person and that Hughes has complete dementia , which could cost him the rest of his empire . Marla suddenly arrives with Matt , her and Hughes ' five - year - old , with news that Mamie is ready to confirm in court that Miskin never met Hughes -- so Hughes does not need to take the call . When he learns that Matt is there , he finds the strength to make the phone call . Hughes talks in great detail about many current and past events -- proving he is lucid -- then confirms that he has never met Miskin . Frank immediately quits his job , goes after Marla and Matt , and the three leave together to live as a family in Los Angeles . Cast ( edit ) Warren Beatty as Howard Hughes Louise Linton as Betty Lily Collins as Marla Mabrey Alden Ehrenreich as Frank Forbes Annette Bening as Lucy Mabrey Matthew Broderick as Levar Mathis Alec Baldwin as Robert Maheu Haley Bennett as Mamie Murphy Candice Bergen as Nadine Henly Dabney Coleman as Raymond Holliday Steve Coogan as Colonel Nigel Briggs Ed Harris as Mr. Bransford Megan Hilty as Sally Oliver Platt as Mr. Forester Martin Sheen as Noah Dietrich Paul Sorvino as Vernon Scott Taissa Farmiga as Sarah Bransford Amy Madigan as Mrs. Bransford Paul Schneider as Richard Miskin Chace Crawford as Young Actor Patrick Fischler as Director Ron Perkins as Senator Ferguson Peter Mackenzie as Gene Handsaker Julio Oscar Mechoso as President Somoza Evan O'Toole as Matt Mabrey Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On June 20 , 2011 , Paramount Pictures announced that Warren Beatty would write , direct and star in an untitled film , his first directorial effort since 1998 's Bulworth and his first acting role since 2001 's Town & Country . Beatty had been working on a biopic based on Howard Hughes ' life for more than 40 years , after seeing him in a hotel lobby in the early 1970s and being fascinated by him . The screenplay was written by Beatty , based on a story by himself and two - time Oscar - winning screenwriter Bo Goldman . On September 16 , 2011 , Paramount dropped the project and New Regency Pictures picked it up . The film then stayed in the development stages for almost three years . On February 24 , 2014 , it was reported that New Regency and RatPac Entertainment were producing and financing the film , with a $26.7 million budget ( $25 million after taxes ) . Casting ( edit ) Beatty began looking for an ensemble cast for the film in June 2011 , with him playing the role of Howard Hughes . He met with Andrew Garfield , Alec Baldwin , Annette Bening , Shia LaBeouf , Jack Nicholson , Evan Rachel Wood , and Rooney Mara to co-star . On November 14 , 2011 , Felicity Jones was cast as the female lead , but later dropped out of the role , due to production delays . Justin Timberlake and Alden Ehrenreich were up for the male lead , while Bening , Nicholson , Baldwin , and Owen Wilson were rumored for other roles . By February 2014 , Beatty had cast Alden Ehrenreich , Lily Collins , Matthew Broderick , and Annette Bening among the ensemble . Collins portrays a young actress named Marla Mabrey , and Ehrenreich co-stars as Frank Forbes , assistant to Hughes , and who along with Hughes , becomes romantically involved with Mabrey . On February 27 , 2014 , it was reported that Candice Bergen had joined the supporting cast , portraying Hughes ' secretary Nadine Henly . On March 6 , 2014 , Martin Sheen was cast in an unknown role , later confirmed to be Noah Dietrich . Taissa Farmiga later joined the cast as Frank 's fiancée Sarah Bransford . In April 2014 , Brooklyn Decker revealed that Beatty had asked her to improvise on the film , but she did not know if her scenes would make the final cut . On May 9 , 2014 , Alec Baldwin joined the cast , portraying Robert Maheu , the reclusive billionaire 's lawyer . In March 2015 , The New York Times reported that Dabney Coleman would co-star in an unspecified role . In February 2016 , Steve Coogan 's casting in the film was reported . That same month , Farmiga revealed in an interview that Ed Harris and Amy Madigan would be portraying her character 's parents . In April 2016 , the casting of Josh Casaubon was reported . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the film began on February 24 , 2014 in Los Angeles , California . Studio production took place at the Sunset Gower Studios in Hollywood . On location filming took place at multiple venues , including S. Grand Avenue , Musso & Frank Grill , and the Millennium Biltmore Hotel . It was reported that production had been completed on June 8 , 2014 , after 74 filming days . Additional filming took place in late February 2015 . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) The first production still from the film , featuring Collins and Bening , was released by Elle in October 2014 . Images of Collins , Ehrenreich , and Beatty were released on May 18 , 2016 . In August 2016 , Entertainment Weekly released another image from the film , featuring Ehrenreich and Beatty . Release ( edit ) In April 2016 , it was announced that 20th Century Fox would distribute the film with New Regency Pictures , with a planned fall 2016 release . Rules Do n't Apply had its world premiere at the AFI Fest on November 10 , 2016 . The film was originally scheduled for release on November 11 , 2016 , but was pushed back two weeks and released on November 23 , 2016 . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on Amazon Video and iTunes on February 14 , 2017 , and Blu - ray and DVD in the United States on February 28 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Rules Do n't Apply was unsuccessful financially . Rules Do n't Apply opened alongside Moana , Allied and Bad Santa 2 , and was initially expected to gross $3 -- 5 million in its opening weekend and $7 -- 9 million over its first five days , from 2,382 theaters . However , the film made $65,000 from Tuesday night previews at 1,100 theaters , and just $315,000 on its first day ( for a per - theater average of $129 ) , and five - day projections were lowered to $2.2 million . The film ended up grossing $1.6 million in its opening weekend ( with a five - day total of $2.2 million ) , finishing 12th at the box office . It marked the worst Thanksgiving debut ever for a wide release and 6th worst opening ever for a film playing in more than 2,000 theaters . In its second weekend , the film grossed $543,058 ( a drop of 65.8 % ) , with a per - theater average of $233 from 2,386 screens , finishing 17th at the box office and marking one of the biggest second - weekend drops of all time . In the film 's third weekend , it grossed $37,215 ( a drop of 93.1 % ) , with a per - theater average of $209 . The film closed on December 22 , 2016 , ending its domestic run with $3.7 million . Critical response ( edit ) Rules Do n't Apply received mixed reviews from critics . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 55 % , based on 153 reviews , with an average score of 5.8 / 10 . The critical consensus reads , `` With Rules Do n't Apply , Warren Beatty takes an overall affable -- but undeniably slight -- look at a corner of old Hollywood under Howard Hughes ' distinctive shadow . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 60 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B - '' on an A+ to F scale . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` At once an amusingly eccentric take on a billionaire fixated with controlling other people 's lives and a romance about a young couple constipated by the conservative religious and social sexual mores of the 1950s , this is a fitfully funny quasi-farce that takes off promisingly , loses its way mid-flight and comes in for a bumpy but safe landing . '' Variety critic Peter Debruge wrote , `` Warren Beatty certainly took his time in getting this sprawling Spruce Goose of a movie off the ground , as the romance distracts from the Howard Hughes portrait , or vice versa . '' The Guardian 's Jordan Hoffman awarded the film 3 / 5 stars , writing , `` The legend 's odd and energetic film is a mix of fun , sadness and fatigue , and while not everything falls into place , it has its share of entertainment . '' Simon Thompson of IGN gave the film a 6 / 10 and wrote , `` It 's an odd beast of a movie that sometimes works perfectly and is absolutely enchanting and then at other times just feels leaden and either half - baked or overdone . The story is great , there is some snappy dialogue and some nicely drawn characters and the cast ca n't be faulted ( ... ) but unlike directors such as the Coen brothers , Beatty fails to make it pop and , in most cases , criminally underutilizes them -- this does both them and the film a disservice . '' David Palmer of The Reel Deal gave the film a rating of 3 / 10 , writing , `` As someone who appreciates Warren Beatty 's place and contribution to Hollywood history , I hope and pray he appears in at least one more great film , because ending his career on something as poorly assembled and downright boring as Rules Do n't Apply would be devastating . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Critics ' Choice Awards December 11 , 2016 Best Song `` The Rules Do n't Apply '' -- Eddie Arkin and Lorraine Feather Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 8 , 2017 Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Lily Collins Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 6 , 2016 New Hollywood Award Won Hollywood Costume Design Award Albert Wolsky Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Song -- Feature Film `` The Rules Do n't Apply '' -- Eddie Arkin and Lorraine Feather Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 12 , 2016 Breakthrough Artist Alden Ehrenreich ( also for Hail , Caesar ! ) Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rules Do n't Apply ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Lily Collins Says Warren Beatty 's Howard Hughes Film Is About `` the Trials and Tribulations '' of 1950s Hollywood `` . Collider.com . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Warren Beatty 's ' Rules Do n't Apply ' To World Premiere As AFI Fest Opening Night '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rules Do n't Apply ' Trailer : First Look At Warren Beatty 's Star - Studded Film '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Warren Beatty Returning to Filmmaking With Paramount Project '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Beatty 's Big Return to Hollywood : The Real Reason for His 13 - Year Disappearance ! '' . Closer . November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Paul ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` Warren Beatty puts his reputation on the line ( again ) with Howard Hughes biopic '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rules Do n't Apply '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ L. Weinstein , Joshua ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Paramount Drops Warren Beatty Movie , New Regency Picks It Up '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Warren Beatty 's Long - Gestating Howard Hughes Film Begins Production ; Alden Ehrenreich and Lily Collins to Star '' . Collider.com . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Warren Beatty 's Untitled Howard Hughes Pic Finally Takes Flight Financed By Billionaire Boys ' Club ; Ehrenreich , Collins To Star In Love Story ; Bening And Broderick Also In '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Fox & New Regency Setting Fall Release For Warren Beatty 's Howard Hughes Movie '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Warren Beatty Playing Howard Hughes , Great Cast Circling '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Felicity Jones To Star In Warren Beatty 's Howard Hughes Film '' . / Film . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Lily Collins Replaces Felicity Jones in Warren Beaty 's Howard Hughes Biopic ; Alden Ehrenreich Also In '' . Up and Comers . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Like Crazy 's Felicity Jones Is Warren Beatty 's Choice For Howard Hughes Film '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Candice Bergen Joins Warren Beatty 's `` Howard Hughes '' Movie `` . Showbiz411 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Martin Sheen Joins Cast Of Warren Beatty 's Howard Hughes Movie '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grey , Nathaniel ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` Coming to Theatres : Taissa Farmiga to Work with Warren Beatty '' . FrontiersLA . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Brooklyn Decker on Her ' Horrible ' Modeling Experiences , Marriage , and Cracking Hollywood '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Alec Baldwin Joins Warren Beatty 's Untitled Howard Hughes Project '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cieply , Michael ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` If Warren Beatty Is Directing , Shooting Can Wait . For Years . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Berlin : Paul Rudd , Steve Coogan to Play Married Couple in ' An Ideal Home ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Brown , Emma ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Taissa Farmiga Takes the Stage '' . Interview . Jump up ^ `` Who Is Kris Hall on ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' '' . 2paragraphs.com. April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Warren Beatty Begins Work on Howard Hughes Film with Alden Ehrenreich '' . Rope of Silicon . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Beatty moving forward with long - gestating Howard Hughes film '' . Daily Express . February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday , May 2 Filming Locations for The Untitled Warren Beatty Project , The Kroll Show , Law & Order : SVU , How & Why , and more ! '' . On Location Vacations . May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich impresses big names on the way to playing ' Hail , Caesar ! ' cowboy '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` Filming List -- Feature Films '' ( PDF ) . Millennium Biltmore Hotel . December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` Warren Beatty Wraps 74 Day Shoot on Howard Hughes Movie '' . Showbiz411 . Jump up ^ `` Women In Hollywood Honorees '' . Elle . October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` First ' Rules Do n't Apply ' Images Reveal Warren Beatty 's First Film in 18 Years '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Warren Beatty as Howard Hughes : See the exclusive first look of Rules Do n't Apply '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Movie Preview 2016 : ' Fantastic Beasts , ' ' Rogue One , ' and 76 Other Films '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` CinemaCon : Warren Beatty 's Howard Hughes Film to Get Fall Release From Fox , New Regency '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Warren Beatty 's Howard Hughes Movie ' Rules Do n't Apply ' to Open AFI Fest '' . Variety . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Warren Beatty 's Howard Hughes Movie Gets November Release '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murthi , Vikram ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rules Do n't Apply ' Trailer : Warren Beatty Stars as Howard Hughes In 1950 's Hollywood Rom - Com '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rules Do n't Apply '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Over schedule , over budget and overly ambitious : how Warren Beatty became the king of Hollywood flops Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Will ' Moana ' Slay ' Fantastic Beasts ' Over The Thanksgiving Stretch ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Moana ' Hooks Record $2.6 Million Tuesday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Moana ' Owns Thanksgiving Holiday ; Warren Beatty 's ' Rules Do n't Apply ' Bombs '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Rings Up $81 M+ & Ranks As 2nd Best Thanksgiving Debut After ' Frozen ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Keeps Fire Going In Chilly December Weekend ; ' Manchester ' & ' Jackie ' Bask In Awards Season Rays '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Shuts ' Office Christmas Party ' Out Of No. 1 , But Raunchy Comedy Loud With $17 M+ -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rules Do n't Apply ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rules Do n't Apply reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Sets Sights on $80 + Million 5 - Day Thanksgiving Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rules Do n't Apply ' : Film Review -- AFI Fest '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Film Review : ' Rules Do n't Apply ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Rules Do n't Apply review -- Warren Beatty as Howard Hughes : a strangely compelling vanity project '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Simon ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Rules Do n't Apply Review '' . IGN . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmer , David ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rules Do n't Apply ' a Boring , Disappointing Return for Warren Beatty '' . The Reel Deal . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2017 : La La Land , Moonlight , Arrival lead movie nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Kidman , Hugh Grant , Naomie Harris and Lily Collins to be Honored '' . Hollywood Film Awards . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` San Diego Film Critics Society Nominations 2016 '' . AwardsDaily.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Rules Do n't Apply on IMDb Rules Do n't Apply at Box Office Mojo Rules Do n't Apply at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Warren Beatty Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Reds ( 1981 ) Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) Bulworth ( 1998 ) Rules Do n't Apply ( 2016 ) Howard Hughes Aviation Hughes Aircraft Company Spruce Goose H - 1 Racer Hughes Airwest Trans World Airlines Films directed Hell 's Angels ( 1930 ) The Outlaw ( 1943 ) Films produced Two Arabian Knights ( 1927 ) The Racket ( 1928 ) The Mating Call ( 1928 ) The Front Page ( 1931 ) Cock of the Air ( 1932 ) Sky Devils ( 1932 ) Scarface ( 1932 ) Behind the Rising Sun ( 1943 ) The Sin of Harold Diddlebock ( 1947 ) The Tattooed Stranger ( 1950 ) Vendetta ( 1950 ) His Kind of Woman ( 1951 ) The Whip Hand ( 1951 ) Two Tickets to Broadway ( 1951 ) Macao ( 1952 ) The Las Vegas Story ( 1952 ) Second Chance ( 1953 ) The French Line ( 1954 ) Son of Sinbad ( 1955 ) The Conqueror ( 1956 ) Jet Pilot ( 1957 ) Related Jean Peters ( wife ) Howard R. Hughes Sr. ( father ) Hughes Tool Company Howard Hughes Medical Institute Desert Inn Melvin Dummar Melvin and Howard ( 1980 film ) The Aviator ( 2004 film ) Rules Do n't Apply ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules_Don%27t_Apply&oldid=802676180 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s romantic drama films 20th Century Fox films American films American biographical films American romantic drama films Dune Entertainment films Films about filmmaking Films about death Films set in 1958 Films set in 1964 Films directed by Warren Beatty Films shot in Los Angeles Howard Hughes Regency Enterprises films Shangri - La Entertainment films Screenplays by Warren Beatty Worldview Entertainment films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 18 : 48 . 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local governments that provide a single service or a closely related set of services are	Special districts ( also known as special service districts , special district governments , limited purpose entities , or special - purpose districts in the United States ) are independent , special - purpose governmental units that exist separately from local governments such as county , municipal , and township governments , with substantial administrative and fiscal independence . They are formed to perform a single function or a set of related functions . The term special district governments as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau excludes school districts . In 2007 , the U.S. had more than 39,000 special district governments .	Special districts	Special district ( United States )	special district ( united states )	Special districts ( also known as special service districts , special district governments , limited purpose entities , or special - purpose districts in the United States ) are independent , special - purpose governmental units that exist separately from local governments such as county , municipal , and township governments , with substantial administrative and fiscal independence . They are formed to perform a single function or a set of related functions . The term special district governments as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau excludes school districts . In 2007 , the U.S. had more than 39,000 special district governments .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition of `` Special District '' by the United States Census 2 Characteristics 2.1 Areas served 2.2 Governing body 2.3 Functions 3 Legal basis 3.1 English custom 3.2 State law 3.3 Public foundation 3.4 Civil office 3.5 Accountability 4 History 5 Trends 6 Examples 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Definition of `` special district '' by the United States Census ( edit ) The United States Census counts government units across all States . This includes `` special districts . '' To count the special districts the Census must define the special districts so as to address all such governmental entities across the broad spectrum of 50 states ' definitions and interpretations . The Census 's full definition is : Special district governments are independent , special purpose governmental units , other than school district governments , that exist as separate entities with substantial administrative and fiscal independence from general purpose local governments . As defined for Census Bureau statistics on governments , the term ' ' special district governments ' ' excludes school district governments as they are defined as a separate governmental type . Special district governments provide specific services that are not being supplied by existing general purpose governments . Most perform a single function , but in some instances , their enabling legislation allows them to provide several , usually related , types of services . The services provided by these districts range from such basic social needs as hospitals and fire protection , to the less conspicuous tasks of mosquito abatement and upkeep of cemeteries . The Census Bureau classification of special district governments covers a wide variety of entities , most of which are officially called districts or authorities . Not all public agencies so termed , however , represent separate governments . Many entities that carry the designation ' ' district ' ' or ' ' authority ' ' are , by law , so closely related to county , municipal , town or township , or state governments that they are classified as subordinate agencies of those governments in Census Bureau statistics on governments , and are not counted as separate special district governments . In order to be classified as a special district government , rather than as a subordinate agency , an entity must possess three attributes -- existence as an organized entity , governmental character , and substantial autonomy . Each state description also lists various statutory authorities , commissions , corporations , and other forms of organizations that have certain governmental characteristics , but are subject by law to administrative or fiscal control by the state or by independent local governments ; therefore , they are classified as subordinate agencies of those governments . Characteristics ( edit ) Special districts serve limited areas and have governing boards that accomplish legislatively assigned functions using public funds . Areas served ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may not provide balanced geographical coverage on special districts in states other than New York . Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( July 2016 ) Special districts provide specialized services to persons living within the designated geographic area and may contract to provide services outside the area . Special districts often cross the lines of towns , villages , and hamlets but less frequently cross city or county lines . Increasingly , however , regional special districts are being created that may serve a large portion of a state or portions of more than one state . Governing body ( edit ) Each district is governed by a board of directors , commissioners , board of supervisors , or the like . These boards may be appointed by public officials , appointed by private entities , popularly elected , or elected by benefited citizens ( typically , property owners ) . Sometimes , one or more public officials will serve as an ex officio member on the board . The board of a special district serves primarily as a managing board and often appoints a chief executive for day - to - day operations and decision making and policy implementation . In the New England states , special districts are often run in the same town meeting fashion as other local governments . Most districts have employees , but some districts exist solely to raise funds by issuing bonds and / or by providing tax increment financing . Functions ( edit ) Special districts perform many functions including airports , ports , highways , mass transit , parking facilities , fire protection , libraries , parks , cemeteries , hospitals , irrigation , conservation , sewerage , wastewater treatment , solid waste , fiber optic systems , stadiums , water supply , electric power , and natural gas utility . Legal basis ( edit ) Originated from English custom , special districts are authorized by state law and must have public foundation , civil office , and public accountability . English custom ( edit ) Special districts in the United States follow the English custom . The earliest known general law in England authorizing special purpose authorities was the Statute of Sewers of 1532 . Single purpose authorities created by individual charters also existed at the time . However , the early authorities were temporary and unconnected to local government structure . The first laws authorizing permanent authorities connected to local governments were the Incorporated Guardians of the Poor , which were created by special acts in the 17th century . Turnpike trusts were an early and popular special purpose authority in England . Internal drainage boards are current examples in parts of England and Wales . State law ( edit ) Special districts in the United States are founded by some level of government in accordance with state law ( either constitutional amendment , general law , or special acts ) and exist in all states . Special districts are legally separate entities with at least some corporate powers . Districts are created by legislative action , court action , or public referendum . The procedures for creating a special district may include procedures such as petitions , hearings , voter or landowner approval , or government approval . Tribal governments may create special districts pursuant to state law and may serve on the boards of special districts . Public foundation ( edit ) Special districts , like all public entities , have public foundation . The landmark case of the U.S. Supreme Court addressing public versus private charters was Dartmouth College v. Woodward in 1819 . Dartmouth established the fundamental differences between public and private organizations . Critically , a government must be founded by all of the people of a governmental area or by their governmental representatives . Civil office ( edit ) Special districts possess some form of civil office , that is , the board has received a delegation of sovereign power from the state . Some boards may be appointed by only landowners . Private entities may appoint some or all of the members of a special district ; however , there must be evidence of civil office . In addition to special districts with privately appointed boards , a special district may have a privately founded board ; however , such a board could not be given the power to set a tax . Accountability ( edit ) There is a citizen - government fiscal accountability relationship . To maintain accountability for special districts , states must maintain ultimate control ( the power to repeal the authorizing law at any time ) . Due to public foundation and , thus , ultimate control , the state can freely delegate sovereign power ( such as the power to tax ) to special districts and can allow them to act autonomously with little supervision . History ( edit ) There is little information available on the earliest special districts in the United States . It is known that park districts existed in the 18th century . Toll road and canal corporations existed in the 19th century . The first general statute authorizing irrigation districts was adopted by California in 1887 . The U.S. Census Bureau began identifying and collecting data on special districts in 1942 . Trends ( edit ) The state of Illinois leads the nation in the number of special districts with California close behind . State counts of their special districts may differ from the federal count because the states may have different definitions of a special district than the U.S. Census Bureau . Examples ( edit ) All of the following examples have been found by the U.S. Census Bureau to be special districts . See the Census of Governments Government Organization publications at a depository library or visit https://www.census.gov and select Governments Division . Alabama : Alabama Municipal Electric Authority ( special act ) Alaska : regional electrical authorities ( general law ) Arizona : drainage districts ( general law ) Arkansas : fire ant abatement districts ( general law ) California : Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Colorado : ambulance districts ( general law ) Connecticut : Pomperaug Valley Water Authority ( special act ) Delaware : tax ditches ( general law ) Florida : Daytona Beach Racing and Recreational Facilities District ( special act ) ; Reedy Creek Improvement District , which includes the Walt Disney Resort and the cities of Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista ( special act ) ; The Tohopekaliga Water Authority ( TWA , or Toho for short ) , which provides the majority of the public water , wastewater , and reclaimed water services for Osceola County and some small parts of Polk and Orange Counties ( special act ) Georgia : airport authorities ( special acts ) Hawaii : Office of Hawaiian Affairs ( constitutional amendment ) Idaho : auditorium districts ( general law ) Illinois : Chicago Transit Authority ( special act ) Indiana : Northwest Indiana Regional Development Authority ( special act ) Iowa : library districts ( joint or regional ) ( general law ) Kansas : industrial districts ( general law ) Kentucky : Louisville - Jefferson County Air Pollution Control District ( general law with special application ) Louisiana : Abbeville Film and Visitors Commission District ( special act ) Maine : cemetery districts ( special acts ) Maryland : water and sewer authorities ( general law ) Massachusetts : Goose Pond Maintenance District ( special act ) Michigan : recreation authorities ( general law ) Minnesota : Metropolitan Mosquito Control District ( special act ) Mississippi : lighting districts ( special acts ) Missouri : Jackson County Sports Complex Authority ( special act ) Montana : county rail authorities ( general law ) Nebraska : Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District ( general law with special application ) New Hampshire : housing authorities ( general law ) New Jersey : Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and New Jersey Turnpike Authority - 1948 law ( joint or regional ) ( general law ) New Mexico : cotton boll weevil control districts ( general law ) New York : Hyde Park Fire and Water District ( special act ) North Carolina : Research Triangle Regional Public Transit Authority ( special act ) North Dakota : vector control districts ( general law ) Ohio : new community authorities , special improvement districts , transportation improvement districts ( general law ) Oklahoma : public library systems ( general law ) Oregon : geothermal heating districts , port authorities - 1909 ( general law ) Pennsylvania : Philadelphia Regional Port Authority ( special act ) Rhode Island : East Providence Special Development District Commission ( special act ) South Carolina : Myrtle Beach Air Base Redevelopment Authority ( executive order ) South Dakota : television translator districts ( general law ) Tennessee : utility districts ( general law ) Texas : Palacios Seawall Commission ( special act ) Utah : irrigation districts ( general law ) Vermont : Vermont Public Power Supply Authority ( special act ) Virginia : Buchanan County Tourist Train Development Authority ( special act ) Washington : hydroelectric resources authorities ( general law ) West Virginia : Hatfield - McCoy Regional Recreation Authority ( special act ) Wisconsin : local professional baseball park districts ( general law ) Wyoming : resort districts ( general law ) See also ( edit ) District FOCJ Joint powers authority Local government in the United States Public - benefit corporation Special districts in Illinois References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau ( 2002 ) . 2002 Census of Governments , Vol 1 , Number 1 , Government Organization , GC02 ( 1 ) - 1 ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. vii -- viii . Jump up ^ `` United States Census Bureau '' . census.gov . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 United States Census - Individual State Descriptions - Census of Government '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mitzanry , K , & Manatt , A. ( 2002 , February ). What 's so special about special districts ? A citizen 's guide to special districts in California . 3rd . ed. p. 2 . Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/gc023x2.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/gc021x1.pdf Jump up ^ Burns , N. The formation of American local governments : Private values in public institutions . Oxford University Press , 1994 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , S. ( 1922 ) . English local government : Statutory authorities for special purposes . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Webb , S. ( 1922 ) . English local government : Statutory authorities for special purposes . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Webb , S. ( 1922 ) . English local government : Statutory authorities for special purposes . p. 299 . Jump up ^ Webb , S. ( 1922 ) . English local government : Statutory authorities for special purposes . Jump up ^ U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations . ( 1993 , March ) . State laws governing local government structure and administration . page 7 . Jump up ^ Mitzanry , K , & Manatt , A. ( 2002 , February ) What 's so special about special districts ? A citizen 's guide to special districts in California . 3rd . ed. p. 4 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau ( 2002 ) . 2002 Census of Governments , Vol 1 , Number 1 , Government Organization , GC02 ( 1 ) - 1 ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. ix . Jump up ^ 15A Am Jur 2d Colleges and Universities § 2 Jump up ^ 16B Am Jur 2d Constitutional Law § 723 Jump up ^ 4B M.J. CORPORATIONS § 26 ^ Jump up to : Newmyer , R.K. John Marshall and heroic age of the Supreme Court . Louisiana State University Press : Baton Rouge , 2001 , pp. 244 - 253 . Jump up ^ Allen v. McKean , 1 F. Cas. 489 ( 1833 ) Jump up ^ Louisville v. University of Louisville , 54 Ky. 642 ( June 1855 ) Jump up ^ Ohio v. Neff , 52 Ohio St. 375 , 40 N.E. 720 ( 1895 ) Jump up ^ Currie , D.P. ( 1982 , Fall ) . The Constitution in the Supreme Court : State and Congressional powers , 1801 - 1835 . University of Chicago Law Review . 49 U. Chi . L. Rev. 887 . Jump up ^ Opinion No. 84 - 134 , 1984 Okla . AG LEXIS 17 Jump up ^ Opinion No. 1007 , 1994 Minn . AG LEXIS 2 Jump up ^ Commissioner v. Shamberg 's Estate , 144 F. 2d 998 ( 1945 ) Jump up ^ Mitzanry , K , & Manatt , A. ( 2002 , February ). What 's so special about special districts ? A citizen 's guide to special districts in California . 3rd . ed. p. 7 ( box ) . Jump up ^ Burns , N. The formation of American local governments : Private values in public institutions . Oxford University Press , 1994 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Scholle v. Maryland 90 Md. 729 , 46 A. 736 ( 1900 ) Jump up ^ Marks v. Frantz , 179 Ky. 638 ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Palm Beach County Health Care District v. Everglades Memorial Hospital 658 So . 2d 577 ( Fla. 1995 ) Jump up ^ Sharpless v. Mayor 21 Pa. 147 ( 1853 ) Jump up ^ Mead , D.M. ( Winter 2002 ) . The role of GASB 34 in the citizen - government accountability relationship . State and Local Government Review . Vol 34 , No. 1 51 - 63 . Jump up ^ Hess V. Port Authority Trans - Hudson Corporation , 513 U.S. 30 , 115 S. Ct. 394 , 130 L. Ed . 2d 245 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Meriwether v. Garrett , 102 U.S. 472 , 26 L. Ed . 197 ( 1880 ) Jump up ^ Palm Beach County Health Care District v. Everglades Memorial Hospital , 658 So . 2d 577 ( Fla. 1995 ) Jump up ^ Hess v. Port Authority Trans - Hudson Corporation , 513 U.S. 30,115 S. Ct. 394 , 130 L. Ed . 2d 245 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Vogt v. Orleans Levee District , 294 F. 3d 684 ( 5th Cir. 2002 ) Jump up ^ Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 84 S. Ct. 136 , 12 L. Ed . 2d 506 ( 1964 ) ^ Jump up to : Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations . ( 1964 , May ) . The problem special districts in American government . Washington , DC UNT Digital Library Jump up ^ Bollens , J.C. ( 1957 ) . Special district government in the United States . University of California Press , pp. 142 - 144 . Jump up ^ under construction ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau 2012 Census of Governments Governments Organization Jump up ^ `` Lawriter - ORC 1710 '' . ohio.gov . Jump up ^ `` Lawriter - ORC 5540 '' . ohio.gov . Further reading ( edit ) Friedman , L.M. A history of American law . ( 3rd ) . Simon & Schuster : New York . 2005 . Krane , D. , Rigos , P.N. , and Hill , M.B. Home rule in America : A fifty - state handbook . CQ Press . 2001 . Mergent 's Municipal and Government Manual Zimmerman , J.F. The New England town meeting . Greenwood Publishing Group . 1997 . External links ( edit ) A Citizen 's Guide to Special Districts in California California Special Districts Association U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau / Governments Organization / Volume 1 Government Accounting Standards Board 2006 Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual , U.S. Census Bureau 2007 Governments Integrated Directory , U.S. Census Bureau IRS tax - exempt bond information Municipal Research and Services Center of Washington Florida Department of Economic Opportunity , Special District Accountability Program State and Local Government Review - current and past issues Bloomberg News Last Week Tonight with John Oliver : Special Districts ( HBO ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_district_(United_States)&oldid=843118794 '' Categories : Types of country subdivisions Special administrative structures in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2016 Articles with failed verification from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 00 : 48 . 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a rift valley is evidence of which kind of plate boundary	A rift valley is a linear - shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault . A rift valley is formed on a divergent plate boundary , a crustal extension , a spreading apart of the surface , which is subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion . When the tensional forces were strong enough to cause the plate to split apart , a center block dropped between the two blocks at its flanks , forming a graben . The drop of the center creates the nearly parallel steeply dipping walls of a rift valley when it is new . That feature is the beginning of the rift valley , but as the process continues , the valley widens , until it becomes a large basin that fills with sediment from the rift walls and the surrounding area . One of the best known examples of this process is the East African Rift . On Earth , rifts can occur at all elevations , from the sea floor to plateaus and mountain ranges in continental crust or in oceanic crust . They are often associated with a number of adjoining subsidiary or co-extensive valleys , which are typically considered part of the principal rift valley geologically .	a divergent plate boundary	Rift valley	rift valley	A rift valley is a linear - shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault . A rift valley is formed on a divergent plate boundary , a crustal extension , a spreading apart of the surface , which is subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion . When the tensional forces were strong enough to cause the plate to split apart , a center block dropped between the two blocks at its flanks , forming a graben . The drop of the center creates the nearly parallel steeply dipping walls of a rift valley when it is new . That feature is the beginning of the rift valley , but as the process continues , the valley widens , until it becomes a large basin that fills with sediment from the rift walls and the surrounding area . One of the best known examples of this process is the East African Rift . On Earth , rifts can occur at all elevations , from the sea floor to plateaus and mountain ranges in continental crust or in oceanic crust . They are often associated with a number of adjoining subsidiary or co-extensive valleys , which are typically considered part of the principal rift valley geologically .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Earth 's rift valleys 1.1 Rift valley lakes 2 Extraterrestrial rift valleys 3 References 4 Further reading Earth 's rift valleys ( edit ) The most extensive rift valley is located along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge system and is the result of sea floor spreading . Examples of this type of rift include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise . Many existing continental rift valleys are the result of a failed arm ( aulacogen ) of a triple junction , although there are two , the East African Rift and the Baikal Rift Zone , which are currently active , as well as a third which may be , the West Antarctic Rift . In these instances , not only the crust , but also entire tectonic plates , are in the process of breaking apart to create new plates . If they continue , continental rifts will eventually become oceanic rifts . Other rift valleys are the result of bends or discontinuities in horizontally - moving ( strike - slip ) faults . When these bends or discontinuities are in the same direction as the relative motions along the fault , extension occurs . For example , for a right lateral - moving fault , a bend to the right will result in stretching and consequent subsidence in the area of the irregularity . In the view of many geologists today , the Dead Sea lies in a rift which results from a leftward discontinuity in the left lateral - moving Dead Sea Transform fault . Where a fault breaks into two strands , or two faults run close to each other , crustal extension may also occur between them , as a result of differences in their motions . Both types of fault - caused extension commonly occur on a small scale , producing such features as sag ponds or landslides . Rift valley lakes ( edit ) Main article : Rift lake Many of the world 's largest lakes are located in rift valleys . Lake Baikal in Siberia , a World Heritage Site , lies in an active rift valley . Baikal is both the deepest lake in the world and , with 20 % of all of the liquid freshwater on earth , has the greatest volume . Lake Tanganyika , second by both measures , is in the Albertine Rift , the westernmost arm of the active East African Rift . Lake Superior in North America , the largest freshwater lake by area , lies in the ancient and dormant Midcontinent Rift . The largest subglacial lake , Lake Vostok , may also lie in an ancient rift valley . Lake Nipissing and Lake Timiskaming in Ontario and Quebec , Canada lie inside a rift valley called the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben . Þingvallavatn , Iceland 's largest natural lake , is also an example of a rift lake . Extraterrestrial rift valleys ( edit ) Extraterrestrial rift valleys are also known to occur on other terrestrial planets and natural satellites . The 4,000 km long Valles Marineris on Mars is believed by planetary geologists to be a large rift system . Some features of Venus , most notably , the 4000 km Devana Chasma and a part of the western Eistla , and possibly also Alta and Bell Regio have been interpreted by some planetary geologists as a rift valleys . Some natural satellites also have prominent rift valleys . The 2,000 km long Ithaca Chasma on Tethys in the Saturn system is a prominent example . Charon 's Nostromo Chasma is the first confirmed in the Pluto system , however large chasms up to 950 km wide observed on the Charon have also been tentatively interpreted by some as giant rifts and similar formations have also been noted on Pluto . A recent study suggests a complex system of ancient lunar rift valleys including Vallis Rheita and Vallis Alpes . The Uranus system also has prominent examples , with large ' chasma ' believed to be giant rift valley systems , most notably the 1492 km long Messina Chasma on Titania , 622 km Kachina Chasmata on Ariel , Verona Rupes on Miranda , and Mommur Chasma on Oberon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Ethiopian Rift Valley '' . Giacomo Corti - CNR . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Greatest Lakes '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Baikal -- World Heritage Site '' . World Heritage . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Oddities of Lake Baikal '' . Alaska Science Forum . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Siegert , Martin J. ( 1999 ) . `` Antarctica 's Lake Vostok '' . American Scientist. 87 ( 6 ) : 510 . Bibcode : 1999AmSci ... 87 ... 510S . doi : 10.1511 / 1999.6. 510 . The best explanation is that Lake Vostok may lie in a rift valley , as does Lake Tanganyika in East Africa and Lake Baikal in Russia . The geography of Lake Vostok is indeed consistent with this notion , in that the lake has a crescent shape , just like Tanganyika and Baikal , and the side walls of the lake are relatively steep , at least on one side . Jump up ^ John Grotzinger ... ( 2006 ) . Understanding Earth . New York : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 7696 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Scott ; Grimm , Robert E. ( 1998 ) . `` Rift processes at the Valles Marineris , Mars : Constraints from gravity on necking and rate - dependent strength evolution '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 103 ( E5 ) : 11113 . Bibcode : 1998JGR ... 10311113A . doi : 10.1029 / 98JE00740 . ISSN 0148 - 0227 . Jump up ^ Andrews - Hanna , Jeffrey C. ( 2012 ) . `` The formation of Valles Marineris : 3 . Trough formation through super-isostasy , stress , sedimentation , and subsidence '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 117 ( E6 ) . Bibcode : 2012JGRE ... 117.6002 A . doi : 10.1029 / 2012JE004059 . ISSN 0148 - 0227 . Jump up ^ Kiefer , W.S. ; Swafford , L.C. ( 2006 ) . `` Topographic Analysis Of Devana Chasma , Venus ; Implications For Rift System Segmentation And Propagation '' . Journal of Structural Geology. 28 ( 12 ) : 2144 -- 2155 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsg. 2005.12. 002 . Jump up ^ Senske , D.A. ; Schaber , G.G. ; Stofan , E.R. ( 1992 ) . `` Regional topographic rises on Venus : Geology of Western Eistla Regio and comparison to Beta Regio and Atla Regio '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 97 ( E8 ) : 13395 . Bibcode : 1992JGR ... 9713395S . doi : 10.1029 / 92JE01167 . ISSN 0148 - 0227 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Sean C. ; Smrekar , Suzanne E. ; Bindschadler , Duane L. ; Grimm , Robert E. ; Kaula , William M. ; McGill , George E. ; Phillips , Roger J. ; Saunders , R. Stephen ; Schubert , Gerald ; Squyres , Steven W. ; Stofan , Ellen R. ( 1992 ) . `` Venus tectonics : An overview of Magellan observations '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 97 ( E8 ) : 13199 . Bibcode : 1992JGR ... 9713199S . doi : 10.1029 / 92JE01418 . ISSN 0148 - 0227 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Marcia ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` ' Blowing my mind ' : Peaks on Pluto , canyons on Charon '' . PhysOrg . Jump up ^ Andrews - Hanna , Jeffrey C. ; Besserer , Jonathan ; Head III , James W. ; Howett , Carly J.A. ; Kiefer , Walter S. ; Lucey , Paul J. ; McGovern , Patrick J. ; Melosh , H. Jay ; Neumann , Gregory A. ; Phillips , Roger J. ; Schenk , Paul M. ; Smith , David E. ; Solomon , Sean C. ; Zuber , Maria T. ( 2014 ) . `` Structure and evolution of the lunar Procellarum region as revealed by GRAIL gravity data '' . Nature . 514 ( 7520 ) : 68 -- 71 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13697 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . PMID 25279919 . Jump up ^ Chaikin , Andrew ( 2001 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Birth of Uranus ' provocative moon still puzzles scientists '' . space.com . Imaginova Corp. p. 1 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Smith , B.A. ; Soderblom , L.A. ; Beebe , A. ; Bliss , D. ; Boyce , J.M. ; Brahic , A. ; Briggs , G.A. ; Brown , R.H. ; Collins , S.A. ( 4 July 1986 ) . `` Voyager 2 in the Uranian System : Imaging Science Results '' . Science . 233 ( 4759 ) : 43 -- 64 . Bibcode : 1986Sci ... 233 ... 43S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 233.4759. 43 . PMID 17812889 . Further reading ( edit ) Bonatti , E ( 1985 ) . `` Punctiform initiation of seafloor spreading in the Red Sea during transition from a continental to an oceanic rift '' . Nature . 316 : 33 -- 37 . doi : 10.1038 / 316033a0 . Mart , Y. ; Dauteuil , O. ( 2000 ) . `` Analogue experiments of propagation of oblique rifts '' . Tectonophysics. 316 : 121 -- 132 . doi : 10.1016 / s0040 - 1951 ( 99 ) 00231 - 0 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rift_valley&oldid=831813856 '' Categories : Rifts and grabens Tectonic landforms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Eesti Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge हिन्दी Italiano עברית Kiswahili Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 09 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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where was the merlot wine grape originally grown	The earliest recorded mention of Merlot ( under the synonym of Merlau ) was in the notes of a local Bordeaux official who in 1784 labeled wine made from the grape in the Libournais region as one of the area 's best . In 1824 , the word Merlot itself appeared in an article on Médoc wine where it was described that the grape was named after the local black bird ( called merlau in the local variant of Occitan language , mèrle in standard ) who liked eating the ripe grapes on the vine . Other descriptions of the grape from the 19th century called the variety lou seme doù flube ( meaning `` the seedling from the river '' ) with the grape thought to have originated on one of the islands found along the Garonne river .	thought to have originated on one of the islands found along the Garonne river	Merlot	merlot	Merlot is a dark blue - colored wine grape variety , that is used as both a blending grape and for varietal wines . The name Merlot is thought to be a diminutive of merle , the French name for the blackbird , probably a reference to the color of the grape . Its softness and `` fleshiness '' , combined with its earlier ripening , makes Merlot a popular grape for blending with the sterner , later - ripening Cabernet Sauvignon , which tends to be higher in tannin .	Along with Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet Franc , Malbec and Petit Verdot , Merlot is one of the primary grapes used in Bordeaux wine , and it is the most widely planted grape in the Bordeaux wine regions . Merlot is also one of the most popular red wine varietals in many markets . This flexibility has helped to make it one of the world 's most planted grape varieties . As of 2004 , Merlot was estimated to be the third most grown variety at 260,000 hectares ( 640,000 acres ) globally , with an increasing trend . This puts Merlot just behind Cabernet Sauvignon 's 262,000 hectares ( 650,000 acres ) . While Merlot is made across the globe , there tends to be two main styles . The `` International style '' favored by many New World wine regions tends to emphasize late harvesting to gain physiological ripeness and produce inky , purple colored wines that are full in body with high alcohol and lush , velvety tannins with intense , plum and blackberry fruit . While this international style is practiced by many Bordeaux wine producers , the traditional `` Bordeaux style '' of Merlot involves harvesting Merlot earlier to maintain acidity and producing more medium - bodied wines with moderate alcohol levels that have fresh , red fruit flavors ( raspberries , strawberries ) and potentially leafy , vegetal notes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and name 1.1 Parentage and relationship to other grapes 2 Viticulture 3 Wine regions 3.1 France 3.2 Italy 3.3 Spain and Portugal 3.4 Central Europe 3.5 Rest of Europe 3.6 United States 3.6. 1 California 3.6. 2 Washington State 3.7 Canada 3.8 Mexico 3.9 South America 3.10 Oceania , South Africa and Asia 4 Wines 4.1 White Merlot 5 Food pairing 6 Synonyms 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and name ( edit ) A main and attached `` wing cluster '' of Merlot grapes with its characteristic dark - blue color . The earliest recorded mention of Merlot ( under the synonym of Merlau ) was in the notes of a local Bordeaux official who in 1784 labeled wine made from the grape in the Libournais region as one of the area 's best . In 1824 , the word Merlot itself appeared in an article on Médoc wine where it was described that the grape was named after the local black bird ( called merlau in the local variant of Occitan language , mèrle in standard ) who liked eating the ripe grapes on the vine . Other descriptions of the grape from the 19th century called the variety lou seme doù flube ( meaning `` the seedling from the river '' ) with the grape thought to have originated on one of the islands found along the Garonne river . By the 19th century it was being regularly planted in the Médoc on the `` Left Bank '' of the Gironde . After a series of setbacks that includes a severe frost in 1956 and several vintages in the 1960s lost to rot , French authorities in Bordeaux banned new plantings of Merlot vines between 1970 and 1975 . It was first recorded in Italy around Venice under the synonym Bordò in 1855 . The grape was introduced to the Swiss , from Bordeaux , sometime in the 19th century and was recorded in the Swiss canton of Ticino between 1905 and 1910 . In the 1990s , Merlot saw an upswing of popularity in the United States . Red wine consumption , in general , increased in the US following the airing of the 60 Minutes report on the French Paradox and the potential health benefits of wine and , possibly , the chemical resveratrol . The popularity of Merlot stemmed in part from the relative ease in pronouncing the name of the wine as well as its softer , fruity profile that made it more approachable to some wine drinkers . Parentage and relationship to other grapes ( edit ) Cabernet Franc , one of the parent varieties of Merlot . In the late 1990s , researchers at University of California , Davis showed that Merlot is an offspring of Cabernet Franc and is a half - sibling of Carménère , Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon . The identity of the second parent of Merlot would n't be discovered till the late 2000s when an obscure and unnamed variety , first sampled in 1996 from vines growing in an abandoned vineyard in Saint - Suliac in Brittany , was shown by DNA analysis to be the mother of Merlot . This grape , later discovered in front of houses as a decorative vine in the villages of Figers , Mainxe , Saint - Savinien and Tanzac in the Poitou - Charentes was colloquially known as Madeleina or Raisin de La Madeleine due to its propensity to be fully ripe and ready for harvest around the July 22nd feast day of Mary Magdalene . As the connection to Merlot became known , the grape was formally registered under the name Magdeleine Noire des Charentes . Through its relationship with Magdeleine Noire des Charentes Merlot is related to the Southwest France wine grape Abouriou , though the exact nature of that relationship ( with Abouriou potentially being either a parent of Magdeleine Noire or an offspring ) is not yet known . Grape breeders have used Merlot crossed with other grapes to create several new varieties including Carmine ( an Olmo grape made by crossing a Carignan x Cabernet Sauvignon cross with Merlot ) , Ederena ( with Abouriou ) , Evmolpia ( with Mavrud ) , Fertilia ( with Raboso Veronese ) , Mamaia ( a Romanian wine grape made by crossing a Muscat Ottonel x Babeasca negra cross with Merlot ) , Nigra ( with Barbera ) , Prodest ( with Barbera ) and Rebo ( with Teroldego ) . Over the years , Merlot has spawned a color mutation that is used commercially , a pink - skinned variety known as Merlot gris . However , unlike the relationship between Grenache noir and Grenache blanc or Pinot noir and Pinot blanc , the variety known as Merlot blanc is not a color mutation but rather an offspring variety of Merlot crossing with Folle blanche . Viticulture ( edit ) The image caption in this section requires cleanup to comply with Wikipedia guidelines for trivial wording . See Wikipedia 's picture tutorial and image help pages -- review policy on image use and check the talk page -- visit the Graphics Lab and improve this article if you can . ( June 2017 ) Merlot leaf Merlot grapes are identified by their loose bunches of large berries . The color has less of a blue / black hue than Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and with a thinner skin and fewer tannins per unit volume . It normally ripens up to two weeks earlier than Cabernet Sauvignon . Also compared to Cabernet , Merlot grapes tend to have a higher sugar content and lower malic acid . Ampelographer J.M. Boursiquot has noted that Merlot has seemed to inherit some of the best characteristics from its parent varieties -- its fertility and easy ripening ability from Magdeleine Noire des Charentes and its color , tannin and flavor phenolic potential from Cabernet Franc . Merlot thrives in cold soil , particularly ferrous clay . The vine tends to bud early which gives it some risk to cold frost and its thinner skin increases its susceptibility to the viticultural hazard of Botrytis bunch rot . If bad weather occurs during flowering , the Merlot vine is prone to develop coulure . The vine can also be susceptible to downy mildew ( though it has better resistance to powdery mildew than other Bordeaux varieties ) and to infection by leafhopper insect varieties . Water stress is important to the vine with it thriving in well drained soil more so than at base of a slope . Pruning is a major component to the quality of the wine that is produced with some producing believing it is best to prune the vine `` short '' ( cutting back to only a few buds ) . Wine consultant Michel Rolland is a major proponent of reducing the yields of Merlot grapes to improve quality . The age of the vine is also important , with older vines contributing character to the resulting wine . A characteristic of the Merlot grape is the propensity to quickly overripen once it hits its initial ripeness level , sometimes in a matter of a few days . There are two schools of thought on the right time to harvest Merlot . The wine makers of Château Pétrus favor early picking to best maintain the wine 's acidity and finesse as well as its potential for aging . Others , such as Rolland , favor late picking and the added fruit body that comes with a little bit of over-ripeness . Wine regions ( edit ) Merlot is one of the world 's most widely planted grape variety with plantings of the vine outpacing even the more well - known Cabernet Sauvignon in many regions , including the grape 's homeland of France . Here , France is home to nearly two thirds of the world 's total plantings of Merlot . Beyond France it is also grown in Italy ( where it is the country 's 5th most planted grape ) , Algeria , California , Romania , Australia , Argentina , Bulgaria , Canada , Chile , Greece , New Zealand , South Africa , Switzerland , Croatia , Hungary , Montenegro , Slovenia , Mexico and other parts of the United States such as Washington , Virginia and Long Island . It grows in many regions that also grow Cabernet Sauvignon but tends to be cultivated in the cooler portions of those areas . In areas that are too warm , Merlot will ripen too early . In places like Israel , Merlot is the second most widely planted grape variety after Cabernet Sauvignon with 1,000 hectares ( 2,500 acres ) in cultivation , making very `` New World - style '' wines . The grape can also be found in Turkey with 429 hectares ( 1,060 acres ) in 2010 as well as Malta and Cyprus . France ( edit ) Vineyards and winery exterior of Château Pétrus Merlot is the most commonly grown grape variety in France . In 2004 , total French plantations stood at 115,000 hectares ( 280,000 acres ) . By 2009 , that number had risen slightly to 115,746 hectares ( 286,010 acres ) . It is most prominent in Southwest France in regions like Bordeaux , Bergerac and Cahors where it is often blended with Malbec . The largest recent increase in Merlot plantations has occurred in the south of France , such as Languedoc - Roussillon , where it is often made under the designation of Vin de Pays wine . Here , Merlot accounted for 29,914 hectares ( 73,920 acres ) , more than doubling the 11,000 hectares ( 27,000 acres ) devoted to Cabernet Sauvignon in the Languedoc . Berries of Merlot being sorted at Chateau Kirwan in a process that removes shot berries and MOG . In the traditional Bordeaux blend , Merlot 's role is to add body and softness . Despite accounting for 50 - 60 % of overall plantings in Bordeaux , the grape tends to account for an average of 25 % of the blends -- especially in the Bordeaux wine regions of Graves and Médoc . Of these Left Bank regions , the commune of St - Estephe uses the highest percentage of Merlot in the blends . However , Merlot is much more prominent on the Right Bank of the Gironde in the regions of Pomerol and Saint - Émilion , where it will commonly comprise the majority of the blend . One of the most famous and rare wines in the world , Château Pétrus , is almost all Merlot . In Pomerol , where Merlot usually accounts for around 80 % of the blend , the iron - clay soils of the region give Merlot more of a tannic backbone than what is found in other Bordeaux regions . It was in Pomerol that the garagistes movement began with small - scale production of highly sought after Merlot - based wines . In the sandy , clay - limestone - based soils of Saint - Émilion , Merlot accounts for around 60 % of the blend and is usually blended with Cabernet Franc . In limestone , Merlot tends to develop more perfume notes while in sandy soils the wines are generally softer than Merlot grown in clay dominant soils . Merlot can also be found in significant quantities in Provence , Loire Valley , Savoie , Ardèche , Charente , Corrèze , Drôme , Isère and Vienne . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , there were 25,614 hectares ( 63,290 acres ) of the grape planted in 2000 with more than two - thirds of Italian Merlot being used in Indicazione geografica tipica ( IGT ) blends ( such as the so - called `` Super Tuscans '' ) versus being used in classified Denominazione di origine controllata ( DOC ) or Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita ( DOCG ) wines . A large portion of Merlot is planted in the Friuli wine region where it is made as a varietal or sometimes blended with Cabernet Sauvignon or Cabernet Franc . In other parts of Italy , such as the Maremma coast in Tuscany , it is often blended with Sangiovese to give the wine a similar softening effect as the Bordeaux blends . Italian Merlots are often characterized by their light bodies and herbal notes . Merlot 's low acidity serves as a balance for the higher acidity in many Italian wine grapes with the grape often being used in blends in the Veneto , Alto Adige and Umbria . Global warming is potentially having an influence on Italian Merlot as more cooler - climate regions in northern Italy are being able to ripen the grape successfully while other regions already planted are encountering issues with over-ripeness . According to Master of Wine Jancis Robinson , some of the higher quality Italian Merlots are often from vineyards planted with cuttings sourced from France . Robinson describes the style of Fruili Merlots from regarded estates as having potentially a `` Pomerol - quality '' to them while Merlots from the warm plains of the Veneto can often be over-ripe with high yields giving them a `` sweet and sour '' quality . Robinson notes that the Merlots from Trentino - Alto - Adige can fall somewhere between those of Friuli and the Veneto . The Strada del Merlot is a popular tourist route through Italian Merlot regions along the Isonzo river . Spain and Portugal ( edit ) In the hot continental climate of many of Spain 's major wine region , Merlot is less valued than it is in the damp maritime climate of Bordeaux or the warm Mediterranean climate of the Tuscan coast . But as the popularity of international varieties continue to grow on the world wine market , Spanish wine producers have been experimenting with the variety with even winemakers in Rioja petitioning authorities to allow Merlot to be a permitted grape to be blended with Tempranillo in the red wines of the region . In 2008 , there were 13,325 hectares ( 32,930 acres ) of Merlot , a significant increase from the 8,700 hectares ( 21,000 acres ) that were being cultivated in the country only 4 years earlier . The largest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with 3,360 hectares ( 8,300 acres ) in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler - climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona . In Costers del Segre , the grape is often used in Bordeaux - style blend while in Aragon ( with 2,218 hectares ( 5,480 acres ) in 2008 ) , Navarra ( 2,450 hectares ( 6,100 acres ) in 2008 ) and Castilla - La Mancha ( 2,894 hectares ( 7,150 acres ) ) sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties . Spain 's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula , Portugal , has only a very limited amount of Merlot compared to the abundance of native Portuguese grape varieties with 556 hectares ( 1,370 acres ) planted in 2010 , mostly in the Portuguese wine regions along the Tagus river . Central europe ( edit ) In Germany , there were 450 hectares ( 1,100 acres ) of Merlot growing in 2008 with the grape mostly planted in the warmer German wine regions of the Palatinate and Rheinhessen . In Switzerland , Merlot accounts for nearly 85 % of the wine production in Ticino where it is often made in a pale `` white Merlot '' style . In 2009 , there were 1,028 hectares ( 2,540 acres ) plantings of Swiss Merlot . Plantings of Merlot have increased in recent years in the Austrian wine region of Burgenland where vineyards previously growing Welschriesling are being uprooted to make room for more plantings . The grape still lags behind its parent variety , Cabernet Franc , with 112 hectares ( 280 acres ) in cultivation in 2008 . Outside of Burgenland , nearly half of all Austrian Merlot plantings are found in Lower Austria . Rest of europe ( edit ) In the Eastern European countries of Bulgaria , Moldova , Croatia and Romania , Merlot is often produced as a full bodied wine that can be very similar to Cabernet Sauvignon . In Bulgaria , plantings of Merlot lag slightly behind Cabernet Sauvignon with 15,202 hectares ( 37,560 acres ) in 2009 while Croatia had 1,105 hectares ( 2,730 acres ) . In the Czech Republic , most of the country 's 87 hectares ( 210 acres ) were found in Moravia while Moldova had 8,123 hectares ( 20,070 acres ) in 2009 . In Slovenia , Merlot was the most widely planted grape variety of any color in the Vipava Valley in the Slovene Littoral and the second most widely planted variety in the Gorizia Hills located across the Italian border from Friuli . In the Slovene Littoral , collectively , Merlot accounts for around 15 % of total vineyard plantings with 1,019 hectares ( 2,520 acres ) of Merlot in cultivation across Slovenia in 2009 . In Hungary , Merlot complements Kékfrankos , Kékoportó and Kadarka as a component in Bull 's Blood . It is also made into varietal wine known as Egri Médoc Noir which is noted for its balanced acid levels and sweet taste . In 2009 , there were 1,791 hectares ( 4,430 acres ) of Merlot planted across Hungary . Most of these hectares can be found in the wine regions of Szekszárd and Villány on the warm Pannonian Basin with significant plantings also found in Kunság , Eger and Balaton . In Romania , Merlot is the most widely exported red wine grape variety with 10,782 hectares ( 26,640 acres ) in cultivation in 2008 . Most of these plantings are found along the Black Sea in Dobruja , further inland in the Muntenia region of Dealu Mare and in the western Romanian wine region of Drăgășani . Here the grape is often made a varietal but is sometimes blended with other international varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and with local grape varieties such as Fetească neagră . In 2009 , Ukraine had 2,820 hectares ( 7,000 acres ) of Merlot in cultivation . Russia had 1,588 hectares ( 3,920 acres ) . In Greece , Merlot is one of the top six grape varieties planted in the eastern wine regions of Macedonia ( 86 hectares ( 210 acres ) ) and Western Thrace ( 243 hectares ( 600 acres ) ) . In central Greece , there were 74 hectares ( 180 acres ) of Merlot in cultivation as of 2012 . United States ( edit ) Merlot is grown across the United States with California and Washington growing the most . Other regions producing significant quantities of Merlot include New York State with 365 hectares ( 900 acres ) in 2006 with most of it in the maritime climate of the Long Island AVA and mulitple regions in Ohio . In Texas , Merlot is the second most widely planted red wine grape after Cabernet Sauvignon with 117 hectares ( 290 acres ) . In Virginia , the grape was the widely most widely planted red variety with 136 hectares ( 340 acres ) in 2010 , most of it in the Monticello AVA and Shenandoah Valley AVA , while Oregon had 206 hectares ( 510 acres ) in 2008 with most planted in the Rogue Valley AVA . California ( edit ) The style of Merlot in California can vary with the grape being found all across the state in both warmer and cooler climate regions . While regional examples of California Merlot exist from places like Napa Valley and Sonoma , many bottles are labeled simply as California Merlot . In the early history of California wine , Merlot was used primarily as a 100 % varietal wine until winemaker Warren Winiarski encouraged taking the grape back to its blending roots with Bordeaux style blends . Following the `` Merlot wine craze '' of the 1990s sparked by 60 Minutes French Paradox report , sales of Merlot spiked with the grape hitting its peak plantings of over 20,640 hectares ( 51,000 acres ) in 2004 . The 2004 movie Sideways , where the lead character is a Pinot noir fan who expresses his disdain of Merlot , has been connected with declining Merlot sales in the US after its release ( and an even larger spike of interest in Pinot noir ) . By 2010 , plantings of California Merlot had dropped slightly to 18,924 hectares ( 46,760 acres ) . In California , Merlot can range from very fruity simple wines ( sometimes referred to by critics as a `` red Chardonnay '' ) to more serious , barrel aged examples . It can also be used as a primary component in Meritage blends . While Merlot is grown throughout the state , it is particularly prominent in Napa , Monterey and Sonoma County . In Napa , examples from Los Carneros , Mount Veeder , Oakville and Rutherford tend to show ripe blackberry and black raspberry notes . Sonoma Merlots from Alexander Valley , Carneros and Dry Creek Valley tend to show plum , tea leaf and black cherry notes . Washington state ( edit ) In the 1980s , Merlot helped put the Washington wine industry on the world 's wine map . Prior to this period there was a general perception that the climate of Washington State was too cold to produce red wine varietals . Merlots from Leonetti Cellar , Andrew Will , Columbia Crest and Chateau Ste . Michelle demonstrated that areas of the Eastern Washington were warm enough for red wine production . Today it is the second most widely grown red wine grape in the state ( after Cabernet Sauvignon ) , following many years of being the most widely planted variety , and accounts for nearly one fifth of the state 's entire production . In 2011 , there were 3,334 hectares ( 8,240 acres ) of Washington Merlot in cultivation . Washington Merlots from the Columbia Valley are often noted for their deep color . It is widely planted throughout the Columbia Valley AVA but has earned particular notice from plantings grown in Walla Walla , Red Mountain and the Horse Heaven Hills . Washington Merlots are noted for their deep color and balanced acidity . The state 's climate lends itself towards long days and hours of sunshine with cool nights that contributes to a significant diurnal temperature variation and produces wines with New World fruitiness and Old World structure . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , Merlot can be found across the country from Ontario , where there were 498 hectares ( 1,230 acres ) of the grape in 2008 , to British Columbia , where the grape is the most widely planted wine grape variety of either color at 641 hectares ( 1,580 acres ) . Here Merlot accounts for almost a third of all red wine grape plantings and is used for both varietal and Bordeaux - style blends . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico , Merlot is cultivated primarily in the Valle de Guadalupe of Baja California , the country 's main wine - producing area . Plantings have increased substantially since the 1980s , and cultivation has spread into the nearby areas of Ojos Negros and Santo Tomás . The grape can also be found in the north eastern Mexican wine region of Coahuila , across the border from Texas . South america ( edit ) In Chile , Merlot thrives in the Apalta region of Colchagua Province . It is also grown in significant quantities in Curicó , Casablanca and the Maipo Valley . Until the early 1990s , the Chilean wine industry mistakenly sold a large quantity of wine made from the Carménère grape as Merlot . Following the discovery that many Chilean vineyards thought to be planted with Sauvignon blanc was actually Sauvignonasse , the owners of the Chilean winery Domaine Paul Bruno ( who previously worked with Château Margaux and Château Cos d'Estournel ) invited ampelographers to comb through their vineyards to make sure that their wines were properly identified . Genetic studies discovered that much of what had been grown as Merlot was actually Carménère , an old French variety that had gone largely extinct in France due to its poor resistance to phylloxera . While the vines , leaves and grapes look very similar , both grapes produce wines with distinct characteristics -- Carménère being more strongly flavored with green pepper notes and Merlot having softer fruit with chocolate notes . Today , `` true '' Merlot is the third most widely planted grape variety in Chile after Cabernet Sauvignon and Listán Prieto with 13,280 hectares ( 32,800 acres ) in 2009 . Most of these planting are in the Central Valley with Colchagua leading the way with 3,359 hectares ( 8,300 acres ) followed by Maule Valley with 3,019 hectares ( 7,460 acres ) and Curicó with 2,911 hectares ( 7,190 acres ) . In Argentina , Merlot plantings have been increasing in the Mendoza region with the grape showing an affinity to the Tupungato region of the Uco Valley . Argentine Merlots grown in the higher elevations of Tunpungato have shown a balance of ripe fruit , tannic structure and acidity . The grape is not as widely planted here due to the natural fruity and fleshiness of the popular Malbec and Douce noir / Bonarda grapes that often do n't need to be `` mellowed '' by Merlot as Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc may benefit from . In 2008 , there were 7,142 hectares ( 17,650 acres ) of Merlot growing in Argentina , most of it in the Mendoza region and in the San Juan Province . In Uruguay , Merlot is often blended with Tannat and is the 2nd most widely planted red grape variety , representing around 10 % of total vineyard plantings . More widely planted than Cabernet Sauvignon , there were 853 hectares ( 2,110 acres ) of the grape in cultivation in 2009 . Brazil is home to 1,089 hectares ( 2,690 acres ) of Merlot ( as of 2007 ) with most of them in the Rio Grande do Sul region that is across the border with Uruguay . Other South American wine regions growing Merlot include Bolivia with 30 hectares ( 74 acres ) as of 2012 and Peru . Oceania , South Africa and Asia ( edit ) In New Zealand , plantings of Merlot have increased in the Hawke 's Bay region , particularly in Gimblett Gravels where the grape has shown the ability to produce Bordeaux - style wine . The grape has been growing in favor among New Zealand producers due to its ability to ripen better , with less green flavors , than Cabernet Sauvignon . Other regions with significant plantings include Auckland , Marlborough and Martinborough . In 2008 , Merlot was the second most widely red grape variety ( after Pinot noir ) in New Zealand and accounted for nearly 5 % of all the country 's plantings with 1,363 hectares ( 3,370 acres ) in cultivation . In Australia , some vineyards labeled as `` Merlot '' were discovered to actually be Cabernet Franc . Merlot vines can also be found growing in the Barossa Valley , McLaren Vale and Wrattonbully in South Australia . In 2008 , it was the third most widely planted red grape variety after Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon with 10,537 hectares ( 26,040 acres ) . As in California , the global `` Merlot craze '' spurred an increase of plantings , most of it in the warm , irrigated regions of Murray Darling , Riverina and Riverland where the grape variety could be mass - produced . Recent plantings , such as those in the Margaret River area of Western Australia have been focusing on making more Bordeaux - style blends . In South Africa , plantings of Merlot have focused on cooler sites within the Paarl and Stellenbosch regions . Here the grape is the third most widely planted red grape variety , accounting for nearly 15 % of all red wine grape plantings , with 6,614 hectares ( 16,340 acres ) of Merlot in cultivation in 2008 . The majority of these plantings are found in the Stellenbosch region with 2,105 hectares ( 5,200 acres ) and Paarl with 1,289 hectares ( 3,190 acres ) . According to wine expert Jancis Robinson , South African Merlot tend to be made as a varietal in a `` chocolately , glossy California style '' . In Asia , Merlot is planted in emerging wine regions in India . It can also be found in Japan with 816 hectares ( 2,020 acres ) in 2009 and in China with 3,204 hectares ( 7,920 acres ) . Wines ( edit ) As a varietal wine , Merlot can make soft , velvety wines with plum flavors . While Merlot wines tend to mature faster than Cabernet Sauvignon , some examples can continue to develop in the bottle for decades . There are three main styles of Merlot -- a soft , fruity , smooth wine with very little tannins , a fruity wine with more tannic structure and , finally , a brawny , highly tannic style made in the profile of Cabernet Sauvignon . Some of the fruit notes commonly associated with Merlot include cassis , black and red cherries , blackberry , blueberry , boysenberry , mulberry , ollalieberry and plum . Vegetable and earthy notes include black and green olives , cola nut , bell pepper , fennel , humus , leather , mushrooms , rhubarb and tobacco . Floral and herbal notes commonly associated with Merlot include green and black tea , eucalyptus , laurel , mint , oregano , pine , rosemary , sage , sarsaparilla and thyme . When Merlot has spent significant time in oak , the wine may show notes of caramel , chocolate , coconut , coffee bean , dill weed , mocha , molasses , smoke , vanilla and walnut . White Merlot ( edit ) White Merlot is made the same way as White Zinfandel . The grapes are crushed , and after very brief skin contact , the resulting pink juice is run off the must and is then fermented . It normally has a hint of raspberry . White Merlot was reputedly first marketed in the late 1990s . In Switzerland , a type of White Merlot is made in the Ticino region but has been considered more a rosé . White Merlot should not be confused with the grape variety Merlot blanc , which is a cross between Merlot and Folle blanche that was discovered in 1891 , nor should it be confused with the white mutant variety of the Merlot grape . Food pairing ( edit ) In food and wine pairings , the diversity of Merlot can lend itself to a wide array of matching options . Cabernet - like Merlots pair well with many of the same things that Cabernet Sauvignon would pair well with , such as grilled and charred meats . Softer , fruitier Merlots ( particularly those with higher acidity from cooler climate regions like Washington State and Northeastern Italy ) share many of the same food - pairing affinities with Pinot noir and go well with dishes like salmon , mushroom - based dishes and greens like chard and radicchio . Light - bodied Merlots can go well with shellfish like prawns or scallops , especially if wrapped in a protein - rich food such as bacon or prosciutto . Merlot tends not to go well with strong and blue - veined cheeses that can overwhelm the fruit flavors of the wine . The capsaicins of spicy foods can accentuate the perception of alcohol in Merlot and make it taste more tannic and bitter . Synonyms ( edit ) Over the years , Merlot has been known under many synonyms across the globe including : Alicante , Alicante noir , Bégney , Bidal , Bidalhe , Bigney , Bigney rouge , Bini , Bini Ruzh , Bioney , Black Alicante , Bordeleza belcha , Crabutet , Crabutet noir , Crabutet noir merlau , Hebigney , Higney , Higney rouge , Langon , Lecchumskij , Médoc noir , Merlau , Merlaut , Merlaut noir , Merle , Merle Petite , Merleau , Merlô , Merlot noir , Merlot black , Merlot blauer , Merlot crni , Merlot nero , Merlott , Merlou , Odzalesi , Odzhaleshi , Odzhaleshi Legkhumskii , Petit Merle , Picard , Pikard , Plan medre , Planet Medok , Plant du Médoc , Plant Médoc , Saint - Macaire , Same de la Canan , Same dou Flaube , Sème de la Canau , Sème Dou Flube , Semilhon rouge , Semilhoum rouge , Semilhoun rouge , Sémillon rouge , Sud des Graves , Vidal , Vini Ticinesi , Vitrai and Vitraille . See also ( edit ) International variety References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson , J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties , including their origins and flavours pgs 630 - 634 , Allen Lane 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 846 - 14446 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Wine Business Journal listing of varietal sales . '' . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition , Oxford University Press 2006 , pg. 746 : `` Vine varieties '' , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Wine & Spirits Education Trust `` Wine and Spirits : Understanding Wine Quality '' pgs 6 - 9 , Second Revised Edition ( 2012 ) , London , ISBN 9781905819157 ^ Jump up to : Oz Clarke Encyclopedia of Grapes pg 129 -- 133 Harcourt Books 2001 ISBN 0 - 15 - 100714 - 4 ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson Vines , Grapes & Wines pg 91 -- 94 Mitchell Beazley 1986 ISBN 1 - 85732 - 999 - 6 ^ Jump up to : E. Goldstein `` Perfect Pairings '' pg 148 -- 152 University of California Press 2006 ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24377 - 4 Jump up ^ J-M . Boursiquot ; T. Lacombe ; V. Laucou ; S. Julliard ; F-X . Perrin ; N. Lanier ; D. Legrand ; C. Meredith ; P . This ( 2009 ) . `` Parentage of Merlot and related winegrape cultivars of southwestern France : discovery of the missing link '' . Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research . 15 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 155 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 0238.2008. 00041. x . ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson Jancis Robinson 's Wine Course Third Edition pg 142 -- 143 Abbeville Press 2003 ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0883 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Historique -- Office National de Commercialisation des produits Viti - vinicoles '' . www.oncv-groupe.com ( in French ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ BKWine Brief nr 35 , May 2006 : France 's most planted grape varieties Jump up ^ G. Taber Judgement of Paris pg 108 Scribner 2005 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4751 - 5 Jump up ^ Cuellar , Steven S. ( January 2009 ) . `` The ' Sideways ' Effect '' . Wines & Vines . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Harlow , John ( 2006 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Oscar winner knocks sales of merlot wine sideways '' . The Sunday Times . Jump up ^ Simon , Joanna ( 2006 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Sauce '' . Food & Drink . The Sunday Times . p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : P. Gregutt `` Washington Wines and Wineries : The Essential Guide '' pg 70 University of California Press 2007 ISBN 0 - 520 - 24869 - 4 Jump up ^ Merlot blanc , Vitis International Variety Catalogue , accessed 2011 - 09 - 21 Jump up ^ Vitis International Variety Catalogue ( VIVC ) Merlot Accessed : July 6th , 2014 External links ( edit ) Growing Merlot grapes in the U.S. - information from Cooperative Extension Wines and winemaking General Acids in wine Aging of wine Annual growth cycle of grapevines Aroma of wine Alternative wine closure Cork History Oak Oenology Screw cap Terroir Vineyard Viticulture Wine and food matching Wine fault Wine personalities Wine tasting Wine tasting descriptors Styles and methods of production Red Rosé White Orange Sparkling Dessert Ice Straw Kosher Organic Biodynamic Table Fortified Aromatized Grape varieties International White Chardonnay Chenin blanc Gewürztraminer Muscat Riesling Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Red Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Pinot noir Syrah / Shiraz Regional White Agh Shani Albariño Aligoté Arneis Assyrtiko Chinuri Furmint Garganega Glera Grüner Veltliner Kerner Khikhvi Krakhuna Krstač Manata Marsanne Mtsvani Müller - Thurgau Pinot blanc Pinot gris / Pinot grigio Ribolla Gialla Rkatsiteli Roussanne Shesh i Bardhë Silvaner Smederevka Tamjanika Tetra Torrontés Ugni blanc / Trebbiano Tsitska Tsolikouri Verdejo Verdicchio Vermentino Viognier Red Aglianico Aladasturi Aleksandrouli Alicante Bouschet Asuretuli Barbera Blaufränkisch Bobal Cabernet Franc Carignan Carménère Cinsaut Corvina Dolcetto Dzvelshava Frappato Gamay Gibrita Grenache / Garnacha Izabella Kadarka Lagrein Madrasa Malbec Mencía / Jaen Mujuretuli Mourvèdre / Monastrell / Mataro Nebbiolo Negroamaro Nero d'Avola Ojaleshi Petit Verdot Petite sirah / Durif Pinot Meunier Pinotage Plavac Mali Poulsard Prokupac Sagrantino Sangiovese Saperavi Shesh i Zi Tannat Tavkveri Tempranillo Touriga Nacional Trollinger Usakhelauri Vranac Zinfandel / Primitivo Zweigelt Wine - producing countries and regions Australia New South Wales South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec Chile Aconcagua Atacama Central Valley Coquimbo Southern Chile Croatia Coastal wine region Continental wine region France Alsace Beaujolais Bordeaux Burgundy Champagne Jura Languedoc - Roussillon Loire Provence Rhône South West Georgia Abkhazia Imereti Kakheti Kartli Racha Germany Baden Franconia Mittelrhein Mosel Nahe Pfalz Rheingau Rheinhessen Hungary Balaton Duna Eger ~ Egri Bikavér Észak - Dunántúl Pannon Sopron Tokaj ~ Tokaji Italy Abruzzo Friuli - Venezia Giulia Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Veneto ~ Marsala Portugal Dão Douro Bairrada Port Vinho Verde ~ Madeira Romania Cotnari ~ Grasă de Cotnari Dealu Mare Huși ~ Busuioacă de Bohotin Jidvei Murfatlar Panciu Odobeşti Cotești Recaș Târnave Spain Catalonia Galicia Penedès ~ Sherry Priorat Ribera del Duero Rioja United States California Idaho New York Oregon Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Other Albania Argentina Austria Brazil Bulgaria China Crimea Cyprus Czech Republic Greece Israel Japan Jordan Lebanon Macedonia Moldova New Zealand Poland Russia Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Glossary Outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merlot&oldid=800593852 '' Categories : Red wine grape varieties Wine grapes of Italy Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Image captions for cleanup / With examples Image captions for cleanup / With examples / With trivial wording Image captions for cleanup from June 2017 All image captions for cleanup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 14 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlot	950
where do the english royalty get their money			Finances of the British Royal family	finances of the british royal family		The British royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the annual Trooping the Colour in 2013 The finances of the British royal family come from a number of sources . The UK Parliament supports the monarch and some other members of the House of Windsor financially by means of the Sovereign Grant , a percentage of the annual profits of the Crown Estate which is intended to meet the costs of the sovereign 's official expenditures . This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences , staffing , travel and state visits , public engagements , and official entertainment . Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall , a parliamentary annuity , and income from private investments . The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer 's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign 's financial affairs . Contents 1 Income 1.1 Civil List 1.2 Sovereign Grant 1.3 Duchy of Lancaster 1.4 Duchy of Cornwall 1.5 Parliamentary annuities 1.6 Taxation 2 Assets 2.1 Private wealth of the Queen 2.2 Crown Estate 2.3 Assets held in trust 3 References Income ( edit ) Civil List ( edit ) Main article : Civil list Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues , which included the profits of the Crown Estate ( the royal property portfolio ) . King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List . Under this arrangement the Crown Estate remained the property of the sovereign , but the hereditary revenues of the crown were placed at the disposal of the House of Commons . The Civil List was paid from public funds and was intended to support the exercise of the monarch 's duties as head of state of the United Kingdom . This arrangement persisted from 1760 until 2012 . In modern times , the Government 's profits from the Crown Estate always significantly exceeded the Civil List . Under the Civil List arrangements the royal family faced criticism for the lack of transparency surrounding Royal finances . The National Audit Office was not entitled to audit the Royal Household . The Queen received an annual £ 7.9 million a year from the Civil List between 2001 and 2012 . The total income of the Royal Household from the Treasury was always significantly larger than the Civil List because it included additional income such as Grants - in - Aid from the Treasury and revenues from the Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster . The total Royal Household income for the financial years 2011 -- 12 and 2012 -- 13 was £ 30 million per annum , followed by a 14 % cut in the following year . However , the Treasury provided an additional £ 1 million to pay for Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 2012 . Royal expenditure differs from income due to the use of a Reserve Fund , which can be added to or drawn from . The official reported annual expenditure of the Head of State was £ 41.5 million for the 2008 -- 09 financial year . This figure did not include the cost of security provided by the police and the Army and some other expenses . Sovereign Grant ( edit ) Main article : Sovereign Grant Act 2011 Under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 , the system of funding the Royal Household by a mixture of Civil List payments and Grants - in - Aid was replaced . From 1 April 2012 a single annual Sovereign Grant has been paid by the Treasury . The level of funding for the Royal Household is now linked to the Government 's revenue from The Crown Estate . The Sovereign Grant Annual Report states that the Sovereign Grant was £ 31 million for 2012 -- 13 , £ 36.1 million for 2013 -- 14 and £ 37.9 million for 2014 - 15 . The amount of the Sovereign Grant is 15 % of the income account net surplus of the Crown Estate for the financial year that began two years previously . The arrangements will be reviewed by 2016 ( subsection 7 ( 5 ) of the Act ) . Step 4 of subsection 6 ( 1 ) , and subsection 6 ( 4 ) , of the Act provide a mechanism to prevent the amount of the Sovereign Grant increasing beyond what is necessary because of the growth in Crown Estate revenue . Under the Sovereign Grant the National Audit Office is able to audit the Royal Household . On November 18 , 2016 a plan was announced to increase the Sovereign Grant from 15 % to 25 % to renovate and repair Buckingham Palace . The percentage is set to revert to 15 % when the project is finished in 2027 . Duchy of Lancaster ( edit ) Main article : Duchy of Lancaster The Duchy of Lancaster is the private estate of the British Sovereign ( now Queen Elizabeth II ) consisting of land holdings and other assets . As it is held in perpetual trust for future generations of Sovereigns , the Sovereign is not entitled to the estate 's capital . The revenue profits of the Duchy are presented to the Sovereign each year and form part of the Privy Purse , providing income for both the official and private expenses of the monarch . In the financial year ending 31 March 2015 , the Duchy was valued at £ 472 million , providing £ 16 million in income . In 2017 , the Paradise Papers revealed that the Duchy held investments in two offshore financial centres , the Cayman Islands and Bermuda . Both are British Overseas Territories of which Queen Elizabeth II is monarch , and nominally appoints governors . Britain handles foreign policy for both islands to a large extent , but Bermuda has been self - governing since 1620 . The Duchy 's investments included First Quench Retailing off - licences and rent - to - own retailer BrightHouse . Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn posited that the Queen should apologize , saying anyone with money offshore for tax avoidance should `` not just apologise for it , ( but ) recognise what it does to our society '' . A spokesman for the Duchy said that all of their investments are audited and legitimate and that the Queen voluntarily pays taxes on income she receives from Duchy investments . Duchy of Cornwall ( edit ) Main article : Duchy of Cornwall The Duchy of Cornwall is a Crown entity holding land and other assets to produce an income for the monarch 's eldest son . The Duke of Cornwall ( currently , Prince Charles ) receives revenue which he applies towards charitable work and official activities , supported by the Queen 's grant - in - aid funding to provide assistance with official travel and property . These financial arrangements also cover the official expenditure of some members of his immediate family . The Duchess of Cornwall , the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge , and the Duke and Duchess of Sussex all have their official expenses paid from Duchy income , assisted by funds from the Queen 's Sovereign Grant . For the fiscal year 2011 -- 12 the Duchy was valued at £ 728 million with an annual profit of £ 18.3 million paid to the Prince . Parliamentary annuities ( edit ) The Duke of Edinburgh receives a parliamentary annuity of £ 359,000 per year from the Treasury . In the past some other members of the British royal family also received funding in the form of parliamentary annuities . The Civil List Act 1952 provided for an allowance to Princess Margaret as well as allowances to the queen 's younger children among others . The Civil List Act 1972 added further members of the royal family to the annuity list . By 2002 there were eight recipients of parliamentary annuities ( all children or cousins of the Queen ) receiving a combined total of £ 1.5 million annually . Between 1993 and 2012 the Queen voluntarily refunded the cost of these annuities to the Treasury . The Sovereign Grant Act 2011 abolished all of these other than that received by the Duke of Edinburgh . Subsequently , the living costs of the members of the royal family who carry out official duties , including the Princess Royal , the Duke of York , and the Earl and Countess of Wessex , have mainly been met through the Queen 's income from the Duchy of Lancaster . Taxation ( edit ) The Crown has a legal tax - exempt status because certain acts of parliament do not apply to it . Crown bodies such as The Duchy of Lancaster are not subject to legislation concerning income tax , capital gains tax or inheritance tax . Furthermore , the Sovereign has no legal liability to pay such taxes . The Duchy of Cornwall has a Crown exemption and the Prince of Wales is not legally liable to pay income tax on Duchy revenues . A `` Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation '' was published on 5 February 1993 and amended in 1996 , 2009 and 2013 . It is intended that the arrangements in the memorandum will be followed by the next monarch . The memorandum describes the arrangements by which The Queen and The Prince of Wales make voluntary payments to the HM Revenue and Customs in lieu of tax to compensate for their tax exemption . The details of the payments are private . The Queen voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on her private income and income from the Privy Purse ( which includes the Duchy of Lancaster ) that is not used for official purposes . The Sovereign Grant is exempted . A sum equivalent to capital gains tax is voluntarily paid on any gains from the disposal of private assets made after 5 April 1993 . Many of the Sovereign 's assets were acquired earlier than this date but payment is only made on the gains made afterwards . Arrangements also exist for a sum in lieu of inheritance tax to be voluntarily paid on some of the Queen 's private assets . Property passing from monarch to monarch is exempted , as is property passing from the consort of a former monarch to the current monarch . The Prince of Wales voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on that part of his income from the Duchy of Cornwall that is in excess of what is needed to meet official expenditure . From 1969 he made voluntary tax payments of 50 % of the profits , but this reduced to 25 % in 1981 when he married Lady Diana Spencer . These arrangements were replaced by the memorandum in 1993 . The income of the Prince of Wales from sources other than the Duchy of Cornwall is subject to tax in the normal way . Assets ( edit ) Private wealth of the Queen ( edit ) The Queen has a private income from her personal investment portfolio , though her personal wealth and income are not known . Jock Colville , a former private secretary to the Queen ( when she was Princess Elizabeth ) and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth at £ 2 million in 1971 ( the equivalent of about £ 26 million today ) . An official statement from Buckingham Palace in 1993 called estimates of £ 100 million `` grossly overstated '' . In 2002 , she inherited her mother 's estate , thought to have been worth £ 70 million ( the equivalent of about £ 105 million today ) . Forbes magazine estimated the Queen 's net worth at around $500 million ( about £ 325 million ) in 2011 , while an analysis by the Bloomberg Billionaires Index put it at $425 million ( about £ 275 million ) in 2015 . In 2012 the Sunday Times estimated the Queen 's wealth as being £ 310 million ( $504 million ) , and that year the Queen received a Guinness World Record as Wealthiest Queen . The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her wealth at £ 340 million , making her the 302nd richest person in the United Kingdom ; that was the first year she was not among the Sunday Times Rich List 's top 300 most wealthy since the list began in 1989 . She was number one on the list when it began in 1989 . Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen . Crown Estate ( edit ) Main article : Crown Estate The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom , producing £ 211 million for the Treasury in the financial year 2007 -- 8 . and with holdings of £ 7.3 billion in 2011 . The Crown Estate is not the private property of the Monarch . It can not be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity , nor do any revenues , or debts , from the estate accrue to her . Instead the Crown Estate is owned by the Crown , a corporation representing the legal embodiment of the State . It is held in trust and governed by Act of Parliament , to which it makes an annual report . Revenue from the Crown Estate is thought to be due to double in real terms between 2010 and 2020 with additional lease revenues deriving from the development of offshore wind farms within Britain 's Renewable Energy Zone , the rights of which were granted to the Crown Estate by the Energy Act 2004 . Assets held in trust ( edit ) A number of State possessions are held in trust by the Sovereign . The Royal Collection is the art collection of the British royal family . It is one of the largest and most important art collections in the world , containing over 7,000 paintings , 40,000 watercolours and drawings , about 150,000 old master prints , historical photographs , tapestries , furniture , ceramics , books , gold and silver plate , arms and armour , jewellery and other works of art . The collection includes the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London ( including the crown , orb and sceptre ) . It is physically dispersed between thirteen Royal residences and former residences across Britain . Although the collection belongs to the sovereign , it is not the personal property of Elizabeth II as a private individual . Instead the collection is held in trust by the Queen for her successors and the nation . The Treasury says these assets are `` vested in the sovereign and can not be alienated '' . Income is generated by the collection from public admissions and other sources . This income is received by the Royal Collection Trust , the collection 's management charity , and not by the Queen . The occupied royal palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle are held in trust by the sovereign . The Royal Household is expected to use the Sovereign Grant to maintain the palaces . In May 2009 the Queen requested an extra £ 4 million annually from the government to carry out a backlog of repairs to Buckingham Palace . In 2010 , the Royal Household requested an additional grant from the Department for Culture , Media and Sport but were refused on the basis that the scheme was `` aimed at schools , hospitals , councils and housing associations for heating programmes which benefit low - income families '' . Over a third of the Royal estate was in disrepair by 2012 -- 13 according to a report by the Public Accounts Committee . The cost of restoration was estimated to be £ 50 million , but the Reserve Fund was at a historic low of £ 1m . The Monarch is also responsible for using the Sovereign Grant to pay the wages of 431 of the approximately 1200 Royal Household staff , amounting to £ 18.2 million in 2014 -- 15 . In 2013 , the Guardian newspaper reported that Buckingham Palace was using zero - hour contract for its summer staff and in 2015 it was reported that at least four senior officials had been made redundant to reduce costs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Sovereign 's gracious message to the House of Commons re : The Sovereign Grant Bill '' ( PDF ) . Buckingham Palace . 29 June 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sovereign Grant Bill -- Further background information provided to Members of Parliament in advance of the Bill 's Second Reading Debate on 14 July 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Her Majesty 's Treasury . July 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Royal Finances : The Civil List , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ The Privy Purse and Treasurer 's Office , accessed 13 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Royals ' cost the taxpayer £ 37.4 m ' '' . BBC News . 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Verkaik , Robert ( 28 June 2002 ) . `` First look at royal finances fails to satisfy MPs '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : Royal Finances : Head of State Expenditure , Official web site of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 14 May 2010 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Spending Review : Royal family to face 14 % cuts '' . BBC News . 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Verkaik , Robert ( 21 October 2010 ) . `` Royal ' cuts ' could make Charles the richest king in British history '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Royal Family rises £ 1.5 m '' . BBC News . 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sovereign Grant Annual Report 2012 - 13 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal funding changes become law '' . BBC News . 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Determination of the amount of Sovereign Grant '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Davies , Caroline ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Buckingham Palace to undergo ' essential ' £ 370m refurbishment '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Duchy of Lancaster - FAQs '' . Duchy of Lancaster . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Duchy of Lancaster. 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Royal Finances : Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Duchy of Lancaster - Management and Finance '' . Duchy of Lancaster . Archived from the original on 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Hilary ( 5 November 2017 ) . `` Revealed : Queen 's private estate invested millions of pounds offshore '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paradise Papers : Queen should apologise , suggests Corbyn '' . BBC . 6 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who pays for The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and The Duke and Duchess of Sussex ? '' . The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall Website . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report and Accounts Year Ended 31st March 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Duchy Of Cornwall. 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ The amount was set by the Civil List ( Increase of Financial Provision ) Order 1990 . It was initially set at £ 40,000 in the Civil List Act 1952 , raised to £ 65,000 by the Civil List Act 1972 , and raised to £ 165,000 by the Civil List ( Increase of Financial Provision ) Order 1984 . Jump up ^ `` What Is The True Cost Of The Monarchy ? '' . Royal Central . 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil List Act 1952 : Chapter 37 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Verkaik , Robert ( 30 May 2002 ) . `` Royal aides want to see abolition of Civil List '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Further provision for members of the Royal Family '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation '' ( PDF ) . HM Government . 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rayner , Gordon ( 21 Jun 2015 ) . `` Queen 's finances are safe from cuts for two years '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Vivien ( 12 February 1993 ) . `` The Queen 's Finances : Ordinary tax allowances for royals '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Philip Hall , 1992 , Royal Fortune , Tax , Money and the Monarchy , page xxii , Bloomsbury , ISBN 0 - 7475 - 1098 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Royal overspend prompts call to open palace doors '' . BBC News . 28 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ The Times , 9 July 1971 ; Pimlott , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Lord Chamberlain Lord Airlie quoted in Hoey , p. 225 and Pimlott , p. 561 Jump up ^ `` Queen inherits Queen Mother 's estate '' . 17 May 2002 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Luisa . `` Just How Rich Are Queen Elizabeth And Her Family ? '' . Forbs , com . Forbs . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Tom . `` Queen Elizabeth II Is n't as Rich as You Think '' . bloomberg.com . bloomberg . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wealthiest Queen '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Helen Nianias ( 26 April 2015 ) . `` The Queen drops off the top end of the Sunday Times Rich List for the first time since its inception '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Royal Residences : Overview , Royal Household , archived from the original on 1 May 2011 , retrieved 9 December 2009 ^ Jump up to : About Us , Crown Estate , 6 July 2011 , archived from the original on 1 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ FAQs , Crown Estate , archived from the original on 3 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Royal Special : Sovereign wealth '' . The Independent . London . 31 May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Collection '' . The Royal Household . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ What is the Royal Collection ? , The Royal Collection , retrieved 12 November 2008 Jump up ^ Pierce , Andrew ( 30 May 2009 ) . `` Queen must open palace more in return for extra funds '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Queen asked for heating grant from Government '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Younger , Rachel ( 28 January 2014 ) . `` Royal Estate Overspend Leaves £ 50m Repair Bill '' . Sky News . London . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Richard ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Royal Family faces major financial review as costs soar by a third in three years '' . Daily Express . London . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon Neville , Matthew Taylor and Phillip Inman . `` Buckingham Palace uses zero - hours contracts for summer staff Money '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sabur , Rozina ( 23 May 2015 ) . `` Buckingham Palace ' axes at least four ' of the Queen 's senior officials '' . The telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finances_of_the_British_royal_family&oldid=856076527 '' Categories : British monarchy British royal family Finance in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 18 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finances%20of%20the%20British%20royal%20family	951
when is the station of the cross done	Commonly , a series of 14 images will be arranged in numbered order along a path and the faithful travel from image to image , in order , stopping at each station to say the selected prayers and reflections . This will be done individually or in a procession most commonly during Lent , especially on Good Friday , in a spirit of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during his passion .	most commonly during Lent , especially on Good Friday	Stations of the Cross	stations of the cross	The Stations of the Cross or the Way of the Cross , also known as the Way of Sorrows or the Via Crucis , refers to a series of images depicting Jesus Christ on the day of his crucifixion and accompanying prayers . The stations grew out of imitations of Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem which is believed to be the actual path Jesus walked to Mount Calvary . The object of the stations is to help the Christians faithful to make a spiritual pilgrimage through contemplation of the Passion of Christ . It has become one of the most popular devotions and the stations can be found in many Western Christian churches , including Anglican , Lutheran , Methodist , and Roman Catholic ones .	Commonly , a series of 14 images will be arranged in numbered order along a path and the faithful travel from image to image , in order , stopping at each station to say the selected prayers and reflections . This will be done individually or in a procession most commonly during Lent , especially on Good Friday , in a spirit of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during his passion . The style , form , and placement of the stations vary widely . The typical stations are small plaques with reliefs or paintings placed around a church nave . Modern minimalist stations can be simple crosses with a numeral in the centre . Occasionally the faithful might say the stations of the cross without there being any image , such as when the pope leads the stations of the cross around the Colosseum in Rome on Good Friday . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Stations 2.1 Scriptural form 3 Modern usage 4 Debates 4.1 Place of Christ 's resurrection 5 Music 6 Literature 7 Via Dolorosa sites 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Three chapels of Verkiai Calvary Station of the Cross in the Shrine of Our Lady of Fátima , in Portugal Outdoor station in Jiřetín pod Jedlovou Typical indoor placement along the nave ( Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ) The Stations of the Cross originated in pilgrimages to Jerusalem and a desire to reproduce Via Dolorosa . Imitating holy places was not a new concept . For example , the religious complex of Santo Stefano in Bologna , Italy , replicated the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other religious sites , including Mount of Olives and Valley of Josaphat . After the siege of 1187 , Jerusalem fell to Muslims . Forty years later Franciscans were allowed back into the Holy Land . Their founder , Saint Francis of Assisi , held the Passion of Christ in special veneration and was the first person to receive stigmata . In 1217 , St. Francis also founded the Custody of the Holy Land to guard and promote the devotion to holy places . Their efforts were recognized when Franciscans were officially proclaimed custodians of holy places by Pope Clement VI in 1342 . Although several travelers who visited the Holy Land during the 12 -- 14th centuries ( e.g. Riccoldo da Monte di Croce , Burchard of Mount Sion , James of Verona ) , mention a `` Via Sacra '' , i.e. a settled route that pilgrims followed , there is nothing in their accounts to identify this with the Way of the Cross , as we understand it . The earliest use of the word `` stations '' , as applied to the accustomed halting - places in the Via Sacra at Jerusalem , occurs in the narrative of an English pilgrim , William Wey , who visited the Holy Land in the mid-15th century , and described pilgrims following the footsteps of Christ to the cross . In 1521 , a book called Geystlich Strass ( German : `` spiritual road '' ) was printed with illustrations of the stations in the Holy Land . During the 15th and 16th centuries the Franciscans began to build a series of outdoor shrines in Europe to duplicate their counterparts in the Holy Land . The number of stations varied between seven and thirty ; seven was common . These were usually placed , often in small buildings , along the approach to a church , as in a set of 1490 by Adam Kraft , leading to the Johanneskirche in Nuremberg . A number of rural examples were established as attractions in their own right , usually on attractive wooded hills . These include the Sacro Monte di Domodossola ( 1657 ) and Sacro Monte di Belmonte ( 1712 ) , and form part of the Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy World Heritage Site , together with other examples on different devotional themes . In these the sculptures are often approaching life - size and very elaborate . Remnants of these are often referred to as calvary hills . In 1686 , in answer to their petition , Pope Innocent XI granted to the Franciscans the right to erect stations within their churches . In 1731 , Pope Clement XII extended to all churches the right to have the stations , provided that a Franciscan father erected them , with the consent of the local bishop . At the same time the number was fixed at fourteen . In 1857 , the bishops of England were allowed to erect the stations by themselves , without the intervention of a Franciscan priest , and in 1862 this right was extended to bishops throughout the church . Stations ( edit ) A set of the traditional 14 scenes from Portuguese Church , Kolkata A set of the traditional 14 scenes in Limoges enamel Outdoor set at Camp Zimmerman , an ecumenical retreat center rooted in the Methodist and Moravian traditions ( Gnadenhutten ) The 15th station ( Resurrection of Jesus ) in the Saint Mary Rawaseneng Prayer Garden , in the Monastery of Saint Mary Rawaseneng ( id ) complex , Temanggung , Indonesia The early set of seven scenes was usually numbers 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 11 and 14 from the list below . The standard set from the 17th to 20th centuries has consisted of 14 pictures or sculptures depicting the following scenes : Pilate condemns Jesus to die Jesus accepts his cross Jesus falls for the first time Jesus meets his mother , Mary Simon of Cyrene helps carry the cross Veronica wipes the face of Jesus Jesus falls for the second time Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem Jesus falls for the third time Jesus is stripped of his clothes Jesus is nailed to the cross Jesus dies on the cross Jesus is taken down from the cross Jesus is placed in the tomb Although not traditionally part of the Stations , the Resurrection of Jesus is , in very rare instances , included as a fifteenth station . Scriptural form ( edit ) Main article : Scriptural Way of the Cross Out of the fourteen traditional Stations of the Cross , only eight have clear scriptural foundation . Stations 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , and 9 are not specifically attested to in the gospels ( in particular , no evidence exists of station 6 ever being known before medieval times ) and Station 13 ( representing Jesus 's body being taken down off the cross and laid in the arms of his mother Mary ) seems to embellish the gospels ' record , which states that Joseph of Arimathea took Jesus down from the cross and buried him . To provide a version of this devotion more closely aligned with the biblical accounts , Pope John Paul II introduced a new form of devotion , called the Scriptural Way of the Cross on Good Friday 1991 . He celebrated that form many times but not exclusively at the Colosseum in Rome . In 2007 , Pope Benedict XVI approved an overlapping but distinct set of stations for meditation and public celebration ; they follow this sequence : Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane ; Jesus is betrayed by Judas and arrested ; Jesus is condemned by the Sanhedrin ; Jesus is denied by Peter ; Jesus is judged by Pilate ; Jesus is scourged and crowned with thorns ; Jesus takes up his cross ; Jesus is helped by Simon of Cyrene to carry his cross ; Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem ; Jesus is crucified ; Jesus promises his kingdom to the repentant thief ; Jesus entrusts Mary and John to each other ; Jesus dies on the cross ; and Jesus is laid in the tomb . Modern usage ( edit ) Station 5 : Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the Cross , Good Friday procession 2011 at Ulm , Germany In the Roman Catholic Church , the devotion may be conducted personally by the faithful , making their way from one station to another and saying the prayers , or by having an officiating celebrant move from cross to cross while the faithful make the responses . The stations themselves must consist of , at the very least , fourteen wooden crosses , pictures alone do not suffice , and they must be blessed by someone with the authority to erect stations . Pope John Paul II led an annual public prayer of the Stations of the Cross at the Roman Colosseum on Good Friday . Originally , the pope himself carried the cross from station to station , but in his last years when age and infirmity limited his strength , John Paul presided over the celebration from a stage on the Palatine Hill , while others carried the cross . Just days prior to his death in 2005 , Pope John Paul II observed the Stations of the Cross from his private chapel . Each year a different person is invited to write the meditation texts for the Stations . Past composers of the Papal Stations include several non-Catholics . The pope himself wrote the texts for the Great Jubilee in 2000 and used the traditional Stations . The celebration of the Stations of the Cross is especially common on the Fridays of Lent , especially Good Friday . Community celebrations are usually accompanied by various songs and prayers . Particularly common as musical accompaniment is the Stabat Mater . At the end of each station the Adoramus Te is sometimes sung . The Alleluia is also sung , except during Lent . Structurally , Mel Gibson 's 2004 film , The Passion of the Christ , follows the Stations of the Cross . The fourteenth and last station , the Burial , is not prominently depicted ( compared to the other thirteen ) but it is implied since the last shot before credit titles is Jesus resurrected and about to leave the tomb . Debates ( edit ) Place of Christ 's Resurrection ( edit ) Some modern liturgists say the traditional Stations of the Cross are incomplete without a final scene depicting the empty tomb and / or the resurrection of Jesus , because Jesus ' rising from the dead was an integral part of his salvific work on Earth . Advocates of the traditional form of the Stations ending with the body of Jesus being placed in the tomb say the Stations are intended as a meditation on the atoning death of Jesus , and not as a complete picture of his life , death , and resurrection . Another point of contention , at least between some ranking liturgists vs. traditionalists , is ( the use of ) the `` New Way of the Cross '' being recited exclusively in the Philippines and by Filipinos abroad . The Stations of the Resurrection ( also known by the Latin name of Via Lucis , Way of Light ) are used in some churches at Eastertide to meditate on the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ . Music ( edit ) Franz Liszt wrote a Via crucis for choir , soloists and piano or organ or harmonium in 1879 . In 1931 , French organist Marcel Dupré improvised and transcribed musical meditations based on fourteen poems by Paul Claudel , one for each station . Peter Maxwell Davies 's Vesalii Icones ( 1969 ) , for male dancer , solo cello and instrumental ensemble , brings together the Stations of the Cross and a series of drawings from the anatomical treatise De humani corporis fabrica ( 1543 ) by the Belgian physician Andreas van Wesel ( Vesalius ) . In Davies 's sequence , the final `` station '' represents the Resurrection , but of Antichrist , the composer 's moral point being the need to distinguish what is false from what is real . David Bowie regarded his 1976 song `` Station to Station '' as `` very much concerned with the stations of the cross '' . Michael Valenti ( known primarily as a Broadway composer ) wrote , with librettist Diane Seymour , an oratorio depicting the fourteen Stations of the Cross entitled `` The Way '' . It was premiered in 1991 . Paweł_Łukaszewski wrote Via Crucis in 2000 and it was premiered by the Wrocław_Opera on Good Friday March 30 , 2018 and transmitted on TVP_Kultura . Stefano Vagnini 's 2002 modular oratorio , Via Crucis , a composition for organ , computer , choir , string orchestra and brass quartet , depicts the fourteen Stations of the Cross . In 2009 , U2 released Moment of Surrender , mentioning the Stations of the Cross . As the Stations of the Cross are prayed during the season of Lent in Catholic churches , each station is traditionally followed by a verse of the Stabat Mater , composed in the 13th century by Franciscan Jacopone da Todi . James Matthew Wilson 's poetic sequence , The Stations of the Cross , is written in the same meter as da Todi 's poem . Literature ( edit ) Dimitris Lyacos ' third part of the Poena Damni trilogy , The First Death , is divided in fourteen sections in order to emphasise the `` Via Dolorosa '' of its marooned protagonist during his ascent on the mount of the island which constitutes the setting of the work . Via Dolorosa sites ( edit ) These fourteen sites along the Via Dolorosa are where the events of the Stations of the Cross happened , according to tradition . These 14 stops form a route ending at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher that pilgrims have walked for centuries and are the inspiration for the Stations of the Cross in many churches today . 1st Station , Jesus is condemned to death 2nd Station , Jesus carries his cross 3rd Station , Jesus falls for the first time 4th Station , Jesus meets his mother 5th Station , Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross 6th Station , Veronica wipes the face of Jesus 7th Station , Jesus falls for the second time 8th Station , Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem 9th Station , Jesus falls for the third time 10th Station , Jesus is stripped of his garments 11th Station , Crucifixion : Jesus is nailed to the cross 12th Station , Jesus dies on the cross 13th Station , Jesus is taken down from the cross 14th Station , Jesus is laid in the tomb See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stations of the Cross . Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ Life of Jesus in the New Testament Sayings of Jesus on the cross Seven Sorrows of Mary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lent '' ( PDF ) . Church of England . 236 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stations of the Cross '' . Holy Trinity Lutheran Church . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stations of the Cross '' . Trinity UMC. 24 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stations of the Cross '' . St. Michael 's Episcopal Church . 2012 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ann Ball , 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ; Wilkins , Margaret Z. ( 11 September 2014 ) . Christians in the Twenty - First Century . Taylor & Francis . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 54557 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Frommer 's Events -- Event Guide : Good Friday Procession in Rome ( Palatine Hill , Italy ) '' . Frommer 's . Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Ousterhout , Robert G. ( 1981 ) . `` The Church of Santo Stefano : A `` Jerusalem '' in Bologna `` . Gesta. 2 ( 20 ) : 311 . doi : 10.2307 / 766940 . ISSN 0016 - 920X . JSTOR 766940 . ^ Jump up to : Weitzel Gibbons , Mary ( 1995 ) . Giambologna : Narrator of the Catholic Reformation . University of California Press . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 9780520082137 . ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert ( 1914 ) . The Stations of the Cross : an account of their history and devotional purpose . London : Burns & Oates . pp. 20 -- 21 , 46 . OCLC 843213 . ^ Jump up to : Schiller , Gertrud , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol. II , p. 82 , 1972 ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 324 - 5 Jump up ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1907 ) . s.v. `` The Way of the Cross '' . Jump up ^ `` The Official Web Site for the Archdiocese of Detroit '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . In some contemporary Stations of the Cross , a fifteenth station has been added to commemorate the Resurrection of the Lord . Jump up ^ `` Fr . William Saunders '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Because of the intrinsic relationship between the passion and death of our Lord with His resurrection , several of the devotional booklets now include a 15th station , which commemorates the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Joseph M Champlin , The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II Liguori Publications , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 89243 - 679 - 4 Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II , Meditation and Prayers for the Stations of the Cross at the Colosseum , Good Friday , 2000 Jump up ^ Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` Way of the Cross at the Colosseum '' . Vatican.va . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Way of the Cross '' . Newadvent.org. 1912 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Review Archived 2012 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , 2004 Jump up ^ McBrien , Richard P. ; Harold W. Attridge ( 1995 ) . The HarperCollins encyclopedia of Catholicism . p. 1222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065338 - 5 . Jump up ^ Composer 's note in the published score ( Boosey and Hawkes , B & H 20286 ) . Jump up ^ Cavanagh , David ( February 1997 ) . `` ChangesFiftyBowie '' . Q magazine : 52 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Falcon Valley Music Ed. , Stefano Vagnini , Via Crucis , Rome , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Stations of the Cross : Clarion Review '' . www.clarionreview.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . External links ( edit ) `` Way of the Cross '' article from The Catholic Encyclopedia A list of recent Via Crucis used by The Vatican on Good Fridays from the Official Vatican website . Scriptural Stations of the Cross from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops hide Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub Tuum Praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come , Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted . Catholicism portal hide Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stations_of_the_Cross&oldid=838894815 '' Categories : Stations of the Cross Christian iconography Christian terminology Cross symbols Crucifixion of Jesus in art Franciscan spirituality Roman Catholic Church art by subject Roman Catholic devotions Sorrowful Mysteries Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 23 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stations%20of%20the%20Cross	952
control panel category allows you to change the format for numbers			Control panel ( Windows )	control panel ( windows )	The Control Panel is a part of the Microsoft Windows , in older versions , which allows users to view and manipulate basic system settings and controls via applets , such as adding hardware , adding and removing software , controlling user accounts , and changing accessibility options . Additional applets can be provided by third party software .	The Control Panel has been an inherent part of the Microsoft Windows operating system since Windows 2.0 , with many of the current applets being added in later versions . Beginning with Windows 95 , the Control Panel is implemented as a special folder , i.e. the folder does not physically exist , but only contains shortcuts to various applets such as Add or Remove Programs and Internet Options . Physically , these applets are stored as . cpl files . For example , the Add or Remove Programs applet is stored under the name appwiz. cpl in the SYSTEM32 folder . In recent versions of Windows , the Control Panel has two views , Classic View and Category View , and it is possible to switch between these through an option that appears on either the left side or top of the window . Many of the individual Control Panel applets can be accessed in other ways . For instance , Display Properties can be accessed by right - clicking on an empty area of the desktop and choosing Properties . The classic view consists of shortcuts to the various control panel applets , usually without any description ( other than the name ) . The categories are seen if the user use `` Details '' view . The category view consists of categories , which when clicked on display the control panel applets related to the category . In Windows Vista , the category used applets below the name of the category . The Control Panel can be accessed quickly by typing control in the Run dialog box ( ⊞ Win + R ) . On Windows 10 , Control Panel is deprecated in favor of Settings app , which was originally introduced on Windows 8 as `` PC Settings '' to provide a touchscreen - optimized settings area using its Metro - style app platform . Some functions , particularly the ability to add and remove user accounts , were moved exclusively to this app on Windows 8 and can not be performed from Control Panel . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Control Panel applets 2 Standard applets 3 Peripheral devices 4 Other Microsoft - distributed applets 5 Third - party applets 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links List of control panel applets ( edit ) The applets listed below are components of the Microsoft Windows control panel , which allows users to define a range of settings for their computer , monitor the status of devices such as printers and modems , and set up new hardware , programs and network connections . Each applet is stored individually as a separate file ( usually a . cpl file ) , folder or DLL , the locations of which are stored in the registry under the following keys : HKLM \ SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows \ Current Version \ Control Panel \ Cpls This contains the string format locations of all . cpl files on the hard drive used within the control panel . HKLM \ SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows \ Current Version \ Explorer \ ControlPanel \ Namespace This contains the location of the CLSID variables for all the panels not included as cpl files . These are commonly folders or shell applets , though Windows Vista allows physical programs themselves to be registered as well . The CLSID then allows items such as the icon , infobox and category to be set and gives the location of the file to be used . The control panel then uses these lists to locate the applets and load them into the control panel program ( control. exe ) when started by the user . In addition to using the control panel , a user can also invoke the applets manually via the command processor . For instance , the syntax `` Control. exe inetcpl. cpl '' or `` control. exe / name Microsoft. InternetOptions '' will run the internet properties applet in Windows XP or Vista respectively . While both syntax examples are accepted on Windows Vista , only the former one is accepted on Windows XP . Standard applets ( edit ) Accessibility options ( Access. cpl ) ( control / name microsoft. easeofaccesscenter ) ( Renamed `` Ease of Access Center '' in Windows Vista and later ) Allows users to configure the accessibility of their PC . It comprises various settings primarily aimed at users with disabilities or hardware problems . The behavior of the keyboard can be modified , this is aimed at people who have difficulty pressing key - combinations , or pressing a key just once . ( StickyKeys , FilterKeys and ToggleKeys ) Behavior of sounds can be modified . ( SoundSentry and ShowSounds ) High contrast mode can be activated . The keyboard cursor can be customized . The pointer can be controlled using the keyboard . ( MouseKeys ) Note that in the next generation of Windows , the Ease of Access control panel superseded the simple access. cpl control panel in previous versions . Add New Hardware ( hdwwiz. cpl ) Launches a wizard which allows users to add new hardware devices to the system . This can be done by selecting from a list of devices or by specifying the location of the driver installation files . Add or Remove Programs ( appwiz. cpl ) ( Renamed `` Programs and Features '' in Windows Vista and later ) The Add / Remove Programs dialog allows the user to manipulate software installed on the system in a number of ways ; Allows users to uninstall and change existing software packages , as well as indicating how much space individual programs take and how frequently they are used . Allows users to manually install software from a CD - ROM or Floppy Disk , and install add - ons from Windows Update . Allows users to change which Windows components are installed , via the Windows setup Wizard , which includes Internet Explorer , Windows Media Player and Windows Messenger Finally , it allows users to specify the default applications for certain tasks , via the ' set program access and defaults ' wizard , such as internet browsers , media players and email programs and whether access to these programs is available ( since Windows 2000 Professional Service Pack 3 and Windows XP Service Pack 1 ) Administrative Tools ( control admintools ) Contains tools for system administration , including security , performance and service configuration . These are links to various configurations of the Microsoft Management Console such as the local services list and the Event Viewer . Automatic Updates ( wuaucpl. cpl ) This is used to specify how the Automatic Updates client ( wuauclt. exe ) should download updates from the Microsoft Update Website , by default this is set to download and install daily , however this can be changed to a more suitable frequency . This also allows the user to specify whether to ask permission before downloading and / or installing updates or to simply switch off Automatic Updates altogether . Date and Time ( timedate. cpl ) Allows user to change the date and time stored in the machine 's BIOS , change the time zone and specify whether to synchronize the date and time with an Internet Time Server and which server to use . Display ( control desktop ) ( desk. cpl ) Allows the user to change the display characteristics of their computer ; Allows users to change the desktop background ( wallpaper ) to a picture of their choice and specifies how it should be shown . Allows the user to change or disable the screensaver , and specify how long it takes to activate and whether to ask for a password on resume Allows the user to specify the color styles of all elements within the system , primarily whether to use the Windows XP / Vista styles ( blue by default in XP ) or to use the classic Windows 98 / Me styles , this also allows the user to change the My Computer and Recycle Bin icons . Allows the user to change the screen resolution and colour quality , and provides trouble shooting advice for displays . Folder Options ( control folders ) ( rundll32. exe shell32. dll , Options_RunDLL 0 ) This item allows for configuration of how folders and files are presented in Windows Explorer . More specifically it allows the user to specify general settings like whether folders open in a new window or the existing window and whether the common tasks pane is shown , as well as more advanced tasks such as whether windows should hide critical system files and whether to show file extensions . It is also used to modify file type associations in Windows ; i.e. , which program opens which type of file and other settings like actions for each file type and the file extension . Fonts ( control fonts ) Displays all fonts installed on the computer . Users can remove fonts , install new fonts or search for fonts using font characteristics . Note that `` explorer \ Windows \ Fonts '' has the same effect . Internet Options ( inetcpl. cpl ) Allows the user to change the way the computer manages internet connections and browser settings for Internet Explorer , it has several tags specifying different attributes ; General -- This specifies the homepage and color schemes and allows the user to delete internet usage history . Security & Privacy -- These specify whether the computer should allow websites to undertake certain processes and download cookies , this panel also gives access to the inbuilt pop - up blocker ( Windows XP SP2 and later ) and the phishing controls ( Internet Explorer 7 ) . Content -- Allows the parental controls and auto - complete to be configured and also specifies how to deal with certificates . Connections , Programs and Advanced -- These give access to other aspects of internet settings such as the default modem connection and email client , proxy settings and other advanced configurations . Game controllers ( joy. cpl ) ( control / name microsoft. gamecontrollers ) Allows one to add , display , troubleshoot , and use advanced settings on joysticks and game controllers . And connect to other type of game controllers Keyboard ( control keyboard ) ( main. cpl ) Lets the user change and test keyboard settings , including cursor blink rate and key repeat rate . Mail ( mlcfg32. cpl ) ( mlcfg. cpl ) Mail allows for configuration of the mail client in Windows , usually Microsoft Outlook . Microsoft Outlook Express can not be configured with this item ; it is configured through its own interface . mlcfg. cpl is used for 64 bit office applications first available with the Office 2010 release . Mouse ( control mouse ) ( main. cpl ) Mouse allows the configuration of pointer options , such as the double click and scroll speed , and includes visibility options such as whether to use pointer trails and whether the pointer should disappear when typing . This also allows the user to specify the pointer appearance for each task , such as resize and busy . Network Connections ( control netconnections ) ( ncpa. cpl ) Displays and allows the user to edit or create network connections such as Local Area Networks ( LAN ) and internet connections . It also offers troubleshooting functions in case the computer has to be reconnected to the network . Phone and Modem Options ( telephon. cpl ) Manages telephone and modem connections . Power Options ( powercfg. cpl ) Includes options to manage energy consumption such as ; Specify how long it takes to switch off the display and hard drives and how long it takes for the system to enter standby , if at all . To decide what to do when the computer 's on / off button is pressed , such as whether to shut down or to enter standby . Whether to allow Hibernation ( some systems become unstable when restarting ) . Allows the user to configure UPS ( if available ) . Printers and Faxes ( control printers ) ( control / name microsoft. devicesandprinters ) Displays all the printers and faxes currently installed on the computer , and has two main uses ; Firstly , it shows all the jobs queued for each printer , the file size and status of each job and which user they belong to , it also allows each job to be paused , canceled or moved up or down the list . Secondly , it allows the user to set the printing or faxing preferences , such as paper size and quality via the manufacturers own preferences pane and also specifies how to share the printer across a computer network , the device drivers , ports etc . Regional and Language Settings ( intl. cpl ) aka Regional and Language Options Various regional settings can be altered , for instance : The way numbers are displayed ( e.g. decimal separator ) . How Currency values are displayed , including the currency symbol . Time and date notations , such as the date separator and whether the clock should be in 12 or 24 hours . Cultural location of the user 's computer ( The time zone is set in Date and Time ) . Language ; Input language . Keyboard layout ( mapping between key strokes and characters ) . Display language for Menus and Dialog Boxes . Whether files necessary for Asiatic language support must be installed . Installed code pages . Security Center ( wscui. cpl ) Renamed `` Action Center '' in Windows 7 First added in Windows XP with Service Pack 2 , Security Center gives the user access to the inbuilt Windows security components , as well as providing information about any existing antivirus software such as McAfee or Zone Alarm . It includes access to Windows Update , where users can specify whether the computer should check for updates regularly ( also available through the Windows Update panel ) , and options for managing internet security settings . It also includes links to internet articles about PC security and current virus threats and notifies the user when the PC 's security is compromised . Sounds and Audio Devices ( mmsys. cpl ) This panel contains various audio - related functions ; Change the speaker volume and type and specify whether to show the volume icon in the notification area . Change the sounds played for the system or specific programs when a certain event occurs , i.e. Windows Startup or Critical Stop . Change default devices for music playback , recording , voice recognition , MIDI etc . Change the Sound card settings and whether to use Hardware acceleration . Display the audio devices installed on the computer , and allows them to be configured . Speech ( Sapi. cpl ) This applet has two main functions , the first is specify settings for Speech synthesis , allowing the user to select the voice the computer should use to narrate text and how fast it should read . The second is to specify settings for Speech recognition , allowing the user to set up different profiles detailing how the computer should deal with an individual 's dialect , for instance ; The amount of grammatical errors in a person 's voice ( punctuality sensitivity ) . The speed at which the person speaks , and the time delay between words . This also allows the user to access the voice recognition training wizard , in which an individual ' teaches ' the computer to recognize a person voice interactively using the microphone . System ( Sysdm. cpl ) This is used to view and change core system settings , a user can for instance : Display general information on the user 's machine such as the amount of RAM , CPU speed and type , the version of Windows the system is using and the manufacturer . Edit the computer name in a network workgroup . Manage and Configure hardware devices , and view information such as the manufacturer , user access and driver version of any hardware device installed on the system via Device Manager . Enable / Disable system features such as automatic updates and System restore monitoring . Specify advanced features such as performance logs , virtual memory settings and roaming profiles . Taskbar and Start Menu ( rundll32. exe shell32. dll , Options_RunDLL 1 ) Allows the user to change the behavior and appearance of the task bar and Start Menu ; Specifies whether to use Windows XP / Vista or Classic 9x / Me styles on the taskbar and start menu . Whether the taskbar should Auto - Hide . Whether to show the clock in the notification area . Allows the user to manage the tray icons . Advanced options such as whether to show Printers & Faxes in the start menu and whether to display My Documents as a menu or as a link to a new window . User Accounts ( nusrmgr. cpl ) This allows the user to configure their account and other accounts used in the system , should they have sufficient privileges . They can change their username and password , their picture ( if enabled ) and their . net passport . If the current user has an administrators account they can also add , delete and modify other user accounts as well as make changes to core system settings . This panel also specifies whether the guest account should be active and whether to use the Welcome screen while Windows loads . Peripheral devices ( edit ) These are options in the control panel that show devices connected to the computer . They do not actually offer a direct interface to control these devices , but rather offer basic tasks such as removal procedures and links to wizards ( Printers & faxes is the exception ) . Such applets include : Scanners and Cameras Game Controllers Portable Media Devices Other Microsoft - distributed applets ( edit ) Bluetooth Devices ( bthprops. cpl ) Available with Bluetooth enabled systems running XP SP2 or later , this enables users to configure a Bluetooth connection , showing a list of all Bluetooth devices interacting with the system , in addition to the following items ; Allowing users to create incoming and outgoing ' virtual ' COM Ports , which allow devices to have dedicated connections to the system . Allowing users to specify general Bluetooth characteristics such as whether the computer is discoverable and the computer 's name which is broadcast . Color ( color. cpl ) Enables a more advanced control of color settings within Windows than is available in ' display ' , suitable for developers and visual specialists it allows users to create and load International Color Consortium compliant color profiles , associate screen color with printers and cameras and view a 3D graphics plot of the color gamut . By default this applet is not installed , however it can be installed for free from the Microsoft Website . Infrared ( irprops. cpl ) Similar to the Bluetooth applet , this is used to configure how the computer manages any wireless infrared ports installed , including options such as connectivity and security . CSNW ( nwc. cpl ) The Client Service for NetWare applet is used to select a default tree and context in a Novell Directory Services ( NDS ) environment , or the NetWare server used most frequently in a non-NDS environment . Requirement : Installing the Client Service for NetWare . Software Explorers Part of Windows Defender , allows users to view detailed information about software that is currently running on the computer that can affect the users ' privacy or the security of the computer . Third - party applets ( edit ) This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Third - party software vendors have released many applets . Although it is impossible to mention all of them , some of them are listed here : Icon File name Description AC3 Filter ac3filter. cpl Configures speaker configuration and other parameters of the AC3 decoder filter . Adobe Gamma Adobe Gamma. cpl For altering the screen display with Adobe Systems Imaging Software such as Photoshop . Adobe Version Cue CS2 VersionCueCS2. cpl To configure Adobe Version Cue . Application paths apppaths. cpl Sets application paths , start - up commands and system services , coded by Gregory Braun . ATI DVD Player QISWCINE. CPL Changes setings for your DVD decoding . AudioHQ AudHQ. cpl Creative Labs Soundblaster Audio HQ . Autodesk Plotter Manager plotman. cpl Adds , remove and changes plotters properties for AutoCAD products . AvantGo Connect agcpl. cpl Synchronizes mobile versions ( called `` channels '' ) of websites to a smartphone or PDA , see AvantGo . Avira AntiVir PersonalEdition avconfig. cpl Configures Avira Antivirus program . BACKPACK Finder bpcpl. cpl To configure the Micro Solutions BackPack CD driver . BDE Administrator bdeadmin. cpl To configure the Borland Database Engine . Boot Camp Control Panel Setting for Mac OS X based computers . Broadcom Advanced Control Suite BACSCPL. cpl Enables Broadcom network cards testing and diagnostics . CD / DVD Drive Acoustic Silencer TOSCDSPD. cpl Configures the rotation speed of CD / DVD drive . ( Toshiba ) ClearCase cc. cpl To configure IBM Rational ClearCase . Color Settings 3dcc. cpl Changes the look and feel of Windows . Compaq Diagnostics cpqdiag. cpl To view information a computer 's hardware and software configuration , legacy application . Control Panel controlp. cpl Control Panel Customization Toy , coded by Ali Lokhandwala . Control Version System cvsnt. cpl Control Panel Customization Toy , by Brian Berliner . david d ' zoo ' zuhn , Jeff Polk , Tony Hoyle Creative Element Power Tools To configure Creative Element Power Tools , a free - to - try program providing access to additional Windows tools . Corel Versions verscpl. cpl Configures Corel versions . DANS danetsvc. cpl Configures the Shaffer Solutions DiskAccess Network Services , NFS client for Windows . Diagnostics for Windows cpqdiag. cpl HP Diagnostics for Windows 4.15 replaces Compaq Digidesign ElevenRack DigidesignElevenRackControlPanelApplet. cpl Launch Eleven Rack Control Panel DiskAccess dacfg. cpl Configures how the Shaffer Solutions DiskAccess makes connections to remote NFS servers . DS18x Applet DS18xCPL. cpl MR Soft DS18x Temperature Logging Service . Flash Player FlashPlayerCPLApp. cpl For changing settings for the Flash Player . Folder size FolderSize. cpl Folder Size for Windows shows the size of folders in Windows Explorer . FirebirdSQL Service Manager fmmgr. cpl Configures Firebird ( database server ) service options . HP Jetadmin jetadmin. cpl HP Jetadmin configures and monitors HP printers . HP Lock Hplock. cpl A Windows 95 utility to lock the PC keyboard , mouse and on / off switch in one click on legacy HP Vectra . IconPackager ipcpl. cpl To customize Windows icons and cursors , see IconPackager . ImDisk Virtual Disk Driver imdisk. cpl Administration of ImDisk Virtual Disk Driver . InstallShield Update Manager isuspm. cpl The InstallShield Update Manager allows users to receive program updates and messages from software makers who use the service . Intel Extreme Graphics igfxcpl. cpl To change advanced settings on systems using Intel GPUs . Intel Product Improvement Program executable Installed with Intel Driver Update Utility version 2.4 ( on Vista and up ) IP Office Voicemail Pro ims. cpl To configure Avaya IP Office Voicemail Pro . Java jpicpl32. cpl For changing settings with Java Runtime Console . JInitiator 1. x.y.z plugincpl1xyz. cpl To configure Oracle 's JInitiator , note x.y.z are version numbers . MSConfig MSConfig. cpl Launches the Microsoft System Configuration Utility . Multi-finger ETDUI. cpl Customize the Smart - Pad Multi-finger Setting . MultiSite ms. cpl To configure IBM Rational ClearCase Multisite . Nero BurnRights NeroBurnRights. cpl For specifying who is allowed to use the CD burner with Nero . nVIDIA Control panel nvidia. cpl To change advanced settings on systems using nVIDIA GPUs . Panda Media Booster PMB. cpl Panda Media Booster cache and network settings . Parallel Port Joysticks PPjoy. cpl Configures Joysticks connected on the Parallel Port . Pointer Devices tbctlpnl. cpl To configure the Touch - Base Universal Pointer Device Driver ( UPDD ) . QuickTime quicktime. cpl For specifying settings of the Apple QuickTime Player . RealPlayer prefscpl. cpl To configure the RealPlayer preferences , older versions . Realtek AC97 Audio Control Panel alsndmgr. cpl To configure the Realtek audio controller . Realtek HD - Audio Manager RTSnMg64. cpl To launch the Realtek HD - Audio Manager RESTrick Control Panel rest2. cpl Windows Tuning and system restrictions setup , by Rtsecurity . Safarp safarp. cpl Safarp is a small and fast alternative to the Add or Remove Programs applet . ScrewDrivers Client sdclient. cpl From Tricerat , remote desktop print management solution . Send To Toys sendtotoys. cpl To configure the Send To right click system menu in Microsoft Windows . Services and Devices pserv. cpl From p - nand - q to manage Windows services and devices and uninstall applications . Softex OmniPass scurecpl. cpl Softex OmniPass provides password management capabilities to MS Windows . SNTP Service sntpserv. cpl From Dillobits Software , to manage the SNTP client service . Soundscape scurecpl. cpl Adds , removes or changes settings of Soundscape devices . Startup startup. cpl Control programs that run at system start - up , coded by Mike Lin . Startup Disk Startup Disk. cpl Boot Camp drivers , when Windows runs on a Mac OS virtual machine . Symantec LiveUpdate s32lucp2. cpl Configures the Symantec LiveUpdate update service . System Change Log scl. cpl From Greyware Automation Products , monitors disks for changes and records a detailed log . System Information Sancpl. cpl Launches SiSoftware Sandra utility . System Info for Windows siw. cpl Launches the SIW application . Trust - No - Exe trustnoexe. cpl Configures the Beyond Logic Trust - No - Exe executable filter . VMware Tools VMControlPanel. cpl To configure VMware Tools . WIBU - KEY wibuke32. cpl To configure the WIBU - KEY Software Protection . Winlogos wnlgo. cpl To change the Windows start - up and shutdown screens in Windows 98 or ME , coded by Ali Lokhandwala . X-Setup Pro xqdcXSPApplet. cpl Launches X-Setup Pro , a Windows tweaker application . See also ( edit ) Microsoft portal System Preferences -- same purpose program on macOS Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A history of Windows '' . Windows . Microsoft . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Tony ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Adding and Managing Users in Windows 8 '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Windows Blue leaks : More Metro , more multitasking '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to run Control Panel tools by typing a command '' . Support . Microsoft . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) How to run Control Panel tools by typing a command at Microsoft.com ( hide ) Microsoft Windows components Management tools App Installer Command Prompt Control Panel Applets Device Manager Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Driver Verifier Event Viewer IExpress Management Console Netsh Performance Monitor Recovery Console Resource Monitor Settings Sysprep System Configuration System File Checker System Information System Policy Editor System Restore Task Manager Windows Error Reporting Windows Ink Windows Installer PowerShell Windows Update Windows Insider WinRE WMI Apps 3D Builder Alarms & Clock Calculator Calendar Camera Character Map Cortana Edge Fax and Scan Feedback Hub Get Help Groove Magnifier Mail Maps Media Player Movies & TV Mobility Center Money News Narrator Notepad OneDrive OneNote Paint Paint 3D People Phone Companion Photos Quick Assist Snipping Tool Speech Recognition Skype Sports Sticky Notes View 3D Store Tips Voice Recorder Wallet Weather Windows To Go WordPad Xbox Shell Action Center Aero AutoPlay AutoRun ClearType Explorer Search Indexing Service IFilter Saved search Namespace Special folder Start menu Taskbar Task View Windows Spotlight Windows XP visual styles Services Service Control Manager BITS CLFS Multimedia Class Scheduler Shadow Copy Task Scheduler Error Reporting Wireless Zero Configuration File systems CDFS DFS exFAT IFS FAT NTFS Hard link Junction point Mount Point Reparse point Symbolic link TxF EFS ReFS UDF Server Domains Active Directory DNS Group Policy Roaming user profiles Folder redirection Distributed Transaction Coordinator MSMQ Windows Media Services Rights Management Services IIS Remote Desktop Services WSUS SharePoint Network Access Protection PWS DFS Replication Remote Differential Compression Print Services for UNIX Remote Installation Services Windows Deployment Services System Resource Manager Hyper - V Server Core Architecture Architecture of Windows NT Startup process CSRSS Desktop Window Manager Portable Executable EXE DLL Enhanced Write Filter Graphics Device Interface hal. dll I / O request packet Imaging Format Kernel Transaction Manager Library files Logical Disk Manager LSASS MinWin NTLDR Ntoskrnl. exe Object Manager Open XML Paper Specification Registry Resource Protection Security Account Manager Server Message Block Shadow Copy SMSS System Idle Process USER WHEA Win32 console Winlogon WinUSB Security Security and Maintenance BitLocker Data Execution Prevention Family Safety Kernel Patch Protection Mandatory Integrity Control Protected Media Path User Account Control User Interface Privilege Isolation Windows Defender Windows Firewall Compatibility COMMAND.COM Virtual DOS machine Windows on Windows WoW64 Windows Subsystem for Linux API Active Scripting WSH VBScript JScript COM ActiveX ActiveX Document COM Structured storage DCOM OLE OLE Automation Transaction Server DirectX . NET Framework Universal Windows Platform Windows Mixed Reality Windows Runtime WinUSB Games Solitaire Collection Discontinued Games 3D Pinball Chess Titans FreeCell Hearts InkBall Hold ' Em Purble Place Reversi Spider Solitaire Solitaire Tinker Apps ActiveMovie Anytime Upgrade Address Book Backup and Restore Cardfile CardSpace Contacts Desktop Gadgets Diagnostics DriveSpace DVD Maker Easy Transfer Fax File Manager Food & Drink Help and Support Center Health & Fitness HyperTerminal Internet Explorer Journal Media Center Meeting Space Messaging Messenger Mobile Device Center Movie Maker MSN Dial - up NetMeeting NTBackup Outlook Express Travel Photo Gallery Program Manager Steps Recorder WinHelp Write Others ScanDisk File Protection Media Control Interface Next - Generation Secure Computing Base POSIX subsystem Interix Video for Windows Windows SideShow Windows Services for UNIX Windows System Assessment Tool WinFS Spun off to Microsoft Store DVD Player Hover ! Mahjong Minesweeper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_Panel_(Windows)&oldid=808349359 '' Categories : Computer configuration Windows components Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with a promotional tone from September 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 10 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20Panel%20%28Windows%29	953
which is older jeopardy or wheel of fortune	Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy ! , another show he had created , was ending its 11 - year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host . Griffin decided to create a Hangman - style game after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises ' staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a `` hook '' . He decided to add a roulette - style wheel because he was always `` drawn to '' such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGE 's then - president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel .	Jeopardy !	Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show )	wheel of fortune ( u. s. game show )	Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel .	Wheel originally aired as a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 . After some changes were made to its format , the daytime series moved to CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 . It then returned to NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 . The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed , which premiered on September 19 , 1983 , and continues to air to this day . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford , with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer . O'Donnell left in 1980 and was replaced by Jack Clark . After Clark 's death in 1988 , M.G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989 . O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation , and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010 , when Jim Thornton succeeded him . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Pat Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late - night talk show , and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke . Bob Goen replaced Benirschke when the network show moved to CBS , then remained as host until the network show was canceled altogether . Stafford left in 1982 , and was replaced by Vanna White , who remained on the network show for the rest of its run . The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest - running syndicated game show in the United States , with over 6,000 episodes aired . TV Guide named it the `` top - rated syndicated series '' in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No. 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series ' 35th season premiered on September 11 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Main game 1.2 Bonus round 1.3 Previous rules 2 Conception and development 3 Personnel 3.1 Hosts and hostesses 3.2 Announcers 3.3 Production staff 4 Production 4.1 Set 4.2 Music 4.3 Audition process 5 Broadcast history 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Works cited 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main game ( edit ) The template for round one since the syndicated version 's 32nd season ( 2014 -- 15 ) The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories , and this list has evolved over the course of the series . Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016 . In such rounds , a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category , and contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette - style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestant 's turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two - contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewer 's perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue , with the contestants ' positions determined by a random selection prior to taping . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant 's control , allowing the contestant to spin again , buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 , or attempt to solve the puzzle . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or solve the puzzle , with no penalty for an incorrect letter or answer . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag , while two 1⁄2 Car tags are present in rounds two and three only ( except on episodes with two - player teams ) . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of , the sponsoring company , and the 1⁄2 Car tags award a car if the contestant wins the round ( s ) in which he or she claims both . Unlike the other tags , the 1⁄2 Car tags are replaced in subsequent rounds unless the car is won . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize which is described by the announcer if won . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag / wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1,000,000 . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card , which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card , individual 1⁄2 Car tags , and / or million dollar wedge if any was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features three toss - up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first determines who is interviewed first by the host , the second determines who starts round 1 , and the third determines who starts round 4 . Respectively , the toss - ups are valued at $1,000 , $2,000 , and $3,000 . In addition to these , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two `` mystery wedges '' . Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and can not be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an `` Express '' wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either `` pass '' and continue the round normally , or `` play '' and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a `` speed - up '' format , in which the host spins the wheel to determine the value of each consonant , with $1,000 being added to the value on which the wheel stops before the red contestant 's arrow . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants ' scores in the speed - up round . The contestant in control calls one letter , and if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three - second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his / her turn . After the speed - up round , the total winnings of the three contestants are compared . The contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who fail to earn any cash or prizes in the game are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed - up round , an additional toss - up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss - up puzzle wins $1,000 and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round ( edit ) Before the bonus round begins , the winning contestant chooses one of three categories for his or her puzzle ( prior to season 35 , the puzzle and category were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . He or she is then shown a puzzle in the chosen category , and every instance of R , S , T , L , N , and E is revealed . The contestant provides three more consonants ( four if he / she is holding the Wild Card ) and one more vowel , then has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle after his or her other letters ( if any ) are revealed . The contestant may make as many guesses as necessary , so long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ) , a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two - contestant teams ) , and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( on the episode that aired October 14 , 2008 ) , to Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and to Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amount 's present value . At the end of the Bonus Round , Sajak will reveal where the $1,000,000 wedge was on the prize wheel if the contestant failed to land on it . Previous rules ( edit ) Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings on a gift certificate , or he or she could put the winnings `` on account '' for use in a later shopping round . However , a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss - up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed - up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot started at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it . To claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three - day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In later years , the top three winners from the week 's first four shows returned to compete in the `` Friday Finals '' . When the jackpot wedge was introduced , it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays . The rules allowing champions to return after their initial appearances were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 , and contestants appear only on a single episode . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a bonus round . Under the bonus round 's original rules , no letters were provided automatically . The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel , and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly . Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998 -- 2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in - place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 in 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and Development ( edit ) Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy ! , another show he had created , was ending its 11 - year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host . Griffin decided to create a Hangman - style game after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises ' staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a `` hook '' . He decided to add a roulette - style wheel because he was always `` drawn to '' such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGE 's then - president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBC 's daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience . She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shopper 's Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shopper 's Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants . This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a `` Your Own Clue '' wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest - scoring contestant played a bonus round called the `` Shopper 's Special '' where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a `` Vegas '' feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting `` A-E-I-O-U '' to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes ' pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts and hostesses ( edit ) Chuck Woolery was the show 's host from 1975 to 1981 . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolery 's departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his `` odd '' sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC - TV , was `` too local '' for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Pat Sajak ( right ) and Vanna White have hosted the syndicated version since 1983 . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late - night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschke 's term as host came to an end due to NBC 's cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Stafford 's most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford 's departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Stafford 's successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as `` Vannamania '' . White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffin 's son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie O'Donnell co-hosted the third round with White after O'Donnell's name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that day 's edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek , who presided over a special two - contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively ; Lesly Sajak , Pat 's wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a `` Vanna for a Day '' contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take White 's place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the show 's website ; the winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took White 's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . Announcers ( edit ) Jim Thornton has been the show 's announcer since 2011 . Charlie O'Donnell was the program 's first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M.G. Kelly was Clark 's replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988 -- 89 television season . O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After O'Donnell's death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain and Jim Thornton . For the show 's twenty - ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the new announcer for Wheel , and has been with the show ever since . Production staff ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in - house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated version 's executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . John Rhinehart was the program 's first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBC 's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers . Tthey were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffith 's and Schwartz 's former position . The show 's original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwin 's associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full - time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full - time director . Production ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television , the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Television Distribution , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBC 's 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set ( edit ) The current design of the Wheel of Fortune set , as seen on a Season 30 episode The show 's current puzzle board , as seen on a Season 30 episode Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version 's premiere in 1983 . In 1996 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high - definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long - standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme . As a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss - Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . The first pilot used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on - screen . Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy ! , designed the wheel mechanism . Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard , the modern wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments , and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately 2,400 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) . The show 's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double - arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present , a stop - down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch - activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop - downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants ' perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Music ( edit ) Alan Thicke composed the show 's original theme , which was titled `` Big Wheels '' . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffin 's own composition , `` Changing Keys '' , to allow him to derive royalties from that composition 's use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 . His initial theme was a remix of `` Changing Keys '' , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled `` Happy Wheels '' . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke . Themes they have written for the show include a remix of `` Happy Wheels '' and an original rock - based composition . In addition to `` Changing Keys '' , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show 's early years . Among them were `` Frisco Disco '' ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , `` A Time for Tony '' ( whose basic melody evolved into `` Think ! '' , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy ! ) , `` Buzzword '' ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffin 's Crosswords ) , `` Nightwalk '' , `` Struttin ' on Sunset '' , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process ( edit ) Marty Lublin interviews a potential contestant during an audition at Morongo Casino , Resort & Spa , Cabazon , California The most recent design of the Wheelmobile at the Jackson Rancheria Casino Resort in Jackson , California Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune 's audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and / or Jeopardy ! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom - designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the `` Wheelmobile '' to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed - up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one - hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the `` most promising candidates '' are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self - shot video through the show 's website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second - level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16 - puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10 : 30 am ( 9 : 30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract . Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel 's premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10 : 30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that version 's run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Let 's Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 , preceded by a series of episodes taped on location at the Ohio State Fair and aired on WBNS - TV in Columbus , Ohio . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest - rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984 -- 85 season , Griffin followed up on the show 's success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy ! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the period 's three longest - running and most popular game shows , Tic - Tac - Dough , The Joker 's Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the show 's popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy ! , remained the most - watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become America 's longest - running syndicated game show and its second - longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , and the United Kingdom . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as `` Wheel Around the World '' , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special children 's version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a virtual reality hostess named `` Cyber Lucy '' . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin - off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed . For example , the show 's child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . Reception ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest - rated programs on U.S. syndicated television . It was the highest - rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010 -- 11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host -- in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN 's Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deal 's Howie Mandel ; and O'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , `` I 'd like to buy a vowel '' , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to `` Come on down ! '' , the announcer 's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect . The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , `` Changing Keys '' was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song . However , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , `` Think ! '' from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the show 's taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheel 's syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to White 's wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise ( edit ) Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the `` shopping '' prizes of the show , with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000 . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco / Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames / Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment , THQ and Ubisoft . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real - world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by host Pat Sajak on - air and has been used instead of the full title in numerous promotional materials for the show . Jump up ^ If a contestant can not spin the wheel due to a physical limitation or disability , he / she is accompanied by a `` designated spinner , '' a friend or family member who spins for him / her but is otherwise not involved in the game . Jump up ^ Sajak : `` I 'll give the wheel a final spin , and ask you to give me a letter . If it 's in the puzzle , you have three seconds to solve it . Vowels are worth nothing , consonants are worth ... ( wedge amount ) , we 'll add $1,000 to that , ( dollar amount ) apiece . '' Jump up ^ The jackpot wedge was originally in round 3 , was moved to round 2 at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , and after that moved to round 1 from 2009 to 2013 . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Production credits '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` College Week , Episode 5 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 6000 . April 11 , 2014 . Syndicated . Sajak : `` By the way , I 'm not looking for any cheap applause , but I do wan na say that this is the 6,000 th nighttime Wheel of Fortune show . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Friedman Named Producer of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . June 14 , 1995 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Ups Bonus Round Jackpot to $1 M '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE BEGINS 35TH SEASON CELEBRATION '' . WheelOfFortune.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Ali , Rasha ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Watch ' Wheel of Fortune ' Unveil a New Puzzle Format '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , pp. 250 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : `` History & Fun Facts '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 31 May 2016 . Syndication . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb 2004 , p. 2527 Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' : About the Show '' . CBS Press Express . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 25 May 2016 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Watch Now : Wheel 's 1st Million Dollar Winner '' . Philadelphia : WPVI - TV . October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California woman becomes 2nd million dollar winner on Wheel of Fortune '' . Tuscaloosa , AL : WCFT - TV . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Spring math teacher , Sarah Manchester , wins $1 million on ' Wheel Of Fortune ' '' . Washington , DC : WJLA - TV . September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 30 , Episode 4 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 30 . Episode 5834 . May 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Closing credits : `` Contestants are advised prior to taping that they may elect to receive the million dollar prize paid over 20 years or as a present value lump sum payment . '' Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Kubasik , Ben ( September 26 , 1987 ) . `` TV Spots '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Daytime 1st Finale '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 30 , 1989 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 18 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 18 . September 4 , 2000 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Kills Free Spin : Is Nothing Sacred ? '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2546 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 14 , Episode 11 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . September 16 , 1996 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 27 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 7 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 7 . September 4 , 1989 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 16 , Episode 15 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 16 . September 21 , 1998 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` Episode 996 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 6 . October 3 , 1988 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Big Money Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 19 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Griffin & Bender 2007 , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ `` Meet the ' Wheel ' '' . The Chicago Tribune . March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , 1988 & p - 183 Jump up ^ Stafford 2011 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Trebek & Barsocchini 1990 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune '' . The E ! True Hollywood Story . 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , Clifford ( May 23 , 1986 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' long ago spun its way to the top '' . St. Petersburg Evening - Independent . p. 5B . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 101 Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Weekly Variety : 80 . September 7 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` 2 to substitute for Susan Stafford '' . Youngstown Vindicator . May 22 , 1979 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vanna White biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Observer - Reporter . August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vanna White Celebrates 30 Years on `` Wheel of Fortune '' `` . Katie . April 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Greene , Bob ( January 8 , 1986 ) . `` Here comes Vanna White '' . The Free - Lance Star . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stargazing '' . The Kansas City Star . March 11 , 1991 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Speers , W. ( March 6 , 1991 ) . `` Dog Bites Queen , And That 's News '' . The Inquirer . Philadelphia . Associated Press , Reuters . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sajak Reveals Reason for 1 - Day Job Switch With Vanna White '' . Good Morning America . ABC . April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2594 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . Episode 2594 . November 21 , 1996 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2662 '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 4 , 1997 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Observances , Holidays , and Celebrations . MobileReference. 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60 - 501177 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` April Fool 's Day Special '' . Wheel of Fortune . April 1 , 1997 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Want to be Vanna for a day ? '' . About.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gehring , Lydia ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Triway High School grad voted Vanna for a Day '' . The Daily Record . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : West , Randy . `` Charlie O'Donnell Tribute '' . Randy West official website . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Clark , announcer on TV 's ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Miami Herald . July 27 , 1988 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( September 20 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel ' takes a turn to new twists for fall '' . USA Today . p. 3D . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lycan , Gary ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' announcer Charlie O'Donnell dies at 78 '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Announcer Jim Thornton is the New Voice of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : End credits lists from appropriate Wheel of Fortune episodes . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Director Mark Corwin Dies at 65 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5851 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5851 . September 16 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5866 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5866 . October 7 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5891 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5891 . November 11 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Cisneros Named Director of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6066 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6066 . October 13 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6091 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6091 . November 17 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE NAMES ROBERT ENNIS DIRECTOR '' . Wheel of Fortune . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Tom ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , ' Jeopardy ! ' : Merv Griffin 's True TV Legacy '' . TVWeek . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holl , John ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` To Califon , Merv was just a regular farm guy '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Viewers who pay careful attention to the closing credits on ' Wheel of Fortune ' will see the game show is produced by Califon Productions , a subtle nod from Merv Griffin , the program 's creator , to the Hunterdon County community where he once owned a farm . Jump up ^ `` Pat , Vanna and Alex Play On ! '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside ' Wheel of Fortune ' : Why Pat and Vanna Have a ' W - NN - R ' '' . TV Guide . 1987 . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , America 's Favorite Game Show , Spins Into Its 20th Season '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . September 17 , 1995 . p . G5 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joseph ( July 26 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune 's ' other blonde '' . Saturday Morning Deseret News . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Slotnik , Daniel E. ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ed Flesh , Designed the Wheel of Fortune , Dies at 79 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel ' gets modern board '' . The Vindicator . February 25 , 1997 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Dana C '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Seth N '' . Wheel of Fortune . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Teti , John ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the most amazing solve in ' Wheel of Fortune ' history '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . `` Merv Griffin biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune . ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ planecrashinfo.com Famous People Who Died in Aviation Accidents : 2000s Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Merv Griffin soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bickelhaupt , Susan ( September 5 , 1989 ) . `` Placing himself in ' Jeopardy ! ' tonight '' . The Boston Globe . p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Be a Contestant '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile Audition Tips '' . Portland , OR : KATU - TV . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Show Guide : Show FAQs '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( December 26 , 1990 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' spins back to NBC '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Variety : 54 . August 10 , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . TV Guide . 32 : 64 . 1984 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Is Queen of Syndie Season '' . Broadcasting & Cable . September 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' ( Australia ) '' . Australian Game Show Homepage . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liebst , Asger ( 2009 ) . `` Opfindelsen af Lykkehjulet '' . Reklamens århundrede : 1901 -- 2001 , billeder fra danskernes hverdrag . Nordisk Forlag A / S. p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 02 - 08311 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` La Roue de la Fortune '' ( in French ) . Émission TV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glücksrad '' ( in German ) . fernsehserien.de . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La WEB Ruota della Fortuna '' . GiocaItalia.it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeoh Seng Guan ( 2011 ) . Media , Culture and Society in Malaysia . Routledge . pp. 29 , 31 , 35 . ISBN 0203861655 . Jump up ^ `` What Goes Around : The Wheel of Fortune Returns '' . Stuff.co.nz. April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dimaculangan , Jocelyn ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Philippine version of ' Wheel of Fortune ' premieres on January 14 '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Koło Fortuny : Rules of Polish ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Casino Observer . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pole Chudes , or The Russian ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel-Roulette.net . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La ruleta de la suerte '' ( in Spanish ) . Laguia TV . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . UKGameShows.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel Around the World Inaugural Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 23 . September 12 , 2005 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Popular game show takes kids for a spin '' . Austin American - Statesman . p. 11 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , p. 252 Jump up ^ `` U.S. television ratings : top 10 syndicated programs in season 2009 / 10 : Statistic '' . Statista.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Report : ' Two and a Half Men ' Still Strong ; Network Ratings Still Sliding '' . The Wrap TV . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' TV Guide ' Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . Hall of Game Show Fame . Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . GSN . Retrieved on August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger . `` On Tonight : First Game Show Awards '' . TV Eye . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Title Unknown '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State Fair Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . May 10 , 2010 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Glaus , Heidi ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Tour the ' Wheel of Fortune ' Hall of Fame '' . St. Louis , MO : KSDK - TV . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel Of Fortune Honored By Gray Line New York 's Ride Of Fame Getty Images . May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune board games '' . Board Game Geek . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GameTek Games '' . IGN . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Licensees '' . MobyGames . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune at IGT Games '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Graham , Jefferson ( 1988 ) . Come on Down ! ! ! : The Game Show Book . New York : Abbeville Press . ISBN 0 - 89659 - 794 - 6 . Griffin , Merv & Bender , David ( 2007 ) . Merv : Making the Good Life Last . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5696 - 3 . Newcomb , Horace ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Television ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 411 - X -- via Google Books . Sams , David R. & Shook , Robert L. ( 1987 ) . Wheel of Fortune . New York : St. Martins Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 90833 - 4 . Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . Stafford , Susan ( 2011 ) . Stop the Wheel , I Want to Get Off ! ( eBook ) . Xlibris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 7438 - 4 -- via Google Books . Trebek , Alex & Barsocchini , Peter ( 1990 ) . The ' Jeopardy ! ' Book : The Answers , the Questions , the Facts , and the Stories of the Greatest Game Show in History . Introduction by Merv Griffin . New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 096511 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) . Official website Wheel of Fortune on IMDb Wheel of Fortune at TV.com Wheel of Fortune - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Wheel of Fortune International versions Australia Denmark France Italy Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom Miscellaneous Video games Wheel 2000 Book Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=832711760 '' Categories : 1970s American game shows 1975 American television series debuts 1980s American game shows 1983 American television series debuts 1990s American game shows 1991 American television series endings 2000s American game shows 2010s American game shows CBC Television shows CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Roulette and wheel games Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series created by Merv Griffin Wheel of Fortune ( franchise ) Television series by King World Productions Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 15 : 55 . 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metro route from subhash nagar to green park			Pink line ( Delhi Metro )	pink line ( delhi metro )	The Pink Line ( Hindi : पिंक लाइन ) is an under construction line of the Delhi Metro , a rapid transit system in Delhi , India . The line is a part of Delhi Metro Phase III network . It consists of 38 metro stations from Majlis Park to Shiv Vihar , both in North Delhi . On completion , the Pink Line with a length of 58.59 kilometres ( 36.41 mi ) will be the longest line in Delhi Metro , breaking the record set by the operational Blue Line . It will be mostly elevated and will be covering Delhi in an almost ' U ' shaped pattern . The Pink Line is also known as the Ring Road Line , as the entire line passes alongside the busy Ring Road in Delhi , that witnesses massive traffic jams everyday .	The Pink line has planned interchanges with all operational lines of the network such as the Yellow , Red , Green , Blue , Orange Line and Violet lines , as well as with the Hazrat Nizamuddin and Anand Vihar Terminal ( Indian Railways ) and the ISBT 's at Anand Vihar and Sarai Kale Khan . The Pink Line will have highest point of Delhi Metro at Dhaula Kuan with a height of 23.6 metres , passing over the Dhaula Kuan grade separator flyovers and the Airport Express Line . Progress of civil works up to December 2017 is 95.36 % . The line is planned to be opened in stages by June - 18 ( except Trilokpuri to Mayur Vihar Pkt - 1 section due to land issue at Trilokpuri ). The section Majlis Park to Durgabai Deshmuk South Campus is expected to be completed by March - 18 and sections Durgabai Deshmuk South Campus to Mayur Vihar Pkt - 1 and Trilokpuri to Shiv Vihar is expected to be completed by June - 18 . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation ( DMRC ) commenced the trial runs on the 6.5 km elevated stretch between Shakurpur and Mayapuri of the Pink line on 22 June , 2017 . Direct metro connectivity between a major part of east Delhi with southern parts of the city has been delayed further because Delhi Metro 's longest line -- the 58.6 km Mukundpur - Shiv Vihar corridor -- will operate in two segments as a small part of the line is stuck over land issues . This line will connect north and west Delhi with south and east Delhi . But about 4 km is stuck over land acquisition and rehabilitation of affected people in east Delhi 's Trilokpuri . This 4 km problem zone has 3 stations - Vinod Nagar , Vinod Nagar East & Trilok Puri . Trains coming from Mukundpur will be reversed from Mayur Vihar pocket 1 station while those operating from Shiv Vihar will return from IP Extension . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Stations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2016 ) Stations ( edit ) Main article : List of Delhi metro stations The stations proposed for the Pink Line are : Stations # Station Name Opening Connections Layout English Hindi Mukundpur Depot मुकुंदपुर March 2018 None At Grade Majlis Park मजलिस पार्क March 2018 None Elevated Azadpur आजादपुर March 2018 Yellow Line Underground 28 ° 42 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 10 ′ 48 '' E / 28.707273 ° N 77.179974 ° E / 28.707273 ; 77.179974 Shalimar Bagh शालीमार बाग March 2018 None Underground 5 Netaji Subhash Place नेताजी सुभाष प्लेस March 2018 Red Line Underground 28 ° 41 ′ 45 '' N 77 ° 09 ′ 09 '' E / 28.695886 ° N 77.152450 ° E / 28.695886 ; 77.152450 6 Shakurpur शकूरपुर March 2018 None Elevated 7 Punjabi Bagh West पंजाबी बाग पश्चिम March 2018 Green Line Elevated 8 ESI Hospital ई एस आई अस्पताल March 2018 None Elevated 9 Rajouri Garden राजौरी गार्डन March 2018 Blue Line Elevated 28 ° 38 ′ 56 '' N 77 ° 07 ′ 21 '' E / 28.649004 ° N 77.122634 ° E / 28.649004 ; 77.122634 10 Maya Puri माया पुरी March 2018 None Elevated 11 Naraina Vihar नारायणा विहार March 2018 None Underground 12 Delhi Cantt दिल्ली कैंट March 2018 None Elevated 13 Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus साउथ कैम्पस March 2018 Airport Express ( Orange Line ) Elevated 14 Moti Bagh मोती बाग June 2018 None Elevated 15 Bhikaji Cama Place भीकाजी कामा प्लेस June 2018 None Underground 16 Sarojini Nagar सरोजिनी नगर June 2018 None Underground 17 INA आई एन ए June 2018 Yellow Line Underground 18 South Extension साउथ एक्सटेंशन June 2018 None Underground 19 Lajpat Nagar लाजपत नगर June 2018 Violet Line Underground 20 Vinobapuri विनोबापुरी June 2018 None Underground 21 Ashram June 2018 None Underground 22 Hazrat Nizamuddin हजरत निजामुद्दीन June 2018 Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station Indian Railways Underground 23 Mayur Vihar -- I मयूर विहार - १ June 2018 Blue Line Elevated 28 ° 36 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 17 ′ 22 '' E / 28.604743 ° N 77.289328 ° E / 28.604743 ; 77.289328 24 Mayur Vihar Pocket 1 मयूर विहार पॉकेट 1 June 2018 None Elevated 25 Trilok Puri त्रिलोक पुरी Land Issues None Elevated 26 Vinod Nagar East विनोद नगर पूर्व Land Issues None Elevated 27 Vinod Nagar विनोद नगर June 2018 None Elevated 28 IP Extension आईपी एक्सटेंशन June 2018 None Elevated 29 Anand Vihar आनंद विहार June 2018 Blue Line Anand Vihar Terminal Indian Railways , Anand Vihar ISBT Elevated 28 ° 38 ′ 50 '' N 77 ° 18 ′ 58 '' E / 28.647328 ° N 77.316091 ° E / 28.647328 ; 77.316091 30 Karkarduma कड़कड़ डूमा June 2018 Blue Line Elevated 28 ° 38 ′ 55 '' N 77 ° 18 ′ 17 '' E / 28.648641 ° N 77.304708 ° E / 28.648641 ; 77.304708 31 Karkarduma Court कड़कड़डूमा कोर्ट June 2018 None Elevated 32 Krishna Nagar कृष्णा नगर June 2018 None Elevated 33 East Azad Nagar आजाद नगर पूर्व June 2018 None Elevated 34 Welcome वेलकम June 2018 Red Line Elevated 28 ° 40 ′ 19 '' N 77 ° 16 ′ 41 '' E / 28.672050 ° N 77.277934 ° E / 28.672050 ; 77.277934 35 Jaffrabad जाफराबाद June 2018 None Elevated 36 Maujpur मौजपुर June 2018 None Elevated 37 Gokulpuri गोकुलपुरी June 2018 None Elevated 38 Johri Enclave जौहरी एनक्लेव June 2018 None Elevated 39 Shiv Vihar शिव विहार June 2018 None Elevated Planned Networks : Mukundpur - Maujpur 12.54 kilometres ( 7.79 mi ) . Type : Elevated Stations ( 7 ) : Burari Crossing , Jagatpur Village , Surghat , Khajuri Khas , Bhajanpura , Yamuna Vihar and Maujpur See also ( edit ) List of Delhi Metro stations Transport in Delhi Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Delhi Suburban Railway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New high for Metro with track at 24m '' . The Indian Express . 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Line deadline extended '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trials on Metro 's longest stretch start - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Trial Run On Eventually Driverless Delhi Metro Pink Line '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Trial run begins on Pink Line corridor of Delhi Metro '' . The Financial Express . 2017 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro 's Pink line trials begin '' . thestatesman.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Network Phase I , II , III & NCR '' ( pdf ) . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd ( DMRC ) . February 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delhi Metro . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( Official site ) Delhi Metro Annual Reports `` Station Information '' . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( DMRC ) . Delhi Metro Red Line Dilshad Garden Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli HUDA City Centre Blue Line Noida City Centre Dwarka Sector 21 Blue Line branch Yamuna Bank Vaishali Green Line Inderlok Mundka Green Line branch Ashok Park Main Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Escorts Mujesar Airport Express New Delhi IGI Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line ( Under Construction ) Mukundpur Depot Shiv Vihar magenta line Janakpuri West Botanical Garden Delhi Metro stations Red Line New Bus Adda Arthala Mohan Nagar Shyam Park Rajendra Nagar Raj Bagh Shahid Nagar Dilshad Garden Jhilmil Mansarovar Park Shahdara Welcome Seelampur Shastri Park Kashmere Gate Tis Hazari Pul Bangash Pratap Nagar Shastri Nagar Inderlok Kanhiya Nagar Keshav Puram Netaji Subhash Place Kohat Enclave Pitam Pura Rohini East Rohini West Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli Rohini Sector 18 , 19 Haiderpur Jahangirpuri Adarsh Nagar Azadpur Model Town GTB Nagar Vishwa Vidyalaya Vidhan Sabha Civil Lines Kashmere Gate Chandni Chowk Chawri Bazar New Delhi Rajiv Chowk Patel Chowk Central Secretariat Udyog Bhawan Lok Kalyan Marg Jor Bagh INA AIIMS Green Park Hauz Khas Malviya Nagar Saket Qutab Minar Chhatarpur Sultanpur Ghitorni Arjan Garh Guru Dronacharya Sikandarpur MG Road IFFCO Chowk HUDA City Centre Blue Line Dwarka Sector 21 Dwarka Sector 8 Dwarka Sector 9 Dwarka Sector 10 Dwarka Sector 11 Dwarka Sector 12 Dwarka Sector 13 Dwarka Sector 14 Dwarka Dwarka Mor Nawada Uttam Nagar West Uttam Nagar East Janakpuri West Janakpuri East Tilak Nagar Subhash Nagar Tagore Garden Rajouri Garden Ramesh Nagar Moti Nagar Kirti Nagar Shadipur Patel Nagar Rajendra Place Karol Bagh Jhandewalan Ramakrishna Ashram Marg Rajiv Chowk Barakhamba Road Mandi House Pragati Maidan Indraprastha Yamuna Bank Akshardham Mayur Vihar - I Mayur Vihar Extension New Ashok Nagar Noida Sector 15 Noida Sector 16 Noida Sector 18 Botanical Garden Golf Course Noida City Centre Noida Sector 34 Noida Sector 52 Noida Sector 61 Noida Sector 59 Noida Sector 62 Noida Electronic City Yamuna Bank -- Vaishali Branch Yamuna Bank Laxmi Nagar Nirman Vihar Preet Vihar Karkarduma Anand Vihar Kaushambi Vaishali Dwarka -- Najafgarh Branch ( under construction ) Dwarka Nangli Najafgarh Green Line Inderlok Ashok Park Main Punjabi Bagh East Shivaji Park Madipur Paschim Vihar East Paschim Vihar West Peera Garhi Udyog Nagar Surajmal Stadium Nangloi Nangloi Railway Station Rajdhani Park Mundka Mundka Industrial Area Ghevra Tikri Kalan Tikri Border Modern Industrial Estate Bus Stand Bahadurgarh City Park Ashok Park Main -- Kirti Nagar Branch Ashok Park Main Satguru Ramsingh Marg Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Lal Qila Jama Masjid Delhi Gate ITO Mandi House Janpath Central Secretariat Khan Market Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jangpura Lajpat Nagar Moolchand Kailash Colony Nehru Place Kalkaji Mandir Govind Puri Harkesh Nagar Okhla Jasola Apollo Sarita Vihar Mohan Estate Tughlakabad Station Badarpur Border Sarai NHPC Chowk Mewala Maharajpur Sector - 28 Badkhal Mor Old Faridabad Neelam Chowk Ajronda Bata Chowk Escorts Mujesar NCB Colony Ballabhgarh Airport Express New Delhi Shivaji Stadium Dhaula Kuan Delhi Aerocity Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line ( under construction ) Majlis Park Azadpur Shalimar Bagh Netaji Subhash Place Shakurpur Punjabi Bagh West ESI Hospital Rajouri Garden Mayapuri Naraina Vihar Delhi Cantt South Campus Moti Bagh Bhikaji Cama Place Sarojini Nagar INA South Extension Lajpat Nagar Vinoba Puri Ashram Hazrat Nizamuddin Mayur Vihar Mayur Vihar Pocket I Trilokpuri Vinod Nagar East Vinod Nagar IP Extension Anand Vihar Karkarduma Krishna Nagar East Azad Nagar Welcome Jaffrabad Maujpur Gokulpuri Johri Enclave Shiv Vihar Magenta Line ( under construction ) Janakpuri West Dabri Mor Dashrath Puri Palam Sadar Bazaar Cantonment Terminal 1 - IGI Airport Shankar Vihar Vasant Vihar Munirka R.K Puram IIT Delhi Hauz Khas Panchsheel Park Chirag Delhi Greater Kailash Nehru Enclave Kalkaji Mandir Okhla NSIC Sukhdev Vihar Jamia Millia Islamia Okhla Vihar Jasola Vihar Shaleen Bagh Kalindi Kunj Okhla Bird Sanctuary Botanical Garden Stations along operational lines that are denoted in italics have yet to open . Urban rail transit in India Suburban rail Operational Chennai Suburban Railway Delhi Suburban Railway Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System Kolkata Kolkata Suburban Railway Kolkata Circular Railway Lucknow Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Mumbai Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway Planned Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Bengaluru Commuter Rail Proposed Delhi -- Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System Rapid transit Operational Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Namma Metro Under construction Metro - Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad Nagpur Metro Navi Mumbai Metro Noida Metro Pune Metro Planned Agra Metro Bhopal Metro Chandigarh Metro Guwahati Metro Indore Metro Jabalpur Metro Kanpur Metro Ludhiana Metro Meerut Metro Patna Metro Surat Metro Varanasi Metro Vijayawada Metro Visakhapatnam Metro Proposed Allahabad Metro Bareilly Metro Coimbatore Metro Greater Gwalior Metro Greater Nasik Metro Ranchi Metro Srinagar Metro Western railway elevated corridor Monorail Operational Mumbai Monorail Planned Chennai Monorail Coimbatore Monorail Proposed Ahmedabad Monorail Aizawl Monorail Bengaluru Monorail Bhubaneswar Monorail Delhi Monorail Indore Monorail Kanpur Monorail Kolkata Monorail Navi Mumbai Monorail Patna Monorail Pune Monorail Tiruchirappalli Monorail Light rail Proposed Delhi Light Rail Transit Kolkata Light Rail Transit Kozhikode Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Tram Operational Trams in Kolkata Rapid transit in Asia Azerbaijan Baku Metro Armenia Yerevan Metro China Beijing Subway Changchun Subway Changsha Metro Changsha Maglev Chengdu Metro Chongqing Rail Transit Dalian Metro Dongguan Rail Transit Foshan Metro Fuzhou Metro Guangzhou Metro Guiyang Metro Hangzhou Metro Harbin Metro Hefei Metro Hong Kong MTR Kunming Rail Transit Nanchang Metro Nanjing Metro Nanning Metro Ningbo Rail Transit Qingdao Metro Shanghai Maglev Train Shanghai Metro Shenyang Metro Shenzhen Happy Line Shenzhen Metro Shenzhen Window of the World Monorail Shijiazhuang Metro Suzhou Rail Transit Tianjin Metro Wuhan Metro Wuxi Metro Xi'an Metro Xi'an Monorail Xiamen Metro Zhengzhou Metro Georgia ( country ) Tbilisi Metro India Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Mumbai Monorail Namma Metro Iran Isfahan Metro Mashhad Urban Railway Shiraz Metro Tabriz Metro Tehran Metro Japan Chiba Urban Monorail Fukuoka City Subway Hiroshima Astram Line Hiroshima Skyrail Midorizaka Line Kanagawa Shonan Monorail Kitakyushu Monorail Kōbe Rapid Transit Railway Kobe Municipal Subway Kyoto Municipal Subway Kyoto Municipal Subway Nagoya Linimo Nagoya Municipal Subway Okinawa Monorail Osaka Monorail Osaka Municipal Subway Sapporo Municipal Subway Sendai Subway Tokyo Metro Tokyo Monorail Tokyo Rinkai Line Tokyo Tama Toshi Monorail Line Tokyo Toei Subway Tokyo Ueno Zoo Monorail Urayasu Chiba Urban Monorail Yokohama Municipal Subway Yokohama Minatomirai Line Kazakhstan Almaty Metro North Korea Pyongyang Metro South Korea Busan Metro Daegu Metro Daejeon Metro Gwangju Metro Incheon Subway Incheon Airport Maglev Seoul Korail metro lines Seoul Metropolitan Subway Seoul Shinbundang NeoTrans Line Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Metropolitian Rapid Transit Philippines Manila LRT Manila MRT Russia Kazan Metro Moscow Metro Moscow Monorail Nizhny Novgorod Metro Novosibirsk Metro Saint Petersburg Metro Samara Metro Yekaterinburg Metro Saudi Arabia Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro Southern Line Mecca Metro Riyadh Metro Dammam Metro Jeddah Metro Medina Metro Singapore Singapore MRT Singapore LRT Sentosa Express Taiwan Kaohsiung MRT Taichung Metro Taipei Metro Taoyuan Metro Thailand Bangkok MRT Bangkok Skytrain Turkey Adana Metro Ankara Metro Bursaray Istanbul F1 Funicular Istanbul Marmaray Istanbul Metro Istanbul Tünel İzmir Metro Turkmenistan Ashgabat Monorail United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Metro Dubai Metro Dubai Palm Jumeirah Monorail Uzbekistan Tashkent Metro Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pink_Line_(Delhi_Metro)&oldid=828073040 '' Categories : Delhi Metro lines Hidden categories : Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2016 Pages using BSsplit instead of BSsrws Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles to be expanded from December 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from December 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 11 : 49 . 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what happened to lost in space on netflix			Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series )	lost in space ( 2018 tv series )	Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series based on a reimagining of the 1965 series of the same name ( itself a reimagining of the 1812 novel The Swiss Family Robinson ) , following the adventures of a family of space colonists whose spaceship veers off course .	Produced by Legendary Television , Synthesis Entertainment , Clickety - Clack Productions , and Applebox Entertainment , the show is written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless , with Zack Estrin serving as showrunner . Netflix released the series on April 13 , 2018 , renewing it for a second season the following month . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming 5 Release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) In the aftermath of an impact event that threatens the survival of humanity , the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute ( 24th Colonist Group ) , an interstellar spacecraft carrying selected families to colonize the Alpha Centauri star system . Before they reach their destination , an alien robot breaches the Resolute 's hull . Forced to evacuate the mothership in short - range Jupiter spacecraft , scores of colonists , among them the Robinsons , crash on a nearby habitable planet . There they must contend with a strange environment and battle their own personal demons as they search for a way back to the Resolute . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Molly Parker as mission commander Maureen Robinson , an aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri in hopes of building a new life on a better world . Married to John Robinson , she is the biological mother of Judy , Penny , and Will Robinson . Toby Stephens as John Robinson , former U.S. Marine and husband to Maureen . He is adoptive father to Judy and biological father to Penny and Will . Maxwell Jenkins as 11 - year - old Will Robinson , who forms a tight bond with the Robot , which he saves from destruction during a forest fire . Taylor Russell as 18 - year - old Judy Robinson , who serves as mission doctor , having received accelerated medical training . Mina Sundwall as 15 - year - old Penny Robinson . Ignacio Serricchio as Don West , ship 's mechanic and smuggler of luxury goods . He is accompanied by Debbie , which he calls his lucky chicken . Parker Posey as June Harris , a criminal and psychopath who assumes the identity of her sister Jessica to take her place on the colony ship and subsequently impersonates Dr. Zachary Smith during the attack to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship . After landing on the planet , Harris attempts to sabotage the colonists ' chances of rescue by the Resolute , all the while manipulating and gaslighting other survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes . The theft of the doctor 's identity is a reference to the corresponding character of Dr. Smith in the original television series . Brian Steele as the Robot , an alien robot being that Will encounters following the crash . The robot has a different form from the ones that appeared in the previous series and film . Recurring ( edit ) Raza Jaffrey as Victor Dhar , an officious politician whose arrogance and impatience mask an underlying sense of insecurity . Ajay Friese as Vijay Dhar , Victor 's son and Penny 's love interest Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Hiroki Watanabe , scientist and friend of Maureen Kiki Sukezane as Aiko Watanabe , Hiroki 's daughter Yukari Komatsu as Naoko Watanabe , Hiroki 's wife Veenu Sandhu as Prisha Dhar , Victor 's wife Adam Greydon Reid as Peter Beckert Amelia Burstyn as Diane Iain Belcher as Evan Shaun Parkes as Captain Radic , commander of the Resolute Sibongile Mlambo as Angela Goddard , a fellow survivor struggling with post traumatic stress disorder in the wake of her husband 's death during the attack on the Resolute . Guest ( edit ) Selma Blair as Jessica Harris , June 's wealthy younger sister Bill Mumy as Dr. Zachary Smith , the real Dr. Smith , whose identity June steals Episodes ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Impact '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The spacecraft Resolute is carrying colonists , including the Robinson family , to Alpha Centauri . The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole , crash - landing on an Earth - like planet . The Robinsons ' craft , Jupiter 2 , crashes into a glacial bed . The family evacuates before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water . Eldest Robinson child Judy , a doctor , dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment . She becomes encased in ice , and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy 's suit , John and son Will set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice . Judy guides her sister , Penny , through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother , Maureen . Inside a cave , Will falls down a chasm , landing at the edge of a forest . Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self - repair . In return , it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them . The family attempt to free Judy , but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress . Will and the Robot arrive , and the Robot rescues Judy . In a flashback scene , a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing craft , along with Don West and Tam Roughneck . `` Diamonds in the Sky '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Don West and Smith survive the Jupiter 18 landing . While looking for other survivors , they find Angela Goddard , who is barely alive . When a storm approaches , Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out . Meanwhile , the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2 . Maureen , John , Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot 's ship . They leave Penny and Judy behind to raise the ship out of the ice . Inside the alien ship , a holographic map of the planet is activated , showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy . Outside , the robot touches the ship 's hull , creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute . When Penny sees the storm approaching she raises the Jupiter 2 enough to exit with the ship 's Chariot all - terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm . As they head back to Jupiter 2 they see a flare and find Smith , who claims to be alone . `` Infestation '' Tim Southam Zack Estrin April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) In a flashback , Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris , the older , ex-con sister of Jess Harris , a successful businesswoman . Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth , but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister 's identity . Aboard the Resolute , she bumps into her sister 's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock . June is arrested but escapes during the robot 's attack . In the present , Maureen explains they are trillions of light years from Earth . At night , the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks , endangering the ship . They rush to complete repairs , but the engines are losing fuel . When Will and the robot discover large eel - like creatures in the conduits , the robot locks Will , along with Smith , in the storeroom for safety . The glacier shifts , which forces the crew to make an emergency take - off after flushing the eels from the engines . They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region . Comms pick up radio communication from other survivors and also from Resolute , who are searching for survivors . Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun . Will finds it , and hides the gun under his mattress , unaware Smith is watching . `` The Robinsons Were Here '' Alice Troughton Katherine Collins April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Stuck without fuel , the family initiates Jupiter 2 's colonization protocol . Smith and Will discuss the robot , who does Will 's bidding . Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family ; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela . She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute . None of the other surviving families can fly either due to the giant eels consuming fuel . Maureen , John , and Don realize that the Resolute can not receive messages when they discover it 's comm dish broken off . Judy confronts Will about the robot attack on the Resolute . They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave , unaware Smith is following them . On the way they meet Vijay Dhar , the son of another survivor group . While away , Maureen and John discuss their marital problems . The next morning , the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive . Smith talks to the robot inside the cave , attempting to instill distrust in it about Will . When John and Maureen return home , the kids tell them that the robot wandered away . 5 `` Transmission '' Deborah Chow Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The surviving colonists build a light tower to try signal the Resolute . Maureen , noticing strange weather phenomena discovers that the sun is paired with a black hole which will render the planet uninhabitable . Penny develops a crush on Vijay . When Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun she claims she took it by mistake . In a flashback , Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri . Don tells Judy about his suspicions about Dr. Smith 's identity . When Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this she lies and casts doubt on Don . When the colonists activate the light signal , Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence , allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower . When another creature shows up Will calls the robot . It saves the survivors , assuming its original multi-limb form . The colonists recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute . 6 `` Eulogy '' Vincenzo Natali Ed McCardie April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen tells her family about the black hole . In a heated discussion John convinces the other survivors to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss his responsibility for the robot 's actions . He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties . Don takes the community leader and Vijay 's father , Victor Dhar , to retrieve the fuel in his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel - like creatures . Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith , later showing Judy . Maureen learns that Hiroki knows the planet is dying . Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy , and they share a kiss . Dr. Smith manipulates the distraught Angela into firing a gun at the robot causing it to go into attack mode and accidentally injures John . Distraught , Will has the robot walk off a cliff and then places a stone on the memorial for the robot . 7 `` Pressurized '' Tim Southam Vivian Lee April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) While driving back to Jupiter 2 , Judy is about to tell Dr. Smith she knows the truth about her when Don stops her . When Will is confronted by his mother , he confirms the robot 3D - printed the gun and that he hid it . Dr. Smith refuses blame for Angela 's attack , and suggests Victor Dhar might have taken the gun . John and Maureen 's rover gets stuck in a tar pit . As they sink to the bottom , Maureen admits to doctoring Will 's test results . To escape the vehicle , Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface . Meanwhile , Smith locates the destroyed robot , but can not get it to reassemble . Don 's group speeds through a dangerous geyser field but a tube shakes loose and when Evan fixes the problem , a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him . Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they will lose most of the fuel . Despite this Don reluctantly sides with Judy and lifts the tanker , spilling the fuel , but Evan dies anyway . Back on Jupiter 2 , Dr. Smith finally manages to reactivate the robot . When Victor returns home , Vijay tells him about the planet 's coming demise . Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4 . 8 `` Trajectory '' Stephen Surjik Katherine Collins & Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen can not talk Victor out of launching , but John sneaks aboard the Dhar 's Jupiter 4 and triggers the emergency shut down . Later , he explains to the gathered colonists how the planet is about to become uninhabitable . Penny breaks off with Vijay for him telling his father . Maureen has a plan on how to launch despite the limited fuel , stripping out non-essential modules , and relying on old - school manual piloting . Judy tells Maureen the truth about the real Dr. Smith aboard Don 's Jupiter . Returning to Jupiter 2 , Maureen confines Dr. Smith to a holding cell . Dr. Smith now claims she is really Jessica Harris , a physicist . Maureen tells John about Smith , and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off . With life support also removed , the pilot now needs a spacesuit and will need to withstand extreme G - forces . They select John , but not even he can regain consciousness fast enough to make all the maneuvers alone . When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet 's orbit within 24 hours , Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship . With his assistance the test run is a success . As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4 , Dr. Smith tricks Will and escapes to knock out Maureen right when John needs her instructions . With everyone watching , the ship explodes mid-air . 9 `` Resurrection '' Tim Southam Story by : Daniel McLellan Teleplay by : Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Will tries to signal his father using his radio , convinced he survived the explosion . Dr. Smith drives Maureen to the alien wreck , where she tells her she did not know Maureen was needed for the ship launch . She promises to help Maureen get her children off the planet , if she in return helps Dr. Smith with the alien ship . Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute . While the colonists gather to harvest the biomass , Judy leaves to find Maureen . The colonists find enough biomass to power all the Jupiters , but they must sneak it out quietly so as to not wake winged predators roosting in the cave . When John manages to send a signal , Penny and others are trapped inside the cave after the creatures wake up . Throughout the episode , flashbacks reveal the Christmas Star not to be a meteor but an alien craft , and that its engine was used to build Resolute . The robot 's attack was an attempt to retrieve the stolen engine . The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape . Judy tracks Smith and Maureen . She manages to disable Dr. Smith , but the robot reactivates and is revealed to obey the Doctor 's commands . 10 `` Danger , Will Robinson '' David Nutter Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit , with only a few hours of oxygen left . Will is upset to learn the robot now serves Dr. Smith . John responds to Will , confirming that he and Don are still alive . Will tries to bond with the robot again but is rejected . Victor Dhar hails them from the Resolute , telling them it will leave in just over an hour . Maureen traps Dr Smith and the robot in order to search for John and Don . Just as they are about to retrieve them , Dr Smith and the robot escape . Maureen leads the robot into the garage as an alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine . When the alien robot is about to kill Will , his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot , saving Will . In the fight , both robots are flung out into space and the garage ramp is damaged . Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch . Afterwards , he loses his grip but is saved by his father , who was rescued by Dr. Smith . With everyone safely back on the Jupiter , Maureen is grateful to Dr. Smith , but still locks her up . Before they can dock with the Resolute , the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 sends it and the Robinsons to a different galaxy . Will recognizes its shape from the robot 's sand drawing : Danger . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In October 2014 , it was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes . In November 2015 , Netflix landed the project . On June 29 , 2016 , Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space , with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner . Sazama , Sharpless , Kevin Burns , Jon Jashni , Neil Marshall , and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers . Filming ( edit ) Production on the first season began in February 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and concluded in July 2017 . Season 2 began production in September 2018 , in Iceland , and is set to conclude in January 2019 . Release ( edit ) The series was released on April 13 , 2018 , on Netflix . On March 31 , 2018 , the series pilot was screened at Awesome Con in Washington , D.C. . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.21 / 10 , based on 65 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` Lost in Space 's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci - fi adventure fans , while the story 's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring - do . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5 / 10 , calling it `` an excellent sci - fi adventure with a slight villain problem , '' giving particular praise to the Robinson family , while criticizing Parker Posey 's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one - dimensional character who lacks redeeming qualities . In contrast , Jen Chaney of Vulture characterized Posey 's performance as providing `` understated , sly comedic touches '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Reveals Lost in Space Reboot Premiere Date , First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lost in Space ' Reboot Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Molly Parker To Star In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transmission '' . Lost in Space ( 2018 ) . Series 1 . Episode 5 . 13 April 2018 . Event occurs at 00 : 18 : 46 . Netflix . He came into the picture after I was born . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Stephens To Topline Lost in Space Netflix Remake , Maxwell Jenkins To Co-Star '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/04/12/5-things-help-you-take-off-netflixs-new-lost-space/505788002/ ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lost in Space : Netflix Remake Casts Falling Skies Alum as Judy Robinson '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Mina Sundwall To Play Penny Robinson In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Ignacio Serricchio To Play Don West In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Dr. Smith Is Hiding On Netflix 's Lost in Space '' . 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Parker Posey Joins Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Lost in Space 2018 robot actor : Who plays the robot in Lost in Space 2018 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Estrin , Zack ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Not quite 50 shades of grey , but ... Testing metal colors for The Robot at # SpectralMotion . # LostInSpace # Netflix '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lost In Space : Raza Jaffrey Set To Recur In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lost In Space ' : Sibongile Mlambo Upped To Series Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Lost In Space Series Reboot In Works At Legendary TV With Dracula Writers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space TV Series Remake In Works At Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ; Ching , Albert ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost in Space Remake in Development at Netflix '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space Remake Picked Up To Series By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver Screen Scene : Lost in Space , Van Helsing , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ian ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver 's TV boom starts to fizzle as some shows move to California '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( September 2 , 2018 ) . `` START : Netflix 's LOST IN SPACE Films in Vancouver But Begins Season 2 in Iceland & the Alberta Badlands '' . Hollywood North - YVRShoots . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hildebrand , David ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix gave a first look of their Lost in Space remake at Awesome Con '' . Adventures in Poor Taste . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space ( 2018 ) : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen . `` Lost in Space Gets a Fine , But Not Must - Watch Reboot '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 18 . 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nba player with the most 40+ point games			NBA Regular season records	nba regular season records	This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Note : the post-season record is 17 by Stephen Curry Most points in a triple - double 60 by James Harden , Houston Rockets ( vs. Orlando Magic ) on January 30 , 2018 Quickest to reach a triple - double 14 minutes and 33 seconds by Nikola Jokić , Denver Nuggets ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on February 15 , 2018 . Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Note : the post-season record is 30 by Bob Cousy Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 24 by Ben Simmons , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs Washington Wizards ) on November 29 , 2017 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Note : the post-season record is 19 by Bill Russell Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 ; 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds and 10.3 assists , 2017 -- 18 . Only player to average a triple - double in consecutive seasons Russell Westbrook averaged 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists in 2016 -- 17 and 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds and 10.3 assists in 2017 -- 18 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 873 by LeBron James from January 6 , 2007 -- present Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most seasons leading league in 3 - point percentage 4 by Kyle Korver Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 362 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant was the youngest player to start a game at 18 years , 158 days against the Dallas Mavericks on January 28 , 1997 . Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey was the oldest player to play a game at 45 years , 363 days against the New York Knicks on January 28 , 1948 . Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish was the oldest player to start a game at 43 years , 118 days against the Atlanta Hawks on December 26 , 1996 . Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double Markelle Fultz is the youngest , doing so on April 11 , 2018 for the Philadelphia 76ers vs. the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 19 years , 317 days . He had 13 points , 10 rebounds and 10 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 33 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 21 points for the Sacramento Kings against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 2 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Jerry West is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Seattle Supersonics at the age of 35 years , 193 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record every point milestone from 1,000 to 30,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 33 years , 24 days ) on January 23 , 2018 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Note : Other than the longest game and disqualifications in a game , all records in this section are since the 24 - second shot clock was instituted for 1954 -- 55 season onward . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 40 -- The Minnesota Timberwolves ( 19 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 21 ) on February 7 , 2018 ( OT ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 94 -- The Houston Rockets ( 57 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 37 ) on March 27 , 2018 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 12 - 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2018 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.2 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,114 -- 1,282 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.7 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 925 -- 1,405 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 316 -- 94 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 94 -- 29 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,132 games : Phoenix Suns ( March 29 , 2004 -- Present ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 to 2016 -- 2017 ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Most Franchises Played For 12 by Chucky Brown ( Cleveland Cavaliers 1989 -- 1991 ; 2001 ) , ( Los Angeles Lakers 1991 -- 1992 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1992 -- 1993 ) , ( Dallas Mavericks 1993 ) , ( Houston Rockets 1995 -- 1996 ) , ( Phoenix Suns 1996 ) , ( Milwaukee Bucks 1996 -- 1997 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , ( Charlotte Hornets 1999 ; 2000 -- 2001 ) , ( San Antonio Spurs 1999 -- 2000 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 2001 ) & ( Sacramento Kings 2002 ) 12 by Jim Jackson ( Dallas Mavericks 1992 - 1997 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1997 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1997 - 1998 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 1998 ) , ( Portland Trail Blazers 1999 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks 1999 - 2000 ) , ( Cleveland Cavaliers 2001 ) , ( Miami Heat 2001 - 2002 ) , ( Sacramento Kings 2002 - 2003 ) , ( Houston Rockets 2003 - 2004 ) , Phoenix Suns ( 2005 - 2006 ) & ( Los Angeles Lakers 2006 ) 12 by Tony Massenburg ( San Antonio Spurs 1990 - 1991 ; 2004 - 2005 ) , ( Charlotte Hornets 1991 - 1992 ) , ( Boston Celtics 1992 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 1992 ) , ( Los Angeles Clippers 1994 - 1995 ) , ( Toronto Raptors 1995 - 1996 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1996 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1996 - 1997 ) , ( Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies 1997 - 1999 ; 1999 - 2002 ) , ( Houston Rockets 1999 ) , ( Utah Jazz 2002 - 2003 ) & ( Sacramento Kings 2003 - 2004 ) 12 by Joe Smith ( Golden State Warriors 1995 - 1998 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1998 ; 2006 - 2007 ) , ( Minnesota Timberwolves 1999 - 2000 ; 2001 - 2003 ) , ( Detroit Pistons 2000 - 2001 ) , ( Milwaukee Bucks 2003 - 2006 ) , ( Denver Nuggets 2006 ) , ( Chicago Bulls 2007 - 2008 ) , ( Cleveland Cavaliers 2008 ; 2009 ) , ( Oklahoma City Thunder 2008 - 2009 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks 2009 - 2010 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 2010 ) & ( Los Angeles Lakers 2010 - 2011 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Wilt Chamberlain 's NBA Records '' . www.nba.com . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Harden first to net 60 points in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikola Jokic records triple - double in 14 minutes , fastest in NBA history '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Vince Carter ? '' . GrizzlyBearBlues.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons sets NBA free - throw record after Wizards go full ' Hack - a-Shaq ' '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron joins 30K club as Cavs ' slide continues '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/play-index/tstreak.cgi?request=1&lg_id=NBA&is_playoffs=N&c3stat=fg3&c3comp=ge&c3val=1&m1math=s&m1comp=ge Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived April 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again Archived April 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . References ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Playoffs record from USAToday Finals record from USAToday National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_regular_season_records&oldid=836068958 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 14 : 15 . 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who played the cheerleader on saturday night live			Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 1995 -- 1996	recurring saturday night live characters and sketches introduced 1995 - - 1996	The following is a list of recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced between September 30 , 1995 , and May 18 , 1996 , the twenty - first season of SNL .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Get Off The Shed ! 2 Leg Up 3 Nightline 4 Spade in America 5 Mickey The Dyke 6 Rita DelVecchio 7 Mary Katherine Gallagher 8 The Spartan Cheerleaders 9 Stan Hooper 10 The British Fops 11 Joe Blow 12 Gary Macdonald 13 The Joe Pesci Show 14 G - Dog 15 Lenny the Lion 16 The Rocky Roads 17 Gerald `` T - Bones '' Tibbons 18 Bill Brasky 19 Kevin Franklin 20 Suel Forrester 21 The Roxbury Guys 22 Bobby Coldsman 23 Goat Boy 24 Rolf 25 References Get off the shed ! ( edit ) A Will Ferrell and David Koechner and Nancy Walls sketch . Debuted September 30 , 1995 . Leg Up ( edit ) A Molly Shannon and Cheri Oteri sketch . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 September 30 , 1995 Mariel Hemingway 21 November 11 , 1995 Quentin Tarantino 21 December 16 , 1995 Madeline Kahn 21 March 23 , 1996 Phil Hartman Nightline ( edit ) A parody of Nightline , starring Darrell Hammond as Ted Koppel . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 September 30 , 1995 Mariel Hemingway 21 December 2 , 1995 Anthony Edwards 21 December 9 , 1995 David Alan Grier 21 January 20 , 1996 Alec Baldwin 21 April 13 , 1996 Steve Forbes 21 May 18 , 1996 Jim Carrey 22 February 15 , 1997 Chevy Chase 22 April 12 , 1997 Rob Lowe 22 May 17 , 1997 Jeff Goldblum 23 November 22 , 1997 Rudy Giuliani 25 February 19 , 2000 Ben Affleck 29 February 7 , 2004 Megan Mullally 29 March 6 , 2004 Colin Firth Spade in america ( edit ) David Spade 's Season 21 segment where he gives his thoughts , guest interviews , and Hollywood Minute jokes . Makes up fifteen of his nineteen sketch appearances in 95 - 96 . Episode Host Notes September 30 , 1995 Mariel Hemingway David Spade makes snide comments about the Unabomber and no - show musical guest , Prince . October 7 , 1995 Chevy Chase David Spade comments on the decline of popular music . October 21 , 1995 David Schwimmer Jennifer Aniston is nonplussed by David Spade 's Hollywood Minute style jokes about `` Friends . '' October 28 , 1995 Gabriel Byrne David Spade delivers a taped report from the World Series . November 11 , 1995 Quentin Tarantino David Spade introduces Robert Hegyes to Quentin Tarantino with the hopes of launching a film career for John Travolta 's former sitcom . November 18 , 1995 Laura Leighton Sean Penn agrees to an interview with David Spade as long as he can give the `` SNL '' star a tattoo . December 2 , 1995 Anthony Edwards David Spade re-enacts a Thanksgiving barroom encounter with his father . December 9 , 1995 David Alan Grier David Spade gives a year - in - review Hollywood Minute . December 16 , 1995 Madeline Kahn David Spade unveils his wish list for 1996 . January 13 , 1996 Christopher Walken Christopher Walken mans the desk so David Spade can deliver a live outdoor remote at the scene of the blizzard , but technical problems result in David Spade never realizing he 's on the air as he makes fun of Christopher Walken and the cast of `` Saturday Night Live . '' February 10 , 1996 Danny Aiello Special guest Newt Gingrich ( Chris Farley ) delivers a desperate plug for `` Black Sheep . '' March 23 , 1996 Phil Hartman David Spade delivers a movie - oriented Hollywood Minute . April 20 , 1996 Teri Hatcher David Spade ( Teri Hatcher ) and Teri Hatcher ( David Spade ) insult one another 's careers . May 11 , 1996 Christine Baranski David Spade 's biggest fans , Lucien ( David Koechner ) and Fagin ( Mark McKinney ) , spend the day with him . May 18 , 1996 Jim Carrey David Spade pokes fun at the new cast , then looks back on his favorite moments from the `` Hollywood Minute . '' Mickey the dyke ( edit ) A Cheri Oteri sketch . Debuted September 30 , 1995 . Rita DelVecchio ( edit ) Rita DelVecchio ( Cheri Oteri ) is a grouchy , sharp tongued , Italian - American , Brooklyn housewife . Rita hates it when the neighborhood kids 's toys wind up landing in her front yard , so she claims the item saying that it 's `` hers now , I keep it ! '' and tells the kids to go away . Other times Rita tries to one - up any of her neighbors when it comes to things like the who has the best decorated front lawn on Christmas , or who has the better car , etc . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 October 21 , 1995 David Schwimmer 21 January 13 , 1996 Christopher Walken 21 April 13 , 1996 Steve Forbes 22 October 26 , 1996 Dana Carvey 22 December 14 , 1996 Rosie O'Donnell 23 September 27 , 1997 Sylvester Stallone 23 November 22 , 1997 Rudy Giuliani Mary katherine gallagher ( edit ) Main article : Mary Katherine Gallagher A Molly Shannon sketch . Debuted October 28 , 1995 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 October 28 , 1995 Gabriel Byrne 21 December 2 , 1995 Anthony Edwards 21 January 13 , 1996 Christopher Walken 21 February 24 , 1996 Elle Macpherson 21 April 20 , 1996 Teri Hatcher 22 October 5 , 1996 Lisa Kudrow 22 November 16 , 1996 Robert Downey Jr . 22 December 14 , 1996 Rosie O'Donnell 22 February 22 , 1997 Alec Baldwin 22 March 22 , 1997 Mike Myers 22 May 17 , 1997 Jeff Goldblum 23 October 25 , 1997 Chris Farley 23 November 22 , 1997 Rudy Giuliani 23 March 7 , 1998 Scott Wolf 24 November 21 , 1998 Jennifer Love Hewitt 24 February 6 , 1999 Gwyneth Paltrow 25 October 2 , 1999 Jerry Seinfeld 26 February 17 , 2001 Sean Hayes 32 May 12 , 2007 Molly Shannon The spartan cheerleaders ( edit ) A Will Ferrell and Cheri Oteri sketch . Debuted November 11 , 1995 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 November 11 , 1995 Quentin Tarantino Football Game 21 December 16 , 1995 Madeline Kahn Basketball Game 21 January 20 , 1996 Alec Baldwin Chess Tournament 21 February 24 , 1996 Elle Macpherson Swim Meet 21 April 20 , 1996 Teri Hatcher Math Competition 21 May 18 , 1996 Jim Carrey Wrestling Tournament 22 September 28 , 1996 Tom Hanks Ping - Pong Tournament 22 November 16 , 1996 Robert Downey Jr . Bowling Tournament 22 December 14 , 1996 Rosie O'Donnell Hickory Farms 22 February 8 , 1997 Neve Campbell Sidney 's Party 22 April 19 , 1997 Pamela Anderson Baywatch 23 October 4 , 1997 Matthew Perry Practice 23 December 6 , 1997 Nathan Lane Spartans Dream 23 March 7 , 1998 Scott Wolf East Lake Cinema 23 May 9 , 1998 David Duchovny Cheerleading Camp 24 November 21 , 1998 Jennifer Love Hewitt Maternity Ward 25 December 4 , 1999 Christina Ricci Holiday Parade Stan hooper ( edit ) A Norm Macdonald sketch . Debuted November 11 , 1995 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 November 11 , 1995 Quentin Tarantino 21 November 18 , 1995 Laura Leighton 21 February 24 , 1996 Elle Macpherson 21 April 13 , 1996 Steve Forbes The British Fops ( edit ) The British Fops , or Lucien Callow ( Mark McKinney ) and Fagan ( David Koechner ) appeared in several episodes during SNL 's 1995 - 1996 season . The characters first appeared on `` Weekend Update '' as the presidents of the Norm Macdonald fanclub , but later appeared in several other sketches , namely monologues . The Fops would appear in late restoration period clothing , and used a silly take on the period 's language , mannerisms , and culture , not sparing the subsequent perversion also known for the time . Debuted November 11 , 1995 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 November 11 , 1995 Quentin Tarantino 21 November 18 , 1995 Laura Leighton 21 December 16 , 1995 Madeline Kahn 21 January 20 , 1996 Alec Baldwin 21 February 24 , 1996 Elle Macpherson 21 May 11 , 1996 Christine Baranski Joe Blow ( edit ) Joe Blow was played by Colin Quinn . A blue collar worker by trade , Blow came onto Weekend Update as a New York public service to deliver local news from Brooklyn , New York . Most of his `` news '' included family problems and neighborhood gossip . Joe Blow regularly concluded his commentary by asking anchor Norm Macdonald if he would join him for `` a beer '' , which Macdonald ( who clearly did not want to socialize with him ) would avoid by making up an excuse , or putting it off until a later date . Debuted November 18 , 1995 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 November 18 , 1995 Laura Leighton 21 January 20 , 1996 Alec Baldwin 21 February 17 , 1996 Tom Arnold 21 April 20 , 1996 Teri Hatcher The Local News 22 October 26 , 1996 Dana Carvey 22 December 14 , 1996 Rosie O'Donnell The Local News 23 November 15 , 1997 Claire Danes Gary Macdonald ( edit ) Gary Macdonald was the fictitious younger brother of anchor Norm Macdonald . Played by David Koechner , he was supposed to be the funnier of the two Macdonald brothers , but would be overcome by fear and freeze on camera and end nearly everything he said with `` no '' . Because of this , his commentary consisted of choppy , nervously delivered lines such as , `` Hey , Janet Reno . Hey , how does that song go , ' ( Dude ) Looks Like A Lady , ' no . '' Debuted December 2 , 1995 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 December 2 , 1995 Anthony Edwards 21 February 10 , 1996 Danny Aiello 21 March 16 , 1996 John Goodman Meeting Sketch 21 May 11 , 1996 Christine Baranski The Joe Pesci show ( edit ) This sketch starred Jim Breuer as Pesci , the host of his own late - night talk show . The heard - but - not - seen cameraman was meant to be Pesci 's brother . The sketch would usually begin with Italian accordion music and Breuer cheerfully saying `` Hey . I am Joe Pesci . I got my own show , my cameraman , and all my friends . '' Debuted December 2 , 1995 . Pesci 's personality on the show does not so much resemble the real Joe Pesci as it does Tommy DeVito or Nicky Santoro , his characters from Goodfellas and Casino respectively . While interviewing his guests , each guest would invariably , inadvertently say something that Pesci took as an insult . He would then produce a baseball bat , and proceed to beat the guest senseless . There were a few guests who were notable exceptions to this fate . The first sketch featured Anthony Edwards as Macaulay Culkin , Pesci 's co-star in Home Alone . Pesci hit him on the head with a paint can as he was angered by the fact people laughed at Macaulay Culkin doing it to Pesci . On one episode hosted by Jim Carrey , Carrey played legendary actor James Stewart , while regular cast member Mark McKinney played Carrey . Pesci and Stewart teamed up to beat up Carrey , with Stewart going on to beat up Pesci himself . One episode featuring then Mayor Rudy Giuliani was about to get beaten when his security detail grabs Pesci , then Giuliani grabs a stickball stick and proceeded to beat Pesci . Pesci also spares actors who , like him , are of Italian ancestry and who came to prominence in films about the Sicilian mafia . However , while Italian - Americans were often spared physical assault , Pesci made disparaging remarks , such as when he had his My Cousin Vinny costar Marisa Tomei , Pesci mentions her Academy Award and comments that it must have been quid pro quo ( `` Whose Joe did you DiMaggio to win that ? '' ) , prompting an angry Tomei to state she won it fairly and storm off the set . Kevin Spacey appeared as Al Pacino in one episode , in which the two of them teamed up against Rodney Dangerfield ( portrayed by Darrell Hammond ) . Alec Baldwin , John Goodman and Colin Quinn made appearances as Robert De Niro , though he is reduced to monosyllabic responses to Pesci 's prompts : his lines are usually `` I heard some things '' ( a line from Oscar winner Raging Bull , the first movie to star both De Niro and Pesci ) , and `` Li'l bit '' ( a shortened version of a line from Goodfellas ( where De Niro accuses another mobster of being a `` little bit out of line '' for insulting Pesci 's character ) , another film starring the two actors ) . The real Pesci and De Niro appeared on one episode , criticizing Breuer for playing caricatures of their film characters . Quinn suddenly says he is not De Niro , but `` Colin Quinn from Remote Control . '' Breuer 's and Quinn 's weak defense of themselves insults Pesci , who asks De Niro if they were just insulted , to which De Niro responds , `` I heard things . '' The two of them then proceed to beat up Breuer and Quinn . A cel - shaded rendering of an episode of The Joe Pesci Show appears in a scene of the movie Waking Life where the television is scanning through several channels . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 December 2 , 1995 Anthony Edwards 21 January 20 , 1996 Alec Baldwin 21 March 16 , 1996 John Goodman 21 May 18 , 1996 Jim Carrey 22 November 23 , 1996 Phil Hartman 22 January 11 , 1997 Kevin Spacey 22 April 12 , 1997 Rob Lowe 23 November 22 , 1997 Rudy Giuliani G - dog ( edit ) A 1990s sitcom about a bald - headed , foul mouthed gangsta rapper played by Tim Meadows who usually appeared wearing only a Speedo or leather pants . He first appeared in a sketch with Teri Hatcher about a sitcom called `` The Princess and the Homeboy '' . Debuted December 2 , 1995 . Lenny the lion ( edit ) Visiting from the Bronx Zoo , Lenny the Lion ( Colin Quinn in a lion suit ) would come onto Weekend Update to talk about his life problems . His accent and set of problems ( including a violent father , a chaotic family situation and an addiction to tranquilizer darts ) are meant to suggest an ethnic working - class man in the Bronx . Lenny would always end his rant with the line `` fur is murder '' . Debuted December 9 , 1995 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 December 9 , 1995 David Alan Grier 22 December 14 , 1996 Rosie O'Donnell 22 May 17 , 1997 Jeff Goldblum The rocky roads ( edit ) A Will Ferrell , Tim Meadows and David Alan Grier sketch . Debuted December 9 , 1995 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 December 9 , 1995 David Alan Grier 22 January 18 , 1997 David Alan Grier Gerald `` t - bones '' tibbons ( edit ) Main article : Gerald `` T - Bones '' Tibbons A David Koechner sketch . Debuted January 13 , 1996 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 January 13 , 1996 Christopher Walken 21 February 17 , 1996 Tom Arnold 21 February 24 , 1996 Elle Macpherson 21 April 13 , 1996 Steve Forbes Bill brasky ( edit ) Main article : Bill Brasky A Will Ferrell , David Koechner , Mark McKinney and Tim Meadows sketch . Debuted January 20 , 1996 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 January 20 , 1996 Alec Baldwin 21 March 16 , 1996 John Goodman 22 February 22 , 1997 Alec Baldwin 22 May 10 , 1997 John Goodman 24 December 12 , 1998 Alec Baldwin 39 December 7 , 2013 Paul Rudd Kevin franklin ( edit ) A Tim Meadows sketch . Debuted February 10 , 1996 . Suel Forrester ( edit ) A Chris Kattan sketch . Debuted March 16 , 1996 . In each appearance by Suel Forrester he has a different occupation in which good , articulate clarity of speech is very important ( a teacher , a trial attorney , an air traffic controller ) , yet he speaks almost entirely in unintelligible gibberish . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 March 16 , 1996 John Goodman Suel is a substitute teacher . 21 April 13 , 1996 Steve Forbes Suel is an army drill sergeant . 22 October 5 , 1996 Lisa Kudrow Suel is an air traffic controller talking a flight attendant ( Kudrow ) through landing a disabled plane . 22 February 8 , 1997 Neve Campbell Suel is the host of a quiz style game show and the contestants can not understand any of the questions . 22 May 10 , 1997 John Goodman Suel is a talk show host . 24 November 14 , 1998 Joan Allen Suel is a trial attorney . 24 March 13 , 1999 Ray Romano Suel is an NCAA coach . 26 March 17 , 2001 Julia Stiles Suel is a movie director . The Roxbury Guys ( edit ) The Roxbury Guys was a recurring sketch that debuted March 23 , 1996 . It followed the exploits of brothers Doug and Steve Butabi ( portrayed by Chris Kattan and Will Ferrell respectively ) , habitual clubbers dressed in rayon suits , as they attempt to pick up women on their outings . Their trademark was bobbing their heads in unison to the song `` What Is Love '' by Haddaway , which always played throughout the duration of each sketch . The brothers were extremely unfortunate with the women at the clubs , often gyrating against them in an attempt to get them to dance , but always causing a negative reaction . They were frequently joined by a third person , often the host , who would dress and act in a similar fashion ( notably Tom Hanks , Jim Carrey , Sylvester Stallone , Martin Short , and Alec Baldwin ) ; this character was usually credited as `` Barhop '' . Skits starring Pamela Anderson and Cameron Diaz were also featured . The sketch spawned a film titled , A Night at the Roxbury . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 March 23 , 1996 Phil Hartman 21 May 18 , 1996 Jim Carrey 22 September 28 , 1996 Tom Hanks 22 December 7 , 1996 Martin Short 22 February 22 , 1997 Alec Baldwin 22 April 19 , 1997 Pamela Anderson 23 September 27 , 1997 Sylvester Stallone 23 December 13 , 1997 Helen Hunt Jack Nicholson makes an appearance as the therapist 's boyfriend . 24 September 26 , 1998 Cameron Diaz The final run of the sketch featured another team of two club - hopping brothers : Steve Martin and Dan Aykroyd , reprising their early - SNL roles as `` Two Wild and Crazy Guys '' . Bobby coldsman ( edit ) A Phil Hartman sketch about an overbearing , self - obsessed acting class teacher . Debuted March 23 , 1996 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 March 23 , 1996 Phil Hartman 22 November 23 , 1996 Phil Hartman Goat Boy ( edit ) Goat Boy was a half - human half - goat hybrid SNL character who hosted the fake MTV show , `` Hey , Remember the 80s ? '' He was played by Jim Breuer . At the outset , Goat Boy was a typical veejay - talk show host who would introduce 80s video clips and guests from the era . During the sketches , he would start braying and kicking and would be subdued by scientists standing by with electric prods . Debuted May 11 , 1996 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 May 11 , 1996 Christine Baranski 22 September 28 , 1996 Tom Hanks Hey , Remember the 80s ? 22 October 26 , 1996 Dana Carvey Hey , Remember the 80s ? 22 December 14 , 1996 Rosie O'Donnell 22 February 15 , 1997 Chevy Chase 22 April 19 , 1997 Pamela Anderson Hey , Remember the 80s ? 23 October 4 , 1997 Matthew Perry 23 February 28 , 1998 Garth Brooks Hey , Remember the 80s ? 23 April 4 , 1998 Steve Buscemi 23 May 9 , 1998 David Duchovny Rolf ( edit ) A Colin Quinn sketch . Debuted May 11 , 1996 . Appearances Season Episode Host Notes 21 May 11 , 1996 Christine Baranski 22 February 8 , 1997 Neve Campbell 22 March 15 , 1997 Sting References ( edit ) Preceded by Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 1994 -- 1995 Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches ( listed chronologically ) Succeeded by Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 1996 -- 1997 ( hide ) Saturday Night Live Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 History 1975 -- 80 1980 -- 85 1985 -- 90 1990 -- 95 1995 -- 2000 2000 -- 05 2005 -- 10 2010 -- 15 2015 -- present Related lists Commercials Cast members Writers Guests / hosts A -- D E -- H I -- L M -- P Q -- T U -- Z Awards DVD releases Incidents Recurring characters and sketches Chronological Alphabetical By cast member Musical sketches TV show sketches Weekend Update characters TV Funhouse segments Characters and sketches The Barry Gibb Talk Show Bill Brasky Bill Swerski 's Superfans Blizzard Man The Blues Brothers The Boston Teens Canteen Boy Celebrity Jeopardy ! 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About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring%20Saturday%20Night%20Live%20characters%20and%20sketches%20introduced%201995%25E2%2580%25931996	957
who invented the formula n n+1 2			1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯	1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + [UNK]	The infinite series whose terms are the natural numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is a divergent series . The nth partial sum of the series is the triangular number	∑ k = 1 n k = n ( n + 1 ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) k = ( \ frac ( n ( n + 1 ) ) ( 2 ) ) , ) which increases without bound as n goes to infinity . Because the sequence of partial sums fails to converge to a finite limit , the series does not have a sum . Although the series seems at first sight not to have any meaningful value at all , it can be manipulated to yield a number of mathematically interesting results , some of which have applications in other fields such as complex analysis , quantum field theory , and string theory . Many summation methods are used in mathematics to assign numerical values even to a divergent series . In particular , the methods of zeta function regularization and Ramanujan summation assign the series a value of − 1 / 12 , which is expressed by a famous formula : 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = − 1 12 , ( \ displaystyle 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \ cdots = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) , ) where the left - hand side has to be interpreted as being the value obtained by using one of the aforementioned summation methods and not as the sum of an infinite series in its usual meaning . In a monograph on moonshine theory , Terry Gannon calls this equation `` one of the most remarkable formulae in science '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Partial sums 2 Summability 2.1 Heuristics 2.2 Zeta function regularization 2.3 Cutoff regularization 2.4 Ramanujan summation 2.5 Failure of stable linear summation methods 3 Physics 4 History 5 In popular media 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Partial sums ( edit ) The first six triangular numbers Main article : Triangular number The partial sums of the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + ⋯ are 1 , 3 , 6 , 10 , 15 , etc . The nth partial sum is given by a simple formula : ∑ k = 1 n k = n ( n + 1 ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) k = ( \ frac ( n ( n + 1 ) ) ( 2 ) ) . ) This equation was known to the Pythagoreans as early as the sixth century BCE . Numbers of this form are called triangular numbers , because they can be arranged as an equilateral triangle . The infinite sequence of triangular numbers diverges to + ∞ , so by definition , the infinite series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ also diverges to + ∞ . The divergence is a simple consequence of the form of the series : the terms do not approach zero , so the series diverges by the term test . Summability ( edit ) Among the classical divergent series , 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is relatively difficult to manipulate into a finite value . Many summation methods are used to assign numerical values to divergent series , some more powerful than others . For example , Cesàro summation is a well - known method that sums Grandi 's series , the mildly divergent series 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ⋯ , to ⁄ . Abel summation is a more powerful method that not only sums Grandi 's series to ⁄ , but also sums the trickier series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ to ⁄ . Unlike the above series , 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is not Cesàro summable nor Abel summable . Those methods work on oscillating divergent series , but they can not produce a finite answer for a series that diverges to + ∞ . Most of the more elementary definitions of the sum of a divergent series are stable and linear , and any method that is both stable and linear can not sum 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ to a finite value ; see below . More advanced methods are required , such as zeta function regularization or Ramanujan summation . It is also possible to argue for the value of − 1 / 12 using some rough heuristics related to these methods . Heuristics ( edit ) Passage from Ramanujan 's first notebook describing the `` constant '' of the series Srinivasa Ramanujan presented two derivations of `` 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 '' in chapter 8 of his first notebook . The simpler , less rigorous derivation proceeds in two steps , as follows . The first key insight is that the series of positive numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ closely resembles the alternating series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ . The latter series is also divergent , but it is much easier to work with ; there are several classical methods that assign it a value , which have been explored since the 18th century . In order to transform the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ into 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ , one can subtract 4 from the second term , 8 from the fourth term , 12 from the sixth term , and so on . The total amount to be subtracted is 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + ⋯ , which is 4 times the original series . These relationships can be expressed using algebra . Whatever the `` sum '' of the series might be , call it c = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ . Then multiply this equation by 4 and subtract the second equation from the first : c = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + ⋯ 4 c = 4 + 8 + 12 + ⋯ c − 4 c = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − 6 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( alignedat ) ( 7 ) c& ( ) = ( ) &1 + 2&& ( ) + 3 + 4&& ( ) + 5 + 6 + \ cdots \ \ 4c& ( ) = ( ) &4&& ( ) + 8&& ( ) + 12 + \ cdots \ \ c - 4c& ( ) = ( ) &1 - 2&& ( ) + 3 - 4&& ( ) + 5 - 6 + \ cdots \ \ \ end ( alignedat ) ) ) The second key insight is that the alternating series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ is the formal power series expansion of the function 1 / ( 1 + x ) but with x defined as 1 . Accordingly , Ramanujan writes : − 3 c = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ = 1 ( 1 + 1 ) 2 = 1 4 ( \ displaystyle - 3c = 1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 1 + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ) Dividing both sides by − 3 , one gets c = − 1 / 12 . Generally speaking , it is incorrect to manipulate infinite series as if they were finite sums . For example , if zeroes are inserted into arbitrary positions of a divergent series , it is possible to arrive at results that are not self - consistent , let alone consistent with other methods . In particular , the step 4c = 0 + 4 + 0 + 8 + ⋯ is not justified by the additive identity law alone . For an extreme example , appending a single zero to the front of the series can lead to inconsistent results . One way to remedy this situation , and to constrain the places where zeroes may be inserted , is to keep track of each term in the series by attaching a dependence on some function . In the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ , each term n is just a number . If the term n is promoted to a function n , where s is a complex variable , then one can ensure that only like terms are added . The resulting series may be manipulated in a more rigorous fashion , and the variable s can be set to − 1 later . The implementation of this strategy is called zeta function regularization . Zeta function regularization ( edit ) Plot of ζ ( s ) . For s > 1 , the series converges and ζ ( s ) > 1 . Analytic continuation around the pole at s = 1 leads to a region of negative values , including ζ ( − 1 ) = − 1 / 12 In zeta function regularization , the series ∑ n = 1 ∞ n ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) n ) is replaced by the series ∑ n = 1 ∞ n − s ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) n ^ ( - s ) ) . The latter series is an example of a Dirichlet series . When the real part of s is greater than 1 , the Dirichlet series converges , and its sum is the Riemann zeta function ζ ( s ) . On the other hand , the Dirichlet series diverges when the real part of s is less than or equal to 1 , so , in particular , the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ that results from setting s = -- 1 does not converge . The benefit of introducing the Riemann zeta function is that it can be defined for other values of s by analytic continuation . One can then define the zeta - regularized sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ to be ζ ( − 1 ) . From this point , there are a few ways to prove that ζ ( − 1 ) = − 1 / 12 . One method , along the lines of Euler 's reasoning , uses the relationship between the Riemann zeta function and the Dirichlet eta function η ( s ) . The eta function is defined by an alternating Dirichlet series , so this method parallels the earlier heuristics . Where both Dirichlet series converge , one has the identities : ζ ( s ) = 1 − s + 2 − s + 3 − s + 4 − s + 5 − s + 6 − s + ⋯ 2 × 2 − s ζ ( s ) = 2 × 2 − s + 2 × 4 − s + 2 × 6 − s + ⋯ ( 1 − 2 1 − s ) ζ ( s ) = 1 − s − 2 − s + 3 − s − 4 − s + 5 − s − 6 − s + ⋯ = η ( s ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( alignedat ) ( 7 ) \ zeta ( s ) & ( ) = ( ) &1 ^ ( - s ) + 2 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 3 ^ ( - s ) + 4 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 5 ^ ( - s ) + 6 ^ ( - s ) + \ cdots & \ \ 2 \ times 2 ^ ( - s ) \ zeta ( s ) & ( ) = ( ) &2 \ times 2 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 2 \ times 4 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 2 \ times 6 ^ ( - s ) + \ cdots & \ \ \ left ( 1 - 2 ^ ( 1 - s ) \ right ) \ zeta ( s ) & ( ) = ( ) &1 ^ ( - s ) - 2 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 3 ^ ( - s ) - 4 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 5 ^ ( - s ) - 6 ^ ( - s ) + \ cdots & = \ eta ( s ) \ \ \ end ( alignedat ) ) ) The identity ( 1 − 2 1 − s ) ζ ( s ) = η ( s ) ( \ displaystyle ( 1 - 2 ^ ( 1 - s ) ) \ zeta ( s ) = \ eta ( s ) ) continues to hold when both functions are extended by analytic continuation to include values of s for which the above series diverge . Substituting s = − 1 , one gets − 3ζ ( − 1 ) = η ( − 1 ) . Now , computing η ( − 1 ) is an easier task , as the eta function is equal to the Abel sum of its defining series , which is a one - sided limit : − 3 ζ ( − 1 ) = η ( − 1 ) = lim x → 1 − ( 1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x 3 + ⋯ ) = lim x → 1 − 1 ( 1 + x ) 2 = 1 4 ( \ displaystyle - 3 \ zeta ( - 1 ) = \ eta ( - 1 ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 1 ^ ( - ) ) \ left ( 1 - 2x + 3x ^ ( 2 ) - 4x ^ ( 3 ) + \ cdots \ right ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 1 ^ ( - ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 1 + x ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ) Dividing both sides by − 3 , one gets ζ ( − 1 ) = − 1 / 12 . Cutoff regularization ( edit ) The series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ After smoothing Asymptotic behavior of the smoothing . The y - intercept of the parabola is − 1 / 12 . The method of regularization using a cutoff function can `` smooth '' the series to arrive at − 1 / 12 . Smoothing is a conceptual bridge between zeta function regularization , with its reliance on complex analysis , and Ramanujan summation , with its shortcut to the Euler -- Maclaurin formula . Instead , the method operates directly on conservative transformations of the series , using methods from real analysis . The idea is to replace the ill - behaved discrete series ∑ n = 0 N n ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( N ) n ) with a smoothed version ∑ n = 0 ∞ n f ( n N ) ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) nf \ left ( ( \ frac ( n ) ( N ) ) \ right ) ) , where f is a cutoff function with appropriate properties . The cutoff function must be normalized to f ( 0 ) = 1 ; this is a different normalization from the one used in differential equations . The cutoff function should have enough bounded derivatives to smooth out the wrinkles in the series , and it should decay to 0 faster than the series grows . For convenience , one may require that f is smooth , bounded , and compactly supported . One can then prove that this smoothed sum is asymptotic to − 1 / 12 + CN , where C is a constant that depends on f . The constant term of the asymptotic expansion does not depend on f : it is necessarily the same value given by analytic continuation , − 1 / 12 . Ramanujan summation ( edit ) The Ramanujan sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is also − 1 / 12 . Ramanujan wrote in his second letter to G.H. Hardy , dated 27 February 1913 : `` Dear Sir , I am very much gratified on perusing your letter of the 8th February 1913 . I was expecting a reply from you similar to the one which a Mathematics Professor at London wrote asking me to study carefully Bromwich 's Infinite Series and not fall into the pitfalls of divergent series. ... I told him that the sum of an infinite number of terms of the series : 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 under my theory . If I tell you this you will at once point out to me the lunatic asylum as my goal . I dilate on this simply to convince you that you will not be able to follow my methods of proof if I indicate the lines on which I proceed in a single letter. ... '' Ramanujan summation is a method to isolate the constant term in the Euler -- Maclaurin formula for the partial sums of a series . For a function f , the classical Ramanujan sum of the series ∑ k = 1 ∞ f ( k ) ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) f ( k ) ) is defined as c = − 1 2 f ( 0 ) − ∑ k = 1 ∞ B 2 k ( 2 k ) ! f ( 2 k − 1 ) ( 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle c = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f ( 0 ) - \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( B_ ( 2k ) ) ( ( 2k ) ! ) ) f ^ ( ( 2k - 1 ) ) ( 0 ) , ) where f is the ( 2k − 1 ) - th derivative of f and B is the 2kth Bernoulli number : B = 1 / 6 , B = − 1 / 30 , and so on . Setting f ( x ) = x , the first derivative of f is 1 , and every other term vanishes , so : c = − 1 6 × 1 2 ! = − 1 12 . ( \ displaystyle c = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) \ times ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ! ) ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) . ) To avoid inconsistencies , the modern theory of Ramanujan summation requires that f is `` regular '' in the sense that the higher - order derivatives of f decay quickly enough for the remainder terms in the Euler -- Maclaurin formula to tend to 0 . Ramanujan tacitly assumed this property . The regularity requirement prevents the use of Ramanujan summation upon spaced - out series like 0 + 2 + 0 + 4 + ⋯ , because no regular function takes those values . Instead , such a series must be interpreted by zeta function regularization . For this reason , Hardy recommends `` great caution '' when applying the Ramanujan sums of known series to find the sums of related series . Failure of stable linear summation methods ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A summation method that is linear and stable can not sum the series 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ to any finite value . ( Stable means that adding a term to the beginning of the series increases the sum by the same amount . ) This can be seen as follows . If 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ = x then adding 0 to both sides gives 0 + 1 + 2 + ⋯ = 0 + x = x by stability . By linearity , one may subtract the second equation from the first ( subtracting each component of the second line from the first line in columns ) to give 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ = x -- x = 0 . Adding 0 to both sides again gives 0 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ = 0 , and subtracting the last two series gives 1 + 0 + 0 + ⋯ = 0 contradicting stability . The methods used above to sum 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ are either not stable or not linear . Physics ( edit ) In bosonic string theory , the attempt is to compute the possible energy levels of a string , in particular the lowest energy level . Speaking informally , each harmonic of the string can be viewed as a collection of D − 2 independent quantum harmonic oscillators , one for each transverse direction , where D is the dimension of spacetime . If the fundamental oscillation frequency is ω then the energy in an oscillator contributing to the nth harmonic is nħω / 2 . So using the divergent series , the sum over all harmonics is − ħω ( D − 2 ) / 24 . Ultimately it is this fact , combined with the Goddard -- Thorn theorem , which leads to bosonic string theory failing to be consistent in dimensions other than 26 . The regularization of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is also involved in computing the Casimir force for a scalar field in one dimension . An exponential cutoff function suffices to smooth the series , representing the fact that arbitrarily high - energy modes are not blocked by the conducting plates . The spatial symmetry of the problem is responsible for canceling the quadratic term of the expansion . All that is left is the constant term − 1 / 12 , and the negative sign of this result reflects the fact that the Casimir force is attractive . A similar calculation is involved in three dimensions , using the Epstein zeta - function in place of the Riemann zeta function . History ( edit ) It is unclear whether Leonhard Euler summed the series to − 1 / 12 . According to Morris Kline , Euler 's early work on divergent series relied on function expansions , from which he concluded 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = ∞ . According to Raymond Ayoub , the fact that the divergent zeta series is not Abel summable prevented Euler from using the zeta function as freely as the eta function , and he `` could not have attached a meaning '' to the series . Other authors have credited Euler with the sum , suggesting that Euler would have extended the relationship between the zeta and eta functions to negative integers . In the primary literature , the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is mentioned in Euler 's 1760 publication De seriebus divergentibus alongside the divergent geometric series 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ . Euler hints that series of this type have finite , negative sums , and he explains what this means for geometric series , but he does not return to discuss 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ . In the same publication , Euler writes that the sum of 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ is infinite . In popular media ( edit ) David Leavitt 's 2007 novel The Indian Clerk includes a scene where Hardy and Littlewood discuss the meaning of this series . They conclude that Ramanujan has rediscovered ζ ( − 1 ) , and they take the `` lunatic asylum '' line in his second letter as a sign that Ramanujan is toying with them . Simon McBurney 's 2007 play A Disappearing Number focuses on the series in the opening scene . The main character , Ruth , walks into a lecture hall and introduces the idea of a divergent series before proclaiming , `` I 'm going to show you something really thrilling , '' namely 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 . As Ruth launches into a derivation of the functional equation of the zeta function , another actor addresses the audience , admitting that they are actors : `` But the mathematics is real . It 's terrifying , but it 's real . '' In January 2014 , Numberphile produced a YouTube video on the series , which gathered over 1.5 million views in its first month . The 8 - minute video is narrated by Tony Padilla , a physicist at the University of Nottingham . Padilla begins with 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ⋯ and 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ and relates the latter to 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ using a term - by - term subtraction similar to Ramanujan 's argument . Numberphile also released a 21 - minute version of the video featuring Nottingham physicist Ed Copeland , who describes in more detail how 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ = 1 / 4 as an Abel sum and 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 as ζ ( − 1 ) . After receiving complaints about the lack of rigour in the first video , Padilla also wrote an explanation on his webpage relating the manipulations in the video to identities between the analytic continuations of the relevant Dirichlet series . In the New York Times coverage of the Numberphile video , mathematician Edward Frenkel commented , `` This calculation is one of the best - kept secrets in math . No one on the outside knows about it . '' Coverage of this topic in Smithsonian magazine describes the Numberphile video as misleading , and notes that the interpretation of the sum as − 1 / 12 relies on a specialized meaning for the equals sign , from the techniques of analytic continuation , in which equals means is associated with . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tao , Terence ( April 10 , 2010 ) , The Euler -- Maclaurin formula , Bernoulli numbers , the zeta function , and real - variable analytic continuation , retrieved January 30 , 2014 Jump up ^ Lepowsky , J. ( 1999 ) , Naihuan Jing and Kailash C. Misra , ed. , Vertex operator algebras and the zeta function , Contemporary Mathematics , 248 , pp. 327 -- 340 , arXiv : math / 9909178 , Bibcode : 1999math ... 9178L Jump up ^ Gannon , Terry ( April 2010 ) , Moonshine Beyond the Monster : The Bridge Connecting Algebra , Modular Forms and Physics , Cambridge University Press , p. 140 , ISBN 978 - 0521141888 Jump up ^ Pengelley , David J. ( 2002 ) , Otto Bekken ; et al. , eds. , The bridge between the continuous and the discrete via original sources , National Center for Mathematics Education , University of Gothenburg , Sweden , p. 3 , ISBN 978 - 9185143009 Jump up ^ Hardy p. 10 Jump up ^ Ramanujan 's Notebooks , retrieved January 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Abdi , Wazir Hasan ( 1992 ) , Toils and triumphs of Srinivasa Ramanujan , the man and the mathematician , National , p. 41 Jump up ^ Berndt , Bruce C. ( 1985 ) , Ramanujan 's Notebooks : Part 1 , Springer - Verlag , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Euler , Leonhard ( 2006 ) . `` Translation with notes of Euler 's paper : Remarks on a beautiful relation between direct as well as reciprocal power series '' . Translated by Willis , Lucas ; Osler , Thomas J. The Euler Archive . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Originally published as Euler , Leonhard ( 1768 ) . `` Remarques sur un beau rapport entre les séries des puissances tant directes que réciproques '' . Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de Berlin . 17 : 83 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Promoting numbers to functions is identified as one of two broad classes of summation methods , including Abel and Borel summation , by Knopp , Konrad ( 1990 ) ( 1922 ) . Theory and Application of Infinite Series . Dover . pp. 475 -- 476 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 66165 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stopple , Jeffrey ( 2003 ) , A Primer of Analytic Number Theory : From Pythagoras to Riemann , p. 202 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 81309 - 3 Jump up ^ Knopp , Konrad ( 1990 ) ( 1922 ) . Theory and Application of Infinite Series . Dover . pp. 490 -- 492 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 66165 - 2 . Jump up ^ Berndt et al. p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Berndt , Bruce C. ( 1985 ) , Ramanujan 's Notebooks : Part 1 , Springer - Verlag , pp. 13 , 134 Jump up ^ Hardy p. 346 Jump up ^ Barbiellini , Bernardo ( 1987 ) , `` The Casimir effect in conformal field theories '' , Physics Letters B , 190 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 137 -- 139 , Bibcode : 1987PhLB ... 190 ... 137B , doi : 10.1016 / 0370 - 2693 ( 87 ) 90854 - 9 Jump up ^ See v : Quantum mechanics / Casimir effect in one dimension Jump up ^ Zee pp. 65 -- 67 Jump up ^ Zeidler , Eberhard ( 2007 ) , `` Quantum Field Theory I : Basics in Mathematics and Physics : A Bridge between Mathematicians and Physicists '' , Quantum Field Theory I : Basics in Mathematics and Physics . A bridge between mathematicians and physicists . by Eberhard Zeidler . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 34762 - 0 . Published by Springer Science + Business Media , Springer : 305 -- 306 , Bibcode : 2006qftb. book ... Z , ISBN 9783540347644 Jump up ^ Kline , Morris ( November 1983 ) , `` Euler and Infinite Series '' , Mathematics Magazine , 56 ( 5 ) : 307 -- 314 , doi : 10.2307 / 2690371 , JSTOR 2690371 Jump up ^ Ayoub , Raymond ( December 1974 ) , `` Euler and the Zeta Function '' ( PDF ) , The American Mathematical Monthly , 81 ( 10 ) : 1067 -- 1086 , doi : 10.2307 / 2319041 , JSTOR 2319041 , retrieved February 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Lefort , Jean , `` Les séries divergentes chez Euler '' ( PDF ) , L'Ouvert , IREM de Strasbourg ( 31 ) : 15 -- 25 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 22 , 2014 , retrieved February 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kaneko , Masanobu ; Kurokawa , Nobushige ; Wakayama , Masato ( 2003 ) , `` A variation of Euler 's approach to values of the Riemann zeta function '' ( PDF ) , Kyushu Journal of Mathematics , 57 ( 1 ) : 175 -- 192 , arXiv : math / 0206171 , doi : 10.2206 / kyushujm. 57.175 , retrieved January 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sondow , Jonathan ( February 1994 ) , `` Analytic continuation of Riemann 's zeta function and values at negative integers via Euler 's transformation of series '' , Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society , 120 ( 4 ) : 421 -- 424 , doi : 10.1090 / S0002 - 9939 - 1994 - 1172954 - 7 , retrieved February 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Barbeau , E.J. ; Leah , P.J. ( May 1976 ) , `` Euler 's 1760 paper on divergent series '' , Historia Mathematica , 3 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 160 , doi : 10.1016 / 0315 - 0860 ( 76 ) 90030 - 6 Jump up ^ Leavitt , David ( 2007 ) , The Indian Clerk , Bloomsbury , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Complicite ( April 2012 ) , A Disappearing Number , Oberon , ISBN 9781849432993 Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel ( December 1 , 2008 ) , `` A disappearing number '' , Plus , retrieved February 5 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Overbye , Dennis ( February 3 , 2014 ) , `` In the End , It All Adds Up to -- 1 / 12 '' , New York TImes , retrieved February 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ ASTOUNDING : 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... = -- 1 / 12 on YouTube Jump up ^ Sum of Natural Numbers ( second proof and extra footage ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Padilla , Tony , What do we get if we sum all the natural numbers ? , retrieved February 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ Schultz , Colin ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) . `` The Great Debate Over Whether 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ... + ∞ = − 1 / 12 '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . References ( edit ) Berndt , Bruce C. ; Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar ; Rankin , Robert A. ( 1995 ) . Ramanujan : letters and commentary . American Mathematical Society . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 0287 - 9 . Hardy , G.H. ( 1949 ) . Divergent Series . Clarendon Press . Zee , A. ( 2003 ) . Quantum field theory in a nutshell . Princeton UP . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01019 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Lepowsky , James ( 1999 ) . `` Vertex operator algebras and the zeta function '' . Contemporary Mathematics . Contemporary Mathematics. 248 : 327 -- 340 . arXiv : math / 9909178 . doi : 10.1090 / conm / 248 / 03829 . ISBN 9780821811993 . Zwiebach , Barton ( 2004 ) . A First Course in String Theory . Cambridge UP . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83143 - 1 . See p. 293 . Elizalde , Emilio ( 2004 ) . `` Cosmology : Techniques and Applications '' . Proceedings of the II International Conference on Fundamental Interactions . arXiv : gr - qc / 0409076 . Bibcode : 2004gr. qc ... 9076E . Watson , G.N. ( April 1929 ) , `` Theorems stated by Ramanujan ( VIII ) : Theorems on Divergent Series '' , Journal of the London Mathematical Society , 1 , 4 ( 2 ) : 82 -- 86 , doi : 10.1112 / jlms / s1 - 4.14. 82 External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about divergent series Lamb E. ( 2014 ) , `` Does 1 + 2 + 3 ... Really Equal -- 1 / 12 ? '' , Scientific American Blogs . This Week 's Finds in Mathematical Physics ( Week 124 ) , ( Week 126 ) , ( Week 147 ) , ( Week 213 ) Euler 's Proof That 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 -- by John Baez García Moreta , José Javier http://prespacetime.com/index.php/pst/article/view/498 The Application of Zeta Regularization Method to the Calculation of Certain Divergent Series and Integrals Refined Higgs , CMB from Planck , Departures in Logic , and GR Issues & Solutions vol 4 No 3 prespacetime journal http://prespacetime.com/index.php/pst/issue/view/41/showToc John Baez ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` My Favorite Numbers : 24 '' ( PDF ) . The Euler - Maclaurin formula , Bernoulli numbers , the zeta function , and real - variable analytic continuation by Terence Tao A recursive evaluation of zeta of negative integers by Luboš Motl Link to Numberphile video 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... = -- 1 / 12 Sum of Natural Numbers ( second proof and extra footage ) includes demonstration of Euler 's method . What do we get if we sum all the natural numbers ? response to comments about video by Tony Padilla Related article from New York Times Why -- 1 / 12 is a gold nugget follow - up Numberphile video with Edward Frenkel Divergent Series : why 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 by Brydon Cais from University of Arizona ( hide ) Sequences and series Integer sequences Basic Arithmetic progression Geometric progression Harmonic progression Square number Cubic number Factorial Powers of two Powers of 10 Advanced Complete sequence Fibonacci numbers Figurate number Heptagonal number Hexagonal number Lucas number Pell number Pentagonal number Polygonal number Triangular number Full list Properties of sequences Cauchy sequence Monotone sequence Periodic sequence Properties of series Convergent series Divergent series Conditional convergence Absolute convergence Uniform convergence Alternating series Telescoping series Explicit series Convergent 1 / 2 − 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 − 1 / 16 + ⋯ 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 + ⋯ 1 / 4 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 256 + ⋯ 1 + 1 / 1 + 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + ... ( Riemann zeta function ) Divergent 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ⋯ ( Grandi 's series ) Infinite arithmetic series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ 1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + ⋯ 1 + 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + 1 / 4 + ⋯ ( harmonic series ) 1 − 1 + 2 − 6 + 24 − 120 + ⋯ ( alternating factorials ) 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + 1 / 5 + 1 / 7 + 1 / 11 + ⋯ ( inverses of primes ) Kinds of series Taylor series Power series Formal power series Laurent series Puiseux series Dirichlet series Trigonometric series Fourier series Generating series Hypergeometric series Generalized hypergeometric series Hypergeometric function of a matrix argument Lauricella hypergeometric series Modular hypergeometric series Riemann 's differential equation Theta hypergeometric series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_%2B_2_%2B_3_%2B_4_%2B_ ⋯ &oldid = 825695570 '' Categories : Divergent series Arithmetic series Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Español Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית Қазақша 日本語 Picard Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 21 : 29 . 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all of the pirates of the caribbean movies in order			Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series )	pirates of the caribbean ( film series )	Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of American fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney 's theme park ride of the same name .	Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) , Rob Marshall ( 4 ) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) . The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) ; other writers include Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) , Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) and Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) . The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) , Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) . Characters such as Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ) follow Jack , Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films . The fourth film features Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) and Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) , while the fifth film features Armando Salazar ( Javier Bardem ) , Henry Turner ( Brenton Thwaites ) and Carina Smyth ( Kaya Scodelario ) . The films take place in a fictional historical setting ; a world ruled by the British Empire , the East India Trading Company ( based on the real East India Company ) and the Spanish Empire , with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers . The film series started in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from critics and grossed US $ 654 million worldwide . After the first film 's success , Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works . The franchise 's second film , subtitled Dead Man 's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful , breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere . Dead Man 's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office . The third film in the series , subtitled At World 's End , followed in 2007 earning $960 million , and Disney released a fourth film , subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D , Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion , becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this . The franchise has grossed over $4.5 billion worldwide ; it is the tenth - highest - grossing film series of all time and it was the first franchise where more than one film grossed $1 billion worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) 1.2 Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) 1.3 At World 's End ( 2007 ) 1.4 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) 1.5 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 1.6 Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( TBA ) 2 Short film 2.1 Tales of the Code : Wedlocked ( 2011 ) 3 Production 3.1 First film 3.2 Second and third films 3.3 Fourth film 3.4 Fifth film 4 Principal cast 5 Crew 6 Music 6.1 Film soundtracks 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Critical and public response 7.3 Accolades 7.3. 1 Academy Awards 7.3. 2 Golden Globe Awards 7.3. 3 Golden Raspberry Awards 7.3. 4 MTV Movie Awards 7.3. 5 Teen Choice Awards 8 References 9 External links Films ( edit ) Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who portrayed the principal characters . Only Depp and Rush reprised their roles in every film . Bloom and Knightley did not return for the fourth film and had cameo appearances for the fifth film . The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner 's love , Elizabeth Swann , from cursed pirates led by Jack 's mutinous former first mate , Captain Barbossa . Jack wants revenge against Barbossa , who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship , the Black Pearl , along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold . Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film . Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack 's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man 's Chest -- and inside , the heart of villainous Davy Jones -- which would give Beckett control of the seas . However , Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones , who made Jack captain of the Black Pearl for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones ' ship , the Flying Dutchman . At World 's End ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and , with the help of the Flying Dutchman , he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever . To stand against the East India Trading Co. , Will , Elizabeth , Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . As one of the Nine Pirate Lords , Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett 's forces . On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover , Angelica . She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica 's father . Both are also in search of the Fountain ; Angelica to save her father 's soul , Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one - legged man . Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II 's Navy , who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth . Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow 's old nemesis , Captain Armando Salazar , escape from the Devil 's Triangle , with the goal of killing every pirate at sea , including him . To survive , Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon , a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses . Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( tba ) ( edit ) Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be released . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film . Short film ( edit ) Tales of the code : wedlocked ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Wenches Scarlett ( Lauren Maher ) and Giselle ( Vanessa Branch ) fix each other up for their wedding , in which they would each marry their groom . Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man -- Jack Sparrow -- the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer . The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl , explaining just why Jack Sparrow 's boat , the Jolly Mon , was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story , and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him , and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue . The plot took inspiration from the `` Auction scene '' from the original ride . The short was directed by James Ward Byrkit , and was only included as a special feature in the US 15 - disc 3D Blu - ray / 2D Blu - ray / DVD + Digital Copy box set that includes films 1 -- 4 ; and in the similar UK five - disc set . Production ( edit ) First film ( edit ) In the early 1990s screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin , but there was no interest from any studio . Undeterred , the writing team refused to give up the dream , waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale . Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean , which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected , feeling it was `` a straight pirate movie '' . Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002 , due to his knowledge of piracy , and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in . Elliott and Rossio , inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride , decided to give the film a supernatural edge . As the budget rose , Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film , though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics . In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl , and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star . Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre , one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood , and recalled his childhood memories of the ride , feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the `` scary and funny '' tone of it . Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky : rather than trying to find treasure , the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse ; also , the traditional mutiny had already taken place . Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa , as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity , but with a simple villainy that would suit the story 's tone . Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush , with whom he was working on Ned Kelly , suggested it to him . Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski : he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition . Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann , but the role went to Jonathan Pryce , whom Depp idolized . Shooting for The Curse of the Black Pearl began on October 9 , 2002 and wrapped by March 7 , 2003 . Before its release , many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop , as the pirate genre had not been successful for years , the film was based on a theme - park ride , and Depp rarely made a big film . However , The Curse of the Black Pearl became both a critical and commercial success . Second and third films ( edit ) After seeing how well the first film was made , the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back - to - back , a practical decision on Disney 's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast , they were n't free to invent totally different situations and characters , as with the Indiana Jones and James Bond series , and so had to retroactively turn The Curse of the Black Pearl into the first of a trilogy . They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann 's embrace at the end of the first film , and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device . They settled on introducing Davy Jones , the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken , a mythology mentioned twice in the first film . They introduced the historical East India Trading Company ( also mentioned in the first film ) , which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates . Filming for the sequels began on February 28 , 2005 , with Dead Man 's Chest finishing on March 1 , 2006 , and At World 's End on January 10 , 2007 . The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer - generated Walt Disney Pictures logo . Fourth film ( edit ) Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film . As Gore Verbinski was unavailable , Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film . Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand - alone film , with a story that would support new characters , and incorporate elements from the novel , such as Blackbeard , the Fountain of Youth and mermaids -- the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films . Depp , Rush , Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles , and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica , Blackbeard 's daughter and Jack Sparrow 's love interest . A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain . After the costly production of two simultaneous films , Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment , giving a lower budget , which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects . It was also filmed in 3D , with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar . Filming for On Stranger Tides began June 14 , 2010 and ended on November 19 , 2010 . It was released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . With a budget of $378.5 million , On Stranger Tides holds the record for most expensive film ever made . Fifth film ( edit ) On January 14 , 2011 , it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment , without his co-writer Ted Elliott . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct . On August 22 , 2013 , the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales , alluding to the line well - known from the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park attractions . Although , the film was given an alternative title , Salazar 's Revenge , in selected European , South American and Asian countries for marketing purposes . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl . On September 10 , 2013 , Disney pushed back the film 's initial 2015 release , with sources indicating that a Summer 2016 release is likely . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well - received outline . While Disney originally announced a release on July 7 , 2017 , Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on May 26 , 2017 . A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea . According to Australian film industry sources , pre-production started in late September 2014 with filming expected to commence in February 2015 . This was officially confirmed by Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations . Production began in Australia on February 17 , 2015 and wrapped on July 9 , 2015 . Principal cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters List indicator ( s ) This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . A indicates a cameo appearance . A indicates an appearance wherein an actor 's facial features were digitally imprinted upon another actor 's face . A indicates an appearance as a younger version of a pre-existing character . Character Films Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Captain Jack Sparrow Johnny Depp Johnny Depp Anthony De La Torre Captain Hector Barbossa Geoffrey Rush Joshamee Gibbs Kevin McNally William `` Will '' Turner , Jr . Orlando Bloom Dylan Smith Orlando Bloom Orlando Bloom Elizabeth Swann Pirate King Keira Knightley Lucinda Dryzek Keira Knightley Keira Knightley Marty Martin Klebba Martin Klebba James Norrington Jack Davenport Weatherby Swann Jonathan Pryce Pintel Lee Arenberg Ragetti Mackenzie Crook Cotton David Bailie Mullroy Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Murtogg Giles New Giles New Giles New Theodore Groves Greg Ellis Greg Ellis Gillette Damian O'Hare Damian O'Hare Anamaria Zoe Saldana Davy Jones Bill Nighy Silhouette only William Turner , Sr . Bootstrap Bill Stellan Skarsgård Cutler Beckett Tom Hollander Tia Dalma Calypso Naomie Harris Sao Feng Chow Yun - fat Captain Edward Teague Keith Richards Alexander Scheer Keith Richards Henry Turner Dominic Scott Kay Brenton Thwaites Lewis McGowan Scrum Stephen Graham Captain Edward Teach Blackbeard Ian McShane Angelica Teach Penélope Cruz Philip Swift Sam Claflin Syrena Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey Captain Armando Salazar Javier Bardem Carina Barbossa Carina Smyth Kaya Scodelario `` Uncle '' Jack Teague Paul McCartney Crew ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Cinematographer Producer Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl July 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 09 ) Gore Verbinski Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio and Stuart Beattie and Jay Wolpert Dariusz Wolski Jerry Bruckheimer Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest July 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End May 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) Rob Marshall Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio ( Based on : On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg Jeff Nathanson Jeff Nathanson and Terry Rossio Paul Cameron Music ( edit ) Main article : List of songs featured in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series Film soundtracks ( edit ) Title U.S. release date Length Composer ( s ) Label Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( Original Soundtrack ) July 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 22 ) 43 : 50 Klaus Badelt and Hans Zimmer Walt Disney Records Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) July 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) 58 : 32 Hans Zimmer Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) 55 : 50 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) 77 : 11 Hans Zimmer and Rodrigo y Gabriela Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) 75 : 20 Geoff Zanelli Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Box office gross All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 $305,413,918 $348,850,097 $654,264,015 64 108 $140 million Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 $423,315,812 $642,863,913 $1,066,179,725 17 21 $225 million Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 $309,420,425 $654,000,000 $963,420,425 61 35 $300 million Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 $241,071,802 $804,642,000 $1,045,713,802 119 23 $378.5 million Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 $172,558,876 $622,221,339 $794,780,215 254 69 $230 million Total $ 7009145178083300000 ♠ 1,451,780,833 $ 7009307257734900000 ♠ 3,072,577,349 $ 7009452435818200000 ♠ 4,524,358,182 12 9 $1.452 billion The Pirates of the Caribbean film series was successful at the box office , with each film grossing over $650 million , and all but Dead Men Tell No Tales at some point ranking among the fifty highest - grossing films of all time . It also became the first ever series to have multiple films passing the billion dollar mark in box office revenues with Dead Man 's Chest and On Stranger Tides , since followed by other film franchises . The Curse of the Black Pearl was the third - highest - grossing 2003 film in North America ( behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King and Finding Nemo ) and fourth worldwide ( behind The Return of the King , Finding Nemo and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Dead Man 's Chest was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide , and At World 's End led the worldwide grosses in 2007 , though being only fourth in North America ( behind Spider - Man 3 , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Shrek the Third ) . On Stranger Tides was the third - highest - grossing film of 2011 worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) and the fifth in North America . The first three sequels broke box office records upon release , of which the most notable are the opening - weekend record in North America ( Dead Man 's Chest ) , the Memorial - Day weekend record in North America ( At World 's End ) and the opening - weekend record outside North America ( On Stranger Tides ) . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl 79 % ( 210 reviews ) 63 ( 40 reviews ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 54 % ( 220 reviews ) 53 ( 37 reviews ) A − Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 45 % ( 220 reviews ) 50 ( 36 reviews ) A − Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides 32 % ( 262 reviews ) 45 ( 39 reviews ) B+ Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 30 % ( 230 reviews ) 39 ( 45 reviews ) A − The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent , and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised . The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever done on film , so much so that audiences believed certain CGI elements of the films were real and done practically . However , the plots of the four sequels have received mixed reviews , with the general consensus that they are too bloated and convoluted to follow . Pirates of the Caribbean is noted for reinvigorating the pirate genre of film after decades of either no pirate films or failed pirate films . The success of the series saw Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer try to replicate the franchise 's success by launching films such as Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time and The Lone Ranger , the latter of which directed by Gore Verbinski . Both movies failed critically and commercially . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise Academy Awards ( edit ) Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards , of which a single award was won . Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Actor in a Leading Role Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Art Direction Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Sound Editing Nominated Nominated Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Won Nominated Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Together , all the four films were nominated for a total of 2 Golden Globe Awards , of which neither were won . Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( edit ) Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Worst Actor Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Worst Supporting Actor Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) as Captain Armando Salazar Worst Screen Combo Nominated ( Johnny Depp & his worn - out drunk routine ) MTV Movie Awards ( edit ) Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 13 MTV Movie Awards , of which 4 were won . Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Movie Nominated Won Nominated Best Male Performance Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Best Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best Breakthrough Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best On - Screen Team Nominated ( Johnny Depp & Orlando Bloom ) Best Villain Nominated ( Geoffrey Rush ) Nominated ( Bill Nighy ) Best Comedic Performance Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Together , the first four films were nominated for a total of 32 Teen Choice Awards , of which 17 were won . Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Choice Movie : Chemistry Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Fight / Action Sequence Won ( Johnny Depp vs Geoffrey Rush ) Choice Movie : Liar Won ( Johnny Depp ) Choice Movie : Liplock Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Female Breakout Star Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Actor Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Brenton Thwaites ) Choice Summer Movie Won Nominated Choice Movie : Scream Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Won Won Nominated Choice Movie : Rumble Won ( Orlando Bloom & Jack Davenport ) Won ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Male Hottie Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie Actress Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Won ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Penélope Cruz ) Nominated ( Kaya Scodelario ) Choice Movie : Villain Won ( Bill Nighy ) Won ( Bill Nighy ) Nominated ( Ian McShane ) Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Depp Movies List by Box Office Sales '' . 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Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates ' raid record books '' . Box Office Mojo. 2006 - 07 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Third ' Pirates ' Sacks Memorial Record '' . Box Office Mojo. 2007 - 05 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Pirates ' Sails to New Overseas Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 . 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Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Alan ( August 8 , 2003 ) . `` Empire 's Pirates Of The Caribbean : The Curse Of The Black Pearl Movie Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . rogerebert.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( July 6 , 2006 ) . `` Empire 's Pirates Of The Caribbean Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Movie Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Total Film -- Pirates Of The Caribbean : At World 's End '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Roeper , Richard . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 3 : At World 's End ( 2007 ; Rated PG - 13 ) '' . richardroeper.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Ray ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Review '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End DVD Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ ( July 7 , 2006 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest '' . ChristianityToday.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End - Review '' . New York Times . July 7 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 76th Academy Awards ( 2004 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl - Awards '' . IMDb. 9 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Review : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End '' . ReelViews . May 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Men Tell No Tales ' sinks Depp , ' Pirates ' '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` BBC News -- Mark Kermode savages new Pirates Of The Caribbean film '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , ' 2 stars '' . azcentral.com . Jump up ^ Hamilton , John ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates in the Media '' . ABDO Publishing Company . Jump up ^ `` ' Prince of Persia ' weaker than hoped for in foreign debut '' . Los Angeles Times . May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Persia : The Sands of Times reviews at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Lone Ranger ' to Cost Disney $160 - $190 M in Q4 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 76th Academy Award Winners '' . Blackflix.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees & Winners for the 79th Academy Awards '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 80th Academy Awards ( 2008 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Official website ( hide ) Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Weatherby Swann Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Cite error : There are tags on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = note ) ) template ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)&oldid=834170751 '' Categories : English - language films American films 1740s in fiction 18th century in fiction Film series Films based on theme - park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) Pirate films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Good articles Pages with reference errors Pages with missing references list Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 09 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates%20of%20the%20Caribbean%20%28film%20series%29	234
names of heroines buried at zimbabwe national heroes acre	Cephas Cele Felix Ngwarati Muchemwa sabina mugabe Edgar Tekere Samuel `` Mayor Urimbo '' Mamutse dzingai mutumbuka Lameck Makanda Daniel Nyamayaro Madzimbamuto stanford shamu ( solo maimbodei ) Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo Simon C. Mazorodze Josiah Magama Tongogara Sally Hayfron Mugabe Jason Ziyaphapha Moyo Alfred Nikita Mangena Herbert Wiltshire Chitepo Leopold Takawira Masotsha Ndlovu T.M. George Silundika Johanna `` Mama '' MaFuyana Major General Charlse Njodzi Dauramanzi Edson Jonasi Mudadirwa Zvobgo Julia Tukai Zvobgo Simon Vengai Muzenda Lookout Masuku Herbert Sylvester Masiyiwa Ushewokunze Moven Mahachi Ernest R. Kadungure Sydney Donald Malunga Joseph Culverwell General Solomon Rex Nhongo Mutusva - Mujuru Brig General John Zingoni Josiah Tungamirai Brigadier General Gumbo Zororo Duri Christopher Machingura Ushewokunze Sikwili Kohli Moyo Vitalis Zvinavashe Chenjerai Hunzvi Border Gezi Robson Manyika Josiah Mushore Chinamano Swithun Mombeshora Sabina Mugabe Maurice Nyagumbo Bernard Chidzero Elliot Manyika David Ishemunyoro Karimanzira Livingstone Mernard Negidi Muzariri Brig. Gen. Armstrong Gunda Misheck `` Makasha '' Chando Guy Clutton - Brock John Landa Nkomo Herbert Mahlaba Lt. Gen. ( Rtd ) Amoth Chingombe Edson Ncube Elias Kanengoni Nathan Shamuyarira Kantibhai Gordanbhai George Lifa ( Maj. Gen ) Cornelius Nhloko Lieutenant Colonel Harold Chirenda Mike Karakadzai Kumbirayi Kangai Enos Nkala Solomon Chirume Tawengwa George Bodzo Nyandoro Joseph Msika Witness Mangwende Gary Settled Tamayi Hlomayi Magadzire Vivian Mwashita Victoria Chitepo Charles Utete Cephas G. Msipa Peter Chanetsa Shuvai Mahofa		National Heroes Acre ( Zimbabwe )	national heroes acre ( zimbabwe )	National Heroes Acre or simply Heroes Acre is a burial ground and national monument in Harare , Zimbabwe . The 57 - acre ( 230,000 m ) site is situated on a ridge seven kilometres from Harare , towards Norton . Its stated purpose is to commemorate Patriotic Front guerrillas killed during the Rhodesian Bush War , and contemporary Zimbabweans whose dedication or commitment to their country justify their interment at the shrine . Persons buried here are considered heroes by the incumbent Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front regime , which has administered the country since independence at 1980 . Indeed , most of the recipients of the ' hero status ' were known to be Zanu - PF sympathisers . The actual monument itself is modeled after two AK - 47s lying back - to - back ; the graves are meant to resemble their magazines . The monument is an early example of work of the North Korean firm Mansudae Overseas Projects . It closely mirrors the design of the Revolutionary Martyrs ' Cemetery in Taesong - guyŏk , just outside Pyongyang , North Korea .	Contents 1 Construction 1.1 National Heroes 2 Features 2.1 The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 2.2 The Eternal Flame 2.3 Wall Murals 2.4 Museum 3 References Construction ( edit ) Work was initiated on the National Heroes ' Acre in September 1981 , a year after Zimbabwean independence . Ten Zimbabwean and seven North Korean architects and artists were recruited to map the site 's layout. 250 local workers were involved in the project at the height of its construction . Black granite used for the main structures was quarried from Mutoko , about 140 kilometres northeast of the capital , then known as Salisbury . National Heroes ( edit ) `` Those heroes subordinated their personal interests to the collective interest of Zimbabwe . They accepted and endured pain , suffering and brutality with fortitude even unto death . '' National Hero Status is the highest honour that can be conferred to an individual by Zimbabwe and the recipient is entitled to be buried at the National Heroes ' Acre . As of 7 August 2001 , 47 persons had been interred on site . Features ( edit ) The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier ( edit ) The statue of the unknown soldier The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier recognises unidentified insurgents who lost their lives during the liberation war . Included is a bronze statue of three guerrillas -- one female , two male -- a flagpole , and an ornate artifice . The Eternal Flame ( edit ) The Eternal Flame rests atop a tower measuring some forty metres . It was lit at independence celebrations in 1982 and embodies the spirit of Zimbabwean independence . The tower is the highest point at Heroes ' Acre ; it can readily be viewed from Harare . Wall murals ( edit ) Two walls on either side of the monument carry murals depicting the history of Zimbabwe , from pre-colonial times through the Chimurenga , the Rhodesian Bush War , and independence under national hero Robert Mugabe . Museum ( edit ) Near the entrance of Heroes ' Acre is a museum dedicated to the rise of African nationalism in Zimbabwe and the anti-colonial struggle , showcasing artifacts , photographs , documents and other paraphernalia from the war and the period shortly after independence Zimbabwe National heroes buried at the shrine . Cephas Cele Felix Ngwarati Muchemwa sabina mugabe Edgar Tekere Samuel `` Mayor Urimbo '' Mamutse dzingai mutumbuka Lameck Makanda Daniel Nyamayaro Madzimbamuto stanford shamu ( solo maimbodei ) Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo Simon C. Mazorodze Josiah Magama Tongogara Sally Hayfron Mugabe Jason Ziyaphapha Moyo Alfred Nikita Mangena Herbert Wiltshire Chitepo Leopold Takawira Masotsha Ndlovu T.M. George Silundika Johanna `` Mama '' MaFuyana Major General Charlse Njodzi Dauramanzi Edson Jonasi Mudadirwa Zvobgo Julia Tukai Zvobgo Simon Vengai Muzenda Lookout Masuku Herbert Sylvester Masiyiwa Ushewokunze Moven Mahachi Ernest R. Kadungure Sydney Donald Malunga Joseph Culverwell General Solomon Rex Nhongo Mutusva - Mujuru Brig General John Zingoni Josiah Tungamirai Brigadier General Gumbo Zororo Duri Christopher Machingura Ushewokunze Sikwili Kohli Moyo Vitalis Zvinavashe Chenjerai Hunzvi Border Gezi Robson Manyika Josiah Mushore Chinamano Swithun Mombeshora Sabina Mugabe Maurice Nyagumbo Bernard Chidzero Elliot Manyika David Ishemunyoro Karimanzira Livingstone Mernard Negidi Muzariri Brig. Gen. Armstrong Gunda Misheck `` Makasha '' Chando Guy Clutton - Brock John Landa Nkomo Herbert Mahlaba Lt. Gen. ( Rtd ) Amoth Chingombe Edson Ncube Elias Kanengoni Nathan Shamuyarira Kantibhai Gordanbhai George Lifa ( Maj. Gen ) Cornelius Nhloko Lieutenant Colonel Harold Chirenda Mike Karakadzai Kumbirayi Kangai Enos Nkala Solomon Chirume Tawengwa George Bodzo Nyandoro Joseph Msika Witness Mangwende Gary Settled Tamayi Hlomayi Magadzire Vivian Mwashita Victoria Chitepo Charles Utete Cephas G. Msipa Peter Chanetsa Shuvai Mahofa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Heroes Acre losing significance ? '' . The Financial Gazette . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mugabe says National Heroes Acre is solely for Zanu PF members '' . Zimbabwe Metro . October 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Things you did n't know about the Heroes ' Acre in Harare '' . Zimbabwe Metro . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farai , Christopher ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Heroes Acre : bastionof patriotism , tourist attraction '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirkwood , Meghan L.E. ( 2013 ) . `` Postindependence Architecture through North Korean Modes : Namibian Commissions of the Mansudae Overseas Project '' . A companion to Modern African Art . Chichester , West Sussex : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 9781444338379 . Jump up ^ https://www.herald.co.zw/heroes-acre-bastion-of-patriotism-tourist-attraction/ Jump up ^ https://www.herald.co.zw/heroes-acre-bastion-of-patriotism-tourist-attraction/ Coordinates : 17 ° 50 ′ 04 '' S 30 ° 59 ′ 14 '' E / 17.83444 ° S 30.98722 ° E / - 17.83444 ; 30.98722 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Heroes_Acre_(Zimbabwe)&oldid=865040366 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Harare Cemeteries in Zimbabwe Tourist attractions in Harare Mansudae Overseas Projects National Heroes of Zimbabwe Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 09 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Heroes%20Acre%20%28Zimbabwe%29	959
who translated the king james bible to english	James gave the translators instructions intended to ensure that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy . The translation was done by 47 scholars , all of whom were members of the Church of England . In common with most other translations of the period , the New Testament was translated from Greek , the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic , and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin . In the Book of Common Prayer ( 1662 ) , the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings ( but not for the Psalter , which substantially retained Coverdale 's Great Bible version ) and as such was authorised by Act of Parliament .	47 scholars , all of whom were members of the Church of England	King James Version	king james version	The King James Version ( KJV ) , also known as the King James Bible ( KJB ) or simply the Authorized Version ( AV ) , is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611 . The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament , an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha ( most of which correspond to books in the Vulgate Deuterocanon adhered to by Roman Catholics ) , and the 27 books of the New Testament .	It was first printed by the King 's Printer Robert Barker and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities . The first had been the Great Bible , commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII ( 1535 ) , and the second had been the Bishops ' Bible of 1568 . In January 1604 , James VI and I convened the Hampton Court Conference , where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans , a faction of the Church of England . The translation is noted for its `` majesty of style '' , and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world . James gave the translators instructions intended to ensure that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy . The translation was done by 47 scholars , all of whom were members of the Church of England . In common with most other translations of the period , the New Testament was translated from Greek , the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic , and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin . In the Book of Common Prayer ( 1662 ) , the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings ( but not for the Psalter , which substantially retained Coverdale 's Great Bible version ) and as such was authorised by Act of Parliament . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as the English translation used in Anglican and English Protestant churches , except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English - speaking scholars . With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century , this version of the Bible became the most widely printed book in history , almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 extensively re-edited by Benjamin Blayney at Oxford , and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha . Today the unqualified title `` King James Version '' usually indicates that this Oxford standard text is meant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Earlier English translations 2.2 Considerations for a new version 2.3 Translation committees 2.4 Printing 2.5 Authorized Version 2.6 Standard text of 1769 2.7 Editorial criticism 3 Literary attributes 3.1 Translation 3.1. 1 Old Testament 3.1. 2 New Testament 3.1. 3 Apocrypha 3.1. 4 Sources 3.2 Variations from recent translations 3.3 Style and criticism 3.4 Mistranslations 4 Influence 4.1 Copyright status 4.1. 1 Permission 4.2 Apocrypha 4.3 King James Only movement 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Name ( edit ) 1612 First KJV bible in quarto size The title of the first edition of the translation , in Early Modern English , was `` THE HOLY BIBLE , Conteyning the Old Testament , AND THE NEW : Newly Translated out of the Originall tongues : & with the former Translations diligently compared and reuised , by his Maiesties speciall Comandement '' . The title page carries the words `` Appointed to be read in Churches '' , and F.F. Bruce suggests it was `` probably authorised by order in council '' but no record of the authorisation survives `` because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 '' . For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name . In his Leviathan of 1651 , Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James . A 1761 `` Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' refers to the 1611 version merely as a new , compleat , and more accurate Translation , despite referring to the Great Bible by its name , and despite using the name `` Rhemish Testament '' for the Douay - Rheims Bible version . Similarly , a `` History of England '' , whose fifth edition was published in 1775 , writes merely that ( a ) new translation of the Bible , viz. , that now in Use , was begun in 1607 , and published in 1611 . King James 's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation ( on a par with the `` Genevan Bible '' or the `` Rhemish Testament '' ) in Charles Butler 's Horae Biblicae ( first published 1797 ) . Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic : it is found both in a `` Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' published in Massachusetts in 1815 , and in an English publication from 1818 , which explicitly states that the 1611 version is `` generally known by the name of King James 's Bible '' . This name was also found as King James ' Bible ( without the final `` s '' ) : for example in a book review from 1811 . The phrase `` King James 's Bible '' is used as far back as 1715 , although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description . The use of Authorized Version or Authorised Version , capitalized and used as a name , is found as early as 1814 . For some time before this , descriptive phrases such as `` our present , and only publicly authorised version '' ( 1783 ) , `` our Authorised version '' ( 1792 ) , and `` the authorized version '' ( 1801 , uncapitalized ) are found . The Oxford English Dictionary records a usage in 1824 . In Britain , the 1611 translation is generally known as the `` Authorised Version '' today . As early as 1814 , we find King James ' version , evidently a descriptive phrase , being used . `` The King James Version '' is found , unequivocally used as a name , in a letter from 1855 . The next year King James Bible , with no possessive , appears as a name in a Scottish source . In the United States , the `` 1611 translation '' ( actually editions following the standard text of 1769 , see below ) is generally known as the King James Version today . History ( edit ) Earlier English translations ( edit ) See also : English translations of the Bible The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century . These translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards . The Wycliffe Bible pre-dated the printing press but was circulated very widely in manuscript form , often inscribed with a date earlier than 1409 to avoid the legal ban . As the text translated in the various versions of the Wycliffe Bible was the Latin Vulgate , and as it contained no heterodox readings , there was in practice no way by which the ecclesiastical authorities could distinguish the banned version ; consequently many Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries ( such as Thomas More ) took these manuscript English Bibles to represent an anonymous earlier orthodox translation . William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English in 1525 . In 1525 , William Tyndale , an English contemporary of Martin Luther , undertook a translation of the New Testament . Tyndale 's translation was the first printed Bible in English . Over the next ten years , Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship , and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament . Despite some controversial translation choices , and in spite of Tyndale 's execution on charges of heresy for having made the translated bible , the merits of Tyndale 's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English . With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale , in 1539 , Tyndale 's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible . This was the first `` authorised version '' issued by the Church of England during the reign of King Henry VIII . When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553 , she returned the Church of England to the communion of the Roman Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country , some establishing an English - speaking colony at Geneva . Under the leadership of John Calvin , Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship . These English expatriates undertook a translation that became known as the Geneva Bible . This translation , dated to 1560 , was a revision of Tyndale 's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages . Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558 , the flaws of both the Great Bible and the Geneva Bible ( namely , that the Geneva Bible did not `` conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy '' ) became painfully apparent . In 1568 , the Church of England responded with the Bishops ' Bible , a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version . While officially approved , this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age -- in part because the full Bible was only printed in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds . Accordingly , Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read the Bible in the Geneva Version -- small editions were available at a relatively low cost . At the same time , there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay -- Rheims New Testament of 1582 , undertaken by exiled Roman Catholics . This translation , though still derived from Tyndale , claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate . In May 1601 , King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba 's Church in Burntisland , Fife , at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English . Two years later , he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England . Considerations for a New Version ( edit ) The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604 . That gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England . Here are three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops and Great Bibles : First , Galatians iv. 25 ( from the Bishops ' Bible ) . The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is , bordereth neither expressing the force of the word , nor the apostle 's sense , nor the situation of the place . Secondly , psalm cv. 28 ( from the Great Bible ) , ' They were not obedient ; ' the original being , ' They were not disobedient . ' Thirdly , psalm cvi. 30 ( also from the Great Bible ) , ' Then stood up Phinees and prayed , ' the Hebrew hath , ' executed judgment . ' Instructions were given to the translators that were intended to limit the Puritan influence on this new translation . The Bishop of London added a qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes ( which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible ) . King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive to the principles of divinely ordained royal supremacy : Exodus 1 : 19 , where the Geneva Bible notes had commended the example of civil disobedience to the Egyptian Pharaoh showed by the Hebrew midwives , and also II Chronicles 15 : 16 , where the Geneva Bible had criticized King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous ' mother ' , Queen Maachah ( Maachah had actually been Asa 's grandmother , but James considered the Geneva Bible reference as sanctioning the execution of his own mother Mary , Queen of Scots ) . Further , the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England . Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church . For example , old ecclesiastical words such as the word `` church '' were to be retained and not to be translated as `` congregation '' . The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about ordained clergy . James ' instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers . The text of the Bishops ' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators , and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained . If the Bishops ' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation , the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list : the Tyndale Bible , the Coverdale Bible , Matthew 's Bible , the Great Bible , and the Geneva Bible . In addition , later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner 's Bible and the New Testament of the Douay -- Rheims Bible . It is for this reason that the flyleaf of most printings of the Authorized Version observes that the text had been `` translated out of the original tongues , and with the former translations diligently compared and revised , by His Majesty 's special commandment . '' As the work proceeded , more detailed rules were adopted as to how variant and uncertain readings in the Hebrew and Greek source texts should be indicated , including the requirement that words supplied in English to ' complete the meaning ' of the originals should be printed in a different type face . The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars , although 54 were originally approved . All were members of the Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy . The scholars worked in six committees , two based in each of the University of Oxford , the University of Cambridge , and Westminster . The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies , as well as High Churchmen . Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops ' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in the margins . The committees worked on certain parts separately and the drafts produced by each committee were then compared and revised for harmony with each other . The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work , instead a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well - paid livings as these fell vacant . Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge , while others were promoted to bishoprics , deaneries and prebends through royal patronage . The committees started work towards the end of 1604 . King James I of England , on 22 July 1604 , sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project . Right trusty and well beloved , we greet you well . Whereas we have appointed certain learned men , to the number of 4 and 50 , for the translating of the Bible , and in this number , divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all , or else so very small , as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time can not well remedy it , therefor we do hereby require you , that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York , as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant. ( erbury ) signifying unto them , that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them ... that ( all excuses set apart ) when a prebend or parsonage ... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void ... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men , as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it ... Given unto our signet at our palace of West. ( minister ) on 2 and 20 July , in the 2nd year of our reign of England , France , and of Ireland , and of Scotland xxxvii . '' They had all completed their sections by 1608 , the Apocrypha committee finishing first . From January 1609 , a General Committee of Review met at Stationers ' Hall , London to review the completed marked texts from each of the six committees . The General Committee included John Bois , Andrew Downes and John Harmar , and others known only by their initials , including `` AL '' ( who may be Arthur Lake ) , and were paid for their attendance by the Stationers ' Company . John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations ( in Latin ) -- which has partly survived in two later transcripts . Also surviving of the translators ' working papers are a bound - together set of marked - up corrections to one of the forty Bishops ' Bibles -- covering the Old Testament and Gospels , and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles , excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops ' Bible . Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say making fourteen further changes , of which one was the term `` bishopricke '' at Acts 1 : 20 . Translation committees ( edit ) First Westminster Company , translated Genesis to 2 Kings : Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell ; First Cambridge Company , translated 1 Chronicles to the Song of Solomon : Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing ; First Oxford Company , translated Isaiah to Malachi : John Harding , John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ) , Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne ; Second Oxford Company , translated the Gospels , Acts of the Apostles , and the Book of Revelation : Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten ; Second Westminster Company , translated the Epistles : William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) ; Second Cambridge Company , translated the Apocrypha : John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft . Printing ( edit ) Archbishop Richard Bancroft was the `` chief overseer '' of the production of the Authorized Version . The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker , the King 's Printer , in 1611 as a complete folio Bible . It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings , or bound for twelve . Robert Barker 's father , Christopher , had , in 1589 , been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer , with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England . Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition , and consequently ran into serious debt , such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers , Bonham Norton and John Bill . It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text , share printed sheets with the others , and split the proceeds . Bitter financial disputes broke out , as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits , while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial Bibles for ready money . There followed decades of continual litigation , and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of the Barker and Norton printing dynasties , while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible . In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge successfully managed to assert separate and prior royal licences for Bible printing , for their own university presses -- and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorized Version in 1629 , and 1638 . The editors of these editions included John Bois and John Ward from the original translators . This did not , however , impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers , especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorized Version . Two editions of the whole Bible are recognized as having been produced in 1611 , which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3 : 15 ; the first edition reading `` he went into the city '' , where the second reads `` she went into the city . '' ; these are known colloquially as the `` He '' and `` She '' Bibles . The opening of the Epistle to the Hebrews of the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version shows the original typeface . Marginal notes reference variant translations and cross references to other Bible passages . Each chapter is headed by a précis of contents . There are decorative initial letters for each Chapter , and a decorated headpiece to each Biblical Book , but no illustrations in the text . The original printing was made before English spelling was standardized , and when printers , as a matter of course , expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places , so as to achieve an even column of text . They set v for initial u and v , and u for u and v everywhere else . They used long s for non-final s . The glyph j occurs only after i , as in the final letter in a Roman numeral . Punctuation was relatively heavy , and differed from current practice . When space needed to be saved , the printers sometimes used ye for the , ( replacing the Middle English thorn with the continental y ) , set ã for an or am ( in the style of scribe 's shorthand ) , and set & for and . On the contrary , on a few occasions , they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded . Later printings regularized these spellings ; the punctuation has also been standardized , but still varies from current usage norms . The first printing used a black letter typeface instead of a roman typeface , which itself made a political and a religious statement . Like the Great Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , the Authorized Version was `` appointed to be read in churches '' . It was a large folio volume meant for public use , not private devotion ; the weight of the type mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it . However , smaller editions and roman - type editions followed rapidly , e.g. quarto roman - type editions of the Bible in 1612 . This contrasted with the Geneva Bible , which was the first English Bible printed in a roman typeface ( although black - letter editions , particularly in folio format , were issued later ) . In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , which had both been extensively illustrated , there were no illustrations at all in the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version , the main form of decoration being the historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters -- together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself , and to the New Testament . In the Great Bible , readings derived from the Vulgate but not found in published Hebrew and Greek texts had been distinguished by being printed in smaller roman type . In the Geneva Bible , a distinct typeface had instead been applied to distinguish text supplied by translators , or thought needful for English grammar but not present in the Greek or Hebrew ; and the original printing of the Authorized Version used roman type for this purposed , albeit sparsely and inconsistently . This results in perhaps the most significant difference between the original printed text of the King James Bible and the current text . When , from the later 17th century onwards , the Authorized Version began to be printed in roman type , the typeface for supplied words was changed to italics , this application being regularised and greatly expanded . This was intended to de-emphasise the words . The original printing contained two prefatory texts ; the first was a formal Epistle Dedicatory to `` the most high and mighty Prince '' King James . Many British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . The second preface was called Translators to the Reader , a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version . It observes the translators ' stated goal , that they , `` never thought from the beginning that ( they ) should need to make a new translation , nor yet to make of a bad one a good one , ... but to make a good one better , or out of many good ones , one principal good one , not justly to be excepted against ; that hath been our endeavour , that our mark . '' They also give their opinion of previous English Bible translations , stating , `` We do not deny , nay , we affirm and avow , that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English , set forth by men of our profession , ( for we have seen none of theirs ( Roman Catholics ) of the whole Bible as yet ) containeth the word of God , nay , is the word of God . '' As with the first preface , some British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . Almost every printing that includes the second preface also includes the first . The first printing contained a number of other apparatus , including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong , and a calendar , an almanac , and a table of holy days and observances . Much of this material became obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar by Britain and its colonies in 1752 , and thus modern editions invariably omit it . So as to make it easier to locate a particular passage , each chapter was headed by a brief precis of its contents with verse numbers . Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries , or omitted such material entirely . Pilcrow marks are used to indicate the beginnings of paragraphs except after the book of Acts . Authorized Version ( edit ) The Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops ' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England . No record of its authorization exists ; it was probably effected by an order of the Privy Council but the records for the years 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 and it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom . The King 's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops ' Bible , so necessarily the Authorized Version replaced it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England . In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , the text of the Authorized Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings -- though the Prayer Book Psalter nevertheless continues in the Great Bible version . The case was different in Scotland , where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard church bible . It was not until 1633 that a Scottish edition of the Authorized Version was printed -- in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I . The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents of the religious policies of Charles and William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury . However , official policy favoured the Authorized Version , and this favour returned during the Commonwealth -- as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly on Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell -- and the `` New Translation '' was the only edition on the market . F.F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the `` Old Translation '' ( i.e. Geneva ) as being in 1674 . The Authorized Version 's acceptance by the general public took longer . The Geneva Bible continued to be popular , and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam , where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying a false London imprint . However , few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616 , and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation . In the period of the English Civil War , soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called `` The Soldiers ' Bible '' . In the first half of the 17th century the Authorized Version is most commonly referred to as `` The Bible without notes '' , thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva `` Bible with notes '' . There were several printings of the Authorized Version in Amsterdam -- one as late as 1715 which combined the Authorized Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes ; one such edition was printed in London in 1649 . During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend a revision of the Authorized Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes , but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would nearly double the bulk of the Bible text . After the English Restoration , the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era . Furthermore , disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorized Version dragged on through the 17th century , so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation . The Authorized Version became the only current version circulating among English - speaking people . A small minority of critical scholars were slow to accept the latest translation . Hugh Broughton , the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time ( but who had been excluded from the panel of translators because of his utterly uncongenial temperament ) , issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version , criticizing especially the translators ' rejection of word - for - word equivalence and stated that `` he would rather be torn in pieces by wild horses than that this abominable translation ( KJV ) should ever be foisted upon the English people '' . Walton 's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards the Authorized Version ( and indeed the English language ) entirely . Walton 's reference text throughout is the Vulgate . The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes 's Leviathan of 1651 , indeed Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers ( e.g. , Job 41 : 24 , not Job 41 : 33 ) for his head text . In Chapter 35 : ' The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God ' , Hobbes discusses Exodus 19 : 5 , first in his own translation of the ' Vulgar Latin ' , and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms `` ... the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of King James '' , and `` The Geneva French '' ( i.e. Olivétan ) . Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred . For most of the 17th century the assumption remained that , while it had been of vital importance to provide the scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people , nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so , Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin . It was only in 1700 that modern bilingual Bibles appeared in which the Authorized Version was compared with counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles . In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges , successive printings of the Authorized Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been -- compositors freely varying spelling , capitalization and punctuation -- and also , over the years , introducing about 1,500 misprints ( some of which , like the omission of `` not '' from the commandment `` Thou shalt not commit adultery '' in the `` Wicked Bible '' , became notorious ) . The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore the proper text -- while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators ' work , chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note . A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration , in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer , but Parliament then decided against it . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in current use in Protestant churches , and was so dominant that the Roman Catholic Church in England issued in 1750 a revision of the 1610 Douay - Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was very much closer to the Authorized Version than to the original . However , general standards of spelling , punctuation , typesetting , capitalization and grammar had changed radically in the 100 years since the first edition of the Authorized Version , and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their Bible texts to bring them into line with current practice -- and with public expectations of standardized spelling and grammatical construction . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Hebrew , Greek and the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines , and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself -- so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture . This has been contemptuously labelled `` AVolatry '' , a play on the name `` Authorized Version '' ( AV ) and idolatry . Standard text of 1769 ( edit ) Title page of the 1760 Cambridge edition By the mid-18th century the wide variation in the various modernized printed texts of the Authorized Version , combined with the notorious accumulation of misprints , had reached the proportion of a scandal , and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge both sought to produce an updated standard text . First of the two was the Cambridge edition of 1760 , the culmination of 20 - years work by Francis Sawyer Parris , who died in May of that year . This 1760 edition was reprinted without change in 1762 and in John Baskerville 's fine folio edition of 1763 . This was effectively superseded by the 1769 Oxford edition , edited by Benjamin Blayney , though with comparatively few changes from Parris 's edition ; but which became the Oxford standard text , and is reproduced almost unchanged in most current printings . Parris and Blayney sought consistently to remove those elements of the 1611 and subsequent editions that they believed were due to the vagaries of printers , while incorporating most of the revised readings of the Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 , and each also introducing a few improved readings of their own . They undertook the mammoth task of standardizing the wide variation in punctuation and spelling of the original , making many thousands of minor changes to the text . In addition , Blayney and Parris thoroughly revised and greatly extended the italicization of `` supplied '' words not found in the original languages by cross-checking against the presumed source texts . Blayney seems to have worked from the 1550 Stephanus edition of the Textus Receptus , rather than the later editions of Beza that the translators of the 1611 New Testament had favoured ; accordingly the current Oxford standard text alters around a dozen italicizations where Beza and Stephanus differ . Like the 1611 edition , the 1769 Oxford edition included the Apocrypha , although Blayney tended to remove cross-references to the Books of the Apocrypha from the margins of their Old and New Testaments wherever these had been provided by the original translators . Altogether , the standardization of spelling and punctuation caused Blayney 's 1769 text to differ from the 1611 text in around 24,000 places . Since that date , a few further changes have been introduced to the Oxford standard text . The Oxford University Press paperback edition of the `` Authorized King James Version '' provides Oxford 's standard text , and also includes the prefatory section `` The Translators to the Reader '' . The 1611 and 1769 texts of the first three verses from I Corinthians 13 are given below . ( 1611 ) 1 . Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels , and haue not charity , I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie , and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge : and though I haue all faith , so that I could remooue mountaines , and haue no charitie , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore , and though I giue my body to bee burned , and haue not charitie , it profiteth me nothing . ( 1769 ) 1 . Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels , and have not charity , I am become as sounding brass , or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy , and understand all mysteries , and all knowledge ; and though I have all faith , so that I could remove mountains , and have not charity , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor , and though I give my body to be burned , and have not charity , it profiteth me nothing . There are a number of superficial edits in these three verses : 11 changes of spelling , 16 changes of typesetting ( including the changed conventions for the use of u and v ) , three changes of punctuation , and one variant text -- where `` not charity '' is substituted for `` no charity '' in verse two , in the erroneous belief that the original reading was a misprint . A particular verse for which Blayney 's 1769 text differs from Parris 's 1760 version is Matthew 5 : 13 , where Parris ( 1760 ) has Ye are the salt of the earth : but if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out , and to be troden under foot of men . Blayney ( 1769 ) changes ' lost his savour ' to ' lost its savour ' , and troden to trodden . For a period , Cambridge continued to issue Bibles using the Parris text , but the market demand for absolute standardization was now such that they eventually adapted Blayney 's work , but omitted some of the idiosyncratic Oxford spellings . By the mid-19th century , almost all printings of the Authorized Version were derived from the 1769 Oxford text -- increasingly without Blayney 's variant notes and cross references , and commonly excluding the Apocrypha . One exception to this was a scrupulous original - spelling , page - for - page , and line - for - line reprint of the 1611 edition ( including all chapter headings , marginalia , and original italicization , but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original ) , published by Oxford in 1833 . Another important exception was the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible , thoroughly revised , modernized and re-edited by F.H.A. Scrivener , who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes . Scrivener , like Blayney , opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty . In 2005 , Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha , edited by David Norton , which followed in the spirit of Scrivener 's work , attempting to bring spelling to present - day standards . Norton also innovated with the introduction of quotation marks , while returning to a hypothetical 1611 text , so far as possible , to the wording used by its translators , especially in the light of the re-emphasis on some of their draft documents . This text has been issued in paperback by Penguin books . From the early 19th century the Authorized Version has remained almost completely unchanged -- and since , due to advances in printing technology , it could now be produced in very large editions for mass sale , it established complete dominance in public and ecclesiastical use in the English - speaking Protestant world . Academic debate through that century , however , increasingly reflected concerns about the Authorized Version shared by some scholars : ( a ) that subsequent study in oriental languages suggested a need to revise the translation of the Hebrew Bible -- both in terms of specific vocabulary , and also in distinguishing descriptive terms from proper names ; ( b ) that the Authorized Version was unsatisfactory in translating the same Greek words and phrases into different English , especially where parallel passages are found in the synoptic gospels ; and ( c ) in the light of subsequent ancient manuscript discoveries , the New Testament translation base of the Greek Textus Receptus could no longer be considered to be the best representation of the original text . Responding to these concerns , the Convocation of Canterbury resolved in 1870 to undertake a revision of the text of the Authorized Version , intending to retain the original text `` except where in the judgement of competent scholars such a change is necessary '' . The resulting revision was issued as the Revised Version in 1881 ( New Testament ) , 1885 ( Old Testament ) and 1894 ( Apocrypha ) ; but , although it sold widely , the revision did not find popular favour , and it was only reluctantly in 1899 that Convocation approved it for reading in churches . By the early 20th century , editing had been completed in Cambridge 's text , with at least 6 new changes since 1769 , and the reversing of at least 30 of the standard Oxford readings . The distinct Cambridge text was printed in the millions , and after the Second World War `` the unchanging steadiness of the KJB was a huge asset . '' The Cambridge edition is preferred by scholars . The Authorized Version maintained its effective dominance throughout the first half of the 20th century . New translations in the second half of the 20th century displaced its 250 years of dominance ( roughly 1700 to 1950 ) , but groups do exist -- sometimes termed the King James Only movement -- that distrust anything not in agreement with the Authorized Version . Editorial criticism ( edit ) F.H.A. Scrivener and D. Norton have both written in detail on editorial variations which have occurred through the history of the publishing of the Authorized Version from 1611 to 1769 . In the 19th century , there were effectively three main guardians of the text . Norton identified five variations among the Oxford , Cambridge and London ( Eyre and Spottiswoode ) texts of 1857 , such as the spelling of `` farther '' or `` further '' at Matthew 26 : 39 . In the 20th century , variation between the editions was reduced to comparing the Cambridge to the Oxford . Distinctly identified Cambridge readings included `` or Sheba '' ( Joshua 19 : 2 ) , `` sin '' ( 2 Chronicles 33 : 19 ) , `` clifts '' ( Job 30 : 6 ) , `` vapour '' ( Psalm 148 : 8 ) , `` flieth '' ( Nahum 3 : 16 ) , `` further '' ( Matthew 26 : 39 ) and a number of other references . In effect the Cambridge was considered the current text in comparison to the Oxford . These are instances where both Oxford and Cambridge have now diverged from Blayney 's 1769 Edition . The distinctions between the Oxford and Cambridge editions have been a major point in the Bible version debate , and a potential theological issue , particularly in regard to the identification of the Pure Cambridge Edition . Cambridge University Press introduced a change at 1 John 5 : 8 in 1985 , reversing its longstanding tradition of printing the word `` spirit '' in lower case by using a capital letter `` S '' . A Rev. Hardin of Bedford , Pennsylvania , wrote a letter to Cambridge inquiring about this verse , and subsequently received a reply from Dr. Cooper on June 3 , 1985 , admitting that it was a `` matter of some embarrassment regarding the lower case ' s ' in Spirit '' . Literary attributes ( edit ) Translation ( edit ) Like Tyndale 's translation and the Geneva Bible , the Authorized Version was translated primarily from Greek , Hebrew and Aramaic texts , although with secondary reference both to the Latin Vulgate , and to more recent scholarly Latin versions ; two books of the Apocrypha were translated from a Latin source . Following the example of the Geneva Bible , words implied but not actually in the original source were distinguished by being printed in distinct type ( albeit inconsistently ) , but otherwise the translators explicitly rejected word - for - word equivalence . F.F Bruce gives an example from Romans Chapter 5 : 2 By whom also wee have accesse by faith , into this grace wherein wee stand , and rejoyce in hope of the glory of God . 3 And not onely so , but we glory in tribulations also , knowing that tribulation worketh patience : The English terms `` rejoice '' and `` glory '' stand for the same word in the Greek original . In Tyndale , Geneva and the Bishops ' Bibles , both instances are translated `` rejoice '' . In the Douay -- Rheims New Testament , both are translated `` glory '' . Only in the Authorized Version does the translation vary between the two verses . In obedience to their instructions , the translators provided no marginal interpretation of the text , but in some 8,500 places a marginal note offers an alternative English wording . The majority of these notes offer a more literal rendering of the original ( introduced as `` Heb '' , `` Chal '' , `` Gr '' or `` Lat '' ) , but others indicate a variant reading of the source text ( introduced by `` or '' ) . Some of the annotated variants derive from alternative editions in the original languages , or from variant forms quoted in the fathers . More commonly , though , they indicate a difference between the literal original language reading and that in the translators ' preferred recent Latin versions : Tremellius for the Old Testament , Junius for the Apocrypha , and Beza for the New Testament . At thirteen places in the New Testament ( e.g. Luke 17 : 36 and Acts 25 : 6 ) a marginal note records a variant reading found in some Greek manuscript copies ; in almost all cases reproducing a counterpart textual note at the same place in Beza 's editions . A few more extensive notes clarify Biblical names and units of measurement or currency . Modern reprintings rarely reproduce these annotated variants -- although they are to be found in the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible . In addition , there were originally some 9,000 scriptural cross-references , in which one text was related to another . Such cross-references had long been common in Latin Bibles , and most of those in the Authorized Version were copied unaltered from this Latin tradition . Consequently the early editions of the KJV retain many Vulgate verse references -- e.g. in the numbering of the Psalms . At the head of each chapter , the translators provided a short précis of its contents , with verse numbers ; these are rarely included in complete form in modern editions . Also in obedience to their instructions , the translators indicated ' supplied ' words in a different typeface ; but there was no attempt to regularise the instances where this practice had been applied across the different companies ; and especially in the New Testament , it was used much less frequently in the 1611 edition than would later be the case . In one verse , 1 John 2 : 23 , an entire clause was printed in roman type ( as it had also been in the Great Bible and Bishop 's Bible ) ; indicating a reading then primarily derived from the Vulgate , albeit one for which the later editions of Beza had provided a Greek text . In the Old Testament the translators render the Tetragrammaton YHWH by `` the LORD '' ( in later editions in small capitals as LORD ) , or `` the LORD God '' ( for YHWH Elohim , יהוה אלהים ) , except in four places by `` IEHOVAH '' ( Exodus 6 : 3 , Psalm 83 : 18 , Isaiah 12 : 2 and Isaiah 26 : 4 ) and three times in a combination form . ( Genesis 22 : 14 , Exodus 17 : 15 , Judges 6 : 24 ) However , if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai ( Lord ) then it is rendered not as the `` Lord LORD '' but as the `` Lord God '' . ( Psalm 73 : 28 , etc . ) In later editions as `` Lord GOD '' with `` GOD '' in small capitals indicating to the reader that God 's name appears in the original Hebrew . Old Testament ( edit ) For their Old Testament , the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg ( 1524 / 5 ) , but adjusted this to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate in passages to which Christian tradition had attached a Christological interpretation . For example , the Septuagint reading `` They pierced my hands and my feet '' was used in Psalm 22 : 16 ( vs. the Masoretes ' reading of the Hebrew `` like lions my hands and feet '' ) . Otherwise , however , the Authorized Version is closer to the Hebrew tradition than any previous English translation -- especially in making use of the rabbinic commentaries , such as Kimhi , in elucidating obscure passages in the Masoretic Text ; earlier versions had been more likely to adopt LXX or Vulgate readings in such places . Following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the books of 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras in the Old Testament were renamed ' Ezra ' and ' Nehemiah ' ; 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras in the Apocrypha being renamed ' 1 Esdras ' and ' 2 Esdras ' . New Testament ( edit ) For their New Testament , the translators chiefly used the 1598 and 1588 / 89 Greek editions of Theodore Beza , which also present Beza 's Latin version of the Greek and Stephanus 's edition of the Latin Vulgate . Both of these versions were extensively referred to , as the translators conducted all discussions amongst themselves in Latin . F.H.A. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Beza 's Greek text , generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishop 's Bible and other earlier English translations . In about half of these instances , the Authorized Version translators appear to follow the earlier 1550 Greek Textus Receptus of Stephanus . For the other half , Scrivener was usually able to find corresponding Greek readings in the editions of Erasmus , or in the Complutensian Polyglot . However , in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version , which in these places derives directly from the Vulgate . For example , at John 10 : 16 , the Authorized Version reads `` one fold '' ( as did the Bishops ' Bible , and the 16th century vernacular versions produced in Geneva ) , following the Latin Vulgate `` unum ovile '' , whereas Tyndale had agreed more closely with the Greek , `` one flocke '' ( μία ποίμνη ) . The Authorized Version New Testament owes much more to the Vulgate than does the Old Testament ; still , at least 80 % of the text is unaltered from Tyndale 's translation . Apocrypha ( edit ) Unlike the rest of the Bible , the translators of the Apocrypha identified their source texts in their marginal notes . From these it can be determined that the books of the Apocrypha were translated from the Septuagint -- primarily , from the Greek Old Testament column in the Antwerp Polyglot -- but with extensive reference to the counterpart Latin Vulgate text , and to Junius 's Latin translation . The translators record references to the Sixtine Septuagint of 1587 , which is substantially a printing of the Old Testament text from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 , and also to the 1518 Greek Septuagint edition of Aldus Manutius . They had , however , no Greek texts for 2 Esdras , or for the Prayer of Manasses , and Scrivener found that they here used an unidentified Latin manuscript . Sources ( edit ) The translators appear to have otherwise made no first - hand study of ancient manuscript sources , even those that -- like the Codex Bezae -- would have been readily available to them . In addition to all previous English versions ( including , and contrary to their instructions , the Rheimish New Testament which in their preface they criticized ) ; they made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available , including the ancient Syriac New Testament printed with an interlinear Latin gloss in the Antwerp Polyglot of 1573 . In the preface the translators acknowledge consulting translations and commentaries in Chaldee , Hebrew , Syrian , Greek , Latin , Spanish , French , Italian , and German . The translators took the Bishop 's Bible as their source text , and where they departed from that in favour of another translation , this was most commonly the Geneva Bible . However , the degree to which readings from the Bishop 's Bible survived into final text of the King James Bible varies greatly from company to company , as did the propensity of the King James translators to coin phrases of their own . John Bois 's notes of the General Committee of Review show that they discussed readings derived from a wide variety of versions and patristic sources ; including explicitly both Henry Savile 's 1610 edition of the works of John Chrysostom and the Rheims New Testament , which was the primary source for many of the literal alternative readings provided for the marginal notes . Variations from recent translations ( edit ) Main article : List of major textual variants in the New Testament See also : List of Bible verses not included in modern translations A number of Bible verses in the King James Version of the New Testament are not found in more recent Bible translations , where these are based on modern critical texts . In the early seventeenth century , the source Greek texts of the New Testament used for the production of Protestant bible versions depended mainly on manuscripts of the late Byzantine text - type , and with minor variations contained what became known as the Textus Receptus . With the subsequent identification of much earlier manuscripts , most modern textual scholars value the evidence of manuscripts belonging to the Alexandrian family as better witnesses to the original text of the biblical authors , without giving it , or any family , automatic preference . Style and criticism ( edit ) A primary concern of the translators was to produce an appropriate Bible , dignified and resonant in public reading . Although the Authorized Version 's written style is an important part of its influence on English , research has found only one verse -- Hebrews 13 : 8 -- for which translators debated the wording 's literary merits . While they stated in the preface that they used stylistic variation , finding multiple English words or verbal forms in places where the original language employed repetition , in practice they also did the opposite ; for example , 14 different Hebrew words were translated into the single English word `` prince '' . In a period of rapid linguistic change the translators avoided contemporary idioms , tending instead towards forms that were already slightly archaic , like verily and it came to pass . The pronouns thou / thee and ye / you are consistently used as singular and plural respectively , even though by this time you was often found as the singular in general English usage , especially when addressing a social superior ( as is evidenced , for example , in Shakespeare ) . For the possessive of the third person pronoun , the word its , first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1598 , is avoided . The older his is usually employed , as for example at Matthew 5 : 13 : `` if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? '' ; in other places of it , thereof or bare it are found . Another sign of linguistic conservativism is the invariable use of - eth for the third person singular present form of the verb , as at Matthew 2 : 13 : `` the Angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dreame '' . The rival ending - ( e ) s , as found in present - day English , was already widely used by this time ( for example , it predominates over - eth in the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe ) . Furthermore , the translators preferred which to who or whom as the relative pronoun for persons , as in Genesis 13 : 5 : `` And Lot also which went with Abram , had flocks and heards , & tents '' although who ( m ) is also found . The Authorized Version is notably more Latinate than previous English versions , especially the Geneva Bible . This results in part from the academic stylistic preferences of a number of the translators -- several of whom admitted to being more comfortable writing in Latin than in English -- but was also , in part , a consequence of the royal proscription against explanatory notes . Hence , where the Geneva Bible might use a common English word -- and gloss its particular application in a marginal note -- the Authorized Version tends rather to prefer a technical term , frequently in Anglicized Latin . Consequently , although the King had instructed the translators to use the Bishops ' Bible as a base text , the New Testament in particular owes much stylistically to the Catholic Rheims New Testament , whose translators had also been concerned to find English equivalents for Latin terminology . In addition , the translators of the New Testament books habitually quote Old Testament names in the renderings familiar from the Vulgate Latin rather than in forms closer to the original Hebrew ( e.g. `` Elias '' and `` Jeremias '' for `` Elijah '' and `` Jeremiah '' , respectively ) . While the Authorized Version remains among the most widely sold , modern critical New Testament translations differ substantially from it in a number of passages , primarily because they rely on source manuscripts not then accessible to ( or not then highly regarded by ) early 17th - century Biblical scholarship . In the Old Testament , there are also many differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences , but on a different understanding of Ancient Hebrew vocabulary or grammar by the translators . For example , in modern translations it is clear that Job 28 : 1 -- 11 is referring throughout to mining operations , which is not at all apparent from the text of the Authorized Version . Mistranslations ( edit ) The King James version contains several mistranslations ; especially in the Old Testament where the knowledge of Hebrew and cognate languages was uncertain at the time . Most of these are minor and do not significantly change the meaning compared to the source material . Among the most commonly cited errors is in the Hebrew of Job and Deuteronomy , where רֶאֵם `` Re'em '' with the probable meaning of `` wild - ox , aurochs '' , is translated in the KJV as `` unicorn '' ; following in this the Vulgate unicornis and several medieval rabbinic commentators . The translators of the KJV note the alternative rendering , `` rhinocerots '' ( sic ) in the margin at Isaiah 34 : 7 . On a similar note Martin Luther 's German translation had also relied on the Vulgate Latin on this point , consistently translating רֶאֵם using the German word for unicorn , `` Einhorn . '' Otherwise , the translators on several occasions mistakenly interpreted a Hebrew descriptive phrase as a proper name ( or vice versa ) ; as at 2 Samuel 1 : 18 where ' the Book of Jasher ' סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר properly refers not to a work by an author of that name , but should rather be rendered as `` the Book of the Upright . '' Influence ( edit ) Despite royal patronage and encouragement , there was never any overt mandate to use the new translation . It was not until 1661 that the Authorized Version replaced the Bishops Bible in the Epistle and Gospel lessons of the Book of Common Prayer , and it never did replace the older translation in the Psalter . In 1763 The Critical Review complained that `` many false interpretations , ambiguous phrases , obsolete words and indelicate expressions ... excite the derision of the scorner '' . Blayney 's 1769 version , with its revised spelling and punctuation , helped change the public perception of the Authorized Version to a masterpiece of the English language . By the 19th century , F.W. Faber could say of the translation , `` It lives on the ear , like music that can never be forgotten , like the sound of church bells , which the convert hardly knows how he can forego . '' The Authorized Version has been called `` the most influential version of the most influential book in the world , in what is now its most influential language '' , `` the most important book in English religion and culture '' , and `` the most celebrated book in the English - speaking world '' . David Crystal has estimated that it is responsible for 257 idioms in English , examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind . Furthermore , prominent atheist figures such as the late Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being `` a giant step in the maturing of English literature '' and `` a great work of literature '' , respectively , with Dawkins then adding , `` A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian '' . Although the Authorized Version 's former monopoly in the English - speaking world has diminished -- for example , the Church of England recommends six other versions in addition to it -- it is still the most used translation in the United States , especially as the Scofield Reference Bible for Evangelicals . In addition , in the Orthodox Church in America , the King James Version is used liturgically , and was made `` the ' official ' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox '' . The later Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , in vogue today , also uses the King James Version . The King James Version is also one of the versions authorized to be used in the services of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion , as it is the historical Bible of this Church . Copyright status ( edit ) The Authorized Version is in the public domain in most of the world . However , in the United Kingdom , the right to print , publish and distribute it is a Royal prerogative and the Crown licenses publishers to reproduce it under letters patent . In England , Wales and Northern Ireland the letters patent are held by the Queen 's Printer , and in Scotland by the Scottish Bible Board . The office of Queen 's Printer has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for centuries , the earliest known reference coming in 1577 . In the 18th century all surviving interests in the monopoly were bought out by John Baskett . The Baskett rights descended through a number of printers and , in England , Wales and Northern Ireland , the Queen 's Printer is now Cambridge University Press , who inherited the right when they took over the firm of Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1990 . Other royal charters of similar antiquity grant Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press the right to produce the Authorized Version independently of the Queen 's Printer . In Scotland the Authorized Version is published by Collins under licence from the Scottish Bible Board . The terms of the letters patent prohibit any other than the holders , or those authorized by the holders , from printing , publishing or importing the Authorized Version into the United Kingdom . The protection that the Authorized Version , and also the Book of Common Prayer , enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the United Kingdom . Almost all provisions granting copyright in perpetuity were abolished by the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 , but because the Authorized Version is protected by royal prerogative rather than copyright , it will remain protected , as specified in CDPA s171 ( 1 ) ( b ) . Permission ( edit ) Cambridge University Press permits the reproduction of at most 500 verses for `` liturgical and non-commercial educational use '' if their prescribed acknowledgement is included , the quoted verses do not exceed 25 % of the publication quoting them and do not include a complete Bible book . For use beyond this , the Press is willing to consider permission requested on a case - by - case basis and in 2011 a spokesman said the Press generally does not charge a fee but tries to ensure that a reputable source text is used . Apocrypha ( edit ) For more details on the Apocrypha , see Biblical canon . Translations of the books of the Biblical apocrypha were necessary for the King James version , as readings from these books were included in the daily Old Testament lectionary of the Book of Common Prayer . Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the Apocrypha -- generally , following the Luther Bible , in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not considered part of the Old Testament text -- and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature , especially in Puritan circles ; The Apocrypha of the King James Version has the same 14 books as had been found in the Apocrypha of the Bishop 's Bible ; however , following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the first two books of the Apocrypha were renamed 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras , as compared to the names in the Thirty - nine Articles , with the corresponding Old Testament books being renamed Ezra and Nehemiah . Starting in 1630 , volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the Apocrypha section excluded . In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the Apocrypha in Church and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound . The standardization of the text of the Authorized Version after 1769 together with the technological development of stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large print - runs at very low unit prices . For commercial and charitable publishers , editions of the Authorized Version without the Apocrypha reduced the cost , while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers . With the rise of the Bible societies , most editions have omitted the whole section of Apocryphal books . The British and Foreign Bible Society withdrew subsidies for bible printing and dissemination in 1826 , under the following resolution : That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture , to the exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal ; The American Bible Society adopted a similar policy . Both societies eventually reversed these policies in light of 20th century ecumenical efforts on translations , the ABS doing so in 1964 and the BFBS in 1966 . King James only movement ( edit ) Main article : King James Only movement The King James Only movement advocates the superiority of the King James Version over all other English translations . Most adherents of the movement believe that the Textus Receptus is very close , if not identical , to the original autographs thereby making it the ideal Greek source for the translation . They argue that most modern English translations are based on a corrupted New Testament text that relies primarily on the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus manuscripts . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Bible errata Bible translations Dynamic and formal equivalence List of books of the King James Version Modern English Bible translations § King James Versions and derivatives Red letter edition Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` And now at last , ... it being brought unto such a conclusion , as that we have great hope that the Church of England ( sic ) shall reape good fruit thereby ... '' Jump up ^ The Royal Privilege was a virtual monopoly . Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , an Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1833 ( reprints , ISBN 0 - 8407 - 0041 - 5 , 1565631625 ) . According to J.R. Dore , the edition `` so far as it goes , represents the edition of 1611 so completely that it may be consulted with as much confidence as an original . The spelling , punctuation , italics , capitals , and distribution into lines and pages are all followed with the most scrupulous care . It is , however , printed in Roman instead of black letter type . '' Jump up ^ Genesis 4 : 1 Jump up ^ Genesis 2 : 4 `` אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות יהוה אלהים ארץ ושמים '' Jump up ^ e.g. Matthew 7 : 27 : `` great was the fall of it . '' , Matthew 2 : 16 : `` in Bethlehem , and in all the coasts thereof '' , Leviticus 25 : 5 : `` That which groweth of it owne accord of thy harvest '' . ( Leviticus 25 : 5 is changed to its in many modern printings ) . Jump up ^ e.g. at Genesis 3 : 12 : `` The woman whom thou gavest to be with mee '' Jump up ^ That which is most used liturgically is the King James Version . It has a long and honorable tradition in our Church in America . Professor Orloff used it for his translations at the end of the last century , and Isabel Hapgood 's Service Book of 1906 and 1922 made it the `` official '' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox . Unfortunately , both Orloff and Hapgood used a different version for the Psalms ( that of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer ) , thereby giving us two translations in the same services . This was rectified in 1949 by the Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , which replaced the Prayer Book psalms with those from the King James Version and made some other corrections . This beautiful translation , reproducing the stately prose of 1611 , was the work of Fathers Upson and Nicholas . It is still in widespread use to this day , and has familiarized thousands of believers with the KJV . Jump up ^ The only other perpetual copyright grants Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children `` a right to a royalty in respect of the public performance , commercial publication or communication to the public of the play ' Peter Pan ' by Sir James Matthew Barrie , or of any adaptation of that work , notwithstanding that copyright in the work expired on 31st December 1987 '' . See CDPA 1988 s301 Citations Jump up ^ Cloud 2006 . Jump up ^ KJV Dedicatorie 1611 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 435 . Jump up ^ Hill 1997 , pp. 4 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` 400 years of the King James Bible '' . The Times Literary Supplement. 9 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King James Bible : The Book That Changed the World - BBC Two '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 439 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 436 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 1974 , Authorised Version of the Bible . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 1974 , Bible ( English Versions ) . Jump up ^ Hobbes 2010 , Chapter XXXV . Jump up ^ Pearse 1761 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Kimber 1775 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Butler 1807 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1815 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Horne 1818 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Adams , Thacher & Emerson 1811 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Hacket 1715 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Anon 1814 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Anon 1783 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Newcome 1792 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Anon 1801 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Authorized Version '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Jump up ^ Smith 1814 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Chapman 1856 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Anon 1856 , pp. 530 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Valpy , Michael ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` How the mighty has fallen : The King James Bible turns 400 '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 433 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Wallechinsky & Wallace 1975 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ DeCoursey 2003 , pp. 331 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , pp. 223 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 520 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 4557 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Anon 1996 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , pp. 313 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Procter & Frere 1902 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hague 1948 , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Hill 1993 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 936 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 457 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 510 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 147 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 619 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1142 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1196 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Prickett & Carroll 2008 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dore 1888 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 691 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Norton 2006 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 685 . Jump up ^ Chadwick 1970 , pp. 40 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , pp. 115 , 126 . ^ Jump up to : White 2009 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 765 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Settings of the King James Bible '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ tbsbibles.org ( 2013 ) . `` Editorial Report '' ( PDF ) . Quarterly Record . Trinitarian Bible Society . 603 ( 2nd Quarter ) : 10 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` CUP letter '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 792 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce ( 1968 ) . Historical and Literary Studies . Brill . p. 144 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ The Jewish Publication Society Tanakh , copyright 1985 Jump up ^ Daiches 1968 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 243 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 448 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. xxv . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ KJV Translators to the Reader 1611 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , pp. 103 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 153 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Barber 1997 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 150 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 166 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in the King James Version ? by William W. Combs '' ( PDF ) . DBSJ. 1999 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BibleGateway - : Einhorn '' . www.biblegateway.com . Jump up ^ Hall 1881 . Jump up ^ `` When the King Saved God '' . Vanity Fair . 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible '' . The Guardian . 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Studies '' . Department of Christian Education -- Orthodox Church in America . 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church : Canon 2 : Of Translations of the Bible Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Metzger & Coogan 1993 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ `` Bibles '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's Globe takes issue with the Queen over Bible royalties - The Daily Telegraph '' . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Printer 's Patent '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . We grant permission to use the text , and license printing or the importation for sale within the UK , as long as we are assured of acceptable quality and accuracy . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hill 1993 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Kenyon 1909 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 600 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 622 . Jump up ^ Browne 1859 , pp. 362 -- . Jump up ^ Melton 2005 , p. 38 . References ( edit ) Adams , David Phineas ; Thacher , Samuel Cooper ; Emerson , William ( 1811 ) . The Monthly Anthology , and Boston Review . Munroe and Francis . Anon ( 1783 ) . A call to the Jews . J. Johnson . Anon ( 1801 ) . The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine . J. Whittle . Anon ( 1814 ) . Missionary Register . Seeley , Jackson , & Halliday for the Church Missionary Society . Anon ( 1856 ) . The Original Secession Magazine . vol . ii . Edinburgh : Moodie and Lothian . Anon ( 1996 ) . The Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Bible Collection : A Checklist . Bridwell Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941881 - 19 - 7 . Barber , Charles Laurence ( 1997 ) . Early modern English ( second ed . ) . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0835 - 4 . Bobrick , Benson ( 2001 ) . Wide as the waters : the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84747 - 7 . Bois , John ; Allen , Ward ; Walker , Anthony ( 1969 ) . Translating for King James ; being a true copy of the only notes made by a translator of King James 's Bible , the Authorized Version , as the Final Committee of Review revised the translation of Romans through Revelation at Stationers ' Hall in London in 1610 -- 1611 . Taken by John Bois ... these notes were for three centuries lost , and only now are come to light , through a copy made by the hand of William Fulman . Here translated and edited by Ward Allen . Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press . OCLC 607818272 . Browne , George ( 1859 ) . History of the British and Foreign Bible Society . Bruce , Frederick Fyvie ( 2002 ) . History of the Bible in English . Cambridge : Lutterworth Press . ISBN 0 - 7188 - 9032 - 9 . Butler , Charles ( 1807 ) . Horae Biblicae . Vol 1 ( fourth ed . ) . London : J. White . OCLC 64048851 . Chadwick , Owen ( 1970 ) . The Victorian Church Part II . Edinburgh : A&C Black . ISBN 0 - 334 - 02410 - 2 . Chapman , James L. ( 1856 ) . Americanism versus Romanism : or the cis - Atlantic battle between Sam and the pope . Nashville , TN : the author . OCLC 1848388 . Cloud , David ( 2006 ) . `` Is n't the King James Bible too Antiquated and Difficult to Understand ? '' . Way of Life Literature . Archived from the original on 14 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Daiches , David ( 1968 ) . The King James Version of the English Bible : An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition . Hamden , Conn : Archon Books . ISBN 0 - 208 - 00493 - 9 . Daniell , David ( 2003 ) . The Bible in English : its history and influence . New Haven , Conn : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09930 - 4 . DeCoursey , Matthew ( 2003 ) . Edward A. Malone , ed . British Rhetoricians and Logicians , 1500 - 1660 : Second series . Gale Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 6025 - 3 . Dore , John Read ( 1888 ) . Old Bibles : An Account of the Early Versions of the English Bible . 2nd edition . Eyre and Spottiswoode . Douglas , James Dixon , ed. ( 1974 ) . New International Dictionary of the Christian Church . Zondervan . Melton , J. Gordon ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Protestantism . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6983 - 5 . Hacket , John ( 1715 ) . Bishop Hacket 's Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams ... Abridg 'd : With the Most Remarkable Occurrences and Transactions in Church and State . Sam . Briscoe . Hague , Dyson ( 1948 ) . Through the Prayer Book . Church Book Room Press . Hall , Isaac Hollister ( 1881 ) . The Revised New Testament and History of Revisions . Hubbard Bros . Herbert , A.S. ( 1968 ) . Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible , 1525 - 1961 , Etc . British and Foreign Bible Society . Hill , Christopher ( 1993 ) . The English Bible and the seventeenth - century revolution . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9078 - 3 . Hill , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17432 - 2 . Hobbes , Thomas ( 2010 ) . Leviathan . Broadview Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 003 - 1 . Holmes , A. ( 1815 ) . `` An Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' . In Worcester , Noah . The Christian Disciple . Vol . iii . Boston , MA : Cummings & Hilliard . Horne , Thomas Hartwell ( 1818 ) . An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the holy Scriptures , Volume 2 . London : T. Cadell and A Davies . Kenyon , Sir Frederic G. ( 1909 ) . `` English Versions '' . In James Hastings . Hastings ' Dictionary of the Bible . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56563 - 915 - 7 . Kimber , Isaac ( 1775 ) . The history of England , from the earliest accounts , to the accession of his present Majesty King George III ( fifth ed . ) . London : J. Buckland . OCLC 14263883 . `` Epistle Dedicatorie '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . `` Translators to the Reader '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . Metzger , Bruce M. ( 1964 ) . The Text of the New Testament . Clarendon . Metzger , Bruce M. ; Coogan , Michael D. , eds. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504645 - 5 . Procter , Francis ; Frere , Walter Howard ( 1902 ) . A New History of the Book of Common Prayer . MacMillan & Co . Newcome , William ( 1792 ) . Historical View of the English Biblical Translations . Norton , David ( 2005 ) . A Textual History of the King James Bible . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77100 - 5 . Norton , David , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Bible . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 144151 - 8 . Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. , eds. ( 1974 ) . Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press . Pearse , Salem ( 1761 ) . `` A Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' . The Second Part of the Celestial Diary . London : Robert Brown . p. 79 . Prickett , Stephen ; Carroll , Robert P. , eds. ( 2008 ) . The Bible : Authorized King James Version . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 953594 - 9 . Scrivener , Frederick Henry Ambrose ( 1884 ) . The Authorized Edition of the English Bible , 1611 , its subsequent reprints and modern representatives . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Smith , William ( 1814 ) . The reasonableness of setting forth the most worthy praise of Almighty God : according to the usage of the primitive church . New York : T. and J. Swords . OCLC 3512140 . Story , G.M. ( 1967 ) . Lancelot Andrewes Sermons . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Wallechinsky , David ; Wallace , Irving ( 1975 ) . The People 's Almanac . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 04186 - 7 . White , James R. ( 2009 ) . The King James Only Controversy : Can You Trust Modern Translations ? . Baker Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7642 - 0605 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Chronological order of publication ( newest first ) Burke , David G. , John F. Kutsko , and Philip H. Towner , eds . The King James Version at 400 : Assessing Its Genius as Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence ( Society of Biblical Literature ; 2013 ) 553 pages ; scholars examine such topics as the KJV and 17th - century religious lyric , the KJV and the language of liturgy , and the KJV in Christian Orthodox perspective . McGrath , Alister E. ( 2002 ) . In the beginning : the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation , a language and a culture . New York : Anchor Books , a Division of Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 385 - 72216 - 8 . Nicolson , Adam ( 2003 ) . Power and Glory : Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 710893 - 1 . In US : ( 2003 ) . God 's secretaries : the making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 018516 - 3 . Paperback : ( 2011 ) . When God Spoke English : The Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperPress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 743100 - 7 . The Diary Of Samuel Ward : A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible , edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen , contains surviving pages of Samuel Ward 's diary from 11 May 1595 to 1 July 1632 . Ward , Thomas ( 1903 ) . Errata of the Protestant Bible ( i.e. mostly of the Authorized `` King James '' Version ) ; or , The Truth of the English Translations Examined , in a Treatise Showing Some of the Errors That Are to Be Found in the English Translations of the Sacred Scriptures , Used by Protestants ... A new ed. , carefully rev. and corr. , in which are add ( itions ) ... New York : P.J. Kennedy and Sons . N.B. : A polemical Roman Catholic work , first published in the late 17th century . Keay , Julia ( 2005 ) . Alexander the Corrector : the tormented genius who unwrote the Bible . London : Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713196 - 8 . Hallihan , C.P. ( 2010 ) . Authorized Version : A Wonderful and Unfinished History . Trinitarian Bible Society . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86228 - 049 - 6 . Published to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the initial publication , in 1611 , of the Authorized ( `` King James '' ) Version of the Bible Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus : the story behind who changed the Bible and why . San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 073817 - 0 . Collection of English Almanacs for the Years 1702 -- 1835 . 1761 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : King James Version Wikisource has original text related to this article : Authorized King James Version Wikimedia Commons has media related to King James Bible . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bible . `` King James Version ( text of original 1611 Bible ) '' . kingjamesbibleonline.org . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Online searchable database of the original 1611 text , including the Apocrypha and introductory text . It also contains the 1769 standard edition . `` Online gallery : Sacred texts : King James Bible '' . British Library . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line image of a page ( beginning of St John 's gospel ) with a written description by the British Library . `` The Holy Bible , conteyning the Old Testament , and the New . Imprinted at London : By Robert Barker ... , 1611 '' . Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Imaging , University of Pennsylvania Library . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible , `` He '' Bible variant . `` King James Version ( facsimile of alternative 1611 edition , `` She '' Bible ) `` . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible . `` King James Version of the Bible : Alexander Scourby , narrator ( 1966 ) -- Essay by Cary O'Dell '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Brief history of Alexander Scourby 's narration of King James Bible on the Library of Congress website . 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who sang the song if it's meant to be	`` Meant to Be '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha featuring vocals from American country music duo Florida Georgia Line , from Rexha 's third extended play ( EP ) All Your Fault : Pt. 2 and debut studio album Expectations . It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24 , 2017 , by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP .	Bebe Rexha\|Florida Georgia Line	Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha song )	meant to be ( bebe rexha song )		`` Back to You '' ( 2017 ) `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) `` Home '' ( 2017 ) Florida Georgia Line singles chronology `` Let Me Go '' ( 2017 ) Let Me Go 2017 `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) Meant to Be2017 `` Up Down '' ( 2017 ) Up Down 2017 `` Meant to Be '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha featuring vocals from American country music duo Florida Georgia Line , from Rexha 's third extended play ( EP ) All Your Fault : Pt. 2 and debut studio album Expectations . It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24 , 2017 , by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP . Contents 1 Music video 2 Commercial performance 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was filmed in Albuquerque , New Mexico and directed by Sophie Muller . It was released on October 23 , 2017 . As of August 2018 the video has over 550 million views on YouTube . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Meant to Be '' entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 61 on the chart dated November 11 , 2017 . It has since peaked at number two behind Drake 's `` God 's Plan '' , becoming Rexha 's third top ten hit and her first as a solo lead artist , as well as the second top ten hit for Florida Georgia Line . It is Rexha 's highest - charting single on the chart , surpassing `` Me , Myself & I '' . It also debuted atop the Hot Country Songs chart , becoming Rexha 's first entry on that chart and Florida Georgia Line 's sixth number one . Rexha also became the first female artist to ever debut atop the chart , while `` Meant to Be '' is the third song overall to start at the summit since 2012 , when the chart transitioned to a hybrid data list , blending airplay , streaming and sales . When the song spent an eleventh week in the top spot in February 2018 , it surpassed Taylor Swift 's `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' as the longest - running number one song on the chart for a lead female artist . In August 2018 , the song broke the record previously held by 2017 's `` Body Like a Back Road '' by Sam Hunt for the most weeks at number one on the Hot Country Songs chart and as of the issue of Billboard dated August 25 has spent 38 weeks at the top . The song has sold 1,183,000 copies in the United States as of July 2018 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Meant to Be '' ( Acoustic ) -- 2 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 14 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 7 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 61 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 23 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 38 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 40 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 22 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 31 Malaysia Streaming ( RIM ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 37 Portugal ( AFP ) 54 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Singapore ( RIAS ) 28 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 57 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 28 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 34 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 32 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 0 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 1,183,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States October 24 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Warner Bros . November 20 , 2017 Country radio Warner Bros . BMLG Italy February 2 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Warner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All Your Fault : Pt. 2 -- EP by Bebe Rexha on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jamaica 's Kranium sings on the dancehall duet `` Comfortable '' and Florida Georgia Line lend their radiant harmonies to `` Meant to Be , '' a country - pop smash designed to cross over . ^ Jump up to : `` Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be ( feat . Florida Georgia Line ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line 's ' Meant To Be ' Video Is A Slice Of Americana '' . Idolator . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week ; Zedd , Maren Morris & Grey 's ' The Middle ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ; Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line Are ' Meant to Be ' Atop Hot Country Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the Charts : Bebe Rexha , Florida Georgia Line Achieve Rare Country Feat '' . Rolling Stone . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Dominates Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week & Three Songs Enter Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line 's ' Meant to Be ' Breaks Record For Longest Rule in Hot Country Songs Chart 's History '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : July 3 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Meant to Be ( Acoustic ) - Single by Bebe Rexha '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201809 into search . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201814 into search . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts Digital Singles Chart : Feb 5 , 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 49 ( 1 / 12 / 2017 -- 7 / 12 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 10 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201816 into search . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201748 into search . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line `` Mean to Be '' `` . IFPI Denmark . April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Type Bebe Rexha in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Meant to Be and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bebe Rexha ; ' Meant to Be ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bebe Rexha Ft Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Meant to Be in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Future Releases for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/bebe-rexha-feat-florida-georgia-line-meant-to-be-177349-02-02-2018-radiodate/ External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bebe Rexha Studio albums Expectations Extended plays I Do n't Wanna Grow Up All Your Fault : Pt. 1 All Your Fault : Pt. 2 Singles `` I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You '' `` I 'm Gonna Show You Crazy '' `` Gone '' `` Me , Myself & I '' `` No Broken Hearts '' `` In the Name of Love '' `` I Got You '' `` The Way I Are ( Dance with Somebody ) '' `` Meant to Be '' `` Home '' `` Push Back '' `` I 'm a Mess '' Featured singles `` Take Me Home '' `` Hey Mama '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Back to You '' `` Girls '' Concert tours All Your Fault Tour Related articles Discography Black Cards Florida Georgia Line Tyler Hubbard Brian Kelley Studio albums Here 's to the Good Times ( 2012 ) Anything Goes ( 2014 ) Dig Your Roots ( 2016 ) EPs It'z Just What We Do ( 2012 ) Singles `` Cruise '' `` Get Your Shine On '' `` Round Here '' `` Stay '' `` This Is How We Roll '' `` Dirt '' `` Sun Daze '' `` Sippin ' on Fire '' `` Anything Goes '' `` Confession '' `` H.O.L.Y. '' `` May We All '' `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' `` Smooth '' `` Simple '' Featured singles `` The South '' `` Let Me Go '' `` Meant to Be '' `` Up Down '' Concert tours Anything Goes Tour Dig Your Roots Tour Smooth Tour Related articles Discography Joey Moi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meant_to_Be_(Bebe_Rexha_song)&oldid=856967694 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Warner Bros. Records singles Bebe Rexha songs Florida Georgia Line songs Music videos directed by Sophie Muller Songs written by Bebe Rexha Vocal duets Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Tyler Hubbard Billboard Country Airplay number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Philippines Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 17 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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though the mills of god grind slowly yet they grind exceeding small			Mills of God	mills of god	The proverbial expression of the mills of God grinding slowly refers to the notion of slow but certain divine retribution .	Plutarch ( 1st century AD ) alludes to the metaphor as a then - current adage in his Moralia ( De sera numinis vindicta `` On the Delay of Divine Vengeance '' ) : `` Thus , I do not see what use there is in those mills of the gods said to grind so late as to render punishment hard to be recognized , and to make wickedness fearless . '' Plutarch no doubt here makes reference to a hexameter by an unknown poet , cited by sceptic philosopher , Sextus Empiricus ( 2nd century ) in his Adversus Grammaticos as a popular adage : Ὀψὲ θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι , ἀλέουσι δὲ λεπτά . `` The millstones of the gods grind late , but they grind fine . '' The same expression was invoked by Celsus in his ( lost ) True Discourse . Defending the concept of ancestral fault , Celsus reportedly quoted `` a priest of Apollo or of Zeus '' : Ὀψὲ , φησι , θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι , κἆϛ παίδων παῖδας τοί κεν μετόπισθε γένωνται . ' The mills of the gods grind slowly ' , he says , even ' To children 's children , and to those who are born after them . ' The Sibylline Oracles ( c. 175 ) have Sed mola postremo pinset divina farinam ( `` but the divine mill will at last grind the flour '' ) . The proverb was in frequent use in the Protestant Reformation , often in the Latin translation Sero molunt deorum molae due to Erasmus of Rotterdam ( Adagia , 1500 ) , but also in German translation . The expression was anthologised in English translation by George Herbert in his collection of proverbs entitled Jacula Prudentum ( 1652 ) , as `` God 's mill grinds slow but sure '' ( no . 743 ) . German epigrammatist Friedrich von Logau in his Sinngedichte ( c. 1654 ) composed an extended variant of the saying , under the title `` Göttliche Rache '' ( divine retribution ) , Gottes Mühlen mahlen langsam , mahlen aber trefflich klein , ob aus Langmut er sich säumet , bringt mit Schärf ' er alles ein . translated into English by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( `` Retribution '' , Poetic Aphorisms , 1846 ) : Though the mills of God grind slowly ; Yet they grind exceeding small ; Though with patience He stands waiting , With exactness grinds He all . The proverb was used by Agatha Christie in her novel Hercule Poirot 's Christmas , as a person quoted it when they saw the corpse of a man who had lived an evil life . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Urnholder of the miller Publius Nonius Zethus ( 1st century AD ) , found in Ostia Antica , now in the Museum of the Vatican . Jump up ^ Rosemary Alicia Brown ( 1981 ) , Katherine Emma Maltwood ( PDF ) , Victoria : Sono Nice . University of Victoria Art Collections M964. 1.357 Jump up ^ A.P. Peabody ( 1885 ) , Plutarch on the Delay of Divine Justice . Plutarch , Ian Kidd , Robin Waterfield , `` On God 's Slowness to Punish '' , Essays CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Adversus Mathematicos I Cap . 17 D.L. Blank , trans . ( 1998 ) p. 311 . John Pairman Brown , Israel and Hellas , 3 . Jump up ^ The Greek μύλοι is plural , referring to two grindstones ( i.e. quern and handstone ) forming a single mill ; the Latin translation by Gentian Hervetus ( 1569 ) renders this as mola `` mill '' in the singular : Est mola tarda dei , verum molit illa minutim . Jump up ^ Gagné , Renaud ( 2013 ) . Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 03980 - 3 . Jump up ^ Book 8 verse 15 Sibylline Oracles trans . M.S. Terry ( 1890 ) `` Late will the mills of God grind the fine flour '' . On the date of c . AD 175 for book 8 , verses 1 -- 216 see : J.J. Collins `` Sibylline Oracles ( Second Century B.C. -- Seventh Century A.D ) '' in : Charlesworth ( ed . ) , Old Testament Pseudepigrapha , vol. 1 , Hendrickson Publishers ( 1983 ) , 317 -- 472 ( here : p. 416 ) . Jump up ^ Erasmus of Rotterdam , Adagia 3382 ( 4.4. 82 ) Sero molunt deorum molae : Plutarchus in commentario cui titulus Πέρι τὦν ὑπὸ τοῦ θείου βραδέως τιμωρουμένων : Ὥστε οὐχ ὁρὦ τί χρήσιμον ἔνεστι τοῖς ὀψὲ δὴ τούτοις ἀλεῖν λεγομένοις μύλοις τὦν θεὦν , id est Itaque non video quidnam utilitatis insit istis deorum molis quae sero dicuntur molere . Caeterum ex his quae praecedunt eodem in loco , colligere licet dici solitum de his qui , licet serius , tamen aliquando poenas dant malefactorum vindici deo . Jump up ^ Early New High German variants : Gots mül steht offt lang stil ; Die götter malen oder scheren eim langsam , aber wol . Nina - Maria Klug , Das konfessionelle Flugblatt 1563 -- 1580 : Eine Studie zur historischen Semiotik und Textanalyse , volume 112 of Studia Linguistica Germanica , Walter de Gruyter , 2012 p. 189 Jump up ^ `` Göttliche Rache '' , Sinngedichte III , 2 , 24 . Jump up ^ Hugh Rawson ; Margaret Miner , eds. ( 2006 ) . `` God , 8 '' . The Oxford Dictionary of American Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 289 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516823 - 5 . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Justice Wikiquote has quotations related to : Retribution Ancestral fault Justice delayed is justice denied Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mills_of_God&oldid=798884646 '' Categories : Proverbs Justice Revenge Punishment Theodicy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing German - language text Talk About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 10 : 57 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills%20of%20God	962
don't throw the baby out with the bath water origin	Some claim the phrase originates from a time when the whole household shared the same bath water . The head of household ( Lord ) would bathe first , followed by the men , then the Lady and the women , then the children , followed lastly by the baby . The water would be so black from dirt that a baby could be accidentally `` tossed out with the bathwater '' . Others state there is no historical evidence that there is any connection with the practice of several family members using the same bath water , the baby being bathed last .		Do n't throw the baby out with the bathwater	don't throw the baby out with the bathwater	Do n't throw the baby out with the bathwater is an idiomatic expression for an avoidable error in which something good is eliminated when trying to get rid of something bad , or in other words , rejecting the favorable along with the unfavorable .	A slightly different explanation suggests that this flexible catchphrase has to do with discarding the essential while retaining the superfluous because of excessive zeal . In other words , the idiom is applicable not only when throwing out the baby with the bathwater , but also when someone might throw out the baby and keep the bathwater . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Alternative expressions 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Earliest record of the phrase from Narrenbeschwörung ( Appeal to Fools ) by Thomas Murner , 1512 This idiom derives from a German proverb , das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten . The earliest record of this phrase is in 1512 , in Narrenbeschwörung ( Appeal to Fools ) by Thomas Murner ; and this book includes a woodcut illustration showing a woman tossing a baby out with waste water . It is a common catchphrase in German , with examples of its use in work by Martin Luther , Johannes Kepler , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Otto von Bismarck , Thomas Mann , and Günter Grass . Thomas Carlyle adapted the concept in an 1849 essay on slavery : And if true , it is important for us , in reference to this Negro Question and some others . The Germans say , `` you must empty - out the bathing - tub , but not the baby along with it . '' Fling - out your dirty water with all zeal , and set it careening down the kennels ; but try if you can keep the little child ! Carlyle is urging his readers to join in the struggle to end slavery , but he also encourages them to be mindful of the need to try to avoid harming the slaves themselves in the process . Some claim the phrase originates from a time when the whole household shared the same bath water . The head of household ( Lord ) would bathe first , followed by the men , then the Lady and the women , then the children , followed lastly by the baby . The water would be so black from dirt that a baby could be accidentally `` tossed out with the bathwater '' . Others state there is no historical evidence that there is any connection with the practice of several family members using the same bath water , the baby being bathed last . Alternative expressions ( edit ) The meaning and intent of the English idiomatic expression is sometimes presented in different terms . Throw out the champagne with the cork Empty the baby out with the bath Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cheng Lim Tan . ( 2002 ) . Advanced English Idioms for Effective Communication , p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` What Does `` Throwing the Baby out with the Bath Water '' Mean ? `` . Wisegeek.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jewell , Elizabeth , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Pocket Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus ( 2nd edition ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ The World Book Dictionary , ' Vol. 1 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Nichols , James . ( 1995 ) . Assessment Case Studies : Common Issues in Implementation with Various Campus Approaches to Resolution , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Wilton , David . ( 2004 ) . Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends , pp. 66 - 67 . ^ Jump up to : Quinion , Michael ( 6 April 2013 ) . `` Do n't throw the baby out with the bath water '' . Newsletter . World Wide Words . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wilton , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Pilkington , Karl ; Marchant , Stephen ; Gervais , Ricky ( May -- June 2005 ) . `` Explanation , throw the baby out with the bathwater '' ( Audio ) . XFM . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://mentalfloss.com/article/55503/7-tall-tales-about-life-1500s-and-origins-phrases Jump up ^ Shaw Bernard and Edwin Wilson . ( 1961 ) . Shaw on Shakespeare : an Anthology of Bernard Shaw 's Writings on Plays and Production of Shakespeare , p. xvii . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Betty. ( 1999 ) . Clichés : Over 1500 Phrases Explored and Explained , pp. 180 - 181 , citing George Bernard Shaw 's `` Parent 's and Children '' ( 1914 ) . References ( edit ) Ammer , Christine ( 1997 ) . Throw out the baby with the bath water . The American Heritage dictionary of idioms . Boston , Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 395 - 72774 - X . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 72774 - 4 Cheng Lim Tan . ( 2002 ) . Advanced English Idioms for Effective Communication . Singapore : Singapore Asian Publications . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4122 - 35 - 1 ; OCLC 226051976 Nichols , James . ( 1995 ) . Assessment Case Studies : Common Issues in Implementation with Various Campus Approaches to Resolution . New York : Agathon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 112 - 8 ; OCLC 33132059 Quinion , Michael ( 6 April 2013 ) . `` Do n't throw the baby out with the bath water '' . Newsletter . World Wide Words . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Shaw Bernard and Edwin Wilson . ( 1961 ) . Shaw on Shakespeare : an Anthology of Bernard Shaw 's Writings on Plays and Production of Shakespeare . New York : E.F. Dutton . reprinted in 2002 by Applause Theatre & Cinema Books , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 561 - 1 ; OCLC 49690475 Wilton , David . ( 2004 ) . Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517284 - 3 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7394 - 5593 - 7 ; OCLC 54767339 External links ( edit ) Look up throw the baby out with the bathwater in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Pilkington , Karl ; Merchant , Stephen ; Gervais , Ricky ( May -- June 2005 ) . `` Explanation , throw the baby out with the bathwater '' . XFM . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_throw_the_baby_out_with_the_bathwater&oldid=835584323 '' Categories : English - language idioms Bathing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 15 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%2527t%20throw%20the%20baby%20out%20with%20the%20bathwater	963
american dad jeff breaks up with hayley episode	Stan sneaks the cookie dough Francine tells him not to eat and hides it before she finds out . Hayley and Jeff then announce that they are going to the store to buy beads so Jeff could open his own bead store . Hayley says good - bye and `` I love you '' but Stan just says `` OK '' . Francine asks why he ca n't admit he loves Hayley . Stan says he can but only plans to when she is in last moment of incurable cancer so she dies happy . At the CIA , Bullock gives a lecture that body doubles are for work purposes only after Saunders ' double reveals the ruse of him making love with a stewardess while intoxicated . At the mall , Hayley goes on a destructive rampage after Jeff ends their relationship . Stan rushes to the mall and reprimands Jeff , also explaining Hayley goes on a rampage every time a boyfriend breaks up with her . Stan eventually stops her with 19 tranquilizer darts and brings her home . He informs Francine that the police officers will make Hayley go to jail if she goes on another rampage after this .		Pulling Double Booty	pulling double booty	`` Pulling Double Booty '' is the sixth episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series American Dad ! , an episode produced for Season 3 . It first aired in the United States on Fox on November 16 , 2008 . This story centers around Hayley , who goes on a rampage shortly after Jeff breaks up with her . Francine and Stan try to help their daughter get through the grief , as the police have informed them that she will go to jail if she has another rampage . Francine later peeps into Hayley 's room one night , only to find her making out with a person that closely resembles Stan . Disturbed and horrified , she confronts Stan only for the look - alike to come out with Hayley . The look - alike , named Bill , is later caught by Stan after an attempt to have sex with Francine . They kick him out of the house , and Stan vows to act as Bill to prevent Hayley from going on another rampage . Meanwhile , Roger and Steve get summer jobs of determining the sex of baby chicks .	This episode was written by Brian Boyle and directed by John Aoshima . It received mixed reception from television critics upon its release , with much of the praise going on to the delivery of the main storyline . It features guest appearances from Mike Barker , Leslie Bega , Chris Diamantopoulos , Michael Dunn , Erik Durbin , Jon Fener , Jeff Fischer , Josh Gad , Steve Hely , Patrick Stewart , John Viener , Gedde Watanabe , and Keone Young . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Stan sneaks the cookie dough Francine tells him not to eat and hides it before she finds out . Hayley and Jeff then announce that they are going to the store to buy beads so Jeff could open his own bead store . Hayley says good - bye and `` I love you '' but Stan just says `` OK '' . Francine asks why he ca n't admit he loves Hayley . Stan says he can but only plans to when she is in last moment of incurable cancer so she dies happy . At the CIA , Bullock gives a lecture that body doubles are for work purposes only after Saunders ' double reveals the ruse of him making love with a stewardess while intoxicated . At the mall , Hayley goes on a destructive rampage after Jeff ends their relationship . Stan rushes to the mall and reprimands Jeff , also explaining Hayley goes on a rampage every time a boyfriend breaks up with her . Stan eventually stops her with 19 tranquilizer darts and brings her home . He informs Francine that the police officers will make Hayley go to jail if she goes on another rampage after this . To prevent this , he starts to dictate who Hayley gets to date with or not , airlifting guys she is interested in . Back home , Stan excuses himself to `` feed Klaus '' downstairs , and Francine follows him . On the way down , she peeks into Hayley 's room , only to pass out after seeing Hayley and Stan make out and attack Stan for having sex with his own daughter . Hayley comes downstairs with Bill , his CIA body double , whom she was making out with earlier , rather than with Stan . Francine is relieved that Stan is n't in an incestuous relationship with his daughter , but she still throws up over the thought . Hayley explains to everyone : After throwing a salad at Bill 's face at the CIA cafeteria , thinking he was her father , they engage in a conversation , finding a lot of things in common , and started dating . Stan realizes Bill is perfect for Hayley , but if he dumps her , she 'd go maximum insane : She would kill Bill , burn down the neighborhood , and rape Roger . The couple go on a date at a beach with Stan and Francine , and in the water , Stan gives Bill a detailed description of how hot Francine is , leading Bill to later make out with her in the house kitchen and attempt to sleep with her in the bedroom . Angered , Stan defenestrates him and threatens to kill him if he ever sees Hayley again , which raises back the concern of Hayley 's outburst , this time due to Bill 's disappearance . Stan disguises himself as Bill and goes on a date with Hayley . He tells Francine that if `` Bill '' annoys and offends her enough , Hayley will dump him and there would not be any rampages or jail time . At a hotel , Stan attempts to convince her to break up with him , by making her carry all the bags , belching at her face , and hitting on an attractive diner waitress . Rather than bothering her , all this excites her , much to his fear as she wants to go `` all the way '' with him . He takes her to the middle of a forest , where she starts complaining about how her father never says he loves her . Still acting as Bill , Stan tells her that her father puts a candy in her mouth every night so she gets `` sweet dreams '' and kisses a photo of her on his desk before each CIA mission , all of which seem to be all Hayley wants to know . Relieved , Hayley calls Stan , ringing on his cell phone and revealing the ruse . Enraged at the thought of Stan lying to her , Hayley burns down the forest they were hiking in . Meanwhile , Roger convinces Steve to go to Chinatown for their `` summer of exotic adventure '' . The latter acquires a summer job of determining the sex of baby chicks and takes the former with him . But Roger is disappointed because he wanted a memorable summer vacation with him rather than working . When he learns the male chicks are being made into slurry , Steve rescues as many as he can , confines them in a tool shed , and raises them to adulthood . However , Roger kidnaps the chickens and holds a cockfight as way to earn extra money , much to Steve 's anger . Steve makes a deal with Roger that the winner of the fight gets to keep the chickens . After a brief skirmish , Steve frees the whole brood , who all run into the street , where they are fatally struck by oncoming cars . Roger proceeds to clock Steve with a folding chair when he mourns . Reception ( edit ) `` Pulling Double Booty '' was met with mixed response from television critics and fans alike . Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave it a positive review , going on to write , `` I never thought I 'd be writing the following words : I ... thought they did an okay job with the whole `` incest '' thing . Yeah , Hayley falls for a guy who 's Stan 's exact double , but Francine 's reenactment of prison shanking ( ... ) , Stan and Hayley 's uncomfortable dinner and even Stan 's momentary excitement that Hayley had found someone of whom he ( ... ) approved worked in the episode 's favor . They did n't hammer us with the Stan - lookalike aspect , only played it for maximum ( ... ) comedic effect . '' Heisler also praised the subplot of the episode , saying , `` I enjoyed Steve 's momentary career as a chicken sexer , complete with Roger 's cock - fighting hijack -- wow , I guess I never thought I 'd be writing those words either . '' He went on to give the episode a B - , the lowest grade of the night , tying with King of the Hill episode `` A Bill Full of Dollars '' , but scoring lower than The Simpsons episode `` Homer and Lisa Exchange Cross Words '' and Family Guy episode `` Tales of a Third Grade Nothing '' . The Parents Television Council , a conservative media watchdog group that are frequent critics of American Dad , as well as all other television programs produced by Seth MacFarlane - including Family Guy and The Cleveland Show - named `` Pulling Double Booty '' the `` Worst TV Show of the Week '' for the week of November 22 , 2008 . In a negative review for the episode , the group criticized the episode for `` sexually explicit dialogue and a nauseating incestuous plot '' , and went on to write , `` So far , nothing has been more disturbing than the repugnant plot of the November 16th ( ... ) episode of American Dad . '' In conclusion of their review , they wrote , `` Thankfully , Stan never sleeps with his own daughter . And technically , sleeping with Bill would n't have been incest . Yet , no amount of hair - splitting will make this episode any less cringe - inducing . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pulling Double Booty on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Steve Heisler . `` '' Homer and Lisa Exchange Cross Words `` / '' A Bill Full of Dollars `` / '' Tales of a Third Grade Nothing `` / '' Pulling Double Booty `` '' . AV Club . ^ Jump up to : `` American Dad on Fox '' . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best and Worst Family TV Shows of The Week - Parents Television Council '' . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` Pulling Double Booty '' on IMDb `` Pulling Double Booty '' at TV.com ( hide ) American Dad ! Characters Stan Smith Francine Smith Steve Smith Hayley Smith Roger Klaus Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` All About Steve '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 1 '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 2 '' `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' `` Finances with Wolves '' Season 3 `` Camp Refoogee '' `` The American Dad After School Special '' `` Lincoln Lover '' Season 4 `` The Vacation Goo '' `` Surro-Gate '' `` Tearjerker '' Season 5 `` The One That Got Away '' `` Pulling Double Booty '' Season 6 `` In Country ... Club '' `` Moon Over Isla Island '' `` My Morning Straitjacket '' `` G - String Circus '' `` Rapture 's Delight '' `` Do n't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth '' `` Cops and Roger '' `` Bully for Steve '' Season 7 `` Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls '' `` Stan 's Food Restaurant '' `` White Rice '' `` For Whom the Sleigh Bell Tolls '' `` Fart - Break Hotel '' `` Stanny Boy and Frantastic '' `` A Piñata Named Desire '' `` You Debt Your Life '' `` I Am the Walrus '' `` Jenny Fromdabloc '' `` Home Wrecker '' `` Flirting with Disaster '' Season 8 `` Hot Water '' `` Hurricane ! '' `` A Ward Show '' `` Virtual In - Stanity '' `` The Scarlett Getter '' `` Ricky Spanish '' `` Toy Whorey '' Season 9 `` National Treasure 4 : Baby Franny : She 's Doing Well : The Hole Story '' `` The Missing Kink '' `` Lost in Space '' `` Da Flippity Flop '' Season 10 `` Minstrel Krampus '' Season 11 `` Blagsnarst , a Love Story '' Season 12 Season 13 `` The Two Hundred '' Season 14 Season 15 Related Night of the Hurricane Family Guy The Cleveland Show Animation Domination Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulling_Double_Booty&oldid=840070337 '' Categories : 2008 American television episodes American Dad ! ( season 5 ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 14 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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the area between the tigris and euphrates rivers	The ecoregion is characterized by two large rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates . The rivers have several small tributaries which feed into the system from shallow freshwater lakes , swamps , and marshes , all surrounded by desert . The hydrology of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper Persian Gulf . Historically , the area is known as Mesopotamia . As part of the larger Fertile Crescent , it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban civilization in the Uruk period , for which reason it is often described as a `` Cradle of Civilization '' .	Mesopotamia	Tigris -- Euphrates river system	tigris - - euphrates river system	The Tigris and Euphrates , with their tributaries , form a major river system in Western Asia . From sources originating in the Armenian Highlands of eastern Turkey they flow by / through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf . The system is part of the Palearctic Tigris -- Euphrates ecoregion , which includes Iraq and parts of Turkey , Syria , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , and Jordan .	From their sources and upper courses in the mountains of eastern Anatolia , the rivers descend through valleys and gorges to the uplands of Syria and northern Iraq and then to the alluvial plain of central Iraq . The rivers flow in a south - easterly direction through the central plain and combine at Al - Qurnah to form the Shatt al - Arab and discharge into the Persian Gulf . The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region , in which civilization is believed to have first emerged . Contents 1 Geography 2 General description 3 Ecological threats 4 Water dispute 5 Conservation 6 In media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Geography ( edit ) The ecoregion is characterized by two large rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates . The rivers have several small tributaries which feed into the system from shallow freshwater lakes , swamps , and marshes , all surrounded by desert . The hydrology of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper Persian Gulf . Historically , the area is known as Mesopotamia . As part of the larger Fertile Crescent , it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban civilization in the Uruk period , for which reason it is often described as a `` Cradle of Civilization '' . In the 1980s , this ecoregion was put in grave danger as the Iran -- Iraq War raged within its boundaries . The wetlands of Iraq , which were inhabited by the Marsh Arabs , were almost completely dried out , and have only recently shown signs of recovery . The Tigris -- Euphrates Basin is shared by Turkey , Syria , Iraq , Iran and Kuwait . Many Tigris tributaries originate in Iran and a Tigris -- Euphrates confluence forms part of the Kuwait -- Iraq border . Since the 1960s and in the 1970s , when Turkey began the GAP project in earnest , water disputes have regularly occurred in addition to the associated dam 's effects on the environment . In addition , Syrian and Iranian dam construction has also contributed to political tension within the basin , particularly during drought . General description ( edit ) Marsh Arabs poling a mashoof in the marshes of southern Iraq The general climate of the region is subtropical , hot and arid . At the northern end of the Persian Gulf is the vast floodplain of the Euphrates , Tigris , and Karun Rivers , featuring huge permanent lakes , marshes , and forest . The aquatic vegetation includes reeds , rushes , and papyrus , which support numerous species . Areas around the Tigris and the Euphrates are very fertile . Marshy land is home to water birds , some stopping here while migrating , and some spending the winter in these marshes living off the lizards , snakes , frogs , and fish . Other animals found in these marshes are water buffalo , two endemic rodent species , antelopes and gazelles and small animals such as the jerboa and several other mammals . Ecological threats ( edit ) Play media This visualization shows variations in total water storage from normal , in millimeters , in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins , from January 2003 through December 2009 . Reds represent drier conditions , while blues represent wetter conditions . The effects of the seasons are evident , as is the major drought that hit the region in 2007 . The majority of the water lost was due to reductions in groundwater caused by human activities . Iraq suffers from desertification and soil salination due in large part to thousands of years of agricultural activity . Water and plant life are sparse . Saddam Hussein 's government water - control projects drained the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting streams and rivers . Shi'a Muslims were displaced under the Ba'athist regime . The destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area 's wildlife populations . There are also inadequate supplies of potable water . The marshlands were an extensive natural wetlands ecosystem which developed over thousands of years in the Tigris -- Euphrates basin and once covered 15 -- 20,000 square kilometers . According to the United Nations Environmental Program and the AMAR Charitable Foundation , between 84 % and 90 % of the marshes have been destroyed since the 1970s . In 1994 , 60 percent of the wetlands were destroyed by Hussein 's regime -- drained to permit military access and greater political control of the native Marsh Arabs . Canals , dykes and dams were built routing the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around the marshes , instead of allowing water to move slowly through the marshland . After part of the Euphrates was dried up due to re-routing its water to the sea , a dam was built so water could not back up from the Tigris and sustain the former marshland . Some marshlands were burned and pipes buried underground helped to carry away water for quicker drying . The drying of the marshes led to the disappearance of the salt - tolerant vegetation ; the plankton rich waters that fertilized surrounding soils ; 52 native fish species ; the wild boar , red fox , buffalo and water birds of the marsh habitat . Water dispute ( edit ) The issue of water rights became a point of contention for Iraq , Turkey and Syria beginning in the 1960s when Turkey implemented a public - works project ( the GAP project ) aimed at harvesting the water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through the construction of 22 dams , for irrigation and hydroelectric energy purposes . Although the water dispute between Turkey and Syria was more problematic , the GAP project was also perceived as a threat by Iraq . The tension between Turkey and Iraq about the issue was increased by the effect of Syria and Turkey 's participation in the UN embargo against Iraq following the Gulf War . However , the issue had never become as significant as the water dispute between Turkey and Syria . The 2008 drought in Iraq sparked new negotiations between Iraq and Turkey over trans - boundary river flows . Although the drought affected Turkey , Syria and Iran as well , Iraq complained regularly about reduced water flows . Iraq particularly complained about the Euphrates River because of the large amount of dams on the river . Turkey agreed to increase the flow several times , beyond its means in order to supply Iraq with extra water . Iraq has seen significant declines in water storage and crop yields because of the drought . To make matters worse , Iraq 's water infrastructure has suffered from years of conflict and neglect . In 2008 , Turkey , Iraq and Syria agreed to restart the Joint Trilateral Committee on water for the three nations for better water resources management . Turkey , Iraq and Syria signed a memorandum of understanding on September 3 , 2009 , in order to strengthen communication within the Tigris -- Euphrates Basin and to develop joint water - flow - monitoring stations . On September 19 , 2009 , Turkey formally agreed to increase the flow of the Euphrates River to 450 to 500 m3 / s , but only until October 20 , 2009 . In exchange , Iraq agreed to trade petroleum with Turkey and help curb Kurdish militant activity in their border region . One of Turkey 's last large GAP dams on the Tigris -- the Ilisu Dam -- is strongly opposed by Iraq and is the source of political strife . Conservation ( edit ) The Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq were historically the largest wetland ecosystem of Western Eurasia . Their drainage began in the 1950s , to reclaim land for agriculture and oil exploration . Saddam Hussein extended this work in the late 1980s and early 1990s , as part of ecological warfare against the Marsh Arabs , a rebellious group of people in Baathist Iraq . However , with the breaching of the dikes by local communities after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the ending of a four - year drought that same year , the process has been reversed and the marshes have experienced a substantial rate of recovery . The permanent wetlands now cover more than 50 % of pre-1970s levels , with a remarkable regrowth of the Hammar and Hawizeh Marshes and some recovery of the Central Marshes . This table is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this table to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( July 2016 ) Conservation status : critical / endangered Protected area Endemic species : Basra reed warbler ( Acrocephalus griseldis ) , Iraq babbler ( Turdoides altirostris ) Threatened species : Basra reed warbler ( Acrocephalus griseldis ) - endangered Possibly extinct species : Bunn 's short - tailed bandicoot rat ( Nesokia bunnii ) In media ( edit ) Dawn of the World , film , 2008 . Zaman , The Man From The Reeds , film , 2003 See also ( edit ) Wetlands portal Soil salinity Mesopotamian Marshes Shatt al - Arab References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matthew Zentner ( 2012 ) . Design and impact of water treaties : Managing climate change . p. 144 . The Tigris - Euphrates - Shatt al Arab is shared between Iraq , Iran , Syria , Kuwait and Turkey . Jump up ^ `` Lower Tigris & Euphrates '' . feow.org. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mesopotamia ( 2 / 3 / 2003 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Deniz Bozkurt ; Omer Lutfi Sen ( 2012 ) . `` Hydrological response of past and future climate changes in the Euphrates - Tigris Basin '' ( PDF ) . p. 1 . The Euphrates - Tigris Basin , covering areas in five countries ( Turkey , Iraq , Syria , Iran and Kuwait ) , is a major water resource of the Middle East . ^ Jump up to : `` Euphrates River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibson , McGuire ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Tigris - Euphrates river system '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Dan Caldwel ( 2011 ) . Vortex of Conflict : U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan , Pakistan , and Iraq . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Uzgel I. , 1992 . GÜVENSİZLİK ÜÇGENİ : TÜRKİYE , SURİYE , IRAK VE SU SORUNU , MÜLKİYELİLER BİRLİĞİ DERGİSİ , 162 , p. 47 - 52 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE54M0XG20090523 Turkey lets more water out of dams to Iraq : MP Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101231233038/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5giDgd3ukLR8UcfziUQcNToKyM_tw Turkey to up Euphrates flow to Iraq Jump up ^ Iraqi Marshlands : Steady Progress to Recovery Archived 2011 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . ( UNEP ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tigris -- Euphrates river system Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mesopotamia ( Middle East ) . Persian Gulf image BBC : Iraq marshes ' recovery ' in doubt ' Ancient Mesopotamia Geography Modern Euphrates Upper Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Syrian Desert Taurus Mountains Tigris Zagros Mountains Ancient Akkad Assyria Babylonia Chaldea Elam Hittites Media Mitanni Sumer Urartu Cities History Pre - / Protohistory Acheulean Mousterian Trialetian Zarzian Natufian Nemrikian Khiamian Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) Hassuna / Samarra Halaf Ubaid Uruk Jemdet Nasr Kish civilization History Early Dynastic Akkadian Ur III Old Babylonian Kassite Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Seleucid Parthian Roman Sasanian Muslim conquest Timeline of the Assyrian Empire Languages Akkadian Amorite Aramaic Eblaite Elamite Gutian Hittite Hurrian Luwian Middle Persian Old Persian Parthian Proto - Armenian Sumerian Urartian Culture / Society Architecture Art Cuneiform script Akkadian literature Sumerian literature Music Religion Archaeology Looting Destruction by ISIL Tell Portal Palearctic flooded grasslands and savannas Amur meadow steppe China , Russia Bohai Sea saline meadow China Nenjiang River grassland China Nile Delta flooded savanna Egypt Saharan halophytics Algeria , Egypt , Mauritania , Tunisia , Western Sahara Tigris -- Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq , Iran Ussuri - Wusuli meadow and forest meadow China , Russia Yellow Sea saline meadow China Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigris -- Euphrates_river_system&oldid = 846727973 '' Categories : Euphrates Tigris River Flooded grasslands and savannas Ecoregions of Asia Wetlands of Iraq Grasslands of Iraq Grasslands of Iran Environment of Iraq Environment of Iran Mesopotamia Shatt al - Arab basin Swamps of Asia Wetlands of Iran Palearctic ecoregions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2012 Articles needing cleanup from July 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from July 2016 Iraq articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Español Esperanto فارسی Français Norsk nynorsk Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 14 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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the most recent revision of the apa ethics code was published in	The first version was published by the APA in 1953 . The need for such a document came after psychologists were taking on more professional and public roles post-World War II . A committee was developed and reviewed situations submitted by psychologists in the field who felt they had encountered ethical dilemmas . The committee organized these situations into themes and included them in the first document which was 170 pages in length . Over the years , a distinction was made between aspirational principles and enforceable standards . Since , there have been nine revisions with the most recent published in 2002 and amended in 2010 .	2010	APA Ethics code	apa ethics code	The American Psychological Association ( APA ) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct ( for short , the Ethics Code , as referred to by the APA ) includes an introduction , preamble , a list of five aspirational principles and a list of ten enforceable standards that psychologists use to guide ethical decisions in practice , research , and education . The principles and standards are written , revised , and enforced by the APA . The code of conduct is applicable to psychologists in a variety of areas across a variety of contexts . In the event of a violation of the code of conduct , the APA may take action ranging from termination of the APA membership to the loss of licensure , depending on the violation . Other professional organizations and licensing boards may adopt and enforce the code .	The first version was published by the APA in 1953 . The need for such a document came after psychologists were taking on more professional and public roles post-World War II . A committee was developed and reviewed situations submitted by psychologists in the field who felt they had encountered ethical dilemmas . The committee organized these situations into themes and included them in the first document which was 170 pages in length . Over the years , a distinction was made between aspirational principles and enforceable standards . Since , there have been nine revisions with the most recent published in 2002 and amended in 2010 . Despite the development and use of a complete ethical code , there have still been ethical violations and controversies . For instance , although the APA takes an explicit stance against conversion therapy , this treatment remains controversial amongst many psychologists and religious groups and is still being practiced by some . There is also some disagreement within the field about the ethical implications of using a treatment that may be less effective than another known treatment , although some psychologists argue that all therapy treatments are equally effective ( see : the Dodo bird verdict ) . The APA has also been implicated in helping the Central Intelligence Agency to continue `` enhanced interrogation techniques '' of detainees under the Bush administration . This presented an obvious violation of the organization 's code of ethics and has been addressed by the APA in the form of reports , responses to media outlets , amendments to policies , and rejections of the allegations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 1.1 Introduction and preamble 1.2 General ethical principles 1.2. 1 Principle A : Beneficence and nonmaleficence 1.2. 2 Principle B : Fidelity and responsibility 1.2. 3 Principle C : Integrity 1.2. 4 Principle D: Justice 1.2. 5 Principle E : Respect for people 's rights and dignity 1.3 Ethical standards 1.3. 1 Resolving ethical issues 1.3. 2 Competence 1.3. 3 Human relations 1.3. 4 Privacy and confidentiality 1.3. 5 Advertising and other public statements 1.3. 6 Record keeping and fees 1.3. 7 Education and training 1.3. 8 Research and publication 1.3. 9 Assessment 1.3. 10 Therapy 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Revision history 3 Ethical controversies 3.1 Conversion therapy 3.2 Animal research 3.3 Evidence - based practice 3.4 Psychologists involved in torture 4 Further reading 5 References Content ( edit ) This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Introduction and preamble ( edit ) The introduction of the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct is designed to describe the document 's purpose . It also informs the reader of its organization , applicability , and procedural matters . The introduction states that the code applies to psychologists ' scientific , educational , and professional roles , that may include `` clinical psychology ; counseling psychology ; school psychology ; research ; teaching ; supervision ; public service ; policy development ; social intervention ; development of assessment instruments ; conducting assessments ; educational counseling ; organizational counseling ; forensic activities ; program design and evaluation ; and administration , '' ( pg. 2 ) The introduction also includes information on what contexts these situations apply to , including electronic and face - to - face communication . It provides information on the procedures for filing an ethical complaint , along with a description the investigation process and possible outcomes . The preamble is a description of aspirations which the American Psychological Association expects of psychologists , and reviews the main purpose for having such an ethical code . General ethical principles ( edit ) There are five general principles that serve as the ideals to which psychologists should aspire within the profession . The principles represent ethical goals but do not explicitly inform or instruct adherence to the goals ; instead , the principles aim to influence and to guide professional behavior with respect to the psychologist , research subjects , students , and the individuals who seek psychological services . Principle a : beneficence and nonmaleficence ( edit ) The beneficence and non maleficence principle of the APA general principles guides psychologists to perform work that is beneficial to others yet does not hurt anyone in the process of carrying out that work . Psychologists are to remain aware of their professional influence and the potential consequences therein on individuals and groups who seek counsel with the psychologist , especially with respect to preventing misuse or abuse , while additionally maintaining awareness of how the psychologist 's own physical and mental health may influence their work . Among professional interactions and research , psychologists ought to respect and protect the rights and welfare of patients and participants . Principle B. : fidelity and responsibility ( edit ) The fidelity and responsibility principle of the APA general principles inspires psychologists to cultivate a professional and scientific environment built upon trust , accountability , and ethical considerations . Psychologists are bound to the community by way of their profession and must conduct themselves in a responsible and ethical manner while also maintaining a similar check on colleagues . Furthermore , psychologists are expected to altruistically devote some of their time to the community . Principle c : integrity ( edit ) The integrity principle of the APA general principles aims to encourage psychologists to engage in honest , transparent practices within all aspects of the field of psychology . That is , psychologists should not engage in behavior that could be misconstrued as dishonest , exploitative , or otherwise malicious . When deception is appropriately used ( most likely during psychological research ) , psychologists have a responsibility to mitigate the effects of its use on the overall field . Principle d: Justice ( edit ) The justice principle of the APA general principles states that people are entitled to the advances made within the field of psychology and to the services offered by professionals within the field . Furthermore , psychologists should prevent unjust practices by remaining aware of their biases , level of competence , and area and limits of expertise . Principle e : respect for people 's rights and dignity ( edit ) The APA general principle concerning respect for people 's rights and dignity recognizes individuals ' rights to privacy and confidentiality . Psychologists are to respect the individuals ' rights while also acknowledging the worth of the individual by taking judicious precautions and engaging in positive , professional interactions , avoiding the influence of any personal bias towards the individual or group . This entails awareness of the vulnerabilities experienced by any particular population of people and necessitates understanding of and respect for diversity , including , but not limited to , factors concerning gender , race , religion , disability , and socioeconomic status . Ethical standards ( edit ) The ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct put forth by the APA consists of ten ethical standards . The ethical standards are enforceable rules applicable for psychologists in academia and practice . These are written broadly to guide psychologists in varied areas and roles , addressing situations most psychologists may encounter in their professional roles . The types of situations include those related to resolving ethical issues , competence , human relations , privacy and confidentiality , advertising and public statements , record keeping and fees , education and training , research and publication , assessment , and therapy . The ethical standards are enforced for the benefit of the psychologists , clients , students , and other individuals that work with psychologists . Any psychologist that is a member of the APA is expected to adhere to the ethical standards . Any violation of an ethical standard may result in sanctions ranging from termination of APA membership to loss of licensure . Resolving ethical issues ( edit ) The resolving ethical issues section of the APA Ethical Standards is broadly designed to guide psychologists through a variety of ethical issues . One of the first sections describes how to approach when the work of psychologists ' is misused or misrepresented , such as happens in the popular press . Psychological research is often misrepresented . Two of the sections describe how to resolve conflicts between the ethical code of psychologists and a variety of governing bodies , laws , or regulations as well as organizational demands related to working as a psychologist . There is a section related to informal resolution of ethical violations for situations where such a resolution is possible while protecting confidentiality . If the incident extends beyond being able to be resolved informally , there are guidelines for reporting ethical violations as well as working with and cooperating with ethics committees . In regards to ethical complaints , there is also a section outlining what might be considered an improper complaint . Lastly , the Resolving Ethical Issues section describes unfair discrimination against complainants and respondents to protect those involved in ethics related investigations . Competence ( edit ) The competence section of the APA Ethical Standards is designed to guide psychologists in how to define their own competence and how to approach clients or patients that might fall outside of that area of expertise . This ethical standard begins by helping psychologists define the boundaries of their own competence . The different types of mental health related problems and potential treatments are highly varied . It is impossible for a psychologists to be competent in all areas , and in fact , unethical to attempt to portray themselves in such a way . If a psychologist feels that he / she has not been trained to ensure competence in a specific area to treat a client , he / she should make an appropriate referral . This ethical standard also provides psychologists with guidelines on providing services in emergency situations . Although psychologists should refrain from providing service outside of their area of competence , in times of emergency the psychologist is obligated to help where possible . Psychologists are also required to maintain competence . This is usually done through the completion of continuing education credits . This standard also provides the psychologist with a bases from which to make scientific and professional judgment in an ethically consistent manner . Outlines are also provided for delegating work to others and resolving personal problems and conflicts . Human relations ( edit ) The human relations section of the APA Ethical Standards provides psychologists guidance with how to approach situations related to the process of working with people in a helping field . This section outlines how to identify and avoid unfair discrimination , sexual harassment , and other types of verbal and nonverbal harassment . These types of behavior have strong adverse influences on mental health . As such , psychologists must be particularly vigilant in identifying and avoiding these kinds of behavior . This section also outlines how to avoid harm when treating patients . Some treatments have been shown to cause harm , and as such , should be avoided . The section also provides guidance for navigating and avoiding a number of multiple relationships . Situations where a clinician has more than one relationship with the client beyond just being a client can be difficult to navigate , which can also lead to conflicts of interest , which are also covered . Guidance is also provided for how to approach requests for service from third - parties , that is , when someone other than the patient is requesting services for the said patient . Exploitative relationships are also covered and should be avoided , according to the ethical standards . This section provides guidance for cooperating with other professionals , which is often a situation faced in multi-disciplinary treatment teams . Guidance is provided for providing and obtaining informed consent for treatment . Another section outlines how to provide psychological services to or through organizations . And lastly , guidance is provided for how to navigate situations in which there is an interruption of psychological services for various reasons . Privacy and confidentiality ( edit ) The privacy and confidentiality section of the APA Ethical Standards is written to help provide psychologists with guidelines for maintaining appropriate confidentiality and respecting the privacy of the clients and patients under their care . Specific guidelines are provided for maintaining confidentiality for the psychologist 's patients as well as discussing the limits of confidentiality with them . In certain situations where the safety of the patient or others is at risk , confidentiality must be broken as law enforcement needs to be motivated . Guidelines are also provided for how to ethically record therapy sessions for various reasons including training . Steps are covered for the psychologist to minimize intrusions on privacy for patients . Sections on disclosures and consultations provide guidance on how and when psychologists should disclose information and how to ethically consult with other professionals while maintaining appropriate levels of confidentiality . Lastly , this section guides psychologists on how and when to use confidential information for didactic or other purposes while protecting confidentiality of the client . Advertising and other public statements ( edit ) The advertising and other public statements section of the APA Ethical Standards is designed to guide psychologists through the process of advertising their practice and making other types of public statements . This section begins by outlining how to avoid false and deceptive statements , in specific of one 's level of competence . As described in the competence section , it is unethical to provide services outside of your area of expertise . The section also outlines statements by others regarding a psychologist 's work and competence . The section goes on to outline how to accurately and honestly describe workshops and non-degree granting educational programs . Media presentations and testimonials regarding one 's work , and how to do so ethically and accurately , is also covered . This section also states that obtaining testimonials from past or current clients is not acceptable . The section closes by outlining how to ethically navigate situations of in - person solicitation of services . Record keeping and fees ( edit ) The record keeping and fees standard of the APA ethical standards is developed to guide psychologists in maintaining records of professional and scientific work in confidentiality . This standard states that maintaining records allow professionals to share information with other professionals if needed , help replicate research findings , and abide by the requirements of the institution and the law . In an event of an emergency , psychologists are not allowed to withhold records of clients who have failed to make payments . Psychologists are expected to arrange fees and financial arrangements in compliance with the law and accept barter only in situations that doing so , does not negatively impact the treatment . Psychologists are also expected to maintain and provide accurate reports of treatment , funding , and diagnostic details . This standard also emphasizes that psychologists should receive payment based on the services provided rather than the referral . Education and training ( edit ) The education and training standard of the APA ethical standards is designed to help psychologists create high - quality programmes that train future psychologists with appropriate knowledge and practice . Psychologists creating education and training programmes are responsible for presenting clear descriptions of the programmes , including the pre-requirements for acceptance and the requirements for completion of the programme . Psychologists are expected to teach accurate and current material supported by scientific evidence . Psychologists should not require students to disclose any personal information , unless it is listed as a programme requirement , or to evaluate whether such experiences are negatively impacting a student 's performance . If individual or group therapy is a requirement of the programme , the psychologists are responsible for allowing students to attend individual or group therapy outside of the programme . Furthermore , faculty members are not allowed to provide therapy services to the students . Supervisors are required to provide timely feedback to the students and supervisees based on their performance and the requirements of the programme . Psychologists involved in the programme are prohibited from engaging in sexual relationships with students and supervisees . Research and publication ( edit ) The research and publication standard of the APA ethical standards is developed to highlight research and publication ethics that psychologists are expected to adhere to . This standard emphasizes the necessity of approval by the institute prior to carrying out the research , providing accurate information about the research study , and carrying out the research in accordance with the approval . When obtaining informed consent , details of the study should be presented to the participants , including but not limited to , the objective of the study , the procedures , benefits and potential risks associated with the study , and the participants ' right to decline to participate and withdraw from the study without any penalty . However , studies which are not expected to cause any harm , such as observing in a naturalistic environment , using anonymous questionnaires , or if permitted by the law , informed consent may not be necessary to be obtained . Compensation for participation should not be used to persuade an unwilling participant . At the conclusion of the study , each participant should be presented with a summary of the study and the participant should be provided with an opportunity to ask any questions he / she has . Further , if there has been some harm caused to the participant due to participation in the study , necessary steps should be followed to minimize the harm . This standard also provides guidelines and instructions on animal research . Psychologists are responsible for reporting accurate findings and taking necessary steps to correct any errors in research and publication . Psychologists are also required to only present original data as their work and share publication credits based on the contributions rather than authority . Psychologists are also expected to be willing to share research data when required for verification , and maintain confidentiality of the participants during the review process . Assessment ( edit ) The assessment standard of the APA ethical standards is developed to broadly address guidelines on assessments . This standard states that the psychologist 's views should be supported by findings from assessments , while reporting the limitations of assessments . If a viewpoint is not based on assessment results , psychologists should provide evidence to justify their judgment . Psychologists are responsible for using valid and reliable assessments that are administered in a preferred language by the client . Informed consent is expected to be obtained in accordance to the guidelines on the `` Informed Consent '' standard , unless the assessment is required by the law , a routine practice or required to test for the ability to make decisions . Psychologists using an interpreter are expected to obtain informed consent from the client for the use of an interpreter as well as maintain confidentiality and test security . Psychologists may refrain from releasing test data in order to protect a participant . Psychologists are also responsible for developing valid and reliable assessments and interpreting test results by taking other factors that may influence the interpretations while also indicating any limitations associated with the interpretations . Psychologists are required to be appropriately trained in order to administer assessments and are responsible for using current tests . Psychologists are also responsible for providing necessary information when outsourcing interpretation and the interpretation of test results . Psychologists are required to explain the test results to the client or other identified persons , unless otherwise specified . Psychologists are also required to maintain security and integrity in regards to all test material . Therapy ( edit ) The therapy section of the APA ethical standards is broadly written to guide psychologists through various aspects of providing psychological services . Psychologists are required to obtain informed consent from clients prior to treatment by presenting sufficient details about the therapy technique , including how established the treatment is and whether a psychologist in training will be assisting the client . When psychologists are required to provide services in a group setting , psychologists are required to identify the role of the psychologist and notify the clients of the limitations of confidentiality . If a psychologist is required to provide services for a client already receiving mental health services from another professional , the psychologist is required to discuss with the client or other identified persons to minimize conflict and harm . Psychologists should not engage in sexual relationships with current clients or with those closely related to clients . Psychologists should not be sexually engaged with past clients within two years of termination and even after two years of termination , psychologists will have to provide enough details to ensure that this ethical standard is not violated by being involved with a past client . In the event of a termination of employment , necessary steps should be taken in order to ensure client care . Termination of therapy should occur when the client shows significant improvements , does not benefit further from treatment , is being harmed by the treatment , or the clinician is threatened by the client or a person related to the client . Psychologists are expected to prepare clients for termination and provide sources for alternative services . History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) `` These rules should do much more than help the unethical psychologist keep out of trouble ; they should be of palpable aid to the ethical psychologist in making daily decisions . '' -- Nicholas Hobbs ( 1948 , p. 81 ) The first committee on Ethical Standards for Psychologists was developed in 1947 and chaired by Edward Tolman . The committee was created because psychologists were becoming more involved in professional activities and public works during and following World War II . To gain insight on what to include , the committee sought information from psychologists in the field . Psychologists discussed situations in which they felt they encountered ethical dilemmas . A second committee was formed and headed by Nicholas Hobbs . This 8 - member committee was responsible for the creation of the first document . The committee used contributions from over 2,000 psychologists to create the first principles . The committee reviewed the situations submitted by psychologists to the first committee and attempted to organize the situations into themes . Themes that emerged reflected many of the political and social issues of the time including racial segregation , post-war politics , and the testing industry . The first version of the Ethical Standards of Psychologists was adopted in 1952 and published in 1953 by the American Psychological Association ( APA ) . The document was over 170 pages in length . The first version contained many ethical dilemmas that psychologists had written about and submitted to the first committee as case examples . Revision History ( edit ) Revisions to the 1953 version continued over the decades until the most recent version which was published in 2002 and amended in 2010 . Each revision has been guided by a set of objectives put forth by Hobbs in 1948 : `` to express the best ethical practices in the field as judged by a large representative sample of members of the APA ; to reflect an explicit value system as well as clearly articulated decisional and behavioral rules ; to be applicable to the full range of activities and role relationships encountered in the work of psychologists ; to have the broadest possible participation among psychologists in its development and revisions ; and to influence the ethical conduct of psychologists by meriting widespread identification and acceptance among members of the discipline '' . Revisions occurred over the years pertaining to many changes in society . Culture , politics , the legal system , the economy and the healthcare system have all been influential in the development of the past and current ethical codes . The case examples were also removed . Prior to 1981 , there was no principle or standard that addressed conflict between law and ethics . One of the biggest changes occurred with the 1992 version of the code . Before this version , there was no distinction between principles and standards . This version was the first to make that distinction . The principles are considered to be aspirational while the standards are enforceable by agencies adopting them , including the APA . The current version of the code was developed in 2002 , became effective in 2003 , and was amended in 2010 . Amendments were made to the Introduction and Applicability Sections along with Standard 1.02 Conflicts Between Ethics and Law , Regulations , or Other Governing Legal Authority and Standard 1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands . / green / Previous revisions with changes indicated : American Psychological Association . ( 1953 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . Washington , DC : Author . ( first version ; no reference to legal standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1959 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . American Psychologist , 14 , 279 - 282 . ( change to Principle 3 : Moral and Legal Standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1963 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . American Psychologist , 18 , 56 - 60 . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1968 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . American Psychologist , 23 , 357 - 361 . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1977 , March ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . APA Monitor , 22 - 23 . ( change to Principle 3 : Moral and Legal Standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1979 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . Washington , DC : Author . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1981 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists . American Psychologist , 36 , 633 - 638 . ( change to Principle 3 : Moral and Legal Standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1990 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists ( Amended June 2 , 1989 ) . American Psychologist , 45 , 390 - 395 . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1992 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct . American Psychologist , 47 , 1597 - 1611 . ( change to Introduction to the 1992 Ethics Code ( paragraph 5 ) ( aspirational ) ; change to Ethical Standard 1.02 Relationship of Ethics and Law ( enforceable ) ) American Psychological Association . ( 2002 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct ( Amended February 20 , 2010 ) . American Psychologist , 57 , 1060 - 1073 . ( change to Introduction and Applicability ( paragraph 7 ) ( aspirational ) ; change to 1.02 Conflicts Between Ethics and Law , Regulations , or Other Governing Legal Authority ( enforceable ) ) Ethical controversies ( edit ) It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled American Psychological Association . ( Discuss ) ( August 2015 ) Conversion therapy ( edit ) See also : Conversion therapy Conversion therapy ( also referred to as reparative therapy ) is the practice of attempting to change the patient 's sexual orientation to heterosexual . Among the most prominent supporters of conversion therapy is the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality ( NARTH ) , which continues to characterize homosexuality as a mental disorder , despite the declassification of homosexuality as a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) in 1973 . One of the most notable members of NARTH is founder and former president Dr. Joseph Nicolosi , who practices conversion therapy and has published case studies some of his clients . The American Psychological Association ( APA ) task force report on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation concluded that conversion therapy was `` unlikely to be successful '' and involved `` some risk of harm '' . Likewise , the U.S. Surgeon General issued a call to action in 2001 , concluding that `` there is no valid scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed '' . In the task force 's report , the APA recommends that therapists adopt an affirmative , supportive approach for clients who present for therapy to change their sexual orientation rather than attempting to convert their sexual orientation . Animal research ( edit ) See also : Animal testing Currently , the APA enforces ethical standards to protect nonhuman animal subjects from unnecessary harm during the research process . Some of the requirements for using nonhuman animals in research include : proper justification of the research , maintenance and inspection of appropriate housing for the animals , minimizing discomfort and stress whenever possible , and preference of noninvasive measures . Despite these guidelines , however , many advocacy groups exist to either reduce or eliminate animal research , arguing that it is unethical to capture animals and subject them to research procedures . Indeed , a recent study showed that only 52 % of the public approves of animal research . Some scientists believe that this low approval rate is primarily the result of receiving manipulative misinformation from anti-animal research groups . Evidence - based practice ( edit ) See also : Dodo bird verdict A current controversy among mental health professionals is the use of specific psychological treatments which are not strongly supported by research . Proponents of the evidence - based practice ( EBP ) movement argue that it is unethical to administer a therapeutic intervention with questionable research support ( such as psychoanalysis ) when another treatment 's effectiveness has been demonstrated for the client 's condition , particularly when the intervention in question is potentially harmful ( such as conversion therapy ) . Proponents argue that administration of an empirically questionable treatment violates the general Principle A of the ethical principles of psychologist : Beneficence and nonmaleficence ( or `` do no harm '' ) . Opponents of the movement object that all psychotherapies are equally effective ( termed `` the Dodo bird verdict '' ) and assert that restricting therapists to only evidence - based treatments limits opportunities to discover new techniques . Further complicating the issue is the fact that there is debate about what kind of evidence is needed to constitute `` good research support '' for or against a treatment . Psychologists involved in Torture ( edit ) See also : Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse During the Iraq War , Amnesty International released a series of reports , calling attention to violations of the human rights of prisoners in Abu Ghraib Prison and American detention camps , and the role of the United States and the United Kingdom in enacting these abuses . The reports called on the occupying powers to protect the human rights of any detained civilians by giving them a fair and timely trial , not detaining civilians arbitrarily , and treating all people ethically while in detention . Amnesty International also called for justice , by trying individual perpetrators of abuse for their crimes . Despite these reports , the Bush administration instituted `` enhanced '' interrogation techniques , stating publicly that reported abuses were isolated incidents , and not standard practice . Internal memos from the Federal Bureau of Investigation revealed that an executive order by George W. Bush had sanctioned certain interrogation techniques , such as playing loud music , depriving prisoners of sleep , and stripping prisoners of their clothing . The CIA reportedly required involvement from health professionals to continue its practice of `` enhanced '' interrogations on detainees , to maintain the lawfulness of their practices . Psychiatrists and medical doctors were reluctant to participate in interrogations , however some psychologists participated . A recently released report by a group of psychologists alleges the same , implicating a number of APA officials as well . After the abuses were made public , the APA created a task force called Psychological Ethics and National Security ( PENS ) and released a report stating that the APA Code of Ethics applies to psychologists working in any setting , and that psychologists do not facilitate or participate in any degrading or cruel behavior , referring back to the APA 's 1986 Resolution Against Torture . The report also called on psychologists to report any suspected or observed inhumane treatment to the appropriate authorities and obey federal law . Further reading ( edit ) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . 2010 . OCLC 913028115 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Adopted August 21 , 2002 . Effective June 1 , 2003 . With the 2010 Amendments . Adopted February 20 , 2010 . Effective June 1 , 2010 . Ethical Standards of Psychologists : A Summary of Ethical Principles . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . 1953 . OCLC 693011 . Fisher , Celia B. ( 2013 ) ( 2003 ) . `` A Code of Ethics for Psychology : How Did We Get Here ? '' ( PDF ) . Decoding the Ethics Code : A Practical Guide for Psychologists ( 3rd ed . ) . Los Angeles : Sage Publications . pp. 2 -- 14 . ISBN 9781412997607 . OCLC 794176340 . `` Provisions in The APA Ethics Codes That Address Conflicts between Ethics and Law : A History '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . December 2008 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Smith , Deborah ( January 2003 ) . `` The First Code '' . Monitor on Psychology . American Psychological Association . 31 ( 1 ) : 63 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hobbs , Nicholas ( March 1948 ) . `` The development of a code of ethical standards for psychology '' . American Psychologist. 3 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 84 . doi : 10.1037 / h0060281 . ^ Jump up to : American Psychological Association ( 2002 ) . `` Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct '' ( PDF ) . American Psychologist. 57 : 1060 -- 1073 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 57.12. 1060 . ^ Jump up to : APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation . `` Report of the Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joseph Nicolosi -- Reparative Therapy '' . Thomas Aquinas Psychological Clinic . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ahn , Hyun - nie & Wampold , Bruce ( July 2001 ) . `` Where oh where are the specific ingredients ? A meta - analysis of component studies in counseling and psychotherapy '' . Journal of Counseling Psychology . 48 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 257 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 0167.48. 3.251 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association . `` Timeline of APA Policies & Actions Related to Detainee Welfare and Professional Ethics in the Context of Interrogation and National Security '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Celia B. ( 2013 ) ( 2003 ) . `` A Code of Ethics for Psychology : How Did We Get Here ? '' ( PDF ) . Decoding the Ethics Code : A Practical Guide for Psychologists ( 3rd ed . ) . Los Angeles : Sage Publications . pp. 2 -- 14 . ISBN 9781412997607 . OCLC 794176340 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Deborah ( January 2003 ) . `` The First Code '' . Monitor on Psychology . American Psychological Association . 31 ( 1 ) : 63 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : American Psychological Association . `` Provisions in the APA Ethics Codes that Address Conflicts Between Ethics and Law : A History '' . American Psychological Association . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association ( 2010 ) . `` 2010 Amendments to the 2002 `` Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct '' `` . American Psychologist. 65 ( 5 ) : 493 . doi : 10.1037 / a0020168 . PMID 20642307 . Jump up ^ Office of the Surgeon General ( US ) ; Office of Population Affairs ( US ) ( 2001 ) . `` The Surgeon General 's Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior '' . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association . `` Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The Humane Society of the United States . `` The Humane Society of the United States '' . The Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals . `` People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals '' . PETA . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . `` The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals '' . The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center ( 9 July 2009 ) . `` Public Praises Science ; Scientists Fault Public , Media '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Allyson J. `` Animal research : The bigger picture and why we need psychologists to speak out '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lilienfeld , Scott O. ( March 2007 ) . `` Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm '' . Perspectives on Psychological Science . 2 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 70 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 6916.2007. 00029. x . Jump up ^ Division 12 of the APA . `` Do all psychologists agree on which treatments are supported by research ? '' . Society of Clinical Psychology . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Amnesty International ( 15 April 2003 ) . `` Iraq : Responsibilities of the occupying powers '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Khan , Irene ( 19 March 2003 ) . `` Open letter from AI Secretary General , Irene Khan to President George Bush , Prime Minister Tony Blair , Prime Minister José Maria Aznar and President Saddam Hussein '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Amnesty International ( 18 March 2003 ) . `` Iraq : People come first : Amnesty International 's 10 - point appeal to all parties involved in possible military action in Iraq '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union . `` American Civil Liberties Union : ACLU Interested Persons Memo on FBI documents concerning detainee abuse at Guantanamo Bay '' . ACLU . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hajjar , Lisa ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` How the World 's Largest Psychological Association Aided the CIA 's Torture Program '' . The Nation . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephen Soldz ; Nathaniel Raymond ; Steven Reisner ( April 2015 ) . `` Report on American Psychological Association 's Role in Bush - Era Interrogation Program '' . New York Times . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security ( June 2005 ) . `` Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APA_Ethics_Code&oldid=814064089 '' Categories : American Psychological Association Codes of conduct Ethics Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2015 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles to be split from August 2015 All articles to be split Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA%20Ethics%20Code	966
toby keith - i wanna talk about me			I Wanna Talk about Me	i wanna talk about me	`` I Wanna Talk About Me '' is a song written by Bobby Braddock and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith . It was released in August 2001 as the second single from Keith 's album Pull My Chain . The song was his seventh Number One single on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Content 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Chart performance 5.1 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Keith told Billboard magazine that he knew he would get `` banged a little '' for cutting the song . `` They 're going to call it a rap , ( although ) there ai n't nobody doing rap who would call it a rap . '' Content ( edit ) Like Keith 's 1998 single `` Getcha Some '' , `` I Wanna Talk About Me '' is cited as an example of country - rap , due to the use of a strong beat and rhythmically spoken lyrics . Songwriter Bobby Braddock ( `` He Stopped Loving Her Today '' ) was inspired to write a song in that style after hearing `` Getcha Some '' and pitched it to Keith . `` I Wanna Talk About Me '' tells of a male 's frustration in his inability to converse with his partner , who wants to talk about herself . In the chorus , the singer states `` I like talking about you , you , you , you , usually / But occasionally / I wan na talk about me '' . A musical strength of the song is its use of a I-V - vi - IV arpeggio played in a punchy rhythm . Blake Shelton was originally slated to record the song . However , his label turned it down , as they thought it would be too risky of a debut single . Critical reception ( edit ) Ray Waddell , of Billboard magazine in his review of the album , said that a lot of men will be able to relate to the song , `` which Keith manages to sell through sheer force of personality . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Michael Salomon and shows Keith following a girl around while she talks about different things that interest her . It was released in August 2001 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Wanna Talk About Me '' debuted at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of August 25 , 2001 . Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 28 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 60 Chart ( 2002 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 40 Preceded by `` Angry All the Time '' by Tim McGraw Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single November 24 - December 22 , 2001 Succeeded by `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' by Alan Jackson Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard magazine : August 4 , 2001 ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Jeff . `` Bobby Braddock article '' . Songwriter Universe . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Farhi , Paul ( January 2002 ) . `` '' Talk `` : Singing In the Key of Me '' . WashingtonPost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Keith , Toby ( 2002 ) `` Song By Song - Pull My Chain '' TobyKeith.com at The Internet Archive . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ Billboard , September 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ `` Toby Keith -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Toby Keith . Jump up ^ `` Toby Keith -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Toby Keith . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2001 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2001 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2002 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2002 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Toby Keith -- I Wanna Talk About Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Toby Keith Studio albums Toby Keith Boomtown Blue Moon Dream Walkin ' How Do You Like Me Now ? ! Pull My Chain Unleashed Shock'n Y'all Honkytonk University White Trash with Money Big Dog Daddy That Do n't Make Me a Bad Guy American Ride Bullets in the Gun Clancy 's Tavern Hope on the Rocks Drinks After Work 35 MPH Town The Bus Songs Compilation albums Greatest Hits Volume One 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Toby Keith Greatest Hits 2 35 Biggest Hits Christmas albums Christmas to Christmas A Classic Christmas Singles `` Should 've Been a Cowboy '' `` He Ai n't Worth Missing '' `` A Little Less Talk and a Lot More Action '' `` Wish I Did n't Know Now '' `` Who 's That Man '' `` Upstairs Downtown '' `` You Ai n't Much Fun '' `` Big Ol ' Truck '' `` Does That Blue Moon Ever Shine on You '' `` A Woman 's Touch '' `` Me Too '' `` We Were in Love '' `` I 'm So Happy I Ca n't Stop Crying '' ( with Sting ) `` Dream Walkin ' '' `` Double Wide Paradise '' `` Getcha Some '' `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' `` Country Comes to Town '' `` You Should n't Kiss Me Like This '' `` I 'm Just Talkin ' About Tonight '' `` I Wanna Talk About Me '' `` My List '' `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' `` Rock You Baby '' `` Beer for My Horses '' `` I Love This Bar '' `` American Soldier '' `` Whiskey Girl '' `` Stays in Mexico '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Honkytonk U '' `` As Good as I Once Was '' `` Big Blue Note '' `` Get Drunk and Be Somebody '' `` A Little Too Late '' `` Crash Here Tonight '' `` High Maintenance Woman '' `` Love Me If You Can '' `` Get My Drink On '' `` She 's a Hottie '' `` She Never Cried in Front of Me '' `` God Love Her '' `` Lost You Anyway '' `` American Ride '' `` Cryin ' for Me ( Wayman 's Song ) '' `` Every Dog Has Its Day '' `` Trailerhood '' `` Bullets in the Gun '' `` Somewhere Else '' `` Made in America '' `` Red Solo Cup '' `` Beers Ago '' `` I Like Girls That Drink Beer '' `` Hope on the Rocks '' `` Drinks After Work '' `` Drunk Americans '' `` 35 MPH Town '' Related articles Discography Show Dog - Universal Music Krystal Keith Scotty Emerick Toby Keith 's I Love This Bar & Grill Broken Bridges ( soundtrack ) `` Slave to the Habit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Talk_About_Me&oldid=798270646 '' Categories : 2001 singles 2001 songs Toby Keith songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Bobby Braddock Song recordings produced by James Stroud DreamWorks Records singles Music videos directed by Michael Salomon Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 23 : 01 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Wanna%20Talk%20About%20Me	967
where does an apple a day keeps the doctor away come from	First recorded in the 1860s , the proverb originated in Wales , and was particularly prevalent in Pembrokshire . The first English version of the saying was `` Eat an apple on going to bed , and you 'll keep the doctor from earning his bread . '' The current phrasing ( `` An apple a day keeps the doctor away '' ) was first used in print in 1922 .	the proverb originated in Wales , and was particularly prevalent in Pembrokshire	An apple a day keeps the doctor away	an apple a day keeps the doctor away	`` An apple a day keeps the doctor away '' is a common English - language proverb of Welsh origin . It espouses the folk - wisdom that apple consumption ( or consumption of fruits and vegetables in general ) has identifiable health benefits .	Origin ( edit ) First recorded in the 1860s , the proverb originated in Wales , and was particularly prevalent in Pembrokshire . The first English version of the saying was `` Eat an apple on going to bed , and you 'll keep the doctor from earning his bread . '' The current phrasing ( `` An apple a day keeps the doctor away '' ) was first used in print in 1922 . Scientific evaluation ( edit ) A red apple with a heart - shaped bite . A 2011 study found that consumption of apples and pears might prevent strokes . A 2012 study found that apple consumption significantly lowered bad cholesterol levels in middle - aged adults . In 2013 , the BMJ published a study as part of its humorous Christmas issue comparing the effects of prescribing everyone in the UK over age 50 either an apple or a statin a day . The study concluded that both interventions would be similarly effective . A 2015 study looked directly at the relationship between apple consumption and physician visits and found no evidence that the proverb was true . The study did , however , find that people who ate an apple a day did use fewer prescription medications . However , a 2011 study found that adding one ' Golden Delicious ' apple to the daily diet of a small group of overweight men led to higher levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides . The higher sugar and low - phenolic content of ' Golden Delicious ' apples was blamed for the results . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ely , Margaret ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` History behind ' An apple a day ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An apple a day keeps the doctor away '' . Jump up ^ Briggs , A.D.M. ; Mizdrak , A. ; Scarborough , P. ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` A statin a day keeps the doctor away : comparative proverb assessment modelling study '' . BMJ. 347 ( dec17 2 ) : f7267 -- f7267 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. f7267 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ Davis , Matthew A. ; Bynum , Julie P.W. ; Sirovich , Brenda E. ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Association Between Apple Consumption and Physician Visits '' . JAMA Internal Medicine . 175 ( 5 ) : 777 . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2014.5466 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ James , Wong ( 4 October 2015 ) . `` Gardens : the truth about apples '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_apple_a_day_keeps_the_doctor_away&oldid=805434402 '' Categories : English proverbs Apples Nutrition Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 11 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20apple%20a%20day%20keeps%20the%20doctor%20away	968

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