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what type of oxide are formed when metal combine with oxygen
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Oxide
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oxide
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An oxide / ˈɒksaɪd / is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula . `` Oxide '' itself is the dianion of oxygen , an O atom . Metal oxides thus typically contain an anion of oxygen in the oxidation state of − 2 . Most of the Earth 's crust consists of solid oxides , the result of elements being oxidized by the oxygen in air or in water . Hydrocarbon combustion affords the two principal carbon oxides : carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide . Even materials considered pure elements often develop an oxide coating . For example , aluminium foil develops a thin skin of Al O ( called a passivation layer ) that protects the foil from further corrosion . Individual elements can often form multiple oxides , each containing different amounts of the element and oxygen . In some cases these are distinguished by specifying the number of atoms as in carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide , and in other cases by specifying the element 's oxidation number , as in iron ( II ) oxide and iron ( III ) oxide . Certain elements can form many different oxides , such those of nitrogen .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 Structure 2.1 Oxides of metals 2.2 Molecular oxides 3 Reactivity 3.1 Reduction 3.1. 1 Reduction by carbon 3.1. 2 Reduction by heating 3.1. 3 Reduction by displacement 3.1. 4 Reduction by hydrogen 3.1. 5 Reduction by electrolysis 3.2 Hydrolysis 4 Nomenclature and formulas 5 Examples of oxides 6 See also 7 References Formation ( edit ) Main article : corrosion Due to its electronegativity , oxygen forms stable chemical bonds with almost all elements to give the corresponding oxides . Noble metals ( such as gold or platinum ) are prized because they resist direct chemical combination with oxygen , and substances like gold ( III ) oxide must be generated by indirect routes . Two independent pathways for corrosion of elements are hydrolysis and oxidation by oxygen . The combination of water and oxygen is even more corrosive . Virtually all elements burn in an atmosphere of oxygen , or an oxygen rich environment . In the presence of water and oxygen ( or simply air ) , some elements -- sodium -- react rapidly , even dangerously , to give the hydroxides . In part for this reason , alkali and alkaline earth metals are not found in nature in their metallic , i.e. , native , form . Caesium is so reactive with oxygen that it is used as a getter in vacuum tubes , and solutions of potassium and sodium , so - called NaK are used to deoxygenate and dehydrate some organic solvents . The surface of most metals consists of oxides and hydroxides in the presence of air . A well - known example is aluminium foil , which is coated with a thin film of aluminium oxide that passivates the metal , slowing further corrosion . The aluminium oxide layer can be built to greater thickness by the process of electrolytic anodising . Though solid magnesium and aluminium react slowly with oxygen at STP -- they , like most metals , burn in air , generating very high temperatures . Finely grained powders of most metals can be dangerously explosive in air . Consequently , they are often used in Solid - fuel rockets . In dry oxygen , iron readily forms iron ( II ) oxide , but the formation of the hydrated ferric oxides , Fe O ( OH ) , that mainly comprise rust , typically requires oxygen and water . Free oxygen production by photosynthetic bacteria some 3.5 billion years ago precipitated iron out of solution in the oceans as Fe O in the economically important iron ore hematite . Oxides , such as iron ( III ) oxide or rust , which consists of hydrated iron ( III ) oxides Fe O nH O and iron ( III ) oxide - hydroxide ( FeO ( OH ) , Fe ( OH ) ) , form when oxygen combines with other elements Structure ( edit ) Oxides have a range of different structures , from individual molecules to polymeric and crystalline structures . At standard conditions , oxides may range from solids to gases . Oxides of metals ( edit ) Oxides of most metals adopt polymeric structures . The oxide typically links three metals ( e.g. , rutile structure ) or six metals ( carborundum or rock salt structures ) Because the M-O bonds are strong , the solids tend to be insoluble in solvents , though they are attacked by acids and bases . The formulas are often deceptively simple . Many are nonstoichiometric compounds . The unit cell of rutile . Ti ( IV ) centers are grey ; oxide centers are red . Notice that oxide forms three bonds to titanium and titanium forms six bonds to oxide . Molecular oxides ( edit ) Although most metal oxides are polymeric , some oxides are molecules . Examples of molecular oxides are carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide . All simple oxides of nitrogen are molecular , e.g. , NO , N O , NO and N O. Phosphorus pentoxide is a more complex molecular oxide with a deceptive name , the real formula being P O. Some polymeric oxides depolymerize when heated to give molecules , examples being selenium dioxide and sulfur trioxide . Tetroxides are rare . The more common examples : ruthenium tetroxide , osmium tetroxide , and xenon tetroxide . Many oxyanions are known , such as polyphosphates and polyoxometalates . Oxycations are rarer , some examples being nitrosonium ( NO ) , vanadyl ( VO ) , and uranyl ( UO 2 + 2 ) . Of course many compounds are known with both oxides and other groups . In organic chemistry , these include ketones and many related carbonyl compounds . For the transition metals , many oxo complexes are known as well as oxyhalides . Reactivity ( edit ) Oxides can be reacted by acids or bases . Those reacted only by acids are basic oxides ; those reacted only by bases are acidic oxides . Oxides that react with both acids and bases are amphoteric . Metals tend to form basic oxides , non-metals tend to form acidic oxides , and amphoteric oxides are formed by elements near the boundary between metals and non-metals ( metalloids ) . This reactivity is the basis of many practical processes such , as the extraction of some metals from their ores in the process called hydrometallurgy . Reduction ( edit ) Converting the metal oxide back to the pure metal is called reduction . There are many ways of reduction . Reduction by carbon ( edit ) See also : carbothermic reduction Metals are `` won '' from their oxides by chemical reduction . A common and cheap reducing agent is carbon in the form of coke . The most prominent example is that of iron ore smelting . Many reactions are involved , but the simplified equation is usually shown as : 2 Fe O + 3 C → 4 Fe + 3 CO Metal oxides can be reduced by organic compounds . This redox process is the basis for many important transformations in chemistry , such as the detoxification of drugs by the P450 enzymes and the production of ethylene oxide , which is converted to antifreeze . In such systems the metal centre transfers an oxide ligand to the organic compound followed by regeneration of the metal oxide , often by oxygen in air . Reduction by heating ( edit ) See also : thermal decomposition Metals that are lower in the reactivity series can be reduced by heating alone . For example , silver oxide decomposes at 200 ° C : 2 Ag O → 4 Ag + O Reduction by displacement ( edit ) See also : single displacement reaction Metals that are more reactive displace the oxide of the metals that are less reactive . For example , zinc is more reactive than copper , so it displaces copper ( II ) oxide to form zinc oxide : Zn + CuO → ZnO + Cu Reduction by hydrogen ( edit ) See also : single displacement reaction Apart from metals , hydrogen can also displace metal oxides to form hydrogen oxide , also known as water : H + CuO → Cu + H O Reduction by electrolysis ( edit ) See also : electrolysis Since metals that are reactive form oxides that are stable , some metal oxides must be electrolyzed to be reduced . This includes sodium oxide , potassium oxide , calcium oxide , magnesium oxide , and aluminium oxide . The oxides must be molten before immersing graphite electrodes in it : 2Al O → 4Al + 3O Hydrolysis ( edit ) Oxides of more electropositive elements tend to be basic . They are called basic anhydrides . Exposed to water , they may form basic hydroxides . For example , sodium oxide is basic -- when hydrated , it forms sodium hydroxide . Oxides of more electronegative elements tend to be acidic . They are called `` acid anhydrides '' ; adding water , they form oxoacids . For example , dichlorine heptoxide is an acid anhydride ; perchloric acid is its fully hydrated form . Some oxides can act as both acid and base . They are amphoteric . An example is aluminium oxide . Some oxides do not show behavior as either acid or base . The oxide ion has the formula O. It is the conjugate base of the hydroxide ion , OH , and is encountered in ionic solid such as calcium oxide . O is unstable in aqueous solution − its affinity for H is so great ( pK ~ − 38 ) that it abstracts a proton from a solvent H O molecule : O + H O → 2 OH The equilibrium constant of aforesaid reactions is pK ~ − 22 In the 18th century , oxides were named calxes or calces after the calcination process used to produce oxides . Calx was later replaced by oxyd . Nomenclature and formulas ( edit ) Sometimes , metal - oxygen ratios are used to name oxides . Thus , NbO would be called niobium monoxide and TiO is titanium dioxide . This naming follows the Greek numerical prefixes . In the older literature and continuing in industry , oxides are named by adding the suffix - a to the element 's name . Hence alumina , magnesia and chromia , are , respectively , Al O , MgO and Cr O . Special types of oxides are peroxide , O , and superoxide , O. In such species , oxygen is assigned higher oxidation states than oxide . The chemical formulas of the oxides of the chemical elements in their highest oxidation state are predictable and are derived from the number of valence electrons for that element . Even the chemical formula of O , tetraoxygen , is predictable as a group 16 element . One exception is copper , for which the highest oxidation state oxide is copper ( II ) oxide and not copper ( I ) oxide . Another exception is fluoride , which does not exist as one might expect -- as F O -- but as OF . Since fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen , oxygen difluoride ( OF ) does not represent an oxide of fluorine , but instead represents a fluoride of oxygen . Examples of oxides ( edit ) The following table gives examples of commonly encountered oxides . Only a few representatives are given , as the number of polyatomic ions encountered in practice is very large . Name Formula Found / Usage Water ( hydrogen oxide ) 2O Common solvent , Required by carbon - based life Nitrous oxide 2O Laughing gas , anesthetic ( used in a combination with diatomic oxygen ( O ) to make Nitrous oxide and oxygen anesthesia ) , produced by Nitrogen - fixing bacteria , Nitrous , oxidizing agent in rocketry , aerosol propellant , recreational drug , greenhouse gas . Other nitrogen oxides such as NO 2 ( Nitrogen dioxide ) , NO ( Nitrogen oxide ) , N 2O 3 ( Dinitrogen trioxide ) and N 2O 4 ( Dinitrogen tetroxide ) exist , particularly in areas with notable air pollution . They are also strong oxidisers , can add Nitric acid to Acid rain , and are harmful to health . Silicon dioxide SiO Sand , quartz Iron ( II , III ) oxide Fe 3O Iron Ore , Rust , along with iron ( III ) oxide ( Fe 2O 3 ) Aluminium oxide Al 2O Aluminium Ore , Alumina , Corundum , Ruby ( Corundum with impurities of Chromium ) . Zinc oxide ZnO Required for vulcanization of rubber , additive to concrete , sunscreen , skin care lotions , antibacterial and antifungal properties , food additive , white pigment . Carbon dioxide CO Constituent of the atmosphere of Earth , the most abundant and important greenhouse gas , used by plants in photosynthesis to make sugars , product of biological processes such as respiration and chemical reactions such as combustion and chemical decomposition of carbonates . CO or Carbon monoxide exists as a product of incomplete combustion and is a highly toxic gas . Calcium oxide CaO Quicklime ( used in construction to make mortar and concrete ) , used in self - heating cans due to exothermic reaction with water to produce Calcium hydroxide , possible ingredient in Greek fire and produces limelight when heated over 2,400 ° Celsius . See also ( edit ) Look up oxide in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Other oxygen ions ozonide , O , superoxide , O , peroxide , O and dioxygenyl , O . Suboxide Oxohalide Oxyanion Complex oxide See Category : Oxides for a list of oxides . Salt References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foundations of College Chemistry , 12th Edition ^ Jump up to : Greenwood , N.N. ; & Earnshaw , A. ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd Edn . ) , Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3365 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=4098 Jump up ^ Schultz , Emeric ( 2005 ) . `` Fully Exploiting the Potential of the Periodic Table through Pattern Recognition '' . J. Chem. Education . 82 : 1649 . Bibcode : 2005JChEd ... 82.1649 S . doi : 10.1021 / ed082p1649 . ( hide ) Oxides Mixed oxidation states Antimony tetroxide ( Sb O ) Cobalt ( II , III ) oxide ( Co O ) Europium ( II , III ) oxide ( Eu O ) Iron ( II , III ) oxide ( Fe O ) Lead ( II , IV ) oxide ( Pb O ) Manganese ( II , III ) oxide ( Mn O ) Silver ( I , III ) oxide ( Ag O ) Triuranium octoxide ( U O ) Carbon suboxide ( C O ) Mellitic anhydride ( C O ) Praseodymium ( III , IV ) oxide ( Pr O ) Terbium ( III , IV ) oxide ( Tb O ) + 1 oxidation state Copper ( I ) oxide ( Cu O ) Dicarbon monoxide ( C O ) Dichlorine monoxide ( Cl O ) Gallium ( I ) oxide ( Ga O ) Lithium oxide ( Li O ) Potassium oxide ( K O ) Rubidium oxide ( Rb O ) Silver oxide ( Ag O ) Thallium ( I ) oxide ( Tl O ) Sodium oxide ( Na O ) Water ( hydrogen oxide ) ( H O ) + 2 oxidation state Aluminium ( II ) oxide ( Al O ) Barium oxide ( Ba O ) Beryllium oxide ( Be O ) Cadmium oxide ( Cd O ) Calcium oxide ( Ca O ) Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Chromium ( II ) oxide ( Cr O ) Cobalt ( II ) oxide ( Co O ) Copper ( II ) oxide ( Cu O ) Europium ( II ) oxide ( Eu O ) Germanium monoxide ( Ge O ) ) Iron ( II ) oxide ( Fe O ) Lead ( II ) oxide ( Pb O ) Magnesium oxide ( Mg O ) Manganese ( II ) oxide ( Mn O ) Mercury ( II ) oxide ( Hg O ) Nickel ( II ) oxide ( Ni O ) Nitric oxide ( N O ) Palladium ( II ) oxide ( Pd O ) Silicon monoxide ( Si O ) Strontium oxide ( Sr O ) Sulfur monoxide ( S O ) Disulfur dioxide ( S O ) Tin ( II ) oxide ( Sn O ) Titanium ( II ) oxide ( Ti O ) Vanadium ( II ) oxide ( V O ) Zinc oxide ( Zn O ) + 3 oxidation state Aluminium oxide ( Al O ) Antimony trioxide ( Sb O ) Arsenic trioxide ( As O ) Bismuth ( III ) oxide ( Bi O ) Boron trioxide ( B O ) Cerium ( III ) oxide ( Ce O ) Dibromine trioxide ( Br O ) Chromium ( III ) oxide ( Cr O ) Dinitrogen trioxide ( N O ) Dysprosium ( III ) oxide ( Dy O ) Erbium ( III ) oxide ( Er O ) Europium ( III ) oxide ( Eu O ) Gadolinium ( III ) oxide ( Gd O ) Gallium ( III ) oxide ( Ga O ) Holmium ( III ) oxide ( Ho O ) Indium ( III ) oxide ( In O ) Iron ( III ) oxide ( Fe O ) Lanthanum oxide ( La O ) Lutetium ( III ) oxide ( Lu O ) Manganese ( III ) oxide ( Mn O ) Neodymium ( III ) oxide ( Nd O ) Nickel ( III ) oxide ( Ni O ) Phosphorus trioxide ( P O ) Praseodymium ( III ) oxide ( Pr O ) Promethium ( III ) oxide ( Pm O ) Rhodium ( III ) oxide ( Rh O ) Samarium ( III ) oxide ( Sm O ) Scandium oxide ( Sc O ) Terbium ( III ) oxide ( Tb O ) Thallium ( III ) oxide ( Tl O ) Thulium ( III ) oxide ( Tm O ) Titanium ( III ) oxide ( Ti O ) Tungsten ( III ) oxide ( W O ) Vanadium ( III ) oxide ( V O ) Ytterbium ( III ) oxide ( Yb O ) Yttrium ( III ) oxide ( Y O ) + 4 oxidation state Americium dioxide ( Am O ) Carbon dioxide ( C O ) Carbon trioxide ( C O ) Cerium ( IV ) oxide ( Ce O ) Chlorine dioxide ( Cl O ) Chromium ( IV ) oxide ( Cr O ) Dinitrogen tetroxide ( N O ) Germanium dioxide ( Ge O ) Hafnium ( IV ) oxide ( Hf O ) Lead dioxide ( Pb O ) Manganese dioxide ( Mn O ) Neptunium ( IV ) oxide ( Np O ) Nitrogen dioxide ( N O ) Osmium dioxide ( Os O ) Plutonium ( IV ) oxide ( Pu O ) Praseodymium ( IV ) oxide ( Pr O ) Protactinium ( IV ) oxide ( Pa O ) Rhodium ( IV ) oxide ( Rh O ) Ruthenium ( IV ) oxide ( Ru O ) Selenium dioxide ( Se O ) Silicon dioxide ( Si O ) Sulfur dioxide ( S O ) Tellurium dioxide ( Te O ) Terbium ( IV ) oxide ( Tb O ) Thorium dioxide ( Th O ) Tin dioxide ( Sn O ) Titanium dioxide ( Ti O ) Tungsten ( IV ) oxide ( W O ) Uranium dioxide ( U O ) Vanadium ( IV ) oxide ( V O ) Zirconium dioxide ( Zr O ) + 5 oxidation state Antimony pentoxide ( Sb O ) Arsenic pentoxide ( As O ) Dinitrogen pentoxide ( N O ) Niobium pentoxide ( Nb O ) Phosphorus pentoxide ( P O ) Protactinium ( V ) oxide ( Pa O ) Tantalum pentoxide ( Ta O ) Vanadium ( V ) oxide ( V O ) + 6 oxidation state Chromium trioxide ( Cr O ) Molybdenum trioxide ( Mo O ) Rhenium trioxide ( Re O ) Selenium trioxide ( Se O ) Sulfur trioxide ( S O ) Tellurium trioxide ( Te O ) Tungsten trioxide ( W O ) Uranium trioxide ( U O ) Xenon trioxide ( Xe O ) Iridium trioxide ( Ir O ) + 7 oxidation state Dichlorine heptoxide ( Cl O ) Manganese heptoxide ( Mn O ) Rhenium ( VII ) oxide ( Re O ) Technetium ( VII ) oxide ( Tc O ) + 8 oxidation state Osmium tetroxide ( Os O ) Ruthenium tetroxide ( Ru O ) Xenon tetroxide ( Xe O ) Iridium tetroxide ( Ir O ) Hassium tetroxide ( Hs O ) Related Oxocarbon Suboxide Oxyanion Ozonide Peroxide Superoxide Oxides are sorted by oxidation state . Category : Oxides NDL : 00570148 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxide&oldid=801321223 '' Categories : Oxides Anions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 00 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide
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who won icc award 2008 for twenty20 international performance of the year
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Cricketer of the Year : Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( West Indies ) Test Player of the Year : Dale Steyn ( South Africa ) ODI Player of the Year : MS Dhoni ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Yuvraj Singh ( India ) Emerging Player of the Year : Ajantha Mendis ( Sri Lanka ) Associate Player of the Year : Ryan ten Doeschate ( Netherlands ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Charlotte Edwards ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : Sri Lanka World Test XI : Graeme Smith ( SA , captain ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Mahela Jayawardene ( SL ) , Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( WI ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Ryan Sidebottom ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , 12th man : Stuart Clark ( Aus ) World one - day XI : Herschelle Gibbs ( SA ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Ajantha Mendis ( SL ) , Farveez Maharoof ( SL ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , wicket - keeper ) , Andrew Symonds ( Aus ) , Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Mitchell Johnson ( Aus ) , Nathan Bracken ( Aus ) , 12th man : Salman Butt ( Pak )
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Yuvraj Singh ( India )
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ICC awards
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icc awards
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The ICC Awards are a set of sports awards for cricket . The awards recognise and honor the best international cricket players of the previous 12 months . The awards have been institutionalised by International Cricket Council since 2004 . Between 2011 and 2014 the awards were known , for sponsorship reasons , as the LG ICC Awards .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Award categories 2 ICC Development Programme Awards 3 Methodology 4 2004 awards 5 2005 awards 6 2006 awards 7 2007 awards 8 2008 awards 9 2009 awards 10 2010 awards 11 2011 awards 12 2012 awards 13 2013 awards 14 2014 awards 15 2015 awards 16 2016 awards 17 2017 awards 18 References Award categories ( edit ) The following awards have been or currently are presented : Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy ( Cricketer of the Year ) Test Player of the Year ODI Player of the Year Twenty20 International Performance of the Year Emerging Player of the Year Players eligible for this award must be under 26 years of age at the start of the voting period and have played no more than five Tests and / or ten ODIs before that date . Associate Player of the Year David Shepherd Trophy ( Umpire of the Year ) Captain of the Year Women 's Cricketer of the Year Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year Women 's Emerging Player of the Year Spirit of Cricket Described by the ICC as being awarded to the team most notable for `` upholding the ' Spirit of the Game ' '' , involving respect for : Their opponents Their own captain and team The role of the umpires The game 's traditional values LG People 's Choice Award Fan 's Moment of the Year World Test XI World one - day XI Women 's one - day XI Women 's T20I XI ICC Development Programme awards ( edit ) In December 2016 , ICC Development Programme Awards was announced for ICC 's Associate and Affiliate Members aimed at creating improving structures within the 95 member federations . Methodology ( edit ) The judging / voting period was originally from 1 August of the current year to 31 July of the next year . It has since undergone two changes and now takes place presently between September of the current year and September of the next year . The ICC Selection committee comprises eminent former players and select the finalists for the ICC Cricketer of the Year , ICC Test Player of the Year , ICC ODI Player of the Year , ICC Emerging Player of the Year . The committee selects the final ICC World Test XI and ICC World one - day XI . Selection Committee Year Chairman Committee Members Sunil Gavaskar Richie Benaud Michael Holding Ian Botham Barry Richards 2005 Sunil Gavaskar David Gower Richard Hadlee Rod Marsh Courtney Walsh 2006 Sunil Gavaskar Allan Donald Ian Healy Arjuna Ranatunga Waqar Younis 2007 Sunil Gavaskar Chris Cairns Gary Kirsten Iqbal Qasim Alec Stewart 2008 Clive Lloyd Greg Chappell Shaun Pollock Sidath Wettimuny Athar Ali Khan 2009 Clive Lloyd Anil Kumble Mudassar Nazar Stephen Fleming Bob Taylor Clive Lloyd Angus Fraser Matthew Hayden Ravi Shastri Duncan Fletcher 2011 Clive Lloyd Zaheer Abbas Mike Gatting Paul Adams Danny Morrison 2012 Clive Lloyd Marvan Atapattu Tom Moody Carl Hooper Clare Connor 2013 Anil Kumble Alec Stewart Waqar Younis Catherine Campbell Graeme Pollock 2014 Anil Kumble Jonathan Agnew Russel Arnold Stephen Fleming Betty Timmer 2015 Anil Kumble Ian Bishop Mark Butcher Belinda Clark Gundappa Viswanath The final selection for the award is voted for by an academy of 56 ( expanded from 50 in 2004 ) , which includes current national team captains of Test playing nations ( 10 ) , members of the Elite panel of ICC umpires and referees ( 18 ) , prominent former players and cricket correspondents ( 28 ) . In the event of a tie in the voting , the award is shared . 2004 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2004 ICC Awards The inaugural ICC awards ceremony was held on 7 September 2004 , in London . The judging period covered was from 1 August 2003 to 31 July 2004 and included all Test matches and One Day Internationals played during that period . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Rahul Dravid ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Rahul Dravid ( India ) ODI Player of the Year : Andrew Flintoff ( England ) Emerging Player of the Year : Irfan Pathan ( India ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : New Zealand World Test XI : Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Herschelle Gibbs ( SA ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Rahul Dravid ( Ind ) , Brian Lara ( WI ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Shane Warne ( Aus ) , Jason Gillespie ( Aus ) , Steve Harmison ( Eng ) 12th man : Sachin Tendulkar World one - day XI : Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Chris Gayle ( WI ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Brian Lara ( WI ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Shaun Pollock ( SA ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Jason Gillespie ( Aus ) 2005 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2005 ICC Awards The second ICC awards ceremony was held at the Four Seasons Hotel in Sydney , Australia , on 11 October 2005 . The judging period covered was from 1 August 2004 to 31 July 2005 . This did not include the whole of the 2005 Ashes Series , since the final four matches of this series were played in August and September . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Awarded jointly to Andrew Flintoff ( England ) and Jacques Kallis ( South Africa ) Test Player of the Year : Jacques Kallis ( South Africa ) ODI Player of the Year : Kevin Pietersen ( England ) Emerging Player of the Year : Kevin Pietersen ( England ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : England World Test XI : Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Graeme Smith ( SA ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Brian Lara ( WI ) , Inzamam - ul - Haq ( Pak ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Shane Warne ( Aus ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Anil Kumble ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Marvan Atapattu ( SL , captain ) , Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Rahul Dravid ( Ind ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Andrew Symonds ( Aus ) , Inzamam - ul - Haq ( Pak ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Naved - ul - Hasan ( Pak ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Jacques Kallis ( SA ) List of nominees for 2005 awards 2006 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2006 ICC Awards The third ICC awards ceremony was held in Mumbai , India on 3 November 2006 , during the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy . The judging period was from 1 August 2005 to 8 August 2006 , thus including three of the four Tests between Pakistan and England , and the Test series between South Africa and Sri Lanka . For the first time , honors for both Women 's Cricketer of the Year and Captain of the Year were awarded . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : Michael Hussey ( Australia ) Emerging Player of the Year : Ian Bell ( England ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Captain of the Year : Mahela Jayawardene ( Sri Lanka ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Karen Rolton ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : England World Test XI : Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus ) , Rahul Dravid ( Ind , captain ) , Mohammad Yousuf ( Pak ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Shane Warne ( Aus ) , Makhaya Ntini ( SA ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Brett Lee ( Aus ) World one - day XI : Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus ) , Mahela Jayawardene ( SL , captain ) , Yuvraj Singh ( Ind ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , Irfan Pathan ( Ind ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Shane Bond ( NZ ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , 12th man : Andrew Symonds ( Aus ) List of nominees for 2006 awards 2007 awards ( edit ) The fourth ICC awards ceremony was held in Johannesburg , South Africa . For the first time , honor for Associate Player of the Year was awarded . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Mohammad Yousuf ( Pakistan ) ODI Player of the Year : Matthew Hayden ( Australia ) Emerging Player of the Year : Shaun Tait ( Australia ) Associate Player of the Year : Thomas Odoyo ( Kenya ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Captain of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Jhulan Goswami ( India ) Spirit of Cricket : Sri Lanka World Test XI : Michael Vaughan ( Eng ) , Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Mohammad Yousuf ( Pak ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , Stuart Clark ( Aus ) , Makhaya Ntini ( SA ) , Mohammad Asif ( Pak ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , 12th man : Zaheer Khan ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( WI ) , Mark Boucher ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Shane Bond ( NZ ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Michael Hussey ( Aus ) 2008 awards ( edit ) The fifth ICC awards ceremony was held in Dubai , U.A.E. on 10 September 2008 and saw the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award inaugurated . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( West Indies ) Test Player of the Year : Dale Steyn ( South Africa ) ODI Player of the Year : MS Dhoni ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Yuvraj Singh ( India ) Emerging Player of the Year : Ajantha Mendis ( Sri Lanka ) Associate Player of the Year : Ryan ten Doeschate ( Netherlands ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Charlotte Edwards ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : Sri Lanka World Test XI : Graeme Smith ( SA , captain ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Mahela Jayawardene ( SL ) , Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( WI ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Ryan Sidebottom ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , 12th man : Stuart Clark ( Aus ) World one - day XI : Herschelle Gibbs ( SA ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Ajantha Mendis ( SL ) , Farveez Maharoof ( SL ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , wicket - keeper ) , Andrew Symonds ( Aus ) , Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Mitchell Johnson ( Aus ) , Nathan Bracken ( Aus ) , 12th man : Salman Butt ( Pak ) 2009 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2009 ICC Awards The sixth ICC awards ceremony was held in Johannesburg , South Africa on 1 October 2009 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Mitchell Johnson ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Gautam Gambhir ( India ) ODI Player of the Year : MS Dhoni ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Tillakaratne Dilshan ( Sri Lanka ) Emerging Player of the Year : Peter Siddle ( Australia ) Associate Player of the Year : William Porterfield ( Ireland ) Umpire of the Year : Aleem Dar ( Pakistan ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Claire Taylor ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : New Zealand World Test XI : Gautam Gambhir ( Ind ) , Andrew Strauss ( Eng ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Thilan Samaraweera ( SL ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Shakib Al Hasan ( Ban ) , Mitchell Johnson ( Aus ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , 12th man : Harbhajan Singh ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Martin Guptill ( NZ ) , Chris Gayle ( WI ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , Yuvraj Singh ( Ind ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Nuwan Kulasekara ( SL ) , Ajantha Mendis ( SL ) , Umar Gul ( Pak ) , 12th man : Thilan Thushara ( SL ) List of nominees for 2009 awards 2010 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2010 ICC Awards The seventh ICC awards ceremony was held in Bengaluru , India on 6 October 2010 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Sachin Tendulkar ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Virender Sehwag ( India ) Test Team of the Year : India ODI Player of the Year : AB de Villiers ( South Africa ) ODI Team of the Year : Australia Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Brendon McCullum ( New Zealand ) Emerging Player of the Year : Steven Finn ( England ) Associate Player of the Year : Ryan ten Doeschate ( Netherlands ) Umpire of the Year : Aleem Dar ( Pakistan ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Shelley Nitschke ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : New Zealand LG People 's Choice Award : Sachin Tendulkar ( India ) World Test XI : Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Simon Katich ( Aus ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Doug Bollinger ( Aus ) , 12th man : Steve Harmison ( Eng ) World one - day XI : Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Shane Watson ( Aus ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Paul Collingwood ( Eng ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , wicket - keeper ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Doug Bollinger ( Aus ) , Ryan Harris ( Aus ) 2011 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2011 LG ICC Awards The eighth ICC awards ceremony was held in London , England on 12 September 2011 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Jonathan Trott ( England ) Test Player of the Year : Alastair Cook ( England ) ODI Player of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Tim Southee ( New Zealand ) Emerging Player of the Year : Devendra Bishoo ( West Indies ) Associate Player of the Year : Ryan ten Doeschate ( Netherlands ) Umpire of the Year : Aleem Dar ( Pakistan ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Stafanie Taylor ( West Indies ) Spirit of Cricket : MS Dhoni ( India ) LG People 's Choice Award : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) World Test XI : Alastair Cook ( Eng ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Jonathan Trott ( Eng ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , captain , wicket - keeper ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , 12th man : Zaheer Khan ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Shane Watson ( Aus ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Yuvraj Singh ( Ind ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , Umar Gul ( Pak ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Zaheer Khan ( Ind ) , 12th man : Lasith Malinga ( SL ) 2012 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2012 LG ICC Awards The ninth ICC awards ceremony was held in Colombo , Sri Lanka on 15 September 2012 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) Test Player of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) ODI Player of the Year : Virat Kohli ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Richard Levi ( South Africa ) Emerging Player of the Year : Sunil Narine ( West Indies ) Associate Player of the Year : George Dockrell ( Ireland ) Umpire of the Year : Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Stafanie Taylor ( West Indies ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Sarah Taylor ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : Daniel Vettori ( New Zealand ) LG People 's Choice Award : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) World Test XI : Alastair Cook ( Eng ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus , captain ) , Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( WI ) , Matt Prior ( Eng , wicket - keeper ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Saeed Ajmal ( Pak ) , Vernon Philander ( SA ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , 12th man : AB de Villiers ( SA ) World one - day XI : Gautam Gambhir ( Ind ) , Alastair Cook ( Eng ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Shahid Afridi ( Pak ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Morne Morkel ( SA ) , Steven Finn ( Eng ) , Lasith Malinga ( SL ) , Saeed Ajmal ( Pak ) , 12th man : Shane Watson ( Aus ) 2013 awards ( edit ) The 2013 edition of the awards were replaced by a TV show . Rather than a formal event , the winners were broadcast in a special TV show which was aired on 14 December 2013 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Michael Clarke ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Michael Clarke ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Umar Gul ( Pakistan ) Emerging Player of the Year : Cheteshwar Pujara ( India ) Associate Player of the Year : Kevin O'Brien ( Ireland ) Umpire of the Year : Richard Kettleborough ( England ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Suzie Bates ( New Zealand ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Sarah Taylor ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : Mahela Jayawardene ( Sri Lanka ) LG People 's Choice Award : MS Dhoni ( India ) World Test XI : Alastair Cook ( Eng , captain ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Cheteshwar Pujara ( Ind ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , wicket - keeper ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , Vernon Philander ( SA ) , 12th man : Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Shikhar Dhawan ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Ravindra Jadeja ( Ind ) , Saeed Ajmal ( Pak ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , Lasith Malinga ( SL ) , 12th man : Mitchell McClenaghan ( NZ ) 2014 awards ( edit ) The 2014 edition of the LG ICC Awards followed the same formal event which was implemented in 2013 as a TV show . The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 26 August 2013 and 17 September 2014 . The show was broadcast globally on 15 / 16 November . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Mitchell Johnson ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Mitchell Johnson ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : AB de Villiers ( South Africa ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Aaron Finch ( Australia ) Emerging Player of the Year : Gary Ballance ( England ) Associate Player of the Year : Preston Mommsen ( Scotland ) Umpire of the Year : Richard Kettleborough ( England ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Sarah Taylor ( England ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Meg Lanning ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : Katherine Brunt ( England ) LG People 's Choice Award : Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( India ) World Test XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Kane Williamson ( NZ ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , AB de Villiers ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Joe Root ( Eng ) , Angelo Mathews ( SL , captain ) , Mitchell Johnson ( Aus ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Rangana Herath ( SL ) , Tim Southee ( NZ ) , 12th man : Ross Taylor ( NZ ) World one - day XI : Mohammad Hafeez ( Pak ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA ) , George Bailey ( Aus ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Dwayne Bravo ( WI ) , James Faulkner ( Aus ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Mohammed Shami ( Ind ) , Ajantha Mendis ( SL ) , 12th man : Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) 2015 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2015 ICC Awards The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 18 September 2014 and 13 September 2015 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Steve Smith ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Steve Smith ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : AB de Villiers ( South Africa ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Faf du Plessis ( South Africa ) Emerging Player of the Year : Josh Hazlewood ( Australia ) Associate Player of the Year : Khurram Khan ( United Arab Emirates ) Umpire of the Year : Richard Kettleborough ( England ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Meg Lanning ( Australia ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Stafanie Taylor ( West Indies ) Spirit of Cricket : Brendon McCullum ( New Zealand ) World Test XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Alastair Cook ( Eng , captain ) , Kane Williamson ( NZ ) , Younus Khan ( Pak ) , Steve Smith ( Aus ) , Joe Root ( Eng ) , Sarfraz Ahmed ( Pak , wicket - keeper ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Trent Boult ( NZ ) , Yasir Shah ( Pak ) , Josh Hazlewood ( Aus ) , 12th man : Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , AB de Villiers ( SA , captain ) , Steve Smith ( Aus ) , Ross Taylor ( NZ ) , Trent Boult ( NZ ) , Mohammed Shami ( Ind ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Mustafizur Rahman ( Ban ) , Imran Tahir ( SA ) , 12th man : Joe Root ( Eng ) 2016 awards ( edit ) The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 14 September 2015 and 20 September 2016 . The announcement of the World Test XI and World one - day XI , along with the winners of the men 's individual ICC awards , was made on 21 December 2016 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Ravichandran Ashwin ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Ravichandran Ashwin ( India ) ODI Player of the Year : Quinton de Kock ( South Africa ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Carlos Brathwaite ( West Indies ) Emerging Player of the Year : Mustafizur Rahman ( Bangladesh ) Associate Player of the Year : Mohammad Shahzad ( Afghanistan ) Umpire of the Year : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Suzie Bates ( New Zealand ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Suzie Bates ( New Zealand ) Spirit of Cricket : Misbah - ul - Haq ( Pakistan ) World Test XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Alastair Cook ( Eng , captain ) , Kane Williamson ( NZ ) , Joe Root ( Eng ) , Ben Stokes ( Eng ) , Adam Voges ( Aus ) , Jonny Bairstow ( Eng , wicket - keeper ) , Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) , Rangana Herath ( SL ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , 12th man : Steve Smith ( Aus ) World one - day XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind , captain ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Jos Buttler ( Eng ) , Mitchell Marsh ( Aus ) , Ravindra Jadeja ( Ind ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Kagiso Rabada ( SA ) , Sunil Narine ( WI ) , 12th man : Imran Tahir ( SA ) Women 's World XI : Suzie Bates ( NZ ) , Rachel Priest ( NZ , wicket - keeper ) , Smriti Mandhana ( Ind ) , Stafanie Taylor ( WI , captain ) , Meg Lanning ( Aus ) , Ellyse Perry ( Aus ) , Heather Knight ( Eng ) , Deandra Dottin ( WI ) , Sune Luus ( SA ) , Anya Shrubsole ( Eng ) , Leigh Kasperek ( NZ ) , 12th woman : Kim Garth ( Ire ) 2017 awards ( edit ) The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 21 September 2016 and 31 December 2017 . The announcement of the World Test XI and World one - day XI , along with the winners of the men 's individual ICC awards , was made on 18 January 2018 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Virat Kohli ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Steve Smith ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : Virat Kohli ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Yuzvendra Chahal ( India ) Emerging Player of the Year : Hasan Ali ( Pakistan ) Associate Player of the Year : Rashid Khan ( Afghanistan ) Umpire of the Year : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Ellyse Perry ( Australia ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Amy Satterthwaite ( New Zealand ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Beth Mooney ( Australia ) Women 's Emerging Player of the Year : Beth Mooney ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : Anya Shrubsole ( England ) Fan 's Moment of the Year : Pakistan stun India to win the ICC Champions Trophy 2017 World Test XI : Dean Elgar ( SA ) , David Warner ( Aus ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind , captain ) , Steve Smith ( Aus ) , Cheteshwar Pujara ( Ind ) , Ben Stokes ( Eng ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Kagiso Rabada ( SA ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) World one - day XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind , captain ) , Babar Azam ( Pak ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Ben Stokes ( Eng ) , Trent Boult ( NZ ) , Hasan Ali ( Pak ) , Rashid Khan ( Afghan ) , Jasprit Bumrah ( Ind ) Women 's one - day XI : Tammy Beaumont ( Eng ) , Meg Lanning ( Aus ) , Mithali Raj ( Ind ) , Amy Satterthwaite ( NZ ) , Ellyse Perry ( Aus ) , Heather Knight ( Eng , captain ) , Sarah Taylor ( Eng , wicket - keeper ) , Dane van Niekerk ( SA ) , Marizanne Kapp ( SA ) , Ekta Bisht ( Ind ) , Alex Hartley ( Eng ) Women 's T20I XI : Beth Mooney ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Danni Wyatt ( Eng ) , Harmanpreet Kaur ( Ind ) , Stafanie Taylor ( WI , captain ) , Sophie Devine ( NZ ) , Deandra Dottin ( WI ) , Hayley Matthews ( WI ) , Megan Schutt ( Aus ) , Amanda - Jade Wellington ( Aus ) , Lea Tahuhu ( NZ ) , Ekta Bisht ( Ind ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Live Cricket Scores & News International Cricket Council '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ NDTVSports.com . `` Virat Kohli is ICC ODI Player of the Year -- NDTV Sports '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni , Kohli nominated for ICC People 's Choice award -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell Johnson claims top ICC awards '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson , Sangakkara lead ICC awards nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` LG ICC Awards '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith , Meg Lanning win ICC player of the year awards '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli did not make the ICC Test Team of the Year -- and there 's a perfectly logical explanation '' . Jump up ^ `` Suzie Bates scoops ICC Women 's ODI and T20I Player of the Year awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Smriti lone Indian in ICC women 's team '' . Jump up ^ `` Live Cricket Scores & News International Cricket Council '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ashwin named ICC Cricketer of the Year , Test Player of the Year '' . Jump up ^ `` ICC Awards 2016 : Howzat ! R Ashwin Named Cricketer of the Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Live Cricket Scores & News International Cricket Council '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ashwin named ICC Cricketer of the Year , Test Player of the Year '' . ( hide ) ICC Awards 2004 , London 2005 , Sydney 2006 , Mumbai 2007 , Johannesburg 2008 , Dubai 2009 , Johannesburg 2010 , Bengaluru 2011 , London 2012 , Colombo 2013 LG ICC Awards 2014 LG ICC Awards 2015 ICC Awards 2016 ICC Awards 2017 ICC Awards International cricket International Cricket Council ( ICC ) ICC Awards ICC members Forms Test ( women 's ) One Day International ( women 's ) Twenty20 International ( women 's ) Global events World Cup ( qualifier ) World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Women 's World Cup ( qualifier ) Women 's World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Under - 19 World Cup Champions Trophy Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Olympics Asia ACC -- Asia Cup ACC Trophy ( List A ) ACC Premier League ACC Twenty20 Cup Africa ACA -- WCL Africa Americas ICC Americas -- Americas Championship South American Championship East Asia and Pacific EAP -- ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( One day ) ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( Twenty20 ) Europe ECC -- European Championship Women 's European Championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICC_Awards&oldid=835871371 '' Categories : Cricket awards and rankings International Cricket Council awards and rankings Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 08 : 18 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC%20Awards
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who won the most oscars of all time
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Most awards won by a single film Three films have won 11 Academy Awards : Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) -- 15 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 12 Titanic ( 1997 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 14 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 11 Most nominations received by a single film Three films have received 14 nominations : All About Eve ( 1950 ) -- 16 categories available for nomination ; won 6 awards Titanic ( 1997 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; won 11 awards La La Land ( 2016 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; won 6 awards Largest sweep ( winning awards in every nominated category ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) won all 11 categories for which it was nominated : Best Picture , Director , Adapted Screenplay , Original Score , Original Song , Sound Mixing , Art Direction , Makeup , Costume Design , Film Editing , and Visual Effects Most awards won by an individual Walt Disney won 22 Oscars . Most awards won by a woman Edith Head won eight Oscars , all for Costume Design Most nominations in a single year / Most awards in a single year In 1954 , Walt Disney won four awards out of six nominations , both records . He won Best Documentary , Features for The Living Desert ; Best Documentary , Short Subjects for The Alaskan Eskimo ; Best Short Subject , Cartoons for Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom ; and Best Short Subject , Two - reel for Bear Country . He had two additional nominations in Best Short Subject , Cartoons for Rugged Bear ; and Best Short Subject , Two - reel for Ben and Me . Most awards won by a person who is still living Visual Effects Supervisor Dennis Muren has won nine Academy Awards -- six competitive awards , two `` Special Achievement '' awards , and one `` Technical Achievement '' award Most competitive awards won by a person who is still living Composer Alan Menken has won eight competitive Academy Awards Acting Katharine Hepburn won four awards , all for Best Actress Directing John Ford won the most directing awards , with four Cinematography The highest number of Academy Awards won by a cinematographer is four : Joseph Ruttenberg , in 1938 , 1942 , 1956 , and 1958 Leon Shamroy , in 1942 , 1944 , 1945 , and 1963 Art Direction Cedric Gibbons , who designed the Oscar statuette , won 11 awards out of a total of 39 nominations . Makeup Rick Baker won seven Academy Awards ( all for Best Makeup ) Most awards won by a country for Best Foreign Language Film Italy won 14 awards in this category and received in total 32 nominations Most nominations received by a country for Best Foreign Language Film France received 40 nominations and won the award 12 times Most awards won by a foreign - language film Two foreign - language films have won four Academy Awards : Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) won Best Foreign Language Film , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , and Best Costume Design Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) won Best Foreign Language Film , Best Art Direction , Best Original Score , and Best Cinematography Most nominations received by a foreign - language film Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) received ten nominations : Best Foreign Language Film , Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Song , Best Costume Design , Best Art Direction , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , and Best Cinematography
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Walt Disney
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List of Academy Award records
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list of academy award records
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This is a list of Academy Award records . This list is current as of the 89th Academy Awards ceremony held on February 27 , 2017 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Most awards 2 Awards for debut acting or directing performances on film 3 Big Five winners 4 Most consecutive awards 5 Academy Award firsts 6 Age - related records 7 Film records 8 Acting records 9 Miscellaneous records 10 Oscar speeches 11 Tied winners 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Most Awards ( edit ) Most awards won by a single film Three films have won 11 Academy Awards : Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) -- 15 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 12 Titanic ( 1997 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 14 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 11 Most nominations received by a single film Three films have received 14 nominations : All About Eve ( 1950 ) -- 16 categories available for nomination ; won 6 awards Titanic ( 1997 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; won 11 awards La La Land ( 2016 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; won 6 awards Largest sweep ( winning awards in every nominated category ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) won all 11 categories for which it was nominated : Best Picture , Director , Adapted Screenplay , Original Score , Original Song , Sound Mixing , Art Direction , Makeup , Costume Design , Film Editing , and Visual Effects Most awards won by an individual Walt Disney won 22 Oscars . Most awards won by a woman Edith Head won eight Oscars , all for Costume Design Most nominations in a single year / Most awards in a single year In 1954 , Walt Disney won four awards out of six nominations , both records . He won Best Documentary , Features for The Living Desert ; Best Documentary , Short Subjects for The Alaskan Eskimo ; Best Short Subject , Cartoons for Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom ; and Best Short Subject , Two - reel for Bear Country . He had two additional nominations in Best Short Subject , Cartoons for Rugged Bear ; and Best Short Subject , Two - reel for Ben and Me . Most awards won by a person who is still living Visual Effects Supervisor Dennis Muren has won nine Academy Awards -- six competitive awards , two `` Special Achievement '' awards , and one `` Technical Achievement '' award Most competitive awards won by a person who is still living Composer Alan Menken has won eight competitive Academy Awards Acting Katharine Hepburn won four awards , all for Best Actress Directing John Ford won the most directing awards , with four Cinematography The highest number of Academy Awards won by a cinematographer is four : Joseph Ruttenberg , in 1938 , 1942 , 1956 , and 1958 Leon Shamroy , in 1942 , 1944 , 1945 , and 1963 Art Direction Cedric Gibbons , who designed the Oscar statuette , won 11 awards out of a total of 39 nominations . Makeup Rick Baker won seven Academy Awards ( all for Best Makeup ) Most awards won by a country for Best Foreign Language Film Italy won 14 awards in this category and received in total 32 nominations Most nominations received by a country for Best Foreign Language Film France received 40 nominations and won the award 12 times Most awards won by a foreign - language film Two foreign - language films have won four Academy Awards : Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) won Best Foreign Language Film , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , and Best Costume Design Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) won Best Foreign Language Film , Best Art Direction , Best Original Score , and Best Cinematography Most nominations received by a foreign - language film Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) received ten nominations : Best Foreign Language Film , Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Song , Best Costume Design , Best Art Direction , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , and Best Cinematography Awards for debut acting or directing performances on film ( edit ) The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut acting performances : Best Actor None Best Actress Shirley Booth ( Come Back , Little Sheba , 1952 ) Julie Andrews ( Mary Poppins , 1964 ) Barbra Streisand ( Funny Girl , 1968 ) Marlee Matlin ( Children of a Lesser God , 1986 ) Best Supporting Actor Harold Russell ( The Best Years of Our Lives , 1946 ) Timothy Hutton ( Ordinary People , 1980 ) Haing S. Ngor ( The Killing Fields , 1984 ) Best Supporting Actress Gale Sondergaard ( Anthony Adverse , 1936 ) Katina Paxinou ( For Whom the Bell Tolls , 1943 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( All the King 's Men , 1949 ) Eva Marie Saint ( On the Waterfront , 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( East of Eden , 1955 ) Tatum O'Neal ( Paper Moon , 1973 ) Anna Paquin ( The Piano , 1993 ) Jennifer Hudson ( Dreamgirls , 2006 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 12 Years a Slave , 2013 ) Academy Juvenile Award Claude Jarman Jr . ( The Yearling , 1946 ) Vincent Winter ( The Little Kidnappers , 1954 ) The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut direction . Best Director Delbert Mann ( Marty , 1955 ) Jerome Robbins ( West Side Story , 1961 ) Robert Redford ( Ordinary People , 1980 ) James L. Brooks ( Terms of Endearment , 1983 ) Kevin Costner ( Dances with Wolves , 1990 ) Sam Mendes ( American Beauty , 1999 ) Big five winners ( edit ) Three films have received the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress , and Screenplay ( Original or Adapted ) . It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Most consecutive Awards ( edit ) Any awards Walt Disney was awarded a record of 10 awards in the eight consecutive years from 1931 / 32 through 1939 . Eight ( listed below ) are for Short Subject ( Cartoon ) , and two were Special Awards : one for the creation of Mickey Mouse , and one recognizing the innovation of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . Best Actress Two actresses have won two consecutive awards : Luise Rainer ( The Great Ziegfeld , 1936 and The Good Earth , 1937 ) Katharine Hepburn ( Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner , 1967 and The Lion in Winter , 1968 ) Best Actor Two actors have won two consecutive awards : Spencer Tracy -- Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) and Boys Town ( 1938 ) Tom Hanks -- Philadelphia ( 1993 ) and Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Best Director Three directors have won two consecutive awards : John Ford -- The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) and How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Joseph L. Mankiewicz -- A Letter to Three Wives ( 1949 ) and All About Eve ( 1950 ) Alejandro G. Iñárritu -- Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) and The Revenant ( 2015 ) Best Supporting Actor Jason Robards won two consecutive awards for All the President 's Men in 1976 and Julia in 1977 Best Supporting Actress No consecutive winner for Best Supporting Actress Best Picture David O. Selznick produced two consecutive Best Picture winners Gone with the Wind in 1939 and Rebecca in 1940 . ( He himself was not awarded the Oscars as at the time the statuette went to the studio instead of the producer . ) Best Original Screenplay No consecutive winner for Best Original Screenplay Best Adapted Screenplay Joseph L. Mankiewicz won two consecutive adapted screenplay awards for A Letter to Three Wives in 1949 and All About Eve in 1950 Robert Bolt won for Doctor Zhivago in 1965 and A Man for All Seasons in 1966 Best Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki has won three consecutive awards for Gravity in 2013 , Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) in 2014 and The Revenant in 2015 Best Art Direction Robert Stromberg won for Avatar in 2009 and Alice In Wonderland in 2010 Best Film Editing Angus Wall and Kirk Baxter won for The Social Network in 2010 and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in 2011 Best Original Score Roger Edens won three consecutive awards for composing the scores for Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , On the Town ( 1949 ) , and Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Best Original Song Three composers have won two consecutive awards for best original song , but under different award names : Henry Mancini ( music ) and Johnny Mercer ( lyrics ) shared the awards for Best Music ( Song ) for `` Moon River '' from Breakfast at Tiffany 's in 1961 and `` Days of Wine and Roses '' from Days of Wine and Roses in 1962 Alan Menken ( music ) won twice consecutively for Best Music ( Original Song ) for `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast ( lyrics by Howard Ashman ) in 1991 and `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin ( lyrics by Tim Rice ) in 1992 Best Visual Effects Jim Rygiel and Randall William Cook won 3 consecutive visual effects Oscars for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King in 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 respectively . Best Sound Mixing Thomas Moulton won three consecutive awards for The Snake Pit in 1948 , Twelve O'Clock High in 1949 , and All About Eve in 1950 . Best Costume Design Edith Head won three consecutive awards for The Heiress in 1949 , All About Eve in 1950 , and A Place in the Sun in 1951 . Best Short Subject ( Cartoon ) Walt Disney won eight consecutive awards for Flowers and Trees in 1931 / 32 , Three Little Pigs in 1932 / 33 , The Tortoise and the Hare in 1934 , Three Orphan Kittens in 1935 , The Country Cousin in 1936 , The Old Mill in 1937 , Ferdinand the Bull in 1938 , and The Ugly Duckling in 1939 Best Short Subject ( Two - Reel ) Walt Disney won four consecutive awards for In Beaver Valley in 1950 , Nature 's Half Acre in 1951 , Water Birds in 1952 , and Bear Country in 1953 Best Documentary ( Feature ) Walt Disney won two consecutive awards for The Living Desert in 1953 and The Vanishing Prairie in 1954 Academy Award firsts ( edit ) First woman to win Best Picture Julia Phillips for The Sting ( 1973 ) First woman to win Best Director Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) First woman to win Best Animated Feature Brenda Chapman for Brave ( 2012 ) First woman to receive an Honorary Award 6 year old Shirley Temple received a Special Award in 1934 Greta Garbo received an Honorary Award in 1954 First foreign - language film to be nominated for Best Picture Grand Illusion ( 1937 ) , in French First science fiction film to be nominated for Best Picture A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) First horror film to be nominated for Best Picture The Exorcist ( 1973 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Picture Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) First fantasy film to win Best Picture The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) First 3 - D films to be nominated for Best Picture Avatar and Up ( 2009 ) First film with an entirely non-white cast to win Best Picture Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) First film with an all - black cast to win Best Picture Moonlight ( 2016 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) , representing Israel First animated film to be nominated for Best Original Screenplay and for a Best Screenplay award in general Toy Story ( 1995 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay Shrek ( 2001 ) First actress to be nominated for a performance in a 3 - D film Sandra Bullock for Gravity ( 2013 ) First actor to be nominated for a performance in a 3 - D film Matt Damon for The Martian ( 2015 ) First film to receive the most nominations of its year without receiving a Best Picture nomination Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , with eight nominations First X-rated film to win Best Picture Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) . It was also the first X-rated film to be nominated for Best Picture and the only one to date to have won it . First actor to receive ten nominations for acting Jack Nicholson received his tenth nomination ( for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor ) for the film A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) First actress to receive ten nominations for acting Bette Davis received her tenth official nomination ( all for Best Actress ) for the film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) First actress to receive twenty nominations for acting Meryl Streep received her twentieth nomination ( for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress ) for the film Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) First posthumous nomination for acting Jeanne Eagels , nominated for Best Actress for The Letter ( 1929 ) First posthumous nomination for a male actor James Dean , nominated for Best Actor for East of Eden ( 1955 ) First posthumous win for acting Peter Finch won Best Actor for Network ( 1976 ) First actress to be nominated for performing in a language other than English Melina Mercouri was nominated for Best Actress for Never on Sunday ( 1960 ) , performing in Greek First actor to be nominated for performing in a language other than English Marcello Mastroianni was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce , Italian Style ( 1962 ) , performing in Italian First actress to win for performing in a language other than English Sophia Loren won Best Actress for Two Women ( 1961 ) , performing in Italian First actor to win for performing in a language other than English Robert De Niro won Best Supporting Actor for The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , performing in Italian First actress to win for performing in a sign language Marlee Matlin won Best Actress for Children of a Lesser God ( 1986 ) , performing in American Sign Language First French actress to be nominated for performing in the French language Anouk Aimée was nominated for Best Actress for A Man and a Woman ( 1966 ) First French actress to win for performing in the French language Marion Cotillard won Best Actress for La Vie en rose ( 2007 ) . She 's the only one to date to have won it . First Nordic actress to be nominated for acting Greta Garbo ( from Sweden ) was nominated for Best Actress for Anna Christie ( 1930 ) First Nordic actor to be nominated for acting Max von Sydow ( from Sweden ) was nominated for Best Actor for Pelle the Conqueror ( 1988 ) First Nordic actress to win for acting Ingrid Bergman ( from Sweden ) won Best Actress for Gaslight ( 1944 ) First actor from Africa to be nominated for acting Basil Rathbone ( from South Africa ) , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) First actress from Africa to win for acting Charlize Theron ( from South Africa ) , won Best Actress for Monster ( 2003 ) First actress from Asia to win for acting Miyoshi Umeki ( from Japan ) , won Best Supporting Actress for Sayonara ( 1957 ) First Asian ( and non-Caucasian ) to win Best Director Ang Lee ( from Taiwan ) for Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) First Australian actress to win Best Actress Nicole Kidman for The Hours ( 2002 ) -- Born in the U.S. First Australian actor to win Best Actor Peter Finch for Network ( 1976 ) First French actress to win Best Actress Claudette Colbert for It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) First French actor to win Best Actor Jean Dujardin for The Artist ( 2011 ) First Italian actress to win Best Actress Anna Magnani for The Rose Tattoo ( 1955 ) First Italian actor to win Best Actor Roberto Benigni for Life Is Beautiful ( 1998 ) First German actress to win Best Actress Luise Rainer for The Great Ziegfeld ( 1937 ) First German actor to win Best Actor Emil Jannings ( born in Switzerland ) for The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) and The Last Command ( 1928 ) First Austrian actor to win twice for acting Christoph Waltz won Best Supporting Actor for Inglorious Basterds ( 2009 ) and Django Unchained ( 2012 ) First persons from India to win in any music category A.R. Rahman won Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( `` Jai Ho '' ) for Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Gulzar also won Best Original Song ( `` Jai Ho '' ) for Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) First Middle Eastern / North African actor to be nominated for acting Omar Sharif , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) First Middle Eastern movie to win Best Foreign Language Film A Separation ( 2011 ) , representing Iran First foreign actress to be nominated twice for Best Actress for foreign - language films without the films receiving a Best Foreign Language Film nomination Marion Cotillard ( from France ) won Best Actress for La Vie en Rose ( 2007 ) and was nominated for Two Days , One Night ( 2014 ) First black filmmaker to win Best Picture Steve McQueen won for producing 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) First black filmmaker to be nominated for Best Director John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood ( 1991 ) First black actress to win for acting Hattie McDaniel won Best Supporting Actress for Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) First black actor to win for acting Sidney Poitier won Best Actor for Lilies of the Field ( 1963 ) First black actress to win Best Actress Halle Berry for Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) First black actress to win for film acting debut Jennifer Hudson won Best Supporting Actress for Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) First year in which two black actors / actresses won for acting 74th Academy Awards ( in 2002 , for 2001 ) : Denzel Washington won Best Actor for Training Day ; Halle Berry won Best Actress for Monster 's Ball First black African actor to be nominated for acting Djimon Hounsou ( born in Benin , U.S. - Benin dual citizen ) , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for In America ( 2003 ) First black writer to win for screenwriting Geoffrey S. Fletcher won Best Adapted Screenplay for Precious : Based on the Novel `` Push '' by Sapphire ( 2009 ) First African American to receive an Honorary Award James Baskett received a Special Award for his portrayal of Uncle Remus in Song of the South ( 1946 ) First Latin American director to win Best Director Alfonso Cuarón from Mexico won for Gravity in 2014 First Latin American actress to be nominated for Best Actress Fernanda Montenegro from Brazil was nominated for Best Actress for Central Station ( 1998 ) First Latin American actor to win Best Actor José Ferrer from Puerto Rico won for Cyrano de Bergerac in 1950 First Muslim actor to win in an acting category Mahershala Ali for Moonlight in 2016 First child actor to receive an Academy Award nomination Jackie Cooper , age 9 , was nominated for Best Actor for Skippy ( 1931 ) First short film to win an Academy Award outside of the Short Film categories The Red Balloon ( 1956 ) for Best Original Screenplay Age - related records ( edit ) Youngest winner of an acting award Tatum O'Neal , age 10 ( Best Supporting Actress , Paper Moon , 1973 ) Youngest nominee for an acting award Justin Henry , age 8 ( Best Supporting Actor , Kramer vs. Kramer , 1979 ) Youngest female winner of a lead acting award Marlee Matlin , age 21 ( Best Actress , Children of a Lesser God , 1986 ) Youngest male winner of a lead acting award Adrien Brody , age 29 ( Best Actor , The Pianist , 2002 ) Youngest male nominee for a lead acting award Jackie Cooper , age 9 ( Best Actor , Skippy , 1931 ) Youngest female nominee for a lead acting award Quvenzhané Wallis , age 9 ( Best Actress , Beasts of the Southern Wild , 2012 ) ( also first person born in the 21st century to be nominated for an Academy Award ) Youngest winner of an Oscar Shirley Temple , age 6 , who was awarded the inaugural ( now retired ) non-competitive Academy Juvenile Award in 1934 Youngest winner of Best Director Damien Chazelle , age 32 ( La La Land , 2016 ) Youngest nominee for Best Director John Singleton , age 24 ( Boyz n the Hood , 1991 ) Oldest winner of Best Director Clint Eastwood , age 74 ( Million Dollar Baby , 2004 ) Oldest nominee for Best Director John Huston , age 79 ( Prizzi 's Honor , 1985 ) Oldest winner of an acting award Christopher Plummer , age 82 ( Best Supporting Actor , Beginners , 2011 ) Oldest woman to win best Actress Award Jessica Tandy , age 80 ( Best Actress , Driving Miss Daisy , 1989 ) Oldest man to win Best Actor Award Henry Fonda , age 76 ( Best Actor , On Golden Pond , 1981 ) Oldest nominee for an acting award Gloria Stuart , age 87 ( Best Supporting Actress , Titanic , 1997 ) Oldest nominee for a lead acting award Emmanuelle Riva , age 85 ( Best Actress , Amour , 2012 ) Oldest competitive Oscar winner Ennio Morricone , age 87 ( Best Original Score , The Hateful Eight , 2015 ) Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award ( best actor or best supporting actor ) Nomination Name Age Film Year Date of Birth Date of Nomination 2nd Mineo , Sal Sal Mineo 7003805300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 17 days Exodus 1960 000000001939 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1939 000000001961 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1961 3rd Brando , Marlon Marlon Brando 7004109100000000000 ♠ 29 years , 318 days Julius Caesar 1953 000000001924 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1924 000000001954 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1954 4th Marlon Brando 7004112720000000000 ♠ 30 years , 315 days On the Waterfront 1954 000000001924 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1924 000000001955 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1955 5th Marlon Brando 7004123740000000000 ♠ 33 years , 321 days Sayonara 1957 000000001924 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1924 000000001958 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1958 6th Burton , Richard Richard Burton 7004161690000000000 ♠ 44 years , 98 days Anne of the Thousand Days 1969 000000001925 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1925 000000001970 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1970 7th Nicholson , Jack Jack Nicholson 7004171010000000000 ♠ 46 years , 300 days Terms of Endearment 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001984 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1984 8th Jack Nicholson 7004178210000000000 ♠ 48 years , 289 days Prizzi 's Honor 1985 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001986 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1986 9th Jack Nicholson 7004185630000000000 ♠ 50 years , 301 days Ironweed 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001988 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1988 10th Jack Nicholson 7004203910000000000 ♠ 55 years , 302 days A Few Good Men 1992 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001993 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1993 Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award ( best actress or best supporting actress ) Nomination Name Age Film Year Date of Birth Date of Nomination 2nd Lansbury , Angela Angela Lansbury 7003740800000000000 ♠ 20 years , 103 days The Picture of Dorian Gray 1945 000000001925 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1925 000000001946 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1946 3rd Lawrence , Jennifer Jennifer Lawrence 7003855500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 154 days American Hustle 2013 000000001990 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1990 000000002014 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2014 4th Lawrence , Jennifer Jennifer Lawrence 7003928300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 152 days Joy 2015 000000001990 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1990 000000002016 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2016 5th Winslet , Kate Kate Winslet 7004114330000000000 ♠ 31 years , 110 days Little Children 2006 000000001975 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1975 000000002007 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2007 6th Winslet , Kate Kate Winslet 7004121630000000000 ♠ 33 years , 109 days The Reader 2008 000000001975 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1975 000000002009 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2009 7th Davis , Bette Bette Davis 7004134530000000000 ♠ 36 years , 304 days Mr. Skeffington 1944 000000001908 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1908 000000001945 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1945 8th Streep , Meryl Meryl Streep 7004144830000000000 ♠ 39 years , 238 days A Cry in the Dark 1988 000000001949 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1949 000000001989 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1989 9th Meryl Streep 7004152110000000000 ♠ 41 years , 236 days Postcards from the Edge 1990 000000001949 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1949 000000001991 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1991 10th Meryl Streep 7004170370000000000 ♠ 46 years , 236 days The Bridges of Madison County 1995 000000001949 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1949 000000001996 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1996 Film records ( edit ) Most nominations for a single film Three films received 14 nominations : All About Eve ( 1950 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Most Oscars without winning Best Picture Cabaret won 8 awards ( 1972 ) Most nominations without winning Best Picture La La Land ( 2016 ) with 14 nominations Most nominations without any wins Two films received 11 nominations without winning any awards : The Turning Point ( 1977 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Most nominations without a Best Picture nomination They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? ( 1969 ) with 9 nominations Most Oscars without a nomination for Best Picture The Bad and the Beautiful ( 1952 ) with 5 wins Fewest nominations for a Best Picture winner Grand Hotel ( 1932 ) received only the Best Picture nomination . Nominations in the most different technical categories Five films have been nominated in all 7 technical categories ( Cinematography , Costume Design , Film Editing , Production Design / Art Direction , Sound Editing , Sound Mixing , and Visual Effects ) : Titanic ( 1997 ) Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) Hugo ( 2011 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Most nominations without a major nomination ( Picture , Director , Acting and Screenplay ) These 6 films got 6 nominations with no major nominations : The Rains Came ( 1939 ) Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) ( note : received 7 nominations when you include a `` special achievement '' ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Best picture nominees that won every nomination except Best Picture These 14 films were nominated for Best Picture and won in every category they were nominated for except Best Picture : Bad Girl ( 1931 ) , 2 / 3 The Private Life of Henry VIII ( 1932 ) , 1 / 2 Naughty Marietta ( 1935 ) , 1 / 2 The Story of Louis Pasteur ( 1936 ) , 3 / 4 The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) , 3 / 4 Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) , 3 / 4 The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , 3 / 4 A Letter to Three Wives ( 1949 ) , 2 / 3 King Solomon 's Mines ( 1950 ) , 2 / 3 Three Coins in the Fountain ( 1954 ) , 2 / 3 Jaws ( 1975 ) , 3 / 4 Traffic ( 2000 ) , 4 / 5 The Blind Side ( 2009 ) , 1 / 2 Selma ( 2014 ) , 1 / 2 Films nominated for Best Picture with no other major nominations These 28 films were nominated for Best Picture but had no other major nominations ( this does not include films that were only nominated for Best Picture and nothing else ) : Wings ( 1927 ) , 2 nominations ( winner ) 42nd Street ( 1933 ) , 2 nominations A Farewell to Arms ( 1933 ) , 4 nominations Cleopatra ( 1934 ) , 5 nominations Flirtation Walk ( 1934 ) , 2 nominations The Gay Divorcee ( 1934 ) , 5 nominations Imitation of Life ( 1934 ) , 3 nominations The White Parade ( 1934 ) , 2 nominations David Copperfield ( 1935 ) , 3 nominations Les Misérables ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations ( note : really had 2 , but 2 more were write in noms ) Naughty Marietta ( 1935 ) , 2 nominations Top Hat ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations A Tale of Two Cities ( 1936 ) , 2 nominations The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) , 4 nominations Of Mice and Men ( 1939 ) , 4 nominations The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , 6 nominations King Solomon 's Mines ( 1950 ) , 3 nominations Decision Before Dawn ( 1951 ) , 2 nominations Three Coins in the Fountain ( 1954 ) , 3 nominations The Music Man ( 1962 ) , 6 nominations Doctor Dolittle ( 1967 ) , 9 nominations Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) , 7 nominations Jaws ( 1975 ) , 4 nominations Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , 6 nominations The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , 6 nominations War Horse ( 2011 ) , 6 nominations Selma ( 2014 ) , 2 nominations Stories made into multiple Best Picture nominees 6 sets of Best Picture nominees share either original source material or were revised versions of the same story ( * = winner ) : Cleopatra ( 1934 ) , Cleopatra ( 1963 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) * , Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1962 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) , West Side Story ( 1960 ) * , Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) . ( The plot of another Best Picture winner , Shakespeare in Love , revolves around the original production of Romeo and Juliet ) Les Misérables ( 1935 ) , Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Pygmalion ( 1938 ) , My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) * Here Comes Mr. Jordan ( 1941 ) , Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Acting records ( edit ) Most awards for leading actress Katharine Hepburn with 4 awards ( 1933 , 1967 , * 1968 , 1981 ) ( * Tied with Barbra Streisand . ) Most awards for leading actor Daniel Day - Lewis with 3 awards ( 1989 , 2007 , 2012 ) Most awards for supporting actor Walter Brennan with 3 awards ( 1936 , 1938 , 1940 ) Most consecutive leading actress nominations Two actresses have been nominated 5 years in a row : Bette Davis ( 1938 -- 1942 ) Greer Garson ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Most consecutive leading actor nominations Marlon Brando with four nominations ( 1951 to 1954 ) Actress with most total nominations for acting Meryl Streep with 20 nominations Actor with most total nominations for acting Jack Nicholson with 12 nominations Most acting nominations without an award Peter O'Toole with 8 nominations ( He received an Honorary Award in 2002 ) Most nominations for an actor performing in a foreign language Marcello Mastroianni with 3 nominations . He was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce , Italian Style ( 1962 ) ; A Special Day ( 1977 ) and Dark Eyes ( 1987 ) , performing in Italian Longest gap between first and second award Helen Hayes won in 1932 for The Sin of Madelon Claudet and in 1971 for Airport , a 39 - year gap Longest time span between first and last nomination and between first and last award Katharine Hepburn : 48 years from Morning Glory ( 1933 , in the 1932 / 33 awards ) until On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) Most acting nominations before first award Both Geraldine Page and Al Pacino won on their 8th nomination Most posthumous nominations James Dean with 2 ( 1955 for East of Eden and 1956 for Giant ) Shortest performance to win an acting Oscar Beatrice Straight in Network ( 1976 ) -- 5 minutes and 2 seconds Shortest performance to win a lead acting Oscar Patricia Neal in Hud ( 1963 ) -- 21 minutes and 51 seconds Shortest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar Hermione Baddeley in Room at the Top ( 1959 ) -- 2 minutes and 19 seconds Shortest performance to be nominated for a lead acting Oscar Spencer Tracy in San Francisco ( 1936 ) -- 14 minutes and 58 seconds Longest performance to win an acting Oscar Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- 2 hours , 23 minutes and 32 seconds Longest performance to win a supporting acting Oscar Tatum O'Neal in Paper Moon ( 1973 ) -- 1 hour , 6 minutes and 58 seconds Longest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- 2 hours , 23 minutes and 32 seconds Longest performance to be nominated for a supporting acting Oscar Frank Finlay in Othello ( 1965 ) -- 1 hour , 30 minutes and 43 seconds Most awards by a black actor Denzel Washington with 2 , winning Best Supporting Actor for Glory ( 1989 ) and Best Actor for Training Day ( 2001 ) Most awards for one acting performance Harold Russell played Homer Parish in The Best Years of Our Lives in 1946 . For this role he received 2 Oscars , one for Best Supporting and an honorary award for being an inspiration to all returning veterans . Most nominations for one acting performance Barry Fitzgerald was nominated as Best Actor and won for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Father Fitzgibbon in 1944 's Going My Way Miscellaneous records ( edit ) Most nominations in different decades Six decades -- John Williams , Elmer Bernstein Only people to win both a Nobel Prize and an Oscar George Bernard Shaw : Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925 , and an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1938 for the film Pygmalion Bob Dylan : Won an Oscar for Best Original Song for the song `` Things Have Changed '' from Wonder Boys in 2000 , and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016 . Only woman to win Best Actress and Best Original Song Barbra Streisand : Best Actress ( joint ) for Funny Girl ( 1968 ) ; Best Original Song for the Love Theme ( `` Evergreen '' ) from A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) Only person to win an Academy Award for acting and writing Emma Thompson Only person nominated for Acting , Writing , Producing , and Directing the same film Warren Beatty was nominated in the four categories for Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) , and again for Reds ( 1981 ) . Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a real Academy Award winner Cate Blanchett won Best Supporting Actress for portraying Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a fictional Academy Award nominee Maggie Smith won Best Supporting Actress in California Suite Most total nominations without a win Greg P. Russell has earned 16 nominations in the Best Sound Mixing category . ( This does not include his nomination at the 89th Academy Awards for 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi , which was revoked the day before the ceremony . ) Most total nominations before receiving an award Film composer Victor Young was nominated 21 times without winning . He was often nominated multiple times in one year ; twice , four times at the same Oscars . He won posthumously for Around the World in 80 Days , alongside yet another nomination ( also posthumous ) . Sound re-recording mixer Kevin O'Connell comes in at a close second , with 20 unsuccessful nominations from 1983 until 2016 , when he finally won for Hacksaw Ridge . Most nominations for a person Walt Disney with 59 Most nominations for a living person Film composer John Williams with 50 Most nominated woman Edith Head with 35 Highest `` perfect score '' Sound editor Mark Berger has four nominations and four wins Most nominations for directing William Wyler with 12 nominations Most wins for producing Three producers received 3 awards : Sam Spiegel Saul Zaentz Darryl F. Zanuck Most nominations for producing Scott Rudin with 9 nominations Steven Spielberg with 9 nominations Most nominations for directing in a single year Two people have received 2 nominations for Best Director in the same year : Michael Curtiz for Angels with Dirty Faces and Four Daughters in 1938 Steven Soderbergh for Erin Brockovich and Traffic in 2000 Most Best Picture awards for a film series The Godfather series with 2 ( for The Godfather and The Godfather Part II ) Most nominations and awards for a film series The Middle - earth series with 17 competitive wins out of 37 nominations ( for The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit ) . Additionally , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey received an Academy Scientific and Technical Award , which brings the total number of Oscars received by the series to 18 . Most nominations for Best Original Screenplay Woody Allen with 16 nominations and 3 wins Longest time between the release of a film and winning an Oscar Limelight ( 1952 ) is the only film to have won an award twenty years after its official release . Since it was not released in Los Angeles County until 1972 , it was not eligible for any Academy Awards until that time . Most posthumous award wins William A. Horning won in 1958 for Best Art Direction for Gigi , and for Best Art Direction for Ben - Hur in 1959 Most posthumous award nominations Howard Ashman with four Lowest - grossing film to win Best Picture Cimarron with $1,380,000 Longest film to win Best Picture Gone with the Wind , 224 minutes ( 238 with overture , entr'acte , and exit music ) Longest film to win an award O.J. : Made in America ( 2016 ) , 467 minutes ( Academy Award for Best Documentary ) The longest fictional film to win an award was War and Peace ( 1968 ) , 431 minutes ( Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ) Shortest film to win Best Picture Marty , 90 minutes Most acting awards for a character Portrayals of Vito Corleone won : Best Actor for Marlon Brando in The Godfather Best Supporting Actor for Robert De Niro in The Godfather Part II Most nominations for a character 3 portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I of England earned nominations for : Cate Blanchett in Elizabeth and Elizabeth : The Golden Age ( Best Actress ) Judi Dench in Shakespeare in Love ( winner , Best Supporting Actress ) 3 Portrayals of King Henry VIII of England earned nominations for : Charles Laughton in The Private Life of Henry VIII ( winner , Best Actor ) Robert Shaw in A Man for All Seasons ( Best Supporting Actor ) Richard Burton in Anne of the Thousand Days ( Best Actor ) 21 other characters have been nominated twice -- ( * ) = winning portrayal : Abraham Lincoln -- Raymond Massey , Daniel Day - Lewis ( * ) Arthur Chipping -- Robert Donat ( * ) , Peter O'Toole Cyrano de Bergerac -- Jose Ferrer ( * ) , Gerard Depardieu Esther Blodgett -- Janet Gaynor , Judy Garland `` Fast Eddie '' Felson -- Paul Newman ( * ) Father Chuck O'Malley -- Bing Crosby ( * ) Father Fitzgibbons -- Barry Fitzgerald ( * ) -- nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same performance in Going My Way Henry Higgins -- Leslie Howard , Rex Harrison ( * ) Howard Hughes -- Jason Robards , Leonardo DiCaprio Iris Murdoch -- Judi Dench , Kate Winslet -- portrayals of the same character at different ages in the same film ( Iris ) Joe Pendleton -- Robert Montgomery , Warren Beatty King Henry II of England -- Peter O'Toole King Henry V of England -- Laurence Olivier , Kenneth Branagh Leslie Crosbie -- Jeanne Eagels , Bette Davis Max Corkle -- James Gleason , Jack Warden Michael Corleone -- Al Pacino Norman Maine -- Fredric March , James Mason Richard Nixon -- Anthony Hopkins , Frank Langella Rocky Balboa -- Sylvester Stallone Rooster Cogburn -- John Wayne ( * ) , Jeff Bridges Rose DeWitt Bukater -- Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart -- portray of the same character at different ages in the same film ( Titanic ) Vito Corleone -- Marlon Brando ( * ) , Robert DeNiro ( * ) Most Honorary Awards Bob Hope received 5 honorary awards -- 2 Special , 2 Honorary , and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award . Oscar speeches ( edit ) Main article : Oscar speech Longest speech The longest Oscar speech was that given by Greer Garson at the 15th Academy Awards after she was named Best Actress for 1942 for Mrs. Miniver . Her speech ran for nearly six minutes . It was shortly after this incident that the Academy set forty - five seconds as the allotted time for an acceptance speech and began to cut the winners off after this time limit . When presenting the Best Actor award at the 24th Academy Awards , Garson quipped , `` I think I have ten minutes left over from a highly emotional speech I made a few years ago . I 'd be glad to give it to them . '' Shortest speech The shortest Oscar speech was that given by Patty Duke at the 35th Academy Awards after she was named Best Supporting Actress for 1962 for The Miracle Worker . Duke , age 16 , was the youngest person at that time to receive an Academy Award in a competitive category . Her acceptance speech was , simply , two words -- `` Thank you '' -- after which she walked off the stage . Tied winners ( edit ) There have been six two - way ties : 1931 / 32 : Best Actor -- Wallace Beery ( The Champ ) and Fredric March ( Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ) 1949 : Best Documentary Short -- A Chance to Live and So Much for So Little 1968 : Best Actress -- Katharine Hepburn ( The Lion in Winter ) and Barbra Streisand ( Funny Girl ) 1986 : Best Documentary -- Artie Shaw : Time Is All You 've Got and Down and Out in America 1994 : Best Short Film ( Live Action ) -- Franz Kafka 's It 's a Wonderful Life and Trevor 2012 : Best Sound Editing -- Paul N.J. Ottosson ( Zero Dark Thirty ) and Per Hallberg and Karen Baker Landers ( Skyfall ) See also ( edit ) Academy Awards List of Academy Award - winning films List of Academy Award - winning families List of Academy Awards for Walt Disney List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances List of black Academy Award winners and nominees List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees List of fictitious Academy Award winners and nominees List of films with all four Academy Award acting nominations List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees Little Golden Guy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cedric Gibbons '' . theoscarsite.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Burr , Ty ( 2007 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Beginner 's Luck '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Session Timeout -- Academy Awards ® Database -- AMPAS '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Film Guide '' . Classic Film Guide . 2010 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Director -- Facts & Trivia '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards Database '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Media Awareness web site '' . Media-awareness.ca. 2010 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Actor '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Directors '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Supporting Actor '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Help Page -- Academy Awards Database -- AMPAS '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Knolle , Sharon ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Former Child Star Jackie Cooper Dies at Age 88 '' . Blog.moviefone.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Youngest v oldest actress vie for Oscar as Lincoln leads the pack '' . The Times . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Tim ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Quvenzhané Wallis v Emmanuelle Riva : Best actress Oscar contested by oldest and youngest ever nominees '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ While Morricone became the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history , the Academy only tends to record age - related records in the acting and directing categories , though they do acknowledge Morricone 's age at the time of win as being the oldest . Jump up ^ Ng , David ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Oscar win at 87 may make Ennio Morricone the oldest winner ever '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Neal performance length '' . Serving Cinema . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Oscars shocker : 13 Hours sound mixer 's nomination revoked day before ceremony Jump up ^ The Hobbit picks up technical Oscar -- BBC Jump up ^ `` Academy Award Database '' . Academy Award Database . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Speech In Oscar History '' . Jump up ^ Katie Roberts ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Oscars by the Numbers : 33 Fascinating Academy Awards Statistics '' . AOL Moviefone . External links ( edit ) Oscars.org ( official Academy site ) The Academy Awards Database ( official site ) Filmsite.org Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Original Musical Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Director of a Comedy Picture Engineering Effects Short Subject , Two - reel Short Subject , Comedy Short Subject , Novelty Story Title Writing Unique and Artistic Quality of Production Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Special Achievement Academy Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 2017 Footnotes ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County , California . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was from August to July . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Category Portal Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Multi-win Directors Film Films Best Picture milestones Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Book Category Portal Cinema of the United States Films Films by year Awards and events National Board of Review Awards ( 1929 ) Academy Awards ( 1929 ) New York Film Critics Circle ( 1935 ) Golden Globe Awards ( 1944 ) National Society of Film Critics Awards ( 1966 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Awards ( 1975 ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( 1981 ) Independent Spirit Awards ( 1985 ) American Society of Cinematographers Awards ( 1986 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 1996 ) Hollywood Film Awards ( 1997 ) Guild Awards Directors Guild of America Awards ( 1936 ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( 1951 ) Producers Guild of America Awards ( 1962 ) Cinema Audio Society Awards ( 1964 ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( 1995 ) Art Directors Guild Awards ( 1996 ) Costume Designers Guild Awards ( 1998 ) Location Managers Guild Awards ( 2014 ) Theaters Movie theater chains Industry by state Alaska Arizona Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Louisiana Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Virginia Industry by city Atlanta Baltimore Chicago Cleveland Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Lone Pine Long Island Los Angeles ( Hollywood ) Monument Valley New York City Harlem Palm Springs Pittsburgh Riverside San Diego Seattle Sonora Stamford Vasquez Rocks Organizations Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers American Society of Cinematographers Hollywood Foreign Press Association Motion Picture Association of America Miscellaneous Box office AFI 100 Years ... series National Film Registry Pre-Code Hollywood Classical Hollywood cinema New Hollywood List of living actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood List of surviving silent film actors Major film awards by countries Africa Ghana Movie Awards ( Ghana ) Africa Movie Academy Awards ( Nigeria ) South African Film and Television Awards ( South Africa ) Asia Central Didor International Film Festival ( Tajikistan ) East Golden Rooster Awards , Hong Kong Film Award , Hundred Flowers Awards and Huabiao Awards ( China ) Japan Academy Prize ( Japan ) Grand Bell Awards and Blue Dragon Film Awards ( South Korea ) Golden Horse Awards ( Taiwan ) South National Film Awards ( Bangladesh ) Filmfare Awards , Filmfare Awards South , Filmfare Awards East , National Film Awards ( India ) Lux Style Awards , ARY Film Awards and Nigar Awards ( Pakistan ) Southeast Myanmar Motion Picture Awards ( Burma ) Indonesian Film Festival and Indonesian Movie Actor Awards ( Indonesia ) Malaysia Film Festival ( Malaysia ) FAMAS Award , Gawad Urian and Luna Award ( Philippines ) Suphannahong Awards ( Thailand ) Golden Lotus Awards and Golden Kite Prize ( Vietnam ) West Fajr International Film Festival ( Iran ) Ophir Award ( Israel ) International Antalya Film Festival ( Turkey ) Europe East Czech Lion Awards ( Czech Republic ) Polish Film Awards ( Poland ) Nika Award ( Russia ) The Sun in a Net Awards ( Slovakia ) North Robert Awards and Bodil Awards ( Denmark ) Jussi Awards ( Finland ) Irish Film & Television Awards ( Ireland ) Amanda Award ( Norway ) Guldbagge Awards ( Sweden ) British Academy Film Awards ( United Kingdom ) South Heart of Sarajevo ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Golden Arena Awards ( Croatia ) Hellenic Film Academy Awards ( Greece ) David di Donatello and Nastro d'Argento ( Italy ) Golden Camera 300 ( Macedonia ) Sophia Awards ( Portugal ) Goya Awards ( Spain ) West Magritte Award ( Belgium ) César Award and Lumières Award ( France ) Deutscher Filmpreis ( Germany ) Golden Calf ( Netherlands ) Swiss Film Award ( Switzerland ) North America Canadian Screen Awards ( Canada ) Ariel Award ( Mexico ) Academy Awards ( United States ) Oceania AACTA Awards ( Australia ) New Zealand film and television awards ( New Zealand ) South America Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences Awards ( Argentina ) Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro ( Brazil ) Golden Precolumbian Circle ( Colombia ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Academy_Award_records&oldid=807353344 '' Categories : Academy Awards Academy Awards lists Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español 한국어 עברית Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 12 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Academy%20Award%20records
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the heart that you own dwight yoakam lyrics
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The Heart That You Own
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the heart that you own
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`` It Only Hurts When I Cry '' ( 1991 ) `` The Heart That You Own '' ( 1992 ) `` Send a Message to My Heart '' ( 1992 ) `` The Heart That You Own '' is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Dwight Yoakam . It was released in April 1992 as the fifth single from his album If There Was a Way . This song peaked at number 18 in the United States and at number 13 in Canada . Contents 1 Music video 2 Chart performance 3 References 4 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Neil Abramson and premiered in early 1992 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` The Heart That You Own '' debuted the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of April 25 , 1992 . Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 13 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 18 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 1954 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 15 , 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Yoakam Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dwight Yoakam singles Guitars , Cadillacs , Etc. , Etc . `` Honky - Tonk Man '' `` Guitars , Cadillacs '' `` It Wo n't Hurt '' Hillbilly Deluxe `` Little Sister '' `` Little Ways '' `` Please , Please Baby '' `` Always Late with Your Kisses '' Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room `` Streets of Bakersfield '' ( With Buck Owens ) `` I Sang Dixie '' `` I Got You '' `` Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room ( She Wore Red Dresses ) '' Just Lookin ' for a Hit `` Long White Cadillac '' If There Was a Way `` Turn It On , Turn It Up , Turn Me Loose '' `` You 're the One '' `` Nothing 's Changed Here '' `` It Only Hurts When I Cry '' `` The Heart That You Own '' `` Send a Message to My Heart '' ( With Patty Loveless ) Honeymoon in Vegas Soundtrack `` Suspicious Minds '' This Time `` Ai n't That Lonely Yet '' `` A Thousand Miles from Nowhere '' `` Fast as You '' `` Try Not to Look So Pretty '' `` Pocket of a Clown '' Gone `` Nothing '' `` Gone ( That 'll Be Me ) '' `` Sorry You Asked ? '' `` Heart of Stone '' Under the Covers `` Claudette '' `` Baby Do n't Go '' ( With Sheryl Crow ) A Long Way Home `` Things Change '' `` These Arms '' Last Chance for a Thousand Years : Dwight Yoakam 's Greatest Hits from the 90 's `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' `` Thinking About Leaving '' Tomorrow 's Sounds Today `` What Do You Know About Love '' `` I Want You to Want Me '' `` I Was There '' ( With Buck Owens ) Inside Traxx 2002 `` Sitting Pretty '' Population Me `` The Back of Your Hand '' `` The Late Great Golden State '' Blame the Vain `` Intentional Heartache '' `` Blame the Vain '' `` I Wanna Love Again '' Dwight Sings Buck `` Close Up the Honky Tonks '' Non-album singles `` Who 'll Stop the Rain '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Heart_That_You_Own&oldid=642675951 '' Categories : 1992 singles Dwight Yoakam songs Songs written by Dwight Yoakam Song recordings produced by Pete Anderson Reprise Records singles 1990 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 January 2015 , at 23 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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what day does labor day fall on in 2018
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Year Labor Day 1900 1928 1956 1984 2012 2040 2068 2096 September 3 1901 1929 1957 1985 2013 2041 2069 2097 September 2 1902 1930 1958 1986 2014 2042 2070 2098 September 1 1903 1931 1959 2015 2043 2071 2099 September 7 1904 1932 1960 2016 2044 2072 September 5 1905 1933 1961 2017 2045 2073 September 4 1906 1934 1962 2018 2046 2074 September 3 1907 1935 1963 1991 2019 2047 2075 September 2 1908 1936 1964 2020 2048 2076 September 7 1909 1937 1965 2021 2049 2077 September 6 1910 1938 1966 2022 2050 2078 September 5 1911 1939 1967 1995 2023 2051 2079 September 4 1912 1940 1968 2024 2052 2080 September 2 1913 1941 1969 2025 2053 2081 September 1 1914 1942 1970 1998 2026 2054 2082 September 7 1915 1943 1971 1999 2027 2055 2083 September 6 1916 1944 1972 2000 2028 2056 2084 September 4 1917 1945 1973 2029 2057 2085 September 3 1918 1946 2002 2030 2058 2086 September 2 1919 1947 2003 2031 2059 2087 September 1 1920 1948 1976 2032 2060 2088 2100 September 6 1921 1949 1977 2005 2033 2061 2089 2101 September 5 1922 1950 1978 2006 2034 2062 2090 2102 September 4 1923 1951 1979 2007 2035 2063 2091 2103 September 3 1924 1952 1980 2008 2036 2064 2092 2104 September 1 1925 1953 1981 2009 2037 2065 2093 2105 September 7 1926 1954 1982 2038 2066 2094 2106 September 6 1927 1955 2011 2039 2067 2095 2107 September 5
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September 3
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Labor Day
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labor day
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Labor Day Labor Day Parade in New York 's Union Square , 1882 Observed by United States Type National Celebrations Parades , barbecues Date First Monday in September 2017 date September 4 2018 date September 3 2019 date September 2 2020 date September 7 Frequency Annual Related to Labour Day Labor Day in the United States is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September . It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength , prosperity , laws and well - being of the country . It is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day Weekend and it is considered the unofficial end of summer in the United States . It is recognized as a federal holiday . Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor . `` Labor Day '' was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor , which organized the first parade in New York City . In 1887 , Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty states in the United States officially celebrated Labor Day . Canada 's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September . More than 80 countries celebrate International Workers ' Day on May 1 -- the ancient European holiday of May Day -- and several countries have chosen their own dates for Labour Day . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Legal recognition 2 Labor Day vs. May Day 3 Unofficial end of summer 4 Labor Day sales 5 Dates 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor . In the United States , a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the early 1880s . Alternate stories of the event 's origination exist . According to one early history of Labor Day , the event originated in connection with a General Assembly of the Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882 . In connection with this clandestine Knights assembly , a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union ( CLU ) of New York . Secretary of the CLU Matthew Maguire is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration . P.J. McGuire , Vice President of the American Federation of Labor , is frequently credited as the father of Labor Day in the United States . An alternative thesis is maintained that the idea of Labor Day was the brainchild of Peter J. McGuire , a vice president of the American Federation of Labor , who put forward the initial proposal in the spring of 1882 . According to McGuire , on May 8 , 1882 , he made a proposition to the fledgling Central Labor Union in New York City that a day be set aside for a `` general holiday for the laboring classes '' . According to McGuire he further recommended that the event should begin with a street parade as a public demonstration of organized labor 's solidarity and strength , with the march followed by a picnic , to which participating local unions could sell tickets as a fundraiser . According to McGuire he suggested the first Monday in September as an ideal date for such a public celebration , owing to optimum weather and the date 's place on the calendar , sitting midway between the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving public holidays . Labor Day picnics and other public gatherings frequently featured speeches by prominent labor leaders . In 1909 the American Federation of Labor convention designated the Sunday preceding Labor Day as `` Labor Sunday '' , to be dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement . This secondary date failed to gain significant traction in popular culture . Legal recognition ( edit ) In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day . All U.S. states , the District of Columbia , and the United States territories have subsequently made Labor Day a statutory holiday . Labor Day vs. May Day ( edit ) The date of May 1 ( an ancient European folk holiday known as May Day ) emerged in 1886 as an alternative holiday for the celebration of labor , later becoming known as International Workers ' Day . The date had its origins at the 1885 convention of the American Federation of Labor , which passed a resolution calling for adoption of the eight - hour day effective May 1 , 1886 . While negotiation was envisioned for achievement of the shortened work day , use of the strike to enforce this demand was recognized , with May 1 advocated as a date for coordinated strike action . The proximity of the date to the bloody Haymarket affair of May 4 , 1886 , further accentuated May First 's radical reputation . There was disagreement among labor unions at this time about when a holiday celebrating workers should be , with some advocating for continued emphasis of the September march - and - picnic date while others sought the designation of the more politically - charged date of May 1 . Conservative Democratic President Grover Cleveland was one of those concerned that a labor holiday on May 1 would tend to become a commemoration of the Haymarket Affair and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that backed the May 1 commemoration around the globe . In 1887 , he publicly supported the September Labor Day holiday as a less inflammatory alternative . The date was formally adopted as a United States federal holiday in 1894 . Unofficial end of summer ( edit ) Labor Day is called the `` unofficial end of summer '' because it marks the end of the cultural summer season . Many take their two - week vacations during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend . Many fall activities , such as school and sports begin about this time . In the United States , many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend ( see First day of school ) . Many begin the week before , making Labor Day weekend the first three - day weekend of the school calendar , while others return the Tuesday following Labor Day , allowing families one final getaway before the school year begins . Many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day . In the U.S. state of Virginia , the amusement park industry has successfully lobbied for legislation requiring most school districts in the state to have their first day of school after Labor Day , in order to give families another weekend to visit amusement parks in the state . The relevant statute has been nicknamed the `` Kings Dominion law '' after one such park . In Minnesota the State Fair ends on Labor Day . Under state law public schools normally do not begin until after the holiday . Allowing time for school children to show 4 - H projects at the Fair has been given as one reason for this timing . In U.S. sports , Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports . National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) teams usually play their first games that weekend and the National Football League ( NFL ) traditionally play their kickoff game the Thursday following Labor Day . The Southern 500 NASCAR auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at Darlington Raceway in Darlington , South Carolina from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015 . At Indianapolis Raceway Park , the National Hot Rod Association hold their finals of the NHRA U.S. Nationals drag race that weekend . Labor Day is the middle point between weeks one and two of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships held in Flushing Meadows , New York . In fashion , Labor Day is ( or was ) considered the last day when it is acceptable to wear white or seersucker . In big cities , people try to go outside and enjoy beaches and barbecues over the Labor Day Weekend . There are also numerous events and activities organized in the cities . For example , New York offers fantastic Labor Day Carnival , fireworks over Coney Island , happy hours in restaurants , 12 - hour dance parties , and many other fun activities . In Washington , one of the favorites is the Labor Day Concert at the U.S. Capitol featuring the National Symphony Orchestra with free attendance . Labor Day sales ( edit ) To take advantage of large numbers of potential customers with time to shop , Labor Day has become an important weekend for discounts and allowances by many retailers in the United States , especially for back - to - school sales . Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year , second only to the Christmas season 's Black Friday . Dates ( edit ) Year Labor Day 1900 1928 1956 1984 2012 2040 2068 2096 September 3 1901 1929 1957 1985 2013 2041 2069 2097 September 2 1902 1930 1958 1986 2014 2042 2070 2098 September 1 1903 1931 1959 2015 2043 2071 2099 September 7 1904 1932 1960 2016 2044 2072 September 5 1905 1933 1961 2017 2045 2073 September 4 1906 1934 1962 2018 2046 2074 September 3 1907 1935 1963 1991 2019 2047 2075 September 2 1908 1936 1964 2020 2048 2076 September 7 1909 1937 1965 2021 2049 2077 September 6 1910 1938 1966 2022 2050 2078 September 5 1911 1939 1967 1995 2023 2051 2079 September 4 1912 1940 1968 2024 2052 2080 September 2 1913 1941 1969 2025 2053 2081 September 1 1914 1942 1970 1998 2026 2054 2082 September 7 1915 1943 1971 1999 2027 2055 2083 September 6 1916 1944 1972 2000 2028 2056 2084 September 4 1917 1945 1973 2029 2057 2085 September 3 1918 1946 2002 2030 2058 2086 September 2 1919 1947 2003 2031 2059 2087 September 1 1920 1948 1976 2032 2060 2088 2100 September 6 1921 1949 1977 2005 2033 2061 2089 2101 September 5 1922 1950 1978 2006 2034 2062 2090 2102 September 4 1923 1951 1979 2007 2035 2063 2091 2103 September 3 1924 1952 1980 2008 2036 2064 2092 2104 September 1 1925 1953 1981 2009 2037 2065 2093 2105 September 7 1926 1954 1982 2038 2066 2094 2106 September 6 1927 1955 2011 2039 2067 2095 2107 September 5 See also ( edit ) Labor history of the United States Labor unions in the United States United States labor law Workers ' Memorial Day Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The gap is caused by the fact that , under the Gregorian Calendar , the year 2100 is not a leap year , not being divisible by 400 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dates for Labor Day '' . timeanddate.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 27 -- via Calendar date and Labor Day. js . ^ Jump up to : The Bridgemen 's magazine . International Association of Bridge , Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers . 1921 . pp. 443 -- 444 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Origin of Labor Day '' , Cincinnati Tribune , September 1 , 1895 , Special Labor Day supplement , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Labor : The History of Labor Day '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : P.J. McGuire , `` Labor Day -- Its Birth and Significance '' , The Union Agent ( Kentucky ) , vol. 3 , no . 9 ( Sept. 1898 ) , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Philip S. Foner , May Day : A Short History of the International Workers ' Holiday . New York : International Publishers , 1986 ; pg. 19 . Jump up ^ Sally Kohn ( September 1 , 2014 ) . Why Labor Day was a political move . CNN . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knights of Labor '' . Progressive Historians . September 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day marks unofficial end of rainy summer '' . WBIR - TV10 . September 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day : The Last ( and Best ) Chance for a Summer Vacation '' . Travelocity . Jump up ^ Charles , C.M. ; Senter , Gail W. ( 2008 ) . Elementary classroom management . Pearson / Allyn and Bacon . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 51071 - 9 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` '' Kings Dominion Law '' Still Reigns in Virginia `` . Washingtonian . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commonly asked questions '' . www.mpls.k12.mn.us . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laura FitzPatrick ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` Why We Ca n't Wear White After Labor Day '' . Time Magazine . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Johnathan ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` An Introduction to Seersucker for Men '' . Guy Style Guide . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Glenn . `` Daytime wedding after Labor Day : Is it OK to wear a light beige suit to a daytime wedding after Labor Day ? '' . GQ . The Style Guy . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Weekend '' . rove.me . Jump up ^ `` 20 + Ways to Celebrate Labor Day Weekend in Washington , DC '' . Destination DC . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Intention Still Holds Meaning '' . Tri Parish Times . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Green , James ( 2007 ) . Death In the Haymarket : A Story of Chicago , the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America . Anchor . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3322 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labor Day in the United States . History of Labor Day , History of Artists and Writers Unions , Rare Labor Related Comic Books Labor Day is May 1 : Today is a boss 's holiday . Jacobin . September 7 , 2015 . Today Belongs to Workers . Jacobin . September 5 , 2016 . `` Labor Day '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Proposed Flag Day ( 1950 ) Election Day ( 1993 ) Malcolm X Day ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Democracy Day ( 2005 , 2014 ) Cesar Chavez Day ( 2008 ) Susan B. 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NARA : 10665370 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Day&oldid=857135014 '' Categories : 1882 establishments in the United States Federal holidays in the United States Labor in the United States September observances Public holidays in the United States Recurring events established in 1882 Fall events in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from November 2017 Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor%20Day
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who's on first what's on second abbott and costello
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Who 's on First ?
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who's on first?
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`` Who 's on First ? '' is a comedy routine made famous by Abbott and Costello . The premise of the sketch is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team for Costello , but their names and nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers to Costello 's questions . For example , the first baseman is named `` Who '' ; thus , the utterance `` Who 's on first '' is ambiguous between the question ( `` Which person is the first baseman ? '' ) and the answer ( `` The name of the first baseman is ' Who ' '' ) .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Sketch 3 Writing credit 4 Notable performances and derivatives 5 Real - life parallels 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) `` Who 's on First ? '' is descended from turn - of - the - century burlesque sketches that used plays on words and names . Examples are `` The Baker Scene '' ( the shop is located on Watt Street ) and `` Who Dyed '' ( the owner is named `` Who '' ) . In the 1930 movie Cracked Nuts , comedians Bert Wheeler and Robert Woolsey examine a map of a mythical kingdom with dialogue like this : `` What is next to Which . '' `` What is the name of the town next to Which ? '' `` Yes . '' In British music halls , comedian Will Hay performed a routine in the early 1930s ( and possibly earlier ) as a schoolmaster interviewing a schoolboy named Howe who came from Ware but now lives in Wye . By the early 1930s , a `` Baseball Routine '' had become a standard bit for burlesque comics across the United States . Abbott 's wife recalled him performing the routine with another comedian before teaming with Costello . Bud Abbott stated that it was taken from an older routine called `` Who 's The Boss ? '' , a performance of which can be heard in an episode of the radio comedy program It Pays to Be Ignorant from the 1940s . After they formally teamed up in burlesque in 1936 , he and Costello continued to hone the sketch . It was a big hit in 1937 , when they performed the routine in a touring vaudeville revue called `` Hollywood Bandwagon '' . In February 1938 , Abbott and Costello joined the cast of The Kate Smith Hour radio program , and the sketch was first performed for a national radio audience that March . The routine may have been further polished before this broadcast by burlesque producer John Grant , who became the team 's writer , and Will Glickman , a staff writer on the radio show . Glickman may have added the nicknames of then - contemporary baseball players like Dizzy and Daffy Dean to set up the routine 's premise . This version , with extensive wordplay based on the fact that most of the fictional baseball team 's players had `` strange nicknames '' that seemed to be questions , became known as `` Who 's on First ? '' Some versions continue with references to Enos Slaughter , which Costello misunderstands as `` He knows '' Slaughter . By 1944 , Abbott and Costello had the routine copyrighted . Abbott and Costello performed `` Who 's on First ? '' numerous times in their careers , rarely performing it exactly the same way twice . They did the routine for President Franklin Roosevelt several times . An abridged version was featured in the team 's 1940 film debut , One Night in the Tropics . The duo reprised the bit in their 1945 film The Naughty Nineties , and it is that longer version which is considered their finest recorded rendition . They also performed `` Who 's on First ? '' numerous times on radio and television ( notably in The Abbott and Costello Show episode `` The Actor 's Home '' , widely considered the definitive version ) . In 1956 , a gold record of `` Who 's on First ? '' was placed in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York . A video ( taken from The Naughty Nineties ) now plays continuously on screens at the Hall . In the 1970s , Selchow and Righter published a `` Who 's on First ? '' board game . In 1999 , Time named the routine Best Comedy Sketch of the 20th century . An early radio recording was placed in the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry in 2003 . In 2005 , the line `` Who 's on First ? '' was included on the American Film Institute 's list of 100 memorable movie quotations . Sketch ( edit ) The names given in the routine for the players at each position are : Position Player First base Who Second base What Third base I Do n't Know Left field Why Center field Because Pitcher Tomorrow Catcher Today Shortstop I Do n't Give a Darn or I Do n't Care The name of the shortstop is not given until the very end of the routine , and the right fielder is never identified . In the Selchow and Righter board game , the right fielder 's name is `` Nobody '' . At one point in the routine , Costello thinks that the first baseman is named Naturally : Abbott : You throw the ball to first base . Costello : Then who gets it ? Abbott : Naturally . Costello : Naturally . Abbott : Now you 've got it . Costello : I throw the ball to Naturally . Abbott : You do n't ! You throw it to Who ! Costello : Naturally . Abbott : Well , that 's it -- say it that way . Costello : That 's what I said . Abbott : You did not . Costello : I said I throw the ball to Naturally . Abbott : You do n't ! You throw it to Who ! Costello : Naturally . Abbott 's explanations leave Costello hopelessly confused and infuriated , until the end of the routine when Costello appears to parody Abbott by saying what appears to be gibberish to him , incidentally getting it right : Costello : Now I throw the ball to first base , whoever it is drops the ball , so the guy runs to second . Who picks up the ball and throws it to What . What throws it to I Do n't Know . I Do n't Know throws it back to Tomorrow -- a triple play . Abbott : Yeah , it could be . Costello : Another guy gets up and it 's a long fly ball to Because . Why ? I do n't know . He 's on third , and I do n't give a darn ! Abbott : What was that ? Costello : I said , I DON 'T GIVE A DARN ! Abbott : Oh , that 's our shortstop ! That is the most commonly heard ending . `` I Do n't Care '' and `` I Do n't Give a Damn '' have also turned up on occasion , depending on the perceived sensibilities of the audience . The skit was usually performed on the team 's radio series at the start of the baseball season . In one instance it serves as a climax for a broadcast which begins with Costello receiving a telegram from Joe DiMaggio asking Costello to take over for him due to his injury . ( In this case , the unidentified right fielder would have been Costello himself . While Joe DiMaggio was best known as a center fielder , when Abbott and Costello honed the sketch in 1936 - 7 , Joe DiMaggio had played a number of games at right field ( 20 in 1936 ) . ) Writing credit ( edit ) Numerous people over the years have claimed credit for writing the sketch , but such claims typically lack reasonable corroboration . For example , in a 1993 obituary of comedy sketch writer Michael J. Musto , it stated that shortly after Abbott and Costello teamed up , they paid Musto $15 to write the script . Furthermore , several 1996 obituaries of songwriter Irving Gordon mention that he had written the sketch . Notable performances and derivatives ( edit ) The sketch has been reprised , updated , alluded to , and parodied innumerable times over the decades in all forms of media . Some notable examples include : The comedy troupe The Credibility Gap did a rock group variation on this routine involving a promoter , played by Harry Shearer , and a newspaper advertising salesman , played by David L. Lander , confusing the night 's acts as proper nouns . The acts were The Who , The Guess Who and Yes . Johnny Carson did a variation of the routine involving the then president Ronald Reagan preparing for a press briefing . In the 1988 film Rain Man , one of the film 's main characters played by actor Dustin Hoffman begins to nervously repeat the skit when his brother Charlie , played by actor Tom Cruise makes him anxious by meddling with his personal effects . Eugene Levy and Tony Rosato performed a variation on this theme on the TV series SCTV , with the rock groups The Band , The Who , and Yes . The final punchline changed to `` This is for the birds ( The Byrds ) ! '' `` Ah , they broke up long ago ! '' In an episode of Animaniacs , Slappy and Skippy Squirrel attend the 1969 Woodstock Festival , where they pay homage to the routine . Similar to the SCTV version , Slappy confuses The Who , The Band , and Yes for proper nouns . In an episode of The Simpsons , Superintendent Chalmers and Principal Skinner attempt to perform the routine , but Chalmers gives up after Skinner says his first line : `` Not the pronoun , but rather a player with the unlikely name of ' Who ' is on first . '' In 2002 playwright Jim Sherman wrote a variation called `` Hu 's on First '' featuring George W. Bush being confused when Condoleezza Rice tells him that the new leader of China is named Hu , pronounced similarly to the word `` Who '' . Bush also misunderstands Rice 's references to Yassir Arafat ( `` yes , sir '' ) and Kofi Annan ( `` coffee '' ) . The biography of Lou Costello written by his daughter Chris is titled Lou 's on First . Comedy duo Slovin & Allen performed a version of the routine updated to substitute the actual names of the mid-1990s NY Yankees for `` who '' , `` what '' , etc . The video game Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes contains a puzzle based on and named after Who 's on First , where the two players must communicate verbally to describe the contents and layout of a screen , using words and homophones of words a person would normally use in that situation . A variant of unknown origin , called `` Abbot and Costello do Hebrew , '' is popular in the Jewish American community . Its humor draws from the homophonic similarity of a number of words in English -- who , he , me , ma ( mother ) , and dag are homophones of the hebrew words for he , she , who , what , and fish respectively . The skit is an easter egg on the Google Assistant and Siri . When asking `` OK Google , Who 's on first ? '' she will reply with `` Yes , he is . '' or `` Exactly . '' When asking Siri , she says `` Correct . Who is on first . '' The Shakespeare Theatre of NJ performed a Shakespearean version of the skit in 2006 . In the special , `` Unhinged in Hollywood '' , Jeff Dunham performs an iteration of the skit with Little Jeff , a ventriloquist puppet modeled after him . The skit involves Jeff getting confused by the names of Little Jeff 's pets . He also makes it clear that this is an allusion to the original skit . Real - life parallels ( edit ) On October 3 , 1920 , Allie Watt played one game at second base for the Washington Senators so that , for a brief time , ' What 's on second ' . In September 2007 , Los Angeles Dodgers shortstop Chin - Lung Hu , a late - season callup from Albuquerque , got his first major league hit against the Arizona Diamondbacks ; upon stopping at first base , Dodgers announcer Vin Scully said , `` Shades of Abbott and Costello , I can finally say , ' Hu is on first base ' . '' See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Propositional attitude Four Candles , a sketch from the British sketch comedy program The Two Ronnies with a similar premise involving misinterpreted phrases . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On the recording , one can hear muffled laughter in the background coming from the film crew , who are trying , but failing , not to crack up during the taping . After several takes , director Jean Yarbrough decided that it was a hopeless task to get them to stop laughing , so on the last take he left the laughter in . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Furmanek , Bob ; Palumbo , Ron ( 1991 ) . Abbott and Costello in Hollywood . New York : Perigee . ISBN 0 - 399 - 51605 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` What did the baggy pants - leg say to the other ? '' . It Pays To Be Ignorant . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 -- via Archive.org . Jump up ^ This claim is made by Glickman 's son . Glickman 's obituary in Variety ( March 23 , 1983 ) does not list the sketch among his credits . Jump up ^ `` Best of the Century '' . Time . December 26 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Abbott & Costello Fan Club . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Abbott and Costello - Whos On First Original 30 Min Live '' ( Radio ) . Abbot & Costello. Old Time Radio ( OTR ) . # 94 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` Joe DiMaggio '' . Baseball Reference . Statistics and History . Jump up ^ Neill , Brian ( November 1 , 1993 ) . `` Michael Musto , 76 , writer , filmmaker Series '' . Obituaries . St. Petersburg Times . p. 5B -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ `` Irving Gordon '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Myrna ( December 3 , 1996 ) . `` Irving Gordon : Composer of ' Unforgettable ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( November 10 , 1999 ) . `` Sketch Artists '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Carson as Reagan , a `` Who 's On First '' spoof `` . YouTube . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0095953/quotes Jump up ^ `` SCTV : Midnight Express Special : Cast , Reviews , Summary , and Awards '' . Allmovie.com . September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ragamuffins / Woodstock Slappy '' . Animaniacs . Episode 59 . March 1 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , N.F. ( August 14 , 1994 ) . `` Shows for Youngsters and Their Parents Too : ' Animaniacs ' Get on the Peace Train ; Disney 's ' Red ' Gets a Court Trial '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marge Simpson in ' Screaming Yellow Honkers ' ( 1999 ) : Quotes '' . IMDb.com . Jump up ^ `` Hey George , Hu is the new leader of China '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Costello , Chris ( 1982 ) . Lou 's on First . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0312499140 . Jump up ^ https://stuff.mit.edu/people/dpolicar/writing/netsam/hebrewLesson.html Jump up ^ `` Google Assistant 101 : 70 Easter Eggs & Interesting Voice Commands '' . WonderHowTo . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Siri - isms : Who 's on first ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's Who 's On First '' . December 24 , 2006 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Allie Watt Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Jump up ^ Golda , Gregory J. `` Who 's on First '' . Integrative Arts 10 : The Popular Arts . Pennsylvania State University . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krell , David . Pattison , Mark ; Larkin , Kevin , eds. `` Lou Costello '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 -- via SABR.org . External links ( edit ) `` Who 's on First ? '' by Abbott and Costello - on Baseball Almanac - accessed 2008 - 08 - 28 Who 's on First ? at BoardGameGeek An Abbott and Costello FAQ which mentions the game ( hide ) Abbott and Costello Bud Abbott Lou Costello Films One Night in the Tropics Buck Privates In the Navy Hold That Ghost Keep ' Em Flying Ride ' Em Cowboy Rio Rita Pardon My Sarong Who Done It ? It Ai n't Hay Hit the Ice In Society Lost in a Harem Here Come the Co-Eds The Naughty Nineties Abbott and Costello in Hollywood Little Giant The Time of Their Lives Buck Privates Come Home The Wistful Widow of Wagon Gap The Noose Hangs High Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein Mexican Hayride Africa Screams Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer , Boris Karloff Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man Comin ' Round the Mountain Jack and the Beanstalk Lost in Alaska Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd Abbott and Costello Go to Mars Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy Dance with Me , Henry The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock ( Costello only ) The World of Abbott and Costello Shorts 10,000 Kids and a Cop Television The Abbott and Costello Show ( List of episodes ) The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show ( Abbott only ) Bits Who 's on First ? Key personnel John Grant Arthur Lubin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_on_First%3F&oldid=833071087 '' Categories : Baseball culture Comedy sketches English phrases Quotations from film and television Sports in fiction United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2015 Use mdy dates from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 14 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%2527s%20on%20First%253F
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weezer everything will be alright in the end songs
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Everything Will Be Alright in the End
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everything will be alright in the end
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Everything Will Be Alright in the End is the ninth studio album by American alternative rock band Weezer , released on October 7 , 2014 . It is Weezer 's only album released by Republic Records , and the third produced by Ric Ocasek , who previously produced Weezer ( 1994 ) and Weezer ( 2001 ) .
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Everything Will Be Alright in the End departs from the electronic pop production of Weezer 's previous two albums , Raditude and Hurley , returning to a sound more reminiscent of the band 's earlier albums . The lyrics deal with singer Rivers Cuomo 's relationship with his father figures , fans and women . The album received positive reviews , becoming the most acclaimed Weezer album since Pinkerton ( 1996 ) . It is the band 's fifth album to peak in the Billboard 200 top five , reaching No. 5 and selling 34,000 copies its first week . The album has produced four singles : `` Back to the Shack '' , `` Cleopatra '' , `` Da Vinci '' and `` Go Away '' . As of 2016 , the album has sold 100,000 copies in the U.S. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording 3 Writing and composition 4 Promotion 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Commercial performance 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Year - end charts 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) In 2010 , Weezer released two albums : Hurley , and a collection of unreleased material , Death to False Metal . Shortly after their release , the band announced that work had begun on a ninth studio album , with the intent of a 2011 release . Set to be produced by Shawn Everett , who had worked on the band 's previous two releases , the album was shelved . At this time , band frontman Rivers Cuomo stated : `` We just started working on our tenth record . I was talking to the producer and he was saying , `` These songs sound totally different from Hurley . Hurley was kind of dark , and the new songs sound like you 're 16 , riding your bicycle to get a Slurpee . '' The band abandoned work on the album , in order to give primary songwriter Cuomo more time to write more material . Cuomo wanted to create a `` complex , classic album '' , but hit a creative wall during the hiatus . In May 2013 , following his yearly Vipassana meditation trip , Cuomo came up with `` a strong vision of the album '' . He announced plans to begin recording a new album in January 2014 , with work continuing through the summer . Ric Ocasek was announced as the album 's producer ; Ocasek produced the band 's self - titled first and third albums , otherwise known as the Blue Album ( 1994 ) and the Green Album ( 2001 ) . On March 19 , 2014 , Weezer released a clip of two new songs on the band 's official YouTube account that ended with the words `` in the studio now '' . On June 13 , the album title was announced . Recording ( edit ) The band chose Ric Ocasek as the producer based on the feeling that he would best be able to return to `` the sound and the vibe and the energy of where ( the band ) came from '' , while also allowing them to `` explore and try new things '' . The band recorded the majority of the album in The Village , a recording studio located in Los Angeles , California . Bassist Scott Shriner described Ocasek 's production style as `` very serious '' , commenting that at one point the band considered featuring a whistling section in `` Da Vinci '' , which Ocasek rejected . Writing and composition ( edit ) Over 200 songs were considered for the album , with 20 being tracked and `` a dozen or so '' being chosen for the album . According to the album 's official press release , the album is organized thematically around three groups of songs : `` Belladona '' , `` The Panopticon Artist '' and `` Patriarchia '' . Band leader Rivers Cuomo described the album 's theme as `` an increased awareness of the impermanence of everything we ( take ) for granted ( and ) `` how to make peace with that . '' Drummer Patrick Wilson described the album 's sound as `` bombastic , loose , kind of booming . ( The ) record sounds like it 's going to have the tight structure of the Blue Album with a little bit more abandon like Pinkerton '' . The band stated the album would feature less `` modern pop production '' than its previous two albums , Raditude and Hurley . The album as a whole has been described as alternative rock , power pop and pop punk . Rivers Cuomo ( pictured ) is credited with co-writing the entire album . `` Belladonna '' includes the songs `` Ai n't Got Nobody '' , `` Lonely Girl '' , `` Da Vinci '' , `` Go Away '' , `` Cleopatra '' and `` Return to Ithaka '' , all of which deal with Cuomo 's relationships with women . `` Lonely Girl '' , written by Cuomo and Joshua Berman Alexander , features a power pop sound and `` blend of heavy guitars mixed with a soft - singing Rivers Cuomo '' and has been compared Weezer 's earlier style on The Green Album . `` Da Vinci '' , also co-written by Cuomo and Alexander , serves as the album 's third single . Scott Heisel of Alternative Press compared the song , sonically , to `` Pork and Beans '' , off The Red Album . He also described the song as `` a love song of the purest order , directed toward a beautiful woman ( ... ) or perhaps a soothing lullaby to a crying infant . '' The song also features a prominent whistling hook , which producer Ric Ocasek heavily criticized . The preceding single , `` Cleopatra '' , was written solely by Cuomo . The song features the use of harmonica , acoustic guitar and a heavier sounding middle eight , which Chris Coplan at Consequence of Sound characterized as sounding like Weezer ( 1994 ) . Cuomo took inspiration for the song from the Shakespeare tragedy , Antony and Cleopatra . Tracks under `` The Panopticon Artist '' include `` Back to the Shack '' , `` I 've Had It Up To Here '' and `` The Waste Land '' and deal with Cuomo 's relationships to others , particularly his fans . The album 's first single , `` Back to the Shack '' , lyrically deals with the wish to return `` to ( the band 's ) 1994 roots '' , with Rolling Stone describing it as a `` nerdy , self - referential ( ... ) guitar - heavy track '' . HitFix reviewer Dave Lewis found that the song serves as a thematic continuation of two previous Weezer songs : `` In The Garage '' from The Blue Album and `` Memories '' from Hurley . `` I 've Had It Up To Here '' features Cuomo bringing `` finest mock - operatic metal voice '' and a `` dexterous syncopation ( ... ) providing a mid-point palate cleanser '' , and lyrically deals with his frustrations with `` unappreciative masses '' . The bridge to the song was also noted for its `` Queen - ly choral flourishes and skyscraping high notes . '' The final group of songs , `` Patriarchia '' , are `` Eulogy for a Rock Band '' , `` The British Are Coming '' , `` Foolish Father '' and `` Anonymous '' , which deal with relationships with father figures , `` with a new spin '' . `` Eulogy for a Rock Band '' , deals with the band 's relation to `` the great rock bands that came before ( them ) as they are retiring ( ... ) We 're kind of in that spot now . '' `` The British Are Coming '' , written solely by Cuomo , features lyrical references to American Revolutionary War , acoustic guitars and an `` old school Weezer '' guitar solo ... '' The verses went through several lyrical changes , with Cuomo debating whether adding a personal angle to the song or purely writing from the point of view of the founding fathers . `` Foolish Father '' features `` plea for paternal forgiveness that crests with a small choir singing '' the album 's title . The song was initially inspired by the Shakespeare tragedy , King Lear . Entertainment Weekly reported that the album would feature an `` ambitious three - part suite '' , which includes the song `` My Mystery '' , which was later re-titled `` Anonymous '' . The suite was later revealed to be titled `` The Futurescope Trilogy '' , also featuring `` The Waste Land '' and `` Return to Ithaka '' , which serves to `` close out the album with a cacophony of guitars , percussion , and harmonies '' that includes five concurrent guitar solos in `` Return to Ithaka '' . Pitchfork writer Ian Cohen compared the ambitious trilogy to both the band 's unfinished rock opera , Songs from the Black Hole and the band 's 2008 single , `` The Greatest Man That Ever Lived '' . Promotion ( edit ) Since March 19 , 2014 , the band began releasing a weekly video series , with twenty - four installments being included so far . Several clips featured the band working in the studio and also revealed several song titles for the then - unnamed album , including `` Ai n't Got Nobody '' and `` The Waste Land '' . The ninth installment of the series eventually revealed the title to the album , while the eleventh revealed the album cover by visual artist Christopher McMahon . The original release date of September 30 was announced through both the web series and Entertainment Weekly , along with a behind - the - scenes look into the recording sessions . In February 2014 , the band performed the first single from the album , titled `` Back to the Shack '' , on the 2014 Weezer Cruise . The studio version of the song premiered on July 21 on the band 's YouTube channel , and was released as a single the following day . On July 23 , the band performed the live TV debut of the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . On July 21 , the band announced the album would be available for pre-order on PledgeMusic . The band also announced plans to perform the entire album , `` front to back '' , in certain small venues . On September 8 , the band debuted a second single from the album , `` Cleopatra '' , while also releasing upcoming album art , along with more pre-order information . The full album was made available on iTunes Radio on September 30 , 2014 , as part of the First Play series . On November 18 , a third single from the album was released , `` Da Vinci '' . The fourth single , `` Go Away '' , was released on July 24 , 2015 , along with a music video . In late 2014 , the band promoted the album by playing it live in its entirety , mainly in smaller venues that also included acoustic performances of songs from their back catalogue . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 77 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Alternative Press The A.V. Club Consequence of Sound A -- Entertainment Weekly B − The Guardian NME 7 / 10 Pitchfork Media 6.5 / 10 Rolling Stone Slant Magazine According to Metacritic , Everything Will Be Alright in the End has received an aggregated score of 77 / 100 based on 33 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic states `` there 's a sense that Weezer made another record of massive , hooky rock not only because that 's what the fans want but because they know it 's what they do best '' , citing songs like `` The British Are Coming '' , `` Ai n't Got Nobody '' , `` Cleopatra '' and `` Go Away '' . Scott Heisel of Alternative Press comments that it `` might not be the best Weezer album , but most definitely is the perfect Weezer album , at least right now . '' Heisel points out risks on the album , such as 5 / 4 to 4 / 4 time signature shifts heard on `` Cleopatra '' that eventually feels `` right at home '' . At Billboard , Jillian Mapes declares it the best Weezer album since Maladroit , stating `` A handful of tracks strewn with cheesy metaphors shows the impersonality that mars Cuomo 's post-Pinkerton songwriting , despite some redeeming musical qualities that reaffirm Weezer as a purveyor of feedback and fuzz . '' Consequence of Sound writer Dan Caffrey notes that `` Everything Will Be Alright in the End does n't just transport us to Weezer 's younger days -- it ushers us into their future . And for the first time in a while , it 's looking pretty bright . '' Mischa Pearlman at NME declares `` It 's no Pinkerton , but Weezer , finally , are back on track . '' Pearlman considers `` Foolish Father '' , `` Lonely Girl '' , `` Go Away '' and `` The Futurescope Trilogy '' suite to be great tracks . Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone comments that `` the spirit of reconciliation is strong on Everything Will Be Alright in the End . '' Ganz also notes `` The tracks devoted to Weezer 's bond with their listeners are the most tormented and theatrical '' . Sputnikmusic reviewer Adam Thomas describes it as a `` return to form '' , explaining that `` a whimsical soundscape of 90 's fuzz and the cheesy late 70 's arena rock guitar harmonies that made Weezer both so cool and horribly uncool at the start of their career . '' Rock Sound 's David McLaughlin rated the album a 7 / 10 , declaring it to give the band 's first two albums a `` good go '' . McLaughlin concluded with that the album `` feels like a cohesive , artfully crafted whole . '' The album appeared on several annual `` best - of '' lists in 2014 . Rolling Stone named the album the fourteenth best of the year , praising the band for `` rediscovering the art of the three - minute girl jam '' , while also expanding the group 's sound . Robin Hilton called it `` the record of the year '' , while Alternative Press labeled it the seventh essential album of the year . The album was included at number 41 on Rock Sound 's `` Top 50 Albums of the Year '' list . The album was included at number 9 on Kerrang ! 's `` The Top 50 Rock Albums Of 2014 '' list . Commercial performance ( edit ) Everything Will Be Alright in the End debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 with 34,000 units sold , making it Weezer 's fifth top five album , as well as the band 's seventh top 10 album in a row . The album debuted at number 10 on the Canadian Albums Chart , selling 3,500 copies . The album has sold 100,000 copies in the US as of March 2016 . As of September 2016 , the album has sold over 225,000 copies worldwide . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Ai n't Got Nobody '' Rivers Cuomo 3 : 21 2 . `` Back to the Shack '' Cuomo , Jacob Kasher 3 : 05 3 . `` Eulogy for a Rock Band '' Cuomo , Daniel Brummel , Ryen Slegr 3 : 25 4 . `` Lonely Girl '' Cuomo , Joshua Berman Alexander 2 : 49 5 . `` I 've Had It Up to Here '' Cuomo , Justin Hawkins 2 : 49 6 . `` The British Are Coming '' Cuomo 4 : 08 7 . `` Da Vinci '' Cuomo , Alexander 4 : 05 8 . `` Go Away '' Cuomo , Bethany Cosentino 3 : 13 9 . `` Cleopatra '' Cuomo 3 : 11 10 . `` Foolish Father '' Cuomo , Patrick Stickles 4 : 31 11 . `` The Futurescope Trilogy : I . The Waste Land '' Cuomo 1 : 56 12 . `` The Futurescope Trilogy : II . Anonymous '' Cuomo 3 : 19 13 . `` The Futurescope Trilogy : III . Return to Ithaka '' Cuomo 2 : 17 Personnel ( edit ) Weezer Rivers Cuomo - lead guitar , lead vocals , keyboard , synth , piano Brian Bell - rhythm guitar , backing vocals , keyboard , synth Scott Shriner - bass guitar , backing vocals , keyboard Patrick Wilson - drums , additional vocals , percussion Additional musicians Daniel Brummel - keyboard and piano on `` Eulogy For a Rock Band '' Bethany Cosentino - additional vocals on `` Go Away '' Bobb Bruno - additional guitar arrangements on `` Go Away '' Patrick Stickles - guitar on `` Foolish Father '' Production Ric Ocasek - producer Samuel Bell - engineer Shawn Everett - additional production and engineering Chris Owens - assistant engineer Vanessa Wormer - assistant engineer Alex Williams - assistant engineer Tom Lord - Alge - mixing Eddie Rendini - assistant mixing engineer Ted Jensen - mastering Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 45 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 166 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 107 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 10 French Albums ( SNEP ) 138 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 95 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 33 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 57 UK Albums ( OCC ) 37 US Billboard 200 5 US Top Alternative Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position US Top Rock Albums 72 US Alternative Albums ( Billboard ) 44 References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ `` Weezer Pushes Back ' Everything Will Be Alright in the End ' Release Date '' . Billboard . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer Announce New Album Everything Will Be Alright in the End News '' . Pitchfork Media . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( September 14 , 2010 ) . Weezer start work on ' Hurley ' follow - up NME.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Rivers Cuomo Interview The A.V. Club '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Weezer Album , Its Ninth , Set for Release Sept. 30 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Page 2 of Rivers Cuomo Is Trying to Be All Right - Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Trakin , Roy ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Weezer to record new album with Ric Ocasek starting in January ; greatest hits album in the works - Alternative Press '' . Altpress.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason Newman ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer Posted a 20 - Second , In - the - Studio Teaser Ahead of Possible New Album Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weezer Reveal New Album Title ' Everything Will Be Alright in the End ' - Video '' . Rolling Stone . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , Katie ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Weezer Wednesday ' premiere : New album gets a release date ; EW goes in the studio - EXCLUSIVE The Music Mix EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Kyle ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer Go Back to the Future '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1320 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer Share Album Release Date , New Teaser Video Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Things You Learn Hanging Out With Weezer '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin , Kristen ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` In the studio : Weezer talks lyrics , the new album title , Ric Ocasek The Music Mix EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Junk Mail : Weezer ' Everything Will Be Alright in the End ' Album Review '' . Music Times . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mapes , Jillian ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Album Review : Weezer 's ' Everything Will Be Alright in the End ' Attempts Return to Peak Power - Pop Condition '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cyr , Jean - François ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` '' Everything Will Be Alright In The End '' de Weezer : enfin ! ( VIDÉO ) `` . Le Huffington Post . HPMG News . Archived from the original on 13 October 2014 . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : Weezer 's `` Lonely Girl '' Recalls the ' Green Album ' Era with a Plea to Dance ( LISTEN ) `` . Music Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hiesel , Scott ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer -- Everything Will Be Alright In The End '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer breaks out extra guitars for new song Cleopatra '' . HitFix . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer release song `` Cleopatra '' -- listen - Consequence of Sound `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Scordelis , Alex ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Rivers Cuomo Would Very Much Like to Watch a Shakespeare Play With You '' . New York . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer Announces New Album Title ' Everything Will Be Alright In The End ' , with Ric Ocasek as Producer : Genres '' . Music Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer Share Nerdy , Self - Referential New Single ' Back to the Shack ' Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer tries to capture that 90s feeling on new single Back to the Shack '' . HitFix . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Everything Will Be Alright in the End -- Weezer '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ganz , Caryn ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer Declare ' The British Are Coming ' In Guitar - Filled New Song from ' Everything Will Be Alright in the End ' ( LISTEN ) '' . Music Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Josiah ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer Delay New Album , Share Tracklisting '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer : Everything 's Alright - Consequence of Sound '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ian ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer : Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ weezer ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` EWBAITE 11 `` My Mystery '' `` . YouTube . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer 's New Album Art is Beastly Nerdist '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ryan Reed ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Weezer Share Nerdy , Self - Referential New Single ' Back to the Shack ' Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Future Releases on Alternative Radio Stations , Independent Artist Song Releases `` . Allaccess.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer debut new single ' Back To The Shack ' -- listen News '' . NME . July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Order Weezer on PledgeMusic '' . Jump up ^ `` Rivers Cuomo hints at Weezer UK gig and says new album helps keep the format alive News '' . NME . July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer release song `` Cleopatra '' -- listen - Consequence of Sound `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Preorder and Artwork preview '' . weezer . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Weezer 's New Album Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Robert DeLong Repeats as Alt 's Most - Added , Weezer Follows '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer , Best Coast try out Tinder in ' Go Away ' music video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://radio.com/2014/10/28/live-weezer-plow-through-everything-will-be-alright-in-the-end-at-bowery-ballroom/ ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for Everything Will Be Alright in the End by Weezer '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rytlewski , Evan ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer makes an overdue return to sincerity on Everything Will Be Alright In The End '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Caffrey , Dan ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer -- Everything Will Be Alright In The End '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Adam ; Anderson , Kyle ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Albums : Oct. 10 , 2014 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bakare , Lanre ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer : Everything Will Be Alright in the End -- a partial return to form '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pearlman , Mischa ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer -- ' Everything Will Be Alright In The End ' '' . NME . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ian ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer : Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Blue ( October 4 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer : Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Adam ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Weezer -- Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer - Everything Will Be Alright In The End '' . Rock Sound Magazine . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer , ' Everything Will Be Alright in the End ' '' . Rolling Stone . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Robin ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Hilton 's Top 10 Albums Of 2014 '' . NPR . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Essential Albums of 2014 '' . Alternative Press . December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bird , ed. 2015 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Emily ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` The Top 50 Rock Albums Of 201 4 '' . Kerrang ! . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Jason Aldean Earns Second No. 1 Album , Third - Largest Week of 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Journal of Musical ThingsWeekly Music Sales Report and Analysis : 15 October 2014 - A Journal of Musical Things '' . A Journal of Musical Things . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Everything Will Be Alright In the End Jump up ^ Shotwell , James ( 2010 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Weezer release Hurley track list '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Weezer -- Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Weezer -- Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Weezer -- Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer -- Chart history '' Billboard Canadian Albums Chart for Weezer . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Weezer -- Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Weezer -- Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Weezer -- Everything Will Be Alright in the End '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Weezer . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer -- Chart history '' Billboard Top Alternative Albums for Weezer . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weezer -- Chart history '' Billboard Top Rock Albums for Weezer . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Rock Albums : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Albums : 2014 Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . ( subscription required ) Sources Bird , Ryan , ed . ( January 2015 ) . `` Top 50 Albums of the Year '' . Rock Sound . London : Freeway Press Inc. ( 195 ) . ISSN 1465 - 0185 . External links ( edit ) Everything Will Be Alright in the End at YouTube ( streamed copy where licensed ) ( hide ) Weezer Rivers Cuomo Patrick Wilson Brian Bell Scott Shriner Matt Sharp Jason Cropper Mikey Welsh Studio albums Weezer ( Blue Album ) Pinkerton Weezer ( Green Album ) Maladroit Make Believe Weezer ( Red Album ) Raditude Hurley Everything Will Be Alright in the End Weezer ( White Album ) Pacific Daydream Compilations Death to False Metal EPs The Good Life The Lion and the Witch Winter Weezerland Christmas with Weezer ... Happy Record Store Day ! DVD Weezer -- Video Capture Device : Treasures from the Vault 1991 -- 2002 Singles Weezer ( Blue Album ) `` Undone -- The Sweater Song '' `` Buddy Holly '' `` Say It Ai n't So '' Pinkerton `` El Scorcho '' `` The Good Life '' `` Pink Triangle '' Weezer ( Green Album ) `` Hash Pipe '' `` Island in the Sun '' `` Photograph '' Maladroit `` Dope Nose '' `` Keep Fishin ' '' Make Believe `` Beverly Hills '' `` We Are All on Drugs '' `` Perfect Situation '' `` This Is Such a Pity '' Weezer ( Red Album ) `` Pork and Beans '' `` Troublemaker '' `` The Greatest Man That Ever Lived ( Variations on a Shaker Hymn ) '' `` Dreamin ' '' Raditude `` ( If You 're Wondering If I Want You to ) I Want You to '' `` I 'm Your Daddy '' Hurley `` Memories '' `` Hang On '' Everything Will Be Alright in the End `` Back to the Shack '' `` Cleopatra '' `` Da Vinci '' `` Go Away '' Weezer ( White Album ) `` Thank God for Girls '' `` Do You Wanna Get High ? '' `` King of the World '' Pacific Daydream `` Feels Like Summer '' `` Mexican Fender '' Other songs `` My Name Is Jonas '' `` Only in Dreams '' `` Lonely Girl '' `` The British Are Coming '' Tours Weezer & Panic ! at the Disco Summer Tour 2016 Related Articles Discography Songs from the Black Hole The Kitchen Tape Alone : The Home Recordings of Rivers Cuomo Alone II : The Home Recordings of Rivers Cuomo Alone III : The Pinkerton Years Christmas with Weezer ( video game ) Ric Ocasek Rick Rubin Spike Jonze Bands The Rentals Scott & Rivers The Special Goodness The Relationship Homie Space Twins Book : Weezer Category : Weezer Portal : Alternative rock Commons : Weezer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everything_Will_Be_Alright_in_the_End&oldid=797456629 '' Categories : Weezer albums English - language albums 2014 albums Albums produced by Ric Ocasek Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Español Galego Italiano Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 04 : 54 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything%20Will%20Be%20Alright%20in%20the%20End
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how old was the beast in beauty and the beast when he was cursed
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Beast ( Disney )
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beast ( disney )
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The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . He also appears in the film 's two direct - to - video followups Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World . Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont , the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane .
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A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold - hearted and selfish ways , the Beast must , in order to return to his former self , earn the love of a beautiful young woman named Belle who he imprisons in his castle . All this must be done before the last petal falls from the enchanted rose on his twenty - first birthday . In all animated film appearances , the Beast is voiced by American actor Robby Benson . The 1991 animated film was adapted into a Broadway musical in 1994 , with the role being originated by American actor Terrence Mann . Dan Stevens portrays the character in a 2017 live - action adaptation of the original 1991 film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Characteristics 3 Appearances 3.1 Beauty and the Beast 3.2 Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas 3.3 Belle 's Magical World 4 In other media 4.1 Kingdom Hearts 4.2 Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories 4.3 Kingdom Hearts II 4.4 Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days 4.5 Broadway musical 4.6 The D Show 4.7 Once Upon a Time 4.8 I ( film ) 4.9 Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) 5 References 6 External links Development Determining a suitable appearance for the Beast proved challenging . Although entirely fictional , supervising animator Glen Keane felt it essential for the Beast to resemble a creature that could possibly be found on Earth as opposed to an alien . The initial designs had the Beast as humanoid but with an animal head attached as per the original fairy tale , but soon shifted towards more unconventional forms . The earlier sketches of the Beast 's character design are seen as gargoyles and sculptures in the Beast 's castle . Inspired by a buffalo head that he purchased from a taxidermy , Keane decided to base the Beast 's appearance on a variety of wild animals , drawing inspiration from the mane of a lion , head of a buffalo , brow of a gorilla , tusks of a wild boar , legs and tail of a wolf , and body of a bear . However , he felt it important that the Beast 's eyes remain human . In fear that Glen Keane would design the Beast to resemble voice actor Robby Benson , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg did not allow Keane to see Benson during production of the film . Characteristics The Beast is not of any one species of animal , but a chimera ( a mixture of several animals ) , who would probably be classified as a carnivore overall . He has the head structure and horns of a buffalo , the arms and body of a bear , the eyebrows of a gorilla , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the tusks of a wild boar and the legs and tail of a wolf . He also bears resemblance to mythical monsters like the Minotaur or a werewolf . He also has blue eyes , the one physical feature that does not change whether he is a beast or a human . As opposed to his original counterpart , Disney gave him a more primal nature to his personality and mannerisms , which truly exploited his character as an untamed animal ( i.e. alternating between walking and crawling , animal growls ) . Producer Don Hahn envisioned that the Beast 's psychological state has become increasing feral the longer he was under the curse , such that he would eventually lose his last vestiges of humanity and become completely wild if the spell could not be broken . Hahn 's idea does n't manifest prominently in the finished 1991 animated film , since the Beast is only seen in a brief scene some time after his transformation while much of the narrative starts during the later period of the curse . In the original tale , the Beast is seen to be kind - hearted for the most part , and gentleman - like , with only an occasional tendency to be hot - tempered . Disney 's interpretation of the Beast made him more constantly angry and depressed , due to the shame from his unkind actions which led to his transformation , and particularly his struggle of reconciling his hideous appearance with his inner humanity which made him feel hopeless about breaking the curse . Supervising animator Glen Keane describes The Beast as `` a twenty - one - year - old guy who 's insecure , wants to be loved , wants to love , but has this ugly exterior and has to overcome this . '' Upon his reform under his love interest Belle , his personality changes to refined and more even - tempered , while naive about the world at the same time . To reflect his early personality , the Beast is seen shirtless , with ragged , dark gray breeches , and a ragged reddish - colored cape with a golden colored circular - shaped clasp . Despite the actual color of his cape being a dark reddish color , the Beast 's cape is more often referenced to be purple ( and in most of the Beast 's subsequent appearances after the film , such as Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas or the Kingdom Hearts games , his cape is colored purple ) . The reason for this change in color is unknown , although the most likely reason is that the color purple is often associated with royalty . After the Beast saves Belle from a pack of wolves , his dress - style changes to become more formal and disciplined , reflecting a more refined personality as he attempts to win Belle 's friendship and love . His most referenced form of dress is his ballroom outfit , which consisted of a golden vest over a white dress shirt with a white kerchief , black dress pants trimmed with gold , and a royal blue ballroom tail coat trimmed with gold , worn during the film 's ballroom dance sequence . The blue tail coat outfit is retained after he was restored back to human , which is meant to be a stark contrast to the royal regalia and armor he was depicted in before his curse . His human form is that of a tall and slender young man with auburn hair and soft cream colored skin while also retaining his bright blue eyes . As human he is simply known as the `` Prince '' , as supervising animator Glen Keane stated that everyone on the production was too busy to give him an alternative name , however some licensed works such as the trivia video game The D Show ( 1998 ) have named him `` Prince Adam '' . Disney has come to embrace the name , as seen in multiple pieces of merchandise as well as a plaque hung up in 2012 ( and still hangs there as of 2017 ) in Walt Disney World 's Port Orleans Riverside Royal Rooms that clearly states his name as `` Prince Adam . '' Appearances Beauty and the Beast Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) The Beast with Belle . A handsome young prince lives in a luxurious castle in France . He has everything he ever wanted , and as a result , he is spoiled , selfish and unkind . One night , his kindness is put to the test when a beggar woman comes to the castle and asks for shelter from the freezing cold , with a single rose as payment . When he shuns the beggar for her repulsive appearance , she then reveals her true form as a beautiful enchantress . Seeing her beauty and realizing her power , the Prince tries to apologize but she transforms him into a terrifying beast - like creature for his arrogance . She also casts a spell on the entire castle , transforming it into a dark , foreboding place , its lush green grounds into dangerous immortal wolf - infested woods , and the good - natured servants into anthropomorphic household objects to reflect their different personalities . Ashamed of his new appearance , the Beast conceals himself inside his castle with a magic mirror as his only window to the outside world , and an enchanted rose that would act as the curse 's timer which would bloom until he turns 21 . If the Beast could learn to love a woman and earn her love in return before the final petal fell off the rose , the curse would be broken , but if not he would remain a beast forever . The Beast turns to despair as the years pass by , with little hope of achieving this . As the enchanted rose reaches late bloom and slowly wilts , the first outsider is an old man named Maurice who accidentally stumbles upon the castle , being allowed inside by the servants for shelter . However , the Beast detains Maurice in the tower as a prisoner for trespassing and stealing a rose . Maurice 's horse returns back to the village , and then takes Maurice 's daughter Belle back to the castle . In the tower Belle confronts Beast and pleads with him to let her father go , offering herself as a prisoner instead , to which the Beast agrees in return for her promise never to leave . Being prodded by his servants into believing that she is the key to breaking the spell , the Beast shows flashes of compassion for the first time despite his overall gruff manner . For instance , he feels some remorse for ejecting her father without a proper farewell , and as an atonement he lets her stay in a furnished room rather than the tower dungeon and places the servants at her disposal . When she enters the castle 's forbidden west wing and nearly touches the rose , he frightens her into fleeing the castle via the woods , which he regrets upon realizing that he lost his temper , then he saves her from being killed by wild wolves . The Beast and Belle come to appreciate each other when she brings him back to the castle and tends to his wounds . He strikes up a friendship with her , by giving her the castle library and learns kindness and manners from her . Eventually , the Beast falls in love with Belle , and placing her happiness before his own , he releases her to tend to her sick father , a decision that disheartens him upon realizing that she had not yet returned his love which means that the curse remains unbroken . A mob from the village comes to storm the castle and kill the Beast , led by a rival suitor named Gaston . Beast is too miserable from Belle 's departure to respond to a challenge from Gaston , although his servants manage to beat back the villagers . Upon seeing Belle 's return to the castle , the Beast 's mood is roused and he duels Gaston upon the castle rooftops . The Beast uses guile to make up for his lack of weaponry , and remains unfazed by frequent taunts from Gaston , who proclaims that handsome appearance is the entitlement to Belle . The Beast eventually overpowers Gaston and intends to drop him until the hunter begs him not to . Not wanting to sink to Gaston 's level of behavior , the Beast decides to show mercy and spare Gaston on the condition that he immediately leave the castle . Belle then shows up on the balcony and the Beast climbs up to meet her ; however Gaston refuses to accept defeat and stabs the Beast from behind . Gaston loses his balance and falls from the castle roof to his death , but Belle manages to grab the Beast and pull him up . The Beast , knowing he is mortally wounded , expresses his appreciation to Belle for returning and being able to see her one last time , before falling unconscious and apparently succumbing to his injuries . Belle is able to tell the Beast that she loves him before the final petal falls . Then , Belle 's declaration of love for the Beast breaks the spell and transforms him back into the prince . Beauty and the Beast : the enchanted Christmas Main article : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas In this film , which takes place not long after the Beast rescued Belle from the wolves , much to Beast 's frustration , Belle wants to celebrate Christmas and throw a real Christmas party . Beast hates the idea of Christmas , for it was the very day almost ten years ago when the Enchantress cast the spell on him and the entire castle . ( In contrast to the 1991 animated film where the Prince is depicted in stained - glass windows wearing royal regalia and armor before being cursed , the Prince in Enchanted Christmas is dressed simply in a white shirt and black breeches prior to his transformation . ) While Beast sits most of the preparations out , a treacherous servant plots to have Belle thrown out of the castle : Forte the Pipe Organ , since he is far more appreciated by the Beast while under the spell . Unknown to Beast , Belle writes him a special book which he does n't see until later on . She also meets Forte later on in a chance meeting . Forte tells her that Beast 's favorite Christmas tradition was the Christmas tree . Belle becomes frustrated , for no tree she has seen on the grounds has been tall enough to hang ornaments . Forte lies to Belle , saying that a perfect tree can be found in the woods beyond the castle . Reluctant to go against Beast 's orders that she never leave the castle , Belle leaves nonetheless in order to find the perfect tree . When Belle does not arrive to see Beast 's Christmas present to her , he begins to suspect that she is n't there at all . When Cogsworth , having been ordered to retrieve Belle , explains that the household can not find her , Beast becomes enraged . He goes to Forte to ask for advice , and Forte lies that Belle has abandoned him . Beast manages to find Belle and saves her in time from drowning after she fell through thin ice . Still believing that Belle disobeyed him by breaking her promise not to leave , Beast locks her into the dungeons to rot . But when Forte goads him into destroying the rose to end his suffering , Beast finds Belle 's book in the West Wing and reads it , coming to his senses and realizing that all Belle wants is for him to be happy . Releasing Belle from the dungeon and asking for her forgiveness , Beast prepares to join in the Christmas festivities . But Forte does n't give up and even goes as far as to attempt to destroy the entire castle with Beethoven 's 5th . Fortunately , Beast finds him in time and destroys his keyboard with Franz Schubert 's Symphony No 8 . Losing his balance ( and his pipes ) , Forte falls from the wall he is leaned up against and is silenced forever . Later , the castle and servants are arrayed in Christmas decorations when Belle and the Beast do their famous ballroom dance from the first film . The story flashes forward to the first Christmas after the spell is broken . The Prince and Belle give Chip , Mrs. Potts ' son , a book to read , which he loves . As the Prince and Belle come out to the balcony , he gives her something : a rose . Belle 's Magical world Main article : Belle 's Magical World In the final entry of the franchise , made up of four segments from a presumably failed television series , Belle teaches the Beast a thing or two about life itself , consideration and manners . He appears only in the first and fourth segments , and in a cameo in the third . In the first part , The Perfect Word , Beast and Belle have a bitter falling out at dinner when the Beast demands that Cogsworth open the windows to cool him down , despite the fact that he is the only one hot and there is a cold wind , and angrily strikes his servant , Webster , a long - tongued dictionary . Despite Lumiere and Cogsworth 's pleas , Beast refuses to apologise for his behaviour , until Webster , Crane and LePlume forge a letter of apology from the Beast to Belle . All is settled , until the Beast realises that it was a forgery . He furiously banishes Webster , Crane and LePlume from the castle , but Belle brings them back from the woods , and the Beast soon learns to forgive them , as their intentions were good . In the fourth part , The Broken Wing , the Beast loses his temper with Belle again when she brings an injured bird into the castle , as he dislikes birds . As he tries to chase the bird out , however , he falls over on the stairs and hits his head hard , stripping him of his hatred for birds . However , his selfishness still remains , and he locks the bird in a cage in his room , demanding that it sing for him whenever he demands it . The bird , terrified , refuses , until Belle teaches the Beast that the bird will only sing when happy . The Beast lets the bird out , and learns to consider others before himself . Earlier on , in the third segment , Mrs. Potts ' Party , the Beast makes several cameos sleeping in his bed in the West Wing . Dialogue between Lumiere and Cogsworth shows that he had spent the entire previous night mending leaks in the castle roof , and is still resting . An argument between Lumiere and Cogsworth about Mrs. Potts ' favourite flowers lead to them having to hide several bunches of flowers around the Beast 's bed . At one point , the Beast begins to smell one of the flowers and almost wakes up , but it is removed just in time , and he falls asleep again . In other Media Beast appears as a major Disney character in the bestselling video game series Kingdom Hearts . Kingdom Hearts In the first Kingdom Hearts , during a time in which the spell had not yet broken , Beast 's home is attacked by the Heartless , led by Maleficent , who take Belle captive . Determined to rescue Belle , Beast goes as far as to exploit the power of darkness and risk his own life to transport himself to Hollow Bastion , where Belle is being held captive with the other six Princesses of Heart . Upon arriving in Hollow Bastion , Beast is confronted by Riku , who challenges him to a duel and easily defeats him . Beast is saved at the last minute by Sora , Donald and Goofy , who are looking for Kairi . Allying himself with Sora , since Donald and Goofy have temporarily joined Riku , Beast fights the Heartless and protects Sora while they work their way into the Hollow Baston castle . Entering the castle , Beast , Sora , Donald and Goofy fight their way through until they encounter and defeat Maleficent , who transforms into her dragon form and challenges them once again , only to be defeated once more . The four heroes find Kairi , but the circumstances cause Sora , Donald , Goofy and Kairi to leave Hollow Bastion , and Beast states that he will not leave without Belle . Later on , Beast encounters Sora once again when he returns to Hollow Bastion to lock the Keyhole . During their second search , Beast and Sora find Belle , who embraces Beast and presents Sora with the Divine Rose Keychain . In the Final Mix version of the game , Beast allies himself with Sora once again to fight and defeat Xemnas ( then known as `` Unknown '' ) . Kingdom Hearts : Chain of memories In Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Beast is merely a figment of Sora 's memories . He is once again separated from Belle , courtesy of Maleficent , but once more , Beast defeats Maleficent with Sora 's help and rescues Belle . Kingdom Hearts II After Sora defeats Ansem , all the previously attacked worlds are restored , including Beast 's Castle . Afterwards , Beast and Belle return to their home to carry on with their lives . However , the peace is shattered once again when Beast is approached by Xaldin of Organization XIII to do his bidding . Xaldin is determined to manipulate Beast into becoming a Heartless . If that happens , Beast will not only become a strong Heartless which Sora would have to destroy and feed to Kingdom Hearts , but also leave behind a powerful Nobody for Xaldin to use as he wishes ( just like what happened to Xehanort ) . Manipulated and controlled , Beast is forced to allow the Heartless into the castle and lock the entire servant staff in the dungeons , with Belle too scared to intervene . Beast starts mistreating Belle . When Sora , Donald and Goofy arrive , they are encountered by Beast , who attacks them without hesitation . Sora wins the battle , and Beast comes back to his senses thanks to his servants who were released by Sora . Xaldin appears to flee . Later on , during a ball , Xaldin returns and steals the rose , throwing Beast into a depression and causing him to ask Belle and Sora to leave his castle . However a pep talk from Sora spurs him back into action . Xaldin confronts them and sends his Nobodies at them . They fight the Nobodies off , but Xaldin escapes to the castle drawbridge with Belle and the rose . Belle manages to escape from Xaldin 's clutches with the rose , and Xaldin is then killed by Beast , Sora , Donald and Goofy . Belle gives Beast the rose but he is more relieved that she was n't hurt . Beast then bids a grateful farewell to Sora , and returns to a normal life with Belle , until the spell is finally broken and Beast turns back into a human at the end of the game ( a scene witnessed during the game 's credits following completion ) . Beast 's Limit attack for Kingdom Hearts II is Twin Howl , where he and Sora violently roar together and slash at enemies furiously . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days In Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , Beast appears along with his homeworld again . The missions in Beast 's Castle chronicle some of the events that occurred between Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II , such as Belle and Beast attempting to resume their normal lives and Beast 's first encounter with Xaldin . Broadway musical Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) The Beast appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , originally portrayed by Terrence Mann . Other actors who have taken on the role include Chuck Wagner ( 1997 ) , James Barbour ( 1998 ) , Jeff McCarthy ( 2004 ) , and Steve Blanchard . The D show The movie and others never made mention of his real name . A CD - ROM game said `` The Prince 's name is Adam . '' Once upon a time In the 2011 ABC series Once Upon a Time , the show 's version of `` the Beast '' is actually another fairy tale character , Rumplestiltskin ( played by Robert Carlyle ) , who gains possession of Belle as part of a deal to save Belle 's kingdom from losing a war . I ( film ) Main article : I ( film ) Indian actor Vikram portrayed Beast for sequences in a dreamy song `` Ennodu Nee Irundhal '' in the 2015 Tamil language film `` I '' opposite Amy Jackson who portrayed Belle . The original prosthetic make - up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot ( Shaun ) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners -- Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till . Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) In March 2015 , English actor Dan Stevens was cast as the Beast in a live - action adaptation of the film , which was released on March 17 , 2017 . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The live - action portrayal closely follows the animated version , but with some differences . The backstory is expanded and reveals that the Prince 's mother died of an illness when he was a boy , leaving his father to raise him . He eventually grew up to be as vain , self - centered and arrogant as his father , and he taxed the villagers of his kingdom harshly . The Prince was hosting a debutante ball at his castle when a beggar woman appeared at his castle and offered a single rose as payment for shelter from an oncoming storm . The Prince turned her away twice , prompting the beggar to reveal herself to be an enchantress . The Enchantress placed a powerful spell upon the kingdom , turning the Prince into a beast and the servants into animated household objects , while also wiping all memory of the castle from the nearby village 's inhabitants . If the Beast was unable to love another and earn that person 's love in return , by the time the last petal on the enchanted rose fell , he would remain a beast forever , and in addition his servants would become inanimate antiques . The live - action version of the Beast is quite civilized in personality and mannerisms , in contrast to the Beast in the animated film which was originally quite primal in behavior . Although the Beast does not seem to have become increasing feral the longer the enchantment runs , in contrast to his animated counterpart from 1991 ( reflecting Don Hahn 's original intent for the Beast eventually grow wild if he never met Belle ) , it is his transformed servants who are gradually losing their remaining humanity while the castle deteriorates . The last rose petal falls before the curse is broken ; however , upon seeing Belle profess her love for the Beast , the enchantress reveals herself and lifts the spell on the castle and its inhabitants . Afterward , Prince and Belle host a ball for all the villagers . References Jump up ^ Schrager , Norm ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Building a Beast : Interview with Disney Animator Glen Keane '' . Meet In The Lobby . Meet In The Lobby . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Noyer , Jérémie ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Beauty And The Beast : Glen Keane on discovering the beauty in The Beast '' . Animated Views . Animated Views . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob : `` Academy Recognition : Beauty and the Beast '' , pages 127 - 131 . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules , 1997 Jump up ^ Good , Jeremiah ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) . `` The Royal Guest Rooms of Port Orleans Riverside - LaughingPlace.com '' . LaughingPlace.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast at IBDB.com '' . www.ibdb.com . Archived from the original on 2 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Haun , Harry ( 2007 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Playbill on Closing Night : Beauty and the Beast -- A Roaring Success '' . www.playbill.com . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ The D Show , Disney Interactive , 1998 ASIN B000031VV3 Jump up ^ I - Ennodu Nee Irundhaal Video - A.R. Rahman - Vikram - Shankar ( video ) . YouTube ( in Tamil ) . Sony Music India . 3 February 2015 . Event occurs at 0 : 12 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shankar has taken technology to a totally different level in Ai '' - PC Sreeram `` . Behindwoods.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vikram stuns everyone with beast get - up '' . The Times of India . 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . External links Beast on IMDb ( hide ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beast_(Disney)&oldid=816247093 '' Categories : Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) characters Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional French people Fictional hermits Fictional princes Fictional kings Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds Hidden categories : CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 05 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast%20%28Disney%29
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the ability of an atom to attract electron towards itself is called
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Electronegativity , symbol χ , is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons ( or electron density ) towards itself . An atom 's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus . The higher the associated electronegativity number , the more an element or compound attracts electrons towards it .
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Electronegativity
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Electronegativity
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electronegativity
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Electronegativity , symbol χ , is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons ( or electron density ) towards itself . An atom 's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus . The higher the associated electronegativity number , the more an element or compound attracts electrons towards it .
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The term `` electronegativity '' was introduced by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1811 , though the concept was known even before that and was studied by many chemists including Avogadro . In spite of its long history , an accurate scale of electronegativity was not developed until 1932 , when Linus Pauling proposed an electronegativity scale , which depends on bond energies , as a development of valence bond theory . It has been shown to correlate with a number of other chemical properties . Electronegativity can not be directly measured and must be calculated from other atomic or molecular properties . Several methods of calculation have been proposed , and although there may be small differences in the numerical values of the electronegativity , all methods show the same periodic trends between elements . The most commonly used method of calculation is that originally proposed by Linus Pauling . This gives a dimensionless quantity , commonly referred to as the Pauling scale ( χ ) , on a relative scale running from around 0.7 to 3.98 ( hydrogen = 2.20 ) . When other methods of calculation are used , it is conventional ( although not obligatory ) to quote the results on a scale that covers the same range of numerical values : this is known as an electronegativity in Pauling units . As it is usually calculated , electronegativity is not a property of an atom alone , but rather a property of an atom in a molecule . Properties of a free atom include ionization energy and electron affinity . It is to be expected that the electronegativity of an element will vary with its chemical environment , but it is usually considered to be a transferable property , that is to say that similar values will be valid in a variety of situations . On the most basic level , electronegativity is determined by factors like the nuclear charge ( the more protons an atom has , the more `` pull '' it will have on electrons ) and the number / location of other electrons present in the atomic shells ( the more electrons an atom has , the farther from the nucleus the valence electrons will be , and as a result the less positive charge they will experience -- both because of their increased distance from the nucleus , and because the other electrons in the lower energy core orbitals will act to shield the valence electrons from the positively charged nucleus ) . The opposite of electronegativity is electropositivity : a measure of an element 's ability to donate electrons . Caesium is the least electronegative element in the periodic table ( = 0.79 ) , while fluorine is most electronegative ( = 3.98 ) . Francium and caesium were originally both assigned 0.7 ; caesium 's value was later refined to 0.79 , but no experimental data allows a similar refinement for francium . However , francium 's ionization energy is known to be slightly higher than caesium 's , in accordance with the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital , and this in turn implies that francium is in fact more electronegative than caesium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Electronegativities of the elements 2 Methods of calculation 2.1 Pauling electronegativity 2.2 Mulliken electronegativity 2.3 Allred -- Rochow electronegativity 2.4 Sanderson electronegativity equalization 2.5 Allen electronegativity 3 Correlation of electronegativity with other properties 4 Trends in electronegativity 4.1 Periodic trends 4.2 Variation of electronegativity with oxidation number 5 Group electronegativity 6 Electropositivity 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Electronegativities of the elements ( edit ) Periodic table of electronegativity by Pauling scale → Atomic radius decreases → Ionization energy increases → Electronegativity increases → 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Group → ↓ Period 2.20 He Li 0.98 Be 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 O 3.44 3.98 Ne Na 0.93 Mg 1.31 Al 1.61 Si 1.90 2.19 2.58 Cl 3.16 Ar 0.82 Ca 1.00 Sc 1.36 Ti 1.54 V 1.63 Cr 1.66 Mn 1.55 Fe 1.83 Co 1.88 Ni 1.91 Cu 1.90 Zn 1.65 Ga 1.81 Ge 2.01 As 2.18 Se 2.55 Br 2.96 Kr 3.00 5 Rb 0.82 Sr 0.95 Y 1.22 Zr 1.33 Nb 1.6 Mo 2.16 Tc 1.9 Ru 2.2 Rh 2.28 Pd 2.20 Ag 1.93 Cd 1.69 In 1.78 Sn 1.96 Sb 2.05 Te 2.1 2.66 Xe 2.60 6 Cs 0.79 Ba 0.89 La 1.1 Hf 1.3 Ta 1.5 2.36 Re 1.9 Os 2.2 Ir 2.20 Pt 2.28 Au 2.54 Hg 2.00 Tl 1.62 Pb 1.87 Bi 2.02 Po 2.0 At 2.2 Rn 2.2 7 Fr 0.7 Ra 0.9 Ac 1.1 Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Ce 1.12 Pr 1.13 Nd 1.14 Pm 1.13 Sm 1.17 Eu 1.2 Gd 1.2 Tb 1.1 Dy 1.22 Ho 1.23 Er 1.24 Tm 1.25 Yb 1.1 Lu 1.27 Th 1.3 Pa 1.5 U 1.38 Np 1.36 Pu 1.28 Am 1.13 Cm 1.28 Bk 1.3 Cf 1.3 Es 1.3 Fm 1.3 Md 1.3 No 1.3 Lr 1.3 Values are given for the elements in their most common and stable oxidation states . See also : Electronegativities of the elements ( data page ) Jump up ^ Electronegativity of francium was chosen by Pauling as 0.7 , close to that of caesium ( also assessed 0.7 at that point ) . The base value of hydrogen was later increased by 0.10 and caesium 's electronegativity was later refined to 0.79 ; however , no refinements have been made for francium as no experiment has been conducted and the old value was kept . However , francium is expected and , to a small extent , observed to be more electronegative than caesium . See francium for details . Jump up ^ See Brown , Geoffrey ( 2012 ) . The Inaccessible Earth : An integrated view to its structure and composition . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 88 . ISBN 9789401115162 . Methods of calculation ( edit ) Pauling electronegativity ( edit ) Pauling first proposed the concept of electronegativity in 1932 as an explanation of the fact that the covalent bond between two different atoms ( A -- B ) is stronger than would be expected by taking the average of the strengths of the A -- A and B -- B bonds . According to valence bond theory , of which Pauling was a notable proponent , this `` additional stabilization '' of the heteronuclear bond is due to the contribution of ionic canonical forms to the bonding . The difference in electronegativity between atoms A and B is given by : χ A − χ B = ( e V ) − 1 / 2 E d ( A B ) − ( E d ( A A ) + E d ( B B ) ) / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ chi _ ( \ rm ( A ) ) - \ chi _ ( \ rm ( B ) ) = ( ( \ rm ( eV ) ) ) ^ ( - 1 / 2 ) ( \ sqrt ( E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AB ) ) ) - ( E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AA ) ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( BB ) ) ) ) / 2 ) ) ) where the dissociation energies , E , of the A -- B , A -- A and B -- B bonds are expressed in electronvolts , the factor ( eV ) being included to ensure a dimensionless result . Hence , the difference in Pauling electronegativity between hydrogen and bromine is 0.73 ( dissociation energies : H -- Br , 3.79 eV ; H -- H , 4.52 eV ; Br -- Br 2.00 eV ) As only differences in electronegativity are defined , it is necessary to choose an arbitrary reference point in order to construct a scale . Hydrogen was chosen as the reference , as it forms covalent bonds with a large variety of elements : its electronegativity was fixed first at 2.1 , later revised to 2.20 . It is also necessary to decide which of the two elements is the more electronegative ( equivalent to choosing one of the two possible signs for the square root ) . This is usually done using `` chemical intuition '' : in the above example , hydrogen bromide dissolves in water to form H and Br ions , so it may be assumed that bromine is more electronegative than hydrogen . However , in principle , since the same electronegativities should be obtained for any two bonding compounds , the data are in fact overdetermined , and the signs are unique once a reference point is fixed ( usually , for H or F ) . To calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element , it is necessary to have data on the dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bond formed by that element . A.L. Allred updated Pauling 's original values in 1961 to take account of the greater availability of thermodynamic data , and it is these `` revised Pauling '' values of the electronegativity that are most often used . The essential point of Pauling electronegativity is that there is an underlying , quite accurate , semi-empirical formula for dissociation energies , namely : E d ( A B ) = ( E d ( A A ) + E d ( B B ) ) / 2 + ( χ A − χ B ) 2 e V ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AB ) ) ) = ( E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AA ) ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( BB ) ) ) ) / 2 + ( \ chi _ ( \ rm ( A ) ) - \ chi _ ( \ rm ( B ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) eV ) or sometimes , a more accurate fit E d ( A B ) = E d ( A A ) E d ( B B ) + 1.3 ( χ A − χ B ) 2 e V ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AB ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AA ) ) ) E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( BB ) ) ) ) ) + 1.3 ( \ chi _ ( \ rm ( A ) ) - \ chi _ ( \ rm ( B ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) eV ) This is an approximate equation , but holds with good accuracy . Pauling obtained it by noting that a bond can be approximately represented as a quantum mechanical superposition of a covalent bond and two ionic bond - states . The covalent energy of a bond is approximately , by quantum mechanical calculations , the geometric mean of the two energies of covalent bonds of the same molecules , and there is an additional energy that comes from ionic factors , i.e. polar character of the bond . The geometric mean is approximately equal to the arithmetic mean - which is applied in the first formula above - when the energies are of the similar value , e.g. , except for the highly electropositive elements , where there is a larger difference of two dissociation energies ; the geometric mean is more accurate and almost always gives a positive excess energy , due to ionic bonding . The square root of this excess energy , Pauling notes , is approximately additive , and hence one can introduce the electronegativity . Thus , it is this semi-empirical formula for bond energy that underlies Pauling electronegativity concept . The formulas are approximate , but this rough approximation is in fact relatively good and gives the right intuition , with the notion of polarity of the bond and some theoretical grounding in quantum mechanics . The electronegativities are then determined to best fit the data . In more complex compounds , there is additional error since electronegativity depends on the molecular environment of an atom . Also , the energy estimate can be only used for single , not for multiple bonds . The energy of formation of a molecule containing only single bonds then can be approximated from an electronegativity table , and depends on the constituents and sum of squares of differences of electronegativities of all pairs of bonded atoms . Such a formula for estimating energy typically has relative error of order of 10 % , but can be used to get a rough qualitative idea and understanding of a molecule . Mulliken electronegativity ( edit ) The correlation between Mulliken electronegativities ( x-axis , in kJ / mol ) and Pauling electronegativities ( y - axis ) . Robert S. Mulliken proposed that the arithmetic mean of the first ionization energy ( E ) and the electron affinity ( E ) should be a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons . As this definition is not dependent on an arbitrary relative scale , it has also been termed absolute electronegativity , with the units of kilojoules per mole or electronvolts . χ = ( E i + E e a ) / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ chi = ( E_ ( \ rm ( i ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( ea ) ) ) / 2 \ , ) However , it is more usual to use a linear transformation to transform these absolute values into values that resemble the more familiar Pauling values . For ionization energies and electron affinities in electronvolts , χ = 0.187 ( E i + E e a ) + 0.17 ( \ displaystyle \ chi = 0.187 ( E_ ( \ rm ( i ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( ea ) ) ) + 0.17 \ , ) and for energies in kilojoules per mole , χ = ( 1.97 × 10 − 3 ) ( E i + E e a ) + 0.19. ( \ displaystyle \ chi = ( 1.97 \ times 10 ^ ( - 3 ) ) ( E_ ( \ rm ( i ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( ea ) ) ) + 0.19 . ) The Mulliken electronegativity can only be calculated for an element for which the electron affinity is known , fifty - seven elements as of 2006 . The Mulliken electronegativity of an atom is sometimes said to be the negative of the chemical potential . By inserting the energetic definitions of the ionization potential and electron affinity into the Mulliken electronegativity , it is possible to show that the Mulliken chemical potential is a finite difference approximation of the electronic energy with respect to the number of electrons. , i.e. , μ ( M u l l i k e n ) = − χ ( M u l l i k e n ) = − ( E i + E e a ) / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mu ( ( \ rm ( Mulliken ) = - \ chi ( ( \ rm ( Mulliken ) = - ( E_ ( \ rm ( i ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( ea ) ) ) / 2 \ , ) ) ) ) ) Allred -- Rochow electronegativity ( edit ) The correlation between Allred -- Rochow electronegativities ( x-axis , in Å ) and Pauling electronegativities ( y - axis ) . A. Louis Allred and Eugene G. Rochow considered that electronegativity should be related to the charge experienced by an electron on the `` surface '' of an atom : The higher the charge per unit area of atomic surface the greater the tendency of that atom to attract electrons . The effective nuclear charge , Z , experienced by valence electrons can be estimated using Slater 's rules , while the surface area of an atom in a molecule can be taken to be proportional to the square of the covalent radius , r . When r is expressed in picometres , χ = 3590 Z e f f r c o v 2 + 0.744 ( \ displaystyle \ chi = 3590 ( ( Z_ ( \ rm ( eff ) ) ) \ over ( r_ ( \ rm ( cov ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + 0.744 ) Sanderson electronegativity equalization ( edit ) The correlation between Sanderson electronegativities ( x-axis , arbitrary units ) and Pauling electronegativities ( y - axis ) . R.T. Sanderson has also noted the relationship between Mulliken electronegativity and atomic size , and has proposed a method of calculation based on the reciprocal of the atomic volume . With a knowledge of bond lengths , Sanderson 's model allows the estimation of bond energies in a wide range of compounds . Sanderson 's model has also been used to calculate molecular geometry , s - electrons energy , NMR spin - spin constants and other parameters for organic compounds . This work underlies the concept of electronegativity equalization , which suggests that electrons distribute themselves around a molecule to minimize or to equalize the Mulliken electronegativity . This behavior is analogous to the equalization of chemical potential in macroscopic thermodynamics . Allen electronegativity ( edit ) The correlation between Allen electronegativities ( x-axis , in kJ / mol ) and Pauling electronegativities ( y - axis ) . Perhaps the simplest definition of electronegativity is that of Leland C. Allen , who has proposed that it is related to the average energy of the valence electrons in a free atom , , , χ = n s ε s + n p ε p n s + n p ( \ displaystyle \ chi = ( n_ ( \ rm ( s ) ) \ varepsilon _ ( \ rm ( s ) ) + n_ ( \ rm ( p ) ) \ varepsilon _ ( \ rm ( p ) ) \ over n_ ( \ rm ( s ) ) + n_ ( \ rm ( p ) ) ) ) where ε are the one - electron energies of s - and p - electrons in the free atom and n are the number of s - and p - electrons in the valence shell . It is usual to apply a scaling factor , 1.75 × 10 for energies expressed in kilojoules per mole or 0.169 for energies measured in electronvolts , to give values that are numerically similar to Pauling electronegativities . The one - electron energies can be determined directly from spectroscopic data , and so electronegativities calculated by this method are sometimes referred to as spectroscopic electronegativities . The necessary data are available for almost all elements , and this method allows the estimation of electronegativities for elements that can not be treated by the other methods , e.g. francium , which has an Allen electronegativity of 0.67 . However , it is not clear what should be considered to be valence electrons for the d - and f - block elements , which leads to an ambiguity for their electronegativities calculated by the Allen method . In this scale neon has the highest electronegativity of all elements , followed by fluorine , helium , and oxygen . Electronegativity using the Allen scale Group → 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ↓ Period 2.300 He 4.160 Li 0.912 Be 1.576 2.051 2.544 3.066 O 3.610 4.193 Ne 4.787 Na 0.869 Mg 1.293 Al 1.613 Si 1.916 2.253 2.589 Cl 2.869 Ar 3.242 0.734 Ca 1.034 Sc 1.19 Ti 1.38 V 1.53 Cr 1.65 Mn 1.75 Fe 1.80 Co 1.84 Ni 1.88 Cu 1.85 Zn 1.59 Ga 1.756 Ge 1.994 As 2.211 Se 2.424 Br 2.685 Kr 2.966 5 Rb 0.706 Sr 0.963 Y 1.12 Zr 1.32 Nb 1.41 Mo 1.47 Tc 1.51 Ru 1.54 Rh 1.56 Pd 1.58 Ag 1.87 Cd 1.52 In 1.656 Sn 1.824 Sb 1.984 Te 2.158 2.359 Xe 2.582 6 Cs 0.659 Ba 0.881 Lu 1.09 Hf 1.16 Ta 1.34 1.47 Re 1.60 Os 1.65 Ir 1.68 Pt 1.72 Au 1.92 Hg 1.76 Tl 1.789 Pb 1.854 Bi 2.01 Po 2.19 At 2.39 Rn 2.60 7 Fr 0.67 Ra 0.89 See also : Electronegativities of the elements ( data page ) Correlation of electronegativity with other properties ( edit ) The variation of the isomer shift ( y - axis , in mm / s ) of ( SnX ) anions , as measured by Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy , against the sum of the Pauling electronegativities of the halide substituents ( x-axis ) . The wide variety of methods of calculation of electronegativities , which all give results that correlate well with one another , is one indication of the number of chemical properties which might be affected by electronegativity . The most obvious application of electronegativities is in the discussion of bond polarity , for which the concept was introduced by Pauling . In general , the greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms the more polar the bond that will be formed between them , with the atom having the higher electronegativity being at the negative end of the dipole . Pauling proposed an equation to relate `` ionic character '' of a bond to the difference in electronegativity of the two atoms , although this has fallen somewhat into disuse . Several correlations have been shown between infrared stretching frequencies of certain bonds and the electronegativities of the atoms involved : however , this is not surprising as such stretching frequencies depend in part on bond strength , which enters into the calculation of Pauling electronegativities . More convincing are the correlations between electronegativity and chemical shifts in NMR spectroscopy or isomer shifts in Mössbauer spectroscopy ( see figure ) . Both these measurements depend on the s - electron density at the nucleus , and so are a good indication that the different measures of electronegativity really are describing `` the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself '' . Trends in electronegativity ( edit ) Periodic trends ( edit ) The variation of Pauling electronegativity ( y - axis ) as one descends the main groups of the periodic table from the second period to the sixth period In general , electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period , and decreases on descending a group . Hence , fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements ( not counting noble gases ) , whereas caesium is the least electronegative , at least of those elements for which substantial data is available . This would lead one to believe that caesium fluoride is the compound whose bonding features the most ionic character . There are some exceptions to this general rule . Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon , respectively , because of the d - block contraction . Elements of the fourth period immediately after the first row of the transition metals have unusually small atomic radii because the 3d - electrons are not effective at shielding the increased nuclear charge , and smaller atomic size correlates with higher electronegativity ( see Allred - Rochow electronegativity , Sanderson electronegativity above ) . The anomalously high electronegativity of lead , in particular when compared to thallium and bismuth , appears to be an artifact of data selection ( and data availability ) -- methods of calculation other than the Pauling method show the normal periodic trends for these elements . Variation of electronegativity with oxidation number ( edit ) In inorganic chemistry it is common to consider a single value of the electronegativity to be valid for most `` normal '' situations . While this approach has the advantage of simplicity , it is clear that the electronegativity of an element is not an invariable atomic property and , in particular , increases with the oxidation state of the element . Allred used the Pauling method to calculate separate electronegativities for different oxidation states of the handful of elements ( including tin and lead ) for which sufficient data was available . However , for most elements , there are not enough different covalent compounds for which bond dissociation energies are known to make this approach feasible . This is particularly true of the transition elements , where quoted electronegativity values are usually , of necessity , averages over several different oxidation states and where trends in electronegativity are harder to see as a result . Acid Formula Chlorine oxidation state pK Hypochlorous acid HClO + 1 + 7.5 Chlorous acid HClO + 3 + 2.0 Chloric acid HClO + 5 -- 1.0 Perchloric acid HClO + 7 -- 10 The chemical effects of this increase in electronegativity can be seen both in the structures of oxides and halides and in the acidity of oxides and oxoacids . Hence CrO and Mn O are acidic oxides with low melting points , while Cr O is amphoteric and Mn O is a completely basic oxide . The effect can also be clearly seen in the dissociation constants of the oxoacids of chlorine . The effect is much larger than could be explained by the negative charge being shared among a larger number of oxygen atoms , which would lead to a difference in pK of log ( ⁄ ) = -- 0.6 between hypochlorous acid and perchloric acid . As the oxidation state of the central chlorine atom increases , more electron density is drawn from the oxygen atoms onto the chlorine , reducing the partial negative charge on the oxygen atoms and increasing the acidity . Group electronegativity ( edit ) In organic chemistry , electronegativity is associated more with different functional groups than with individual atoms . The terms group electronegativity and substituent electronegativity are used synonymously . However , it is common to distinguish between the inductive effect and the resonance effect , which might be described as σ - and π - electronegativities , respectively . There are a number of linear free - energy relationships that have been used to quantify these effects , of which the Hammett equation is the best known . Kabachnik parameters are group electronegativities for use in organophosphorus chemistry . Electropositivity ( edit ) Electropositivity is a measure of an element 's ability to donate electrons , and therefore form positive ions ; thus , it is opposed to electronegativity . Mainly , this is an attribute of metals , meaning that , in general , the greater the metallic character of an element the greater the electropositivity . Therefore , the alkali metals are most electropositive of all . This is because they have a single electron in their outer shell and , as this is relatively far from the nucleus of the atom , it is easily lost ; in other words , these metals have low ionization energies . While electronegativity increases along periods in the periodic table , and decreases down groups , electropositivity decreases along periods ( from left to right ) and increases down groups . See also ( edit ) Electronegativities of the elements ( data page ) Chemical polarity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` Electronegativity '' . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , W.B. ( 1996 ) . `` Electronegativity from Avogadro to Pauling : Part 1 : Origins of the Electronegativity Concept '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 73 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 20 . Bibcode : 1996JChEd ... 73 ... 11J . doi : 10.1021 / ed073p11 . ^ Jump up to : Pauling , L. ( 1932 ) . `` The Nature of the Chemical Bond . IV . The Energy of Single Bonds and the Relative Electronegativity of Atoms '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 54 ( 9 ) : 3570 -- 3582 . Bibcode : 1932JAChS ... 54.2610 C . doi : 10.1021 / ja01348a011 . ^ Jump up to : Pauling , Linus ( 1960 ) . Nature of the Chemical Bond . Cornell University Press . pp. 88 -- 107 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0333 - 2 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , N.N. ; Earnshaw , A. ( 1984 ) . Chemistry of the Elements . Pergamon . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 022057 - 6 . Jump up ^ More details and sources for this point can be found in the article on francium . ^ Jump up to : Allred , A.L. ( 1961 ) . `` Electronegativity values from thermochemical data '' . Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry . 17 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 215 -- 221 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1902 ( 61 ) 80142 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mulliken , R.S. ( 1934 ) . `` A New Electroaffinity Scale ; Together with Data on Valence States and on Valence Ionization Potentials and Electron Affinities '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 2 ( 11 ) : 782 -- 793 . Bibcode : 1934JChPh ... 2 ... 782M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1749394 . Jump up ^ Mulliken , R.S. ( 1935 ) . `` Electronic Structures of Molecules XI . Electroaffinity , Molecular Orbitals and Dipole Moments '' . J. Chem. Phys. 3 ( 9 ) : 573 -- 585 . Bibcode : 1935JChPh ... 3 ... 573M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1749731 . Jump up ^ Pearson , R.G. ( 1985 ) . `` Absolute electronegativity and absolute hardness of Lewis acids and bases '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107 ( 24 ) : 6801 -- 6806 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00310a009 . Jump up ^ Huheey , J.E. ( 1978 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd Edn . ) . New York : Harper & Row . p. 167 . Jump up ^ This second relation has been recalculated using the best values of the first ionization energies and electron affinities available in 2006 . Jump up ^ Allred , A.L. ; Rochow , E.G. ( 1958 ) . `` A scale of electronegativity based on electrostatic force '' . Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry . 5 ( 4 ) : 264 -- 268 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1902 ( 58 ) 80003 - 2 . Jump up ^ Housecroft C.E. and Sharpe A.G. Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd ed. , Pearson Prentice - Hall 2005 ) p. 38 Jump up ^ Sanderson , R.T. ( 1983 ) . `` Electronegativity and bond energy '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 105 ( 8 ) : 2259 -- 2261 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00346a026 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , R.T. ( 1983 ) . Polar Covalence . New York : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 618080 - 6 . Jump up ^ Zefirov , N.S. ; M.A. Kirpichenok ; F.F. Izmailov ; M.I. Trofimov ( 1987 ) . Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 296 : 883 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Trofimov , M.I. ; Smolenskii , E.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Application of the electronegativity indices of organic molecules to tasks of chemical informatics '' . Russian Chemical Bulletin . 54 ( 9 ) : 2235 -- 2246 . doi : 10.1007 / s11172 - 006 - 0105 - 6 . Jump up ^ SW Rick ; SJ Stuart ( 2002 ) . `` Electronegativity equalization models '' . In Kenny B. Lipkowitz ; Donald B. Boyd . Reviews in computational chemistry . Wiley . p. 106 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 21576 - 7 . Jump up ^ Robert G. Parr ; Weitao Yang ( 1994 ) . Density - functional theory of atoms and molecules . Oxford University Press . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509276 - 7 . Jump up ^ Allen , Leland C. ( 1989 ) . `` Electronegativity is the average one - electron energy of the valence - shell electrons in ground - state free atoms '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 111 ( 25 ) : 9003 -- 9014 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00207a003 . Jump up ^ Mann , Joseph B. , Meek , Terry L. , Allen , Leland C. ( 2000 ) . `` Configuration Energies of the Main Group Elements '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 122 ( 12 ) : 2780 -- 2783 . doi : 10.1021 / ja992866e . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mann , Joseph B. , Meek , Terry L. , Knight , Eugene T. , Capitani , Joseph F. , Allen , Leland C. ( 2000 ) . `` Configuration energies of the d - block elements '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 122 ( 21 ) : 5132 -- 5137 . doi : 10.1021 / ja9928677 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : The widely quoted Pauling electronegativity of 0.7 for francium is an extrapolated value of uncertain provenance . The Allen electronegativity of caesium is 0.66 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Bellamy , L.J. ( 1958 ) . The Infra - Red Spectra of Complex Molecules . New York : Wiley . p. 392 . ISBN 0 - 412 - 13850 - 6 . Jump up ^ Spieseke , H. ; Schneider , W.G. ( 1961 ) . `` Effect of Electronegativity and Magnetic Anisotropy of Substituents on C13 and H1 Chemical Shifts in CH3X and CH3CH2X Compounds '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 35 ( 2 ) : 722 . Bibcode : 1961JChPh ... 35 ... 722S . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1731992 . Jump up ^ Clasen , C.A. ; Good , M.L. ( 1970 ) . `` Interpretation of the Moessbauer spectra of mixed - hexahalo complexes of tin ( IV ) '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 9 ( 4 ) : 817 -- 820 . doi : 10.1021 / ic50086a025 . Jump up ^ `` Electropositivity , '' Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009 . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Jolly , William L. ( 1991 ) . Modern Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 71 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 112651 - 1 . Mullay , J. ( 1987 ) . `` Estimation of atomic and group electronegativities '' . Structure and Bonding . Structure and Bonding. 66 : 1 -- 25 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 17740 - X . doi : 10.1007 / BFb0029834 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electronegativity . WebElements , lists values of electronegativities by a number of different methods of calculation Video explaining electronegativity ( hide ) Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&oldid=796630568 '' Categories : Chemical properties Chemical bonding Dimensionless numbers of chemistry Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 04 : 04 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity
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who are you from stuck in the middle
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Stuck in the Middle with You
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stuck in the middle with you
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`` Stuck in the Middle with You '' ( sometimes known as `` Stuck in the Middle '' ) is a song written by Gerry Rafferty and Joe Egan and originally performed by their band Stealers Wheel .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Music video 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) `` Stuck in the Middle '' was released on Stealers Wheel 's 1972 eponymous debut album . Gerry Rafferty provided the lead vocals , with Joe Egan singing harmony . It was produced by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller . Rafferty 's lyrics are a dismissive tale of a music industry cocktail party written and performed as a pastiche of Bob Dylan . The band was surprised by the single 's chart success . The single sold over one million copies , eventually peaking at number 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , number 8 in the UK , and number 2 in Canada . The band appeared playing the song on BBC 's Top of the Pops on 18 May 1973 . Music video ( edit ) The video portrays the band performing in a corner of a large , empty building . Their performance is intercut with shots of Egan ( who is miming to the by - then - departed Rafferty 's vocal track , although Gerry Rafferty did not die until January , 2011 ) at a small banquet table with a number of garishly - dressed and made - up supper guests . These include an actual clown , a bespectacled bowler - hatted gent devouring spaghetti and a lavishly dressed woman eating cream cakes and grapes . The clown , who has difficulty eating a plastic chicken , continually squeezes Egan out whenever he tries to take food from the table . The guitar solo is played on a guitar played flat with an empty beer bottle used as a slide . Eventually , the other band members appear , driving off the strange characters so that Egan can sit down at last . Personnel ( edit ) Source : Gerry Rafferty - guitar , lead vocals Joe Egan - keyboards , lead vocals Paul Pilnick - lead guitar Tony Williams - bass Rod Coombes - drums Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Australia 16 Canada New Zealand Listener 16 UK 8 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Canada 32 US Billboard Hot 100 30 In popular culture ( edit ) Leif Garrett released a version of the song on his 1980 album , Ca n't Explain . The song is used in Quentin Tarantino 's 1992 debut film Reservoir Dogs , during the scene in which the character Mr. Blonde ( played by Michael Madsen ) taunts and tortures bound policeman Marvin Nash ( Kirk Baltz ) while singing and dancing to the song . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Tarantino recalled `` That was one of those things where I thought ( the song ) would work really well , and ( during ) auditions , I told the actors that I wanted them to do the torture scene , and I 'm gon na use ' Stuck in the Middle With You , ' but they could pick anything they wanted , they did n't have to use that song . And a couple people picked another one , but almost everyone came in with ' Stuck in the Middle With You , ' and they were saying that they tried to come up with something else , but that 's the one . The first time somebody actually did the torture scene to that song , the guy did n't even have a great audition , but it was like watching the movie . I was thinking , ' Oh my God , this is gon na be awesome ! ' '' American baroque pop band San Fermin performed a version of the song in July 2015 for The A.V. Club 's A.V. Undercover series . In one episode of the show Malcolm in the Middle , Hal is shown listening to the song on a record as various events occur around him . A cover by Grace Potter is the opening theme of Netflix series Grace & Frankie . In an episode of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia titled `` Charlie Catches a Leprechaun , '' Charlie re-enacts the scene from Reservoir Dogs in the basement while the song plays . An episode of Supernatural is titled `` Stuck in the Middle ( With You ) , '' in which the characters re-enact a scene from Reservoir Dogs . A disco cover version by Louise was a chart hit in 2001 . Alternative rock band Lazlo Bane covered the song for their 2007 cover album Guilty Pleasures . Their version was used in the 2014 film Let 's Be Cops and released on the soundtrack album . In `` I Am the Future , '' the season finale of Happy ! , Happy re-enacts the scene from Reservoir Dogs by tickling another imaginary friend while the song is playing to find out why where Very Bad Santa is . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mojo Collection : The Ultimate Music Companion ; Brought to You by the Makers of Mojo Magazine . Canongate. 2007 . pp. 399 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84195 - 973 - 3 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 675 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 527 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Stealers Wheel sleeve image '' ( JPG ) . Strawbsweb.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Stealers Wheel '' . Amazon.com. 1 March 2004 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` You searched for album_details. php '' . Gracenote.com . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Always Magic in the Air : The Bomp and Brilliance of the Brill Building Era ( ISBN 9780670034567 ) : Ken Emerson ^ Jump up to : Chilton , Martin , `` Gerry Rafferty and his songs of alienation '' , Daily Telegraph , 5 January 2011 ^ Jump up to : Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart - Billboard '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leif Garrett , Ca n't Explain '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino 's music moments : ' Stuck in the Middle ' , David Bowie '' . Digital Spy . National Magazine Company Ltd . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Alongside the bloody violence and salty dialog , Quentin Tarantino movies are often marked by ingenious juxtaposition of image and sound . Ever since Michael Madsen 's razor - wielding Mr Blonde danced to ' Stuck in the Middle With You ' in Reservoir Dogs , the filmmaker has become synonymous with memorable musical montages . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino on Five Key Soundtrack Picks , From `` Reservoir Dogs '' to `` Inglourious Basterds '' `` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . From Pulp Fiction to Kill Bill to his latest , Inglourious Basterds ( opening this weekend ) , Quentin Tarantino matches scene with song like a sommelier pairs just the right bottle of wine with a nice steak : perfectly . ~ . So how does a cut make it from his turntable to the big screen ? The revered director filled us in on his method through five key movie music cues . Jump up ^ Modell , Josh ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` San Fermin covers Stealers Wheel '' . The A.V. Club . Onion , Inc . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lazlo Bane 's Guilty Pleasures '' . cdbaby.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Be Cops on soundtrack.net '' . soundtrack.net . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Stuck in the Middle with You at AllMusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuck_in_the_Middle_with_You&oldid=823946231 '' Categories : 1972 songs 1972 singles 1973 singles Songs written by Gerry Rafferty Stealers Wheel songs Leif Garrett songs Juice Newton songs A&M Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 11 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck%20in%20the%20Middle%20with%20You
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will there be a season 5 for degrassi
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Although not officially confirmed by the networks , series co-creator Linda Schuyler has stated that brainstorming is underway for seasons five and six of Next Class . New series leads and recurring characters were also cast to join the series .
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Degrassi : Next Class
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degrassi : next class
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Degrassi : Next Class is a Canadian teen drama television series set in the Degrassi Universe , which was originally created by Linda Schuyler and Kit Hood in 1979 . It is the fifth series in the Degrassi franchise , following The Kids of Degrassi Street , Degrassi Junior High , Degrassi High , and Degrassi : The Next Generation . The series was created by Linda Schuyler , Stephen Stohn , Sarah Glinksi , and Matt Huether and is produced by Epitome Pictures ( a subsidiary of DHX Media ) . The current executive producers are Schuyler , her husband Stephen Stohn , Sarah Glinski , and Matt Huether . The series is filmed at Epitome 's studios in Toronto , Ontario , rather than on the real De Grassi Street from which the franchise takes its name .
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Like its predecessors , the series follows an ensemble cast of students at Degrassi Community School who face various challenges often seen as taboo such as sex , teen pregnancy , date rape , drug abuse , self image , homosexuality , self - injury , suicide , abortion , domestic violence , death , racism and many other issues . The first season of Next Class premiered on January 4 , 2016 on Family 's new teen programming block , F2N in Canada . The series saw its U.S. ( and international ) debut January 15 , 2016 , on Netflix . In Australia the show premiered on ABC3 on May 16 , 2016 . Season one ended on January 17 , 2016 for both the Family Channel 's two weeks or a fortnight run and Netflix 's five hours to three days run . The fourth season was streamed on the Family Channel App on June 30 , 2017 with the episodes beginning to air daily on July 3 , 2017 . The series was then released on Netflix on July 7 , 2017 . Although not officially confirmed by the networks , series co-creator Linda Schuyler has stated that brainstorming is underway for seasons five and six of Next Class . New series leads and recurring characters were also cast to join the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Main roles 1.2 Guest roles 2 Production 2.1 Concept 2.2 Executive producers , script - writers and directors 2.3 Episode format 2.4 Opening sequence 2.5 Filming locations 3 Broadcast 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Degrassi : Next Class episodes Season Episodes Netflix Canadian release Released First aired Last aired 10 January 15 , 2016 January 4 , 2016 January 15 , 2016 10 July 22 , 2016 July 19 , 2016 September 20 , 2016 10 January 6 , 2017 January 9 , 2017 January 20 , 2017 10 July 7 , 2017 July 3 , 2017 July 14 , 2017 ^ a Season 4 of Degrassi : Next Class streamed on the Family Channel App on June 30 , 2017 , four days before its debut on the channel . Main roles ( edit ) Main article : List of Degrassi : Next Class characters Starting with season 1 of Next Class , none of the characters who debuted during the changes happening in seasons eight and nine of The Next Generation remain . The students featured were introduced starting in seasons eleven , thirteen , and fourteen of the previous incarnation along with several new characters for the follow - up series . The first and second seasons featured 19 regular roles , with 14 cast members returning from season 14 of Degrassi . Keeping ties to the early seasons of the previous incarnation and the franchise as a whole , Stefan Brogren 's character remains the Principal of Degrassi Community School . According to Amir Bageria , the currently renewed season four will be the last season for a majority of the first cast of Next Class as their characters graduate . Seasons three and four added two regulars to the cast , as casting calls were made public through Larissa Mair Casting . On October 21 , 2016 , it was confirmed that the cast members in a photo executive producer Stephen Stohn posted were the ones leaving the cast at the end of season four . This includes : Eric Osborne ( Miles Hollingsworth III ) , Ricardo Hoyos ( Zig Novak ) , Andre Kim ( Winston Chu ) , Ehren Kassam ( Jonah Haak ) , Ana Golja ( Zoe Rivas ) , Lyle Lettau ( Tristan Milligan ) , Nikki Gould ( Grace Cardinal ) , Olivia Scriven ( Maya Matlin ) , Richard Walters ( Tiny Bell ) and Soma Bhatia ( Goldi Nahir ) . Guest roles ( edit ) Several recurring cast members from the previous incarnation continued their roles in Degrassi : Next Class , a majority being the parents and teachers of the students at Degrassi Community School . David Sutcliffe of Gilmore Girls fame appeared in a season one episode as himself . In season two , several cast members from the first incarnation made guest appearances for the 500th episode of the Degrassi franchise . These cast members include Adamo Ruggiero as Marco Del Rossi , Miriam McDonald as Emma Nelson , Lauren Collins as Paige Michalchuk , Shane Kippel as Gavin `` Spinner '' Mason , and Sarah Barrable - Tishauer as Liberty Van Zandt . Jamie Johnston , who portrayed Peter Stone in seasons five through ten of Degrassi : The Next Generation , also made his return for the second season , appearing in several episodes . Other previous cast members that appeared include Raymond Ablack as Sav Bhandari , Charlotte Arnold as Holly J. Sinclair , Jake Epstein as Craig Manning , and Jacob Neayem as Mo Mashkour . In season 3 and 4 , Chloe Rose reprised her role for two episodes as Katie Matlin . Epstein also made a return guest appearance in season 4 . Production ( edit ) Concept ( edit ) The original idea for `` Degrassi : Next Class '' was to be the fifteenth season of Degrassi : The Next Generation , but under a new title . In an interview with Vice , Linda Schuyler , founder of Epitome and one of the producers of the original The Kids of Degrassi Street said `` We realized that the kids we 're talking to today are a new generation from the kids we talked to in 2001 when we came out with Degrassi : The Next Generation . Then , we were very much talking to millennials . There 's a new generation , Generation Z , who were n't even born when we started that show . That was a very sobering fact ... We 've done a lot of research into Generation Z and decided we need a reboot . '' When the Degrassi : The Next Generation series ended its run on TeenNick in the United States , the producers sought out other means to distribute the Next Class series and later made a deal with Netflix . Executive producers , script - writers and directors ( edit ) Epitome Pictures , DHX Media , and Netflix jointly produce the series with funding from the Shaw Rocket Fund , Royal Bank of Canada and the Cogeco Program Development Fund . Franchise co-creator Linda Schuyler and her husband Stephen Stohn serve as executive producers for the series . Other executive producers include Sarah Glinkski , Matt Huether and Brendon Yorke . Continuing with Next Class , Sarah Glinksi and Matt Huether serve as head story editors for the show . Other writers include Courtney Jane Walker , Alejandro Alcoba , Cole Bastedo . Jennifer Kassabian and Ian MacIntyre . Current directors for the series include series star and producer Stefan Brogren , Eleanor Lindo , Phil Earnshaw , and Rt ! . Episode format ( edit ) Each episode of Degrassi : Next Class is written following the same formula with three storylines ( Plot A , Plot B and Plot C ) . The problems and issues presented in the episode are not always resolved by the end of the episode , and are carried over throughout the season , creating a mini-arc . With `` Next Class '' , some episodes have the plots follow a common theme . This concept was featured in Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High . Episode titles feature a `` # '' in the front of each episode title and occasionally refer to current social media trends . Opening sequence ( edit ) The opening sequence of `` Next Class '' returned to the longer openings that was featured in the first twelve seasons of `` The Next Generation '' but was cut to 31 seconds . The opening comes after a two - to three - minute cold open but does not follow the characters around the school . Instead , a montage of videos and pictures from the characters social media accounts cycle across the screen . Like the final two seasons of `` Degrassi '' , instead of listing every ensemble actor in the opening , episodes only credit the regular actors appearing in that episode . The theme music , `` Whatever It Takes '' , was composed by Jim McGrath , with lyrics written by Jody Colero and Stephen Stohn . The lyrics for the theme music for the first four seasons of `` Next Class '' were the same as theme music for `` The Next Generation . '' The `` Next Class '' opening sequence featured a rearranged version of `` Whatever It Takes '' composed by Jody Colero , Jim McGrath , Stephen Stohn , Rob Wells , and Shobha . Shobha also recorded the song . Filming locations ( edit ) The Degrassi universe is set on De Grassi Street in Toronto , Ontario . The four previous series were filmed on and near that street . However , Degrassi is currently filmed at Epitome Pictures ' four soundstages and backlot located at the company 's 100,000 - square - foot ( 9,300 m ) production studios in Toronto . The facade of Degrassi Community School is the exterior of Studio C , and uses the same colours and glass pattern as Centennial College , which was used to depict the school during Degrassi High . The area in front of this facade features a `` hoarding area '' where students gather , a street , and a bus stop across the road . The studio 's backlot is used for exterior shots of the characters ' houses , which is one unit dressed differently for each house , and The Dot Grill . The building for The Dot is the only one on the backlot large enough to allow filming inside ; scenes taking places inside the school and house interiors are filmed on one of four sound stages . Studio A contains sets for the school 's hallways , washrooms , cafeteria and classrooms . The hallways are stenciled with phrases such as `` the perfect human being is all human '' , which were found at the Etobicoke School for the Arts , one of the many schools that set designers used during their original research . The washroom set is used for the girls ' and boys ' room ; urinals are installed and removed as needed . '' It is also used as the studio 's cafeteria where the cast and crew eat . In addition to being used as the exterior of the school , Studio C holds sets for the school 's entrance foyer , the gymnasium , the media lab and a hallway with lockers . As the franchise progressed and the budget increased , a stairway and balcony was installed in the foyer in an attempt to get characters off the floor and not all appear in the same geometric plane . For the first few seasons of The Next Generation , the gym floor was made of real wooden floorboards ; due to warping , it was replaced by concrete painted to look like wood . Studio B contains the sets for the characters ' houses . The fourth studio , Studio D , houses all the production offices , dressing rooms , and make - up and hair departments . For the new series , Next Class , the interior of the school set saw a major facelift . New doors were added for all classrooms , room numbers were placed on doors , classrooms were remodeled to be more modern which included new `` smart - boards '' and high - definition television sets ( also placed throughout the hallways , cafeteria and gym ) , and the lockers were repainted for a more `` retro '' look . Several new sets were also added which include : a new student lounge room , an area called the `` conversation pit '' , a remodeled classroom for Digital arts , and a restaurant called `` Lola 's Cantina '' . Broadcast ( edit ) See also : List of Degrassi : Next Class episodes In Canada , the series premiered on January 4 , 2016 , on Family 's new teen programing block , F2N . In the United States ( and internationally ) , first - run episodes began streaming internationally on Netflix on January 15 , 2016 ( excluding Canada , Australia and France ) . Episodes will be available on Netflix in Canada , Australia and France following the conclusion of the first season . Season two premiered on the Family Channel on July 19 , 2016 and on Netflix on July 22 , 2016 . In Australia , the series premiered on ABC3 on May 16 , 2016 . The second season immediately followed the first season on ABC3 in Australia on May 30 . On January 6 , 2017 , Netflix added seasons 1 -- 3 to the Australian catalogue . Season 3 began streaming online on Netflix before its debut on ABC3 , starting April 22 , 2017 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Family Channel 's new teen block F2N launches January 4 with the premiere of Degrassi : Next ... - TORONTO , Nov. 30 , 2015 '' . Newswire.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : Next Class - TV Show , Episode Guide & Schedule '' . TWC Central . Jump up ^ ( ( `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . tvlistings.zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : Next Class Season 4 Release Date and Trailers '' . denofgeek.com . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassiland - Canadaland '' . Canadalandshow.com. 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peltz , Jonathan ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) . `` High School Never Ends : An Interview with the Creators of ' Degrassi ' VICE United States '' . VICE . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` REPORT : Degrassi Next Class Debuts January 15th Kary 's Degrassi Blog '' . Degrassiblog.com. 2015 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` F2N '' . F2n.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) . `` ' Degrassi : Next Class ' Season 2 Premiere Date -- Renewed By Netflix '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Yan Moore ; Linda Schuyler ; Kit Hood ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Watch Degrassi : Next Class Online '' . Netflix.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Tvlistings.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : Next Class Season 4 Release Date and Trailers '' . denofgeek.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : Next Class Season 4 Release Date and Trailers '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Amir Bageria '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Info For Degrassi : Next Class Season 3 '' . Degrassiblog.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Tour of the Degrassi Set , ( Epitome Picture ) At DHX Media '' . YouTube . 2016 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram. 2016 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ' Degrassi : Next Class ' : Get a first look at the big reunion '' . Ew.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi on Twitter : `` They 're back . Feel free to fan out . And Keenan Neal as Kizzie # DegrassiReunion `` '' . Twitter . 2016 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Peltz , Jonathan ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) . `` High School Never Ends : An Interview with the Creators of ' Degrassi ' VICE United States '' . VICE . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Chan , Melissa . `` Watch the New Trailer for ' Degrassi : Next Class ' '' . Time . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ LaScala , Marisa . `` The ' Degrassi : Next Class ' Theme Song Updates The Classic `` Whatever It Takes '' For A New Generation `` . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : Next Class Opening Sequence '' . YouTube . 2015 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 106 -- 111 ^ Jump up to : `` Epitome Pictures '' ( Flash ( User must select the `` Studios '' link ) ) . Epitome Pictures . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 116 -- 117 ^ Jump up to : Ellis 2005 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 112 -- 114 Jump up ^ `` Inside The Studio with Ana Golja and Dante Scott - Degrassi : Next Class '' . YouTube . 2016 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Behind - The - Scenes Of Degrassi : Next Class With Ana Golja & Sara Waisglass '' . YouTube . 2017 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` DHX Media buys Degrassi TV studio '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : Next Class to debut on Family Channel , Netflix '' . CBC News . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Airdate : Degrassi : Next Class '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : Next Class '' . Abc.net.au . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Ellis , Kathryn ( September 2005 ) . `` Degrassi : Generations - The Official 411 '' . New York , New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 1680 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Degrassi : The Next Generation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Degrassi : The Next Generation . Official MTV Canada website ( Canada ) Official TeenNick website ( United States ) Degrassi : The Next Generation on IMDb Degrassi franchise The Kids of Degrassi Street Ida Makes a Movie Degrassi Junior High Degrassi High Characters Joey Jeremiah Caitlin Ryan Episodes Degrassi Talks School 's Out Degrassi : The Next Generation Degrassi Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Episodes `` Mother and Child Reunion '' `` Accidents Will Happen '' `` Time Stands Still '' `` High Fidelity '' `` Paradise City '' `` The Rest of My Life '' `` My Body Is a Cage '' Films Degrassi Goes Hollywood Degrassi Takes Manhattan See also Characters J.T. Yorke Soundtracks Degrassi : Next Class Episodes Season Characters See also Awards and nominations Locations De Grassi Street Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman All Hail King Julien Since 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Between Daredevil Grace and Frankie Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None W / Bob & David Jessica Jones Atelier F Is for Family Making a Murderer Dawn of the Croods Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Chelsea Does Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Netflix Presents : The Characters Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Chelsea Lady Dynamite Hibana : Spark Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage StoryBots Super Songs Haters Back Off Skylanders Academy The Crown Roman Empire : Reign of Blood Paranoid 3 % Captive Luna Petunia White Rabbit Project Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency The OA Travelers DreamWorks Trollhunters Chasing Cameron Since 2017 One Day at a Time Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane We 're Lalaloopsy A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster VeggieTales in the City Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Five Came Back Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Las chicas del cable Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E The Keepers El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom The Defenders Disjointed Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 7 , 2015 -- 17 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 5 , 2015 -- 16 ) Black Mirror ( season 3 , 2016 ) Lovesick ( season 2 , 2016 ) Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( season 11 , 2017 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Former Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Upcoming Big Mouth ( 2017 ) The Magic School Bus Rides Again ( 2017 ) Suburra ( 2017 ) Mindhunter ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) She 's Gotta Have It ( 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Dark ( 2017 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 ) Kiss Me First ( 2017 ) Queer Eye ( 2017 ) Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters ( 2017 ) The End of the F * * * ing World ( 2017 ) The Punisher ( 2017 ) Watership Down ( 2017 ) Alexa & Katie ( 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ( 2018 ) Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) Lost in Space ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) O Mecanismo ( 2018 ) Safe ( 2018 ) Samantha ! ( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Legend of Monkey ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Altered Carbon ( TBA ) Black Earth Rising ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) Seven Seconds ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degrassi:_Next_Class&oldid=801667759 '' Categories : 2016 Canadian television series debuts 2010s Canadian television series Canadian children 's television series Canadian LGBT - related television shows Degrassi ( franchise ) English - language television programs Canadian high school television series Teen dramas Teenage pregnancy in television Sequel television series Peabody Award - winning television programs Television series produced in Toronto Television series by DHX Media Television series by Entertainment One Netflix original programming Transgender - related television programs Serial drama television series Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Commons category without a link on Wikidata Use mdy dates from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 02 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrassi%3A%20Next%20Class
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how far is cambridge ontario from toronto ontario
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Ontario
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ontario
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Ontario ( / ɒnˈtɛərioʊ / ( listen ) ; French : ( ɔ̃taʁjo ) ) , one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada , is located in east - central Canada . It is Canada 's most populous province accounting for nearly 40 percent of the country 's population , and is the second - largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth - largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto .
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Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the west at Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These are the Rainy River , the Pigeon River , Lake Superior , the St. Marys River , Lake Huron , the St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , the Detroit River , Lake Erie , the Niagara River , Lake Ontario and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is located in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 History 3.1 Territorial evolution 3.2 European contact 3.3 Upper Canada 3.4 Canada West 3.5 Provincehood 4 Demographics 4.1 Religion 4.2 Language 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Energy 6 Government , law and politics 6.1 Law 6.2 Politics 6.3 Urban areas 7 Education 7.1 Higher education 8 Culture 8.1 Songs and slogans 8.2 Notable residents 8.3 Professional sports 9 Transportation 9.1 Roads 9.2 Waterways 9.3 Railways 9.4 Air travel 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) The province is named after Lake Ontario , a term thought to be derived from Ontarí : io , a Huron ( Wyandot ) word meaning `` great lake '' , or possibly skanadario , which means `` beautiful water '' in the Iroquoian languages . Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Ontario See also : Census divisions of Ontario and Geography of Canada See also : List of parks and protected areas of Ontario Algonquin Provincial Park , Cache Lake in the autumn of 2006 . The province consists of three main geographical regions : The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions , which comprises over half the land area of Ontario . Although this area mostly does not support agriculture , it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests , studded with lakes and rivers . Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions : Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario . The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the extreme north and northeast , mainly swampy and sparsely forested . Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions ; Central Ontario ( although not actually the province 's geographic centre ) , Eastern Ontario , Golden Horseshoe and Southwestern Ontario ( parts of which were formerly referred to as Western Ontario ) . Despite the absence of any mountainous terrain in the province , there are large areas of uplands , particularly within the Canadian Shield which traverses the province from northwest to southeast and also above the Niagara Escarpment which crosses the south . The highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres ( 2,274 ft ) above sea level located in Temagami , Northeastern Ontario . In the south , elevations of over 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) are surpassed near Collingwood , above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands and in hilltops near the Madawaska River in Renfrew County . The Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province . The temperate and fertile Great Lakes - Saint Lawrence Valley in the south is part of the Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests ecoregion where the forest has now been largely replaced by agriculture , industrial and urban development . A well - known geographic feature is Niagara Falls , part of the Niagara Escarpment . The Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario . Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the surface area of the province ; conversely Southern Ontario contains 94 percent of the population . Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario ( near Windsor and Detroit , Michigan ) that is the southernmost extent of Canada 's mainland . Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther . All are south of 42 ° N -- slightly farther south than the northern border of California . Climate ( edit ) See also : Geography of Ontario § Climate Köppen climate types of Ontario Summer at Sandbanks Provincial Park on Lake Ontario . The climate of Ontario varies by season and location . It is affected by three air sources : cold , dry , arctic air from the north ( dominant factor during the winter months , and for a longer part of the year in far northern Ontario ) ; Pacific polar air crossing in from the western Canadian Prairies / US Northern Plains ; and warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean . The effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude , proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent , terrain relief . In general , most of Ontario 's climate is classified as humid continental . Ontario has three main climatic regions . The surrounding Great Lakes greatly influence the climatic region of southern Ontario . During the fall and winter months , heat stored from the lakes is released , moderating the climate near the shores of the lakes . This gives some parts of southern Ontario milder winters than mid-continental areas at lower latitudes . Parts of Southwestern Ontario ( generally south of a line from Sarnia - Toronto ) have a moderate humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) , similar to that of the inland Mid-Atlantic states and the Great Lakes portion of the Midwestern United States . The region has warm to hot , humid summers and cold winters . Annual precipitation ranges from 750 -- 1,000 mm ( 30 -- 39 in ) and is well distributed throughout the year . Most of this region lies in the lee of the Great Lakes , making for abundant snow in some areas . In December 2010 , the snowbelt set a new record when it was hit by more than a metre of snow within 48 hours . The next climatic region is Central and Eastern Ontario which has a moderate humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) . This region has warm and sometimes hot summers with colder , longer winters , ample snowfall ( even in regions not directly in the snowbelts ) and annual precipitation similar to the rest of Southern Ontario . The Niagara Escarpment on the Bruce Peninsula . In the northeastern parts of Ontario , extending far as south as Kirkland Lake , the cold waters of Hudson Bay depress summer temperatures , making it cooler than other locations at similar latitudes . The same is true on the northern shore of Lake Superior , which cools hot humid air from the south , leading to cooler summer temperatures . Along the eastern shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron winter temperatures are slightly moderated but come with frequent heavy lake - effect snow squalls that increase seasonal snowfall totals upwards of 3 m ( 10 ft ) in some places . These regions have higher annual precipitation in some case over 100 cm ( 39 in ) . The northernmost parts of Ontario -- primarily north of 50 ° N -- have a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) with long , severely cold winters and short , cool to warm summers with dramatic temperature changes possible in all seasons . With no major mountain ranges blocking sinking Arctic air masses , temperatures of − 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F ) are not uncommon ; snowfall remains on the ground for sometimes over half the year . Snowfall accumulation can be high in some areas . Precipitation is generally less than 70 cm ( 28 in ) and peaks in the summer months in the form of showers or thunderstorms . Severe thunderstorms peak in summer . London , situated in Southern ( Southwestern ) Ontario , has the most lightning strikes per year in Canada , averaging 34 days of thunderstorm activity per year . In a typical year , Ontario averages 11 confirmed tornado touchdowns . However , over the last 4 years , it has had upwards of 20 tornado touchdowns per year , with the highest frequency occurring in the Windsor - Essex -- Chatham Kent area , though few are very destructive ( the majority between F0 to F2 on the Fujita scale ) . Ontario had a record 29 tornadoes in both 2006 and 2009 . Tropical depression remnants occasionally bring heavy rains and winds in the south , but are rarely deadly . A notable exception was Hurricane Hazel which struck Southern Ontario centred on Toronto , in October 1954 . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Ontario City July ( ° C ) July ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) Windsor ( Windsor International Airport ) 28 / 18 82 / 64 0 / - 7 31 / 19 Niagara Falls ( NPCSH ) 27 / 17 81 / 63 0 / - 8 30 / 18 Toronto ( The Annex ) 27 / 18 80 / 64 − 1 / − 7 30 / 20 Midland ( Water Pollution Control Plant ) 26 / 16 78 / 61 − 4 / - 13 25 / 8 Ottawa ( Ottawa Macdonald -- Cartier International Airport ) 27 / 16 80 / 60 − 6 / − 14 22 / 6 Sudbury ( Sudbury Airport ) 25 / 13 77 / 56 − 8 / − 19 18 / 0 Emo ( Emo Radbourne ) 25 / 11 77 / 52 − 9 / -- 22 15 / -- 9 Thunder Bay ( Thunder Bay International Airport ) 24 / 11 76 / 52 − 9 / − 21 18 / − 5 Kenora ( Kenora Airport ) 24 / 15 76 / 59 − 11 / − 21 12 / − 5 Moosonee ( UA ) 23 / 9 73 / 48 − 14 / - 26 8 / - 15 History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Ontario and Upper Canada Territorial evolution ( edit ) Evolution of the borders of Ontario . View full resolution for time - lapsed evolution Land was not legally subdivided into administrative units until a treaty had been concluded with the Aboriginal people ceding the land . In 1788 , while part of the Province of Quebec , southern Ontario was divided into four districts : Hesse , Lunenburg , Mecklenburg , and Nassau . In 1792 , the four districts were renamed : Hesse became the Western District , Lunenburg became the Eastern District , Mecklenburg became the Midland District , and Nassau became the Home District . Counties were created within the districts . By 1798 , there were eight districts : Eastern , Home , Johnstown , London , Midland , Newcastle , Niagara , and Western . By 1826 , there were eleven districts : Bathurst , Eastern , Gore , Home , Johnstown , London , Midland , Newcastle , Niagara , Ottawa , and Western . By 1838 , there were twenty districts : Bathurst , Brock , Colbourne , Dalhousie , Eastern , Gore , Home , Huron , Johnstown , London , Midland , Newcastle , Niagara , Ottawa , Prince Edward , Simcoe , Talbot , Victoria , Wellington , and Western . In 1849 , the districts of southern Ontario were abolished by the Province of Canada , and county governments took over certain municipal responsibilities . The Province of Canada also began creating districts in sparsely populated Northern Ontario with the establishment of Algoma District and Nipissing District in 1858 . The borders of Ontario , its new name in 1867 , were provisionally expanded north and west . When the Province of Canada was formed , its borders were not entirely clear , and Ontario claimed eventually to reach all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Arctic Ocean . With Canada 's acquisition of Rupert 's Land , Ontario was interested in clearly defining its borders , especially since some of the new areas in which it was interested were rapidly growing . After the federal government asked Ontario to pay for construction in the new disputed area , the province asked for an elaboration on its limits , and its boundary was moved north to the 51st parallel north . The northern and western boundaries of Ontario were in dispute after Canadian Confederation . Ontario 's right to Northwestern Ontario was determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884 and confirmed by the Canada ( Ontario Boundary ) Act , 1889 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . By 1899 , there were seven northern districts : Algoma , Manitoulin , Muskoka , Nipissing , Parry Sound , Rainy River , and Thunder Bay . Four more northern districts were created between 1907 and 1912 : Cochrane , Kenora , Sudbury and Timiskaming . European contact ( edit ) Statue of United Empire Loyalists in downtown Hamilton on Main Street East . Prior to the arrival of the Europeans , the region was inhabited by Algonquian ( Ojibwa , Cree and Algonquin ) in the northern / western portions , and Iroquois and Wyandot ( Huron ) tribes more in the south / east . During the 17th century , the Algonquians and Hurons fought the Beaver Wars against the Iroquois . The French explorer Étienne Brûlé explored part of the area in 1610 -- 12 . The English explorer Henry Hudson sailed into Hudson Bay in 1611 and claimed the area for England . Samuel de Champlain reached Lake Huron in 1615 , and French missionaries began to establish posts along the Great Lakes . French settlement was hampered by their hostilities with the Iroquois , who allied themselves with the British . From 1634 to 1640 , Hurons were devastated by European infectious diseases , such as measles and smallpox , to which they had no immunity . By 1700 , the Iroquois had seceded from Ontario and the Mississaugas of the Ojibwa had settled the north shore of Lake Ontario . The British established trading posts on Hudson Bay in the late 17th century and began a struggle for domination of Ontario . The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years ' War by awarding nearly all of France 's North American possessions ( New France ) to Britain . The region was annexed to Quebec in 1774 . The first European settlements were in 1782 -- 1784 when 5,000 American loyalists entered what is now Ontario following the American Revolution . The Kingdom of Great Britain granted them 200 acres ( 81 ha ) land and other items with which to rebuild their lives . The British also set up reservations in Ontario for the Mohawks who had fought for the British and had lost their land in New York state . Other Iroquois were resettled in 1784 at the Six Nations reserve at the west end of Lake Ontario . The population of Canada west of the St. Lawrence - Ottawa River confluence substantially increased during this period , a fact recognized by the Constitutional Act of 1791 , which split Quebec into the Canadas : Upper Canada southwest of the St. Lawrence - Ottawa River confluence , and Lower Canada east of it . John Graves Simcoe was appointed Upper Canada 's first Lieutenant governor in 1793 . Upper Canada ( edit ) Main article : Upper Canada American troops in the War of 1812 invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River and the Detroit River , but were defeated and pushed back by the British , Canadian fencibles and militias , and First Nations warriors . However , eventually the Americans gained control of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario . During the Battle of York in 1813 , American troops occupied the Town of York . The Americans looted the town and burned the Parliament Buildings during the brief occupation . After the War of 1812 , relative stability allowed for increasing numbers of immigrants to arrive from Europe rather than from the United States . As was the case in the previous decades , this immigration shift was encouraged by the colonial leaders . Despite affordable and often free land , many arriving newcomers , mostly from Britain and Ireland , found frontier life with the harsh climate difficult , and some of those with the means eventually returned home or went south . However , population growth far exceeded emigration in the decades that followed . It was a mostly agrarian - based society , but canal projects and a new network of plank roads spurred greater trade within the colony and with the United States , thereby improving previously damaged relations over time . Lower Ontario in 1718 , Guillaume de L'Isle map , approximate province area highlighted . Meanwhile , Ontario 's numerous waterways aided travel and transportation into the interior and supplied water power for development . As the population increased , so did the industries and transportation networks , which in turn led to further development . By the end of the century , Ontario vied with Quebec as the nation 's leader in terms of growth in population , industry , arts and communications . Unrest in the colony began to chafe against the aristocratic Family Compact who governed while benefiting economically from the region 's resources , and who did not allow elected bodies power . This resentment spurred republican ideals and sowed the seeds for early Canadian nationalism . Accordingly , rebellion in favour of responsible government rose in both regions ; Louis - Joseph Papineau led the Lower Canada Rebellion and William Lyon Mackenzie led the Upper Canada Rebellion . Canada west ( edit ) Main article : Province of Canada Although both rebellions were put down in short order , the British government sent Lord Durham to investigate the causes of the unrest . He recommended that self - government be granted and that Lower and Upper Canada be re-joined in an attempt to assimilate the French Canadians . Accordingly , the two colonies were merged into the Province of Canada by the Act of Union 1840 , with the capital at Kingston , and Upper Canada becoming known as Canada West . Parliamentary self - government was granted in 1848 . There were heavy waves of immigration in the 1840s , and the population of Canada West more than doubled by 1851 over the previous decade . As a result , for the first time the English - speaking population of Canada West surpassed the French - speaking population of Canada East , tilting the representative balance of power . An economic boom in the 1850s coincided with railway expansion across the province , further increasing the economic strength of Central Canada . With the repeal of the Corn Laws and a reciprocity agreement in place with United States , various industries such as timber , mining , farming and alcohol distilling benefited tremendously . A political stalemate between the French - and English - speaking legislators , as well as fear of aggression from the United States during and immediately after the American Civil War , led the political elite to hold a series of conferences in the 1860s to effect a broader federal union of all British North American colonies . The British North America Act took effect on July 1 , 1867 , establishing the Dominion of Canada , initially with four provinces : Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Quebec and Ontario . The Province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec so that each linguistic group would have its own province . Both Quebec and Ontario were required by section 93 of the British North America Act to safeguard existing educational rights and privileges of Protestant and the Catholic minority . Thus , separate Catholic schools and school boards were permitted in Ontario . However , neither province had a constitutional requirement to protect its French - or English - speaking minority . Toronto was formally established as Ontario 's provincial capital . Provincehood ( edit ) Downtown London at night . Celebrating V-E Day in Ottawa in 1945 Toronto , the capital of Ontario Once constituted as a province , Ontario proceeded to assert its economic and legislative power . In 1872 , the lawyer Oliver Mowat became Premier of Ontario and remained as premier until 1896 . He fought for provincial rights , weakening the power of the federal government in provincial matters , usually through well - argued appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . His battles with the federal government greatly decentralized Canada , giving the provinces far more power than John A. Macdonald had intended . He consolidated and expanded Ontario 's educational and provincial institutions , created districts in Northern Ontario , and fought to ensure that those parts of Northwestern Ontario not historically part of Upper Canada ( the vast areas north and west of the Lake Superior - Hudson Bay watershed , known as the District of Keewatin ) would become part of Ontario , a victory embodied in the Canada ( Ontario Boundary ) Act , 1889 . He also presided over the emergence of the province into the economic powerhouse of Canada . Mowat was the creator of what is often called Empire Ontario . Beginning with Sir John A. Macdonald 's National Policy ( 1879 ) and the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway ( 1875 -- 1885 ) through Northern Ontario and the Canadian Prairies to British Columbia , Ontario manufacturing and industry flourished . However , population increase slowed after a large recession hit the province in 1893 , thus slowing growth drastically but for only a few years . Many newly arrived immigrants and others moved west along the railway to the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia , sparsely settling Northern Ontario . Mineral exploitation accelerated in the late 19th century , leading to the rise of important mining centres in the northeast , such as Sudbury , Cobalt and Timmins . The province harnessed its water power to generate hydro - electric power and created the state - controlled Hydro - Electric Power Commission of Ontario , later Ontario Hydro . The availability of cheap electric power further facilitated the development of industry . The Ford Motor Company of Canada was established in 1904 . General Motors Canada was formed in 1918 . The motor vehicle industry became the most lucrative industry for the Ontario economy during the 20th century . In July 1912 , the Conservative government of Sir James Whitney issued Regulation 17 which severely limited the availability of French - language schooling to the province 's French - speaking minority . French Canadians reacted with outrage , journalist Henri Bourassa denouncing the `` Prussians of Ontario '' . The regulation was eventually repealed in 1927 . Influenced by events in the United States , the government of Sir William Hearst introduced prohibition of alcoholic drinks in 1916 with the passing of the Ontario Temperance Act . However , residents could distill and retain their own personal supply , and liquor producers could continue distillation and export for sale , allowing this already sizeable industry to strengthen further . Ontario became a hotbed for the illegal smuggling of liquor and the biggest supplier into the United States , which was under complete prohibition . Prohibition in Ontario came to an end in 1927 with the establishment of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario under the government of Howard Ferguson . The sale and consumption of liquor , wine , and beer are still controlled by some of the most extreme laws in North America to ensure that strict community standards and revenue generation from the alcohol retail monopoly are upheld . In April 2007 , Ontario Member of Provincial Parliament Kim Craitor suggested that local brewers should be able to sell their beer in local corner stores ; however , the motion was quickly rejected by Premier Dalton McGuinty . The post-World War II period was one of exceptional prosperity and growth . Ontario has been the recipients of most immigration to Canada , largely immigrants from war - torn Europe in the 1950s and 1960s and following changes in federal immigration law , a massive influx of non-Europeans since the 1970s . From a largely ethnically British province , Ontario has rapidly become culturally very diverse . The nationalist movement in Quebec , particularly after the election of the Parti Québécois in 1976 , contributed to driving many businesses and English - speaking people out of Quebec to Ontario , and as a result Toronto surpassed Montreal as the largest city and economic centre of Canada . Depressed economic conditions in the Maritime Provinces have also resulted in de-population of those provinces in the 20th century , with heavy migration into Ontario . Ontario 's official language is English . Numerous French language services are available under the French Language Services Act of 1990 in designated areas where sizeable francophone populations exist . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Ontario Historical populations Year Pop . ± % 1851 952,004 -- 1861 1,396,091 + 46.6 % 1871 1,620,851 + 16.1 % 1881 1,926,922 + 18.9 % 1891 2,114,321 + 9.7 % 1901 2,182,947 + 3.2 % 1911 2,527,292 + 15.8 % 1921 2,933,662 + 16.1 % 1931 3,431,683 + 17.0 % 1941 3,787,655 + 10.4 % 1951 4,597,542 + 21.4 % 1956 5,404,933 + 17.6 % 1961 6,236,092 + 15.4 % 1966 6,960,870 + 11.6 % 1971 7,703,105 + 10.7 % 1976 8,264,465 + 7.3 % 1981 8,625,107 + 4.4 % 1986 9,101,695 + 5.5 % 1991 10,084,885 + 10.8 % 10,753,573 + 6.6 % 2001 11,410,046 + 6.1 % 2006 12,160,282 + 6.6 % 2011 12,851,821 + 5.7 % 2016 13,448,494 + 4.6 % Source : Statistics Canada In the 2011 census , Ontario had a population of 12,851,821 living in 4,887,508 of its 5,308,785 total dwellings , a 5.7 percent change from its 2006 population of 12,160,282 . With a land area of 908,607.67 km ( 350,815.38 sq mi ) , it had a population density of 14.1 / km ( 36.6 / sq mi ) in 2011 . In 2013 , Statistics Canada estimated the province 's population to be 13,537,994 . The percentages given below add to more than 100 percent because of dual responses ( e.g. , `` French and Canadian '' response generates an entry both in the category `` French Canadian '' and in the category `` Canadian '' ) . The majority of Ontarians are of English or other European descent including large Scottish , Irish and Italian communities . Slightly less than 5 percent of the population of Ontario is Franco - Ontarian , that is those whose native tongue is French , although those with French ancestry account for 11 percent of the population . In relation to natural increase or inter-provincial migration , immigration is a huge population growth force in Ontario , as it has been over the last two centuries . More recent sources of immigrants with large or growing communities in Ontario include South Asians , Caribbeans , Latin Americans , Europeans , Asians , and Africans . Most populations have settled in the larger urban centres . In 2011 , 25.9 percent of the population consisted of visible minorities and 2.4 percent of the population was Aboriginal , mostly of First Nations and Métis descent . There was also a small number of Inuit people in the province . The number of Aboriginal people and visible minorities has been increasing at a faster rate than the general population of Ontario . Religion ( edit ) In 2011 , the largest religious denominations in Ontario were the Roman Catholic Church ( with 31.4 % of the population ) , the United Church of Canada ( 7.5 % ) , and the Anglican Church ( 6.1 % ) . 23.1 % of Ontarians had no religious affiliation , making it the second - largest religious grouping in the province after Roman Catholics . The major religious groups in Ontario in 2011 were : Religion People % Total 12,651,795 100 Catholic 3,976,610 31.4 No religious affiliation 2,927,790 23.1 Protestant 2,668,665 21.1 Other Christians 1,224,300 9.7 Muslim 581,950 4.6 Hindu 366,720 2.9 Christian Orthodox 297,710 2.4 Jewish 195,540 1.5 Sikh 179,765 1.4 Buddhist 163,750 1.3 Other Religions 68,985 0.5 Language ( edit ) See also : Franco - Ontarian The principal language of Ontario is English , the province 's de facto official language , which is spoken natively by about 70 % of the province 's population , according to the 2011 census . There is also a French - speaking population concentrated in the northeastern , eastern , and extreme Southern parts of the province , where under the French Language Services Act , provincial government services are required to be available in French if at least 10 % of a designated area 's population report French as their native language . Roughly 4 % of Ontarians speak French as their mother tongue , and 11 % are bilingual , speaking both English and French , according to the 2011 census . Other languages spoken by residents include Arabic , Bengali , Cantonese , Dutch , German , Greek , Gujarati , Hindi , Italian , Korean , Mandarin , Persian , Polish , Portuguese , Punjabi , Russian , Somali , Spanish , Tagalog , Tamil , Urdu and Vietnamese . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Ontario Ship in Hamilton Harbour . The manufacturing sector is a major employer in Ontario . Ontario is Canada 's leading manufacturing province , accounting for 52 % of the total national manufacturing shipments in 2004 . Ontario 's largest trading partner is the American state of Michigan . As of April 2012 , Moody 's bond - rating agency rated Ontario debt at AA2 / stable , while S&P rated it AA - . Dominion Bond Rating Service rated it AA ( low ) in January 2013 . Long known as a bastion of Canadian manufacturing and financial solvency , Ontario 's public debt - to - GDP ratio is projected to be 37.5 % in fiscal year 2017 -- 2018 , compared to 26 % in 2007 -- 2008 . Ontario 's rivers make it rich in hydroelectric energy . In 2009 , Ontario Power Generation generated 70 percent of the electricity of the province , of which 51 percent is nuclear , 39 % is hydroelectric and 10 % is fossil - fuel derived . By 2025 , nuclear power is projected to supply 42 % , while fossil - fuel - derived generation is projected to decrease slightly over the next 20 years . Much of the newer power generation coming online in the last few years is natural gas or combined - cycle natural gas plants . OPG is not , however , responsible for the transmission of power , which is under the control of Hydro One . Despite its diverse range of power options , problems related to increasing consumption , lack of energy efficiency and aging nuclear reactors , Ontario has been forced in recent years to purchase power from its neighbours Quebec and Michigan to supplement its power needs during peak consumption periods . Ontario 's basic domestic rate in 2010 was 11.17 cents per kWH ; by contrast . Quebec 's was 6.81 . In December 2013 , the government projected a 42 percent hike by 2018 , and 68 percent by 2033 . Industrial rates are projected to rise by 33 % by 2018 , and 55 % in 2033 . An abundance of natural resources , excellent transportation links to the American heartland and the inland Great Lakes making ocean access possible via container ships , have all contributed to making manufacturing the principal industry of the province , found mainly in the Golden Horseshoe region , which is the largest industrialized area in Canada , the southern end of the region being part of the North American Rust Belt . Important products include motor vehicles , iron , steel , food , electrical appliances , machinery , chemicals , and paper . Ontario surpassed Michigan in car production , assembling 2.696 million vehicles in 2004 . Ontario has Chrysler plants in Windsor and Bramalea , two GM plants in Oshawa and one in Ingersoll , a Honda assembly plant in Alliston , Ford plants in Oakville and St. Thomas and Toyota assembly plants in Cambridge and Woodstock . However , as a result of steeply declining sales , in 2005 , General Motors announced massive layoffs at production facilities across North America including two large GM plants in Oshawa and a drive train facility in St. Catharines resulting in 8,000 job losses in Ontario alone . In 2006 , Ford Motor Company announced between 25,000 and 30,000 layoffs phased until 2012 ; Ontario was spared the worst , but job losses were announced for the St Thomas facility and the Windsor Casting plant . However , these losses will be offset by Ford 's recent announcement of a hybrid vehicle facility slated to begin production in 2007 at its Oakville plant and GM 's re-introduction of the Camaro which will be produced in Oshawa . On December 4 , 2008 Toyota announced the grand opening of the RAV4 plant in Woodstock , and Honda also has plans to add an engine plant at its facility in Alliston . Despite these new plants coming online , Ontario has not yet fully recovered following massive layoffs caused by the global recession ; its unemployment rate was 7.3 % in May 2013 , compared to 8.7 percent in January 2010 and approximately 6 % in 2007 . In September 2013 , the Ontario government committed CAD $70.9 million to the Ford plant in Oakville , while the federal government committed CAD $71.1 mn , to secure 2,800 jobs . The province has lost 300,000 manufacturing jobs in the decade from 2003 , and the Bank of Canada noted that `` while the energy and mining industries have benefitted from these movements , the pressure on the manufacturing sector has intensified , since many firms in this sector were already dealing with growing competition from low - cost economies such as China . '' Ontario 's steel industry was once centred on Hamilton . Hamilton harbour , which can be seen as one drives the QEW Skyway bridge , is an industrial wasteland ; US Steel - owned Stelco announced in the autumn of 2013 that it would close in 2014 , with the loss of 875 jobs . The move flummoxed a union representative , who seemed puzzled why a plant with capacity of 2 million tons per annum would be shut while Canada imported 8 million tons of steel the year before . Algoma Steel still maintains a plant in Sault Ste Marie . View of Toronto 's Financial District Toronto , the capital of Ontario , is the centre of Canada 's financial services and banking industry . Neighbouring cities are home to product distribution , IT centres , and various manufacturing industries . Canada 's Federal Government is the largest single employer in the National Capital Region , which centres on the border cities of Ontario 's Ottawa and Quebec 's Gatineau . Parliament Hill in Ottawa , home of the federal government . Canada 's Federal Government is the largest single employer in the National Capital Region The information technology sector is important , particularly in the Silicon Valley North section of Ottawa , as well as the Waterloo Region , where the world headquarters of Research in Motion ( the developers of the BlackBerry smartphone ) is located . BlackBerry once provided more than 19 percent of the local jobs and employed more than 13 % of the entire local population before it supplied 9,500 layoffs in 2013 . OpenText and ATS Automation Tooling Systems of Cambridge make their homes in the area too . Mike Lazaridis , one of the founders of RIM , founded in 1999 the Perimeter Institute , then in 2002 the Institute for Quantum Computing , then in 2013 Quantum Valley Investments , to plow a portion of the benefits of RIM back into research and development . In 2014 , the section of Highway 401 between Toronto and Waterloo became the world 's second - largest innovation corridor after California 's Silicon Valley , employing nearly 280,000 tech workers from around the world and containing over 60 % of Canada 's high tech industry . Hamilton is the largest steel manufacturing city in Canada followed closely by Sault Ste . Marie , and Sarnia is the centre for petrochemical production . Construction employed more than 6.5 % of the province 's work force in June 2011 . Mining and the forest products industry , notably pulp and paper , are vital to the economy of Northern Ontario . There has been controversy over the Ring of Fire mineral deposit , and whether the province can afford to spend CAD $2.25 billion on a road from the Trans - Canada Highway near Kenora to the deposit , currently valued at CAD $60 billions . Tourism contributes heavily to the economy of Central Ontario , peaking during the summer months owing to the abundance of fresh water recreation and wilderness found there in reasonable proximity to the major urban centres . At other times of the year , hunting , skiing and snowmobiling are popular . This region has some of the most vibrant fall colour displays anywhere on the continent , and tours directed at overseas visitors are organized to see them . Tourism also plays a key role in border cities with large casinos , among them Windsor , Cornwall , Sarnia and Niagara Falls , the latter of which attracts millions of US and other international visitors . Agriculture ( edit ) Fruit from the Niagara region for distribution , ca . 1914 Eaton Farm in Eatonville provided poultry , vegetables , dairy and meat products for Eaton 's department stores until the early 1950s . The Canadian Jewish Farm School in Georgetown , Ontario was established in 1927 and served as a training school for Polish war orphans brought to Canada after the First World War . Once the dominant industry , agriculture occupies a small percentage of the population . However , much of the land in southern Ontario is given over to agriculture . As the following table shows , while the number of individual farms has steadily decreased and their overall size has shrunk at a lower rate , greater mechanization has supported increased supply to satisfy the ever - increasing demands of a growing population base ; this has also meant a gradual increase in the total amount of land used for growing crops . Ontario Farming 1986 1991 2001 2006 Number of Farms 72,713 68,633 67,520 59,728 57,211 Total Hectares 5,646,582 5,451,379 5,616,860 5,466,233 5,386,453 Acres 13,953,009 13,470,652 13,879,565 13,507,358 13,310,217 Planted Crops Hectares 3,457,966 3,411,667 3,544,927 3,656,705 3,660,941 Acres 8,544,821 8,430,438 8,759,707 9,035,916 9,046,383 Source : Statistics Canada , Census of Agriculture . Common types of farms reported in the 2001 census include those for cattle , small grains and dairy . The fruit - and grape - growing industry is located primarily on the Niagara Peninsula and along Lake Erie , where tobacco farms are also situated . Market vegetables grow in the rich soils of the Holland Marsh near Newmarket . The area near Windsor is also very fertile . The Heinz plant in Leamington was taken over in these autumn of 2013 by Warren Buffett and a Brazilian partner , following which it put 740 people out of work . Government subsidies followed shortly ; Premier Kathleen Wynne offered CAD $200,000 to cushion the blow , and promised that another processed - food operator would soon be found . On December 10 , 2013 , Kellogg 's announced layoffs for more than 509 workers at a cereal manufacture plant in London . Kellogg 's plans to relocate jobs to Thailand . The area defined as the Corn Belt covers much of the southwestern area of the province , extending as far north as close to Goderich , but corn and soy are grown throughout the southern portion of the province . Apple orchards are a common sight along the southern shore of Nottawasaga Bay ( part of Georgian Bay ) near Collingwood and along the northern shore of Lake Ontario near Cobourg . Tobacco production , centred in Norfolk County , has decreased , allowing an increase in alternative crops such as hazelnuts and ginseng . The Ontario origins of Massey Ferguson , once one of the largest farm - implement manufacturers in the world , indicate the importance agriculture once had to the Canadian economy . Southern Ontario 's limited supply of agricultural land is going out of production at an increasing rate . Urban sprawl and farmland severances contribute to the loss of thousands of acres of productive agricultural land in Ontario each year . Over 2,000 farms and 150,000 acres ( 61,000 ha ) of farmland in the GTA alone were lost to production in the two decades between 1976 and 1996 . This loss represented approximately 18 % ``. of Ontario 's Class 1 farmland being converted to urban purposes . In addition , increasing rural severances provide ever - greater interference with agricultural production . Energy ( edit ) See also : Energy policy of Canada , Renewable energy in Canada , and Smart grid The CANDU Bruce Nuclear Generating Station on Lake Huron is the largest nuclear power plant in the world . The Green Energy and Green Economy Act , 2009 ( GEA ) , takes a two - pronged approach to commercializing renewable energy : bringing more renewable energy sources to the province adopting more energy - efficiency measures to help conserve energy The bill envisaged appointing a Renewable Energy Facilitator to provide `` one - window '' assistance and support to project developers to facilitate project approvals . The approvals process for transmission projects would also be streamlined and ( for the first time in Ontario ) the bill would enact standards for renewable energy projects . Homeowners would have access to incentives to develop small - scale renewables such as low - or no - interest loans to finance the capital cost of renewable energy generating facilities like solar panels . Ontario is home to Niagara Falls , which supplies a large amount of electricity to the province . The Bruce Nuclear Generating Station , the largest nuclear power plant in the world , is also in Ontario and uses 8 CANDU reactors to generate electricity for the province . Government , law and politics ( edit ) Further information : Monarchy in Ontario and Executive Council of Ontario The Ontario Legislature at Queen 's Park in Toronto . The previous wordmark of the Government of Ontario , which was in use from the late - 1960s until 2007 ( apart from the lettering used here ) . The British North America Act 1867 section 69 stipulated `` There shall be a Legislature for Ontario consisting of the Lieutenant Governor and of One House , styled the Legislative Assembly of Ontario . '' The assembly has 107 seats representing ridings elected in a first - past - the - post system across the province . The legislative buildings at Queen 's Park are the seat of government . Following the Westminster system , the leader of the party holding the most seats in the assembly is known as the `` Premier and President of the Council '' ( Executive Council Act R.S.O. 1990 ) . The Premier chooses the cabinet or Executive Council whose members are deemed ministers of the Crown . Although the Legislative Assembly Act ( R.S.O. 1990 ) refers to `` members of the assembly '' , the legislators are now commonly called MPPs ( Members of the Provincial Parliament ) in English and députés de l'Assemblée législative in French , but they have also been called MLAs ( Members of the Legislative Assembly ) , and both are acceptable . The title of Prime Minister of Ontario , correct in French ( le Premier ministre ) , is permissible in English but now generally avoided in favour of the title `` Premier '' to avoid confusion with the Prime Minister of Canada . Law ( edit ) Ontario has grown , from its roots in Upper Canada , into a modern jurisdiction . The old titles of the chief law officers , the Attorney - General and the Solicitor - General , remain in use . They both are responsible to the Legislature . The Attorney - General drafts the laws and is responsible for criminal prosecutions and the administration of justice , while the Solicitor - General is responsible for law enforcement and the police services of the province . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Ontario Ontario has numerous political parties which run for election . The three main parties are the centre - left Ontario Liberal Party , the centre - right Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario , and the social democratic Ontario New Democratic Party ( NDP ) . Each of the three parties has received a majority mandate during a provincial election since 1990 . Ontario is led by the majority government of Premier Kathleen Wynne , a Liberal . Since gaining power under former Premier Dalton McGuinty in 2003 , the Ontario Liberals have been re-elected three times : in the 2007 , the 2011 , and 2014 general elections . In the 2011 federal election in Ontario the Conservatives were elected in 73 ridings , the NDP in 22 , and the Liberals in 11 . The Green Party did not win a seat in Ontario , but Bruce Hyer ( MP for Thunder Bay -- Superior North ) crossed the floor from the NDP and sat as a Green Party member from 2013 until the dissolution of Parliament for the 2015 federal election . Urban areas ( edit ) See also : Golden Horseshoe , National Capital Region ( Canada ) , and Detroit -- Windsor Statistics Canada 's measure of a `` metro area '' , the Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) , roughly bundles together population figures from the core municipality with those from `` commuter '' municipalities . CMA ( largest other included municipalities in brackets ) 2001 2006 2011 2016 % Change Toronto CMA ( Mississauga , Brampton ) 4,682,897 5,113,149 5,583,064 5,928,040 6.2 Ottawa CMA ( Gatineau , Clarence - Rockland ) 1,067,800 1,130,761 1,254,919 1,323,783 4.4 Hamilton CMA ( Burlington , Grimsby ) 662,401 692,911 721,053 747,545 3.7 Kitchener CMA ( Cambridge , Waterloo ) 414,284 451,235 496,383 523,894 5.5 London CMA ( St. Thomas , Strathroy - Caradoc ) 435,600 457,720 474,786 494,069 4.1 St. Catharines CMA ( Niagara Falls , Welland ) 377,009 390,317 392,184 406,074 3.5 Oshawa CMA ( Whitby , Clarington ) 296,298 330,594 356,177 379,848 6.6 Windsor CMA ( Lakeshore , LaSalle ) 307,877 323,342 319,246 329,144 3.1 Barrie CMA ( Innisfil , Springwater ) 148,480 177,061 187,013 197,059 5.4 Sudbury CMA ( Whitefish Lake , Wanapitei Reserve ) 155,601 158,258 160,770 164,689 1.0 Kingston CMA 146,838 152,358 159,561 161,175 1.0 * Parts of Quebec ( including Gatineau ) are included in the Ottawa CMA . The population of the Ottawa CMA , in both provinces , is shown . Ten largest municipalities by population Municipality 2001 2006 2011 Toronto ( Provincial capital ) 7006238542100000000 ♠ 2,385,421 7006248149400000000 ♠ 2,481,494 7006250328100000000 ♠ 2,503,281 7006261506000000000 ♠ 2,615,060 Ottawa ( National capital ) 7005721136000000000 ♠ 721,136 7005774072000000000 ♠ 774,072 7005812129000000000 ♠ 812,129 7005883391000000000 ♠ 883,391 Mississauga 7005544382000000000 ♠ 544,382 7005612925000000000 ♠ 612,925 7005668549000000000 ♠ 668,549 7005713443000000000 ♠ 713,443 Brampton 7005268251000000000 ♠ 268,251 7005325428000000000 ♠ 325,428 7005433806000000000 ♠ 433,806 7005523911000000000 ♠ 523,911 Hamilton 7005467799000000000 ♠ 467,799 7005490268000000000 ♠ 490,268 7005504559000000000 ♠ 504,559 7005519949000000000 ♠ 519,949 London 7005325669000000000 ♠ 325,669 7005336539000000000 ♠ 336,539 7005352395000000000 ♠ 352,395 7005366151000000000 ♠ 366,151 Markham 7005173383000000000 ♠ 173,383 7005208615000000000 ♠ 208,615 7005261573000000000 ♠ 261,573 7005301709000000000 ♠ 301,709 Vaughan 7005132549000000000 ♠ 132,549 7005182022000000000 ♠ 182,022 7005238866000000000 ♠ 238,866 7005288301000000000 ♠ 288,301 Kitchener 7005178420000000000 ♠ 178,420 7005190399000000000 ♠ 190,399 7005204668000000000 ♠ 204,668 7005219153000000000 ♠ 219,153 Windsor 7005197694000000000 ♠ 197,694 7005209218000000000 ♠ 209,218 7005216473000000000 ♠ 216,473 7005210891000000000 ♠ 210,891 Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Ontario In Canada , education falls under provincial jurisdiction . Publicly funded elementary and secondary schools are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Education , while colleges and universities are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Training , Colleges and Universities . The current Minister of Education is Mitzie Hunter , and the current minister of Training , Colleges and Universities is Reza Moridi . Higher education ( edit ) Main article : Higher education in Ontario See also : List of colleges in Ontario and List of universities in Ontario Higher education in Ontario includes postsecondary education and skills training regulated by the Ministry of Training , Colleges , and Universities and provided by universities , colleges of applied arts and technology , and private career colleges . The current minister is Reza Moridi . The ministry administers laws covering 22 public universities , 24 public colleges ( 21 Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology ( CAATs ) and three Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning ( ITALs ) ) , 17 privately funded religious universities , and over 500 private career colleges . The Canadian constitution provides each province with the responsibility for higher education and there is no corresponding national federal ministry of higher education . Within Canadian federalism the division of responsibilities and taxing powers between the Ontario and Canadian governments creates the need for co-operation to fund and deliver higher education to students . Each higher education system aims to improve participation , access , and mobility for students . There are two central organizations that assist with the process of applying to Ontario universities and colleges : the Ontario Universities ' Application Centre and Ontario College Application Service . While application services are centralized , admission and selection processes vary and are the purview of each institution independently . Admission to many Ontario postsecondary institutions can be highly competitive . Upon admission , students may get involved with regional student representation with the Canadian Federation of Students , the Canadian Alliance of Student Associations , the Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance , or through the College Student Alliance in Ontario . Culture ( edit ) Songs and slogans ( edit ) In 1973 the first slogan to appear on licence plates in Ontario was `` Keep It Beautiful '' . This was replaced by `` Yours to Discover '' in 1982 , apparently inspired by a tourism slogan , `` Discover Ontario '' , dating back to 1927 . Plates with the French equivalent , `` Tant à découvrir '' , were made available to the public beginning in May 2008 . ( From 1988 to 1990 , `` Ontario Incredible '' gave `` Yours to Discover '' a brief respite . ) In 2007 , a new song replaced `` A Place to Stand '' after four decades . `` There 's No Place Like This '' is featured in current television advertising , performed by Ontario artists including Molly Johnson , Brian Byrne , Keshia Chanté , as well as Tomi Swick and Arkells . Notable residents ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Ontario Professional sports ( edit ) The province has professional sports teams in baseball , basketball , Canadian football , ice hockey , lacrosse , rugby and soccer . Club Sport League City Stadium Belleville Senators Ice hockey AHL Belleville Yardmen Arena Hamilton Tiger - Cats Football CFL Hamilton Tim Hortons Field KW Titans Basketball NBLC Kitchener Kitchener Memorial Auditorium London Lightning Basketball NBLC London Budweiser Gardens Niagara River Lions Basketball NBLC St. Catharines Meridian Centre Ottawa Champions Baseball Can - Am Ottawa Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park Ottawa Fury Soccer USL Ottawa TD Place Stadium Ottawa Redblacks Football CFL Ottawa TD Place Stadium Ottawa Senators Ice hockey NHL Ottawa Canadian Tire Centre Raptors 905 Basketball NBA G League Mississauga Hershey Centre Toronto Argonauts Football CFL Toronto BMO Field Toronto Blue Jays Baseball MLB Toronto Rogers Centre Toronto FC Soccer MLS Toronto BMO Field Toronto FC II Soccer USL Vaughan Ontario Soccer Centre Toronto Furies Ice hockey CWHL Toronto MasterCard Centre Toronto Marlies Ice hockey AHL Toronto Ricoh Coliseum Toronto Maple Leafs Ice hockey NHL Toronto Air Canada Centre Toronto Raptors Basketball NBA Toronto Air Canada Centre Toronto Rock Lacrosse NLL Toronto Air Canada Centre Toronto Wolfpack Rugby L1 Toronto Lamport Stadium Windsor Express Basketball NBLC Windsor WFCU Centre Transportation ( edit ) Transportation routes in Ontario evolved from early waterway travel and First Nations paths followed by European explorers . Ontario has two major east - west routes , both starting from Montreal in the neighbouring province of Quebec . The northerly route , which was a major fur trade route , travels west from Montreal along the Ottawa River , then continues northwestward towards Manitoba . Major cities on or near the route include Ottawa , North Bay , Sudbury , Sault Ste . Marie , and Thunder Bay . The southerly route , which was driven by growth in settlements originated by the United Empire Loyalists and later other European immigrants , travels southwest from Montreal along the St. Lawrence River , Lake Ontario , and Lake Erie before entering the United States in Michigan . Major cities on or near the route include Kingston , Belleville , Peterborough , Oshawa , Toronto , Mississauga , Kitchener - Waterloo , Hamilton , London , Sarnia , and Windsor . This route was also heavily used by immigrants to the Midwestern US particularly in the late 19th century . Roads ( edit ) Main article : Roads in Ontario 400 - Series Highways make up the primary vehicular network in the south of province , and they connect to numerous border crossings with the US , the busiest being the Detroit -- Windsor Tunnel and Ambassador Bridge and the Blue Water Bridge ( via Highway 402 ) . Some of the primary highways along the southern route are Highway 401 , Highway 417 , and Highway 400 , while other provincial highways and regional roads inter-connect the remainder of the province . Waterways ( edit ) The Saint Lawrence Seaway , which extends across most of the southern portion of the province and connects to the Atlantic Ocean , is the primary water transportation route for cargo , particularly iron ore and grain . In the past , the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River were also a major passenger transportation route , but over the past half century passenger travel has been reduced to ferry services and sightseeing cruises . Railways ( edit ) Via Rail operates the inter-regional passenger train service on the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , along with The Canadian , a transcontinental rail service from Southern Ontario to Vancouver , and the Sudbury -- White River train . Additionally , Amtrak rail connects Ontario with key New York cities including Buffalo , Albany , and New York City . Ontario Northland provides rail service to destinations as far north as Moosonee near James Bay , connecting them with the south . Freight rail is dominated by the founding cross-country Canadian National Railway and CP Rail companies , which during the 1990s sold many short rail lines from their vast network to private companies operating mostly in the south . Regional commuter rail is limited to the provincially owned GO Transit , and serves a train - bus network spanning the Golden Horseshoe region . The Toronto Transit Commission operates the province 's only subway and streetcar system , one of the busiest in North America . OC Transpo operates , in addition to bus service , Ontario 's only light rail transit line , the O - Train in Ottawa . A light - rail metro called the Confederation Line is under construction in Ottawa . It will have 13 stations on 12.5 km ( 7.8 mi ) and part of it will run under the city 's Downtown and feature three underground stations . In addition , the Ion light rail and bus rapid transit system is under construction in the province 's Waterloo region . Ontario Northland freight train crossing the Missinaibi River at Mattice - Val Côté in Northern Ontario Air travel ( edit ) Important airports in the province include Toronto Pearson International Airport , which is the busiest airport in Canada , handling over 41 million passengers in 2015 . Ottawa Macdonald -- Cartier International Airport is Ontario 's second largest airport . Toronto / Pearson and Ottawa / Macdonald - Cartier form two of the three points in Canada 's busiest set of air routes ( the third point being Montréal -- Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport ) . Most Ontario cities have regional airports , many of which have scheduled commuter flights from Air Canada Jazz or smaller airlines and charter companies -- flights from the mid-size cities such as Thunder Bay , Sault Ste . Marie , Sudbury , North Bay , Timmins , Windsor , London , and Kingston feed directly into larger airports in Toronto and Ottawa . Bearskin Airlines also runs flights along the northerly east - west route , connecting Ottawa , North Bay , Sudbury , Sault Ste . Marie , Kitchener and Thunder Bay directly . Isolated towns and settlements in the northern areas of the province rely partly or entirely on air service for travel , goods , and even ambulance services ( MEDIVAC ) , since much of the far northern area of the province can not be reached by road or rail . Highway 401 is the busiest highway in North America and among the busiest highways in the world . A GO Transit commuter train . Air Canada is the largest airline operating in Ontario . Its largest hub is at Pearson International Airport in Mississauga . A light rail O - Train crossing the Rideau River on the Trillium Line . See also ( edit ) Ontario portal Eastern Ontario portal Ottawa portal Toronto portal Outline of Ontario Index of Ontario - related articles Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Land and freshwater area , by province and territory . '' . Statistics Canada . February 1 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011 censuses '' . Statistics Canada . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories '' . Statistics Canada . September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Ontarian '' . Collins English Dictionary -- Complete and Unabridged , HarperCollins Publishers . 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Ontario '' . Queen 's Printer for Ontario . February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product , expenditure - based , by province and territory ( 2015 ) '' . Statistics Canada . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario '' . Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary 11th ed . New York : Merriam - Webster , Inc. 2003 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada , but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada ( along with Manitoba ) . Jump up ^ `` Ontario is the largest province in the country by population '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finance , Government of Ontario , Ministry of . `` Ontario Fact Sheet May 2016 '' . Fin.gov.on.ca . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population of census metropolitan areas ( 2001 Census boundaries ) '' . Statistics Canada . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2005 . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Canada / United States International Boundary Commission ( 2006 ) . `` St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes '' ( pdf ) . Presentation at 2006 IBRU Conference , p. 21 . Durham University . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mithun , Marianne ( 2000 ) . The Languages of Native North America . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 312 . Jump up ^ `` About Canada / / Ontario '' . Study Canada . pp . Last Paragraph -- second -- last sentence . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . The name `` Ontario '' is generally thought to be derived from the Iroquois word Skanadario , meaning `` beautiful water '' Jump up ^ `` Lakes and Rivers '' . Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Canada Country Study : Climate Impacts and Adaptation : Ontario Region Executive Summary '' . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin , David ; Desloges , Joseph ; Band , Lawrence . `` Physical Geography of Ontario '' ( PDF ) . UBC Press . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natural Processes in the Great Lakes '' . US Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Snowstorm shuts down London , Ont '' . CBC News . December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor A , Ontario '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls NPCSH '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals '' . Environment Canada . February 13 , 2014 . Climate ID : 6158350 . 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Report on the Boundaries of the Province of Ontario . Toronto : Hunter , Rose & Co. p. 347 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Early Districts and Counties 1788 -- 1899 '' . Archives of Ontario . September 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` About Ontario ; History : Government of Ontario '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Digital History '' . Web.archive.org . June 26 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Étienne Brûlé 's article on Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Ontario ; History ; French and British Struggle for Domination '' . Government of Ontario . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Quebec Act of 1774 '' . Solon.org . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Encyclopædia britannica ; a dictionary of arts , sciences , literature and general information '' . Archive.org . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitutional Act of 1791 '' . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ARCHIVED -- People -- Virtual Vault -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.ca . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's total population estimates , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Canada . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Household Survey ( NHS ) Profile , 2011 '' . Statistics Canada . May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . 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Economic Forecasts & Special Reports . Royal Bank of Canada . 7 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario is rich in hydroelectricity , especially areas near the Niagara River '' . Ontario Facts . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario Power Generation : Power Generation '' . Opg.com . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ontario projects steady rise in electricity costs for next 20 years '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` Accueil -- Consultations prébudgétaires 2016 -- 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Consultations prébudgétaires 2016 -- 2017 -- Ministère des Finances du Québec . Jump up ^ `` Toyota 's opening a new chapter in Woodstock 's industrial history '' . Woodstocksentinelreview.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Feds , Ontario invest $142 M in Oakville Ford plant '' . Torontosun.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Crane ( February 20 , 2012 ) . `` Ontario has to learn to live with high dollar '' . thestar.com . Jump up ^ `` Fergus plant closing shows Ontario 's decline '' . Toronto Star . November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Steel ends an era in Hamilton '' . The Globe and Mail . 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Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ministry of Transportation ( Ontario ) ( August 6 , 2002 ) . `` Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway 401 '' . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Gray ( April 10 , 2004 ) . `` GTA Economy Dinged by Every Crash on the 401 -- North America 's Busiest Freeway '' . Toronto Sun , transcribed at Urban Planet . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . The ' phenomenal ' number of vehicles on Hwy. 401 as it cuts through Toronto makes it the busiest freeway in the world ... Jump up ^ `` Total aircraft movements by class of operation -- NAV CANADA towers '' . Statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Pearson ( Enplaned + Deplaned ) Passengers '' ( PDF ) . GTAA . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Michael Sletcher , `` Ottawa '' , in James Ciment , ed. , Colonial America : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural , and Economic History , ( 5 vols. , M.E. Sharpe , New York , 2006 ) . Virtual Vault , an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Ontario Beckett , Harry ( 2001 ) . Ontario . Weigl . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894705 - 04 - 2 . White , Randall ( 1985 ) . Ontario , 1610 -- 1985 : a political and economic history . Dundurn Press . ISBN 0 - 919670 - 98 - 9 . Montigny , Edgar - André ; Chambers , Anne Lorene ( 2000 ) . Ontario since Confederation : a reader . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 4444 - 1 . Celebrating One Thousand Years of Ontario 's History : Proceedings of the Celebrating One Thousand Years of Ontario 's History Symposium , April 14 , 15 and 16 , 2000 . Ontario Historical Society , 2000 . 343 pp . Baskerville , Peter A. Sites of Power : A Concise History of Ontario . Oxford U. Press. , 2005 . 296 pp. ( first edition was Ontario : Image , Identity and Power , 2002 ) . online review Chambers , Lori , and Edgar - Andre Montigny , eds . Ontario Since Confederation : A Reader ( 2000 ) , articles by scholars Winfield , Mark S. Blue - Green Province : The Environment and the Political Economy of Ontario ( University of British Columbia Press ; 2012 ) 296 pages ; environmental policies since 1945 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutOntarioat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Government of Ontario Tourism Ontario Ontario at DMOZ Ontario Visual Heritage Project -- Non-profit documentary project about Ontario 's history Links to related articles Province of Ontario Government Premier of Ontario Departments and agencies Ontario Legislative Building more ... 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- 85 VIAF : 144231507 ISNI : 0000 0001 2097 5137 GND : 4102089 - 3 SUDOC : 026632896 BNF : cb11884295c ( data ) NDL : 00260950 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontario&oldid=808492239 '' Categories : Ontario 1867 establishments in Canada Provinces and territories of Canada States and territories established in 1867 Eastern Canada Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014 Use Canadian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles containing French - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut Kapampangan ქართული Kernowek Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Lingála Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Picard Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 05 : 04 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario
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who was the first soldier killed in ww1
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While Parr is believed to be the first Commonwealth soldier killed in action , several soldiers had been killed by friendly fire and accidental shooting after the declaration of war but before troops were sent overseas , starting with Cpl Arthur Rawson on 9 August 1914 . Even earlier , on 6 August 1914 , the cruiser HMS Amphion ( 1911 ) hit a German mine and sank , killing about 150 sailors .
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John Parr ( British army soldier )
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john parr ( british army soldier )
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John Parr The grave of John Parr in St Symphorien cemetery ( 1897 - 07 - 19 ) 19 July 1897 Church End , England 21 August 1914 ( 1914 - 08 - 21 ) ( aged 17 ) Obourg , Belgium Allegiance United Kingdom Service / branch British Army Rank Private Unit 4th Battalion , ( Duke of Cambridge 's ) Middlesex Regiment Battles / wars First World War Parr 's former home in Lodge Lane , Finchley . The plaque to Parr 's memory in Lodge Lane , Finchley . Private John Henry Parr ( 19 July 1897 -- 21 August 1914 ) was a British soldier . He is believed to be the first soldier of the British Commonwealth to be killed by enemy action in the First World War . Contents 1 Early years 2 Military activity 3 Fate 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Early years ( edit ) Parr was born in Lichfield Grove , Finchley , now in the London Borough of Barnet . His father was a milkman . He lived most of his life at 52 Lodge Lane , North Finchley , the youngest of eleven children of Edward and Alice Parr . Many of his siblings died before their fourth birthday . Upon leaving school , he took a job working as a butcher 's boy , and then as a caddie at North Middlesex Golf Club . Then , like many other young men at the time , he was attracted to the army as a potentially better way of life , and one where he would at least get two meals a day and a chance to see the world . The 5'3 '' tall Parr joined the 4th Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment in 1912 , aged fifteen , but claimed to be eighteen years and one month old to meet the minimum age requirement . He was nicknamed `` Ole Parr '' , possibly after Old Tom Parr . Military activity ( edit ) Private Parr specialised in becoming a reconnaissance cyclist , riding ahead to uncover information then returning with all possible speed to update the commanding officer . At the start of World War I in August 1914 Parr 's battalion was shipped from Southampton to Boulogne - sur - Mer , France . With the German army marching into Belgium , Parr 's unit took up positions near a village called Bettignies , beside the canal running through the town of Mons approximately 8 miles ( 13 km ) away . On 21 August , Parr and another cyclist were sent to the village of Obourg , just north east of Mons , and slightly over the border in Belgium , with a mission to locate the enemy . It is believed that they encountered a cavalry patrol from the German First Army , and that Parr remained to hold off the enemy whilst his companion returned to report . He was killed in the ensuing rifle fire . Fate ( edit ) Since the British army retreated to a new position around the Marne after the first battle of Mons , Parr 's body was left behind . In the ensuing months , the slow entrenchment of the war meant that news of Parr 's death was not recognised until much later . After a while his mother wrote to the regiment asking about her son , but they were unable to tell her of his condition , and it may have been that they thought that he had been captured . At the time , there were no dog tags to help with the identification of casualties . The circumstances of his death remain unclear : the front line was approximately 11 miles ( 18 km ) away , and he may have been killed by friendly fire rather than a German patrol , or in the Battle of Mons on 23 August . Parr is buried in the St Symphorien Military Cemetery , just southeast of Mons , and his age is given on the gravestone as twenty , the army not knowing his true age of seventeen . Coincidentally , his grave faces that of George Edwin Ellison , the last British soldier killed during the Great War . On 21 August 2014 , the 100th anniversary of Parr 's death , a memorial paving stone was ceremonially unveiled in the pavement outside 52 Lodge Lane . The ceremony was attended by about 300 people , including local dignitaries and Parr family members , one of whom read a letter from his mother to the War Office written in October 1914 to enquire about him . A memorial `` standing stone '' nearby , to bear a plaque with further details of Parr 's life and death , is planned . A plaque has also been placed in the golf club where he worked as a caddie . While Parr is believed to be the first Commonwealth soldier killed in action , several soldiers had been killed by friendly fire and accidental shooting after the declaration of war but before troops were sent overseas , starting with Cpl Arthur Rawson on 9 August 1914 . Even earlier , on 6 August 1914 , the cruiser HMS Amphion ( 1911 ) hit a German mine and sank , killing about 150 sailors . See also ( edit ) Henry Hadley , a British civilian , sometimes said to be the `` first British casualty '' of the war , died on 5 August 1914 after being shot by a German soldier two days earlier . Albert Mayer ( soldier ) , the first Imperial German Army soldier killed , 1914 Jules Andre Peugeot , the first French Army soldier killed , 1914 James Bethel Gresham , Thomas Enright , and Merle Hay , the first three US Army soldiers killed , 1917 George Edwin Ellison , the last British Army soldier killed in World War I , at 9 : 30 a.m. 11 November Augustin Trébuchon , last French soldier killed , at 10 : 45 a.m. 11 November George Lawrence Price , last Commonwealth soldier killed in World War I , 10 : 58 a.m. 11 November . Henry Gunther , last soldier killed in World War I , at 10 : 59 a.m. 11 November . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WWI Centenary : First casualty Private John Parr shrouded in mystery , Barnet & Whetstone Press , 4 August 2014 Jump up ^ A mother 's anguish over the first man to fall , Daily Telegraph , 3 August 2014 Jump up ^ Reboul , Percy & Heathfield , John . `` First casualty of the war '' Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... URL accessed 5 April 2006 Jump up ^ First British soldier to die in WWI was probably shot in a friendly fire incident by French or Belgians soldiers not German forces as previously thought , Daily Mail , 20 April 2014 Jump up ^ WW1 mystery : Who killed Private John Parr ? , BBC News , 4 August 2014 Jump up ^ `` Casualty Details : Parr , John '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ John Lichfield , Two soldiers linked in death by a bizarre coincidence , The Independent , 8 November 2008 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` Ceremony set to mark centenary of first Great War death '' . London Borough of Barnet. 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Theresa Villiers MP . `` Finchley teenager remembered 100 years after his death in WWI '' . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . With image of the paving stone . Jump up ^ `` The first ' friendly fire ' victim of World War One '' . BBC News . 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Baker , Chris . Firsts and lasts VIAF : 6094148632947130630008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Parr_(British_Army_soldier)&oldid=846821644 '' Categories : 1897 births 1914 deaths People from Finchley Middlesex Regiment soldiers British Army personnel of World War I British military personnel killed in World War I Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CWGC person ID same as Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Kiswahili 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018 , at 02 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Parr%20%28British%20Army%20soldier%29
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what was the viewing place of the early greek theatres called
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History of theatre
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history of theatre
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The history of theatre charts the development of theatre over the past 2,500 years . While performative elements are present in every society , it is customary to acknowledge a distinction between theatre as an art form and entertainment and theatrical or performative elements in other activities . The history of theatre is primarily concerned with the origin and subsequent development of the theatre as an autonomous activity . Since classical Athens in the 6th century BC , vibrant traditions of theatre have flourished in cultures across the world .
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Contents 1 Origins 2 European theatre 2.1 Greek theatre 2.2 Roman theatre 2.3 Transition and early Medieval theatre , 500 -- 1050 2.4 High and late Medieval theatre , 1050 -- 1500 2.5 Commedia dell'arte & Renaissance 2.6 English Elizabethan theatre 2.7 Spanish Golden age theatre 2.8 French Baroque theatre 2.9 Restoration comedy 2.10 Restoration spectacular 2.11 Neoclassical theatre 2.12 Nineteenth - century theatre 2.13 Twentieth - century theatre 3 African theatre ( including African - American ) 3.1 Ancient Egyptian quasi-theatrical events 3.2 Ghanaian theatre 3.3 Yoruba theatre 3.4 African - American theatre 4 Asian theatre 4.1 Indian theatre 4.1. 1 Overview of Indian theatre 4.1. 2 Sanskrit theatre 4.1. 3 Rural Indian theatre 4.1. 4 Kathakali 4.1. 5 Modern Indian theatre 4.2 Chinese theatre 4.2. 1 Shang theatre 4.2. 2 Han and Tang theatre 4.2. 3 Song and Yuan theatre 4.3 Philippine theatre 4.4 Thai theatre 4.5 Khmer and Malay theatre 4.6 Japanese theatre 4.6. 1 Noh 4.6. 2 Bunraku 4.6. 3 Kabuki 4.6. 4 Butoh 4.7 Persian theatre 4.7. 1 Medieval Islamic theatre 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Origins ( edit ) Theatre arose as a performance of ritual activities that did not require initiation on the part of the spectator . This similarity of early theatre to ritual is negatively attested by Aristotle , who in his Poetics defined theatre in contrast to the performances of sacred mysteries : theatre did not require the spectator to fast , drink the kykeon , or march in a procession ; however theatre did resemble the sacred mysteries in the sense that it brought purification and healing to the spectator by means of a vision , the theama . The physical location of such performances was accordingly named theatron . According to the historians Oscar Brockett and Franklin Hildy , rituals typically include elements that entertain or give pleasure , such as costumes and masks as well as skilled performers . As societies grew more complex , these spectacular elements began to be acted out under non-ritualistic conditions . As this occurred , the first steps towards theatre as an autonomous activity were being taken . European theatre ( edit ) Greek theatre ( edit ) The best - preserved example of a classical Greek theatre , the Theatre of Epidaurus , has a circular orchêstra and probably gives the best idea of the original shape of the Athenian theatre , though it dates from the 4th century BC . Main articles : Theatre of Ancient Greece , Ancient Greek comedy , and Satyr play Greek theatre , most developed in Athens , is the root of the Western tradition ; theatre is in origin a Greek word . It was part of a broader culture of theatricality and performance in classical Greece that included festivals , religious rituals , politics , law , athletics and gymnastics , music , poetry , weddings , funerals , and symposia . Participation in the city - state 's many festivals -- and attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member ( or even as a participant in the theatrical productions ) in particular -- was an important part of citizenship . Civic participation also involved the evaluation of the rhetoric of orators evidenced in performances in the law - court or political assembly , both of which were understood as analogous to the theatre and increasingly came to absorb its dramatic vocabulary . The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama : tragedy , comedy , and the satyr play . Athenian tragedy -- the oldest surviving form of tragedy -- is a type of dance - drama that formed an important part of the theatrical culture of the city - state . Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BC , it flowered during the 5th century BC ( from the end of which it began to spread throughout the Greek world ) and continued to be popular until the beginning of the Hellenistic period . No tragedies from the 6th century and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century have survived . We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus , Sophocles , and Euripides . The origins of tragedy remain obscure , though by the 5th century it was institutionalised in competitions ( agon ) held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysos ( the god of wine and fertility ) . As contestants in the City Dionysia 's competition ( the most prestigious of the festivals to stage drama ) , playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays ( though the individual works were not necessarily connected by story or theme ) , which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play . The performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BC ; official records ( didaskaliai ) begin from 501 BC , when the satyr play was introduced . Most Athenian tragedies dramatise events from Greek mythology , though The Persians -- which stages the Persian response to news of their military defeat at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC -- is the notable exception in the surviving drama . When Aeschylus won first prize for it at the City Dionysia in 472 BC , he had been writing tragedies for more than 25 years , yet its tragic treatment of recent history is the earliest example of drama to survive . More than 130 years later , the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th - century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory -- his Poetics ( c. 335 BC ) . Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods , `` Old Comedy '' , `` Middle Comedy '' , and `` New Comedy '' . Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of Aristophanes , while Middle Comedy is largely lost ( preserved only in relatively short fragments in authors such as Athenaeus of Naucratis ) . New Comedy is known primarily from the substantial papyrus fragments of plays by Menander . Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of laughable people that involves some kind of error or ugliness that does not cause pain or destruction . Roman theatre ( edit ) Roman theatre at Orange , France Main article : Theatre of ancient Rome Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans . The Roman historian Livy wrote that the Romans first experienced theatre in the 4th century BC , with a performance by Etruscan actors . Beacham argues that Romans had been familiar with `` pre-theatrical practices '' for some time before that recorded contact . The theatre of ancient Rome was a thriving and diverse art form , ranging from festival performances of street theatre , nude dancing , and acrobatics , to the staging of Plautus 's broadly appealing situation comedies , to the high - style , verbally elaborate tragedies of Seneca . Although Rome had a native tradition of performance , the Hellenization of Roman culture in the 3rd century BC had a profound and energizing effect on Roman theatre and encouraged the development of Latin literature of the highest quality for the stage . Following the expansion of the Roman Republic ( 509 -- 27 BC ) into several Greek territories between 270 -- 240 BC , Rome encountered Greek drama . From the later years of the republic and by means of the Roman Empire ( 27 BC - 476 AD ) , theatre spread west across Europe , around the Mediterranean and reached England ; Roman theatre was more varied , extensive and sophisticated than that of any culture before it . While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period , the year 240 BC marks the beginning of regular Roman drama . From the beginning of the empire , however , interest in full - length drama declined in favour of a broader variety of theatrical entertainments . The first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BC . Five years later , Gnaeus Naevius also began to write drama . No plays from either writer have survived . While both dramatists composed in both genres , Andronicus was most appreciated for his tragedies and Naevius for his comedies ; their successors tended to specialise in one or the other , which led to a separation of the subsequent development of each type of drama . By the beginning of the 2nd century BC , drama was firmly established in Rome and a guild of writers ( collegium poetarum ) had been formed . The Roman comedies that have survived are all fabula palliata ( comedies based on Greek subjects ) and come from two dramatists : Titus Maccius Plautus ( Plautus ) and Publius Terentius Afer ( Terence ) . In re-working the Greek originals , the Roman comic dramatists abolished the role of the chorus in dividing the drama into episodes and introduced musical accompaniment to its dialogue ( between one - third of the dialogue in the comedies of Plautus and two - thirds in those of Terence ) . The action of all scenes is set in the exterior location of a street and its complications often follow from eavesdropping . Plautus , the more popular of the two , wrote between 205 and 184 BC and twenty of his comedies survive , of which his farces are best known ; he was admired for the wit of his dialogue and his use of a variety of poetic meters . All of the six comedies that Terence wrote between 166 and 160 BC have survived ; the complexity of his plots , in which he often combined several Greek originals , was sometimes denounced , but his double - plots enabled a sophisticated presentation of contrasting human behaviour . No early Roman tragedy survives , though it was highly regarded in its day ; historians know of three early tragedians -- Quintus Ennius , Marcus Pacuvius and Lucius Accius . From the time of the empire , the work of two tragedians survives -- one is an unknown author , while the other is the Stoic philosopher Seneca . Nine of Seneca 's tragedies survive , all of which are fabula crepidata ( tragedies adapted from Greek originals ) ; his Phaedra , for example , was based on Euripides ' Hippolytus . Historians do not know who wrote the only extant example of the fabula praetexta ( tragedies based on Roman subjects ) , Octavia , but in former times it was mistakenly attributed to Seneca due to his appearance as a character in the tragedy . Transition and early medieval theatre , 500 -- 1050 ( edit ) Main article : Medieval theatre As the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries , the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Eastern Roman Empire , today called the Byzantine Empire . While surviving evidence about Byzantine theatre is slight , existing records show that mime , pantomime , scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies , dances , and other entertainments were very popular . Constantinople had two theatres that were in use as late as the 5th century . However , the true importance of the Byzantines in theatrical history is their preservation of many classical Greek texts and the compilation of a massive encyclopedia called the Suda , from which is derived a large amount of contemporary information on Greek theatre . From the 5th century , Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder that lasted ( with a brief period of stability under the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century ) until the 10th century . As such , most organized theatrical activities disappeared in Western Europe . While it seems that small nomadic bands traveled around Europe throughout the period , performing wherever they could find an audience , there is no evidence that they produced anything but crude scenes . These performers were denounced by the Church during the Dark Ages as they were viewed as dangerous and pagan . Hrosvitha of Gandersheim , the first dramatist of the post-classical era . By the Early Middle Ages , churches in Europe began staging dramatized versions of particular biblical events on specific days of the year . These dramatizations were included in order to vivify annual celebrations . Symbolic objects and actions -- vestments , altars , censers , and pantomime performed by priests -- recalled the events which Christian ritual celebrates . These were extensive sets of visual signs that could be used to communicate with a largely illiterate audience . These performances developed into liturgical dramas , the earliest of which is the Whom do you Seek ( Quem - Quaeritis ) Easter trope , dating from ca . 925 . Liturgical drama was sung responsively by two groups and did not involve actors impersonating characters . However , sometime between 965 and 975 , Æthelwold of Winchester composed the Regularis Concordia ( Monastic Agreement ) which contains a playlet complete with directions for performance . Hrosvitha ( c. 935 -- 973 ) , a canoness in northern Germany , wrote six plays modeled on Terence 's comedies but using religious subjects . These six plays -- Abraham , Callimachus , Dulcitius , Gallicanus , Paphnutius , and Sapientia -- are the first known plays composed by a female dramatist and the first identifiable Western dramatic works of the post-classical era . They were first published in 1501 and had considerable influence on religious and didactic plays of the sixteenth century . Hrosvitha was followed by Hildegard of Bingen ( d . 1179 ) , a Benedictine abbess , who wrote a Latin musical drama called Ordo Virtutum in 1155 . High and late medieval theatre , 1050 -- 1500 ( edit ) Stage drawing from 15th - century vernacular morality play The Castle of Perseverance ( as found in the Macro Manuscript ) . Main article : Medieval theatre As the Viking invasions ceased in the middle of the 11th century , liturgical drama had spread from Russia to Scandinavia to Italy . Only in Muslim - occupied Spain were liturgical dramas not presented at all . Despite the large number of liturgical dramas that have survived from the period , many churches would have only performed one or two per year and a larger number never performed any at all . The Feast of Fools was especially important in the development of comedy . The festival inverted the status of the lesser clergy and allowed them to ridicule their superiors and the routine of church life . Sometimes plays were staged as part of the occasion and a certain amount of burlesque and comedy crept into these performances . Although comic episodes had to truly wait until the separation of drama from the liturgy , the Feast of Fools undoubtedly had a profound effect on the development of comedy in both religious and secular plays . Performance of religious plays outside of the church began sometime in the 12th century through a traditionally accepted process of merging shorter liturgical dramas into longer plays which were then translated into vernacular and performed by laymen . The Mystery of Adam ( 1150 ) gives credence to this theory as its detailed stage direction suggest that it was staged outdoors . A number of other plays from the period survive , including La Seinte Resurrection ( Norman ) , The Play of the Magi Kings ( Spanish ) , and Sponsus ( French ) . The importance of the High Middle Ages in the development of theatre was the economic and political changes that led to the formation of guilds and the growth of towns . This would lead to significant changes in the Late Middle Ages . In the British Isles , plays were produced in some 127 different towns during the Middle Ages . These vernacular Mystery plays were written in cycles of a large number of plays : York ( 48 plays ) , Chester ( 24 ) , Wakefield ( 32 ) and Unknown ( 42 ) . A larger number of plays survive from France and Germany in this period and some type of religious dramas were performed in nearly every European country in the Late Middle Ages . Many of these plays contained comedy , devils , villains and clowns . The majority of actors in these plays were drawn from the local population . For example , at Valenciennes in 1547 , more than 100 roles were assigned to 72 actors . Plays were staged on pageant wagon stages , which were platforms mounted on wheels used to move scenery . Often providing their own costumes , amateur performers in England were exclusively male , but other countries had female performers . The platform stage , which was an unidentified space and not a specific locale , allowed for abrupt changes in location . Morality plays emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished until 1550 . The most interesting morality play is The Castle of Perseverance which depicts mankind 's progress from birth to death . However , the most famous morality play and perhaps best known medieval drama is Everyman . Everyman receives Death 's summons , struggles to escape and finally resigns himself to necessity . Along the way , he is deserted by Kindred , Goods , and Fellowship -- only Good Deeds goes with him to the grave . There were also a number of secular performances staged in the Middle Ages , the earliest of which is The Play of the Greenwood by Adam de la Halle in 1276 . It contains satirical scenes and folk material such as faeries and other supernatural occurrences . Farces also rose dramatically in popularity after the 13th century . The majority of these plays come from France and Germany and are similar in tone and form , emphasizing sex and bodily excretions . The best known playwright of farces is Hans Sachs ( 1494 -- 1576 ) who wrote 198 dramatic works . In England , The Second Shepherds ' Play of the Wakefield Cycle is the best known early farce . However , farce did not appear independently in England until the 16th century with the work of John Heywood ( 1497 -- 1580 ) . A significant forerunner of the development of Elizabethan drama was the Chambers of Rhetoric in the Low Countries . These societies were concerned with poetry , music and drama and held contests to see which society could compose the best drama in relation to a question posed . At the end of the Late Middle Ages , professional actors began to appear in England and Europe . Richard III and Henry VII both maintained small companies of professional actors . Their plays were performed in the Great Hall of a nobleman 's residence , often with a raised platform at one end for the audience and a `` screen '' at the other for the actors . Also important were Mummers ' plays , performed during the Christmas season , and court masques . These masques were especially popular during the reign of Henry VIII who had a House of Revels built and an Office of Revels established in 1545 . The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors , including the weakening power of the Catholic Church , the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries . Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s . Similarly , religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539 , the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548 . The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop its own form of drama . It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in Greek and Roman theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity . Commedia dell'arte & Renaissance ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The greedy , high - status Pantalone commedia dell'arte masked character . Main article : Commedia dell'arte Commedia dell'arte troupes performed lively improvisational playlets across Europe for centuries . It originated in Italy in the 1560s . Commedia dell'arte was an actor - centred theatre , requiring little scenery and very few props . Plays did not originate from written drama but from scenarios called lazzi , which were loose frameworks that provided the situations , complications , and outcome of the action , around which the actors would improvise . The plays utilised stock characters , which could be divided into three groups : the lovers , the masters , and the servants . The lovers had different names and characteristics in most plays and often were the children of the master . The role of master was normally based on one of three stereotypes : Pantalone , an elderly Venetian merchant ; Dottore , Pantalone 's friend or rival , a pedantic doctor or lawyer who acted far more intelligent than he really was ; and Capitano , who was once a lover character , but evolved into a braggart who boasted of his exploits in love and war , but was often terrifically unskilled in both . He normally carried a sword and wore a cape and feathered headdress . The servant character ( called zanni ) had only one recurring role : Arlecchino ( also called Harlequin ) . He was both cunning and ignorant , but an accomplished dancer and acrobat . He typically carried a wooden stick with a split in the middle so it made a loud noise when striking something . This `` weapon '' gave us the term `` slapstick '' . A troupe typically consisted of 13 to 14 members . Most actors were paid by taking a share of the play 's profits roughly equivalent to the size of their role . The style of theatre was in its peak from 1575 to 1650 , but even after that time new scenarios were written and performed . The Venetian playwright Carlo Goldoni wrote a few scenarios starting in 1734 , but since he considered the genre too vulgar , he refined the topics of his own to be more sophisticated . He also wrote several plays based on real events , in which he included commedia characters . English Elizabethan theatre ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 1596 sketch of a performance in progress on the thrust stage of The Swan , a typical Elizabethan open - roof playhouse . Main article : English Renaissance theatre Renaissance theatre derived from several medieval theatre traditions , such as , the mystery plays that formed a part of religious festivals in England and other parts of Europe during the Middle Ages . Other sources include the `` morality plays '' and the `` University drama '' that attempted to recreate Athenian tragedy . The Italian tradition of Commedia dell'arte , as well as the elaborate masques frequently presented at court , also contributed to the shaping of public theatre . Since before the reign of Elizabeth I , companies of players were attached to households of leading aristocrats and performed seasonally in various locations . These became the foundation for the professional players that performed on the Elizabethan stage . The tours of these players gradually replaced the performances of the mystery and morality plays by local players , and a 1572 law eliminated the remaining companies lacking formal patronage by labelling them vagabonds . The City of London authorities were generally hostile to public performances , but its hostility was overmatched by the Queen 's taste for plays and the Privy Council 's support . Theatres sprang up in suburbs , especially in the liberty of Southwark , accessible across the Thames to city dwellers but beyond the authority 's control . The companies maintained the pretence that their public performances were mere rehearsals for the frequent performances before the Queen , but while the latter did grant prestige , the former were the real source of the income for the professional players . Along with the economics of the profession , the character of the drama changed toward the end of the period . Under Elizabeth , the drama was a unified expression as far as social class was concerned : the Court watched the same plays the commoners saw in the public playhouses . With the development of the private theatres , drama became more oriented toward the tastes and values of an upper - class audience . By the later part of the reign of Charles I , few new plays were being written for the public theatres , which sustained themselves on the accumulated works of the previous decades . Puritan opposition to the stage ( informed by the arguments of the early Church Fathers who had written screeds against the decadent and violent entertainments of the Romans ) argued not only that the stage in general was pagan , but that any play that represented a religious figure was inherently idolatrous . In 1642 , at the outbreak of the English Civil War , the Protestant authorities banned the performance of all plays within the city limits of London . A sweeping assault against the alleged immoralities of the theatre crushed whatever remained in England of the dramatic tradition . Spanish Golden Age theatre ( edit ) Main article : Spanish Golden Age theatre Calderon de la Barca , a key figure in the theatre of the Spanish Golden Age During its Golden Age , roughly from 1590 to 1681 , Spain saw a monumental increase in the production of live theatre as well as the in importance of theatre within Spanish society . It was an accessible art form for all participants in Renaissance Spain , being both highly sponsored by the aristocratic class and highly attended by the lower classes . The volume and variety of Spanish plays during the Golden Age was unprecedented in the history of world theatre , surpassing , for example , the dramatic production of the English Renaissance by a factor of at least four . Although this volume has been as much a source of criticism as praise for Spanish Golden Age theatre , for emphasizing quantity before quality , a large number of the 10,000 to 30,000 plays of this period are still considered masterpieces . Major artists of the period included Lope de Vega , a contemporary of Shakespeare , often , and contemporaneously , seen his parallel for the Spanish stage , and Calderon de la Barca , inventor of the zarzuela and Lope 's successor as the preeminent Spanish dramatist . Gil Vicente , Lope de Rueda , and Juan del Encina helped to establish the foundations of Spanish theatre in the mid-sixteenth centuries , while Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla and Tirso de Molina made significant contributions in the later half of the Golden Age . Important performers included Lope de Rueda ( previously mentioned among the playwrights ) and later Juan Rana . The sources of influence for the emerging national theatre of Spain were as diverse as the theatre that nation ended up producing . Storytelling traditions originating in Italian Commedia dell'arte and the uniquely Spanish expression of Western Europe 's traveling minstrel entertainments contributed a populist influence on the narratives and the music , respectively , of early Spanish theatre . Neo-Aristotelian criticism and liturgical dramas , on the other hand , contributed literary and moralistic perspectives . In turn , Spanish Golden Age theatre has dramatically influenced the theatre of later generations in Europe and throughout the world . Spanish drama had an immediate and significant impact on the contemporary developments in English Renaissance theatre . It has also had a lasting impact on theatre throughout the Spanish speaking world . Additionally , a growing number of works are being translated , increasing the reach of Spanish Golden Age theatre and strengthening its reputation among critics and theatre patrons . French baroque theatre ( edit ) Notable playwrights : Pierre Corneille ( 1606 -- 84 ) Molière ( 1622 - 73 ) Jean Racine ( 1639 - 99 ) Restoration comedy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Restoration comedy Refinement meets burlesque in Restoration comedy . In this scene from George Etherege 's Love in a Tub ( 1664 ) , musicians and well - bred ladies surround a man who is wearing a tub because he has lost his trousers . After public stage performances had been banned for 18 years by the Puritan regime , the re-opening of the theatres in 1660 signaled a renaissance of English drama . With the restoration of the monarch in 1660 came the restoration of and the reopening of the theatre . English comedies written and performed in the Restoration period from 1660 to 1710 are collectively called `` Restoration comedy '' . Restoration comedy is notorious for its sexual explicitness , a quality encouraged by Charles II ( 1660 -- 1685 ) personally and by the rakish aristocratic ethos of his court . For the first time women were allowed to act , putting an end to the practice of the boy - player taking the parts of women . Socially diverse audiences included both aristocrats , their servants and hangers - on , and a substantial middle - class segment . Restoration audiences liked to see good triumph in their tragedies and rightful government restored . In comedy they liked to see the love - lives of the young and fashionable , with a central couple bringing their courtship to a successful conclusion ( often overcoming the opposition of the elders to do so ) . Heroines had to be chaste , but were independent - minded and outspoken ; now that they were played by women , there was more mileage for the playwright in disguising them in men 's clothes or giving them narrow escape from rape . These playgoers were attracted to the comedies by up - to - the - minute topical writing , by crowded and bustling plots , by the introduction of the first professional actresses , and by the rise of the first celebrity actors . To non-theatre - goers these comedies were widely seen as licentious and morally suspect , holding up the antics of a small , privileged , and decadent class for admiration . This same class dominated the audiences of the Restoration theatre . This period saw the first professional woman playwright , Aphra Behn . As a reaction to the decadence of Charles II era productions , sentimental comedy grew in popularity . This genre focused on encouraging virtuous behavior by showing middle class characters overcoming a series of moral trials . Playwrights like Colley Cibber and Richard Steele believed that humans were inherently good but capable of being led astray . Through plays such as The Conscious Lovers and Love 's Last Shift they strove to appeal to an audience 's noble sentiments in order that viewers could be reformed . Restoration spectacular ( edit ) Main article : Restoration spectacular The Restoration spectacular , or elaborately staged `` machine play '' , hit the London public stage in the late 17th - century Restoration period , enthralling audiences with action , music , dance , moveable scenery , baroque illusionistic painting , gorgeous costumes , and special effects such as trapdoor tricks , `` flying '' actors , and fireworks . These shows have always had a bad reputation as a vulgar and commercial threat to the witty , `` legitimate '' Restoration drama ; however , they drew Londoners in unprecedented numbers and left them dazzled and delighted . Basically home - grown and with roots in the early 17th - century court masque , though never ashamed of borrowing ideas and stage technology from French opera , the spectaculars are sometimes called `` English opera '' . However , the variety of them is so untidy that most theatre historians despair of defining them as a genre at all . Only a handful of works of this period are usually accorded the term `` opera '' , as the musical dimension of most of them is subordinate to the visual . It was spectacle and scenery that drew in the crowds , as shown by many comments in the diary of the theatre - lover Samuel Pepys . The expense of mounting ever more elaborate scenic productions drove the two competing theatre companies into a dangerous spiral of huge expenditure and correspondingly huge losses or profits . A fiasco such as John Dryden 's Albion and Albanius would leave a company in serious debt , while blockbusters like Thomas Shadwell 's Psyche or Dryden 's King Arthur would put it comfortably in the black for a long time . Neo-classical theatre ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Neoclassicism An 18th - century Neoclassical theatre in Ostankino , Moscow Neoclassicism was the dominant form of theatre in the 18th century . It demanded decorum and rigorous adherence to the classical unities . Neoclassical theatre as well as the time period is characterized by its grandiosity . The costumes and scenery were intricate and elaborate . The acting is characterized by large gestures and melodrama . Neoclassical theatre encompasses the Restoration , Augustan , and Johnstinian Ages . In one sense , the neo-classical age directly follows the time of the Renaissance . Theatres of the early 18th century -- sexual farces of the Restoration were superseded by politically satirical comedies , 1737 Parliament passed the Stage Licensing Act which introduced state censorship of public performances and limited the number of theatres in London to two . Nineteenth - century theatre ( edit ) Main article : Nineteenth - century theatre Theatre in the 19th century is divided into two parts : early and late . The early period was dominated by melodrama and Romanticism . Beginning in France , melodrama became the most popular theatrical form . August von Kotzebue 's Misanthropy and Repentance ( 1789 ) is often considered the first melodramatic play . The plays of Kotzebue and René Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt established melodrama as the dominant dramatic form of the early 19th century . In Germany , there was a trend toward historic accuracy in costumes and settings , a revolution in theatre architecture , and the introduction of the theatrical form of German Romanticism . Influenced by trends in 19th - century philosophy and the visual arts , German writers were increasingly fascinated with their Teutonic past and had a growing sense of nationalism . The plays of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Schiller , and other Sturm und Drang playwrights , inspired a growing faith in feeling and instinct as guides to moral behavior . Edward Bulwer - Lytton . In Britain , Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron were the most important dramatists of their time ( although Shelley 's plays were not performed until later in the century ) . In the minor theatres , burletta and melodrama were the most popular . Kotzebue 's plays were translated into English and Thomas Holcroft 's A Tale of Mystery was the first of many English melodramas . Pierce Egan , Douglas William Jerrold , Edward Fitzball , and John Baldwin Buckstone initiated a trend towards more contemporary and rural stories in preference to the usual historical or fantastical melodramas . James Sheridan Knowles and Edward Bulwer - Lytton established a `` gentlemanly '' drama that began to re-establish the former prestige of the theatre with the aristocracy . The later period of the 19th century saw the rise of two conflicting types of drama : realism and non-realism , such as Symbolism and precursors of Expressionism . Realism began earlier in the 19th century in Russia than elsewhere in Europe and took a more uncompromising form . Beginning with the plays of Ivan Turgenev ( who used `` domestic detail to reveal inner turmoil '' ) , Aleksandr Ostrovsky ( who was Russia 's first professional playwright ) , Aleksey Pisemsky ( whose A Bitter Fate ( 1859 ) anticipated Naturalism ) , and Leo Tolstoy ( whose The Power of Darkness ( 1886 ) is `` one of the most effective of naturalistic plays '' ) , a tradition of psychological realism in Russia culminated with the establishment of the Moscow Art Theatre by Konstantin Stanislavski and Vladimir Nemirovich - Danchenko . The most important theatrical force in later 19th - century Germany was that of Georg II , Duke of Saxe - Meiningen and his Meiningen Ensemble , under the direction of Ludwig Chronegk . The Ensemble 's productions are often considered the most historically accurate of the 19th century , although his primary goal was to serve the interests of the playwright . The Meiningen Ensemble stands at the beginning of the new movement toward unified production ( or what Richard Wagner would call the Gesamtkunstwerk ) and the rise of the director ( at the expense of the actor ) as the dominant artist in theatre - making . Richard Wagner 's Bayreuth Festival Theatre . Naturalism , a theatrical movement born out of Charles Darwin 's The Origin of Species ( 1859 ) and contemporary political and economic conditions , found its main proponent in Émile Zola . The realisation of Zola 's ideas was hindered by a lack of capable dramatists writing naturalist drama . André Antoine emerged in the 1880s with his Théâtre Libre that was only open to members and therefore was exempt from censorship . He quickly won the approval of Zola and began to stage Naturalistic works and other foreign realistic pieces . Henrik Ibsen , the `` father '' of realist and modern drama . In Britain , melodramas , light comedies , operas , Shakespeare and classic English drama , Victorian burlesque , pantomimes , translations of French farces and , from the 1860s , French operettas , continued to be popular . So successful were the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan , such as H.M.S. Pinafore ( 1878 ) and The Mikado ( 1885 ) , that they greatly expanded the audience for musical theatre . This , together with much improved street lighting and transportation in London and New York led to a late Victorian and Edwardian theatre building boom in the West End and on Broadway . Later , the work of Henry Arthur Jones and Arthur Wing Pinero initiated a new direction on the English stage . While their work paved the way , the development of more significant drama owes itself most to the playwright Henrik Ibsen . Ibsen was born in Norway in 1828 . He wrote twenty - five plays , the most famous of which are A Doll 's House ( 1879 ) , Ghosts ( 1881 ) , The Wild Duck ( 1884 ) , and Hedda Gabler ( 1890 ) . In addition , his works Rosmersholm ( 1886 ) and When We Dead Awaken ( 1899 ) evoke a sense of mysterious forces at work in human destiny , which was to be a major theme of symbolism and the so - called `` Theatre of the Absurd '' . After Ibsen , British theatre experienced revitalization with the work of George Bernard Shaw , Oscar Wilde , John Galsworthy , William Butler Yeats , and Harley Granville Barker . Unlike most of the gloomy and intensely serious work of their contemporaries , Shaw and Wilde wrote primarily in the comic form . Edwardian musical comedies were extremely popular , appealing to the tastes of the middle class in the Gay Nineties and catering to the public 's preference for escapist entertainment during World War 1 . Twentieth - century theatre ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Twentieth - century theatre , Timeline of twentieth - century theatre , and Musical theatre While much 20th - century theatre continued and extended the projects of realism and Naturalism , there was also a great deal of experimental theatre that rejected those conventions . These experiments form part of the modernist and postmodernist movements and included forms of political theatre as well as more aesthetically orientated work . Examples include : Epic theatre , the Theatre of Cruelty , and the so - called `` Theatre of the Absurd '' . The term theatre practitioner came to be used to describe someone who both creates theatrical performances and who produces a theoretical discourse that informs their practical work . A theatre practitioner may be a director , a dramatist , an actor , or -- characteristically -- often a combination of these traditionally separate roles . `` Theatre practice '' describes the collective work that various theatre practitioners do . It is used to describe theatre praxis from Konstantin Stanislavski 's development of his ' system ' , through Vsevolod Meyerhold 's biomechanics , Bertolt Brecht 's epic and Jerzy Grotowski 's poor theatre , down to the present day , with contemporary theatre practitioners including Augusto Boal with his Theatre of the Oppressed , Dario Fo 's popular theatre , Eugenio Barba 's theatre anthropology and Anne Bogart 's viewpoints . Other key figures of 20th - century theatre include : Antonin Artaud , August Strindberg , Anton Chekhov , Frank Wedekind , Maurice Maeterlinck , Federico García Lorca , Eugene O'Neill , Luigi Pirandello , George Bernard Shaw , Gertrude Stein , Ernst Toller , Vladimir Mayakovsky , Arthur Miller , Tennessee Williams , Jean Genet , Eugène Ionesco , Samuel Beckett , Harold Pinter , Friedrich Dürrenmatt , Heiner Müller , and Caryl Churchill . A number of aesthetic movements continued or emerged in the 20th century , including : Naturalism Realism Dadaism Expressionism Surrealism and the Theatre of Cruelty Theatre of the Absurd Postmodernism Agitprop After the great popularity of the British Edwardian musical comedies , the American musical theatre came to dominate the musical stage , beginning with the Princess Theatre musicals , followed by the works of the Gershwin brothers , Cole Porter , Jerome Kern , Rodgers and Hart , and later Rodgers and Hammerstein . African theatre ( including African - American ) ( edit ) Ancient Egyptian quasi-theatrical events ( edit ) The earliest recorded quasi-theatrical event dates back to 2000 BC with the `` passion plays '' of Ancient Egypt . The story of the god Osiris was performed annually at festivals throughout the civilization . Ghanaian theatre ( edit ) Modern theatre in Ghana emerged in the early 20th century . It emerged first as literary comment on the colonization of Africa by Europe . Among the earliest work in which this can be seen is The Blinkards written by Kobina Sekyi in 1915 . The Blinkards is a blatant satire about the Africans who embraced the European culture that was brought to them . In it Sekyi demeans three groups of individuals : anyone European , anyone who imitates the Europeans , and the rich African cocoa farmer . This sudden rebellion though was just the beginning spark of Ghanaian literary theater . A play that has similarity in its satirical view is Anowa . Written by Ghanaian author Ama Ata Aidoo , it begins with its eponymous heroine Anowa rejecting her many arranged suitors ' marriage proposals . She insists on making her own decisions as to whom she is going to marry . The play stresses the need for gender equality , and respect for women . This ideal of independence , as well as equality leads Anowa down a winding path of both happiness and misery . Anowa chooses a man of her own to marry . Anowa supports her husband Kofi both physically and emotionally . Through her support Kofi does prosper in wealth , but becomes poor as a spiritual being . Through his accumulation of wealth Kofi loses himself in it . His once happy marriage with Anowa becomes changed when he begins to hire slaves rather than doing any labor himself . This to Anowa does not make sense because it makes Kofi no better than the European colonists whom she detests for the way that she feels they have used the people of Africa . Their marriage is childless , which is presumed to have been caused by a ritual that Kofi has done trading his manhood for wealth . Anowa 's viewing Kofi 's slave - gotten wealth and inability to have a child leads to her committing suicide . The name Anowa means `` Superior moral force '' while Kofi 's means only `` Born on Friday '' . This difference in even the basis of their names seems to implicate the moral superiority of women in a male run society . Another play of significance is The Marriage of Anansewa , written in 1975 by Efua Sutherland . The entire play is based upon an Akan oral tradition called Anansesem ( folk tales ) . The main character of the play is Ananse ( the spider ) . The qualities of Ananse are one of the most prevalent parts of the play . Ananse is cunning , selfish , has great insight into human and animal nature , is ambitious , eloquent , and resourceful . By putting too much of himself into everything that he does Ananse ruins each of his schemes and ends up poor . Ananse is used in the play as a kind of Everyman . He is written in an exaggerated sense in order to force the process of self - examination . Ananse is used as a way to spark a conversation for change in the society of anyone reading . The play tells of Ananse attempting to marry off his daughter Anansewa off to any of a selection of rich chiefs , or another sort of wealthy suitor simultaneously , in order to raise money . Eventually all the suitors come to his house at once , and he has to use all of his cunning to defuse the situation . The storyteller not only narrates but also enacts , reacts to , and comments on the action of the tale . Along with this , Mbuguous is used , Mbuguous is the name given to very specialized sect of Ghanaian theatre technique that allows for audience participation . The Mbuguous of this tale are songs that embellish the tale or comment on it . Spontaneity through this technique as well as improvisation are used enough to meet any standard of modern theatre . Yoruba theatre ( edit ) See also : Yoruba literature In his pioneering study of Yoruba theatre , Joel Adedeji traced its origins to the masquerade of the Egungun ( the `` cult of the ancestor '' ) . The traditional ceremony culminates in the essence of the masquerade where it is deemed that ancestors return to the world of the living to visit their descendants . In addition to its origin in ritual , Yoruba theatre can be `` traced to the ' theatrogenic ' nature of a number of the deities in the Yoruba pantheon , such as Obatala the arch divinity , Ogun the divinity of creativeness , as well as Iron and technology , and Sango the divinity of the storm '' , whose reverence is imbued `` with drama and theatre and the symbolic overall relevance in terms of its relative interpretation . '' The Aláàrìnjó theatrical tradition sprang from the Egungun masquerade in the 16th century . The Aláàrìnjó was a troupe of traveling performers whose masked forms carried an air of mystique . They created short , satirical scenes that drew on a number of established stereotypical characters . Their performances utilised mime , music and acrobatics . The Aláàrìnjó tradition influenced the popular traveling theatre , which was the most prevalent and highly developed form of theatre in Nigeria from the 1950s to the 1980s . In the 1990s , the popular traveling theatre moved into television and film and now gives live performances only rarely . `` Total theatre '' also developed in Nigeria in the 1950s . It utilised non-Naturalistic techniques , surrealistic physical imagery , and exercised a flexibile use of language . Playwrights writing in the mid-1970s made use of some of these techniques , but articulated them with `` a radical appreciation of the problems of society . '' Traditional performance modes have strongly influenced the major figures in contemporary Nigerian theatre . The work of Hubert Ogunde ( sometimes referred to as the `` father of contemporary Yoruban theatre '' ) was informed by the Aláàrìnjó tradition and Egungun masquerades . Wole Soyinka , who is `` generally recognized as Africa 's greatest living playwright '' , gives the divinity Ogun a complex metaphysical significance in his work . In his essay `` The Fourth Stage '' ( 1973 ) , Soyinka contrasts Yoruba drama with classical Athenian drama , relating both to the 19th - century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche 's analysis of the latter in The Birth of Tragedy ( 1872 ) . Ogun , he argues , is `` a totality of the Dionysian , Apollonian and Promethean virtues . '' The proponents of the travelling theatre in Nigeria include Duro Ladipo and Moses Olaiya ( a popular comic act ) . These practitioners contributed much to the field of African theatre during the period of mixture and experimentation of the indigenous with the Western theatre . African - American theatre ( edit ) The history of African - American theatre has a dual origin . The first is rooted in local theatre where African Americans performed in cabins and parks . Their performances ( folk tales , songs , music , and dance ) were rooted in the African culture before being influenced by the American environment . African Grove Theatre was the first African - American theatre established in 1821 by William Henry Brown ISBN 0521465850 Asian theatre ( edit ) Mani Damodara Chakyar as King Udayana in Bhasa 's Swapnavasavadattam Koodiyattam - the only surviving ancient Sanskrit theatre . Indian theatre ( edit ) Overview of Indian theatre ( edit ) Main article : Theatre in India The earliest form of Indian theatre was the Sanskrit theatre . It emerged sometime between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century and flourished between the 1st century and the 10th , which was a period of relative peace in the history of India during which hundreds of plays were written . With the Islamic conquests that began in the 10th and 11th centuries , theatre was discouraged or forbidden entirely . Later , in an attempt to re-assert indigenous values and ideas , village theatre was encouraged across the subcontinent , developing in a large number of regional languages from the 15th to the 19th centuries . Modern Indian theatre developed during the period of colonial rule under the British Empire , from the mid-19th century until the mid-20th . Sanskrit theatre ( edit ) Main article : Sanskrit drama See also : Koodiyattam The earliest - surviving fragments of Sanskrit drama date from the 1st century . The wealth of archaeological evidence from earlier periods offers no indication of the existence of a tradition of theatre . The Vedas ( the earliest Indian literature , from between 1500 and 600 BC ) contain no hint of it ; although a small number of hymns are composed in a form of dialogue ) , the rituals of the Vedic period do not appear to have developed into theatre . The Mahābhāṣya by Patañjali contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit drama . This treatise on grammar from 140 BC provides a feasible date for the beginnings of theatre in India . However , although there are no surviving fragments of any drama prior to this date , it is possible that early Buddhist literature provides the earliest evidence for the existence of Indian theatre . The Pali suttas ( ranging in date from the 5th to 3rd centuries BCE ) refer to the existence of troupes of actors ( led by a chief actor ) , who performed dramas on a stage . It is indicated that these dramas incorporated dance , but were listed as a distinct form of performance , alongside dancing , singing , and story recitations . ( According to later Buddhist texts , King Bimbisara , a contemporary of Gautama Buddha , had a drama performed for another king . This would be as early as the 5th century BCE , but the event is only described in much later texts , from the 3rd - 4th centuries CE . ) The major source of evidence for Sanskrit theatre is A Treatise on Theatre ( Nātyaśāstra ) , a compendium whose date of composition is uncertain ( estimates range from 200 BC to 200 AD ) and whose authorship is attributed to Bharata Muni . The Treatise is the most complete work of dramaturgy in the ancient world . It addresses acting , dance , music , dramatic construction , architecture , costuming , make - up , props , the organisation of companies , the audience , competitions , and offers a mythological account of the origin of theatre . In doing so , it provides indications about the nature of actual theatrical practices . Sanskrit theatre was performed on sacred ground by priests who had been trained in the necessary skills ( dance , music , and recitation ) in a ( hereditary process ) . Its aim was both to educate and to entertain . Under the patronage of royal courts , performers belonged to professional companies that were directed by a stage manager ( sutradhara ) , who may also have acted . This task was thought of as being analogous to that of a puppeteer -- the literal meaning of `` sutradhara '' is `` holder of the strings or threads '' . The performers were trained rigorously in vocal and physical technique . There were no prohibitions against female performers ; companies were all - male , all - female , and of mixed gender . Certain sentiments were considered inappropriate for men to enact , however , and were thought better suited to women . Some performers played character their own age , while others played those different from their own ( whether younger or older ) . Of all the elements of theatre , the Treatise gives most attention to acting ( abhinaya ) , which consists of two styles : realistic ( lokadharmi ) and conventional ( natyadharmi ) , though the major focus is on the latter . Its drama is regarded as the highest achievement of Sanskrit literature . It utilised stock characters , such as the hero ( nayaka ) , heroine ( nayika ) , or clown ( vidusaka ) . Actors may have specialised in a particular type . Kālidāsa in the 1st century BC , is arguably considered to be ancient India 's greatest Sanskrit dramatist . Three famous romantic plays written by Kālidāsa are the Mālavikāgnimitram ( Mālavikā and Agnimitra ) , Vikramuurvashiiya ( Pertaining to Vikrama and Urvashi ) , and Abhijñānaśākuntala ( The Recognition of Shakuntala ) . The last was inspired by a story in the Mahabharata and is the most famous . It was the first to be translated into English and German . Śakuntalā ( in English translation ) influenced Goethe 's Faust ( 1808 -- 1832 ) . The next great Indian dramatist was Bhavabhuti ( c. 7th century ) . He is said to have written the following three plays : Malati - Madhava , Mahaviracharita and Uttar Ramacharita . Among these three , the last two cover between them the entire epic of Ramayana . The powerful Indian emperor Harsha ( 606 -- 648 ) is credited with having written three plays : the comedy Ratnavali , Priyadarsika , and the Buddhist drama Nagananda . Rural Indian theatre ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2011 ) Kathakali ( edit ) Main article : Kathakali Kathakali is a highly stylised classical Indian dance - drama noted for the attractive make - up of characters , elaborate costumes , detailed gestures , and well - defined body movements presented in tune with the anchor playback music and complementary percussion . It originated in the country 's present - day state of Kerala during the 17th century and has developed over the years with improved looks , refined gestures and added themes besides more ornate singing and precise drumming . Modern Indian theatre ( edit ) Rabindranath Tagore was a pioneering modern playwright who wrote plays noted for their exploration and questioning of nationalism , identity , spiritualism and material greed . His plays are written in Bengali and include Chitra ( Chitrangada , 1892 ) , The King of the Dark Chamber ( Raja , 1910 ) , The Post Office ( Dakghar , 1913 ) , and Red Oleander ( Raktakarabi , 1924 ) . Chinese theatre ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Theatre of China Shang theatre ( edit ) There are references to theatrical entertainments in China as early as 1500 BC during the Shang Dynasty ; they often involved music , clowning and acrobatic displays . Han and Tang theatre ( edit ) During the Han Dynasty , shadow puppetry first emerged as a recognized form of theatre in China . There were two distinct forms of shadow puppetry , Cantonese southern and Pekingese northern . The two styles were differentiated by the method of making the puppets and the positioning of the rods on the puppets , as opposed to the type of play performed by the puppets . Both styles generally performed plays depicting great adventure and fantasy , rarely was this very stylized form of theatre used for political propaganda . Cantonese shadow puppets were the larger of the two . They were built using thick leather which created more substantial shadows . Symbolic color was also very prevalent ; a black face represented honesty , a red one bravery . The rods used to control Cantonese puppets were attached perpendicular to the puppets ' heads . Thus , they were not seen by the audience when the shadow was created . Pekingese puppets were more delicate and smaller . They were created out of thin , translucent leather usually taken from the belly of a donkey . They were painted with vibrant paints , thus they cast a very colorful shadow . The thin rods which controlled their movements were attached to a leather collar at the neck of the puppet . The rods ran parallel to the bodies of the puppet then turned at a ninety degree angle to connect to the neck . While these rods were visible when the shadow was cast , they laid outside the shadow of the puppet ; thus they did not interfere with the appearance of the figure . The rods attached at the necks to facilitate the use of multiple heads with one body . When the heads were not being used , they were stored in a muslin book or fabric lined box . The heads were always removed at night . This was in keeping with the old superstition that if left intact , the puppets would come to life at night . Some puppeteers went so far as to store the heads in one book and the bodies in another , to further reduce the possibility of reanimating puppets . Shadow puppetry is said to have reached its highest point of artistic development in the 11th century before becoming a tool of the government . The Tang Dynasty is sometimes known as ' The Age of 1000 Entertainments ' . During this era , Emperor Xuanzong formed an acting school known as the Children of the Pear Garden to produce a form of drama that was primarily musical . Song and Yuan theatre ( edit ) Further information : Zaju In the Song dynasty , there were many popular plays involving acrobatics and music . These developed in the Yuan dynasty into a more sophisticated form with a four - or five - act structure . Yuan drama spread across China and diversified into numerous regional forms , the best known of which is Beijing Opera , which is still popular today . Philippine theatre ( edit ) During the 333 - year reign of the Spanish government , they introduced into the islands the Catholic religion and the Spanish way of life , which gradually merged with the indigenous culture to form the `` lowland folk culture '' now shared by the major ethnolinguistic groups . Today , the dramatic forms introduced or influenced by Spain continue to live in rural areas all over the archipelago . These forms include the komedya , the playlets , the sinakulo , the sarswela , and the drama . In recent years , some of these forms have been revitalized to make them more responsive to the conditions and needs of a developing nation . Thai theatre ( edit ) Further information : Ramakien In Thailand , it has been a tradition from the Middle Ages to stage plays based on plots drawn from Indian epics . In particular , the theatrical version of Thailand 's national epic Ramakien , a version of the Indian Ramayana , remains popular in Thailand even today . Khmer and malay theatre ( edit ) In Cambodia , at the ancient capital Angkor Wat , stories from the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata have been carved on the walls of temples and palaces . Similar reliefs are found at Borobudur in Indonesia . Japanese theatre ( edit ) Further information : Theatre of Japan Noh ( edit ) Main article : Noh During the 14th century , there were small companies of actors in Japan who performed short , sometimes vulgar comedies . A director of one of these companies , Kan'ami ( 1333 -- 1384 ) , had a son , Zeami Motokiyo ( 1363 -- 1443 ) who was considered one of the finest child actors in Japan . When Kan'ami's company performed for Ashikaga Yoshimitsu ( 1358 -- 1408 ) , the Shogun of Japan , he implored Zeami to have a court education for his arts . After Zeami succeeded his father , he continued to perform and adapt his style into what is today Noh . A mixture of pantomime and vocal acrobatics , this style has fascinated the Japanese for hundreds of years . Bunraku ( edit ) Main article : Bunraku Japan , after a long period of civil wars and political disarray , was unified and at peace primarily due to shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu ( 1543 -- 1616 ) . However , alarmed at increasing Christian growth , he cut off contact from Japan to Europe and China and outlawed Christianity . When peace did come , a flourish of cultural influence and growing merchant class demanded its own entertainment . The first form of theatre to flourish was Ningyō jōruri ( commonly referred to as Bunraku ) . The founder of and main contributor to Ningyō jōruri , Chikamatsu Monzaemon ( 1653 -- 1725 ) , turned his form of theatre into a true art form . Ningyō jōruri is a highly stylized form of theatre using puppets , today about 1 / 3d the size of a human . The men who control the puppets train their entire lives to become master puppeteers , when they can then operate the puppet 's head and right arm and choose to show their faces during the performance . The other puppeteers , controlling the less important limbs of the puppet , cover themselves and their faces in a black suit , to imply their invisibility . The dialogue is handled by a single person , who uses varied tones of voice and speaking manners to simulate different characters . Chikamatsu wrote thousands of plays during his career , most of which are still used today . They wore masks instead of elaborate makeup . Masks define their gender , personality , and moods the actor is in . Kabuki ( edit ) Main article : Kabuki Kabuki began shortly after Bunraku , legend has it by an actress named Okuni , who lived around the end of the 16th century . Most of Kabuki 's material came from Nõ and Bunraku , and its erratic dance - type movements are also an effect of Bunraku . However , Kabuki is less formal and more distant than Nõ , yet very popular among the Japanese public . Actors are trained in many varied things including dancing , singing , pantomime , and even acrobatics . Kabuki was first performed by young girls , then by young boys , and by the end of the 16th century , Kabuki companies consisted of all men . The men who portrayed women on stage were specifically trained to elicit the essence of a woman in their subtle movements and gestures . Butoh ( edit ) Gyohei Zaitsu performing Butoh Main article : Butoh Butoh is the collective name for a diverse range of activities , techniques and motivations for dance , performance , or movement inspired by the Ankoku - Butoh ( 暗黒 舞踏 , ankoku butō ) movement . It typically involves playful and grotesque imagery , taboo topics , extreme or absurd environments , and is traditionally performed in white body makeup with slow hyper - controlled motion , with or without an audience . There is no set style , and it may be purely conceptual with no movement at all . Its origins have been attributed to Japanese dance legends Tatsumi Hijikata and Kazuo Ohno . Butoh appeared first in Japan following World War II and specifically after student riots . The roles of authority were now subject to challenge and subversion . It also appeared as a reaction against the contemporary dance scene in Japan , which Hijikata felt was based on the one hand on imitating the West and on the other on imitating the Noh . He critiqued the current state of dance as overly superficial . Persian theatre ( edit ) Main article : Persian theatre Medieval Islamic theatre ( edit ) The most popular forms of theatre in the medieval Islamic world were puppet theatre ( which included hand puppets , shadow plays and marionette productions ) and live passion plays known as ta'ziya , in which actors re-enact episodes from Muslim history . In particular , Shia Islamic plays revolved around the shaheed ( martyrdom ) of Ali 's sons Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali . Secular plays known as akhraja were recorded in medieval adab literature , though they were less common than puppetry and ta'ziya theatre . See also ( edit ) Theatre portal History of literature Play ( theatre ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Banham ( 1995 ) , Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 ) , and Goldhill ( 1997 , 54 ) . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Poetics VI , 2 . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 1968 ; 10th ed. 2010 ) , History of the Theater . Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2005 , 197 ) and Taplin ( 2003 , 10 ) . Jump up ^ Cartledge ( 1997 , 3 , 6 ) , Goldhill ( 1997 , 54 ) and ( 1999 , 20 - xx ) , and Rehm ( 1992 . 3 ) . Goldhill argues that although activities that form `` an integral part of the exercise of citizenship '' ( such as when `` the Athenian citizen speaks in the Assembly , exercises in the gymnasium , sings at the symposium , or courts a boy '' ) each have their `` own regime of display and regulation , '' nevertheless the term `` performance '' provides `` a useful heuristic category to explore the connections and overlaps between these different areas of activity '' ( 1999 , 1 ) . Jump up ^ Pelling ( 2005 , 83 ) . Jump up ^ Goldhill ( 1999 , 25 ) and Pelling ( 2005 , 83 -- 84 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 15 -- 19 ) . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1995 , 441 ) , Cartledge ( 1997 , 3 -- 5 ) , Goldhill ( 1997 , 54 ) , Ley ( 2007 , 206 ) , and Styan ( 2000 , 140 ) . Taxidou notes that `` most scholars now call ' Greek ' tragedy ' Athenian ' tragedy , which is historically correct '' ( 2004 , 104 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 32 -- 33 ) , Brown ( 1995 , 444 ) , and Cartledge ( 1997 , 3 -- 5 ) . Cartledge writes that although Athenians of the 4th century judged Aeschylus , Sophocles , and Euripides `` as the nonpareils of the genre , and regularly honoured their plays with revivals , tragedy itself was not merely a 5th - century phenomenon , the product of a short - lived golden age . If not attaining the quality and stature of the fifth - century ' classics ' , original tragedies nonetheless continued to be written and produced and competed with in large numbers throughout the remaining life of the democracy -- and beyond it '' ( 1997 , 33 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 15 ) and Kovacs ( 2005 , 379 ) . We have seven by Aeschylus , seven by Sophocles , and eighteen by Euripides . In addition , we also have the Cyclops , a satyr play by Euripides . Some critics since the 17th century have argued that one of the tragedies that the classical tradition gives as Euripides ' -- Rhesus -- is a 4th - century play by an unknown author ; modern scholarship agrees with the classical authorities and ascribes the play to Euripides ; see Walton ( 1997 , viii , xix ) . ( This uncertainty accounts for Brockett and Hildy 's figure of 31 tragedies rather than 32 . ) Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 15 ) . The theory that Prometheus Bound was not written by Aeschylus adds a fourth , anonymous playwright to those whose work survives . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 13 -- 15 ) and Brown ( 1995 , 441 -- 447 ) . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1995 , 442 ) and Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 15 -- 17 ) . Exceptions to this pattern were made , as with Euripides ' Alcestis in 438 BC . There were also separate competitions at the City Dionysia for the performance of dithyrambs and , after 488 -- 7 BC , comedies . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 13 , 15 ) and Brown ( 1995 , 442 ) . Rehm offers the following argument as evidence that tragedy was not institutionalized until 501 BC : `` The specific cult honoured at the City Dionysia was that of Dionysus Eleuthereus , the god ' having to do with Eleutherae ' , a town on the border between Boeotia and Attica that had a sanctuary to Dionysus . At some point Athens annexed Eleutherae -- most likely after the overthrow of the Peisistratid tyranny in 510 and the democratic reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 - 07 -- and the cult - image of Dionysus Eleuthereus was moved to its new home . Athenians re-enacted the incorporation of the god 's cult every year in a preliminary rite to the City Dionysia . On the day before the festival proper , the cult - statue was removed from the temple near the theatre of Dionysus and taken to a temple on the road to Eleutherae . That evening , after sacrifice and hymns , a torchlight procession carried the statue back to the temple , a symbolic re-creation of the god 's arrival into Athens , as well as a reminder of the inclusion of the Boeotian town into Attica . As the name Eleutherae is extremely close to eleutheria , ' freedom ' , Athenians probably felt that the new cult was particularly appropriate for celebrating their own political liberation and democratic reforms '' ( 1992 , 15 ) . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1995 , 442 ) . Jean - Pierre Vernant argues that in The Persians Aeschylus substitutes for the usual temporal distance between the audience and the age of heroes a spatial distance between the Western audience and the Eastern Persian culture . This substitution , he suggests , produces a similar effect : `` The ' historic ' events evoked by the chorus , recounted by the messenger and interpreted by Darius ' ghost are presented on stage in a legendary atmosphere . The light that the tragedy sheds upon them is not that in which the political happenings of the day are normally seen ; it reaches the Athenian theater refracted from a distant world of elsewhere , making what is absent seem present and visible on the stage '' ; Vernant and Vidal - Naquet ( 1988 , 245 ) . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1995 , 442 ) and Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 15 -- 16 ) . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Poetics : `` Comedy is , as we said , a representation of people who are rather inferior -- not , however , with respect to every ( kind of ) vice , but the laughable is ( only ) a part of what is ugly . For the laughable is a sort of error and ugliness that is not painful and destructive , just as , evidently , a laughable mask is something ugly and distorted without pain '' ( 1449a 30 -- 35 ) ; see Janko ( 1987 , 6 ) . Jump up ^ Beacham ( 1996 , 2 ) . Jump up ^ Beacham ( 1996 , 3 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 43 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 36 , 47 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 43 ) . For more information on the ancient Roman dramatists , see the articles categorised under `` Ancient Roman dramatists and playwrights '' in Wikipedia . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 46 -- 47 ) . ^ Jump up to : Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 47 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 47 -- 48 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 48 -- 49 ) . ^ Jump up to : Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 49 ) . ^ Jump up to : Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 48 ) . ^ Jump up to : Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 50 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 49 -- 50 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 70 ) Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 75 ) Jump up ^ See also : Antitheatricality ^ Jump up to : Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 76 ) ^ Jump up to : Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 77 ) Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 78 ) Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 81 ) Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 86 ) Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 95 ) Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 96 ) Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 99 ) ^ Jump up to : Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 101 -- 103 ) Jump up ^ Gurr ( 1992 , 12 -- 18 ) . Jump up ^ See also : Antitheatricality § English Renaissance theatre ^ Jump up to : David R. Whitesell ( 1995 ) . `` Fredson Bowers and the Editing of Spanish Golden Age Drama '' . Indiana University Press . pp. 67 -- 84 . JSTOR 30228091 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Thacker ( 1 January 2007 ) . A Companion to Golden Age Theatre . Boydell & Brewer Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85566 - 140 - 0 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Compleat Catalogue of Plays that Were Ever Printed in the English Language . W. Mears. 1719 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to Theatre - Spanish Renaissance Theatre '' . Novaonline.nvcc.edu. 2007 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Age '' . Comedia.denison.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Rudolph Schevill ( July 1935 ) . `` Lope de Vega and the Golden Age '' . Hispanic Review . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 179 -- 189 . JSTOR 470268 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ernst Honigmann . `` Cambridge Collections Online : Shakespeare 's life '' . Cco.cambridge.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Denise M. DiPuccio ( 1998 ) . Communicating Myths of the Golden Age Comedia . Bucknell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8387 - 5372 - 9 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Calderon and Lope de Vega '' . Theatredatabase.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Rene P. Garay ( 2002 ) . `` Gil Vicente and the `` Comedia '' Tradition in Iberian Theater `` . Confluencia . University of Northern Colorado . pp. 54 -- 65 . JSTOR 27922855 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Richard Hesler ( March 1964 ) . `` A New Look at the Theatre of Lope de Rueda '' ( PDF ) . Educational Theatre Journal . The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 47 -- 54 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry W. Sullivan ( 1976 ) . Juan Del Encina . Twayne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8057 - 6166 - 5 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Arnold G. Reichenberger ( October 1964 ) . `` Recent Publications concerning Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla '' . Hispanic Review . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 351 -- 359 . JSTOR 471618 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gerald E. Wade ( May 1949 ) . `` Tirso de Molina '' ( PDF ) . Hispania . American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese . pp. 131 -- 140 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley Hochman ( 1984 ) . McGraw - Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama : An International Reference Work in 5 Volumes . VNR AG . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 079169 - 5 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ PETER E. THOMPSON ( 2004 ) . `` La boda de Juan Rana de Cáncer y Velasco : el travestismo y la identidad matrimonial - sexual '' . Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos . Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos . pp. 157 -- 167 . JSTOR 27763975 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` BACKGROUND TO SPANISH DRAMA - Medieval to Renascence Drama > Spanish Golden Age Drama - Drama Courses '' . Courses in Drama. 2007 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bruce R. Burningham ( 2007 ) . Radical Theatricality : Jongleuresque Performance on the Early Spanish Stage . Purdue University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55753 - 441 - 5 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Kreitner ( November 1992 ) . `` Minstrels in Spanish Churches , 1400 - 1600 '' . Early Music . Oxford University Press . pp. 532 -- 546 . JSTOR 3128021 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Share Documents and Files Online Microsoft Office Live '' . Westerntheatrehistory.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bristol University Hispanic , Portuguese & Latin American Studies - HISP20048 The Theatre of the Spanish Golden Age '' . Bristol.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Doggart ; Octavio Paz ( 1996 ) . Latin American Plays : New Drama from Argentina , Cuba , Mexico and Peru . Nick Hern Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85459 - 249 - 1 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Muir ( 1992 ) . `` Translating Golden Age Plays : A Reconsideration '' . Edinburgh University Press . pp. 104 -- 111 . JSTOR 40339624 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ See also : Antitheatricality § Restoration theatre Jump up ^ Campbell , William . `` Sentimental Comedy in England and on the Continent '' . The Cambridge History of English and American Literature . The Cambridge History of English and American Literature . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Harman , William ( 2011 ) . A Handbook to Literature ( 12 ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 0205024017 . Jump up ^ Hume ( 1976 , 205 ) . Jump up ^ Hume ( 1976 , 206 -- 209 ) . Jump up ^ Milhous ( 1979 , 47 -- 48 ) . Jump up ^ See also : Antitheatricality § 18th century Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 277 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 297 -- 298 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 370 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 370 , 372 ) and Benedetti ( 2005 , 100 ) and ( 1999 , 14 -- 17 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 357 -- 359 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 362 -- 363 ) . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 326 -- 327 ) . Jump up ^ The first `` Edwardian musical comedy '' is usually considered to be In Town ( 1892 ) . See , e.g. , Charlton , Fraser . `` What are EdMusComs ? '' FrasrWeb 2007 , accessed May 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ Milling and Ley ( 2001 , vi , 173 ) and Pavis ( 1998 , 280 ) . German : Theaterpraktiker , French : praticien , Spanish : teatrista . Jump up ^ Pavis ( 1998 , 392 ) . Jump up ^ McCullough ( 1996 , 15 -- 36 ) and Milling and Ley ( 2001 , vii , 175 ) . Jump up ^ `` Egyptian `` Passion '' Plays `` . Theatrehistory.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Abarry , Abu ( Dec 1991 ) . `` The Significance of Names in Ghanaian Drama '' . Journal of Black Studies . 22 . doi : 10.1177 / 002193479102200201 . Jump up ^ Adedeji ( 1969 , 60 ) . Jump up ^ Noret ( 2008 , 26 ) . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Helen ( May 31 , 2001 ) . Postcolonial Plays : An Anthology . Routledge . Jump up ^ Banham , Hill , and Woodyard ( 2005 , 88 ) . Jump up ^ Banham , Hill , and Woodyard ( 2005 , 88 -- 89 ) . Jump up ^ Banham , Hill , and Woodyard ( 2005 , 70 ) . Jump up ^ Banham , Hill , and Woodyard ( 2005 , 76 ) . Jump up ^ Banham , Hill , and Woodyard ( 2005 , 69 ) . Jump up ^ Soyinka ( 1973 , 120 ) . Jump up ^ Soyinka ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Richmond , Swann , and Zarrilli ( 1993 , 12 ) . Jump up ^ Brandon ( 1997 , 70 ) and Richmond ( 1995 , 516 ) . Jump up ^ Brandon ( 1997 , 72 ) and Richmond ( 1995 , 516 ) . Jump up ^ Brandon ( 1997 , 72 ) , Richmond ( 1995 , 516 ) , and Richmond , Swann , and Zarrilli ( 1993 , 12 ) . Jump up ^ Richmond ( 1995 , 516 ) and Richmond , Swann , and Zarrilli ( 1993 , 13 ) . Jump up ^ Brandon ( 1981 , xvii ) and Richmond ( 1995 , 516 -- 517 ) . ^ Jump up to : Richmond ( 1995 , 516 ) . ^ Jump up to : Richmond ( 1995 , 517 ) . Jump up ^ Rachel Van M. Baumer and James R. Brandon ( ed . ) , Sanskrit Drama in Performance ( University of Hawaii Press , 1981 ) , pp. 11 Jump up ^ Sanskrit Drama in Performance , p. 11 Jump up ^ Brandon ( 1981 , xvii ) and Richmond ( 1995 , 517 ) . Jump up ^ Richmond ( 1995 , 518 ) . Jump up ^ Richmond ( 1995 , 518 ) . The literal meaning of abhinaya is `` to carry forwards '' . ^ Jump up to : Brandon ( 1981 , xvii ) . Jump up ^ Zarrilli ( 1984 ) . ^ Jump up to : Banham ( 1995 , 1051 ) . Jump up ^ Moreh ( 1986 , 565 -- 601 ) . Sources ( edit ) Adejeji , Joel . 1969 . `` Traditional Yoruba Theatre . '' African Arts 3.1 ( Spring ) : 60 -- 63 . JSTOR 3334461 Banham , Martin , ed. 1995 . The Cambridge Guide to Theatre . Rev. ed . Cambridge : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43437 - 9 . Banham , Martin , Errol Hill , and George Woodyard , eds. 2005 . The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre . Cambridge : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61207 - 4 . Baumer , Rachel Van M. , and James R. Brandon , eds. 1981 . Sanskrit Theatre in Performance . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0772 - 3 . Beacham , Richard C. 1996 . The Roman Theatre and Its Audience . Cambridge , MA : Harvard UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 77914 - 3 . Benedetti , Jean . 1999 . Stanislavski : His Life and Art . Revised edition . Original edition published in 1988 . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 52520 - 1 . -- -. 2005 . The Art of the Actor : The Essential History of Acting , From Classical Times to the Present Day . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 77336 - 1 . Brandon , James R. 1981 . Introduction . In Baumer and Brandon ( 1981 , xvii -- xx ) . -- - , ed. 1997 . The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre . 2nd , rev . ed . Cambridge : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 58822 - 5 . Brinton , Crane , John B Christopher , and Robert Lee Wolff. 1981 . Civilization in the West : Part 1 Prehistory to 1715 . 4th ed . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 134924 - 7 . Brockett , Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003 . History of the Theatre . Ninth edition , International edition . Boston : Allyn and Bacon . ISBN 0 - 205 - 41050 - 2 . Brown , Andrew . 1995 . `` Ancient Greece . '' In Banham ( 1995 , 441 -- 447 ) . Cartledge , Paul . 1997 . `` ' Deep Plays ' : Theatre as Process in Greek Civic Life . '' In Easterling ( 1997 , 3 -- 35 ) . Counsell , Colin. 1996 . Signs of Performance : An Introduction to Twentieth - Century Theatre . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10643 - 6 . Davidson , John . 2005 . `` Theatrical Production . '' In Gregory ( 2005 , 194 -- 211 ) . Duffy , Eamon. 1992 . The Stripping of the Altars : Traditional Religion in England , 1400 -- 1580 . New Haven : Yale UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06076 - 8 . Easterling , P.E. , ed. 1997 . The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy . Cambridge Companions to Literature ser . Cambridge : Cambridge UP . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42351 - 1 . Falossi , F. and Mastropasqua , F. `` L'Incanto Della Maschera . '' Vol. 1 Prinp Editore , Torino : 2014 www.prinp.com ISBN 978 - 88 - 97677 - 50 - 5 Finley , Moses I. 1991 . The Ancient Greeks : An Introduction to their Life and Thought . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013707 - 1 . Goldhill , Simon . 1997 . `` The Audience of Athenian Tragedy . '' In Easterling ( 1997 , 54 -- 68 ) . -- -. 1999 . `` Programme Notes . '' In Goldhill and Osborne ( 2004 , 1 -- 29 ) . -- -. 2008 . `` Generalizing About Tragedy . '' In Felski ( 2008b , 45 -- 65 ) . Goldhill , Simon , and Robin Osborne , eds. 2004 . Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy . New edition . Cambridge : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60431 - 4 . Gregory , Justina , ed. 2005 . A Companion to Greek Tragedy . Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World ser . Malden , MA and Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 7549 - 4 . Grimsted , David . 1968 . Melodrama Unveiled : American Theatre and Culture , 1800 -- 50 . Chicago : U of Chicago P. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 30901 - 9 . Gurr , Andrew . 1992 . The Shakespearean Stage 1574 -- 1642 . Third ed . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42240 - X . Hume , Robert D. 1976 . The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 811799 - 5 . Janko , Richard , trans . 1987 . Poetics with Tractatus Coislinianus , Reconstruction of Poetics II and the Fragments of the On Poets . By Aristotle . Cambridge : Hackett . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 033 - 7 . Kovacs , David . 2005 . `` Text and Transmission . '' In Gregory ( 2005 , 379 -- 393 ) . Ley , Graham . 2006 . A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theater . Rev. ed . Chicago and London : U of Chicago P. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 47761 - 9 . -- -. 2007 . The Theatricality of Greek Tragedy : Playing Space and Chorus . Chicago and London : U of Chicago P. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 47757 - 2 . McCullough , Christopher , ed. 1998 . Theatre Praxis : Teaching Drama Through Practice . New Directions in Theatre Ser . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 64996 - 1 . New York : St Martin 's P. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 21611 - 5 . -- -. 1996 . Theatre and Europe ( 1957 -- 1996 ) . Intellect European Studies ser . Exeter : Intellect . ISBN 978 - 1 - 871516 - 82 - 1 . McDonald , Marianne. 2003 . The Living Art of Greek Tragedy . Bloomington : Indiana UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21597 - 0 . McKay , John P. , Bennett D. Hill , and John Buckler. 1996 . A History of World Societies . 4th ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 75377 - 4 . Milhous , Judith 1979 . Thomas Betterton and the Management of Lincoln 's Inn Fields 1695 -- 1708 . Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 0906 - 1 . Milling , Jane , and Graham Ley. 2001 . Modern Theories of Performance : From Stanislavski to Boal . Basingstoke , Hampshire and New York : Palgrave . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 77542 - 4 . Moreh , Shmuel. 1986 . `` Live Theater in Medieval Islam . '' In Studies in Islamic History and Civilization in Honour of Professor David Ayalon . Ed . Moshe Sharon . Cana , Leiden : Brill. 565 -- 601 . ISBN 978 - 965 - 264 - 014 - 7 . Munby , Julian , Richard Barber , and Richard Brown . 2007 . Edward III 's Round Table at Windsor : The House of the Round Table and the Windsor Festival of 1344 . Arthurian Studies ser . Woodbridge : Boydell P. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 391 - 8 . Noret , Joël. 2008 . `` Between Authenticity and Nostalgia : The Making of a Yoruba Tradition in Southern Benin . '' African Arts 41.4 ( Winter ) : 26 -- 31 . Pavis , Patrice. 1998 . Dictionary of the Theatre : Terms , Concepts , and Analysis . Trans . Christine Shantz . Toronto and Buffalo : U of Toronto P. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8163 - 6 . Pelling , Christopher . 2005 . `` Tragedy , Rhetoric , and Performance Culture . '' In Gregory ( 2005 , 83 -- 102 ) . Rehm , Rush . 1992 . Greek Tragic Theatre . Theatre Production Studies ser . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 11894 - 8 . Richmond , Farley. 1995 . `` India . '' In Banham ( 1995 , 516 -- 525 ) . Richmond , Farley P. , Darius L. Swann , and Phillip B. Zarrilli , eds. 1993 . Indian Theatre : Traditions of Performance . U of Hawaii P. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1322 - 2 . Soyinka , Wole. 1973 . `` The Fourth Stage : Through the Mysteries of Ogun to the Origin of Yoruba Tragedy . '' In The Morality of Art : Essays Presented to G. Wilson Knight by his Colleagues and Friends . Ed . Douglas William Jefferson . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . 119 -- 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7100 - 6280 - 2 . Styan , J.L. 2000 . Drama : A Guide to the Study of Plays . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4489 - 5 . Taplin , Oliver . 2003 . Greek Tragedy in Action . Second edition . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1987 - 0 . Taxidou , Olga. 2004 . Tragedy , Modernity and Mourning . Edinburgh : Edinburgh UP . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 1987 - 9 . Thornbrough , Emma Lou . 1996 . The Ancient Greeks . Acton , MA : Copley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87411 - 860 - 5 . Tsitsiridis , Stavros , `` Greek Mime in the Roman Empire ( P. Oxy. 413 : Charition and Moicheutria '' , Logeion 1 ( 2011 ) 184 - 232 . Vernant , Jean - Pierre , and Pierre Vidal - Naquet. 1988 . Myth and Tragedy in Ancient Greece . Trans . Janet Lloyd . New York : Zone Books , 1990 . Walton , J. Michael . 1997 . Introduction . In Plays VI . By Euripides . Methuen Classical Greek Dramatists ser . London : Methuen . vii -- xxii . ISBN 0 - 413 - 71650 - 3 . Williams , Raymond . 1966 . Modern Tragedy . London : Chatto & Windus . ISBN 0 - 7011 - 1260 - 3 . Zarrilli , Phillip B. 1984 . The Kathakali Complex : Actor , Performance and Structure . ( S.l. ) : South Asia Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 391 - 03029 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of theatre . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : History_of_Western_Theatre : _Greeks_to_Elizabethans Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : History_of_Western_Theatre : _17th_Century_to_Now Theatre Collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum , with information and archive material University of Bristol Theatre Collection , University of Bristol Music Hall and Theatre History -- an archive of historical information and material on British Theatre and Music Hall buildings . Long running plays ( over 400 performances ) on Broadway , Off - Broadway , London , Toronto , Melbourne , Paris , Vienna , and Berlin APGRD Database ( Archive of Performances of Greek and Roman Drama ) , University of Oxford , ed . Amanda Wrigley . 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who played the devil in storm of the century
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A very powerful blizzard hits the fictional small town of Little Tall Island ( also the setting of King 's novel Dolores Claiborne ) off the coast of Maine . The storm is so powerful that all access off the island is blocked , and no one is able to leave the island until the storm is over . While trying to deal with the storm , tragedy strikes when one of the town 's residents is brutally murdered by André Linoge ( Colm Feore ) , a menacing stranger who appears to know the town members ' darkest secrets , and who gives no hint of his motives other than the cryptic statement `` Give me what I want , and I 'll go away . ''
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Colm Feore
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Storm of the Century
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storm of the century
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Storm of the Century , alternatively known as Stephen King 's Storm of the Century , is a 1999 horror TV miniseries written by Stephen King and directed by Craig R. Baxley . Unlike many other King mini-series , Storm of the Century was not based upon a Stephen King novel -- King wrote it as a screenplay from the beginning . The screenplay was published in February 1999 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Screenplay 4 Release and reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A very powerful blizzard hits the fictional small town of Little Tall Island ( also the setting of King 's novel Dolores Claiborne ) off the coast of Maine . The storm is so powerful that all access off the island is blocked , and no one is able to leave the island until the storm is over . While trying to deal with the storm , tragedy strikes when one of the town 's residents is brutally murdered by André Linoge ( Colm Feore ) , a menacing stranger who appears to know the town members ' darkest secrets , and who gives no hint of his motives other than the cryptic statement `` Give me what I want , and I 'll go away . '' Linoge is imprisoned in the town 's holding cell by part - time constable Michael Anderson ( Timothy Daly ) , but he uses his various abilities to affect the town , driving people to commit suicides and inflict terrifying dreams . After walking from his cell , Linoge 's campaign of terror culminates in an enchantment that places all eight of the town 's small children into unconsciousness . While looking for Linoge , Mike notices his name is an anagram for Legion , a collective group of demons mentioned in the Gospel of Mark and Gospel of Luke , having been exorcised by Jesus and cast into a herd of swine . Linoge eventually calls a town meeting , and it is here that Linoge states he desires one of the eight children he has enchanted . He reveals his true form ( an impossibly ancient , dying man ) , explaining that he is not immortal , and needs someone to carry on his `` work . '' He states that he can not simply take the child he desires , but he can punish . If they refuse , he threatens to force them to march into the sea two - by - two , as he claims to have done at Roanoke Island , North Carolina , centuries before . With his demands set , he leaves them with half an hour to make their decision . Although Mike begs the town to refuse Linoge 's request , appealing to their common decency and the fact that they may be aiding in a great evil , all of the townspeople except him vote to give Linoge what he desires . Linoge has one parent of each child draw one of eight `` weirding stones , '' with Mike 's wife Molly drawing the black . Contemptuously thanking the town , Linoge transforms into his true form and suggests that the less they say to the outside world about the events with him , the happier they will be . With a final remark to Molly that Ralph will eventually come to call him `` father '' , Linoge flies off into the night with his new protégé . Most of the film 's epilogue is narrated by Mike , as he explains how he leaves Little Tall the following summer . Unable to live with those who sacrificed his child , Mike divorces Molly and settles in San Francisco as a US Marshal . Nine years after the storm , Mike notices an old man and a teenage boy walking by , humming Linoge 's favorite tune `` I 'm a little teapot '' . He calls out to the boy , realizing it is his son , now corrupted by Linoge . He chases after them into an alley , but they are gone . Mike considers telling Molly about what he saw , but ultimately decides against it , sometimes thinking that was the wrong decision , `` but in daylight , I know better . '' Cast ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Minor roles need to be removed . Please help improve this section if you can . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tim Daly as Constable Michael `` Mike '' Anderson Debrah Farentino as Molly Anderson Dyllan Christopher as Ralph Emerick `` Ralphie '' Anderson Colm Feore as Andre Linoge Jeffrey DeMunn as Town Manager Robert `` Robbie '' Beals Nada Despotovich as Sandra `` Sandy '' Beals Spencer Breslin as Donny Beals Denis Forest as Kirk Freeman Nicky Guadagni as Jenna Freeman Julianne Nicholson as Katrina `` Kat '' Withers Casey Siemaszko as Alton `` Hatch '' Hatcher Soo Garay as Melinda Hatcher Skye McCole Bartusiak as Pippa Hatcher Ron Perkins as Peter Godsoe Becky Ann Baker as Ursula Godsoe Cayda Rubin as Sally Godsoe Nancy Beatty as Octavia Godsoe Richard Fitzpatrick as Jonas Stanhope Kathleen Chalfant as Joanna Stanhope Myra Carter as Cora Stanhope Rita Tuckett as Martha Claredon Adam Zolotin as Davey Hopewell Gaylyn Britton as Mary Hopewell Michael Rhoades as Stan Hopewell Steve Rankin as Jack Carver Torri Higginson as Angela Carver Stephen Joffe as Buster Carver Adam LeFevre as Ferd Andrews Peter MacNeill as Sonny Brautigan Beth Dixon as Tess Merchant Leif Anderson as Johnny Harriman Marcia Laskowski as Linda St. Pierre Harley English - Dixon as Heidi St. Pierre Richard Blackburn as Andy Robichaux Jeremy Jordan as William `` Billy '' Soames Lynne Griffin as Jane Kingsbury Screenplay ( edit ) The screenplay for the miniseries was written by Stephen King expressly for television , and was published by Pocket Books just prior to the initial airing of Storm of the Century on ABC , while the mass market edition of the screenplay was published only as a trade paperback . A hardcover edition was published concurrently by the Book of the Month Club . The book contains an introduction in which King describes the genesis of the idea as it occurred to him in late 1996 , beginning to write it in December 1996 , and debating the format the story should take , either a novel or a screenplay , ending up writing a `` novel for television '' . Release and reception ( edit ) Storm of the Century aired on ABC on February 14 -- 18 , 1999 . It was released on DVD on June 22 the same year . The miniseries was well received by critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes counts six positive out of eight reviews . U.S. Television Ratings : No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) Storm of the Century , Part 1 February 14 , 1999 19.4 Storm of the Century , Part 2 February 15 , 1999 18.9 Storm of the Century , Part 3 February 18 , 1999 19.2 See also ( edit ) Media based on Stephen King works References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' , Storm of the Century , Stephen King ( ISBN 978 - 0965796934 ) Jump up ^ Baxley , Craig R. ( director ) , King , Stephen ( writer ) ( June 22 , 1999 ) . Storm of the Century ( DVD ) . Lions Gate . ISBN 1573625779 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen King 's ' Storm of the Century ' ( 1999 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ HAITHMAN , DIANE ( 1999 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Arts And Entertainment Reports From The Times , News Services And The Nation 's Press '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Storm of the Century on IMDb Storm of the Century at AllMovie Storm of the Century at Rotten Tomatoes Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) Elevation ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Works directed by Craig R. Baxley Action Jackson ( 1988 ) I Come in Peace ( 1990 ) Stone Cold ( 1991 ) Raven - Return of the Black Dragons ( 1992 ) Trucker 2 ( 1992 ) Sudden Fury ( 1993 ) Deep Red ( 1994 ) Undercover Sarah ( 1994 ) The Avenging Angel ( 1995 ) Shadow - Ops ( 1995 ) Twisted Desire ( 1996 ) Twilight Man ( 1996 ) Dark Instinct ( 1997 ) Bad Day on the Block ( 1997 ) Silencing Mary ( 1998 ) Chameleon II : Death Match ( 1999 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) A Touch of Hope ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Glow ( 2002 ) Sniper 2 ( 2003 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Left Behind : World at War ( 2005 ) The Triangle ( 2005 ) The Lost Room ( 2006 ) Aces ' N ' Eights ( 2008 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Runaway ( 2018 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) It It ( 2017 ) It : Chapter Two ( 2019 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation Alien Nation : Millennium ( 1994 ) Alien Nation : Dark Horizon ( 1995 ) Doctor Who ( 1996 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Fail Safe ( 2000 ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 ) Steven Spielberg Presents Taken ( 2002 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 ) Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 ) Masters of Horror / The Triangle ( 2005 ) The Librarian : Return to King Solomon 's Mines ( 2006 ) Family Guy ( `` Blue Harvest '' ) ( 2007 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) Torchwood : Children of Earth ( 2009 ) The Walking Dead ( 2010 ) The Walking Dead ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Doctor Who : `` The Husbands of River Song ' '' ( 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm_of_the_Century&oldid=829087348 '' Categories : 1999 television films 1999 American television series debuts 1999 American television series endings 1990s American television miniseries Films directed by Craig R. Baxley Screenplays by Stephen King Television shows set on islands Television shows set in Maine Television shows set in San Francisco Television series by Lionsgate Television Television series by Warner Bros. Television Demons in television Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from November 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 15 : 36 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm%20of%20the%20Century
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what is the total length of indian coastal area
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Geography of India Continent Asia Region South Asia Indian subcontinent 21 ° N 78 ° E / 21 ° N 78 ° E / 21 ; 78 Area Ranked 7th Total 3,287,263 km ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) Land 91 % Water 9 % Coastline 7,516.6 km ( 4,670.6 mi ) Borders Total land borders : 15,106.70 km ( 9,386.87 mi ) Bangladesh : 4,096.70 km ( 2,545.57 mi ) China ( PRC ) : 3,488 km ( 2,167 mi ) Pakistan : 3,323 km ( 2,065 mi ) Nepal : 1,751 km ( 1,088 mi ) Myanmar : 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) Bhutan : 699 km ( 434 mi ) Afghanistan : 106 km ( 66 mi ) Highest point Kangchenjunga 8,586 m ( 28,169 ft ) Lowest point Kuttanad − 2.2 m ( − 7.2 ft ) Longest river Ganga ( or Ganges ) 2,525 km ( 8,284,121 ft ) Largest lake Wular Lake 30 to 260 km2 ( 12 to 100 sq mi )
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7,516.6 km ( 4,670.6 mi )
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Geography of India
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geography of india
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India lies on the Indian Plate , the northern portion of the Indo - Australian Plate , whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent . The country is situated north of the equator between 8 ° 4 ' to 37 ° 6 ' north latitude and 68 ° 7 ' to 97 ° 25 ' east longitude . It is the seventh - largest country in the world , with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) . India measures 3,214 km ( 1,997 mi ) from north to south and 2,933 km ( 1,822 mi ) from east to west . It has a land frontier of 15,106.7 km ( 9,387 mi ) and a coastline of 7,516.6 km ( 4,671 mi ) .
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On the south , India projects into and is bounded by the Indian Ocean -- - in particular , by the Arabian Sea on the west , the Lakshadweep Sea to the southwest , the Bay of Bengal on the east , and the Indian Ocean proper to the South . The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separate India from Sri Lanka to its immediate southeast , and the Maldives are some 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) to the south of India 's Lakshadweep Islands across the Eight Degree Channel . India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands , some 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) southeast of the mainland , share maritime borders with Myanmar , Thailand and Indonesia . Kanyakumari at 8 ° 4 ′ 41 '' N and 77 ° 55 ′ 230 '' E is the southernmost tip of the Indian mainland , while the southernmost point in India is Indira Point on Great Nicobar Island . Northernmost point which is under Indian administration is Indira Col , Siachen Glacier . India 's territorial waters extend into the sea to a distance of 12 nautical miles ( 13.8 mi ; 22.2 km ) from the coast baseline . The northern frontiers of India are defined largely by the Himalayan mountain range , where the country borders China , Bhutan , and Nepal . Its western border with Pakistan lies in the Karakoram range , Punjab Plains , the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch salt marshes . In the far northeast , the Chin Hills and Kachin Hills , deeply forested mountainous regions , separate India from Burma . On the east , its border with Bangladesh is largely defined by the Khasi Hills and Mizo Hills , and the watershed region of the Indo - Gangetic Plain . The Ganga is the longest river originating in India . The Ganga -- Brahmaputra system occupies most of northern , central , and eastern India , while the Deccan Plateau occupies most of southern India . Kanchanjhunga is the highest point , in the Indian state of Sikkim , is the highest point in India at 8,586 m ( 28,169 ft ) and the world 's 3rd highest peak . Climate across India ranges from equatorial in the far south , to alpine and tundra in the upper reaches of the Himalayas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geological development 2 Political geography 3 Physiographic regions 3.1 The Northern Mountains 3.2 The Peninsular Plateau 3.3 Indo - Gangetic plain 3.4 Thar Desert 3.5 Coasts 4 Islands 5 Bodies of water 6 Wetlands 7 Climate 8 Geology 9 Natural resources 10 Antipodes 11 See also 12 References 13 Cited sources 14 Further reading Geological development ( edit ) The Indian Plate Main article : Geology of India India is situated entirely on the Indian Plate , a major tectonic plate that was formed when it split off from the ancient continent Gondwanaland ( ancient landmass , consisting of the southern part of the supercontinent of Pangea ) . The Indo - Australian plate is subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates . About 90 million years ago , during the late Cretaceous Period , the Indian Plate began moving north at about 15 cm / year ( 6 in / yr ) . About 50 to 55 million years ago , in the Eocene Epoch of the Cenozoic Era , the plate collided with Asia after covering a distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km ( 1,243 to 1,864 mi ) , having moved faster than any other known plate . In 2007 , German geologists determined that the Indian Plate was able to move so quickly because it is only half as thick as the other plates which formerly constituted Gondwanaland . The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the modern border between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas . As of 2009 , the Indian Plate is moving northeast at 5 cm / yr ( 2 in / yr ) , while the Eurasian Plate is moving north at only 2 cm / yr ( 0.8 in / yr ) . India is thus referred to as the `` fastest continent '' . This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform , and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of 4 cm / yr ( 1.6 in / yr ) . Political Geography ( edit ) Main article : States and territories of India India is divided into 29 states ( further subdivided into districts ) and 6 union territories and 1 National capital territory ( I.e. , Delhi ) . Indian Kashmir , LoC and LAC India 's borders run a total length of 15,106.70 km ( 9,386.87 mi ) . Its borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh were delineated according to the Radcliffe Line , which was created in 1947 during Partition of India . Its western border with Pakistan extends up to 3,323 km ( 2,065 mi ) , dividing the Punjab region and running along the boundaries of the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch . This border runs along the Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir , Rajasthan , Gujarat , and Punjab . Both nations delineated a Line of Control ( LoC ) to serve as the informal boundary between the Indian and Pakistan - administered areas of Kashmir . According to India 's claim , it also shares a 106 km ( 66 mi ) border with Afghanistan in northwestern Kashmir , which is under Pakistani control . India 's border with Bangladesh runs 4,096.70 km ( 2,545.57 mi ) . West Bengal , Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura and Mizoram are the States which share the border with Bangladesh . Before 2015 , there were 92 enclaves of Bangladesh on Indian soil and 106 enclaves of India were on Bangladeshi soil . These enclaves were eventually exchanged in order to simplify the border . After the exchange , India lost roughly 40 km2 ( 10,000 acres ) to Bangladesh . The Line of Actual Control ( LAC ) is the effective border between India and the People 's Republic of China . It traverses 4,057 km along the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir , Uttarakhand , Himachal Pradesh , Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh . The border with Burma ( Myanmar ) extends up to 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) along the southern borders of India 's northeastern states viz . Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland , Manipur and Mizoram . Located amidst the Himalayan range , India 's border with Bhutan runs 699 km ( 434 mi ) . Sikkim , West Bengal , Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are the States , which share the border with Bhutan . The border with Nepal runs 1,751 km ( 1,088 mi ) along the foothills of the Himalayas in northern India . Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , West Bengal and Sikkim are the States , which share the border with Nepal . The Siliguri Corridor , narrowed sharply by the borders of Bhutan , Nepal and Bangladesh , connects peninsular India with the northeastern states . Physiographic regions ( edit ) Topography map India can be divided into six physiographic regions . They are : Northern Mountains Peninsular Plateau Indo - Gangetic Plain Thar Desert Coastal Plains Islands The northern mountains ( edit ) Snow leopard at Hemis National Park , Jammu and Kashmir A great arc of mountains , consisting of the Himalayas of Nepal , Hindu Kush , and Patkai ranges define the northern Indian subcontinent . These were formed by the ongoing tectonic plates collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates . The mountains in these ranges include some of the world 's tallest mountains which act as a natural barrier to cold polar winds . They also facilitate the monsoon winds which in turn influence the climate in India . Rivers originating in these mountains flow through the fertile Indo -- Gangetic plains . These mountains are recognised by biogeographers as the boundary between two of the Earth 's great ecozones : the temperate Palearctic that covers most of Eurasia and the tropical and subtropical Indomalaya ecozone which includes the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia and Indonesia . The Himalayan range is the world 's highest mountain range , with its tallest peak Mt . Everest ( 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) ) on the Nepal -- China border . They form India 's northeastern border , separating it from northeastern Asia . They are one of the world 's youngest mountain ranges and extend almost uninterrupted for 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) , covering an area of 500,000 km ( 190,000 sq mi ) . The Himalayas extend from Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the east . These states along with Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , and Sikkim lie mostly in the Himalayan region . Numerous Himalayan peaks rise over 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) and the snow line ranges between 6,000 m ( 20,000 ft ) in Sikkim to around 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) in Kashmir . Kanchenjunga -- on the Sikkim -- Nepal border -- is the highest point in the area administered by India . Most peaks in the Himalayas remain snowbound throughout the year . The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia . Thus , North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter ; in summer , the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot . Mt . Kanchenjunga from Sikkim The Karakoram is situated in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir . It has more than sixty peaks above 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) , including K2 , the second highest peak in the world 8,611 m ( 28,251 ft ) . K2 is just 237 m ( 778 ft ) smaller than the 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) Mount Everest . The range is about 500 km ( 310 mi ) in length and the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside of the polar regions . The Siachen Glacier at 76 km ( 47 mi ) and the Biafo Glacier at 67 km ( 42 mi ) rank as the world 's second and third - longest glaciers outside the polar regions . Just to the west of the northwest end of the Karakoram , lies the Hindu Raj range , beyond which is the Hindu Kush range . The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed by the Gilgit , Indus and Shyok rivers , which separate the range from the northwestern end of the Himalayas . The Patkai , or Purvanchal , are situated near India 's eastern border with Burma . They were created by the same tectonic processes which led to the formation of the Himalayas . The physical features of the Patkai mountains are conical peaks , steep slopes and deep valleys . The Patkai ranges are not as rugged or tall as the Himalayas . There are three hill ranges that come under the Patkai : the Patkai -- Bum , the Garo -- Khasi -- Jaintia and the Lushai hills . The Garo -- Khasi range lies in Meghalaya . Mawsynram , a village near Cherrapunji lying on the windward side of these hills , has the distinction of being the wettest place in the world , receiving the highest annual rainfall . The Vindhyas in central India The peninsular plateau ( edit ) The Vindhya range runs across most of central India , extending 1,050 km ( 650 mi ) . The average elevation of these hills is from 300 to 600 m ( 980 to 1,970 ft ) and rarely goes above 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) . They are believed to have been formed by the wastes created by the weathering of the ancient Aravali mountains . Geographically , it separates Northern India from Southern India . The western end of the range lies in eastern Gujarat , near its border with Madhya Pradesh , and runs east and north , almost meeting the Ganges at Mirzapur Dry deciduous and thorny forests of plateau regions in India The Malwa Plateau is spread across Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat . The average elevation of the Malwa plateau is 500 metres , and the landscape generally slopes towards the north . Most of the region is drained by the Chambal River and its tributaries ; the western part is drained by the upper reaches of the Mahi River . Kutch Kathiawar plateau Kutch Kathiawar plateau is located in Gujarat state . The Deccan Plateau is a large triangular plateau , bounded by the Vindhyas to the north and flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats . The Deccan covers a total area of 1.9 million km2 ( 735,000 mile2 ) . It is mostly flat , with elevations ranging from 300 to 600 m ( 980 to 1,970 ft ) . The average elevation of the plateau is 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) above sea level . The surface slopes from 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) in the west to 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) in the east . It slopes gently from west to east and gives rise to several peninsular rivers such as the Godavari , the Krishna , the Kaveri and the Mahanadi which drain into the Bay of Bengal . This region is mostly semi-arid as it lies on the leeward side of both Ghats . Much of the Deccan is covered by thorn scrub forest scattered with small regions of deciduous broadleaf forest . Climate in the Deccan ranges from hot summers to mild winters . The Chota Nagpur Plateau is situated in eastern India , covering much of Jharkhand and adjacent parts of Odisha , Bihar and Chhattisgarh . Its total area is approximately 65,000 km ( 25,000 sq mi ) and is made up of three smaller plateaus -- the Ranchi , Hazaribagh , and Kodarma plateaus . The Ranchi plateau is the largest , with an average elevation of 700 m ( 2,300 ft ) . Much of the plateau is forested , covered by the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests . Vast reserves of metal ores and coal have been found in the Chota Nagpur plateau . The Kathiawar peninsula in western Gujarat is bounded by the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambat . The natural vegetation in most of the peninsula is xeric scrub , part of the Northwestern thorn scrub forests ecoregion . The Satpura Range begins in eastern Gujarat near the Arabian Sea coast and runs east across Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh . It extends 900 km ( 560 mi ) with many peaks rising above 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . It is triangular in shape , with its apex at Ratnapuri and the two sides being parallel to the Tapti and Narmada rivers . It runs parallel to the Vindhya Range , which lies to the north , and these two east - west ranges divide the Indo -- Gangetic plain from the Deccan Plateau located north of River Narmada . The Aravali Range is the oldest mountain range in India , running across Rajasthan from northeast to southwest direction , extending approximately 800 km ( 500 mi ) . The northern end of the range continues as isolated hills and rocky ridges into Haryana , ending near Delhi . The highest peak in this range is Guru Shikhar at Mount Abu , rising to 1,722 m ( 5,650 ft ) , lying near the border with Gujarat . The Aravali Range is the eroded stub of an ancient fold mountain system . The range rose in a Precambrian event called the Aravali -- Delhi orogen . The range joins two of the ancient segments that make up the Indian craton , the Marwar segment to the northwest of the range , and the Bundelkhand segment to the southeast . The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains run along the western edge of India 's Deccan Plateau and separate it from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea . The range runs approximately 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) from south of the Tapti River near the Gujarat -- Maharashtra border and across Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu to the southern tip of the Deccan peninsula . The average elevation is around 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . Anai Mudi in the Anaimalai Hills 2,695 m ( 8,842 ft ) in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats . Western Ghats near Matheran Kolli Hills of the Eastern Ghats , Tamil Nadu The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains , which have been eroded and quadrisected by the four major rivers of southern India , the Godavari , Mahanadi , Krishna , and Kaveri . These mountains extend from West Bengal to Odisha , Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu , along the coast and parallel to the Bay of Bengal . Though not as tall as the Western Ghats , some of its peaks are over 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) in height . The Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu lies at the junction of the Eastern and Western Ghats . Arma Konda ( 1,680 m ( 5,510 ft ) ) in Andhra Pradesh is the tallest peak in Eastern Ghats . Dry Evergreen Forests along the Eastern Ghats , Andhra Pradesh Indo - Gangetic Plain ( edit ) Extent of the Indo - Gangetic plain across South Asia Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by monsoon in the Indian state of West Bengal . Main article : Indo - Gangetic plain The Indo - Gangetic plains , also known as the Great Plains are large alluvial plains dominated by three main rivers , the Indus , Ganges , and Brahmaputra . They run parallel to the Himalayas , from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Assam in the east , and drain most of northern and eastern India . The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km ( 270,000 sq mi ) . The major rivers in this region are the Ganges , Indus , and Brahmaputra along with their main tributaries -- Yamuna , Chambal , Gomti , Ghaghara , Kosi , Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab , and Tista -- as well as the rivers of the Ganges Delta , such as the Meghna . The great plains are sometimes classified into four divisions : The Bhabar belt is adjacent to the foothills of the Himalayas and consists of boulders and pebbles which have been carried down by streams . As the porosity of this belt is very high , the streams flow underground . The Bhabar is generally narrow with its width varying between 6 to 15 km ( 3.7 to 9.3 mi ) . The Tarai belt lies south of the adjacent Bhabar region and is composed of newer alluvium . The underground streams reappear in this region . The region is excessively moist and thickly forested . It also receives heavy rainfall throughout the year and is populated with a variety of wildlife . The Bangar belt consists of older alluvium and forms the alluvial terrace of the flood plains . In the Gangetic plains , it has a low upland covered by laterite deposits . The Khadar belt lies in lowland areas after the Bangar belt . It is made up of fresh newer alluvium which is deposited by the rivers flowing down the plain . The Indo - Gangetic belt is the world 's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted alluvium formed by the deposition of silt by the numerous rivers . The plains are flat making it conducive for irrigation through canals . The area is also rich in ground water sources. The plains are one of the world 's most intensely farmed areas . The main crops grown are rice and wheat , which are grown in rotation . Other important crops grown in the region include maize , sugarcane and cotton . The Indo - Gangetic plains rank among the world 's most densely populated areas . Thar Desert ( edit ) Thar desert , Rajasthan Main article : Thar Desert The Thar Desert ( also known as the deserts ) is by some calculations the world 's seventh largest desert , by some others the tenth . It forms a significant portion of western India and covers an area of 200,000 to 238,700 km ( 77,200 to 92,200 sq mi ) . The desert continues into Pakistan as the Cholistan Desert . Most of the Thar Desert is situated in Rajasthan , covering 61 % of its geographic area . About 10 percent of this region comprises sand dunes , and the remaining 90 percent consist of craggy rock forms , compacted salt - lake bottoms , and interdunal and fixed dune areas . Annual temperatures can range from 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) in the winter to over 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) during the summer . Most of the rainfall received in this region is associated with the short July -- September southwest monsoon that brings 100 to 500 mm ( 3.9 to 19.7 in ) of precipitation . Water is scarce and occurs at great depths , ranging from 30 to 120 metres ( 98 to 394 ft ) below the ground level . Rainfall is precarious and erratic , ranging from below 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) in the extreme west to 375 mm ( 14.8 in ) eastward. The only river in this region is Luni . The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy - loam in texture . The consistency and depth vary as per the topographical features . The low - lying loams are heavier may have a hard pan of clay , calcium carbonate or gypsum . In western India , the Kutch region in Gujarat and Koyna in Maharashtra are classified as a Zone IV region ( high risk ) for earthquakes . The Kutch city of Bhuj was the epicentre of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake , which claimed the lives of more than 1,337 people and injured 166,836 while destroying or damaging near a million homes . The 1993 Latur earthquake in Maharashtra killed 7,928 people and injured 30,000 . Other areas have a moderate to low risk of an earthquake occurring . Coasts ( edit ) Visakhapatnam beach view , Bay of Bengal , Andhra Pradesh ( The Eastern Coastal Plain is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the oceanic boundary of India . It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the east . The Mahanadi , Godavari , Kaveri , and Krishna rivers drain these plains . The temperature in the coastal regions often exceeds 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , and is coupled with high levels of humidity . The region receives both the northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon rains . ) The southwest monsoon splits into two branches , the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch . ( The Bay of Bengal branch moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June . The Arabian Sea branch moves northwards and discharges much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats . Annual rainfall in this region averages between 1,000 and 3,000 mm ( 39 and 118 in ) . The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km ( 62 and 81 mi ) . The plains are divided into six regions -- the Mahanadi delta , the southern Andhra Pradesh plain , the Krishna - Godavari deltas , the Kanyakumari coast , the Coromandel Coast , and sandy coastal ) . The Western Coastal Plain is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea , ranging from 50 to 100 km ( 31 to 62 mi ) in width . It extends from Gujarat in the north and extends through Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , and Kerala . Numerous rivers and backwaters inundate the region . Mostly originating in the Western Ghats , the rivers are fast - flowing , usually perennial , and empty into estuaries . Major rivers flowing into the sea are the Tapi , Narmada , Mandovi and Zuari . Vegetation is mostly deciduous , but the Malabar Coast moist forests constitute a unique ecoregion . The Western Coastal Plain can be divided into two parts , the Konkan and the Malabar Coast . Varkala beach on Kerala 's coast , Arabian Sea Islands ( edit ) Aerial view of the Andaman Islands See also : List of islands of India ( The Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are India 's two major island formations and are classified as union territories . The Lakshadweep Islands lie 200 to 440 km ( 120 to 270 mi ) off the coast of Kerala in the Arabian sea with an area of 32 km ( 12 sq mi ) . They consist of twelve atolls , three reefs , and five submerged banks , with a total of about 35 islands and islets . ) ( The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located between 6 ° and 14 ° north latitude and 92 ° and 94 ° east longitude . They consist of 572 islands , lying in the Bay of Bengal near the Myanma coast running in a North - South axis for approximately 910 km . They are located 1,255 km ( 780 mi ) from Kolkata ( Calcutta ) and 193 km ( 120 mi ) from Cape Negrais in Burma . The territory consists of two island groups , the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands . The Andaman and Nicobar Islands consist of 572 islands which run in a North - South axis for around 910 km . The Andaman group has 325 islands which cover an area of 6,170 km2 ( 2,382 sq mi ) while the Nicobar group has only 247 islands with an area of 1,765 km2 ( 681 sq mi ) . India 's only active volcano , Barren Island is situated here . It last erupted in 2017 . The Narcondum is a dormant volcano and there is a mud volcano at Baratang . Indira Point , India 's southernmost land point , is situated in the Nicobar islands at 6 ° 45'10 '' N and 93 ° 49'36 '' E , and lies just 189 km ( 117 mi ) from the Indonesian island of Sumatra , to the southeast . The highest point is Mount Thullier at 642 m ( 2,106 ft ) . Other significant islands in India include Diu , a former Portuguese colony ; Majuli , a river island of the Brahmaputra ; Elephanta in Bombay Harbour ; and Sriharikota , a barrier island in Andhra Pradesh . Salsette Island is India 's most populous island on which the city of Mumbai ( Bombay ) is located . Forty - two islands in the Gulf of Kutch constitute the Marine National Park . Bodies of water ( edit ) Main article : Rivers of India India has around 14,500 km of inland navigable waterways . There are twelve rivers which are classified as major rivers , with the total catchment area exceeding 2,528,000 km ( 976,000 sq mi ) . All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds : The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges Vindhya and Satpura range in central India Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India The Himalayan river networks are snow - fed and have a perennial supply throughout the year . The other two river systems are dependent on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season . The Himalayan rivers that flow westward into Punjab are the Indus , Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Beas , and Sutlej . Bhagirathi River at Gangotri , source river of the Ganges National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong ( West Bengal ) , in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region . ( The Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghana system has the largest catchment area of about 1,600,000 km ( 620,000 sq mi ) . The Ganges Basin alone has a catchment of about 1,100,000 km ( 420,000 sq mi ) . The Ganges originates from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand . It flows southeast , draining into the Bay of Bengal ) . ( The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains . The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet , China , where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo River ) ( or `` Tsangpo '' ) . It enters India in the far - eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh , then flows west through Assam . The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh , where it is known as the Jamuna River . The Chambal , another tributary of the Ganges , via the Yamuna , originates from the Vindhya - Satpura watershed . The river flows eastward . Westward - flowing rivers from this watershed are the Narmada and Tapti , which drain into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat . The river network that flows from east to west constitutes 10 % of the total outflow . The Godavari River at Papi Hills ( The Western Ghats are the source of all Deccan rivers , which include the through Godavari River , Krishna River and Kaveri River , all draining into the Bay of Bengal . These rivers constitute 20 % of India 's total outflow ) . The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks , often flooding surrounding areas . Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation , such floods have killed thousands of people and tend to cause displacements of people in such areas . Major gulfs include the Gulf of Cambay , Gulf of Kutch , and the Gulf of Mannar . Straits include the Palk Strait , which separates India from Sri Lanka ; the Ten Degree Channel , which separates the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands ; ' and the Eight Degree Channel , which separates the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from the Minicoy Island to the south . Important capes include the Kanyakumari ( formerly called Cape Comorin ) , the southern tip of mainland India ; Indira Point , the southernmost point in India ( on Great Nicobar Island ) ; Rama 's Bridge , and Point Calimere . The Arabian Sea lies to the west of India , the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean lie to the east and south , respectively . Smaller seas include the Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea . There are four coral reefs in India , located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Gulf of Mannar , Lakshadweep , and the Gulf of Kutch . Important lakes include Sambhar Lake , the country 's largest saltwater lake in Rajasthan , Vembanad Lake in Kerala , Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh , Loktak Lake in Manipur , Dal Lake in Kashmir , Chilka Lake ( lagoon lake ) in Orrisa , and Sasthamkotta Lake in Kerala . Wetlands ( edit ) A map of the Indian Sunderbans in West Bengal Pichavaram Mangroves , Tamil Nadu India 's wetland ecosystem is widely distributed from the cold and arid located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir , and those with the wet and humid climate of peninsular India . Most of the wetlands are directly or indirectly linked to river networks . The Indian government has identified a total of 71 wetlands for conservation and are part of sanctuaries and national parks . Mangrove forests are present all along the Indian coastline in sheltered estuaries , creeks , backwaters , salt marshes and mudflats . The mangrove area covers a total of 4,461 km ( 1,722 sq mi ) , which comprises 7 % of the world 's total mangrove cover . Prominent mangrove covers are located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Sundarbans delta , the Gulf of Kutch and the deltas of the Mahanadi , Godavari and Krishna rivers . Parts of Maharashtra , Karnataka and Kerala also have large mangrove covers . The Sundarbans delta is home to the largest mangrove forest in the world . It lies at the mouth of the Ganges and spreads across areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal . The Sundarbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , but is identified separately as the Sundarbans ( Bangladesh ) and the Sundarbans National Park ( India ) . The Sundarbans are intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways , mudflats and small islands of salt - tolerant mangrove forests . The area is known for its diverse fauna , being home to a large variety of species of birds , spotted deer , crocodiles and snakes . Its most famous inhabitant is the Bengal tiger . It is estimated that there are now 400 Bengal tigers and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area . The Rann of Kutch is a marshy region located in northwestern Gujarat and the bordering Sindh province of Pakistan . It occupies a total area of 27,900 km ( 10,800 sq mi ) . The region was originally a part of the Arabian Sea . Geologic forces such as earthquakes resulted in the damming up of the region , turning it into a large saltwater lagoon . This area gradually filled with silt thus turning it into a seasonal salt marsh . During the monsoons , the area turn into a shallow marsh , often flooding to knee - depth . After the monsoons , the region turns dry and becomes parched . Climate ( edit ) India 's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation , temperature , precipitation and their seasonality . Main articles : Climate of India and Climatic regions of India Based on the Köppen system , India hosts six major climatic subtypes , ranging from arid desert in the west , alpine tundra and glaciers in the north , and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories . The nation has four seasons : winter ( January -- February ) , summer ( March -- May ) , a monsoon ( rainy ) season ( June -- September ) and a post-monsoon period ( October -- December ) ' . The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia . ' Thus , North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter ; in summer , the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot . Although the Tropic of Cancer -- the boundary between the tropics and subtropics -- passes through the middle of India , the whole country is considered to be tropical . Temperature averages in India ; units are in degree Celsius Summer lasts between March and June in most parts of India . Temperatures can exceed 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) during the day . The coastal regions exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) coupled with high levels of humidity . In the Thar desert area temperatures can exceed 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) . The rain - bearing monsoon clouds are attracted to the low - pressure system created by the Thar Desert . The southwest monsoon splits into two arms , the Bay of Bengal arm and the Arabian Sea arm . The Bay of Bengal arm moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June . The Arabian Sea arm moves northwards and deposits much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats . Winters in peninsula India see mild to warm days and cool nights . Further north the temperature is cooler . Temperatures in some parts of the Indian plains sometimes fall below freezing . Most of northern India is plagued by fog during this season . The highest temperature recorded in India was 51 ° C ( 124 ° F ) in Phalodi , Rajasthan . The lowest was − 45 ° C ( − 49 ° F ) in Kashmir . Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of India Eparchaean Unconformity of Detrital rocks of Tirumala Hills , Eastern Ghats India 's geological features are classified based on their era of formation . The Precambrian formations of Cudappah and Vindhyan systems are spread out over the eastern and southern states . A small part of this period is spread over western and central India . The Paleozoic formations from the Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian and Devonian system are found in the Western Himalaya region in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh . The Mesozoic Deccan Traps formation is seen over most of the northern Deccan ; they are believed to be the result of sub-aerial volcanic activity . The Trap soil is black in colour and conducive to agriculture . The Carboniferous system , Permian System and Triassic systems are seen in the western Himalayas . The Jurassic system is seen in the western Himalayas and Rajasthan . Geological regions of India Tertiary imprints are seen in parts of Manipur , Nagaland , Arunachal Pradesh and along the Himalayan belt . The Cretaceous system is seen in central India in the Vindhyas and part of the Indo - Gangetic plains . The Gondowana system is seen in the Narmada River area in the Vindhyas and Satpuras . The Eocene system is seen in the western Himalayas and Assam . Oligocene formations are seen in Kutch and Assam . The Pleistocene system is found over central India . The Andaman and Nicobar Island are thought to have been formed in this era by volcanoes . The Himalayas were formed by the convergence and deformation of the Indo - Australian and Eurasian Plates . Their continued convergence raises the height of the Himalayas by 1 cm each year . Soils in India can be classified into 8 categories : alluvial , black , red , laterite , forest , arid & desert , saline & alkaline and peaty & organic soils . Alluvial soil constitute the largest soil group in India , constituting 80 % of the total land surface . It is derived from the deposition of silt carried by rivers and are found in the Great Northern plains from Punjab to the Assam valley . Alluvial soil are generally fertile but they lack nitrogen and tend to be phosphoric . National Disaster Management Authority says that 60 % of Indian landmass is prone to earthquake and 8 % susceptible to cyclone risks . Black soil are well developed in the Deccan lava region of Maharashtra , Gujarat , and Madhya Pradesh . These contain high percentage of clay and are moisture retentive . Red soil are found in Tamil Nadu , Karnataka plateau , Andhra plateau , Chota Nagpur plateau and the Aravallis . These are deficient in nitrogen , phosphorus and humus . Laterite soils are formed in tropical regions with heavy rainfall . Heavy rainfall results in leaching out all soluble material of top layer of soil . These are generally found in Western ghats , Eastern ghats and hilly areas of northeastern states that receive heavy rainfall . Forest soils occur on the slopes of mountains and hills in Himalayas , Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats . These generally consist of large amounts of dead leaves and other organic matter called humus . Natural Resources ( edit ) Main article : Natural resources of India Indian coal production is the 3rd highest in the world according to the 2008 Indian Ministry of Mines estimates . Shown above is a coal mine in Jharkhand . India 's total renewable water resources are estimated at 1,907.8 km3 / year . Its annual supply of usable and replenshable groundwater amounts to 350 billion cubic metres . Only 35 % of groundwater resources are being utilised . About 44 million tonnes of cargo is moved annually through the country 's major rivers and waterways . Groundwater supplies 40 % of water in India 's irrigation canals. 56 % of the land is arable and used for agriculture . Black soils are moisture - retentive and are preferred for dry farming and growing cotton , linseed , etc . Forest soils are used for tea and coffee plantations . Red soil have a wide diffusion of iron content . Most of India 's estimated 5.4 billion barrels ( 860,000,000 m ) in oil reserves are located in the Mumbai High , upper Assam , Cambay , the Krishna - Godavari and Cauvery basins . India possesses about seventeen trillion cubic feet of natural gas in Andhra Pradesh , Gujarat and Odisha . Uranium is mined in Andhra Pradesh . India has 400 medium - to - high enthalpy thermal springs for producing geothermal energy in seven `` provinces '' -- the Himalayas , Sohana , Cambay , the Narmada - Tapti delta , the Godavari delta and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( specifically the volcanic Barren Island . ) India is the world 's biggest producer of mica blocks and mica splittings . India ranks second amongst the world 's largest producers of barites and chromites . The Pleistocene system is rich in minerals . India is the third - largest coal producer in the world and ranks fourth in the production of iron ore . It is the fifth - largest producer of bauxite , second largest of crude steel as of February 2018 replacing Japan , the seventh - largest of manganese ore and the eighth - largest of aluminium . India has significant sources of titanium ore , diamonds and limestone . India possesses 24 % of the world 's known and economically viable thorium , which is mined along shores of Kerala . Gold had been mined in the now - defunct Kolar Gold Fields in Karnataka . Antipodes ( edit ) The only land area antipodal to India is Easter Island , which is antipodal to the western corner of Rajasthan . The triangular island closely reflects the triangle between the cities of Mokal , Kuchchri , and Habur . Habur corresponds to Hanga Roa , and Mokal to the eastern cape . Photo Gallery Tso Moriri lake , Ladakh Valley of flowers , Uttarakhand Indo - Gangetic Plain Arawali Hills , near Ajmer Madhya Pradesh Shola in western ghats Anaimudi , the tallest mountain in South India Backwater in Kerala Minicoy island , Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar See also ( edit ) Geospatial Information Regulation Bill References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2016 - 17 , Ministry of Home Affairs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ India Yearbook , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Total area excludes disputed territories not under Indian control . Jump up ^ Manorama Yearbook 2006 ( India -- The Country ) . Malayala Manorama. 2006 . p. 515 . ISSN 0542 - 5778 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial extent of India 's waters '' . The International Law of the Sea and Indian MaritimeLegislation. 30 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Zhu , Bin ; et al. Age of Initiation of the India - Asia Collision in the East - Central Himalaya ( PDF ) . Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University at Albany . p. 281 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kind , Rainer ( September 2007 ) . `` The Fastest Continent : India 's truncated lithospheric roots '' . Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres . Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BM_MAN-IN-PAKS-060513.pdf Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BM_MAN-IN-BANG-270813.pdf Jump up ^ Naunidhi Kaur ( June 2002 ) . `` The Nowhere People '' . Frontline Magazine , The Hindu . 19 ( 12 ) . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India , Bangladesh ratify historic land deal , Narendra Modi announces new $2 billion line of credit to Dhaka -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniyal , Shoaib . `` India - Bangla land swap : was the world 's strangest border created by a game of chess ? '' . Scroll.in . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Another Chinese intrusion in Sikkim '' . Oneindia.in. 19 June 2008 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Indo-Myanmar-1011.pdf Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Indo-Bhutan-1011.pdf Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Indo-Nepal-270813.pdf ^ Jump up to : Manorama Yearbook 2006 ( India -- The Country ) . Malayala Manorama. 2006 . p. 516 . ISSN 0542 - 5778 . Jump up ^ Measurements are from recent imagery , generally supplemented with Russian 1 : 200,000 scale topographic mapping as well as Jerzy Wala , Orographical Sketch Map : Karakoram : Sheets 1 & 2 , Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research , Zurich , 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Physical divisions '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 December 2004 . Jump up ^ The Indian geographical journal . 46 . Indian Geographical Society . 1971 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` The Deccan Plateau '' . How Stuff Works . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Manorama Yearbook 2006 ( India -- The Country ) . p. 517 . Jump up ^ Dale Hoiberg ; Indu Ramchandani ( 2000 ) . Students ' Britannica India . Popular Prakashan . pp. 92 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 760 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Harsh K ; Aloka Parasher - Sen ; Dorairajan Balasubramanian ( 2000 ) . Deccan Heritage . Orient Blackswan . p. 28 . ISBN 81 - 7371 - 285 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Hari Shanker ( 1987 ) . Tropical geomorphology : a morphogenetic study of Rajasthan . Concept . p. 295 . ISBN 81 - 7022 - 041 - 6 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Pamela ( November 2006 ) . `` Introduction '' ( PDF ) . Literacy in Kerala . University of Glasgow . ISBN 0 - 86389 - 068 - 7 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Pullaiah , Thammineni ; D. Muralidhara Rao ( 2002 ) . `` Preface '' . Flora of Eastern Ghats : Hill ranges of south east India . 1 . Daya Books . p. 1 . ISBN 81 - 87498 - 49 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Pletcher ( 2010 ) . The Geography of India : Sacred and Historic Places . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 16 - 1530 - 142 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Geography Now ! India '' . Youtube . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Largest Desert '' . geology.com . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thar Desert '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaul , R.N. ( 1970 ) . Afforestation in Arid zones . N.V. Publishers , The Hague . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Earthquake Report '' . USGS Earthquake Hazards Program . Archived from the original on 20 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Brijesh Gulati ( January 2006 ) . `` Earthquake Risk Assessment of Buildings : Applicability of HAZUS in Dehradun , India '' ( PDF ) . Indian Institute of Remote Sensing , National Remote Sensing Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Manorama Yearbook 2006 ( India -- The Country ) . p. 519 . Jump up ^ `` The Eastern Coastal Plain '' . Rainwaterharvesting.org . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Portal of India : Know India : State of UTs '' . Government of India . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Majuli , River Island . `` Largest river island '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to Inland Water Transport '' . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Manorama Yearbook 2006 ( India -- The Country ) . p. 518 . Jump up ^ Elhance , Arun P. ( 1999 ) . Hydropolitics in the Third World : conflict and cooperation in international river basins . US Institute of Peace Press . pp. 156 -- 158 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 878379 - 91 - 7 . Jump up ^ Brahmaputra River , Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Manorama Yearbook 2006 ( India -- Environment ) . p. 580 . Jump up ^ India Yearbook , p. 306 Jump up ^ India Yearbook , p. 309 Jump up ^ World Wildlife Fund ( 2001 ) . `` Rann of Kutch '' . WildWorld Ecoregion Profile . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Peel , M.C. and Finlayson , B.L. and McMahon , T.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Updated world map of the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification '' . Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. 11 ( 5 ) : 1633 -- 1644 . doi : 10.5194 / hess - 11 - 1633 - 2007 . ISSN 1027 - 5606 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( direct : Final Revised Paper ) ^ Jump up to : Manorama Yearbook 2006 ( India -- Geology ) . p. 521 . Jump up ^ `` India Agronet -- Soil Management '' . Indiagronet.com . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fertilizer use by crop in India '' . U.S. Food and Agriculture Organization . Retrieved 2 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Krishi World website '' . Krishiworld.com . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Water profile of India '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Retrieved 20 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jain , J.K. ; Farmer , B.H. ; Rush , H. ; West , H.W. ; Allan , J.A. ; Dasgupta , B. ; Boon , W.H. ( May 1977 ) . `` India 's Underground Water Resources '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 278 ( 962 ) : 507 -- 22 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1977.0058 . ^ Jump up to : `` Energy profile of India '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Retrieved 20 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Chandrasekharam , D. `` Geothermal Energy Resources of India '' . Indian Institute of Technology Bombay . Archived from the original on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Contribution to the World 's Mineral Production '' . Ministry of Mines , Government of India . Retrieved 20 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India '' . CIA Factbook . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Information and Issue Briefs -- Thorium '' . World Nuclear Association . Archived from the original on 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Death of the Kolar Gold Fields '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 21 November 2008 . Cited sources. ( edit ) India Yearbook 2007 . Publications Division , Ministry of Information & Broadcasting , Govt . Of India . 2007 . ISBN 81 - 230 - 1423 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of India . `` The Incredible History of India 's Geography '' , Author : Sanjeev Sanyal , Publisher : Penguin Books Ltd Allaby , M ( 1998 ) . `` Floods '' . Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3520 - 2 ... Balfour , E ( 1976 ) . Encyclopaedia Asiatica : Comprising Indian Subcontinent , Eastern and Southern Asia . Cosmo Publications . ISBN 81 - 7020 - 325 - 2 ... Nash , JM ( 2002 ) . `` El Niño : Unlocking the Secrets of the Master Weather Maker '' . Warner . ISBN 0 - 446 - 52481 - 6 ... `` Land and Natural Resources '' . Terrain . Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 6 June 2005 . Geography of India by state or territory States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Geography of India Climate Climate Climatic regions Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Stones Landforms Beaches Canals Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern Coastal Western Coastal Regions North India Northeast India East India South India West India Central India Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions States and territories Districts Cities Towns Municipalities Environment Biogeographic classification Ecoregions Fauna Flora Forests Issues Protected Areas Wildlife India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - Year Plans Sino - Indian War Indo - Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF ) Economic liberalisation Pokhran - II Geography Environment Biosphere reserves Climate Climatic regions Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions East North Northeast South West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Cities Districts Municipalities States and territories Politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments Law Chief Justice Constitution District Courts Fundamental rights , principles and duties High Courts Human rights Supreme Court Enforcement Federal Border Security Force ( BSF ) Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) National Security Guard ( NSG ) Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) Special Protection Group ( SPG ) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D ) Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI ) Enforcement Directorate Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC ) Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB ) National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW ) Military Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Elections Nationalism Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Political parties INC BJP BSP CPI CPM NCP Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Economy Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Planning Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India FDI in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Foreign exchange reserves Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money History Economic Development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Society Culture Society Caste system Corruption Demographics Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Healthcare Hospitals in India Languages Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio - economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport Life in India Arts and Entertainment Caste Cinema Citizenship Climate Cuisine Culture Corruption Demographics Economy Education Ethnic relations Flag Geography Government History Holidays Languages Law Police Politics Poverty Literacy Military Religion Sports Transport Unemployment Aviation Geography of South Asia Mountains and plateaus Himalayas Mount Everest Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Aravalli Range Nilgiris Vindhya Range Satpura Range Garo Hills Shivalik Hills Mahabharat Range Khasi Hills Anaimalai Hills Cardamom Hills Sulaiman Mountains Toba Kakar Range Karakoram Hindu Kush Chittagong Hill Tracts Deccan Plateau Thar Desert Makran Chota Nagpur Naga Hills Mysore Plateau Ladakh Plateau Gandhamardan Hills Malwa Lushai Hills Lowlands and islands Indo - Gangetic plain Doab Indus Valley Indus River Delta Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Terai Atolls of the Maldives Coromandel Coast Konkan Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Sundarbans Reserve Forest Greater Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Protected areas in Tamil Nadu By country India Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Afghanistan Geography of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_India&oldid=843266769 '' Categories : Geography of India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 00 : 43 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography%20of%20India
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who won the most states in the 2016 presidential election
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Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state , in most cases by `` winner - takes - all '' plurality ; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19 , 2016 . While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide , a margin of 2.1 % , Trump won 30 states with a total of 306 electors , or 57 % of the 538 available . He won the three perennial swing states of Florida , Ohio , and Iowa , as well as the three `` blue wall '' stronghold states of Michigan , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin . He also won Maine 's 2nd congressional district , which had not been won by a Republican presidential candidate since 1988 . Leading up to the election , a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts . After his victory was assured , some commentators compared the election to President Harry S. Truman 's victorious campaign in 1948 as one of the greatest political upsets in modern American history .
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Trump
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United states presidential Election , 2016
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united states presidential election, 2016
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Barack Obama Democratic
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Elected President Donald Trump Republican 2016 U.S. presidential election Timeline General election debates Parties Polling national statewide by demographics international Newspaper endorsements primary general Russian interference Social media International reactions Electors Recounts Faithless electors Republican Party Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling national statewide straw polls Endorsements Results Nominee Convention Democratic Party Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling national statewide straw polls Endorsements Results Nominee Convention Superdelegates Third parties Third party and independent candidates Libertarian Party primaries debates nominee convention Green Party primaries debates nominee convention Constitution Party primaries nominee Independents McMullin Related races House Senate Governors Vice President Democratic Republican 2012 ← 2016 → 2020 The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 . In a surprise victory , the Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine despite losing the plurality of the popular vote . Trump took office as the 45th President , and Pence as the 48th Vice President , on January 20 , 2017 . Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama was ineligible to be elected to a third term due to the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment . Concurrent with the presidential election , Senate , House , and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8 . Clinton secured the Democratic nomination after fending off a primary challenge from Senator Bernie Sanders . Amidst a wide Republican field , Trump emerged as the front - runner , defeating Ted Cruz , Marco Rubio , John Kasich , Jeb Bush and other candidates . Clinton ran on a platform of continuing and expanding President Obama 's policies , emphasizing issues of racial , LGBT , and women 's rights , and `` inclusive capitalism '' ; whereas Trump promised to `` Make America Great Again '' by implementing a populist and nationalist agenda , opposing political correctness , illegal immigration , and many free - trade agreements . The tone of the general election campaign was widely characterized as divisive and negative , with both candidates beleaguered by controversy . Trump made numerous controversial remarks about race and immigration , was accused of inciting violence against protestors at his rallies , and faced multiple allegations of sexual misconduct ( which he denied ) , but was also able to garner extensive free media coverage . Clinton , whose public approval ratings had declined sharply since the end of her tenure as Secretary of State , was dogged by an FBI investigation of her improper use of a private email server , while her assertion that `` half '' of Trump 's supporters were bigoted `` deplorables '' met with polarized reactions . Nevertheless , Clinton held the lead in nearly every pre-election nationwide poll and in most swing states . Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state , in most cases by `` winner - takes - all '' plurality ; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19 , 2016 . While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide , a margin of 2.1 % , Trump won 30 states with a total of 306 electors , or 57 % of the 538 available . He won the three perennial swing states of Florida , Ohio , and Iowa , as well as the three `` blue wall '' stronghold states of Michigan , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin . He also won Maine 's 2nd congressional district , which had not been won by a Republican presidential candidate since 1988 . Leading up to the election , a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts . After his victory was assured , some commentators compared the election to President Harry S. Truman 's victorious campaign in 1948 as one of the greatest political upsets in modern American history . In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , seven electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . Ultimately , Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227 , while Colin Powell won three , and John Kasich , Ron Paul , Bernie Sanders , and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one . Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote . He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military , as well as the wealthiest and the oldest at inauguration , while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major American party . On January 6 , 2017 , the United States government 's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections . A joint U.S. intelligence community review ordered by President Barack Obama stated with high confidence that `` Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election . Russia 's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process , denigrate Secretary Clinton , and harm her electability and potential presidency . '' Investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the Federal Bureau of Investigation , the Senate Intelligence Committee , and the House Intelligence Committee . Former FBI Director Robert Mueller was appointed as special counsel in May 2017 by Acting Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to oversee the ongoing investigation into links between Donald Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign and the Russian government as part of the election interference and any related illegal acts . President Donald Trump has repeatedly criticized these intelligence claims , citing a lack of evidence and repeatedly calling the claims a `` hoax '' and `` fake news '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Primary process 3 Nominations 3.1 Republican Party 3.1. 1 Primaries 3.1. 2 Nominees 3.1. 3 Other major candidates 3.1. 4 Vice presidential selection 3.2 Democratic Party 3.2. 1 Primaries 3.2. 2 Nominees 3.2. 3 Other major candidates 3.2. 4 Vice presidential selection 3.3 Third parties and independents 3.3. 1 Libertarian Party 3.3. 2 Green Party 3.3. 3 Independents 3.3. 4 Constitution Party 3.3. 5 Other nominations 3.3. 6 Candidates gallery 4 General election campaign 4.1 Ballot access 4.2 Party conventions 4.3 Campaign finance 4.4 Newspaper endorsements 4.5 Russian involvement 5 Notable expressions , phrases , and statements 6 Debates 6.1 Primary election debates 6.2 General election debates 7 Results 7.1 Candidates table 7.2 Results by state 7.3 Close races 7.3. 1 Breakdown by ticket 7.4 Battleground states 7.5 Maps 7.6 Voter demographics 7.7 Forecasting 7.8 Viewership 8 Post-election events and controversies 8.1 Protests 8.2 Vote tampering concerns 8.3 Recount petitions 8.4 Electoral College lobbying 8.5 Faithless electors 8.6 Trump presidential election milestones 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background Barack Obama , the incumbent president in 2016 , whose second term expired at noon on January 20 , 2017 Further information : United States presidential election § Procedure Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural - born citizens of the United States , at least 35 years old , and residents of the United States for a period of at least 14 years . Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties , in which case each party devises a method ( such as a primary election ) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position . Traditionally , the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate . The party 's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party 's behalf . The general election in November is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College ; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President . President Barack Obama , a Democrat and former U.S. Senator from Illinois , was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the restrictions of the Twenty - second Amendment ; in accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment , his term expired at noon on January 20 , 2017 . Primary process The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016 , staggered among the 50 states , the District of Columbia and U.S. territories . This nominating process was also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party 's nominating convention , who in turn elected their party 's presidential nominee . Speculation about the 2016 campaign began almost immediately following the 2012 campaign , with New York magazine declaring the race had begun in an article published on November 8 , two days after the 2012 election . On the same day , Politico released an article predicting the 2016 general election would be between Clinton and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush , while a New York Times article named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey as potential candidates . Nominations Republican Party This article is part of a series about Donald Trump President of the United States Incumbent Presidency Transition Inauguration Timeline Executive actions Proclamations Polls Protests Trips Appointments Cabinet formation Ambassadors Federal judges Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court candidates U.S. Attorneys Dismissals Sally Yates Michael Flynn James Comey Rex Tillerson Policy positions Economy tariffs Environment Paris withdrawal Foreign policy as candidate as President Immigration Social issues cannabis International trips 2017 summits Saudi Arabia arms deal NATO , Belgium G7 , Italy G20 , Germany APEC , Vietnam 2018 summits World Economic Forum , Switzerland Presidential election 2016 campaign Rallies Primaries Convention Endorsements Debates Never Trump Republican opposition Sexual misconduct allegations 2020 campaign Russia controversies Business projects in Russia Election interference timeline Trump -- Russia dossier Classified information disclosure Links of associates with Russian officials Trump campaign -- Russian meetings Special Counsel investigation Business and personal Business career The Trump Organization Books Eponyms Family Foundation Legal affairs Racial views Residences Social media The Apprentice franchise Primaries Main article : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2016 With seventeen major candidates entering the race , starting with Ted Cruz on March 23 , 2015 , this was the largest presidential primary field for any political party in American history . Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1 , 2016 , Perry , Walker , Jindal , Graham and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers . Despite leading many polls in Iowa , Trump came in second to Cruz , after which Huckabee , Paul and Santorum withdrew due to poor performances at the ballot box . Following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary , Christie , Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race . Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump , Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina . On March 1 , 2016 , the first of four `` Super Tuesday '' primaries , Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota , Cruz won Alaska , Oklahoma and his home of Texas and Trump won the other seven states that voted . Failing to gain traction , Carson suspended his campaign a few days later . On March 15 , 2016 , the second `` Super Tuesday '' , Kasich won his only contest in his home state of Ohio and Trump won five primaries including Florida . Rubio suspended his campaign after losing his home state . Between March 16 and May 3 , 2016 , only three candidates remained in the race : Trump , Cruz and Kasich . Cruz won the most delegates in four Western contests and in Wisconsin , keeping a credible path to denying Trump the nomination on first ballot with 1,237 delegates . Trump then augmented his lead by scoring landslide victories in New York and five Northeastern states in April , followed by a decisive victory in Indiana on May 3 , 2016 , securing all 57 of the state 's delegates . Without any further chances of forcing a contested convention , both Cruz and Kasich suspended their campaigns . Trump remained the only active candidate and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee by Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus on the evening of May 3 , 2016 . Nominees Republican Party ticket , 2016 Donald Trump Mike Pence for President for Vice President Chairman of The Trump Organization ( 1971 -- 2017 ) 50th Governor of Indiana ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Campaign Other major candidates Main article : Republican Party presidential candidates , 2016 Major candidates were determined by the various media based on common consensus . The following were invited to sanctioned televised debates based on their poll ratings . Trump received 14,010,177 total votes in the primary . Trump , Cruz , Rubio and Kasich each won at least one primary , with Trump receiving the highest number of votes and Ted Cruz receiving the second highest . Candidates in this section are sorted by reverse date of withdrawal from the primaries John Kasich Ted Cruz Marco Rubio Ben Carson Jeb Bush Jim Gilmore Carly Fiorina Chris Christie 69th Governor of Ohio ( 2011 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 2013 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Florida ( 2011 -- present ) Dir. of Pediatric Neurosurgery , Johns Hopkins Hospital ( 1984 -- 2013 ) 43rd Governor of Florida ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 68th Governor of Virginia ( 1998 -- 2002 ) CEO of Hewlett - Packard ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 55th Governor of New Jersey ( 2010 -- 2018 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign W : May 4 4,287,479 votes W : May 3 7,811,110 votes W : Mar 15 3,514,124 votes W : Mar 4 857,009 votes W : Feb 20 286,634 votes W : Feb 12 18,364 votes W : Feb 10 40,577 votes W : Feb 10 57,634 votes Rand Paul Rick Santorum Mike Huckabee George Pataki Lindsey Graham Bobby Jindal Scott Walker Rick Perry U.S. Senator from Kentucky ( 2011 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania ( 1995 -- 2007 ) 44th Governor of Arkansas ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 53rd Governor of New York ( 1995 -- 2006 ) U.S. Senator from South Carolina ( 2003 -- present ) 55th Governor of Louisiana ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 45th Governor of Wisconsin ( 2011 -- present ) 47th Governor of Texas ( 2000 -- 2015 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign W : Feb 3 66,781 votes W : Feb 3 16,622 votes W : Feb 1 51,436 votes W : December 29 , 2015 2,036 votes W : December 21 , 2015 5,666 votes W : November 17 , 2015 222 votes W : September 21 , 2015 1 write - in vote in New Hampshire W : September 11 , 2015 1 write - in vote in New Hampshire Vice presidential selection Main article : Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection , 2016 Trump turned his attention towards selecting a running mate after he became the presumptive nominee on May 4 , 2016 . In mid-June , Eli Stokols and Burgess Everett of Politico reported that the Trump campaign was considering New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich from Georgia , Senator Jeff Sessions of Alabama , and Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin . A June 30 report from The Washington Post also included Senators Bob Corker from Tennessee , Richard Burr from North Carolina , Tom Cotton from Arkansas , Joni Ernst from Iowa , and Indiana Governor Mike Pence as individuals still being considered for the ticket . Trump also stated that he was considering two military generals for the position , including retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn . In July 2016 , it was reported that Trump had narrowed his list of possible running mates down to three : Christie , Gingrich , and Pence . On July 14 , 2016 , several major media outlets reported that Trump had selected Pence as his running mate . Trump confirmed these reports in a message on Twitter on July 15 , 2016 , and formally made the announcement the following day in New York . On July 19 , the second night of the 2016 Republican National Convention , Pence won the Republican vice presidential nomination by acclamation . Democratic Party This article is part of a series about Hillary Clinton Political positions Electoral history Clinton Foundation State Department controversy Onward Together U.S. Secretary of State Tenure Obama 's foreign policy QDDR Email controversy Hillary Doctrine Campaign for the presidency 2016 Primaries Convention Endorsements political non-political Campaign for the presidency 2008 Primaries Endorsements U.S. Senator from New York Tenure 2000 election 2006 re-election First Lady of the United States Role Health care plan SCHIP Whitewater and other investigations Response to Lewinsky scandal Awards and honors Books Primaries Main article : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2016 Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who also served in the U.S. Senate and was the First Lady of the United States , became the first woman to formally launch a major candidacy for the presidency . Clinton made the announcement on April 12 , 2015 , via a video message . While nationwide opinion polls in 2015 indicated that Clinton was the front - runner for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination , she faced extreme challenges from Independent Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont , who became the second major candidate when he formally announced on April 30 , 2015 , that he was running for the Democratic nomination . September 2015 polling numbers indicated a narrowing gap between Clinton and Sanders . On May 30 , 2015 , former Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley was the third major candidate to enter the Democratic primary race , followed by former Independent Governor and Republican Senator of Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee on June 3 , 2015 , former Virginia Senator Jim Webb on July 2 , 2015 , and former Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig on September 6 , 2015 . On October 20 , 2015 , Webb announced his withdrawal from the Democratic primaries , and explored a potential Independent run . The next day Vice-President Joe Biden decided not to run , ending months of speculation , stating , `` While I will not be a candidate , I will not be silent . '' On October 23 , Chafee withdrew , stating that he hoped for `` an end to the endless wars and the beginning of a new era for the United States and humanity '' . On November 2 , after failing to qualify for the second DNC - sanctioned debate after adoption of a rule change negated polls which before might have necessitated his inclusion in the debate , Lessig withdrew as well , narrowing the field to Clinton , O'Malley , and Sanders . On February 1 , 2016 , in an extremely close contest , Clinton won the Iowa caucuses by a margin of 0.2 points over Sanders . After winning no delegates in Iowa , O'Malley withdrew from the presidential race that day . On February 9 , Sanders bounced back to win the New Hampshire primary with 60 % of the vote . In the remaining two February contests , Clinton won the Nevada caucuses with 53 % of the vote and scored a decisive victory in the South Carolina primary with 73 % of the vote . On March 1 , 11 states participated in the first of four `` Super Tuesday '' primaries . Clinton won Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Massachusetts , Tennessee , Texas , and Virginia and 504 pledged delegates , while Sanders won Colorado , Minnesota , Oklahoma and his home state of Vermont and 340 delegates . The following weekend , Sanders won victories in Kansas , Nebraska and Maine with 15 -- 30 - point margins , while Clinton won the Louisiana primary with 71 % of the vote . On March 8 , despite never having a lead in the Michigan primary , Sanders won by a small margin of 1.5 points and outperforming polls by over 19 points , while Clinton won 83 % of the vote in Mississippi . On March 15 , the second `` Super Tuesday '' , Clinton won in Florida , Illinois , Missouri , North Carolina and Ohio . Between March 22 and April 9 , Sanders won six caucuses in Idaho , Utah , Alaska , Hawaii , Washington and Wyoming , as well as the Wisconsin primary , while Clinton won the Arizona primary . On April 19 , Clinton won the New York primary with 58 % of the vote . On April 26 , in the third `` Super Tuesday '' dubbed the `` Acela primary '' , she won contests in Connecticut , Delaware , Maryland and Pennsylvania , while Sanders won in Rhode Island . Over the course of May , Sanders accomplished another surprise win in the Indiana primary and also won in West Virginia and Oregon , while Clinton won the Guam caucus and Kentucky primary . On June 4 and 5 , Clinton won two victories in the Virgin Islands caucus and Puerto Rico primary . On June 6 , 2016 , the Associated Press and NBC News reported that Clinton had become the presumptive nominee after reaching the required number of delegates , including pledged delegates and superdelegates , to secure the nomination , becoming the first woman to ever clinch the presidential nomination of a major United States political party . On June 7 , Clinton secured a majority of pledged delegates after winning primaries in California , New Jersey , New Mexico and South Dakota , while Sanders only won in Montana and North Dakota . Clinton also won the final primary in the District of Columbia on June 14 . At the conclusion of the primary process , Clinton had won 2,204 pledged delegates ( 54 % of the total ) awarded by the primary elections and caucuses , while Sanders had won 1,847 ( 46 % ) . Out of the 714 unpledged delegates or `` superdelegates '' who were set to vote in the convention in July , Clinton received endorsements from 560 ( 78 % ) , while Sanders received 47 ( 7 % ) . Although Sanders had not formally dropped out of the race , he announced on June 16 , 2016 , that his main goal in the coming months would be to work with Clinton to defeat Trump in the general election . On July 8 , appointees from the Clinton campaign , the Sanders campaign , and the Democratic National Committee negotiated a draft of the party 's platform . On July 12 , Sanders formally endorsed Clinton at a rally in New Hampshire in which he appeared with her . Nominees Democratic Party ticket , 2016 Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine for President for Vice President 67th U.S. Secretary of State ( 2009 -- 2013 ) U.S. Senator from Virginia ( 2013 -- present ) Campaign Other major candidates Main article : Democratic Party presidential candidates , 2016 The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks and cable news channels , or were listed in publicly published national polls . Lessig was invited to one forum , but withdrew when rules were changed which prevented him from participating in officially sanctioned debates . Clinton received 16,849,779 votes in the primary . Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries Bernie Sanders Martin O'Malley Lawrence Lessig Lincoln Chafee Jim Webb U.S. Senator from Vermont ( 2007 -- present ) 61st Governor of Maryland ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Harvard Law professor ( 2009 -- 2016 ) 74th Governor of Rhode Island ( 2011 -- 2015 ) U.S. Senator from Virginia ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign LN : July 26 , 2016 13,167,848 votes W : February 1 , 2016 110,423 votes W : November 2 , 2015 4 write - in votes in New Hampshire W : October 23 , 2015 0 votes W : October 20 , 2015 2 write - in votes in New Hampshire Vice presidential selection Main article : Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection , 2016 In April 2016 , the Clinton campaign began to compile a list of 15 to 20 individuals to vet for the position of running mate , even though Sanders continued to challenge Clinton in the Democratic primaries . In mid-June , The Wall Street Journal reported that Clinton 's shortlist included Representative Xavier Becerra from California , Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey , Senator Sherrod Brown from Ohio , Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julián Castro from Texas , Mayor of Los Angeles Eric Garcetti from California , Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia , Labor Secretary Tom Perez from Maryland , Representative Tim Ryan from Ohio , and Senator Elizabeth Warren from Massachusetts . Subsequent reports stated that Clinton was also considering Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack , retired Admiral James Stavridis , and Governor John Hickenlooper of Colorado . In discussing her potential vice presidential choice , Clinton stated that the most important attribute she looked for was the ability and experience to immediately step into the role of president . On July 22 , Clinton announced that she had chosen Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia as her running mate . The delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention , which took place July 25 -- 28 , formally nominated the Democratic ticket . Third parties and independents Campaign signs of third - party candidates Jill Stein and Gary Johnson , October 2016 in St. Johnsbury , Vermont Third party and independent candidates that have obtained more than 100,000 votes nationally and one percent of the vote in at least one state , are listed separately . Libertarian Party Main articles : Libertarian Party ( United States ) and Libertarian Party presidential primaries , 2016 Gary Johnson , 29th Governor of New Mexico . Vice-presidential nominee : Bill Weld , 68th Governor of Massachusetts Gary Johnson , Libertarian Party This article is part of a series about Gary Johnson Political positions Governor of New Mexico 1994 election 1998 re-election Campaign for the Presidency 2012 2012 Libertarian Convention Campaign for the Presidency 2016 2016 Libertarian Convention Primaries Campaign endorsements Our America Initiative This article is part of a series about Bill Weld Political ideology Libertarian Party Vice presidential nomination Convention Primaries Election 2016 New York gubernatorial campaign U.S. Senate campaign Governor of Massachusetts 1990 election 1994 re-election U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts Additional Party Endorsements : Independence Party of New York Ballot access to all 538 electoral votes Nominees Libertarian Party ticket , 2016 Gary Johnson William Weld for President for Vice President 29th Governor of New Mexico ( 1995 -- 2003 ) 68th Governor of Massachusetts ( 1991 -- 1997 ) Campaign Green Party Main articles : Green Party of the United States and Green Party presidential primaries , 2016 Jill Stein , physician from Lexington , Massachusetts . Vice-presidential nominee : Ajamu Baraka , activist from Washington , DC Jill Stein , Green Party This article is part of a series about Jill Stein Political positions Green New Deal Campaign for the Presidency 2016 Convention Primaries Campaign endorsements Election recounts Campaign for the Presidency 2012 Convention Primaries Political Parties Green - Rainbow Party Green Party of the United States Career Massachusetts gubernatorial election , 2010 Ballot access to 480 electoral votes ( 522 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Georgia , Indiana , North Carolina Ballot access lawsuit pending : Oklahoma No ballot access : Nevada , South Dakota Nominees Green Party ticket , 2016 Jill Stein Ajamu Baraka for President for Vice President Physician from Lexington , Massachusetts Activist from Washington , DC Campaign Independents Main article : Evan McMullin presidential campaign , 2016 Evan McMullin , chief policy director for the House Republican Conference . Vice-presidential nominee : Mindy Finn , president of Empowered Women . Evan McMullin , Independents Additional Party Endorsement : Independence Party of Minnesota , South Carolina Independence Party Ballot access to 84 electoral votes ( 451 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , California , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Illinois , Kansas , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin No ballot access : District of Columbia , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana , Mississippi , Nevada , North Carolina , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Wyoming In some states , Evan McMullin 's running mate was listed as Nathan Johnson on the ballot rather than Mindy Finn , although Nathan Johnson was intended to only be a placeholder until an actual running mate was chosen . Independent ticket , 2016 Evan McMullin Mindy Finn for President for Vice President Chief policy director for the House Republican Conference ( 2015 -- 2016 ) President of Empowered Women ( 2015 -- present ) Campaign Constitution Party Main articles : Constitution Party of the United States and Constitution Party presidential primaries , 2016 Darrell Castle , attorney from Memphis , Tennessee . Vice-presidential nominee : Scott Bradley , businessman from Utah Darrell Castle , Constitution Party Ballot access to 207 electoral votes ( 451 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Alabama , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Illinois , Indiana , Kansas , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Vermont , Virginia No ballot access : California , District of Columbia , Massachusetts , North Carolina , Oklahoma Nominees Constitution Party ticket , 2016 Darrell Castle Scott Bradley for President for Vice President Attorney from Memphis , Tennessee Businessman from Utah Campaign Other nominations Main article : United States third - party and independent presidential candidates , 2016 Other nominations Party Presidential nominee Vice presidential nominee Attainable Electors ( write - in ) Popular Vote States with ballot access ( write - in ) American Delta Party Reform Party Rocky De La Fuente Businessman from California Michael Steinberg Lawyer from Florida 147 ( 305 ) map 33,133 ( 0.02 % ) Alaska , Colorado , Florida , Idaho , Iowa , Kentucky , Minnesota , Mississippi , Montana , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Dakota , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Utah , Vermont , Wisconsin , Wyoming ( Alabama , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Indiana , Kansas , Maryland , Missouri , Nebraska , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia ) Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Liberty Union Party Gloria La Riva Newspaper printer and activist from California Eugene Puryear Activist from Washington , DC 112 ( 226 ) map 74,402 ( 0.05 % ) California , Colorado , Iowa , Louisiana , New Jersey , New Mexico , Vermont , Washington ( Alabama , Connecticut , Delaware , Kansas , Maryland , Minnesota , New Hampshire , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , West Virginia ) Socialist Workers Party Alyson Kennedy Mineworker and Labor Leader from Illinois Osborne Hart of Pennsylvania 70 ( 123 ) map 12,465 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Louisiana , Minnesota , New Jersey , Tennessee , Utah , Washington ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Workers World Party Monica Moorehead perennial candidate and political activist from Alabama Lamont Lilly of North Carolina 30 ( 235 ) map 4,319 ( 0.00 % ) New Jersey , Utah , Wisconsin ( Alabama , Indiana , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Massachusetts , Michigan , Montana , New Hampshire , New , York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia ) Socialist Party USA Natural Law Party Mimi Soltysik former National Co-Chair of the Socialist Party USA from California Campaign Angela Nicole Walker of Wisconsin 25 ( 209 ) map 2,704 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Michigan , Guam ( Alabama , Indiana , Iowa , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Wisconsin ) Prohibition Party James Hedges former Tax Assessor for Thompson Township , Fulton County , Pennsylvania Bill Bayes of Mississippi 21 ( 116 ) map 5,617 ( 0.00 % ) Arkansas , Colorado , Mississippi ( Alabama , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Maryland , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Mike Smith Lawyer , Colorado Daniel White 20 ( 222 ) 9,345 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Tennessee ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington . West Virginia ) Independent Richard Duncan Real Estate Agent from Ohio Ricky Johnson Preacher from Pennsylvania 18 ( 173 ) 24,307 ( 0.02 % ) Ohio ( Alabama , Alaska , Delaware , Florida , Idaho , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Laurence Kotlikoff Economics Professor at Boston University , Massachusetts Edward E. Leamer Economics Professor at UCLA , California 17 ( 428 ) map 3,596 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , California , Connecticut , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) America 's Party Tom Hoefling activist from Iowa Steve Schulin of South Carolina 17 ( 369 ) map 4,845 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) Veterans Party of America Chris Keniston reliability engineer from Texas Deacon Taylor of Nevada 17 ( 196 ) map 7,248 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Idaho , Iowa , Kentucky , Minnesota , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , Wisconsin ) Legal Marijuana Now Party Dan Vacek of Minnesota Mark Elworth Jr . of Nebraska 16 ( 77 ) 13,537 ( 0.01 % ) Iowa , Minnesota ( Alabama , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent Lynn Kahn Doctor of Clinical Psychology from Maryland Kathleen Monahan of Florida 12 ( 160 ) 5,730 ( 0.00 % ) Arkansas , Iowa ( Alabama , Delaware , Idaho , Kansas , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia ) American Solidarity Party Mike Maturen sales professional and magician from Michigan Juan Muñoz of Texas 9 ( 332 ) map 6,714 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Alaska , California , Georgia , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Michigan , Minnesota , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , Wisconsin ) Independent Joseph Allen Maldonado of Oklahoma Douglas K. Terranova 9 ( 212 ) 961 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) Independent Ryan Alan Scott Bruce Kendall Barnard 9 ( 108 ) 749 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Delaware , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) American Party ( South Carolina ) Peter Skewes Animal Science Professor at Clemson University , South Carolina Michael Lacy 9 ( 83 ) 3,246 ( 0.00 % ) South Carolina ( Alabama , Connecticut , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Approval Voting Party Frank Atwood of Colorado Blake Huber of Colorado 9 ( 76 ) 337 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent American Party Kyle Kenley Kopitke of Michigan Narthan R. Sorenson 9 ( 76 ) 1,096 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Nutrition Party Rod Silva restaurateur from New Jersey Richard Silva 9 ( 76 ) 751 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) United States Pacifist Party Bradford Lyttle peace activist from Illinois Hannah Walsh 9 ( 76 ) 382 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Socialist Equality Party Jerry White peace activist from Michigan Niles Niemuth journalist from Wisconsin 8 ( 166 ) 481 ( 0.00 % ) Louisiana ( Alabama , California , Delaware , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Princess Khadijah Jacob - Fambro of California Milton Fambro of California 8 ( 75 ) 749 ( 0.00 % ) Louisiana ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent American Party Rocky Giordani from California Farley Anderson activist from Utah 6 ( 79 ) 2,752 ( 0.00 % ) Utah ( Alabama , Iowa , Kansas , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Constitution Party of Idaho Scott Copeland of Texas J.R. Meyers ( 71 ) 2,356 ( 0.00 % ) Idaho ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Candidates gallery Gary Johnson Libertarian Party ( campaign ) Jill Stein Green Party ( campaign ) Evan McMullin Independent ( campaign ) Darrell Castle Constitution Party ( campaign ) General Election campaign A general election ballot , listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates . Hillary Clinton focused her candidacy on several themes , including raising middle class incomes , expanding women 's rights , instituting campaign finance reform , and improving the Affordable Care Act . In March 2016 , she laid out a detailed economic plan basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism , which proposed a `` clawback '' which would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas ; with provision of incentives for companies that share profits with employees , communities and the environment , rather than focusing on short - term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders ; as well as increasing collective bargaining rights ; and placing an `` exit tax '' on companies that move their headquarters out of America in order to pay a lower tax rate overseas . Clinton promoted equal pay for equal work to address current alleged shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do , promoted explicitly focus on family issues and support of universal preschool , expressed support for the right to same - sex marriage , and proposed allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship stating that it `` ( i ) s at its heart a family issue . '' Donald Trump 's campaign drew heavily on his personal image , enhanced by his previous media exposure . The primary slogan of the Trump campaign , extensively used on campaign merchandise , was Make America Great Again . The red baseball cap with the slogan emblazoned on the front became a symbol of the campaign , and has been frequently donned by Trump and his supporters . Trump 's right - wing populist positions -- reported by The New Yorker to be nativist , protectionist , and semi-isolationist -- differ in many ways from traditional conservatism . He opposed many free trade deals and military interventionist policies that conservatives generally support , and opposed cuts in Medicare and Social Security benefits . Moreover , he has insisted that Washington is `` broken '' and can only be fixed by an outsider . Trump support was high among working and middle - class white male voters with annual incomes of less than $50,000 and no college degree . This group , particularly those with less than a high - school education , suffered a decline in their income in recent years . According to The Washington Post , support for Trump is higher in areas with a higher mortality rate for middle - age white people . A sample of interviews with more than 11,000 Republican - leaning respondents from August to December 2015 found that Trump at that time found his strongest support among Republicans in West Virginia , followed by New York , and then followed by six Southern states . Clinton had an uneasy , and at times adversarial relationship with the press throughout her life in public service . Weeks before her official entry as a presidential candidate , Clinton attended a political press corps event , pledging to start fresh on what she described as a `` complicated '' relationship with political reporters . Clinton was initially criticized by the press for avoiding taking their questions , after which she provided more interviews . In contrast , Trump benefited from free media more than any other candidate . From the beginning of his campaign through February 2016 , Trump received almost $2 billion in free media attention , twice the amount that Clinton received . According to data from the Tyndall Report , which tracks nightly news content , through February 2016 , Trump alone accounted for more than a quarter of all 2016 election coverage on the evening newscasts of NBC , CBS and ABC , more than all the Democratic campaigns combined . Observers noted Trump 's ability to garner constant mainstream media coverage `` almost at will '' . However , Trump frequently criticized the media for writing what he alleged to be false stories about him and he has called upon his supporters to be `` the silent majority '' . Trump also said the media `` put false meaning into the words I say '' , and says he does not mind being criticized by the media as long as they are honest about it . Both Clinton and Trump were seen unfavorably by the general public , and their controversial nature set the tone of the campaign . Trump campaigns in Phoenix , Arizona , October 29 , 2016 Clinton 's practice during her time as Secretary of State of using a private email address and server , in lieu of State Department servers , gained widespread public attention back in March 2015 . Concerns were raised about security and preservation of emails , and the possibility that laws may have been violated . After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question fell into this so - called `` born classified '' category , an FBI probe was initiated regarding how classified information was handled on the Clinton server . The FBI probe was concluded on July 5 , 2016 , with a recommendation of no charges , a recommendation that was followed by the Justice Department . On October 28 , eleven days before the election , FBI Director James Comey informed Congress that the FBI was analyzing additional emails obtained during its investigation of an unrelated case . On November 6 , he notified Congress that the new emails did not change the FBI 's earlier conclusion . Also , on September 9 , 2016 , Clinton stated : `` You know , just to be grossly generalistic , you could put half of Trump 's supporters into what I call the basket of deplorables . They 're racist , sexist , homophobic , xenophobic , Islamaphobic -- you name it . '' Donald Trump criticized Clinton 's remark as insulting his supporters . The following day Clinton expressed regret for saying `` half '' , while insisting that Trump had deplorably amplified `` hateful views and voices '' . Previously on August 25 , 2016 , Clinton gave a speech criticizing Trump 's campaign for using `` racist lies '' and allowing the alt - right to gain prominence . Clinton campaigns in Raleigh , North Carolina , October 22 , 2016 On the other side , on October 7 , 2016 , video and accompanying audio were released by The Washington Post in which Trump referred obscenely to women in a 2005 conversation with Billy Bush while they were preparing to film an episode of Access Hollywood . The audio was met with a reaction of disbelief and disgust from the media . Following the revelation , Trump 's campaign issued an apology , stating that the video was of a private conversation from `` many years ago '' . The incident was condemned by numerous prominent Republicans like Reince Priebus , Mitt Romney , John Kasich , Jeb Bush and the Speaker of the House Paul Ryan . By October 8 several dozen Republicans had called for Trump to withdraw from the campaign and let Pence head the ticket . Trump insisted he would never drop out . The ongoing controversy of the election made third parties attract voters ' attention . On March 3 , 2016 , Libertarian Gary Johnson addressed the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington DC , touting himself as the third - party option for anti-Trump Republicans . In early May , some commentators opined that Johnson was moderate enough to pull votes away from both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump who were very disliked and polarizing . Both conservative and liberal media noted that Johnson could get votes from `` Never Trump '' Republicans and disaffected Bernie Sanders supporters . Johnson also began to get time on national television , being invited on ABC News , NBC News , CBS News , CNN , Fox News , MSNBC , Bloomberg , and many other networks . In September and October 2016 , Johnson suffered a `` string of damaging stumbles when he has fielded questions about foreign affairs . '' On September 8 , Johnson , when he appeared on MSNBC 's Morning Joe , was asked by panelist Mike Barnicle , `` What would you do , if you were elected , about Aleppo ? '' ( referring to a war - torn city in Syria ) . Johnson responded , `` And what is Aleppo ? '' Johnson 's `` what is Aleppo ? '' question prompted widespread attention , much of it negative . Later that day , Johnson said that he had `` blanked '' and that he did `` understand the dynamics of the Syrian conflict -- I talk about them every day . '' On the other hand , Green Party candidate Jill Stein stated that the Democratic and Republican parties are `` two corporate parties '' that have converged into one . Concerned by the rise of the far right internationally and the tendency towards neoliberalism within the Democratic Party , she has said , `` The answer to neofascism is stopping neoliberalism . Putting another Clinton in the White House will fan the flames of this right - wing extremism . '' In response to Johnson 's growing poll numbers , the Hillary Clinton campaign and Democratic allies increased their criticism of Johnson in September 2016 , warning that `` a vote for a third party is a vote for Donald Trump '' and deploying Senator Bernie Sanders ( Clinton 's former primary rival , who supported her in the general election ) to win over voters who might be considering voting for Johnson or for Stein . Ballot Access Presidential ticket Party Ballot access Votes Percentage States Electors % of voters Trump / Pence Republican 50 + DC 538 100 % 62,984,825 46.09 % Clinton / Kaine Democratic 50 + DC 538 100 % 65,853,516 48.18 % Johnson / Weld Libertarian 50 + DC 538 100 % 4,489,235 3.27 % Stein / Baraka Green 44 + DC 480 89 % 1,457,226 1.06 % McMullin / Finn Independent 11 84 15 % 732,273 0.53 % Castle / Bradley Constitution 24 207 39 % 203,091 0.15 % Candidates in bold were on ballots representing 270 electoral votes , without needing write - in states . All other candidates were on the ballots of fewer than 25 states , but had write - in access greater than 270 . Party conventions Philadelphia Cleveland Orlando Houston Salt Lake City Democratic Party Republican Party Libertarian Party Green Party Constitution Party Democratic Party Main article : 2016 Democratic National Convention July 25 -- 28 , 2016 : Democratic National Convention was held in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Republican Party Main article : 2016 Republican National Convention July 18 -- 21 , 2016 : Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland , Ohio . Libertarian Party Main article : 2016 Libertarian National Convention May 26 -- 30 , 2016 : Libertarian National Convention was held in Orlando , Florida . Green Party Main article : 2016 Green National Convention August 4 -- 7 , 2016 : Green National Convention was held in Houston , Texas . Constitution Party Main article : 2016 Constitution Party National Convention April 13 -- 16 , 2016 : Constitution Party National Convention was held in Salt Lake City , Utah . Campaign finance This is an overview of the money used in the campaign as it is reported to Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) and released in September 2016 . Outside groups are independent expenditure only committees -- also called PACs and SuperPACs . The sources of the numbers are the FEC and Center for Responsive Politics . Some spending totals are not available , due to withdrawals before the FEC deadline . As of September 2016 , ten candidates with ballot access have filed financial reports with the FEC . Candidate Campaign committee ( as of December 9 ) Outside groups ( as of December 9 ) Total spent Money raised Money spent Cash on hand Debt Money raised Money spent Cash on hand Hillary Clinton $497,808,791 $435,367,811 $62,440,979 $111,238 $205,909,959 $204,267,754 $1,642,205 $639,635,565 Donald Trump $247,541,449 $231,546,996 $15,994,454 $2,086,572 $74,905,285 $70,941,922 $3,963,363 $302,488,918 Gary Johnson $11,410,313 $10,308,873 $1,101,440 $0 $1,386,554 $1,310,578 $75,976 $11,619,451 Rocky De La Fuente $7,351,270 $7,354,663 - $3,392 $7,334,250 $0 $0 $0 $7,354,663 Jill Stein $3,509,477 $3,451,174 $58,303 $87,740 $0 $0 $0 $3,451,174 Evan McMullin $1,644,102 $1,642,165 $1,937 $0 $0 $0 $0 $1,642,165 Darrell Castle $52,234 $51,365 $869 $2,500 $0 $0 $0 $51,365 Gloria La Riva $29,243 $24,207 $5,034 $0 $0 $0 $0 $24,207 Monica Moorehead $11,547 $9,127 $2,419 $4,500 $0 $0 $0 $9,127 Peter Skewes $7,966 $4,238 $7,454 $8,000 $0 $0 $0 $4,238 Newspaper endorsements Main article : Newspaper endorsements in the United States presidential election , 2016 Clinton was endorsed by The New York Times , the Los Angeles Times , the Houston Chronicle , the San Jose Mercury News , the Chicago Sun - Times and the New York Daily News editorial boards . Trump , who has frequently criticized the mainstream media , was not endorsed by the vast majority of newspapers , with the Las Vegas Review - Journal , The Florida Times - Union , and the tabloid National Enquirer his highest profile supporters . Several papers which endorsed Clinton , such as the Houston Chronicle , The Dallas Morning News , The San Diego Union - Tribune , The Columbus Dispatch and The Arizona Republic , endorsed their first Democratic candidate for many decades . USA Today , which had not endorsed any candidate since it was founded in 1982 , broke tradition by giving an anti-endorsement against Trump , declaring him `` unfit for the presidency '' . The Atlantic , which has been in circulation since 1857 , gave Clinton its third - ever endorsement ( after Abraham Lincoln and Lyndon Johnson ) . Other traditionally Republican papers , including the New Hampshire Union Leader , which had endorsed the Republican nominee in every election for the last 100 years , The Detroit News , which had not endorsed a non-Republican in its 143 years , and the Chicago Tribune , endorsed Gary Johnson . Russian involvement Main article : Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections On December 9 , 2016 , the Central Intelligence Agency issued an assessment to lawmakers in the US Senate , stating that a Russian entity hacked the DNC and John Podesta 's emails to assist Donald Trump . The Federal Bureau of Investigation agreed . President Barack Obama ordered a `` full enquiry '' into such possible intervention . Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper in early January 2017 testified before a Senate committee that Russia 's meddling in the 2016 presidential campaign went beyond hacking , and included disinformation and the dissemination of fake news , often promoted on social media . President - elect Trump originally called the report fabricated , and Wikileaks denied any involvement by Russian authorities . Days later , Trump said he could be convinced of the Russian hacking `` if there is a unified presentation of evidence from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other agencies . '' Several U.S. senators -- including Republicans John McCain , Richard Burr , and Lindsey Graham -- demanded a congressional investigation . The Senate Intelligence Committee announced the scope of their official inquiry on December 13 , 2016 , on a bipartisan basis ; work began on January 24 , 2017 . Notable expressions , phrases , and statements Basket of deplorables -- a controversial phrase coined by Hillary Clinton to describe Trump 's supporters Build that wall / Mexico will pay for the wall -- Trump 's campaign promise that if elected he will build a wall on the border between the US and Mexico , with Mexico financing the project Birdie Sanders -- after a campaign stop in Portland , Oregon , a white - winged two - barred crossbill landed on Sanders 's podium while he was addressing a large crowd of supporters . The event became accepted by the Sanders community and Sanders even began to publicize the bird as `` Birdie Sanders '' . Fake News -- stories that are untrue . Trump has used the expression to refer to stories that he does not like . Feel the Bern -- a phrase chanted by supporters of the Bernie Sanders campaign which was officially adopted by his campaign . I like people who were n't captured - Trump mocking of John McCain 's service during the Vietnam War when he was captured and became a POW Grab them by the pussy -- a remark made by Trump in a 2005 private conversation which was recorded by a hot mic and released during the campaign . By saying this remark , Trump intended to boast how as a celebrity he can do things ( namely grab women by their genitalia ) that non-celebrities can not . I 'm with her -- Hillary Clinton 's campaign slogan Make America great again -- Trump 's campaign slogan Trump 's use of derogatory nicknames to deride his opponents -- These include `` Crooked Hillary '' , `` Little Marco '' , `` Low energy Jeb '' , and `` Lying Ted '' Small hands -- Marco Rubio saying that the size of Trump 's hands is proportional to the size of his penis . What is Aleppo ? -- Uttered by Gary Johnson during an interview when questioned about the status of Aleppo in Syria . Drain the swamp -- A phrase invoked by Donald Trump describing his plans to fix problems in the federal government Debates Primary election debates Main articles : Democratic Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; Republican Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; Libertarian Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; and Green Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 General Election debates Main article : United States presidential debates , 2016 Hofstra University Hempstead , NY Longwood University Farmville , VA Washington University St. Louis , MO University of Nevada Las Vegas University of Colorado Boulder Sites of the 2016 general election debates The Commission on Presidential Debates ( CPD ) , a non-profit organization , hosted debates between qualifying presidential and vice-presidential candidates . According to the commission 's website , to be eligible to opt to participate in the anticipated debates , `` ... in addition to being Constitutionally eligible , candidates must appear on a sufficient number of state ballots to have a mathematical chance of winning a majority vote in the Electoral College , and have a level of support of at least 15 percent of the national electorate as determined by five selected national public opinion polling organizations , using the average of those organizations ' most recently publicly - reported results at the time of the determination . '' The three locations chosen to host the presidential debates , and the one location selected to host the vice presidential debate , were announced on September 23 , 2015 . The site of the first debate was originally designated as Wright State University in Dayton , Ohio ; however , due to rising costs and security concerns , the debate was moved to Hofstra University in Hempstead , New York . On August 19 , Trump 's campaign manager confirmed that he would participate in a series of three debates . Trump had complained that two of the scheduled debates , one on September 26 and the other October 9 , will have to compete for viewers with National Football League games , referencing the similar complaints made regarding the dates with low expected ratings during the Democratic Party presidential debates . The Free & Equal Elections Foundation announced plans to host an open debate among all presidential candidates who had ballot access sufficient to represent a majority of electoral votes . In October 2016 Free & Equal extended the invitation to all candidates with ballot lines representing at least 15 % of the electoral vote . The nominees of the Democratic , Republican , Libertarian , Green , Constitution , Reform , and Socialism and Liberation parties , as well as independent candidate Evan McMullin , were invited to participate . The debate was held at the University of Colorado Boulder 's Macky Auditorium on October 25 , 2016 . It was moderated by Ed Asner and Christina Tobin , with Darrell Castle , Rocky De La Fuente , and Gloria La Riva participating . PBS hosted a debate moderated by Tavis Smiley between Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson and Green Party candidate Jill Stein . Debates among candidates for the 2016 U.S. presidential election No . Date Time Host City Moderator ( s ) Participants P1 September 26 , 2016 9 p.m. EDT Hofstra University Hempstead , New York Lester Holt Hillary Clinton Donald Trump VP October 4 , 2016 9 p.m. EDT Longwood University Farmville , Virginia Elaine Quijano Tim Kaine Mike Pence P2 October 9 , 2016 8 p.m. CDT Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis , Missouri Anderson Cooper Martha Raddatz Hillary Clinton Donald Trump P3 October 19 , 2016 6 p.m. PDT University of Nevada , Las Vegas Las Vegas , Nevada Chris Wallace Hillary Clinton Donald Trump P4 October 25 , 2016 7 p.m. MDT University of Colorado Boulder Boulder , Colorado Ed Asner Christina Tobin Darrell Castle Rocky De La Fuente Gloria La Riva = Sponsored by the CPD ; = Sponsored by Free & Equal Results Incumbent President Barack Obama casts his vote early in Chicago on October 7 , 2016 . The election was held on November 8 , 2016 . Clinton cast her vote in Chappaqua , Westchester County , New York , while Trump voted in a Manhattan public school . Throughout the day , the election process went more smoothly than many had expected , with only a few reports of long lines and equipment problems . The news media and election experts were surprised twice , at Trump 's winning the GOP nomination and in winning the electoral college . English political scientist Lloyd Gruber says , `` One of the major casualties of the 2016 election season has been the reputation of political science , a discipline whose practitioners had largely dismissed Donald Trump 's chances of gaining the Republican nomination . '' The final polls showed a lead by Clinton -- and indeed she did win more popular votes . Trump himself expected to lose the election based on polling , and rented a small hotel ballroom to make a brief concession speech ; `` I said if we 're going to lose I do n't want a big ballroom '' , he said . The Republican candidate performed surprisingly well in all battleground states , especially Florida , Iowa , Ohio and North Carolina . Even Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Michigan , states that had been predicted to vote Democratic , were won by Trump . Cindy Adams , present at Trump Tower , reported that `` Trumptown knew they 'd won by 5 : 30 . Math , calculations , candidate dislike causing voter abstention begat the numbers . '' Trump said that he was surprised by how `` that map was getting red as hell . That map was bleeding red ... I always used to believe in ( polls ) . I do n't believe them anymore . '' On November 9 , 2016 , at 3 : 00 AM Eastern Time , Trump secured over 270 electoral votes , the majority of the 538 electors in the Electoral College , enough to make him the president - elect of the United States . According to the authors of Shattered : Inside Hillary Clinton 's Doomed Campaign , by late Tuesday night the White House had decided that Trump had won the election . Obama aide David Simas called Clinton campaign manager Robby Mook to unsuccessfully persuade Clinton to concede the election . Obama then called Clinton herself , citing the importance of continuity of government , to publicly acknowledge that Trump had won ; believing that she was still unwilling to concede the president called Podesta , telling him that the election was over , but the call to Clinton had likely already persuaded her . Clinton called Trump early on Wednesday morning to concede defeat , and later that day asked her supporters to accept the result and hoped that Trump would be `` a successful president for all Americans . '' In his victory speech Trump appealed for unity saying `` it is time for us to come together as one united people '' and praised Clinton who was owed `` a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country . '' Six states plus a portion of Maine that Obama won in 2012 switched to Trump . These are ( with Electoral College votes in parentheses ) : Florida ( 29 ) , Pennsylvania ( 20 ) , Ohio ( 18 ) , Michigan ( 16 ) , Wisconsin ( 10 ) , Iowa ( 6 ) , and Maine 's second congressional district ( 1 ) . Initially , Trump won exactly 100 more Electoral College votes than Mitt Romney in 2012 , with two lost to faithless electors the following month . Thirty - nine states swung more Republican compared to the previous Presidential election , while eleven states and the District of Columbia swung more Democratic . Based on U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the voting age population ( VAP ) , turnout of voters casting a vote for President was nearly 1 % higher than 2012 . Examining overall turnout in the 2016 election , University of Florida Prof. Michael McDonald estimated that 138.8 million Americans cast a ballot in 2016 . 65.9 million of those ballots have been counted for Clinton and just under 63 million for Trump , representing 20.3 % ( Clinton ) and 19.4 % ( Trump ) of a census estimate of U.S. population that day of 324 million . Considering a VAP of 250.6 million people and voting eligible population ( VEP ) of 230.6 million people , this is a turnout rate of 55.4 % VAP and 60.2 % VEP . Based on this estimate , voter turnout was up compared to 2012 ( 54.1 % VAP ) but down compared to 2008 ( 57.4 % VAP ) . A FEC report of the 2016 Presidential General Election recorded an official total of 136.7 million votes cast for President -- more than any prior election . Data scientist Azhar Hamdan , working to explain the paradoxes the 2016 outcome , `` chief among them the discrepancy between the popular vote , which Hillary Clinton won by 2.8 million votes , and the electoral college , where Trump won 304 - 227 '' , compared Trump 's 30 states against Clinton 's 20 states and the District of Columbia . He said that Trump outperformed Mitt Romney 's 2012 results , while Clinton only just matched Barack Obama 's 2012 totals . Hamdan also said that Trump was `` the highest vote earner of any Republican candidate ever , '' exceeding George W. Bush 's 62.04 million votes in 2004 , though neither reached Clinton 's 65.9 million , nor Obama 's 69.5 million votes in 2008 , the overall record . He concluded , with help from The Cook Political Report , that the election hinged not on Clinton 's large 2.8 million overall vote margin over Trump , but rather on about 78,000 votes from only three counties in Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Michigan . Trump 's margin over Clinton was less than the total votes cast for Jill Stein in each of these three states . Thus if all Stein voters in Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Michigan had instead voted for Clinton , the result would have been a Trump defeat in the Electoral College by ten electoral votes . Candidates table Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Donald John Trump Republican New York 62,984,825 46.09 % 304 Michael Richard Pence Indiana 305 Hillary Rodham Clinton Democratic New York 65,853,516 48.18 % 227 Timothy Michael Kaine Virginia 227 Colin Powell Republican Virginia 25 0.00 % Elizabeth Warren Massachusetts Maria Cantwell Washington Susan Collins Maine Bernie Sanders Independent Vermont 111,850 0.08 % Tulsi Gabbard Hawaii 0 Elizabeth Warren Massachusetts ↑ John Kasich Republican Ohio 2,684 0.00 % Carly Fiorina Virginia Ron Paul Libertarian Texas 124 0.00 % Michael Richard Pence Indiana ↑ Faith Spotted Eagle Independent South Dakota 0 0.00 % Winona LaDuke Minnesota Gary Johnson Libertarian New Mexico 4,489,235 3.27 % 0 Bill Weld Massachusetts 0 Jill Stein Green Massachusetts 1,457,226 1.06 % 0 Ajamu Baraka Illinois 0 Evan McMullin Independent Utah 732,273 0.53 % 0 Mindy Finn District of Columbia 0 Darrell Castle Constitution Tennessee 203,091 0.15 % 0 Scott Bradley Utah 0 Gloria La Riva Socialism and Liberation California 74,405 0.05 % 0 Eugene Puryear District of Columbia 0 Other 1,215,785 0.89 % -- Other -- Total 136,669,237 100 % 538 538 Needed to win 270 270 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Nationwide : Leip , David . `` 2016 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . For Bernie Sanders and John Kasich : CA : and NH : VT : NC : PA : RI : Received electoral vote ( s ) from a faithless elector . Two faithless electors from Texas cast their presidential votes for Ron Paul and John Kasich , respectively . Chris Suprun stated that he cast his presidential vote for John Kasich and his vice presidential vote for Carly Fiorina . The other faithless elector in Texas , Bill Greene , cast his presidential vote for Ron Paul but cast his vice presidential vote for Mike Pence , as pledged . John Kasich received recorded write - in votes in Alabama , Georgia , Illinois , New Hampshire , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , and Vermont . Candidate received votes as a write - in . The exact numbers of write - in votes for Sanders have been published for three states . In California , his official running mate was Tulsi Gabbard and in New Hampshire and Vermont there was not a running mate attached to Sanders . It was possible to vote Sanders as a write - in candidate in 14 states . Popular vote Clinton 48.18 % Trump 46.09 % Johnson 3.27 % Stein 1.06 % McMullin 0.53 % Others 1.2 % Electoral vote -- Pledged Trump / Pence 56.88 % Clinton / Kaine 43.12 % Electoral vote -- President Trump 56.51 % Clinton 42.19 % Powell 0.56 % Kasich 0.19 % Paul 0.19 % Sanders 0.19 % Spotted Eagle 0.19 % Electoral vote -- Vice President Pence 56.70 % Kaine 42.38 % Warren 0.38 % Cantwell 0.19 % Collins 0.19 % Fiorina 0.19 % LaDuke 0.19 % Results by State This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) A total of 29 third party and independent presidential candidates appeared on the ballot in at least one state . Former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson and physician Jill Stein repeated their 2012 roles as the nominees for the Libertarian Party and the Green Party , respectively . With ballot access to the entire national electorate , Johnson received nearly 4.5 million votes ( 3.27 % ) , the highest nationwide vote share for a third - party candidate since Ross Perot in 1996 , while Stein received almost 1.45 million votes ( 1.06 % ) , the most for a Green nominee since Ralph Nader in 2000 . Independent candidate Evan McMullin , who appeared on the ballot in 11 states , received over 732,000 votes ( 0.53 % ) . He won 21.4 % of the vote in his home state of Utah , the highest share of the vote for a third - party candidate in any state since 1992 . Despite dropping out of the election following his defeat in the Democratic primary , Senator Bernie Sanders received 5.7 % of the vote in his home state of Vermont , the highest write - in draft campaign percentage for a presidential candidate in American history . Johnson and McMullin were the first third party candidates since Nader to receive at least 5 % of the vote in one or more states , with Johnson crossing the mark in 11 states and McMullin crossing it in two . Aside from Florida and North Carolina , the states which secured Trump 's victory are situated in the Great Lakes / Rust Belt region . Wisconsin went Republican for the first time since 1984 , while Pennsylvania and Michigan went Republican for the first time since 1988 . Stein petitioned for a recount in these states . The Clinton campaign pledged to participate in the Green Party recount efforts , while Trump backers challenged them in court . Meanwhile , American Delta Party / Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente petitioned for and was granted a partial recount in Nevada . States won by Clinton / Kaine States won by Trump / Pence Electoral methods WTA -- Winner - takes - all CD -- Congressional district Hillary Clinton Democratic Donald Trump Republican Gary Johnson Libertarian Jill Stein Green Evan McMullin Independent Others Margin Total State or district Electoral method # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % # State Status Alabama WTA 729,547 34.36 % -- 1,318,255 62.08 % 9 44,467 2.09 % -- 9,391 0.44 % -- -- -- -- 21,712 1.02 % -- 588,708 27.73 % 2,123,372 AL Official Alaska WTA 116,454 36.55 % -- 163,387 51.28 % 18,725 5.88 % -- 5,735 1.80 % -- -- -- -- 14,307 4.49 % -- 46,933 14.73 % 318,608 AK Official Arizona WTA 1,161,167 45.13 % -- 1,252,401 48.67 % 11 106,327 4.13 % -- 34,345 1.33 % -- 17,449 0.68 % -- 1,476 0.06 % -- 91,234 3.55 % 2,573,165 AZ Official Arkansas WTA 380,494 33.65 % -- 684,872 60.57 % 6 29,829 2.64 % -- 9,473 0.84 % -- 13,255 1.17 % -- 12,712 1.12 % -- 304,378 26.92 % 1,130,635 AR Official California WTA 8,753,788 61.73 % 55 4,483,810 31.62 % -- 478,500 3.37 % -- 278,657 1.96 % -- 39,596 0.28 % -- 147,244 1.04 % -- − 4,269,978 − 30.11 % 14,181,595 CA Official Colorado WTA 1,338,870 48.16 % 9 1,202,484 43.25 % -- 144,121 5.18 % -- 38,437 1.38 % -- 28,917 1.04 % -- 27,418 0.99 % -- − 136,386 − 4.91 % 2,780,247 CO Official Connecticut WTA 897,572 54.57 % 7 673,215 40.93 % -- 48,676 2.96 % -- 22,841 1.39 % -- 2,108 0.13 % -- 508 0.03 % -- − 224,357 − 13.64 % 1,644,920 CT Official Delaware WTA 235,603 53.09 % 185,127 41.72 % -- 14,757 3.32 % -- 6,103 1.37 % -- 706 0.16 % -- 1,518 0.34 % -- − 50,476 − 11.37 % 443,814 DE Official District of Columbia WTA 282,830 90.48 % 12,723 4.07 % -- 4,906 1.57 % -- 4,258 1.36 % -- -- -- -- 6,551 2.52 % -- − 270,107 − 86.78 % 311,268 DC Official Florida WTA 4,504,975 47.82 % -- 4,617,886 49.02 % 29 207,043 2.20 % -- 64,399 0.68 % -- -- -- -- 25,736 0.28 % -- 112,911 1.20 % 9,420,039 FL Official Georgia WTA 1,877,963 45.64 % -- 2,089,104 50.77 % 16 125,306 3.05 % -- 7,674 0.19 % -- 13,017 0.32 % -- 1,668 0.04 % -- 211,141 5.13 % 4,114,732 GA Official Hawaii WTA 266,891 62.22 % 128,847 30.03 % -- 15,954 3.72 % -- 12,737 2.97 % -- -- -- -- 4,508 1.05 % − 138,044 − 32.18 % 428,937 HI Official Idaho WTA 189,765 27.49 % -- 409,055 59.26 % 28,331 4.10 % -- 8,496 1.23 % -- 46,476 6.73 % -- 8,132 1.18 % -- 219,290 31.77 % 690,255 ID Official Illinois WTA 3,090,729 55.83 % 20 2,146,015 38.76 % -- 209,596 3.79 % -- 76,802 1.39 % -- 11,655 0.21 % -- 1,627 0.03 % -- − 944,714 − 17.06 % 5,536,424 IL Official Indiana WTA 1,033,126 37.91 % -- 1,557,286 56.82 % 11 133,993 4.89 % -- 7,841 0.27 % -- -- -- -- 2,712 0.10 % -- 524,160 19.17 % 2,734,958 IN Official Iowa WTA 653,669 41.74 % -- 800,983 51.15 % 6 59,186 3.78 % -- 11,479 0.73 % -- 12,366 0.79 % -- 28,348 1.81 % -- 147,314 9.41 % 1,566,031 IA Official Kansas WTA 427,005 36.05 % -- 671,018 56.65 % 6 55,406 4.68 % -- 23,506 1.98 % -- 6,520 0.55 % -- 947 0.08 % -- 244,013 20.60 % 1,184,402 KS Official Kentucky WTA 628,854 32.68 % -- 1,202,971 62.52 % 8 53,752 2.79 % -- 13,913 0.72 % -- 22,780 1.18 % -- 1,879 0.10 % -- 574,177 29.84 % 1,924,149 KY Official Louisiana WTA 780,154 38.45 % -- 1,178,638 58.09 % 8 37,978 1.87 % -- 14,031 0.69 % -- 8,547 0.42 % -- 9,684 0.48 % -- 398,484 19.64 % 2,029,032 LA Official Maine ( at - lg ) WTA 357,735 47.83 % 335,593 44.87 % -- 38,105 5.09 % -- 14,251 1.91 % -- 1,887 0.25 % -- 356 0.05 % -- − 22,142 − 2.96 % 747,927 ME -- a / l Official Maine , 1st CD 212,774 53.96 % 154,384 39.15 % -- 18,592 4.71 % -- 7,563 1.92 % -- 807 0.20 % -- 209 0.05 % -- − 58,390 − 14.81 % 394,329 ME - 1 Maine , 2nd CD 144,817 40.98 % -- 181,177 51.26 % 19,510 5.52 % -- 6,685 1.89 % -- 1,080 0.31 % -- 147 0.04 % -- 36,360 10.29 % 353,416 ME - 2 Maryland WTA 1,677,928 60.33 % 10 943,169 33.91 % -- 79,605 2.86 % -- 35,945 1.29 % -- 9,630 0.35 % -- 35,169 1.26 % -- − 734,759 − 26.42 % 2,781,446 MD Official Massachusetts WTA 1,995,196 60.01 % 11 1,090,893 32.81 % -- 138,018 4.15 % -- 47,661 1.43 % -- 2,719 0.08 % -- 50,559 1.52 % -- − 904,303 − 27.20 % 3,325,046 MA Official Michigan WTA 2,268,839 47.27 % -- 2,279,543 47.50 % 16 172,136 3.59 % -- 51,463 1.07 % -- 8,177 0.17 % -- 19,126 0.40 % -- 10,704 0.22 % 4,799,284 MI Official Minnesota WTA 1,367,716 46.44 % 10 1,322,951 44.92 % -- 112,972 3.84 % -- 36,985 1.26 % -- 53,076 1.80 % -- 51,113 1.74 % -- − 44,765 − 1.52 % 2,944,813 MN Official Mississippi WTA 485,131 40.11 % -- 700,714 57.94 % 6 14,435 1.19 % -- 3,731 0.31 % -- -- -- -- 5,346 0.44 % -- 215,583 17.83 % 1,209,357 MS Official Missouri WTA 1,071,068 38.14 % -- 1,594,511 56.77 % 10 97,359 3.47 % -- 25,419 0.91 % -- 7,071 0.25 % -- 13,177 0.47 % -- 523,443 18.64 % 2,808,605 MO Official Montana WTA 177,709 35.75 % -- 279,240 56.17 % 28,037 5.64 % -- 7,970 1.60 % -- 2,297 0.46 % -- 1,894 0.38 % -- 101,531 20.42 % 497,147 MT Official Nebraska ( at - lg ) WTA 284,494 33.70 % -- 495,961 58.75 % 38,946 4.61 % -- 8,775 1.04 % -- -- -- -- 16,051 1.90 % -- 211,467 25.05 % 844,227 NE -- a / l Official Nebraska , 1st CD 100,126 35.46 % -- 158,626 56.18 % 14,031 4.97 % -- 3,374 1.19 % -- -- -- -- 6,181 2.19 % -- 58,500 20.72 % 282,338 NE - 1 Nebraska , 2nd CD 131,030 44.92 % -- 137,564 47.16 % 13,245 4.54 % -- 3,347 1.15 % -- -- -- -- 6,494 2.23 % -- 6,534 2.24 % 291,680 NE - 2 Nebraska , 3rd CD 53,290 19.73 % -- 199,657 73.92 % 11,657 4.32 % -- 2,054 0.76 % -- -- -- -- 3,451 1.28 % -- 146,367 54.19 % 270,109 NE - 3 Nevada WTA 539,260 47.92 % 6 512,058 45.50 % -- 37,384 3.32 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 36,683 3.26 % -- − 27,202 − 2.42 % 1,125,385 NV Official New Hampshire WTA 348,526 46.98 % 345,790 46.61 % -- 30,777 4.15 % -- 6,496 0.88 % -- 1,064 0.14 % -- 11,643 1.24 % -- − 2,736 − 0.37 % 744,296 NH Official New Jersey WTA 2,148,278 54.99 % 14 1,601,933 41.00 % -- 72,477 1.86 % -- 37,772 0.97 % -- -- -- -- 13,586 1.18 % -- − 546,345 − 14.10 % 3,874,046 NJ Official New Mexico WTA 385,234 48.26 % 5 319,667 40.04 % -- 74,541 9.34 % -- 9,879 1.24 % -- 5,825 0.73 % -- 3,173 0.40 % -- − 65,567 − 8.21 % 798,319 NM Official New York WTA 4,556,124 59.01 % 29 2,819,534 36.52 % -- 176,598 2.29 % -- 107,934 1.40 % -- 10,373 0.13 % -- 50,890 0.66 % -- − 1,736,590 − 22.49 % 7,721,453 NY Official North Carolina WTA 2,189,316 46.17 % -- 2,362,631 49.83 % 15 130,126 2.74 % -- 12,105 0.26 % -- -- -- -- 47,386 1.00 % -- 173,315 3.66 % 4,741,564 NC Official North Dakota WTA 93,758 27.23 % -- 216,794 62.96 % 21,434 6.22 % -- 3,780 1.10 % -- -- -- -- 8,594 2.49 % -- 123,036 35.73 % 344,360 ND Official Ohio WTA 2,394,164 43.56 % -- 2,841,005 51.69 % 18 174,498 3.17 % -- 46,271 0.84 % -- 12,574 0.23 % -- 27,975 0.51 % -- 446,841 8.13 % 5,496,487 OH Official Oklahoma WTA 420,375 28.93 % -- 949,136 65.32 % 7 83,481 5.75 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- N / A N / A -- 528,761 37.08 % 1,452,992 OK Official Oregon WTA 1,002,106 50.07 % 7 782,403 39.09 % -- 94,231 4.71 % -- 50,002 2.50 % -- -- -- -- 72,594 3.63 % -- − 219,703 − 10.98 % 2,001,336 OR Official Pennsylvania WTA 2,926,441 47.46 % -- 2,970,733 48.18 % 20 146,715 2.38 % -- 49,941 0.81 % -- 6,472 0.11 % -- 65,176 1.06 % -- 44,292 0.72 % 6,165,478 PA Official Rhode Island WTA 252,525 54.41 % 180,543 38.90 % -- 14,746 3.18 % -- 6,220 1.34 % -- 516 0.11 % -- 9,594 2.07 % -- − 71,982 − 15.51 % 464,144 RI Official South Carolina WTA 855,373 40.67 % -- 1,155,389 54.94 % 9 49,204 2.34 % -- 13,034 0.62 % -- 21,016 1.00 % -- 9,011 0.43 % -- 300,016 14.27 % 2,103,027 SC Official South Dakota WTA 117,458 31.74 % -- 227,721 61.53 % 20,850 5.63 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4,064 1.10 % -- 110,263 29.79 % 370,093 SD Official Tennessee WTA 870,695 34.72 % -- 1,522,925 60.72 % 11 70,397 2.81 % -- 15,993 0.64 % -- 11,991 0.48 % -- 16,026 0.64 % -- 652,230 26.01 % 2,508,027 TN Official Texas WTA 3,877,868 43.24 % -- 4,685,047 52.23 % 36 283,492 3.16 % -- 71,558 0.80 % -- 42,366 0.47 % -- 8,895 0.10 % 807,179 9.00 % 8,969,226 TX Official Utah WTA 310,676 27.46 % -- 515,231 45.54 % 6 39,608 3.50 % -- 9,438 0.83 % -- 243,690 21.54 % -- 12,787 1.13 % -- 204,555 18.08 % 1,131,430 UT Official Vermont WTA 178,573 56.68 % 95,369 30.27 % -- 10,078 3.20 % -- 6,758 2.14 % -- 639 0.20 % -- 23,650 7.51 % -- − 83,204 − 26.41 % 315,067 VT Official Virginia WTA 1,981,473 49.73 % 13 1,769,443 44.41 % -- 118,274 2.97 % -- 27,638 0.69 % -- 54,054 1.36 % -- 33,749 0.85 % -- − 212,030 − 5.32 % 3,984,631 VA Official Washington WTA 1,742,718 52.54 % 8 1,221,747 36.83 % -- 160,879 4.85 % -- 58,417 1.76 % -- -- -- -- 133,258 4.02 % − 520,971 − 15.71 % 3,317,019 WA Official West Virginia WTA 188,794 26.43 % -- 489,371 68.50 % 5 23,004 3.22 % -- 8,075 1.13 % -- 1,104 0.15 % -- 4,075 0.57 % -- 300,577 42.07 % 714,423 WV Official Wisconsin WTA 1,382,536 46.45 % -- 1,405,284 47.22 % 10 106,674 3.58 % -- 31,072 1.04 % -- 11,855 0.40 % -- 38,729 1.30 % -- 22,748 0.76 % 2,976,150 WI Official Wyoming WTA 55,973 21.63 % -- 174,419 67.40 % 13,287 5.13 % -- 2,515 0.97 % -- -- -- -- 9,655 3.73 % -- 118,446 46.30 % 255,849 WY Official U.S. Total -- 65,853,516 48.18 % 227 62,984,825 46.09 % 304 4,489,235 3.27 % -- 1,457,226 1.06 % -- 732,273 0.53 % -- 1,154,084 0.84 % 7 − 2,868,518 − 2.09 % 137,125,484 US Two states ( Maine and Nebraska ) allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates . The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district . The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes . Results are from The New York Times . Vote margin swing by state 2012 to 2016 . Only nine states trended more Democratic : Arizona , California , Georgia , Kansas , Maryland , Massachusetts , Texas , Washington , Virginia and Utah . The large swing in Utah is largely down to the effects of a third candidate . Close races Red denotes states ( or congressional districts whose electoral votes are awarded separately ) won by Republican Donald Trump ; blue denotes those won by Democrat Hillary Clinton . States where the margin of victory was under 1 % ( 50 electoral votes ; 46 won by Trump , 4 by Clinton ) : Michigan , 0.22 % New Hampshire , 0.37 % Pennsylvania , 0.72 % ( tipping point state including 2 faithless electors from Texas ) Wisconsin , 0.76 % ( tipping point state excluding 2 faithless electors from Texas ) States / districts where the margin of victory was between 1 % and 5 % ( 83 electoral votes ; 56 won by Trump , 27 by Clinton ) : Florida , 1.20 % Minnesota , 1.52 % Nebraska 's 2nd Congressional District , 2.24 % Nevada , 2.42 % Maine , 2.96 % Arizona , 3.55 % North Carolina , 3.66 % Colorado , 4.91 % States where the margin of victory was between 5 % and 10 % ( 96 electoral votes ; 78 won by Trump , 18 by Clinton ) : Georgia , 5.13 % Virginia , 5.32 % Ohio , 8.13 % New Mexico , 8.21 % Texas , 9.00 % Iowa , 9.41 % Breakdown by ticket State Party Presidential vote Vice presidential vote Name of Elector References Nationwide Donald Trump , 304 Mike Pence , 305 Pledged Hillary Clinton , 227 Tim Kaine , 227 Hawaii Bernie Sanders ( I - VT ) Elizabeth Warren ( D - MA ) David Mulinix Texas John Kasich ( R - OH ) Carly Fiorina ( R - VA ) Christopher Suprun Ron Paul ( L - TX / R - TX ) Mike Pence ( as pledged ) Bill Greene Washington Colin Powell ( R - VA ) Maria Cantwell ( D - WA ) Levi Guerra Susan Collins ( R - ME ) Esther John Elizabeth Warren ( D - MA ) Bret Chiafalo Faith Spotted Eagle ( D - SD ) Winona LaDuke ( G - MN ) Robert Satiacum , Jr . Battleground states Most media outlets announced the beginning of the presidential race about twenty months prior to Election Day . Soon after the first contestants declared their candidacy , Larry Sabato listed Virginia , Colorado , Iowa , New Hampshire , Florida , Nevada , and Ohio as the seven states most likely to be contested in the general election . After Donald Trump clinched the Republican presidential nomination , many pundits felt that the major campaign locations might be different from what had originally been expected . Rust Belt states such as Pennsylvania , Wisconsin , and even Michigan were thought to be in play with Trump as the nominee , while states with large minority populations , such as Colorado and Virginia , were expected to shift towards Clinton . By the conventions period and the debates , however , it did not seem as though the Rust Belt states could deliver a victory to Trump . According to Politico and the 538 online blog , his path to victory went though states such as Florida , North Carolina , Nevada , New Hampshire , and possibly Colorado . Early polling indicated a closer - than - usual race in former Democratic strongholds such as Washington , Delaware , New Jersey , Connecticut , Maine ( for the two statewide electoral votes ) , and New Mexico . Meanwhile , research indicators from inside of a host of Republican - leaning states such as Arizona , Indiana , Georgia , South Carolina , Alaska , Utah , Texas , Kansas , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , and South Dakota reported weaker support for Trump than expected , although the nominee 's position solidified in a few other areas . Some reviews took this information as evidence of an expanded ' swing - state map ' . A consensus among political pundits developed throughout the primary election season regarding swing states . From the results of presidential elections from 2004 through to 2012 , the Democratic and Republican parties would generally start with a safe electoral vote count of about 150 to 200 . However , the margins required to constitute a swing state are vague , and can vary between groups of analysts . It was thought that left - leaning states in the Rust Belt could become more conservative , as Trump had strong appeal among many blue - collar workers . They represent a large portion of the American populace and were a major factor in Trump 's eventual nomination . Trump 's primary campaign was propelled by victories in Democratic states , and his supporters often did not identify as Republican . In addition , local factors may come into play . For example , Utah was the reddest state in 2012 , although the Republican share was boosted significantly by the candidacy of Mormon candidate Mitt Romney . Despite its partisan orientation , some reports suggested a victory there by independent candidate Evan McMullin , particularly if there was a nationwide blowout . Media reports indicated that both candidates planned to concentrate on Florida , Pennsylvania , Ohio and North Carolina . Among the Republican - leaning states , potential Democratic targets included Nebraska 's second congressional district , Georgia , and Arizona . Trump 's relatively poor polling in some traditionally Republican states , such as Utah , raised the possibility that they could vote for Clinton , despite easy wins there by recent Republican nominees . However , many analysts asserted that these states were not yet viable Democratic destinations . Several sites and individuals publish electoral predictions . These generally rate the race by the likelihood for each party to win a state . The `` tossup '' label is usually used to indicate that neither party has an advantage , `` lean '' to indicate a party has a slight edge , `` likely '' to indicate a party has a clear but not overwhelming advantage , and `` safe '' to indicate a party has an advantage that can not be overcome . As the parameters of the race established themselves , analysts converged on a narrower list of contested states , which were relatively similar to those of recent elections . On November 7 , the Cook Political Report categorized Arizona , Colorado , Florida , Iowa , Michigan , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin as states with close races . Additionally , a district from each of Maine and Nebraska were considered to be coin flips . Meanwhile , FiveThirtyEight listed twenty - two states as potentially competitive about a month before the election -- Maine 's two at - large electoral votes , New Mexico , Minnesota , Michigan , Colorado , Virginia , Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , New Hampshire , Nevada , Florida , North Carolina , Ohio , Iowa , Arizona , Georgia , Alaska , South Carolina , Texas , Indiana , Missouri , and Utah -- as well as Maine 's second and Nebraska 's second congressional districts . Nate Silver , the publication 's editor - in - chief , subsequently removed Texas , South Carolina , Missouri , and Indiana from the list after the race tightened significantly . These conclusions were supported by models such as the Princeton Elections Consortium , the New York Times Upshot , and punditry evaluations from Sabato 's Crystal Ball and the Cook Political Report . Clinton won states like New Mexico by less than 10 percentage points . Among the states where the candidates finished at a margin of within 7 percent , Clinton won Virginia ( 13 electoral votes ) , Colorado ( 9 ) , Maine ( 2 ) , Minnesota ( 10 ) , and New Hampshire ( 4 ) . On the other hand , Trump won Michigan ( 16 ) , Pennsylvania ( 20 ) , Wisconsin ( 10 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , North Carolina ( 15 ) , Arizona ( 11 ) , Nebraska 's second district ( 1 ) , and Georgia ( 16 ) . States won by Obama in the 2012 contest , such as Ohio ( 18 ) , Iowa ( 6 ) , and Maine 's second district ( 1 ) , were also won by Trump . The close result in Maine was not expected by most commentators , nor were Trump 's victory of over 10 points in the second district and their disparities . The dramatic shift of Midwestern states towards Trump were contrasted in the media against the relative movement of Southern states towards the Democrats . For example , former Democratic strongholds such as Minnesota leaned towards the GOP and Iowa voted more Republican than Texas did , while Arizona and Georgia were more Democratic than Ohio . Trump 's smaller victories in Alaska and Utah , also took some experts by surprise . After the conventions of the national parties , candidates from the main parties carried out trips to the states : Florida - 72 , Pennsylvania - 59 , North Carolina - 52 , Ohio - 43 , Virginia - 25 , Michigan - 24 , Iowa - 23 , New Hampshire - 22 , Colorado - 19 , Nevada - 16 , Wisconsin - 15 , Arizona - 10 . Maps Results by state , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Results by vote distribution among states . Each state 's pie chart is proportional to the number of electoral votes they have . Results by county . Red denotes counties that went to Trump ; blue denotes counties that went to Clinton . Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote ( Red - Purple - Blue view ) Results by state and DC , scaled by number of Electors per state . United States presidential election , 2016 cartogram United States presidential election , 2016 cartogram Results of 2016 U.S. presidential election by congressional district , shaded by vote margin County swing from 2012 to 2016 Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Trump Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Clinton Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Johnson ( 0 % -- 10 % scale ) Voter demographics Voter demographic data for 2016 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool , a consortium of ABC News , CBS News , MSNBC , CNN , Fox News and the Associated Press . The voter survey is based on exit polls completed by 24,537 voters leaving 350 voting places throughout the United States on Election Day , in addition to 4,398 telephone interviews with early and absentee voters . Trump 's crucial victories in the Midwest were aided in large part by his strong margins among non-college whites -- while Obama lost those voters by a margin of 10 points in 2012 , Clinton lost this group by 20 percent . The election also represented the first time that Republicans performed better among lower - income whites than among affluent white voters . To some analysts ' surprise , Trump narrowed Clinton 's margin compared to Obama by 7 points among blacks and African - Americans , 8 points among Latinos , and 11 points among Asian - Americans . Meanwhile , Trump increased his lead with non-Hispanic white voters through 1 percent over Mitt Romney 's performance , and American Indians , Alaska Natives , and Pacific Islanders shifted their support towards the Republican candidate using the same relative amount . Additionally , although 74 percent of Muslim voters supported Clinton , Trump nearly doubled his support there compared to Mitt Romney , according to the Council on American -- Islamic Relations exit poll . However , `` more convincing data '' from the polling firm Latino Decisions indicates that Clinton received a higher share of the Hispanic vote , and Trump a lower share , than the Edison exit polls showed . Using wider , more geographically and linguistically representative sampling , Latino Decisions concluded that Clinton won 79 % of Hispanic voters ( also an improvement over Obama 's share in 2008 and 2012 ) , while Trump won only 18 % ( lower than previous Republicans such as Romney and McCain ) . Additionally , the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study found that Clinton 's share of the Hispanic vote was 1 percentage point higher than Obama 's in 2012 , while Trump 's was 7 percentage points lower than Romney 's . Similarly , a large , multi-lingual study by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund found that Clinton won 79 % of Asian - American voters , higher than the Edison exit poll showed , while Trump only won 18 % , a decrease from McCain 's and Romney 's numbers . Furthermore , according to the AALDEF 's report , Trump received merely 2 % of the Muslim - American vote , whereas Clinton received 97 % . 2016 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup ( Edison Exit Polling ) Demographic subgroup Clinton Trump Other % of total vote Total vote 48 46 6 100 Ideology Liberals 84 10 6 26 Moderates 52 41 7 39 Conservatives 15 81 35 Party Democrats 89 9 37 Republicans 7 90 33 Independents 42 48 10 31 Party by gender Democratic men 87 10 14 Democratic women 90 8 23 Republican men 6 90 17 Republican women 8 89 16 Independent men 37 51 10 17 Independent women 47 43 7 14 Gender Men 41 52 7 47 Women 54 41 5 53 Marital status Married 44 52 59 Unmarried 55 37 8 41 Gender by marital status Married men 37 58 5 29 Married women 49 47 30 Non-married men 46 45 9 19 Non-married women 62 33 5 23 Race / ethnicity White 37 58 5 70 Black 88 8 12 Asian 65 29 6 Other 56 37 7 Hispanic ( of any race ) 65 29 6 11 Gender by race / ethnicity White men 31 63 5 34 White women 43 53 37 Black men 80 13 6 5 Black women 94 7 Latino men ( of any race ) 62 33 5 Latino women ( of any race ) 68 26 5 6 All other races 61 32 5 6 Religion Protestant 37 60 27 Catholic 45 52 23 Mormon 25 61 14 Other Christian 43 55 24 Jewish 71 24 5 Other religion 58 33 9 7 None 68 26 6 15 Religious service attendance Weekly or more 40 56 33 Monthly 46 49 5 16 A few times a year 48 47 5 29 Never 62 31 7 22 White evangelical or born - again Christian White evangelical or born - again Christian 16 81 26 Everyone else 59 35 6 74 Age 18 -- 24 years old 56 35 9 10 25 -- 29 years old 53 39 8 9 30 -- 39 years old 51 40 9 17 40 -- 49 years old 46 50 19 50 -- 64 years old 44 53 30 65 and older 45 53 15 Age by race Whites 18 -- 29 years old 43 47 10 12 Whites 30 -- 44 years old 37 54 9 16 Whites 45 -- 64 years old 34 62 30 Whites 65 and older 39 58 13 Blacks 18 -- 29 years old 85 9 6 Blacks 30 -- 44 years old 89 7 Blacks 45 -- 64 years old 89 7 5 Blacks 65 and older 91 9 n / a Latinos 18 -- 29 years old 68 26 6 Latinos 30 -- 44 years old 65 28 7 Latinos 45 -- 64 years old 64 32 Latinos 65 and older 73 25 Others 61 31 8 6 Sexual orientation LGBT 78 14 8 5 Heterosexual 47 48 5 95 First time voter First time voter 56 40 10 Everyone else 47 47 6 90 Education High school or less 45 51 18 Some college education 43 52 5 32 College graduate 49 45 6 32 Postgraduate education 58 37 5 18 Education by race / ethnicity White college graduates 45 49 37 White no college degree 28 67 34 Non-white college graduates 71 23 5 13 Non-white no college degree 75 20 16 Education by race / ethnicity / sex White women with college degrees 51 44 5 20 White men with college degrees 39 53 8 17 White women without college degrees 34 61 5 17 White men without college degrees 23 71 6 16 Non-whites 74 21 5 29 Family income Under $30,000 53 41 6 17 $30,000 -- 49,999 51 42 7 19 $50,000 -- 99,999 46 50 31 $100,000 -- 199,999 47 48 5 24 $200,000 -- 249,999 48 49 Over $250,000 46 48 6 6 Union households Union 51 42 7 18 Non-union 46 48 6 82 Military service Veterans 34 60 6 13 Non-veterans 50 44 6 87 Issue regarded as most important Foreign policy 60 34 6 13 Immigration 32 64 13 Economy 52 42 6 52 Terrorism 39 57 18 Region Northeast 55 40 5 19 Midwest 45 49 6 23 South 44 52 37 West 55 39 6 21 Community size Cities ( population 50,000 and above ) 59 35 6 34 Suburbs 45 50 5 49 Rural areas 34 62 17 Forecasting Further information : Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2016 and Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2016 Various methods were used to forecast the outcome of the 2016 election . For the 2016 election , there were many competing election forecast approaches including Nate Silver 's FiveThirtyEight , The Upshot at The New York Times , Daily Kos , Princeton Election Consortium , Cook Political Report , Rothenberg and Gonzales , PollyVote , Sabato 's Crystal Ball and Electoral - Vote . These models mostly showed a Democratic advantage since the nominees were confirmed , and were supported by pundits and statisticians , including Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight , Nate Cohn at The New York Times , and Larry Sabato from the Crystal Ball newsletter , who predicted a Democratic victory in competitive presidential races and projected consistent leads in several battleground states around the country . The near - unanimity of forecasters in predicting a Clinton victory may have been the result of groupthink . However , FiveThirtyEight 's model pointed to the possibility of an Electoral College - popular vote split widening in the final weeks based on Trump 's improvement in swing states like Florida or Pennsylvania . This was due to the demographics targeted by Trump 's campaign which lived in big numbers there , in addition to Clinton 's poor performance in several of those swing states in comparison with Obama 's performance in 2012 , as well as having a big number of her potential voters in very populated traditionally ' blue ' states , but also in some very populated states traditionally ' red ' , like Texas , which were projected safe for Trump . Early exit polls generally favored Clinton . After the polls closed and some of the results came in , the forecasts were found to be inaccurate , as Trump performed better in the competitive Midwestern states , such as Iowa , Ohio , and Minnesota , than expected . Three states ( Pennsylvania , Wisconsin and Michigan ) which were considered to be part of Clinton 's firewall , were won by Trump . Of the states in the Great Lakes region , Clinton won the swing state of Minnesota by 1 point , as well as traditional Democratic strongholds such as New York and Illinois with populous urban centers . This result stands in contrast to the 2012 results , when President Obama won all but Indiana , which he carried in 2008 . This table displays the final polling average published by Real Clear Politics on November 7 , the actual electoral margin , and the over-performance by either candidate relative to the polls . State Electoral votes Polling average Final result Difference Arizona 11 Trump + 4 Trump + 3.5 Clinton + 0.5 Colorado 9 Clinton + 2.9 Clinton + 4.9 Clinton + 2 Florida 29 Trump + 0.2 Trump + 1.2 Trump + 1 Georgia 16 Trump + 4.8 Trump + 5.1 Trump + 0.3 Iowa 6 Trump + 3 Trump + 9.5 Trump + 6.5 Maine Clinton + 4.5 Clinton + 2.9 Trump + 1.6 Michigan 16 Clinton + 3.4 Trump + 0.3 Trump + 3.7 Minnesota 10 Clinton + 6.2 Clinton + 1.5 Trump + 4.7 Nevada 6 Trump + 0.8 Clinton + 2.4 Clinton + 3.2 New Hampshire Clinton + 0.6 Clinton + 0.3 Trump + 0.3 New Mexico 5 Clinton + 5 Clinton + 8.3 Clinton + 3.3 North Carolina 15 Trump + 1 Trump + 3.7 Trump + 2.7 Ohio 18 Trump + 3.5 Trump + 8.1 Trump + 4.6 Pennsylvania 20 Clinton + 1.9 Trump + 0.7 Trump + 2.6 Virginia 13 Clinton + 5 Clinton + 5.4 Clinton + 0.4 Wisconsin 10 Clinton + 6.5 Trump + 0.7 Trump + 7.2 Pollsters were puzzled by the failure of mainstream forecasting models to predict the 2016 election outcome . Forbes magazine contributor astrophysicist Ethan Siegel performed a scientific analysis and raised whether the statistical population sampled for the polling was inaccurate , and cited the cautionary adage `` Garbage in , garbage out '' . He concluded there may have been sampling bias on the part of the pollsters . Siegel , along with journalists from other media outlets , compared the 2016 election to the failure of prognosticator Arthur Henning in the `` Dewey Defeats Truman '' incident from the 1948 presidential election . Sean Trende , writing for RealClearPolitics , wrote that many of the polls were accurate , but that the pundits ' interpretation of these polls neglected polling error . Nate Silver found that the high number of undecided and third - party voters in the election was neglected in many of these models , and that many of these voters decided to vote for Trump . According to a February 2018 study by Public Opinion Quarterly , the main sources of polling error were `` a late swing in vote preference toward Trump and a pervasive failure to adjust for over-representation of college graduates ( who favored Clinton ) , '' whereas the share of `` shy '' Trump voters ( who declined to admit their support for Trump to the pollsters ) proved to be negligible . FiveThirtyEight 's final polls - plus forecast predicted 18 states , plus the second congressional districts of Maine and Nebraska , with an interval of confidence lower than 90 % . However , every major forecaster , including FiveThirtyEight , the New York Times Upshot , prediction markets aggregator PredictWise , ElectionBettingOdds from Maxim Lott and John Stossel , the DailyKos , the Princeton Election Consortium , the Huffington Post , the Cook Political Report , Larry Sabato 's Crystal Ball , and the Rothenberg and Gonzales Report , called every state the same way ( although Cook and Rothenberg - Gonzales left two and five states as toss - ups , respectively ) . The sole exception was Maine 's 2nd congressional district . Of the forecasters who published results on the district , the Times gave Trump a 64 % chance of winning and PredictWise a 52 % chance , FiveThirtyEight gave Clinton a 51 % chance of winning in polls - only and 54 % in polls - plus , Princeton gave her a 60 % chance , Cook labelled it a toss - up , and Sabato leaned it towards Trump . The following table displays the final winning probabilities given by each outlet , along with the final electoral result . The states shown have been identified by Politico , WhipBoard , the New York Times , and the Crystal Ball as battlegrounds . State New York Times Upshot FiveThirtyEight PredictWise Princeton Election Consortium Sabato 's Crystal Ball 2012 margin 2016 margin Alaska 83 % R 76 % R 94 % R 96 % R Likely R 14 R 15 R Arizona 84 % R 67 % R 82 % R 91 % R Lean R 9 R 4 R Colorado 89 % D 78 % D 95 % D 96 % D Likely D 5 D 5 D Florida 67 % D 55 % D 77 % D 69 % D Lean D 1 D 1 R Georgia 83 % R 79 % R 91 % R 88 % R Likely R 8 R 6 R Iowa 62 % R 70 % R 79 % R 74 % R Lean R 6 D 10 R Maine ( statewide ) 91 % D 83 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 15 D 3 D Maine ( CD - 2 ) 64 % R 51 % D 52 % R 60 % D Lean R 9 D 10 R Michigan 94 % D 79 % D 95 % D 79 % D Lean D 9 D 1 R Minnesota 94 % D 85 % D 99 % D 98 % D Likely D 8 D 2 D Nebraska ( CD - 2 ) 80 % R 56 % R 75 % R 92 % R Lean R 7 R 3 R New Mexico 95 % D 83 % D 98 % D 91 % D Likely D 10 D 8 D Nevada 68 % D 58 % D 91 % D 84 % D Lean D 7 D 2 D New Hampshire 79 % D 70 % D 84 % D 63 % D Lean D 6 D 1 D North Carolina 64 % D 56 % D 66 % D 67 % D Lean D 2 R 4 R Ohio 54 % R 65 % R 67 % R 63 % R Lean R 3 D 9 R Pennsylvania 89 % D 77 % D 93 % D 79 % D Lean D 5 D 1 R Utah 73 % R 83 % R 86 % R 99 % R Lean R 48 R 18 R Virginia 96 % D 86 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 4 D 5 D Wisconsin 93 % D 84 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 7 D 1 R Viewership Legend cable news network broadcast network Total television viewers 8 : 00 to 11 : 00 PM Eastern Network Viewers CNN 13,258,000 FNC 12,112,000 NBC 11,152,000 ABC 9,236,000 CBS 8,008,000 MSNBC 5,945,000 Fox 4,196,000 Total cable TV viewers 2 : 00 to 3 : 00 AM Eastern Network Viewers FNC 9,778,000 CNN 6,452,000 MSNBC 2,858,000 Cable TV viewers 25 to 54 2 : 00 to 3 : 00 AM Eastern Network Viewers FNC 3,955,000 CNN 3,372,000 MSNBC 1,207,000 Post-election events and controversies See also : International reactions to the United States presidential election , 2016 Trump 's victory , considered unlikely by most forecasts , was characterized as an `` upset '' and as `` shocking '' by the media . Protests Play media News report about the protests in Los Angeles on November 12 from Voice of America Further information : Protests against Donald Trump § Post-election protests Following the announcement of Trump 's election , large protests broke out across the United States with some continuing for several days . Protesters have held up a number of different signs and chanted various shouts including `` Not my president '' and `` We do n't accept the president - elect '' . The movement organized on Twitter under the hashtags # Anti-trump and # NotMyPresident . High school and college students walked out of classes to protest . The protests were peaceful for the most part . At some protests fires were lit , flags and other items were burned and people yelled derogatory remarks about Trump . Rioters also broke glass at certain locations . Celebrities such as Madonna , Cher , and Lady Gaga took part in New York . Some protesters took to blocking freeways in Los Angeles , San Diego , and Portland , Oregon , and were dispersed by police in the early hours of the morning . In a number of cities , protesters were dispersed with rubber bullets , pepper spray and bean - bags fired by police . In New York City , calls were made to continue the protests over the coming days after the election . Former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani called protesters `` a bunch of spoiled cry - babies . '' Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti expressed understanding of the protests and praised those who peacefully wanted to make their voices heard . Vote tampering concerns After the election , computer scientists , including J. Alex Halderman , the director of the University of Michigan Center for Computer Security and Society , urged the Clinton campaign to request an election recount in Wisconsin , Michigan , and Pennsylvania ( three swing states where Trump had won narrowly ) for the purpose of excluding the possibility that the hacking of electronic voting machines had influenced the recorded outcome . However , statistician Nate Silver performed a regression analysis which demonstrated that the alleged discrepancy between paper ballots and electronic voting machines `` completely disappears once you control for race and education level '' . On November 25 , 2016 , the Obama administration said the results from November 8 `` accurately reflect the will of the American people . '' The following day , the White House released another statement , saying : `` the federal government did not observe any increased level of malicious cyberactivity aimed at disrupting our electoral process on Election Day . '' Recount Petitions Main article : 2016 United States presidential election recounts On November 23 , Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein launched a public fundraiser to pay for recounts in Wisconsin , Michigan , and Pennsylvania , asserting that the election 's outcome had been affected by hacking in those states ; Stein did not provide evidence for her claims . Changing the outcome of these three states would make Clinton the winner , and this would require showing that fewer than 60 000 votes had been counted for Trump which should have been counted for Clinton . Stein filed for a recount in Wisconsin on November 25 , after which Clinton campaign general counsel Marc Elias stated that their campaign would join Stein 's recount efforts in that state and possibly others `` in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides . '' Stein subsequently filed for a recount in Pennsylvania on November 28 , and in Michigan on November 30 . Concurrently , American Delta Party / Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente sought and was granted a partial recount in Nevada that was unrelated to Stein 's efforts . President - elect Donald Trump issued a statement denouncing Stein 's Wisconsin recount request saying , `` The people have spoken and the election is over . '' Trump further commented that the recount `` is a scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded . '' The Trump campaign and Republican Party officials moved to block Stein 's three recount efforts through state and federal courts . U.S. District Judge Mark Goldsmith ordered a halt to the recount in Michigan on December 7 , dissolving a previous temporary restraining order against the Michigan Board of Elections that allowed the recount to continue , stating in his order : `` Plaintiffs have not presented evidence of tampering or mistake . Instead , they present speculative claims going to the vulnerability of the voting machinery -- but not actual injury . '' On December 12 , U.S. District Judge Paul Diamond rejected an appeal by the Green Party and Jill Stein to force a recount in Pennsylvania , stating that suspicion of a hacked Pennsylvania election `` borders on the irrational '' and that granting the Green Party 's recount bid could `` ensure that no Pennsylvania vote counts '' given the December 13 , 2016 , federal deadline to certify the vote for the Electoral College . Meanwhile , the Wisconsin recount was allowed to continue as it was nearing completion and had uncovered no significant irregularities . The recounts in Wisconsin and Nevada were completed on schedule , resulting in only minor changes to vote tallies . A partial recount of Michigan ballot found some precinct imbalances in Detroit , which were corrected . A subsequent state audit found no evidence of voter fraud and concluded that the mistakes , which were `` almost entirely '' caused by poll - worker mistakes attributed to poor training , did not impair `` the ability of Detroit residents to cast a ballot and have their vote counted . '' The overall outcome of the election remained unchanged by the recount efforts . Electoral College lobbying Intense lobbying ( in one case involving claims of harassment and death threats ) and grass - roots campaigns have been directed at various GOP electors of the United States Electoral College to convince a sufficient number of them ( 37 ) to not vote for Trump , thus precluding a Trump presidency . Members of the Electoral College themselves started a campaign for other members to `` vote their conscience for the good of America '' in accordance with Alexander Hamilton 's Federalist Paper No. 68 . This group 's members may have become faithless electors in the presidential election . On December 5 , former candidate Lawrence Lessig and attorney Laurence Tribe established The Electors Trust under the aegis of EqualCitizens.US to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for members of the Electoral College who are regarding a vote of conscience against Trump . On December 6 , Colorado Secretary of State Wayne W. Williams castigated Democratic electors who had filed a lawsuit in Federal court to have the state law binding them to the popular vote ( in their case for Hillary Clinton ) overturned . On December 10 , ten electors , in an open letter headed by Christine Pelosi to the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper , demanded an intelligence briefing in light of Russian interference in the election to help Trump win the presidency . Fifty - eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter , bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states . On December 16 , the briefing request was denied . On December 19 , several electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . The 115th United States Congress officially certified the results on January 6 , 2017 . Faithless electors Main article : Faithless electors in the United States presidential election , 2016 In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , for the first time since 1808 , multiple faithless electors voted against their pledged qualified presidential candidate . Five Democrats rebelled in Washington and Hawaii , while two Republicans rebelled in Texas . Two Democratic electors , one in Minnesota and one in Colorado , were replaced after voting for Bernie Sanders and John Kasich , respectively . Electors in Maine conducted a second vote after one of its members voted for Sanders ; the elector then voted for Clinton . Likewise , for the first time since 1896 , multiple faithless electors voted against the pledged qualified vice presidential candidate . One Clinton elector in Colorado attempted to vote for John Kasich . The single vote was ruled invalid by Colorado state law , the elector was dismissed , and an alternative elector was sworn in who voted for Clinton . One Clinton elector in Minnesota voted for Bernie Sanders as President and Tulsi Gabbard as vice president ; his votes were discarded and he was replaced by an alternate who voted for Clinton . One Clinton elector in Maine voted for Bernie Sanders ; this vote was invalidated as `` improper '' and the elector subsequently voted for Clinton . Four Clinton electors in Washington did not vote for Clinton ( three votes went to Colin Powell , and one to Faith Spotted Eagle ) . One Trump elector in Georgia resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate . Two Trump electors in Texas did not vote for Trump ( one vote went to John Kasich , one to Ron Paul ) ; one elector did not vote for Pence and instead voted for Carly Fiorina for Vice-President ; a third resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate . One Clinton elector in Hawaii voted for Bernie Sanders . Of the faithless votes , Colin Powell and Elizabeth Warren were the only two to receive more than one ; Powell received three electoral votes for President and Warren received two for Vice President . Receiving one valid electoral vote each were Sanders , John Kasich , Ron Paul and Faith Spotted Eagle for President , and Carly Fiorina , Susan Collins , Winona LaDuke and Maria Cantwell for Vice President . Sanders is the first Jewish American to receive an electoral vote for President . LaDuke is the first Green Party member to receive an electoral vote , and Paul is the third member of the Libertarian Party to do so , following the party 's presidential and vice-presidential nominees each getting one vote in 1972 . It is the first election with faithless electors from more than one political party . The seven people to receive electoral votes for president were the most in a single election since 1796 , and more than any other election since the enactment of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804 . Trump presidential Election milestones Trump , at 70 years , 147 days of age on election day , became the oldest ever president - elect , surpassing Ronald Reagan , who was 69 years , 272 days at the time of his 1980 election victory . ( Hillary Clinton , at 69 years , 13 days of age on November 8 , would have been the second - oldest after Reagan . ) As with Bill Clinton and George W. Bush before him , Trump was born in 1946 , the first year of the post -- World War II baby boom . This is the first time in American history that three presidents were born in the same calendar year . Trump is the fifth president to be born in New York , after Martin Van Buren , Millard Fillmore , Theodore Roosevelt , and Franklin Roosevelt ; and the second born in New York City after Theodore Roosevelt . He is also the third president , after James K. Polk in 1844 , and Woodrow Wilson in 1916 to win an election despite losing his home state . Additionally , in 2016 , both major - party candidates were from the state of New York for the first time since Franklin D. Roosevelt and Thomas E. Dewey in 1944 . The 2016 election was the fourth presidential election in which the two major parties nominated candidates from the same state , and was the third election in which both candidates were from New York . Trump is the first person since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 to be elected president without having been elected to any other previous office , and the only individual elected president without any prior political or military experience . Among other presidents with limited military or political experience , William Howard Taft never served in the military and had been elected to political office only once , as an Ohio state judge , although he later held a number of appointed federal government positions , including in the Cabinet of his predecessor , Theodore Roosevelt . Herbert Hoover did not serve in the military and never held elected office , but he led two federal government agencies during and after World War I and served in the Cabinets of his immediate predecessors , Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge . See also History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Inauguration of Donald Trump United States gubernatorial elections , 2016 United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 United States Senate elections , 2016 2010s portal Politics portal United States portal Notes ^ Jump up to : In state - by - state tallies , Trump earned 306 pledged electors , Clinton 232 . They lost respectively two and five votes to faithless electors . Pence and Kaine lost one and five votes , respectively . Jump up ^ In early elections , beginning with the election of George Washington , many electors were chosen by state legislatures instead of public balloting and , in those states which practiced public balloting , votes were cast for undifferentiated lists of candidates , leaving no or only partial vote totals . Some states continued to allocate electors by legislative vote as late as 1876 . ^ Jump up to : Maine split its electoral votes for the first time since 1828 . Jump up ^ The 1872 presidential election also saw multiple electors vote for a different candidate than that pledged , due to the death of Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley , after the popular vote , yet before the meeting of the Electoral College . Greeley still garnered three posthumous electoral votes which were subsequently dismissed by Congress . Jump up ^ Not 1912 , because James S. Sherman was dead . References ^ Jump up to : ( `` Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . December 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018. ) ( `` U.S. Census Bureau Voting Age Population ( Current Population Survey for November 2016 ) '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2017. ) ^ Jump up to : Schmdt , Kiersten ; Andrews , Wilson ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` A Historic Number of Electors Defected , and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . December 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Larry Sabato ; Kyle Kondik ; Geoffrey Skelley ( 2017 ) . Trumped : The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 7 . ISBN 9781442279407 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Offers Economic Plan Focused on Jobs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Becker , Bernie ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's 6 populist positions '' . Politico . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Gregory ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Negative ads dominate in campaign 's final days '' . CNN . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Closing Arguments : The Logic of Negative Campaigning '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . - `` This Presidential campaign has been the most bitter in recent American history . '' Jump up ^ Pew Research Center ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Voters ' evaluations of the campaign : Campaign viewed as heavy on negative campaigning , light on issues '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 Jump up ^ Tiefenthaler , Ainara ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's History of Encouraging Violence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Rallies Are Becoming Increasingly Violent '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Trump campaign dogged by violent incidents at rallies '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Confessore & Karen Yourish , `` Measuring Donald Trump 's Mammoth Advantage in Free Media '' , The New York Times ( March 16 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth . `` How Donald Trump 's Media Dominance Is Changing the 2016 Campaign '' . US News & World Report . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallup News ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton 's Image at Lowest Point in Two Decades '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Ron ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Flashback : It 's happened before : Truman 's defeat of Dewey had hints of Trump - Clinton '' . www.chicagotribune.com . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Roger ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Stole a Page From `` Give ' Em Hell '' Harry `` . www.realclearpolitics.com . RealClearPolitics . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Entous , Adam . `` Declassified report says Putin ' ordered ' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Fleitz , Fred ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Was Friday 's declassified report claiming Russian hacking of the 2016 election rigged ? '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Eichenwald , Kurt ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Trump , Putin and the hidden history of how Russia interfered in the U.S. presidential election '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` Intelligence Report on Russian Hacking '' . The New York Times . January 6 , 2017 . p. 11 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julian Borger & Spencer Ackerman , Trump - Russia collusion is being investigated by FBI , Comey confirms , The Guardian ( March 20 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Carney , Jordain ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Senate committee moving forward with Russia hacking probe '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Austin ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Second Hill panel to probe possible ties between Russia , Trump campaign '' . Politico . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenstein , Rod ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rod Rosenstein 's Letter Appointing Mueller Special Counsel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's response on Russia issue called the ' most suspicious ' part of his presidency '' . AOL.com. April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Eli ; Acosta , Jim ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` WH highlights Clapper 's lack of evidence on Trump - Russia collusion '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matthew ; Huetteman , Emmarie ; Schmidt , Matthew S. ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Comey Confirms F.B.I. Inquiry on Russia ; Sees No Evidence of Wiretapping '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amira , Dan ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Let the 2016 Campaign Season Begin ! '' . New York . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Johnathon ; Haberman , Maggie ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Back to the future : Clinton vs. Bush ? '' . Politico . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Micharl ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` After Obama , Christie Wants a G.O.P. Hug '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Linshi , Jack ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` More People Are Running for Presidential Nomination Than Ever '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Andrew ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Carson Suspends 2016 Campaign at CPAC '' . NBC News . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy ; Barbaro , Michael ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio Suspends His Presidential Campaign '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Everett ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz suspends presidential campaign '' . CNBC . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` John Kasich Drops Out of Presidential Race '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reince Priebus on Twitter '' . Twitter . May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 ... @ realDonaldTrump will be presumptive @ GOP nominee , we all need to unite ... Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump is running for president '' . Business Insider . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump announces presidential bid '' . The Washington Post . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Kasich FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mascaro , Lisa ; Lauter , David ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Texas Republican Sen. Ted Cruz Launches Presidential Bid '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zezima , Katie ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Announces He 's Running for President '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ashley ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rebecca ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Rubio Makes His Pitch as the Fresh Face of the GOP in 2016 '' . National Journal . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Rubio FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov. April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Terris , Ben ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Carson announces presidential campaign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Andrew ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Carson Announces 2016 Run '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Carson FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Andrew ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jeb Bush Makes 2016 Run Official '' . NBC News . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeb Bush FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Cooper ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jim Gilmore formally joins GOP presidential race '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Gilmore FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gass , Nick ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Carly Fiorina : ' Yes , I am running for president ' '' . Politico . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Fiorina FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Michael ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Christie Announces Run , Pledging ' Truth ' About Nation 's Woes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher J. Christie FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Lisa ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Republican Rand Paul announces 2016 presidential run on website '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Killough , Ashley ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Rand Paul : ' I am running for president ' '' . CNN . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rand Paul FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov. April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Santorum officially begins 2016 presidential campaign '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Santorum FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trip , Gabriel ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Mike Huckabee Joins Republican Presidential Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Huckabee FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Pataki FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Alexandra ( June 1 , 2015 ) `` Graham bets on foreign experience in White House bid announcement '' , CNN . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsey Graham FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ; Hohmann , James ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal announces entry into 2016 presidential race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Jindal FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlij , Terence ; Lee , MJ ; LoBianco , Tom ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker officially enters 2016 presidential race '' . CNN . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Walker FEC filing '' . FEC . FEC.gov . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Presidential Primary -- Republican President -- NHSOS '' . sos.nh.gov . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , Ryan Teague ; Rhodan , Maya ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Rick Perry Announces Presidential Bid '' . Time . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Rick Perry FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keneally , Meghan ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Teases Possible VP Requirements '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stokols , Eli ; Everett , Burgess ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's performance raises hard question : Who 'd want to be his VP ? '' . Politico . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Gingrich , Christie are the leading candidates to be Trump 's running mate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zurcher , Anthony ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` US election : Who will Trump pick as his vice-president ? '' . BBC . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Kelly ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Team Trump Plans Public Event Friday With VP Pick '' . NBC News . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bash , Dana ; Acosta , Jim ; Lee , MJ ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump selects Mike Pence as VP '' . CNN . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Levingston , Ivan ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence as his VP '' . CNBC . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tony ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Mike Pence formally nominated as the Republican Party 's vice presidential candidate '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith , Tamara ; Montanar , Domenico ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Expected To Go Small With Big Announcement '' . NPR . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second straight poll shows Bernie Sanders leading in New Hampshire '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Bernie Sanders is running for president '' . CNN . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bernie Sanders surpasses Hillary Clinton in New Hampshire polls '' . The Huffington Post . August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Huffpost Pollster '' . The Huffington Post . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ; Cooper , Allen ( May 30 , 2015 ) . `` Martin O'Malley jumps into presidential race '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DelReal , Jose A. ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Lincoln Chafee announces long - shot presidential bid '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island 's Chafee enters 2016 Democratic contest '' . Boston Herald . Associated Press . June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Catanese , David ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Jim Webb Announces For President '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Theodoric ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Lessig : I 'm running for president '' . Slate . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Webb to consider running as an independent '' . Politico . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biden says he 's not running in 2016 '' . OnPolitics . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden Not Running for President '' . ABC News . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ; Weigel , David ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Lincoln Chafee ends Democratic bid for president '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Daniel ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lessig drops out of presidential race '' . Politico . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Caucus Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Primary Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why The Polls Missed Bernie Sanders 's Michigan Upset '' . FiveThirtyEight . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Dan ; Jacobs , Ben ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders pulls off shock victory over Hillary Clinton in Indiana '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dann , Carrie ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton hits ' magic number ' of delegates to clinch nomination '' . NBC News . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democratic Convention 2016 '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders vows to help Clinton beat Trump , but keeps campaign alive '' . Reuters . June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders backers frustrated by defeats at Orlando platform meeting '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reily , Molly ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders Endorses Hillary Clinton For President '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy . `` Hillary Clinton Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karni , Annie ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton formally announces 2016 run '' . Politico . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Rodham Clinton FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC. April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , MJ ; Merica , Dan ; Zeleny , Jeff ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders endorses Hillary Clinton '' . CNN . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew ( February 1 , 2016 ) `` Iowa Results : Martin O'Malley drops out after third place finish '' , Vox.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritze , John ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Martin O'Malley endorses Hillary Clinton '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ; LoBianco , Tom ( October 23 , 2015 ) `` Lincoln Chafee drops out of Democratic primary race '' , CNN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( October 20 , 2015 ) `` Jim Webb drops out of Democratic primary race '' , Yahoo ! Politics . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's Campaign , Cautious but Confident , Begins Considering Running Mates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Dylan ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's VP shortlist has leaked . Here are the pros and cons of each '' . Vox . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gearan , Anne ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Two names emerge from Clinton 's VP deliberations : Kaine and Vilsack '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gearan , Anne ; Wagner , John ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Timothy M. Kaine of Virginia chosen as Hillary Clinton 's VP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collins , Eliza ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Libertarian Gary Johnson launches presidential bid '' . Politico . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Johnson U.S. FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Secretary of State Says Jill Stein Petition is Valid '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot Access '' . gp.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jill Stein Qualifies for Write - in Status in North Carolina ; No Other Write - in Presidential Candidate Does So '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Rocky De La Fuente and Jill Stein File Oklahoma Ballot Access Case '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Green Party Loses Ballot Access Lawsuit '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Green Party 's Jill Stein Announces She Is Running for President on Democracy Now ! '' . Democracy Now ! . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Party candidate Jill Stein announces VP running mate '' . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McMullin , Evan. `` 34 States and Counting '' . Evan McMullin for President . Rumpf , Sarah . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 , General Election Certified List of Write - In Candidates '' ( PDF ) . elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov . California Secretary of State . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Registered Write - In Candidates November 8 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . sots.ct.gov . Connecticut Secretary of State . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 General Election Write - In Presidential Candidates '' ( PDF ) . sos.ks.gov . Kansas Secretary of State . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Missouri Secretary of State Releases List of Presidential Write - in Candidates '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Write - In Candidates for President '' ( PDF ) . www.elections.ny.gov . New York State Board of Elections . October 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Six Write - in Presidential Candidates File to Have North Dakota Write - ins Counted '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Whoops : Independent candidate appears to have accidentally picked a running mate '' . Politico . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Trump Republican Launching Independent Presidential Bid '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot access The Constitution Party '' . www.constitutionparty.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` North Dakota Says All Three Independent Presidential Petitions are Valid '' . Ballot Access News . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Election Information '' . azsos.gov . Arizona Secretary of State . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Brian ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Qualifying Candidate Information '' . sos.ga.gov . Georgia Secretary of State . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Candidate Listing '' . elections.state.md.us . Maryland State Board of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Certification of Write - in Candidates -- President and Vice President '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Elections . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Party Nominates Darrell Castle and Scott Bradley '' . April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition '' . Ballot Access News . p. 5 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Presidential Candidates will be on Mississippi ballot '' . ballot-access.org . September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Says Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Nominations filed for the 2016 General Election '' . elections.ny.gov . New York State Board of Elections . August 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Secretary of State Says Three Independent Presidential Petitions Have Enough Valid Signatures '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Says Jill Stein and Rocky De La Fuente Have Enough Valid Signatures '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ballot Access News '' . ballot-access.org . p. 4 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . States that allow write - ins in the general election , and do n't have write - in filing laws , are legally obliged to count all write - ins : Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , and Vermont ... Only one state , South Carolina , has a law that says that although write - ins in general elections are permitted , they are not permitted for president . ^ Jump up to : `` Declared Write - In Candidates , November 8 , 2016 General Election '' ( PDF ) . elections.delaware.gov . Delaware Department of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 General Election Candidate Abbreviated List '' ( PDF ) . www.in.gov . Indiana Secretary of State Election Division . August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Missouri Secretary of State Adds Rocky De La Fuente to the List of Declared Write - in Presidential Candidates '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roza , Tony ( 2016 ) . `` Nebraska 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oregon '' . ballotpedia.org . Ballotpedia . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official List of Write - In Candidates for the 2016 General Election '' ( PDF ) . sos.wa.gov . Washington Secretary of State . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Write - In Candidate Listing '' ( PDF ) . sos.wv.gov . West Virginia Secretary of State . 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Peace & Freedom Party Nominates Gloria LaRiva for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Liberty Union Party of Vermont Nominates Gloria La Riva for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition '' . ballot-access.org . p. 6 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Listing '' . elections.myflorida.com . Florida Department of State , Division of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tony Roza , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Minnesota 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Workers World Party Nominates Monica Moorehead for President '' . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hudnall , David . `` Durham 's Lamont Lilly is Running for Vice President ( of the United States ) '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 November General Write - In List '' ( PDF ) . sos.idaho.gov . Idaho Secretary of State . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tony Roza , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Massachusetts 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan List of Declared Write - in Presidential Candidates '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jorden , Henry ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 General Election Official State - Filed Write - In Candidates '' ( PDF ) . sos.mt.gov . Montana Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pietenpol , Laura ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ohio 2016 General Election Candidates List '' . sos.state.oh.us . Ohio Secretary of State . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Write - in Certificate with New Presidential Write - in '' ( PDF ) . sos.state.tx.us . Texas Secretary of State . 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Law Party of Michigan Nominates Socialist Party National Ticket Ballot Access News '' . Ballot-access.org . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` Socialist Party National Ticket Nominated '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Socialist Party is Only Party , Besides Republicans and Democrats , to File for Guam Advisory Presidential Vote '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Candidate Fillings '' . elections.utah.gov . Utah Lieutenant Governor . 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Registered Write - in Candidates for November 8 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . elections.wi.gov . Wisconsin Elections Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prohibition Party Nominates National Ticket '' . Ballot Access News . July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Hedges FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . elections.alaska.gov . State of Alaska Division of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Election Candidate Filings -- President of the United States '' . apps.sos.ky.gov . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Husted , Jon ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Husted Announces Independent Candidates for President and Vice President '' . sos.state.oh.us . Ohio Secretary of State . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Georgia Secretary of State Now Says Laurence Kotlikoff May be a Declared Write - in Presidential Candidate '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 Write - in Candidates '' . cookcountyclerk.com . Cook County Clerk. 2016 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of Declared Write - in Candidates for the General Election '' . maine.gov . Maine Bureau of Corporations , Elections & Commissions . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Summers , Kathy ( October 4 , 2016 ) , `` Certified Write - In Candidates for United States President November 8 , 2016 '' , sos.tn.gov , Tennessee Secretary of State , retrieved October 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ziggler , Jed ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hoefling Announces 2016 Presidential Campaign '' . Independent Political Report . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Arkansas Secretary of State Removes Tom Hoefling from Ballot for President '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Keniston 2016 '' . Chris Keniston 2016 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Party of America '' . Veterans Party of America . ^ Jump up to : Wayne Williams , ed . ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . sos.state.co.us . Colorado Secretary of State . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` American Party of South Carolina Nominates Peter Skewes for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Silva , Rod ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` FEC Form 2 : Statement of Candidacy '' ( PDF ) . fec.gov . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silva , Rod . `` My fellow Americans '' . Rod Silva for President 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Schedler , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Candidate Inquiry '' . sos.la.gov . Louisiana Department of State . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 November General Candidate List '' ( PDF ) . sos.idaho.gov . Idaho Secretary of State . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Offers Economic Plan Focused on Jobs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton : Equal pay , problem - solving would be top priorities '' . CBS News . February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lerder , Lisa ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Clinton patches relations with liberals at campaign 's outset '' . The Big Story . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` A Path to Citizenship , Clinton Says , ' Is at Its Heart a Family Issue ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Geoff , Colvin ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Explaining Donald Trump 's Massive Branding Power '' . Fortune . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mai - Duc , Christine ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the Southern California factory that makes the Donald Trump hats '' . latimes.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist , Nativist Party '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . What is perhaps more surprising , at least to Washington - based conservatives , is how many Republicans are also embracing Trump 's populist lines on ending free trade , protecting Social Security , and providing basic health care . Jump up ^ `` How Trump Exposed the Tea Party '' . Politico Magazine . For years the Republican elite has gotten away with promoting policies about trade and entitlements that are the exact opposites of the policies favored by much of their electoral base . Populist conservatives who want to end illegal immigration , tax the rich , protect Social Security and Medicare , and fight fewer foreign wars have been there all along . It 's just that mainstream pundits and journalists , searching for a libertarian right more to their liking ( and comprehension ) , refused to see them before the Summer of Trump . Jump up ^ Nicholas Confessore ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How the G.O.P. Elite Lost Its Voters to Donald Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . While wages declined and workers grew anxious about retirement , Republicans offered an economic program still centered on tax cuts for the affluent and the curtailing of popular entitlements like Medicare and Social Security . Jump up ^ Greg Sargent ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` This one anecdote perfectly explains how Donald Trump is hijacking the GOP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas B. Edsall ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Who Are the Angriest Republicans ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steve Rattner ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` White , working class men back Trump , charts show '' ( video ) . Morning Joe MNSBC . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Steve Rattner breaks down the demographics of who is supporting Donald Trump and how these supporters are doing financially . Duration : 2 : 25 Jump up ^ Jeff Guo ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Death predicts whether people vote for Donald Trump '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Even after controlling for these other factors , the middle - aged white death rate in a county was still a significant predictor of the share of votes that went to Trump Jump up ^ Nate Cohn , Donald Trump 's Strongest Supporters : A Certain Kind of Democrat , The New York Times ( December 31 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Thrush , Glenn ; Haberman , Maggie ( May 2014 ) . `` What Is Hillary Clinton Afraid Of '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton seeks ' new beginning ' with the press '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Jason ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton , Acutely Aware of Pitfalls , Avoids Press on Campaign Trail '' . The New York Times . it makes all the political sense in the world for Mrs. Clinton to ignore them Jump up ^ Waldman , Paul ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Why Hillary Clinton needs to start treating the press better '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Nicholas Confessore & Karen Yourish , Measuring Donald Trump 's Mammoth Advantage in Free Media , The New York Times ( March 16 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` How much does Donald Trump dominate TV news coverage ? This much '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tyndall , Andrew . `` COMMENTS : Campaign 2016 Coverage : Annual Totals for 2015 '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byers , Dylan . `` Donald Trump : Media King , 2015 '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth . `` How Donald Trump 's Media Dominance Is Changing the 2016 Campaign '' . US News & World Report . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Times Donald Trump Has Attacked The Media As A Presidential Candidate '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fandos , Nicholas ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Donald Trump Defiantly Rallies a New ' Silent Majority ' in a Visit to Arizona '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth . `` Trump : Media Is ' Dishonest and Corrupt ' '' Archived September 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. News and World Report ( August 15 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Koppel , Ted . `` Trump : ' I feel I 'm an honest person ' '' , CBS News ( July 24 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics -- Clinton & Trump : Favorability Ratings '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ; Chozick , Amy ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Using Private Email , Hillary Clinton Thwarted Record Requests '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Leonnig , Carol D. ; Helderman , Rosalind S. ; Gearan , Anne ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Clinton e-mail review could find security issues '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Dilanian , Ken ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Emails Held Indirect References to Undercover CIA Officers '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ; Schmidt , Michael S. ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Emails Take Long Path to Controversy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cox , Douglas ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton email controversy : How serious is it ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` How did ' top secret ' emails end up on Hillary Clinton 's server ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Brown , Pamela ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Comey notified Congress of email probe despite DOJ concerns '' . CNN . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Brown , Pamela ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` FBI discovered Clinton - related emails weeks ago '' . CNN . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBI finds no criminality in review of newly discovered Clinton emails '' . NBC News . November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emails Warrant No New Action Against Hillary Clinton , F.B.I. Director Says '' . The New York Times . November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montanaro , Domenico ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's ' Basket Of Deplorables , ' In Full Context Of This Ugly Campaign '' . NPR . The remarks also remind of inflammatory remarks in recent presidential elections on both sides -- from Barack Obama 's assertion in 2008 that people in small towns are `` bitter '' and `` cling to guns or religion , '' to Mitt Romney 's 2012 statement that 47 percent of Americans vote for Democrats because they are `` dependent upon government '' and believe they are `` victims , '' to his vice presidential pick Paul Ryan 's comment that the country is divided between `` makers and takers . '' Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Calls Some Trump Supporters ' Basket of Deplorables ' '' . Bloomberg News . Republican pollster Frank Luntz described Clinton 's comments as her `` 47 percent moment , '' a reference to Republican Mitt Romney 's remarks at a private fundraiser in the 2012 campaign . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Calls Many Trump Backers ' Deplorables , ' and GOP Pounces '' . New York Times . Prof. Jennifer Mercieca , an expert in American political discourse at Texas A&M University , said in an email that the `` deplorable '' comment `` sounds bad on the face of it '' and compared it to Mr. Romney 's 47 percent gaffe . `` The comment demonstrates that she ( like Romney ) lacks empathy for that group , '' Professor Mercieca said . Jump up ^ Reilly , Katie ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Says She Regrets Part of Her ' Deplorables ' Comment '' . Time . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Says ' Radical Fringe ' Is Taking Over G.O.P. Under Donald Trump '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John , A Sexual Predator in the Republican Party 's Midst , The New Yorker , October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump recorded having extremely lewd conversation about women in 2005 '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Video Shows Donald Trump Saying Lewd Things About Women '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump on hot mic : ' When you 're a star ... You can do anything ' to women '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Rebecca ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` RNC Chair Reince Priebus condemns Trump for obscene comments about women in 2005 video '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Speaker Paul Ryan disinvites Trump to his campaign event , says he 's ' sickened ' by tape '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's the fast - growing list of Republicans calling for Donald Trump to drop out '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Amid growing calls to drop out , Trump vows to ' never withdraw ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Johnson : Third party is going to be the Libertarian Party On Air Videos '' . Fox Business . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Benjy Sarlin , Anti-Trump forces have few options for third party alternative , MSNBC ( March 4 , 2016 ) : `` ' I am the third party , ' former New Mexico Gov. Gary Johnson , the party 's 2012 nominee , told conservative gathering CPAC on Thursday . ' The Libertarian Party will be on the ballot in all 50 states . ' '' Jump up ^ Rogers , Ed ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Who is Gary Johnson ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As Between Trump and Clinton , Gary Johnson ( or Austin Petersen ) is the Best Choice for President '' . RedState . May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Eli . `` Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson : What Donald Trump says is ' ridiculous ' '' . CNN . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maggie Haberman ; Alexander Burns ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Gary Johnson Equates Syria Deaths Caused by Assad and West '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gary Johnson gives a foreign policy speech and chides the media for giving him pop quizzes '' . The Washington Post . Johnson tried to put a string of foreign policy gaffes behind him on Friday ... ^ Jump up to : Wright , David . `` What is Aleppo ? '' . CNN . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Louis ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson : ' What is Aleppo ? ' '' . Politico . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I am Jill Stein , Green Party candidate for President , AMA ! / r / IAmA '' . reddit . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH / / Jill Stein : To stop Trump 's neofascism , we must stop Clinton 's neoliberalism '' . Haaretz.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Left Forum 2016 , Is Sanders the Answer to Building Left and Black Power ? '' . youtube . Open University of the Left . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Easley ; Ben Kamisar ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats target Libertarian ticket '' . The Hill . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Newton , Massachusetts . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Camia , Catalina ; Moore , Martha A. ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Democrats pick Philadelphia for 2016 convention '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RNC officially approves Cleveland as 2016 convention host '' . CBS News . August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Isenstadt , Alex ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` GOP convention set for July 18 -- 21 in 2016 '' . Politico . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Libertarian Party Moves into National Party Headquarters That it Owns '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian National Committee Minutes July 15 -- 16 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Libertarian National Committee . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 2 , 2015 ) `` Green Party Will Hold Presidential Convention in Houston '' , Ballot Access News . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Houston , We Have a Solution -- Vote Green 2016 '' . Green Party of the United States . April 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Editorial : A principled option for U.S. president : Endorsing Gary Johnson , Libertarian '' . Chicago Tribune . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBI in agreement with CIA that Russia aimed to help Trump win White House '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Washington , Spencer Ackerman David Smith in ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Barack Obama orders ' full review ' of possible Russian hacking in US election '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top U.S. intelligence official : Russia meddled in election by hacking , spreading of propaganda '' . The Washington Post . January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` Trump , Mocking Claim That Russia Hacked Election , at Odds with G.O.P. '' The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Entous , Adam ; Nakashima , Ellen ; Miller , Greg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Damian Paletta & Kate O'Keeffe ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Team Tones Down Skepticism on Russia Hacking Evidence '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Levine , Sam ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` Chuck Schumer Calls For Investigation Into Russian Interference In The Election '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Build that wall ' has taken on a life of its own at Donald Trump 's rallies -- but he 's still serious '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Gass , Nick ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Trump insists after meeting : ' Mexico will pay for the wall ! ' '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Birdie Sanders ' Gets a Standing Ovation at Rally '' . Time . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ; Barbaro , Michael ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Is Elected President in Stunning Repudiation of the Establishment '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 November General Election Turnout Rates '' . United States Elections Project . Retrieved December 17 , 2016. ) Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . ( 2016 ) . Population clock . Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/popclock/ ^ Jump up to : Azhar , Hamdan ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Vs. 2012 : How Trump 's Win And Clinton 's Votes Stack Up To Romney And Obama '' . Forbes . New York City . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gregg , Christine . How many states did Trump win ? A state - by - state look back at the 2016 presidential election , AOL , July 5 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Releases Write - ins for President from November 2016 Election - Ballot Access News '' . Jump up ^ CA : ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) NH : ( 3 ) VT : ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` How Many Write - In Votes Did Bernie Sanders Get in the Election ? '' . Jump up ^ Geier , Ben ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` The 2016 Presidential Election Could Have Two Spoiler Candidates '' . Fortune . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Ballot Access Map '' . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Election of 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Warner , Claire . `` Ralph Nader Got The Most Write - In Votes For President Ever , But Election Write - Ins Have A Long History '' . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Theodore ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump stomps all over the Democrats ' Blue Wall '' . CNN . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Angst over the economy helps Trump flip Great Lakes states , Chicago Tribune , November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donald Trump 's Promise of Bringing Back Jobs Worked With Many Michigan Voters , The Wall Street Journal , November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump election : Wisconsin prepares for vote recount '' . BBC News . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clinton campaign splits from White House in backing Jill Stein recount push '' . The Guardian . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Board to Hear Trump 's Challenge to Recount Effort '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Latest : 5 Nevada counties to recount presidential race '' . The Washington Post . November 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of Alabama : Canvass of Results '' ( PDF ) . November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election Official Results '' . November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` State of Maine Certificate of Ascertainment of Electors '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results of Nebraska General Election -- November 6 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donald Trump Had A Superior Electoral College Strategy '' . FiveThirtyEight . February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hellmann , Jessie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Democratic elector in Hawaii votes for Sanders '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sean Collins Walsh , `` All but 2 Texas members of the Electoral College choose Donald Trump , '' Statesman.com ( December 19 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Texas electors cast 36 votes for Trump , 1 for Kasich , 1 for Ron Paul . Texas Tribune ( December 19 , 2016 ) . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anti-Trump protests continue across America '' . The Economist . November 10 , 2016 . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gen. Colin Powell Sells His $2.8 M Upper West Side Condo '' . May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emails detail Colin Powell 's substantial role at City College '' . Jump up ^ `` General Colin L. Powell -- Informatio '' . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell has several homes , including one in NYC ( still ) and also one in DC , but is officially a VA resident per WikiLeaks emails , and per his ' verified ' social media account . ^ Jump up to : Rachel la Corte , `` 4 Washington state electors to be fined $1,000 for vote , '' bigstory.ap.org ( December 22 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Brunner , Jim ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Four Washington state electors break ranks and do n't vote for Clinton '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Faith Spotted Eagle , who received one Washington state elector 's presidential vote '' . December 19 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Trump 's incredible shrinking map '' . Politico . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Schwartz ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton tops Trump in Connecticut race '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kimball , Spencer ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton can sweep Northeast '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregg , Katherine ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Emerson poll finds Clinton 's lead over Trump precariously thin in R.I. '' www.providencejournal.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election Update : Why Clinton 's Position Is Worse Than Obama 's '' . FiveThirtyEight . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 Results We Can Already Predict '' . Politico Magazine . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Election Interactive Map '' . 270toWin.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' The Electoral College : The Only Thing That Matters `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levin , Sam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Why Mormons in America 's most conservative state could turn a Trump stronghold questionably Democratic '' . the Guardian . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roche , Lisa Riley ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Poll : Utah would vote for a Democrat for president over Trump '' . DeseretNews.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frum , David . `` The Great Republican Revolt '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Ratings The Rothenberg & Gonzales Political Report '' . rothenberggonzales.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levin , Sam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Why Mormons in America 's most conservative state could turn a Trump stronghold questionably Democratic '' . the Guardian . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roche , Lisa Riley ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Poll : Utah would vote for a Democrat for president over Trump '' . DeseretNews.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Maggie ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Electoral Map Gives Donald Trump Few Places to Go '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Challan , David ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Road to 270 : CNN 's new electoral college map '' . CNN . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balz , Dan ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Republican Party 's uphill path to 270 electoral votes in 2016 elections '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Villa , Lissandra ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Why Utah Does n't Like Donald Trump '' . Time . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton 's path to victory '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondik , Kyle ; Skelley , Geoffrey ; Sabato , Larry ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` The 2016 Results We Can Already Predict '' . Politico . 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Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics - Election 2016 - Nevada : Trump vs. Clinton vs. Johnson '' . www.realclearpolitics.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics - Election 2016 - New Hampshire : Trump vs. Clinton vs. Johnson vs. Stein '' . www.realclearpolitics.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics - Election 2016 - New Mexico : Trump vs. Clinton vs. Johnson vs. Stein '' . www.realclearpolitics.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics -- Election 2016 -- North Carolina : Trump vs. Clinton vs. Johnson '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics - Election 2016 - Ohio : Trump vs. Clinton vs. Johnson vs. Stein '' . www.realclearpolitics.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics -- Election 2016 -- Pennsylvania : Trump vs. Clinton vs. Johnson vs. Stein '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics - Election 2016 - Virginia : Trump vs. Clinton vs. Johnson vs. Stein '' . www.realclearpolitics.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics -- Election 2016 -- Wisconsin : Trump vs. Clinton vs. Johnson vs. Stein '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skibba , Ramin ( 2016 ) . `` Pollsters struggle to explain failures of US presidential forecasts '' . Nature . 539 ( 7629 ) : 339 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 539 ... 339S . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2016.20968 . PMID 27853221 . Jump up ^ Graefe , Andreas ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` A terrible day for election forecasters . Where are the winners ? '' . pollyvote.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ethan Siegel ( November 9 , 2016 ) , `` The Science Of Error : How Polling Botched The 2016 Election '' , Forbes magazine , retrieved November 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Grossman , Ron ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` It 's happened before : Truman 's defeat of Dewey had hints of Trump - Clinton '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , Jim ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` A ' Dewey Defeats Truman ' Lesson for the Digital Age '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trende , Sean ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` It Was n't the Polls That Missed , It Was the Pundits '' . RealClearPolitics . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate . `` The Invisible Undecided Voter '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Courtney Kennedy , Mark Blumenthal , Scott Clement , Joshua D Clinton , Claire Durand , Charles Franklin , Kyley McGeeney , Lee Miringoff , Kristen Olson , Douglas Rivers , Lydia Saad , G Evans Witt , Christopher Wlezien ; An Evaluation of the 2016 Election Polls in the United States , Public Opinion Quarterly , Volume 82 , Issue 1 , 6 March 2018 , Pages 1 -- 33 , https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx047 Jump up ^ `` Election Update : Do n't Ignore The Polls -- Clinton Leads , But It 's A Close Race '' . FiveThirtyEight . November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Election Forecast '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 Results We Can Already Predict '' . Politico Magazine . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voter profiles in ten 2016 swing states '' . Whipboard . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . 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( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` How the Media 's Election Predictions Badly Missed the Mark '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump 's Victory Is Met With Shock Across a Wide Political Divide '' . The New York Times . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arkin , Daniel ; Siemaszko , Corky ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Election : Donald Trump Wins the White House in Upset '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Donald Trump swept to an unreal , surreal presidential election win '' . Guardian . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldmacher , Shane ; Schreckinger , Ben ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Pulls Off Biggest Upset in U.S. History '' . Politico . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Protests of Trump 's Election Continue Into Third Day '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ; Overland , Martha Ann ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Across The Country , Thousands March In Protest Against Trump 's Victory : The Two - Way '' . NPR . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvert , Scott ; McWhirter , Cameron ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-Trump Protests Likely to Continue Friday and Saturday '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leah Sottile ; Samantha Schmidt ; Brian Murphy ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` As anti-Trump anger feeds protests and violence , Obama echoes appeals for unity '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ratzlaff , Angela . `` Here are all the Southern California students who walked out of high schools to protest Donald Trump '' . Press Enterprise . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galeano , Javier ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` In second day of anti-Trump protests , civil rights a top concern '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oxnard students took to the streets protesting Trump '' . Ventura County Star . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' F * * k Trump ' : Protesters take to streets in pro-Hillary Oregon after election results '' . Russia Today . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meyjes , Toby ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rioting breaks out in the US in reaction to Donald Trump 's shock victory '' . Metro . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chabba , Seerat ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Elected President : Riots Break Out At University Campuses After Republican 's Win '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bitette , Nicole ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Madonna , Mark Ruffalo , T.I. and more celebrities join New York City anti-Trump protests '' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gotty , John ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cher , Madonna And T.I. Lend Their Support To NYC 's Anti-Trump Protests '' . UPROXX . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Protested Outside Trump Tower During the Election '' . TIME . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rand , Jory Rand bio , about Jory ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Thousands protest Trump election in LA , block 101 Freeway downtown '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TEGNA. `` 6 arrested after march disrupts I - 5 Portland traffic '' . KGW . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ about , John Gregory , bio , ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Police fire rubber bullets at anti-Trump protesters in Santa Ana ; 10 arrested '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Not My President `` : Tens of Thousands Take to Streets , Block Freeways & Rally Against Trump '' . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serna , Joseph . `` Anti-Trump protests continue for second day in California following a night of vandalism and arrests '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-Trump Demonstrators Take to the Streets in Several U.S. Cities '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Nikki ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Rudy Giuliani calls college kids ' a bunch of spoiled crybabies ' -- as universities bring in therapy dogs and Play - Doh to soothe Hillary supporters '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Mayor Praises Peaceful Anti-Trump Protests '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Dan Merica . `` Computer scientists to Clinton campaign : Challenge election results '' . CNN . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Gabriel . `` Experts Urge Clinton Campaign to Challenge Election Results in 3 Swing States '' . Daily Intelligencer . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halderman , J. Alex ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Want to Know if the Election was Hacked ? Look at the Ballots '' . Medium . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Silver on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. `` U.S. Officials Defend Integrity of Vote , Despite Hacking Fears '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. `` Hillary Clinton 's Team to Join Wisconsin Recount Pushed by Jill Stein '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why are people giving Jill Stein millions of dollars for an election recount ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stein Ends Recount Bid , but Says It Revealed Flaws in Voting System '' . The New York Times . December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election recount process to begin in Wisconsin after Green Party petition '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marc Elias ( November 26 , 2016 ) . `` Listening and Responding To Calls for an Audit and Recount '' . Medium . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Stein files petition seeking Pennsylvania presidential election recount '' . pennlive.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Stein files for Michigan recount '' . Politico . November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Read : Trump Slams Jill Stein Over ' Ridiculous ' Vote Recount Effort '' . Fox News . November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Campaign Objects To Michigan Hand Recount '' . CBS Detroit . December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan attorney general files lawsuit to stop recount '' . CNN.com . December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan recount halted '' . CNN.com . December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. judge rejects Green Party 's Pennsylvania recount case ; Wisconsin recount finished '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , Illinois . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Judge to Rule Monday on Pennsylvania Recount '' . ABC News . December 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Completed Wisconsin recount widens Donald Trump 's lead by 131 votes '' . Wisconsin State Journal . December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nevada ballot recount changes just 15 Trump , Clinton votes '' . Fox 5 KVVU - TV . December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Gray ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` State audit : No evidence of fraud in Detroit vote '' . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Green Party U.S. election recount bid comes to a close '' . Reuters . December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College voter : I 'm getting death threats CNN '' . cnn.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dentzer , Bill ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Electoral College : Are Idaho 's 4 electors being pressured to dump Trump , or harassed ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Jump up ^ Kruesi , Kimberlee ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Trump opponents ' campaign to beat him at the Electoral College is a long shot '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Lilly . `` Meet the ' Hamilton Electors ' Campaigning for an Electoral College Revolt '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Electors Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Electors '' . Hamilton Electors . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HamiltonElectors ( @ HamiltonElector ) Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle . `` Lessig , lawyers to offer support to anti-Trump electors '' . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle . `` Colorado secretary of state slams rogue electors '' . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Electors demand intelligence briefing before Electoral College vote '' . ^ Jump up to : Pelosi , Christine . `` Bipartisan Electors Ask James Clapper : Release Facts on Outside Interference in U.S. Election '' . Jump up ^ Mary , Kelly ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` CIA Concludes Russian Interference Aimed To Elect Trump '' . Jump up ^ Pete Williams , Coming Soon : The ' Real ' Presidential Election , NBC News ( December 15 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Electors wo n't get intelligence briefing : report '' . The Hill . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Despite Objections , Congress Certifies Donald Trump 's Election '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiacu , Doina ; Susan , Cornwell ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Congress Certifies Trump 's Electoral College Victory '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Detrow , Scott ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Secures Electoral College Win , With Few Surprises '' . NPR . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coolican , J. Patrick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Minnesota electors align for Clinton ; one replaced after voting for Sanders '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Chuck ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Colorado Electoral College casts all 9 votes for Clinton after elector replaced '' . Fox 31 Denver . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thistle , Scott ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Maine electors cast votes for Clinton , Trump -- after protests inside and outside State House '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eason , Brian ; Frank , John ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Colorado 's electoral votes go to Hillary Clinton after one is replaced '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lord , Debbie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Electoral College vote : Live updates on state - by - state voting '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andrews , Wilson ; Schmidt , Kiersten ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Tracking the Electoral College Vote '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Liebergen , Stephanie ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Georgia Elector Resigns After Publicly Refusing To Vote For Trump '' . Newsy . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Hawaii electors cast votes for Clinton , Sanders '' . Associated Press . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Capatides , Christina ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Both candidates from the same home state ? That 's pretty rare '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Further reading Berman , Ari . `` Rigged : How Voter Suppression Threw Wisconsin to Trump ; And possibly handed him the whole election . '' November - December 2017 Mother Jones issue Ott , Brian L. `` The age of Twitter : Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement . '' Critical Studies in Media Communication 34.1 ( 2017 ) : 59 -- 68 . Patterson , Thomas E. `` News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Primaries : Horse Race Reporting Has Consequences . '' ( 2016 ) . online Ross , Andrew S. , and Damian J. Rivers . `` Digital cultures of political participation : Internet memes and the discursive delegitimization of the 2016 US Presidential candidates . '' Discourse , Context & Media ( 2017 ) . Sabato , Larry , Kyle Kondik , Geoffrey Skelley , eds . Trumped : The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules ( 2017 ) Schaffner , Brian , and John A. Clark . Making Sense of the 2016 Elections : A CQ Press Guide ( CQ Press , 2017 ) . ISBN 1506384188 Visser , Beth A. , Angela S. Book , and Anthony A. Volk . `` Is Hillary dishonest and Donald narcissistic ? A HEXACO analysis of the presidential candidates ' public personas . '' Personality and Individual Differences 106 ( 2017 ) : 281 -- 86 . online West , Darrell M. Air Wars : Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns , 1952 -- 2016 ( CQ Press , 2017 ) . 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who starred in oh what a lovely war
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Oh ! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough ( in his directorial debut ) , with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith , Dirk Bogarde , John Gielgud , John Mills , Kenneth More , Laurence Olivier , Jack Hawkins , Corin Redgrave , Michael Redgrave , Vanessa Redgrave , Ralph Richardson , Ian Holm , Paul Shelley , Malcolm McFee , Jean - Pierre Cassel , Nanette Newman , Edward Fox , Susannah York , John Clements , Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves .
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Maggie Smith|Dirk Bogarde|John Gielgud|John Mills|Kenneth More|Laurence Olivier|Jack Hawkins|Corin Redgrave|Michael Redgrave|Vanessa Redgrave|Ralph Richardson|Ian Holm|Paul Shelley|Malcolm McFee|Jean - Pierre Cassel|Nanette Newman|Edward Fox|Susannah York|John Clements|Phyllis Calvert|Maurice Roëves
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Oh ! What a Lovely war
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oh! what a lovely war
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Oh ! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough ( in his directorial debut ) , with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith , Dirk Bogarde , John Gielgud , John Mills , Kenneth More , Laurence Olivier , Jack Hawkins , Corin Redgrave , Michael Redgrave , Vanessa Redgrave , Ralph Richardson , Ian Holm , Paul Shelley , Malcolm McFee , Jean - Pierre Cassel , Nanette Newman , Edward Fox , Susannah York , John Clements , Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves .
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The film is based on the stage musical Oh , What a Lovely War ! , originated by Charles Chilton as a radio play , The Long Long Trail in December 1961 , and transferred to stage by Gerry Raffles in partnership with Joan Littlewood and her Theatre Workshop in 1963 . The title is derived from the music hall song Oh ! It 's a Lovely War , which is one of the major numbers in the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast ( in credits order ) 2.1 Smith family 2.2 Also starring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production 4 The song 5 Box office 6 Awards 7 References in popular culture 8 Notes 8.1 References 8.2 Sources 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Oh ! What A Lovely War summarises and comments on the events of the First World War using popular songs of the time , many of which were parodies of older popular songs , and using allegorical settings such as Brighton 's West Pier to criticise the manner in which the eventual victory was won . The diplomatic manoeuvrings and events involving those in authority are set in a fantasy location inside the pierhead pavilion , far from the trenches . In the opening scene various Foreign Ministers , generals and Heads of State walk over a huge map of Europe , reciting actual words spoken by these figures at the time . An unnamed photographer takes a picture of Europe 's rulers -- after handing two red poppies to the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife , the Duchess of Hohenberg , he takes their picture , ' assassinating ' them as the flash goes off . Many of the heads of state enjoy good personal relations and are reluctant to go to war : a tearful Emperor Franz Josef declares war on Serbia after being deceived by his Foreign Minister , whilst Czar Nicholas II and Kaiser Wilhelm II are shown as unable to overrule their countries ' military mobilisation schedules . The German invasion of Belgium leaves Sir Edward Grey little choice but to get involved . Italy reneges on her alliance with the Central Powers ( she joined the Allies in 1915 ) but Turkey joins them instead . The start of the war in 1914 is shown as a parade of optimism . The protagonists are an archetypal British family of the time , the Smiths , who are shown entering Brighton 's West Pier , with General Haig selling tickets -- the film later follows the young Smith men through their experiences in the trenches . A military band rouses holidaymakers from the beach to rally round and follow -- some even literally boarding a bandwagon . The first Battle of Mons is similarly cheerfully depicted yet more realistic in portrayal . Both scenes are flooded in pleasant sunshine . When the casualties start to mount , a theatre audience is rallied by singing `` Are We Downhearted ? No ! '' A chorus line dressed in frilled yellow dresses , recruits a volunteer army with `` We do n't want to lose you , but we think you ought to go '' . A music hall star ( Maggie Smith ) then enters a lone spotlight , and lures the still doubtful young men in the audience into `` taking the King 's Shilling '' by singing about how every day she ' walks out ' with different men in uniform , and that `` On Saturday I 'm willing , if you 'll only take the shilling , to make a man of any one of you . '' The young men take to the stage and are quickly moved offstage and into military life , and the initially alluring music hall singer is depicted on close - up as a coarse , over-made - up harridan . The red poppy crops up again as a symbol of impending death , often being handed to a soldier about to be sent to die . These scenes are juxtaposed with the pavilion , now housing the top military brass . There is a scoreboard ( a dominant motif in the original theatre production ) showing the loss of life and ' yards gained ' . Outside , Sylvia Pankhurst ( Vanessa Redgrave ) is shown addressing a hostile crowd on the futility of war , upbraiding them for believing everything they read in the newspapers . She is met with catcalls and jeered off her podium . 1915 is depicted as darkly contrasting in tone . Many shots of a parade of wounded men illustrate an endless stream of grim , hopeless faces . Black humour among these soldiers has now replaced the enthusiasm of the early days . `` There 's a Long , Long Trail a-Winding '' captures the new mood of despair , depicting soldiers filing along in torrential rain in miserable conditions . Red poppies provide the only bright colour in these scenes . In a scene of British soldiers drinking in an estaminet , a chanteuse ( Pia Colombo ) leads them in a jolly chorus of `` The Moon Shines Bright on Charlie Chaplin '' , a reworking of an American song then shifts the mood back to darker tone by singing a soft and sombre version of `` Adieu la vie '' . At the end of the year , amidst more manoeuvres in the pavilion , General ( later Field Marshal ) Douglas Haig replaces Field Marshal Sir John French as Commander - in - Chief of the British Forces . Haig is then mocked by Australian troops who see him inspecting British soldiers ; they sing `` They were only playing Leapfrog '' to the tune of `` John Brown '' . An interfaith religious service is held in a ruined abbey . A priest tells the gathered soldiers that each religion has endorsed the war by way of allowing soldiers to eat pork if Jewish , meat on Fridays if Catholic , and work through the sabbath if in service of the war for all religions . He also says the Dalai Lama has blessed the war effort . 1916 passes and the film 's tone darkens again . The songs contain contrasting tones of wistfulness , stoicism , and resignation ; including `` The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling '' , `` If The Sergeant Steals Your Rum , Never Mind '' and `` Hanging on the Old Barbed Wire '' . The wounded are laid out in ranks at the field station , a stark contrast to the healthy rows of young men who entered the War . The camera often lingers on Harry Smith 's silently suffering face . The Americans arrive , but are shown only in the ' disconnected reality ' of the pavilion , interrupting the deliberations of the British generals by singing `` Over There '' with the changed final line : `` And we wo n't come back -- we 'll be buried over there ! '' The resolute - looking American captain seizes the map from an astonished Haig . Jack notices with disgust that after three years of fighting , he is literally back where he started , at Mons . As the Armistice is sounding , Jack is the last one to die . There is a splash of red which at first glance appears to be blood , but which turns out to be yet another poppy out of focus in the foreground . Jack 's spirit wanders through the battlefield , and he eventually finds himself in the room where the elder statesmen of Europe are drafting the coming peace - but they are oblivious to his presence . Jack finally finds himself on a tranquil hillside , where he joins his friends for a lie down on the grass , where their figures morph into crosses . The film closes with a long slow pan out that ends in a dizzying aerial view of countless soldiers ' graves , as the voices of the dead sing `` We 'll Never Tell Them '' ( a parody of the Jerome Kern song `` They Did n't Believe Me '' ) . Cast ( in credits order ) ( edit ) Smith family ( edit ) Wendy Allnutt as Flo Smith Colin Farrell ( not to be confused with the later - born Irish actor of the same name ) as Harry Smith Malcolm McFee as Freddie Smith John Rae as Grandpa Smith Corin Redgrave as Bertie Smith Maurice Roëves as George Smith Paul Shelley as Jack Smith Kim Smith as Dickie Smith Angela Thorne as Betty Smith Mary Wimbush as Mary Smith At the time , the Beatles were also interested in making an anti-war film . At Bertrand Russell 's suggestion Paul McCartney met with the producer Len Deighton to discuss the opportunity of the band portraying the Smith family although in the end it was not possible to arrange . Also starring ( edit ) Vincent Ball as Australian Soldier Pia Colombo as Estaminet Singer Paul Daneman as Czar Nicholas II Isabel Dean as Sir John French 's Lady Christian Doermer as Fritz Robert Flemyng as Staff Officer in Gassed Trench Meriel Forbes as Lady Grey Frank Forsyth as Woodrow Wilson Ian Holm as President Poincaré David Lodge as Recruiting Sergeant Joe Melia as the Photographer Guy Middleton as Sir William Robertson Juliet Mills as Nurse Nanette Newman as Nurse Cecil Parker as Sir John Natasha Parry as Sir William Robertson 's Lady Gerald Sim as Chaplain Thorley Walters as Staff Officer in Ballroom Anthony Ainley as Third Aide Michael Bates as Drunk Lance Corporal Fanny Carby as Mill Girl Cecilia Darby as Sir Henry Wilson 's Lady Geoffrey Davies as Aide Edward Fox as Aide George Ghent as Heckler Peter Gilmore as Private Burgess Ben Howard as Private Garbett Norman Jones as Scottish Soldier Paddy Joyce as Irish Soldier Angus Lennie as Scottish Soldier Harry Locke as Heckler Clifford Mollison as Heckler Derek Newark as Shooting Gallery Proprietor John Owens as Seamus Moore Ron Pember as Corporal at Station Dorothy Reynolds as Heckler Norman Shelley as Staff Officer in Ballroom Marianne Stone as Mill Girl John Trigger as Officer at Station Kathleen Wileman as Emma Smith at Age 4 Penelope Allen as Solo Chorus Girl Maurice Arthur as Soldier Singer Freddie Ascott as ' Whizzbang ' Soldier Dinny Jones as Chorus Girl Carole Gray as Chorus Girl Bernard Jarvis as the whistling blowing soldier in the trench Guest stars ( edit ) Dirk Bogarde as Stephen Phyllis Calvert as Lady Haig Jean - Pierre Cassel as French Colonel John Clements as General von Moltke John Gielgud as Count Leopold Berchtold Jack Hawkins as Emperor Franz Josef I Kenneth More as Kaiser Wilhelm II Laurence Olivier as Field Marshal Sir John French Michael Redgrave as Sir Henry Wilson ( incorrectly shown as a full General , a rank he did not achieve until late 1917 ) Vanessa Redgrave as Sylvia Pankhurst Ralph Richardson as Sir Edward Grey Maggie Smith as Music Hall Star Susannah York as Eleanor John Mills as General ( later Field Marshal ) Sir Douglas Haig Production ( edit ) The producers were the novelist Len Deighton , photographer Brian Duffy , and Richard Attenborough , who was making his directorial debut . The Deighton Duffy production company had produced the film adaptation of Deighton 's Only When I Larf starring Richard Attenborough . Deighton wrote the screenplay for Oh ! What a Lovely War and the opening title sequence was created by Len Deighton 's lifelong friend Raymond Hawkey , the designer responsible for many of Deighton 's book covers in the 1960s . In an attempt to shame other people who he thought were claiming credit for things they had n't actually done , Deighton decided not to be listed in the film credits , a gesture he later described as `` stupid and infantile '' . The 1969 film transferred the mise - en - scène completely into the cinematic domain , with elaborate sequences shot at West Pier , Brighton , elsewhere in Brighton and on the South Downs , interspersed with motifs from the stage production . These included the ' cricket ' scoreboards showing the number of dead , but Deighton did not use the pierrot costumes . However , as many critics , including Pauline Kael , noted , the treatment diminished the effect of the numbers of deaths , which appear only fleetingly . Nonetheless , Deighton 's final sequence , ending in a helicopter shot of thousands of war graves is regarded as one of the most memorable moments of the film . According to Attenborough , sixteen thousand white crosses had to be hammered into individually dug holes due to the hardness of the soil . Although this is effective in symbolising the scale of death , the number of crosses was in fact less than the number of deaths in a single battle . The film was shot in the summer of 1968 in Sussex , mostly in the Brighton area . Many of the extras were local folk , but a great many were students from the University of Sussex , Falmer , on the outskirts of the city . The film 's locations included the West Pier ( now virtually demolished ) , Ditchling Beacon , Sheepcote Valley ( the trench sequences ) , Old Bayham Abbey , near Frant ( the church parade ) , Brighton station and Ovingdean ( where hundreds of crosses were erected for the classic finale ) . The song ( edit ) The song was written by J.P. Long and Maurice Scott in 1917 and was part of the repertoire of music hall star and male impersonator Ella Shields . The first verse and the chorus follow : Up to your waist in water , Up to your eyes in slush -- Using the kind of language , That makes the sergeant blush ; Who would n't join the army ? That 's what we all inquire , Do n't we pity the poor civilians sitting beside the fire . Chorus Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! it 's a lovely war , Who would n't be a soldier eh ? Oh ! It 's a shame to take the pay . As soon as reveille is gone We feel just as heavy as lead , But we never get up till the sergeant brings Our breakfast up to bed Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! it 's a lovely war , What do we want with eggs and ham When we 've got plum and apple jam ? Form fours ! Right turn ! How shall we spend the money we earn ? Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! it 's a lovely war . Two pre-musical renditions , one from 1918 , can be found at Firstworldwar.com . Almost all of the songs featured in the film also appear on the CD41 album series Oh ! It 's A Lovely War ( four volumes ) . Box office ( edit ) It was the 16th most popular film at the UK box office in 1969 . Awards ( edit ) Golden Globe , Best Cinematography ( Gerry Turpin ) 1969 BAFTA Film Award , Best Art Direction ( Donald M. Ashton ) 1970 BAFTA Film Award , Best Cinematography ( Gerry Turpin ) 1970 BAFTA Film Award , Best Costume Design ( Anthony Mendleson ) 1970 BAFTA Film Award , Best Sound Track ( Don Challis and Simon Kaye ) 1970 BAFTA Film Award , Best Supporting Actor ( Laurence Olivier ) 1970 References in popular culture ( edit ) BBC Radio 4 's 15 Minute Musical portrayed Tony Blair 's premiership in the style of Oh ! What a Lovely War in a September 2006 episode entitled `` Oh ! What a Lovely Blair '' . James Rado , one of the original writers and creators of Hair stated that `` what a Lovely War '' was what made him want to work on a musical dealing with war at a Google Talks event . `` @ Google : The Public Theatre 's Revival of Hair '' . youtube . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . The song The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling was used as the play - out music for Ned Sherrin 's 1964 BBC - TV show Not So Much a Programme , More a Way of Life . Babyshambles named their live album `` oh what a lovely tour '' after this film . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of Twentieth - Century English Literature , ed Laura Marcus & Peter Nicholls , page 478 . Cambridge University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82077 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82077 - 6 . Jump up ^ Vincent Dowd ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Witness : Oh what a lovely war '' . Witness . London . BBC World Service . Jump up ^ Banham ( 1998 , 645 ) , Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 493 ) , and Eyre and Wright ( 2000 , 266 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ `` Len Deighton : The spy and I '' . The Independent . 4 January 2006 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Robert Dawson ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Len Deighton : The spy and I '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Mike ( 2001 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Immaculate conception '' . Design Week . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Nikkhah , Roya ( 5 June 2010 ) . `` Fashion and portrait photographer Brian Duffy dies aged 76 '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Books Obituaries : Raymond Hawkey '' . Daily Telegraph . 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kael , Pauline ( 1971 ) ' Off with the statues ' heads ! ' in Deeper into Movies , Calder Boyars Jump up ^ Max Arthur ( 2001 ) When This Bloody War Is Over . London , Piatkus : 47 Jump up ^ firstworldwar.com Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The World 's Top Twenty Films . '' Sunday Times ( London , England ) 27 Sept. 1970 : 27 . The Sunday Times Digital Archive . accessed 5 Apr. 2014 Sources ( edit ) Banham , Martin , ed. 1998 . The Cambridge Guide to Theatre . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43437 - 8 . Brockett , Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003 . History of the Theatre . Ninth edition , International edition . Boston : Allyn and Bacon . ISBN 0 - 205 - 41050 - 2 . Eyre , Richard and Nicholas Wright . 2000 . Changing Stages : A View of British Theatre in the Twentieth Century . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 4789 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Oh ! What a Lovely War on IMDb Oh ! It 's A Lovely War album series at CD41 Len Deighton article on producing the film , on the Deighton Dossier website Richard Attenborough Films directed Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) Young Winston ( 1972 ) A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) Magic ( 1978 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) A Chorus Line ( 1985 ) Cry Freedom ( 1987 ) Chaplin ( 1992 ) Shadowlands ( 1993 ) In Love and War ( 1996 ) Grey Owl ( 1999 ) Closing the Ring ( 2007 ) Family Sheila Sim ( wife ) Michael Attenborough ( son ) Frederick Attenborough ( father ) David Attenborough ( brother ) John Attenborough ( brother ) Works by Len Deighton `` Unnamed hero '' novels The IPCRESS File ( 1962 ) Horse Under Water ( 1963 ) Funeral in Berlin ( 1964 ) Billion - Dollar Brain ( 1966 ) An Expensive Place to Die ( 1967 ) Spy Story ( 1972 ) Yesterday 's Spy ( 1975 ) Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Spy ( 1976 ) Bernard Samson novels Berlin Game ( 1983 ) Mexico Set ( 1984 ) London Match ( 1985 ) Winter ( 1987 ) Spy Hook ( 1988 ) Spy Line ( 1989 ) Spy Sinker ( 1990 ) Faith ( 1994 ) Hope ( 1995 ) Charity ( 1996 ) Other novels Only When I Larf ( 1968 ) Bomber ( 1970 ) Close - Up ( 1972 ) SS - GB ( 1978 ) XPD ( 1981 ) Goodbye , Mickey Mouse ( 1982 ) MAMista ( 1991 ) City of Gold ( 1992 ) Violent Ward , ( 1993 ) Short story collection Declarations of War ( 1971 ) Non-fiction Où Est le Garlic ( 1965 ) Len Deighton 's Action Cookbook ( 1965 ) Len Deighton 's London Dossier ( 1967 ) Fighter : The True Story of the Battle of Britain ( 1977 ) Airshipwreck ( 1978 ) Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk ( 1979 ) Battle of Britain ( 1980 ) Blood , Tears and Folly ( 1993 ) James Bond : My Long and Eventful Search for His Father ( 2012 ) Adaptations Harry Palmer The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) Funeral in Berlin ( 1966 ) Billion Dollar Brain ( 1967 ) Bullet to Beijing ( 1995 ) Midnight in Saint Petersburg ( 1996 ) Other Only When I Larf ( 1968 ) Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) Spy Story ( 1976 ) Game , Set and Match ( 1988 ) SS - GB ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oh!_What_a_Lovely_War&oldid=800597207 '' Categories : English - language films 1969 films 1960s musical films 1960s war films British musical films British films British war films Western Front films ( World War I ) Anti-war films about World War I Films directed by Richard Attenborough Directorial debut films Films set in Brighton Films produced by Richard Attenborough Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 14 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh%21%20What%20a%20Lovely%20War
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the location of the corpora cavernosa is the
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A corpus cavernosum penis ( singular ) ( cavernous body of the penis ) is one of a pair of sponge - like regions of erectile tissue , the corpora cavernosa ( plural ) ( cavernous bodies ) , which contain most of the blood in the penis during an erection . Such a corpus is homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis in the female ; the body of the clitoris contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa ( literally `` cave - like bodies '' ) with a recognisably similar structure .
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( cavernous body of the penis ) is one of a pair of sponge - like regions of erectile tissue
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Corpus cavernosum penis
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corpus cavernosum penis
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A corpus cavernosum penis ( singular ) ( cavernous body of the penis ) is one of a pair of sponge - like regions of erectile tissue , the corpora cavernosa ( plural ) ( cavernous bodies ) , which contain most of the blood in the penis during an erection . Such a corpus is homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis in the female ; the body of the clitoris contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa ( literally `` cave - like bodies '' ) with a recognisably similar structure .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 2 Physiology 3 Additional images 4 References 5 External links Anatomy ( edit ) The two corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum ( also known as the corpus cavernosum urethrae in older texts and in the adjacent diagram ) are three expandable erectile tissues along the length of the penis , which fill with blood during penile erection . The two corpora cavernosa lie along the penis shaft , from the pubic bones to the head of the penis , where they join . These formations are made of a sponge - like tissue containing trabeculae , irregular blood - filled spaces lined by endothelium and separated by connective tissue septa . The male anatomy has no vestibular bulbs , but instead a corpus spongiosum , a smaller region along the bottom of the penis , which contains the urethra and forms the glans penis . Physiology ( edit ) In some circumstances , release of nitric oxide precedes relaxation of muscles in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum , in a process similar to female arousal . The spongy tissue fills with blood , from arteries down the length of the penis . A little blood enters the corpus spongiosum ; the remainder engorges the corpora cavernosa , which expand to hold 90 % of the blood involved in an erection , increasing both in length and in diameter . The function of the corpus spongiosum is to prevent compression of the urethra during erection . Blood can leave the erectile tissue only through a drainage system of veins around the outside wall of the corpus cavernosum . The expanding spongy tissue presses against a surrounding dense tissue ( tunica albuginea ) constricting these veins , preventing blood from leaving . The penis becomes rigid as a result . The glans penis , the expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum , remains more malleable during erection because its tunica albuginea is much thinner than elsewhere in the penis . Additional images ( edit ) Structure of the penis The deeper branches of the internal pudendal artery . The penis in transverse section , showing the bloodvessels . Male pelvic organs seen from right side . Diagram of the arteries of the penis . Cross section of penis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Embarrassing erections '' . 2007 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding a man 's erection '' . whitelotuseast . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 42 : st - 1102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` The Male Perineum and the Penis : Penis '' ( hide ) Male reproductive system Internal Seminal tract Testes layers Tunica vaginalis Tunica albuginea Tunica vasculosa Appendix Mediastinum Lobules Septa Leydig cell Sertoli cell Blood -- testis barrier Spermatogenesis Spermatogonium Spermatocytogenesis Spermatocyte Spermatidogenesis Spermatid Spermiogenesis Spermatozoon Other Seminiferous tubules Tubuli seminiferi recti Rete testis Efferent ducts Epididymis Appendix Stereocilia Paradidymis Spermatic cord Vas deferens Ampulla Ejaculatory duct Accessory glands Seminal vesicles excretory duct Prostate Urethral crest Seminal colliculus Prostatic utricle Ejaculatory duct Prostatic sinus Prostatic ducts Bulbourethral glands External Penis root Crus Bulb Fundiform ligament Suspensory ligament body Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum glans Foreskin Frenulum Corona fascia superficial deep Tunica albuginea Septum of the penis Urinary tract Internal urethral orifice Urethra Prostatic Intermediate Spongy Navicular fossa External urethral orifice Lacunae of Morgagni Urethral gland Scrotum layers skin Dartos External spermatic fascia Cremaster Cremasteric fascia Internal spermatic fascia Perineal raphe Scrotal septum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus_cavernosum_penis&oldid=795297063 '' Categories : Mammal male reproductive system Penis Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Español Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017 , at 09 : 20 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus%20cavernosum%20penis
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when does pam get back from art school
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In the Season 5 premiere , `` Weight Loss '' , Pam begins her three - month course at the Pratt Institute . In this episode , Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop , saying that he `` ca n't wait '' . In `` Business Trip '' , Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it . Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back `` the right way '' , she ultimately makes the decision to return home , saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton . A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam 's graphic design projects , which he thinks are `` cool '' , as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches , which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects , implying her talents lie in hand - drawn works . In `` Two Weeks '' , Pam agrees to become Michael 's first saleswoman in his not - yet - established company , The Michael Scott Paper Co. , as a supportive Jim looks on . When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead , including adding Pam to the sales team . In `` Company Picnic '' , Pam , after dominating the company volleyball tournament , injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes . At the hospital , the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition . There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace , looking shocked and ecstatic . It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere , `` Gossip '' .
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`` Business Trip ''
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Pam Beesly
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pam beesly
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Pamela Morgan Halpert ( née Beesly ) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office , played by Jenna Fischer . Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley . Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin , before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until she left in the series finale . Her character is shy , growing assertive but amiable , and artistically inclined , and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert , whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues .
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Contents 1 Casting and character development 2 Character history 2.1 Seasons 1 -- 3 2.2 Seasons 4 -- 6 2.3 Season 7 2.4 Season 8 2.5 Season 9 3 Coworker relations 3.1 Jim Halpert 3.2 Roy Anderson 3.3 Michael Scott 3.4 Toby Flenderson 4 Appearances 5 Notes 6 References Casting and character development ( edit ) The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart , Dawn Tinsley . Even minute details , such as how Pam wore her hair each day , were considered by executive producer , Greg Daniels . `` When I went in for The Office , the casting director said to me , ' Please look normal ' , '' recalls Jenna Fischer . `` Do n't make yourself all pretty , and dare to bore me with your audition . Those were her words . Dare to bore me . '' Heeding the advice , Fischer said little during the auditions , during which she was interviewed in character by show producers , in an improvisational format , to imitate the show 's documentary premise . `` My take on the character of Pam was that she did n't have any media training , so she did n't know how to be a good interview . And also , she did n't care about this interview , '' she told NPR . `` So , I gave very short one - word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever , because I thought that the comedy would come out of just , you know , the real human reactions to the situation ... and they liked that take on it . '' `` When I went in to the audition , the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam -- they said , ' Do you like working as a receptionist ? ' I said , ' No . ' And that was it . I did n't speak any more than that . And they started laughing . '' Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character . For the first few seasons , she kept a list of the character history revealed on - screen by the creators , as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam 's history . She created a rule with the set 's hair and make - up department that it could n't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair , and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore or where she went to college . Fischer also carefully crafted Pam 's quiet persona . `` Well , my character of Pam is really stuck , '' she explained to NPR . `` I mean , she 's a subordinate in this office . And so , I think that for her , the only way she can express herself is in the silences , but you can say so much by not saying anything . '' Originally meek and passive , the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed , prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal . `` I have to approach Pam differently ( now ) , '' she explained in Season 4 , a defining season in which her character finally begins a long - awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute . `` She is in a loving relationship , she has found her voice , she has started taking art classes . All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves , speaks , dresses , etc . '' Character history ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 3 ( edit ) At the beginning of the series , Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years . Their open - ended engagement has become one of Michael 's running gags and a sore spot for Pam . Pam does not want her current job to become permanent , remarking that `` I do n't think it 's many little girls ' dream to be a receptionist . '' Pam is apathetic toward her work , evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer . However , in the pilot episode , she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill - advised prank by telling her that she will be fired . Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and ( in a deleted scene ) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone . Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim . She will do extra , unnecessary work ( such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics ) to make other people happy . Despite the abuse she takes from Michael , she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot . In later seasons , however , she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him . While engaged to Roy , Pam denies , or is in denial about , having any romantic feelings for Jim . When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin `` Casino Night '' she turns him down . She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend ( though she does n't say his name ) , and says `` Yeah , I think I am '' to an unheard question . She is interrupted by Jim , who enters and kisses her ; she responds by kissing back . Season three marks a turning point for Pam 's character : she gains self - confidence and appears less passive and more self - assured as the season progresses . In `` Gay Witch Hunt , '' the season 's opener , it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all , and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch , in Stamford , shortly after Pam rejected him a second time , after their kiss . Pam moves into her own apartment , begins taking art classes , a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time , and buys a new car , a blue Toyota Yaris . Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of `` The Merger '' , and brings along a female co-worker , Karen Filippelli , whom he begins dating . Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch ( aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day ) , and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense , despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras . Meanwhile , Roy vows to win Pam back . Roy 's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful , but once Pam and Roy are back together , he falls back into old habits almost immediately . When Roy and Pam attend an after work get - together at a local bar with their co-workers , Pam , feeling that she should be more honest with Roy , tells him about Jim kissing her at `` Casino Night . '' Roy yells , smashes a mirror , and trashes the bar . Pam , frightened and embarrassed by his reaction , breaks up with Roy immediately . Roy vows to kill Jim and in `` The Negotiation '' , Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work ( Jim is saved by Dwight 's intervention ) , and is subsequently fired . Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request , and after the polite but brief meeting , it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim . Pam participates in an art show , but few people attend . Her co-worker , Oscar , brings his partner along who , not knowing that Pam is standing behind him , criticizes her work by proclaiming that `` real art requires courage . '' Oscar then goes on to say that courage is n't one of Pam 's strong points . Affected by this statement , Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest , culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next - to - last episode of the season , `` Beach Games '' , and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship . Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying , framing and hanging Pam 's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office . In the season finale , `` The Job , '' she leaves a friendly note in Jim 's briefcase and an old memento depicting the ' gold medal ' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics , which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City . While he is asked how he `` would function here in New York '' , Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton , still distracted by the thought of Pam . Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office , where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner . She happily accepts , visibly moved , abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton . Karen quits soon after , becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin 's Utica branch . Seasons 4 -- 6 ( edit ) In Season 4 , Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season . She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe . In the season 4 premiere , `` Fun Run '' , Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing . The office ultimately learns of their relationship in `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' . In `` Chair Model '' , after teasing Pam about his impending proposal , Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating . In the next few episodes , Jim fake - proposes to Pam multiple times . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Pam discovers she 's been accepted at Pratt Institute , an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode , Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening . Just as Jim is preparing to propose , however , Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela . Having had his thunder stolen by Andy , Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket , leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night . In the Season 5 premiere , `` Weight Loss '' , Pam begins her three - month course at the Pratt Institute . In this episode , Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop , saying that he `` ca n't wait '' . In `` Business Trip '' , Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it . Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back `` the right way '' , she ultimately makes the decision to return home , saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton . A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam 's graphic design projects , which he thinks are `` cool '' , as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches , which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects , implying her talents lie in hand - drawn works . In `` Two Weeks '' , Pam agrees to become Michael 's first saleswoman in his not - yet - established company , The Michael Scott Paper Co. , as a supportive Jim looks on . When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead , including adding Pam to the sales team . In `` Company Picnic '' , Pam , after dominating the company volleyball tournament , injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes . At the hospital , the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition . There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace , looking shocked and ecstatic . It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere , `` Gossip '' . Jim and Pam marry early in the season , at Niagara Falls , during the highly anticipated , hour long episode , `` Niagara '' . The ending of the episode , in which their co-workers dance down the aisle , is an imitation of a viral YouTube video -- JK Wedding Entrance Dance . Following the wedding , a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam 's mother the night of the wedding . The two break up during `` Double Date '' , an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions . In `` The Delivery '' of Season 6 , Pam and Jim have their first child , a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert . Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers , and chose to name her after her own niece . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Counseling '' , Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator . In `` China '' , Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost - cutting measures . Pam threatens to move the office to a new building , which Dwight discovers does n't exist . Pam saves face , however , when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight 's measures were not allowed . The episode is another example of Dwight 's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam ( as previously demonstrated in `` The Injury '' , `` Back from Vacation '' , `` The Job '' and `` Diwali '' ) ; Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office . She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desktop computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years , as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer , and giving Daryll three sick days . At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is , `` Full on corrupt . '' In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam almost misses saying good - bye to Michael , as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders . Jim figures out Michael 's plan to leave early and tells her by text . Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves . Season 8 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 8 , Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim 's second child , Philip Halpert . The child coincided with Jenna Fischer 's actual pregnancy . She begins her maternity leave after `` Gettysburg '' . Pam returns in `` Jury Duty '' , where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office . In both `` Tallahassee '' and `` Test the Store '' Pam is shown helping , and developing her friendship with Andy . Season 9 ( edit ) Early in season 9 , Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business , Athlead , in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode `` Andy 's Ancestry '' . Although Pam is happy for his decision , she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested . Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia , but in `` Customer Loyalty '' , the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears , and is comforted by Brian , the boom mic operator of the film crew . In `` Moving On '' , Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim , but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott . Over dinner , Pam reveals to Jim that she does n't really want to move to Philadelphia after all . However , in `` Livin ' the Dream '' , when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country , Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision . In `` A.A.R.M. '' , Pam tells Jim that she 's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him . Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her . When she finishes the montage , which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas ; Jim finally gives her that letter , and she reads it , visibly moved . In the series finale , which takes place a year later , she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market , so that they can move to Austin , Texas , and take his job back at Athlead ( now Athleap ) . Co-worker relations ( edit ) From her years working the front desk , Pam has become well - acquainted with the Dunder - Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers ' personalities , including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott . She uses this familiarity to manipulate them , often for their and the company 's best interests ( such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in `` The Chump '' ) but also occasionally for her own . This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Main article : Jim Halpert The `` will they or wo n't they '' tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office , encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3 . In the opener of Season 4 , the two characters are revealed to be dating , and as such , other character romances , such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin , begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes . In Season 6 , Jim and Pam are married in the season 's 4th and 5th episodes ( hour long ) , a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics , as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture . Their child is born in the second half of the season , during another hour long , `` The Delivery '' . Pam and Jim 's second child is born during season 8 . In season 9 , their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia . They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job . Roy Anderson ( edit ) Main article : Roy Anderson ( The Office ) When the series begins , Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson ; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running . They finally set a date , but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute . They get back together once , briefly , but Pam is much more assertive , and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst . Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing , neglectful , dismissive of her desire to be an artist , and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine 's Day . Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to `` bother '' Roy with her `` thoughts or feelings '' . He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam 's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin . In the early seasons , there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy , with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim . In `` Basketball '' , when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills , Roy elbows Jim in the nose . In season 2 , when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin , Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish . Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy , but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk . She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis 's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen . In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy , Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during `` Casino Night '' . Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot . The next day , Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight 's pepper spray and is summarily fired . After losing his job , Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen , she should at least make an effort to date him ( inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him ) . In season 5 , Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged . The mood is somewhat awkward , but Roy is congratulatory , but then makes a somewhat passive - aggressive comment , seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam 's life , which tempts him to drive to Pratt , where she is attending art classes . Jim gets on the freeway , but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam . Jim did n't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her . Michael Scott ( edit ) Main article : Michael Scott ( The Office ) In the series pilot , Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing , leaving her in tears . He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance , and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date ( inspiring a horrified `` WHAT ? ? ? '' from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her ) . However , his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam . Over time , the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals , her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael , and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them ( as did Michael 's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager ) . Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene , and excoriated him at length during `` The Lover '' before eventually slapping him in `` Double Date '' , but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward . Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael ca n't cross , like telling him that he was n't Cece 's godfather . By Season 7 , Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael , steering him away from ( numerous ) bad ideas and towards his ( fewer but real ) good ones , such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly . In Michael 's finale `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder , believing that the next day Michael was leaving . As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse , Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek . The two have a nice moment and he walks off , leaving her holding her shoes . She then tells the camera that he was happy , wanting to be an advanced rewards member , and was glad to be going home to see Holly . She then is there to watch Michael 's plane take off . In a deleted scene from `` The Inner Circle '' , we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy `` Pamela Beagsley '' , and in `` The List '' she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child `` Little Michael Scott '' , further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship . Toby flenderson ( edit ) Main article : Toby Flenderson Toby , the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch , has a secret crush on Pam . In `` A Benihana Christmas '' she gives him her Dunder - Mifflin bathrobe , a display of friendly affection , after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his . In Dunder Mifflin Infinity , Toby witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room , which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace . Later , when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form , he hesitates to give them a form saying they should wait and see . In `` Night Out '' , Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh ( and while Jim sits just on her other side ) , and the rest of the office watches in horror . In his mortification , Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Toby purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam . On the eve of his departure , Pam confesses to the cameras that she always thought Toby was `` kind of cute '' . In `` Niagara '' , Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen . In `` Finale '' , Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight 's wedding , with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him . When she asks , `` is it me ? '' , he replies that `` it 's everything ! '' . Appearances ( edit ) Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of `` Business Ethics '' ( except for the deleted scenes ) , `` St. Patrick 's Day '' , and `` New Leads '' in which only her voice is heard , and several season 8 episodes from `` Mrs. California '' to `` Pool Party '' , where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pam Beesly 's full name is Pamela Morgan Beesly ( later Pamela Morgan Halpert ) . In `` The Lover '' Michael says to Pam , `` Pamela Morgan Beesly , you need to apologize to your mother right now . '' In `` Did I Stutter ? '' Jim says to Pam , `` You know what would energize me ? If you , Pamela Morgan Beesly ... '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Halpert Baby Blog '' . Halpertbeesly.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Season 6 -- Episode 06 : ' The Lover ' '' . OfficeQuotes.net . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 -- Episode 12 : ' Did I Stutter ? ' '' . OfficeQuotes.net . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Episode commentary , Season 2 , `` Valentine 's Day '' ^ Jump up to : `` For Jenna Fischer , ' Office ' Life Is A Great Act '' . NPR. 2008 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jenna Fischer rocks the OTCR '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD , `` Valentine 's Day '' , episode commentary ^ Jump up to : `` Pam Beesly ( Pam / Jenna ) op Myspace '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` JK Wedding Entrance Dance '' . YouTube . 2009 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ People Magazine , Week of 03 / 05 / 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Office : Why Jim and Pam 's wedding is good for TV comedy '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Office Exclusive : ' Til Death 's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . hide The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Robert California Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pam_Beesly&oldid=857028661 '' Categories : Fictional receptionists Fictional secretaries Fictional American people of English descent The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 02 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam%20Beesly
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who sings don't you forget about me from the breakfast club
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`` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' is a 1985 pop song performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds . The song is best known for being played during the opening and closing credits of the John Hughes film The Breakfast Club . It was written and composed by producer Keith Forsey and Steve Schiff , the latter of whom was a guitarist and songwriter from the Nina Hagen band .
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Simple Minds
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Do n't You ( Forget About Me )
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don't you ( forget about me )
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`` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' is a 1985 pop song performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds . The song is best known for being played during the opening and closing credits of the John Hughes film The Breakfast Club . It was written and composed by producer Keith Forsey and Steve Schiff , the latter of whom was a guitarist and songwriter from the Nina Hagen band .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording history 2 Music video 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications 4 Notable Appearances in Other Media 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Recording history ( edit ) Forsey asked Cy Curnin from The Fixx , Bryan Ferry and Billy Idol to record the song , but all three declined ; Idol did later perform a cover of it on his 2001 compilation album Greatest Hits . Schiff then suggested Forsey ask Simple Minds who , after refusing as well , agreed under the encouragement of their label , A&M . According to frontman Jim Kerr , the band was reluctant to record the song as they felt they should only record their own material , relenting after persuasion from Kerr 's wife at the time , Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders , and a phone call from Forsey in which he expressed his admiration for the band . According to one account , the band `` rearranged and recorded ' Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) ' in three hours in a north London studio and promptly forgot about it . '' Continuing the rock direction recently taken on Sparkle in the Rain but also glancing back at their melodic synthpop past , it caught the band at their commercial peak and , propelled by the success of The Breakfast Club , became a # 1 hit in the U.S. and around the world . It is also the band 's only # 1 hit on the U.S. Top Rock Tracks chart , staying atop for three weeks . While only reaching # 7 in the UK , it stayed on the charts from 1985 to 1987 , one of the longest time spans for any single in the history of the chart . The song did not appear on the band 's subsequent album Once Upon a Time , but it did appear on the 1992 best - of Glittering Prize 81 / 92 . It soon became a fixture of the band 's live sets - with an extended audience participation section during its inclusion on the 2015 tour to promote the band 's Big Music album . Two versions were created for release . A short version , 4 : 23 in duration , appeared on the single and the original motion picture soundtrack album of The Breakfast Club . A longer version , 6 : 32 in duration , was released as a 12 '' single . This version contains longer breakdowns and drum fills , a second appearance of the bridge and a longer ending . John Leland from Spin wrote that `` ' Do n't You Forget About Me , ' a romantic and melancholy dance track , therefore cuts ice both in the living room and on the dance floor . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video , directed by Daniel Kleinman , takes place on a dancing floor in a dark room with a chandelier , a rocking horse , and television sets displaying scenes from The Breakfast Club . The video on YouTube had been viewed over 75 million times as of July 26 , 2017 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada ( CHUM ) France ( SNEP ) 24 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1988 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 100 Chart ( 2004 ) Peak Position Italy ( FIMI ) 16 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak Position US Rock Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 41 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 47 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 28 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 23 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 8 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 26 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 33 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 US Cash Box Top 100 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions Preceded by `` Forever Man '' by Eric Clapton US Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one single 20 April 1985 -- 4 May 1985 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Trapped '' by Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band Preceded by `` Crazy for You '' by Madonna US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 18 May 1985 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Everything She Wants '' by Wham ! Preceded by `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa Dutch Top 40 number - one single 1 June 1985 -- 15 June 1985 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dancing in the Dark '' by Bruce Springsteen Preceded by `` Crazy for You '' by Madonna Canadian `` RPM '' Singles Chart number - one single 1 June 1985 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' by Tears for Fears Notable appearances in other media ( edit ) This song played on the British television soap EastEnders on 30th May 1985 , on 4th July 1985 , on 8th August 1985 , and on 9th August 2013 . This song played in the episode of the American animated comedy series Futurama on 11th March 2001 . This song played in the episode of the American medical comedy series Scrubs on 10th April 2003 . This song played in an episode of the American comedy series 30 Rock on 4th December 2008 . This song played in an episode of the British television soap Hollyoaks on 22nd May 2009 . This song played in an episode of the British chat show Loose Women on 15th July 2009 . This song played in an episiode of the American teen drama series Friday Night Lights on 16th December 2009 . This song played in the American comedy film Easy A in 2010 . This song played in an episode of the American crime drama series Cold Case on 2nd May 2010 . This song played in an episode of the American television series The Handmaid 's Tale on 26th April 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 1985 ( Canada ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1980s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1985 List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one songs of the 1980s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1985 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Simple Minds : how we made Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Simple Minds '' . The Official Glasgow Barrowland & Barras Market Site . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Simple Minds -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( April 2015 ) . `` The Guardian '' . The Guardian ( 2 ) . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Leland , John ( June 1985 ) . `` Singles '' . Spin. 1 ( 2 ) : 37 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ SimpleMindsVEVO ( 2010 - 12 - 03 ) , Simple Minds - Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 Jump up ^ bulion . `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts - CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . ARIA . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 Top 30 '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 30 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0530 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1485 -- Saturday , June 08 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 22 , 1985 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts S '' . The South African Rock Encyclopedia . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simple Minds -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simple Minds -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MAY 18 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simple Minds - Chart History '' . Rock Digital Songs . for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 1985 '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 ( in German ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 1985 '' . Ultratop 50 ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0619 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 1985 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - I singoli più venduti del 1985 '' . FIMI ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1985 '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Jaaroverzichten Single 1985 '' . Single Top 100 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts - End of Year Charts 1985 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SWISS YEAR - END CHARTS 1985 '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 97 no . 52 . New York , NY , USA . 28 December 1985 . p . T - 21 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Dance Sales Singles '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 97 no . 52 . New York , NY , USA . 28 December 1985 . p . T - 23 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Rock Tracks '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 97 no . 52 . New York , NY , USA . 28 December 1985 . p . T - 30 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You Forget About Me '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You Forget About Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Enter Do n't You Forget About Me in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) AllMusic : Keith Forsey Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Leave Right Now '' by Will Young American Idol Farewell Song Season 10 ( 2011 ) Succeeded by `` Please Remember Me '' by Scotty McCreery Simple Minds Jim Kerr Charlie Burchill Mel Gaynor Andy Gillespie Ged Grimes Brian McGee Tony Donald Duncan Barnwell Mick MacNeil Derek Forbes Kenny Hyslop Mike Ogletree John Giblin Eddy Duffy Albums Life in a Day Real to Real Cacophony Empires and Dance Sons and Fascination / Sister Feelings Call New Gold Dream ( 81 -- 82 -- 83 -- 84 ) Sparkle in the Rain Once Upon a Time Street Fighting Years Real Life Good News from the Next World Néapolis Our Secrets Are the Same Neon Lights Cry Black & White 050505 Graffiti Soul Big Music Acoustic Live albums Live in the City of Light Real Live 91 Sunday Express -- Live ( Volumes 1 & 2 ) 5X5 Live Live -- Big Music Tour 2015 Compilations Themes for Great Cities 79 / 81 Celebration Glittering Prize 81 / 92 The Promised The Best of Simple Minds Early Gold Silver Box Celebrate : The Greatest Hits Singles `` Love Song '' `` Promised You a Miracle '' `` Glittering Prize '' `` Someone Somewhere ( In Summertime ) '' `` Waterfront '' `` Speed Your Love to Me '' `` Up on the Catwalk '' `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' `` Alive and Kicking '' `` Sanctify Yourself '' `` All the Things She Said '' `` Ghost Dancing '' `` Belfast Child '' `` This Is Your Land '' `` Kick It In '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Stand By Love '' Promo singles `` Mandela Day '' ( US ) Themes series Themes -- Volume 1 : March 79 -- April 82 Themes -- Volume 2 : August 82 -- April 85 Themes -- Volume 3 : September 85 -- June 87 Themes -- Volume 4 : February 89 -- May 90 Themes -- Volume 5 : March 91 -- September 92 Related articles Discography Lostboy ! AKA Jim Kerr Concert tours Simple Minds concert tours David Cook Discography Studio albums Analog Heart David Cook This Loud Morning Digital Vein Extended plays This Quiet Night Singles `` The Time of My Life '' `` Light On '' `` Come Back to Me / Bar - ba - sol '' `` Permanent '' `` The Last Goodbye '' `` Fade into Me '' `` The Last Song I 'll Write for You '' `` Laying Me Low '' Tours American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2008 The Declaration Tour -- 2009 Other songs `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' `` Dream Big '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' Related articles American Idol ( season 7 ) Axium `` Kiss You Tonight '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_You_(Forget_About_Me)&oldid=803638837 '' Categories : 1985 singles 1985 songs Simple Minds songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Keith Forsey Songs written for films Virgin Records singles A&M Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 18 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%2527t%20You%20%28Forget%20About%20Me%29
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where is the rotator cuff located on the human body
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The rotator cuff muscles are important in shoulder movements and in maintaining glenohumeral joint ( shoulder joint ) stability . These muscles arise from the scapula and connect to the head of the humerus , forming a cuff at the shoulder joint . They hold the head of the humerus in the small and shallow glenoid fossa of the scapula . The glenohumeral joint has been analogously described as a golf ball ( head of the humerus ) sitting on a golf tee ( glenoid fossa ) .
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shoulder joint
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Rotator cuff
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rotator cuff
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In anatomy , the rotator cuff ) is a group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder . Of the seven scapulohumeral muscles , four make up the rotator cuff . The four muscles are the supraspinatus muscle , the infraspinatus muscle , teres minor muscle , and the subscapularis muscle .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Muscles composing rotator cuff 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Rotator cuff tear 3.2 Rotator cuff impingement 3.3 Rotator interval inflammation and fibrosis 4 Pain management 4.1 Continuous passive motion 4.2 Capsular release 4.3 Orthotherapy exercises 5 Additional images 6 References Structure ( edit ) Muscles composing rotator cuff ( edit ) Muscle Origin on scapula Attachment on humerus Function Innervation Supraspinatus muscle supraspinous fossa superior facet of the greater tubercle abducts the humerus Suprascapular nerve ( C5 ) Infraspinatus muscle infraspinous fossa middle facet of the greater tubercle externally rotates the humerus Suprascapular nerve ( C5 - C6 ) Teres minor muscle middle half of lateral border inferior facet of the greater tubercle externally rotates the humerus Axillary nerve ( C5 ) Subscapularis muscle subscapular fossa lesser tubercle internally rotates the humerus Upper and Lower subscapular nerve ( C5 - C6 ) The supraspinatus muscle spreads out in a horizontal band to insert on the superior and middle facets of the greater tubercle . The greater tubercle projects as the most lateral structure of the humeral head . Medial to this , in turn , is the lesser tuberosity of the humeral head . The subscapularis muscle origin is divided from the remainder of the rotator cuff origins as it is deep to the scapula . The four tendons of these muscles converge to form the rotator cuff tendon . These tendinous insertions along with the articular capsule , the coracohumeral ligament , and the glenohumeral ligament complex , blend into a confluent sheet before insertion into the humeral tuberosities . The insertion site of the rotator cuff tendon at the greater tuberosity is often referred to as the footprint . The infraspinatus and teres minor fuse near their musculotendinous junctions , while the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons join as a sheath that surrounds the biceps tendon at the entrance of the bicipital groove . The supraspinatus is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff tear . Function ( edit ) The rotator cuff muscles are important in shoulder movements and in maintaining glenohumeral joint ( shoulder joint ) stability . These muscles arise from the scapula and connect to the head of the humerus , forming a cuff at the shoulder joint . They hold the head of the humerus in the small and shallow glenoid fossa of the scapula . The glenohumeral joint has been analogously described as a golf ball ( head of the humerus ) sitting on a golf tee ( glenoid fossa ) . During abduction of the arm , moving it outward and away from the trunk , the rotator cuff compresses the glenohumeral joint , an action known as concavity compression , in order to allow the large deltoid muscle to further elevate the arm . In other words , without the rotator cuff , the humeral head would ride up partially out of the glenoid fossa , lessening the efficiency of the deltoid muscle . The anterior and posterior directions of the glenoid fossa are more susceptible to shear force perturbations as the glenoid fossa is not as deep relative to the superior and inferior directions . The rotator cuff 's contributions to concavity compression and stability vary according to their stiffness and the direction of the force they apply upon the joint . In addition to stabilizing the glenohumeral joint and controlling humeral head translation , the rotator cuff muscles also perform multiple functions , including abduction , internal rotation , and external rotation of the shoulder . The infraspinatus and subscapularis have significant roles in scapular plane shoulder abduction ( scaption ) , generating forces that are two to three times greater than the force produced by the supraspinatus muscle . However , the supraspinatus is more effective for general shoulder abduction because of its moment arm . The anterior portion of the supraspinatus tendon is submitted to significantly greater load and stress , and performs its mainfunctional role . Clinical significance ( edit ) Rotator cuff tear ( edit ) Main article : Rotator cuff tear The tendons at the ends of the rotator cuff muscles can become torn , leading to pain and restricted movement of the arm . A torn rotator cuff can occur following a trauma to the shoulder or it can occur through the `` wear and tear '' on tendons , most commonly the supraspinatus tendon found under the acromion . Rotator cuff injuries are commonly associated with motions that require repeated overhead motions or forceful pulling motions . Such injuries are frequently sustained by athletes whose actions include making repetitive throws , athletes such as baseball pitchers , softball pitchers , American football players ( especially quarterbacks ) , cheerleaders , weightlifters ( especially powerlifters due to extreme weights used in the bench press ) , rugby players , volleyball players ( due to their swinging motions ) , water polo players , rodeo team ropers , shot put throwers ( due to using poor technique ) , swimmers , boxers , kayakers , western martial artists , fast bowlers in cricket , tennis players ( due to their service motion ) and tenpin bowlers due to the repetitive swinging motion of the arm with the weight of a bowling ball . This type of injury also commonly affects orchestra conductors , choral conductors , and drummers ( due , again , to swinging motions ) . Treatment for a rotator cuff tear can include rest , ice , physical therapy , and / or surgery . A published review of 14 trials involving 829 patients found that there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate whether surgery is any better than non-surgical options . A review of manual therapy and exercise treatments found inconclusive evidence as to whether these treatments were any better than placebo , however `` High quality evidence from one trial suggested that manual therapy and exercise improved function only slightly more than placebo at 22 weeks , was little or no different to placebo in terms of other patient - important outcomes ( e.g. overall pain ) , and was associated with relatively more frequent but mild adverse events . '' Surgery is often recommended for patients with an acute , traumatic rotator cuff tear resulting in substantial weakness . Surgery can be performed open or arthroscopically , although the arthroscopic approach has become much more popular . If a surgical option is selected , the rehabilitation of the rotator cuff is necessary in order to regain maximum strength and range of motion within the shoulder joint . Physical therapy progresses through four stages , increasing movement throughout each phase . The tempo and intensity of the stages are solely reliant on the extent of the injury and the patient 's activity necessities . The first stage requires immobilization of the shoulder joint . The shoulder that is injured is placed in a sling and shoulder flexion or abduction of the arm is avoided for 4 to 6 weeks after surgery ( Brewster , 1993 ) . Avoiding movement of the shoulder joint allows the torn tendon to fully heal . Once the tendon is entirely recovered , passive exercises can be implemented . Passive exercises of the shoulder are movements in which a physical therapist maintains the arm in a particular position , manipulating the rotator cuff without any effort by the patient . These exercises are used to increase stability , strength and range of motion of the Subscapularis , Supraspinatus , Infraspinatus , and Teres minor muscles within the rotator cuff . Passive exercises include internal and external rotation of the shoulder joint , as well as flexion and extension of the shoulder . Physical therapy of shoulder As progression increases after 4 -- 6 weeks , active exercises are now implemented into the rehabilitation process . Active exercises allow an increase in strength and further range of motion by permitting the movement of the shoulder joint without the support of a physical therapist . Active exercises include the Pendulum exercise ( as shown in Image 2 ) , which is used to strengthen the Supraspinatus , Infraspinatus , and Subscapularis . External rotation of the shoulder with the arm at a 90 - degree angle is an additional exercise done to increase control and range of motion of the Infraspinatus and Teres minor muscles . Various active exercises are done for an additional 3 -- 6 weeks as progress is based on an individual case by case basis . At 8 -- 12 weeks , strength training intensity will increase as free - weights and resistance bands will be implemented within the exercise prescription . Rotator cuff impingement ( edit ) Main article : Impingement syndrome A systematic review of relevant research found that the accuracy of the physical examination is low . The Hawkins - Kennedy test has a sensitivity of approximately 80 % to 90 % for detecting impingement . The infraspinatus and supraspinatus tests have a specificity of 80 % to 90 % . A common cause of shoulder pain in rotator cuff impingement syndrome is Tendinosis , which is an age related and most often self limited condition . Rotator interval inflammation and fibrosis ( edit ) The rotator interval is a triangular space in the shoulder that is functionally reinforced externally by the coracohumeral ligament and internally by the superior glenohumeral ligament , and traversed by the intra-articular biceps tendon . On imaging , it is defined by the coracoid process at its base , the supraspinatus tendon superiorly and the subscapularis tendon inferiorly . Changes of adhesive capsulitis can be seen at this interval as edema and fibrosis . Pathology at the interval is also associated with glenohumeral and biceps instability . Pain management ( edit ) The rotator cuff includes muscles such as the supraspinatus muscle , the infraspinatus muscle , the teres minor muscle and the subscapularis muscle . The upper arm consists of the deltoids , biceps , as well as the triceps . Steps must be taken and precautions need to be made in order for the rotator cuffs to heal properly following surgery while still maintaining function to prevent any deteriorating effects on the muscles . In the immediate postoperative period ( within one week following surgery ) , pain can be treated with a standard ice wrap . There are also commercial devices available which not only cool the shoulder but also exert pressure on the shoulder ( `` compressive cryotherapy '' ) . However , one study has shown no significant difference in postoperative pain when comparing these devices to a standard ice wrap . Continuous passive motion ( edit ) Physiotherapy can help manage the pain , but utilizing a program that involves continuous passive motion will reduce the pain even further . Assisted passive motion at a low intensity allows the tissues to be stretched slightly without damaging them Continuous passive motion improves the shoulder range and enables the subject to expand their range of motion without experiencing additional pain . Easing into the motions will allow the person to continue working those muscles to keep them from undergoing atrophy , while also still maintaining that minimum level of function where daily function is allowed . Doing these exercises will also prevent tears in the muscles that will impair daily function further . Since injuries of the rotator cuff often tend to inhibit motion without first experience discomfort and pain , other methods can be done to help accommodate that . Capsular release ( edit ) A surgery procedure exists where the joint of the injured area will be freed in order to achieve a full range of motion without too much pain and discomfort , speeding up recovery time and allowing the person to better perform optimally . A study conducted by Jin - Young Park investigated the benefits of using capsular release to help relieve the stiffness of the shoulders that usually come whenever there is an injury in the rotator cuff . Some of the subjects had diabetes mellitus , which can also cause shoulder stiffness , impeding external rotation of the shoulders . Of the 49 subjects recruited for this trial , 21 went through only manipulation to relieve stiffness , while the other 28 underwent a capsular release surgery along with the manipulation to treat shoulder stiffness . Although , overall , no improvement in outcome was seen with regards to external rotation between the control and treatment group , the subjects that had diabetes mellitus benefited from the treatment that included the capsular release surgery . Their rotator cuff function improved significantly in both forward flexion and external rotation compared to the subjects that were not diagnosed with diabetes mellitus . Orthotherapy exercises ( edit ) Patients that suffer from pain in the rotator cuff may consider utilizing orthotherapy into their daily lives . Orthotherapy is an exercise program that aims to restore the motion and strength of the shoulder muscles . Patients can go through the three phases of orthotherapy to help manage pain and also recover their full range of motion in the rotator cuff . The first phase involves gentle stretches and passive all around movements , and people are advised not to go above 70 degrees of elevation to prevent any kind of further pain . The second phase of this regimen requires patients to implement exercises to strengthen the muscles that are surrounding the rotator cuff muscles , combined with the passive exercises done in the first phase to keep on stretching the tissues without overexerting them . Exercises include pushups and shoulder shrugs , and after a couple of weeks of this , daily activities are gradually added to the patient 's routine . This program does not require any sort of medication or surgery and can serve as a good alternative . The rotator cuff and the upper muscles are responsible for many daily tasks that people do in their lives . A proper recovery needs to be maintained and achieved to prevent limiting movement , and can be done through simple movements . Additional images ( edit ) Human shoulder joint , front view Human shoulder joint , back view Muscles on the dorsum of the scapula , and the triceps brachii . The scapular and circumflex arteries ( posterior view ) . Suprascapular and axillary nerves of right side , seen from behind . The suprascapular , axillary , and radial nerves . References ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Jump up ^ Hartman , B. ; Robertson , M. `` Push - Ups , Face Pulls , and Shrugs ... for Strong and Healthy Shoulders ! '' . Tnation . The rotator cuff , of course . ( Or for those of you from Indiana , that would be your `` rotary cup '' Jump up ^ Grays Anatomy 40th ^ Jump up to : Matava MJ , Purcell DB , Rudzki JR ( 2005 ) . `` Partial - thickness rotator cuff tears '' . Am J Sports Med. 33 ( 9 ) : 1405 -- 17 . doi : 10.1177 / 0363546505280213 . PMID 16127127 . Jump up ^ Morag Y , Jacobson JA , Miller B , De Maeseneer M , Girish G , Jamadar D ( 2006 ) . `` MR imaging of rotator cuff injury : what the clinician needs to know '' . Radiographics. 26 ( 4 ) : 1045 -- 65 . doi : 10.1148 / rg. 264055087 . PMID 16844931 . Jump up ^ Khazzam M , Kane SM , Smith MJ ( 2009 ) . `` Open shoulder stabilization procedure using bone block technique for treatment of chronic glenohumeral instability associated with bony glenoid deficiency '' ( PDF ) . Am J. Orthop. 38 ( 7 ) : 329 -- 35 . PMID 19714273 . ^ Jump up to : Escamilla RF , Yamashiro K , Paulos L , Andrews JR ( 2009 ) . `` Shoulder muscle activity and function in common shoulder rehabilitation exercises '' . Sports Med. 39 ( 8 ) : 663 -- 85 . doi : 10.2165 / 00007256 - 200939080 - 00004 . PMID 19769415 . Jump up ^ Arend , C.F. ( 2013 ) . `` 01.1 Rotator Cuff : Anatomy and Function '' . Ultrasound of the Shoulder . Master Medical Books . ShoulderUS.com ) Jump up ^ Itoi E , Berglund LJ , Grabowski JJ , Schultz FM , Growney ES , Morrey BF , An KN ( 1995 ) . `` Tensile properties of the supraspinatus tendon '' . J. Orthop . Res. 13 ( 4 ) : 578 -- 84 . doi : 10.1002 / jor. 1100130413 . PMID 7674074 . Jump up ^ `` Rotator cuff injury - Treatment '' . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Coghlan , Jennifer A ; Buchbinder , Rachelle ; Green , Sally ; Johnston , Renea V ; Bell , Simon N ( 2008 - 01 - 23 ) . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. cd005619. pub2 / abstract . Jump up ^ Page , Matthew J ; Green , Sally ; McBain , Brodwen ; Surace , Stephen J ; Deitch , Jessica ; Lyttle , Nicolette ; Mrocki , Marshall A ; Buchbinder , Rachelle ( 2016 ) . `` Manual therapy and exercise for rotator cuff disease Cochrane '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD012224 . ^ Jump up to : Brewster C , Schwab DR ( 1993 ) . `` Rehabilitation of the shoulder following rotator cuff injury or surgery '' . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 18 ( 2 ) : 422 -- 6 . doi : 10.2519 / jospt. 1993.18. 2.422 . PMID 8364597 . Jump up ^ Kuhn JE ( 2009 ) . `` Exercise in the treatment of rotator cuff impingement : a systematic review and a synthesized evidence - based rehabilitation protocol '' . J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 18 ( 1 ) : 138 -- 60 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jse. 2008.06. 004 . PMID 18835532 . ^ Jump up to : Waltrip RL , Zheng N , Dugas JR , Andrews JR ( 2003 ) . `` Rotator cuff repair . A biomechanical comparison of three techniques '' . Am J Sports Med. 31 ( 4 ) : 493 -- 7 . doi : 10.1177 / 03635465030310040301 . PMID 12860534 . ^ Jump up to : Jobe FW , Moynes DR ( 1982 ) . `` Delineation of diagnostic criteria and a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff injuries '' . Am J Sports Med. 10 ( 6 ) : 336 -- 9 . doi : 10.1177 / 036354658201000602 . PMID 7180952 . ^ Jump up to : Hegedus EJ , Goode A , Campbell S , et al. ( February 2008 ) . `` Physical examination tests of the shoulder : a systematic review with meta - analysis of individual tests '' . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 42 ( 2 ) : 80 -- 92 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsm. 2007.038406 . PMID 17720798 . Jump up ^ ShoulderDoc.co.uk Shoulder & Elbow Surgery . `` Hawkins - Kennedy Test '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2007 . ( video ) Jump up ^ Brukner P , Khan K , Kibler WB . `` Chapter 14 : Shoulder Pain '' . Archived from the original on 10 August 2007 . Retrieved 30 August 2007 . Jump up ^ ShoulderDoc.co.uk Shoulder & Elbow Surgery . `` Empty Can / Full Can Test '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2007 . ( video ) Jump up ^ Mohamadi , Amin ; Chan , Jimmy J. ; Claessen , Femke M.A.P. ; Ring , David ; Chen , Neal C. ( January 2017 ) . `` Corticosteroid Injections Give Small and Transient Pain Relief in Rotator Cuff Tendinosis : A Meta - analysis '' . Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research . 475 ( 1 ) : 232 -- 243 . doi : 10.1007 / s11999 - 016 - 5002 - 1 . ISSN 1528 - 1132 . PMC 5174041 . PMID 27469590 . Jump up ^ Petchprapa , CN ; Beltran , LS ; Jazrawi , LM ; Kwon , YW ; Babb , JS ; Recht , MP ( September 2010 ) . `` The rotator interval : a review of anatomy , function , and normal and abnormal MRI appearance '' . AJR . American journal of roentgenology. 195 ( 3 ) : 567 -- 76 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 10.4406 . PMID 20729432 . Jump up ^ Kraeutler , MJ ; Reynolds , KA ; Long , C ; McCarty , EC ( Jun 2015 ) . `` Compressive cryotherapy versus ice - a prospective , randomized study on postoperative pain in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair or subacromial decompression '' . Journal of Shoulder & Elbow Surgery . 24 ( 6 ) : 854 -- 859 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jse. 2015.02. 004 . PMID 25825138 . ^ Jump up to : Plessis , M. Du , E. Eksteen , A. Jenneker , E. Kriel , C. Mentoor , T. Stucky , D. Van Staden , and L. Morris . `` The Effectiveness of Continuous Passive Motion on Range of Motion , Pain and Muscle Strength following Rotator Cuff Repair : A Systematic Review . '' Clinical Rehabilitation ( 2011 ) : 291 - 302 Jump up ^ Park , J. - Y. , S.W. Chung , Z . Hassan , J. - Y. Bang , and K. - S. Oh . `` Effect of Capsular Release in the Treatment of Shoulder Stiffness Concomitant With Rotator Cuff Repair : Diabetes as a Predisposing Factor Associated With Treatment Outcome . '' The American Journal of Sports Medicine ( 2014 ) : 840 - 50 . SagePub ^ Jump up to : Wirth , Michael A. , Carl Basamania , and Charles A. Rockwood . `` Nonoperative Management Of Full - Thickness Tears Of The Rotator Cuff . '' Orthopedic Clinics of North America ( 1997 ) : 59 - 67 hide Muscles of the arm Shoulder deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major fascia : deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia Arm ( compartments ) anterior coracobrachialis biceps brachialis posterior triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti fascia axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial other spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval Forearm anterior superficial : pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis deep : pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus posterior superficial : mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris deep : supinator anatomical snuff box abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis fascia bicipital aponeurosis common tendons extensor flexor antebrachial fascia other cubital tunnel Hand lateral volar thenar opponens pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis medial volar hypothenar opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis abductor digiti minimi palmaris brevis intermediate lumbrical interossei dorsal palmar fascia posterior : extensor retinaculum extensor expansion anterior : flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotator_cuff&oldid=844069333 '' Categories : Rotator cuff Shoulder Upper limb anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 11 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotator%20cuff
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what are the 5 largest companies in the united states
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Rank First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Apple Inc . 851,317 Apple Inc . 909,840 Alphabet Inc . 717,404 Amazon.com 824,790 Microsoft 702,760 Alphabet Inc . 774,840 Amazon.com 700,672 Microsoft 757,640 5 Tencent 507,990 Facebook 562,480 6 Berkshire Hathaway 492,019 Tencent 478,580 7 Alibaba Group 470,930 Alibaba Group 476,040 8 Facebook 464,189 Berkshire Hathaway 463,980 9 JPMorgan Chase 377,410 JPMorgan Chase 354,780 10 Johnson & Johnson 343,780 ExxonMobil 350,270
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List of public corporations by market capitalization
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list of public corporations by market capitalization
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The following is a list of publicly traded companies having the greatest market capitalization . This list is primarily based on the Financial Times Global 500 rankings . The list of non-public companies by estimated market value is attached for comparison .
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Market capitalization is calculated from the share price ( as recorded on selected day ) multiplied by the number of outstanding shares . Figures are converted into USD millions ( using rate from selected day ) to allow for comparison . Only companies with free float at least 15 % are included , value of unlisted stock classes is excluded . Investment companies are not included in the list . Contents 1 Record market capitalizations 2 Publicly traded companies 2.1 2018 2.2 2017 2.3 2016 2.4 2015 2.5 2014 2.6 2013 2.7 2012 2.8 2011 3 2000 -- 2010 3.1 2010 3.2 2009 3.3 2008 3.4 2007 3.5 2006 3.6 2004 3.7 2003 3.8 2002 3.9 2001 3.10 2000 4 1996 -- 1999 4.1 1999 4.2 1998 4.3 1997 4.4 1996 5 Non-public companies 6 Notes 7 References 8 See also Record market capitalizations ( edit ) Date Company Record value ( in billions USD ) Record value ( in billions USD , inflation - adjusted ) Notes 30 December 1999 Microsoft 618.9 909 Microsoft reached an intraday high share price of $119.94 in December 1999 . With 5,160,024,593 outstanding shares , it had a market capitalization of $618.9 billion . 5 November 2007 PetroChina 1000 1145 On 5 November 2007 , A shares of PetroChina on the first day of trading after its IPO on Shanghai Stock Exchange skyrocketed from the IPO price of 16.7 RMB to 43.96 RMB by the close ( the opening price was even 48.6 RMB ) . That gave a market capitalization of about $1 trillion . Only 4 billion A shares were floated during the IPO , another 158 billion A shares were still held by China National Petroleum Corporation . 21 billion H Shares were already floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange . However , market capitalization based on H - shares never reached $500 billion . 29 August 2018 Apple Inc . 1073.5 -- With 4,829,926,000 shares outstanding , Apple reached this new record intra-day high after its share price reached $222.26 in market trading on August 17 , 2018 . Publicly traded companies ( edit ) All market capitalization figures are in USD millions . 2018 ( edit ) This list is up to date as of August 3 , 2018 . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Apple Inc . 851,317 Apple Inc . 909,840 Alphabet Inc . 717,404 Amazon.com 824,790 Microsoft 702,760 Alphabet Inc . 774,840 Amazon.com 700,672 Microsoft 757,640 5 Tencent 507,990 Facebook 562,480 6 Berkshire Hathaway 492,019 Tencent 478,580 7 Alibaba Group 470,930 Alibaba Group 476,040 8 Facebook 464,189 Berkshire Hathaway 463,980 9 JPMorgan Chase 377,410 JPMorgan Chase 354,780 10 Johnson & Johnson 343,780 ExxonMobil 350,270 2017 ( edit ) This list is up to date as of December 31 , 2017 . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Apple Inc . 753,718 Apple Inc . 749,124 Apple Inc . 791,726 Apple Inc . 868,880 Alphabet Inc . 573,570 Alphabet Inc . 628,610 Alphabet Inc . 664,550 Alphabet Inc . 727,040 Microsoft 508,935 Microsoft 528,778 Microsoft 568,965 Microsoft 659,910 Amazon.com 423,031 Amazon.com 466,471 Amazon.com 459,435 Amazon.com 563,540 5 Berkshire Hathaway 410,880 Berkshire Hathaway 418,880 Berkshire Hathaway 451,840 Facebook 512,760 6 ExxonMobil 339,897 Johnson & Johnson 357,310 Alibaba Group 436,850 Tencent 493,340 7 Johnson & Johnson 337,947 Facebook 357,176 Tencent 405,007 Berkshire Hathaway 489,490 8 Facebook 334,552 Alibaba Group 356,390 Facebook 399,946 Alibaba Group 440,712 9 JPMorgan Chase 313,761 Tencent 344,879 ExxonMobil 348,248 Johnson & Johnson 375,360 10 Wells Fargo 278,516 ExxonMobil 341,947 Johnson & Johnson 347,497 JPMorgan Chase 371,050 2016 ( edit ) This list is up to date as of December 31 , 2016 . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Apple Inc . 607,465 Apple Inc . 517,069 Apple Inc . 604,475 Apple Inc . 617,588.49 Alphabet Inc . 535,660 Alphabet Inc . 475,320 Alphabet Inc . 535,660 Alphabet Inc . 531,970 Microsoft 439,734 Microsoft 397,268 Microsoft 447,290 Microsoft 483,160.28 ExxonMobil 350,991 ExxonMobil 383,396 Amazon.com 393,030 Berkshire Hathaway 404,390 5 Berkshire Hathaway 349,740 Berkshire Hathaway 345,860 ExxonMobil 358,519 ExxonMobil 374,280 6 Johnson & Johnson 300,604 Amazon.com 337,641 Berkshire Hathaway 358,300 Amazon.com 356,313.12 7 General Electric 295,546 Johnson & Johnson 328,234 Johnson & Johnson 320,836 Johnson & Johnson 313,432.46 8 Amazon.com 281,888 General Electric 280,927 Facebook 297,548 JPMorgan Chase 308,768.42 9 Facebook 259,192 Facebook 263,930 Tencent 265,603 General Electric 279,545.92 10 Wells Fargo 246,035 AT&T 261,035 General Electric 261,876 Wells Fargo 276,779.12 2015 ( edit ) This Financial Times Global 500 -- based list is up to date as of December 31 , 2015 . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Apple Inc . 724,773.1 Apple Inc . 722,576.9 Apple Inc . 621,939 Apple Inc . 598,344 Exxon Mobil 356,548.7 Microsoft 357,154.4 Google 407,870 Alphabet 534,090 Berkshire Hathaway 356,510.7 Exxon Mobil 347,868.1 Microsoft 347,432 Microsoft 449,799 Google 345,849.2 Google 336,014.5 Berkshire Hathaway 318,180 Berkshire Hathaway 323,750 5 Microsoft 333,524.8 Berkshire Hathaway 336,014.5 Exxon Mobil 304,245 Exxon Mobil 325,167 6 Petro China 329,715.1 Petro China 319,391.6 Johnson & Johnson 257,637 Amazon 323,009 7 Wells Fargo 279,919.7 ICBC 298,531.5 General Electric 248,069 General Electric 313,892 8 Johnson & Johnson 279,723.9 Wells Fargo 289,591.3 China Mobile 243,186 Johnson & Johnson 287,153 9 ICBC 275,389.1 Johnson & Johnson 270,260.8 Novartis 240,373 Wells Fargo 281,770 10 Novartis 267,897.0 General Electric 267,717.4 Nestlé 233,361 JPMorgan Chase 245,126 2014 ( edit ) This Financial Times Global 500 -- based list is up to date as of December 31 , 2014 . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Apple Inc . 478,766.1 Apple Inc . 560,337.4 Apple Inc . 603,277.4 Apple Inc . 647,361.0 Exxon Mobil 422,098.3 Exxon Mobil 432,357.3 Exxon Mobil 401,094.1 Exxon Mobil 391,481.9 Microsoft 340,216.8 Google 358,347.3 Microsoft 381,959.7 Microsoft 382,880.3 Google 313,003.9 Microsoft 344,458.8 Google 361,998.4 Berkshire Hathaway 370,652.6 5 Berkshire Hathaway 308,090.6 Berkshire Hathaway 312,216.7 Berkshire Hathaway 340,055.0 Google 329,768.5 6 Johnson & Johnson 277,826.2 Johnson & Johnson 276,837.0 Johnson & Johnson 300,614.2 PetroChina 305,536.1 7 Wells Fargo 261,217.5 Wells Fargo 261,217.5 Wells Fargo 270,782.4 Johnson & Johnson 292,702.8 8 General Electric 259,547.3 Royal Dutch Shell 269,563.4 General Electric 257,068.4 Wells Fargo 284,385.6 9 Hoffmann - La Roche 258,542.1 General Electric 263,529.6 Novartis 255,326.4 Wal - Mart 276,807.4 10 Walmart 246,805.7 Hoffmann - La Roche 256,322.8 Hoffmann - La Roche 254,543.8 ICBC 271,146.1 2013 ( edit ) This Financial Times Global 500 -- based list is up to date as of December 31 , 2013 . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Apple Inc . 415,683.3 Exxon Mobil 401,729.8 Apple Inc . 433,099.6 Apple Inc . 504,770.8 Exxon Mobil 403,733.1 Apple Inc . 372,202.3 Exxon Mobil 378,716.2 Exxon Mobil 442,142.8 Berkshire Hathaway 256,801.8 Microsoft 288,488.8 Berkshire Hathaway 280,001.5 Microsoft 312,297.3 PetroChina 254,618.7 Berkshire Hathaway 276,548.5 Microsoft 277,220.9 Google 310,079.1 5 Wal - Mart 246,373.3 Wal - Mart 244,079.4 Johnson & Johnson 244,298.5 Berkshire Hathaway 292,396.0 6 General Electric 239,775.6 Johnson & Johnson 241,170.9 General Electric 243,290.4 General Electric 283,589.8 7 Microsoft 239,602.3 General Electric 239,787.2 Wal - Mart 240,773.3 Johnson & Johnson 258,415.4 8 IBM 237,724.7 Google 238,688.6 Google 237,479.4 Wal - Mart 254,622.8 9 Nestlé 233,792.1 Chevron Corporation 229,402.6 Chevron Corporation 234,740.8 Hoffmann - La Roche 241,368.0 10 Chevron Corporation 230,831.2 ICBC 226,879.8 Hoffmann - La Roche 232,495.2 Chevron Corporation 240,223.4 2012 ( edit ) This Financial Times Global 500 -- based list is up to date as of December 31 , 2012 . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Apple Inc . 559,002.1 Apple Inc . 546,076.1 Apple Inc . 625,348.1 Apple Inc . 500,610.7 Exxon Mobil 408,777.4 Exxon Mobil 400,139.1 Exxon Mobil 422,127.5 Exxon Mobil 394,610.9 PetroChina 278,968.4 PetroChina 257,685.8 PetroChina 253,853.3 PetroChina 264,833.4 Microsoft 270,644.1 Microsoft 256,982.4 Microsoft 249,489.8 BHP Billiton 247,409.0 5 IBM 241,754.6 Wal - Mart 235,900.3 Wal - Mart 248,074.4 ICBC 236,457.9 6 ICBC 236,335.4 IBM 225,598.5 General Electric 239,791.2 China Mobile 234,040.2 7 Royal Dutch Shell 222,425.1 General Electric 220,806.3 IBM 237,068.4 Wal - Mart 228,245.4 8 China Mobile 220,978.9 China Mobile 219,481.3 Chevron Corporation 228,707.1 Samsung Electronics 227,581.8 9 General Electric 212,317.7 Royal Dutch Shell 217,048.2 China Mobile 222,817.8 Microsoft 224,801.0 10 Chevron Corporation 211,950.6 ICBC 211,196.0 Royal Dutch Shell 222,669.6 Royal Dutch Shell 222,669.6 2011 ( edit ) This Financial Times Global 500 -- based list is up to date as of December 31 , 2011 . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Exxon Mobil 417,166.7 Exxon Mobil 400,884.5 Apple Inc . 353,518.1 Exxon Mobil 406,272.1 PetroChina 326,199.2 Apple Inc . 310,412.3 Exxon Mobil 353,135.2 Apple Inc . 376,410.6 Apple Inc . 321,072.1 PetroChina 303,649.9 PetroChina 276,473.9 PetroChina 276,844.9 ICBC 251,078.1 ICBC 246,850.5 IBM 208,843.5 Royal Dutch Shell 236,677.0 5 Petrobras 247,417.6 BHP Billiton 233,626.5 Microsoft 208,534.9 ICBC 228,168.1 6 BHP Billiton 247,079.5 Royal Dutch Shell 225,122.8 ICBC 206,021.4 Microsoft 218,380.1 7 China Construction Bank 232,608.6 Microsoft 219,251.9 China Mobile 198,778.7 IBM 216,724.4 8 Royal Dutch Shell 226,128.7 Nestlé 215,017.5 Royal Dutch Shell 197,061.1 Chevron Corporation 211,893.9 9 Chevron Corporation 215,780.6 Petrobras 210,111.4 Nestlé 191,115.6 Wal - Mart 204,659.8 10 Microsoft 213,336.4 IBM 207,781.4 Chevron Corporation 185,456.1 China Mobile 196,148.4 2000 -- 2010 ( edit ) Click on ( show ) right to reveal information for 2000 -- 2010 This Financial Times Global 500 -- based list is up to date as of December 31 , 2010 . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter PetroChina 329,259.7 Exxon Mobil 291,789.1 Exxon Mobil 314,622.5 Exxon Mobil 368,711.5 Exxon Mobil 316,230.8 PetroChina 268,504.8 PetroChina 270,889.9 PetroChina 303,273.6 Microsoft 256,864.7 Apple Inc . 228,876.8 Apple Inc . 259,223.4 Apple Inc . 295,886.3 ICBC 246,419.8 ICBC 211,258.7 Petrobras 220,616.5 BHP Billiton 243,540.3 5 Apple Inc . 213,096.7 Microsoft 201,655.8 ICBC 213,364.1 Microsoft 238,784.5 6 BHP Billiton 209,935.1 China Mobile 201,471.2 Microsoft 210,676.4 ICBC 233,369.1 7 Wal - Mart 209,000.7 Berkshire Hathaway 197,356.8 China Mobile 205,339.6 Petrobras 229,066.6 8 Berkshire Hathaway 200,620.5 China Construction Bank 189,170.7 Berkshire Hathaway 204,792.0 China Construction Bank 222,245.1 9 General Electric 194,246.2 Wal - Mart 178,322.7 China Construction Bank 202,998.4 Royal Dutch Shell 208,593.7 10 China Mobile 192,998.6 Procter & Gamble 172,736.5 BHP Billiton 196,866.0 Nestlé 203,534.3 2009 ( edit ) This Financial Times Global 500 -- based list is up to date as of December 31 , 2009 . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Exxon Mobil 336,527 PetroChina 366,662.9 Exxon Mobil 329,725 PetroChina 353,140.1 PetroChina 287,185 Exxon Mobil 341,140.3 PetroChina 325,097.5 Exxon Mobil 323,717.1 Wal - Mart 204,365 ICBC 257,004.4 ICBC 237,951.5 Microsoft 270,635.4 ICBC 187,885 Microsoft 211,546.2 Microsoft 229,630.7 ICBC 268,956.2 5 China Mobile 174,673 China Mobile 200,832.4 HSBC 198,561.1 Wal - Mart 203,653.6 6 Microsoft 163,320 Wal - Mart 188,752.0 China Mobile 195,680.4 China Construction Bank 201,436.1 7 AT&T 148,511 China Construction Bank 182,186.7 Wal - Mart 189,331.6 BHP Billiton 201,248 8 Johnson & Johnson 145,481 Petrobras 165,056.9 Petrobras 189,027.7 HSBC 199,254.9 9 Royal Dutch Shell 138,999 Johnson & Johnson 156,515.9 China Construction Bank 186,816.7 Petrobras 199,107.9 10 Procter & Gamble 138,013 Royal Dutch Shell 156,386.7 Royal Dutch Shell 175,986.1 Apple Inc . 189,801.7 2008 ( edit ) This Financial Times Global 500 -- based list is up to date as of December 31 , 2008 . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Exxon Mobil 452,505 Exxon Mobil 465,652 Exxon Mobil 403,366 Exxon Mobil 406,067 PetroChina 423,996 PetroChina 341,140.3 PetroChina 325,097.5 PetroChina 259,836 General Electric 369,569 ICBC 257,004.4 ICBC 237,951.5 Wal - Mart 219,898 Gazprom 299,764 Microsoft 211,546.2 Microsoft 229,630.7 China Mobile 201,291 5 China Mobile 298,093 China Mobile 200,832.4 HSBC 198,561.1 Procter & Gamble 184,576 6 ICBC 277,236 Wal - Mart 188,752.0 China Mobile 195,680.4 ICBC 173,930 7 Microsoft 264,132 China Construction Bank 182,186.7 Wal - Mart 189,331.6 Microsoft 172,929 8 AT&T 231,168 Petrobras 165,056.9 Petrobras 189,027.7 AT&T 167,950 9 Royal Dutch Shell 220,110 Johnson & Johnson 156,515.9 China Construction Bank 186,816.7 Johnson & Johnson 166,002 10 Procter & Gamble 215,640 Royal Dutch Shell 156,386.7 Royal Dutch Shell 175,986.1 General Electric 161,278 2007 ( edit ) This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of December 31 , 2007 . Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Exxon Mobil 429,567 Exxon Mobil 472,519 Exxon Mobil 513,362 Petrochina 723,952 General Electric 363,611 General Electric 393,831 General Electric 424,191 Exxon Mobil 511,887 Microsoft 272,912 Microsoft 281,934 China Mobile 327,937 General Electric 374,637 Citigroup 252,857 Royal Dutch Shell 266,141 ICBC 279,269 China Mobile 354,120 5 AT&T 246,206 AT&T 255,871 Microsoft 276,202 ICBC 338,989 6 Gazprom 245,911 Citigroup 253,703 Royal Dutch Shell 264,397 Microsoft 333,054 7 Toyota Motor Corporation 230,832 Gazprom 245,757 Gazprom 260,249 Gazprom 329,591 8 Bank of America 228,177 BP 231,491 AT&T 258,047 Royal Dutch Shell 269,544 9 ICBC 224,788 Toyota Motor Corporation 228,009 Citigroup 232,162 AT&T 252,051 10 Royal Dutch Shell 214,018 Bank of America 216,963 Bank of America 223,066 Sinopec 249,645 2006 ( edit ) Fourth quarter This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of December 2006 . Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 446,943 General Electric United States Conglomerate 383,564 Microsoft United States Software industry 293,537 Citigroup United States Banking 273,691 5 Gazprom Russia Oil and gas 271,482 6 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China China Banking 254,592 7 Toyota Motor Corporation Japan Automotive 241,161 8 Bank of America United States Banking 239,758 9 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 225,781 10 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 218,643 Third quarter This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of 30 September 2006 . Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 398,906 General Electric United States Conglomerate 364,414 Microsoft United States Software industry 272,679.0 Gazprom Russia Oil and gas 254,634.3 5 Citigroup United States Banking 246,727 6 Bank of America United States Banking 242,451 7 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 216,368 8 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 215,623 9 HSBC United Kingdom Banking 209,774 10 Pfizer United States Health care 206,785 Second quarter This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of 30 June 2006 . Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 371,187 General Electric United States Conglomerate 342,731 Gazprom Russia Oil and gas 246,341 Citigroup United States Banking 239,862 5 Microsoft United States Software industry 237,688 6 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 233,151 7 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 224,925 8 Bank of America United States Banking 219,504 9 HSBC United Kingdom Banking 201,854 10 Wal - Mart United States Retail 200,762 First quarter This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of March 2006 . Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter . Rank Name Headquarters Industry Market value ( USD million ) Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 371,631 General Electric United States Conglomerate 362,527 Microsoft United States Software industry 281,171 Citigroup United States Banking 238,935 5 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 233,260 6 Bank of America United States Banking 211,706 7 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 211,280 8 Wal - Mart United States Retail 196,860 9 Toyota Motor Corporation Japan Automotive 196,731 10 Gazprom Russia Oil and gas 196,339 This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of 31 March 2005 . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) General Electric United States Conglomerate 382,233 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 380,567 Microsoft United States Software industry 262,975 Citigroup United States Banking 234,437 5 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 221,365 6 Wal - Mart United States Retail 212,209 7 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 210,630 8 Johnson & Johnson United States Health care 199,711 9 Pfizer United States Health care 195,945 10 Bank of America United States Banking 178,765 2003 ( edit ) This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of 31 March 2004 . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) General Electric United States Conglomerate 299,336 Microsoft United States Software industry 271,911 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 263,940 Pfizer United States Health care 261,616 5 Citigroup United States Banking 259,191 6 Wal - Mart United States Retail 258,888 7 American International Group United States Insurance 183,696 8 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 179,996 9 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 174,648 10 HSBC United Kingdom Banking 163,574 2002 ( edit ) This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of 31 March 2003 . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) Microsoft United States Software industry 264,003 General Electric United States Conglomerate 259,647 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 241,037 Wal - Mart United States Retail 234,399 5 Pfizer United States Health care 195,948 6 Citigroup United States Banking 183,887 7 Johnson & Johnson United States Health care 170,417 8 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 149,034 9 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 144,381 10 IBM United States Computer software , Computer hardware 139,272 2001 ( edit ) This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of 31 March 2002 . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) General Electric United States Conglomerate 372,089 Microsoft United States Software industry 326,639 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 299,820 Wal - Mart United States Retail 273,220 5 Citigroup United States Banking 255,299 6 Pfizer United States Health care 249,021 7 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 203,838 8 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 200,794 9 Johnson & Johnson United States Health care 197,912 10 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 189,913 2000 ( edit ) This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of 31 March 2001 . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) General Electric United States Conglomerate 477,406 Cisco Systems United States Networking hardware 304,699 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 286,367 Pfizer United States Health care 263,996 5 Microsoft United States Software industry 258,436 6 Wal - Mart United States Retail 250,955 7 Citigroup United States Banking 250,143 8 Vodafone United Kingdom Telecommunications 227,175 9 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 227,048 10 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 206,340 1996 -- 1999 ( edit ) Click on ( show ) right to reveal information for 1996 -- 1999 1999 ( edit ) This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of 31 March 2000 . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) Microsoft United States Software industry 586,197 General Electric United States Conglomerate 474,956 NTT DoCoMo Japan Telecommunications 366,204 Cisco Systems United States Networking hardware 348,965 5 Wal - Mart United States Retail 286,153 6 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 277,096 7 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Japan Telecommunications 274,905 8 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 265,894 9 Lucent Technologies United States Telecommunications 237,668 10 Deutsche Telekom Germany Telecommunications 209,628 1998 ( edit ) This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of 30 September 1998 . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) Microsoft United States Software industry 271,854 General Electric United States Conglomerate 258,871 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 172,213 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 164,157 5 Merck United States Health care 154,753 6 Pfizer United States Health care 148,074 7 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 144,060 8 The Coca - Cola Company United States Beverage 142,164 9 Wal - Mart United States Retail 123,062 10 IBM United States Software industry , Computer hardware 121,184 1997 ( edit ) This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of 30 September 1997 . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) General Electric United States Conglomerate 222,748 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 191,002 Microsoft United States Software industry 159,660 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 157,970 5 The Coca - Cola Company United States Beverage 151,288 6 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 150,838 7 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Japan Telecommunications 146,139 8 Merck United States Health care 120,757 9 Toyota Motor Corporation Japan Automotive 116,585 10 Novartis Switzerland Health care 104,468 This Financial Times -- based list is up to date as of 30 September 1996 . Rank Name Headquarters Primary industry Market value ( USD million ) General Electric United States Conglomerate 136,515 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 128,206 The Coca - Cola Company United States Beverage 117,258 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Japan Telecommunications 113,609 5 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 102,161 Non-Public companies ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2015 ) This Financial Times Non-Public 150 based list is up to date as of December , 2006 . All companies in top 10 are government - owned corporations . Figures are in USD millions . Rank 2006 State - owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council 1,560,000 Saudi Aramco 781,000 Pemex 415,000 Petróleos de Venezuela 388,000 5 Kuwait Petroleum Corporation 378,000 6 Petronas 232,000 7 Sonatrach 224,000 8 National Iranian Oil Company 220,000 9 Japan Post ( priv. 2007 ) 156,000 10 Pertamina 140,000 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Note that in case some companies with multiple classes of stock only one class is considered . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff , Investopedia ( 2004 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Market Capitalization Defined '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` FT 500 2015 Introduction and methodology '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . Jump up ^ Microsoft_2000 Annual Report Quarterly Information . Microsoft.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ NASDAQ SEC Filing . Secfilings.nasdaq.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Graeme Wearden . `` PetroChina makes its debut as world 's first trillion - dollar firm '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` PetroChina opens at 48.6 yuan per share in Shanghai debut , up 191 % '' . Jump up ^ `` Apple market value hits $600 B '' . Yahoo Finance . 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Q3 2018 Results '' ( PDF ) . 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Market Cap '' . ycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon.com Cap '' . ycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft Market Cap '' . ycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alphabet Market Cap ( GOOG ) '' . ycharts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tencent Holdings Market Cap '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facebook Market Cap '' . ycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berkshire Hathaway '' . ycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alibaba Group Holding Market Cap ( BABA ) '' . ycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` JPMorgan Chase Market Cap '' . ycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnson & Johnson Market Cap '' . ycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Exxon Mobil Market Cap '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times FT500 2017 - 04 - 01 '' . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times FT500 2017 - 06 - 30 '' . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times FT500 2017 - 09 - 29 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Tencent and Alibaba top Asia 's market cap ranking in 2017 '' . nikkei.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times FT500 2016 - 03 - 31 '' . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times FT500 2016 - 06 - 16 '' . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times FT500 2016 - 09 - 30 '' . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times FT500 2016 - 12 - 31 '' . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' . Jump up ^ `` FT500 '' . Jump up ^ `` FT500 '' . Jump up ^ 376,801.4 if unlisted classes of shares included , see http://im.ft-static.com/content/images/b2a77270-169d-11e5-b07f-00144feabdc0.xls Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times Global 500 December 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings ? '' ( PDF ) . specials.ft.com . Jump up ^ `` FT.com / Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings ? '' ( PDF ) . specials.ft.com . Jump up ^ `` Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings ? '' ( PDF ) . specials.ft.com . Jump up ^ `` Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings ? '' . specials.ft.com . Jump up ^ `` Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings ? '' . specials.ft.com . Jump up ^ `` Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings ? '' . specials.ft.com . Jump up ^ Financial Times , January 22 , 1998 Jump up ^ Financial Times , January 1997 Jump up ^ `` FT Non-Public 150 - the full list '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Aguiar , Marcos ( December 1 , 2007 ) . `` SASAC : China 's Megashareholder '' . bcg. perspectives . Boston Consulting Group . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . See also ( edit ) List of largest companies by revenue List of companies by employees List of companies by profit and loss List of wealthiest organizations Extreme Wealth Concepts Billionaires Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI Millionaires National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Lists of people Female billionaires Wealthiest Americans Richest royals Wealthiest families Wealthiest historical figures Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization Wealthiest organizations Other lists Cities by number of billionaires Countries by number of billionaires Most expensive things Wealthiest animals See also Business magnate Business oligarch Philanthropy The Giving Pledge The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche Religion and poverty Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization&oldid=857115569 '' Categories : Stock market - related lists Lists of companies Lists by economic indicators Financial markets Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20public%20corporations%20by%20market%20capitalization
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what is the capital of azerbaijan in europe
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Capital Baku 40 ° 25 ′ N 49 ° 50 ′ E / 40.417 ° N 49.833 ° E / 40.417 ; 49.833
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Baku
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Azerbaijan
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azerbaijan
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Azerbaijan ( / ˌæzərbaɪˈʒɑːn / ( listen ) AZ - ər - by - ZHAHN ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası ) ) , is a country in the South Caucasus region , situated at the crossroads of Southwest Asia and Southeastern Europe . It is bound by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bound by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , while having an 11 km border with Turkey in the north west .
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The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first democratic state in the Muslim - oriented world . The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , prior to the official dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno - Karabakh region seceded to form the Nagorno - Karabakh Republic . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno - Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno - Karabakh , found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . The country is a member state of the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program . It is one of six independent Turkic states , an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations . It is one of the founding members of GUAM , the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons . A member of the United Nations since 1992 after its independence , Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 May 2006 . Its term of office began on 19 June 2006 . Azerbaijan is also a member state of the Non-Aligned Movement , holds observer status in World Trade Organization , and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union . The Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion and all major political forces in the country are secularist . However , the majority of the population are of a Shiite Muslim background . Most Azerbaijanis , however , do not actively practice any religion , and the country has been seen to be one of the most irreligious countries in the Muslim world , with 53 % stating religion has little to no importance in their lives , according to Pew Research Center and Gallup polls . Azerbaijan has a high level of human development which ranks on par with most Eastern European countries . It has a high rate of economic development and literacy , as well as a low rate of unemployment . However , the ruling party , the New Azerbaijan Party , has been accused of authoritarianism and human rights abuses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period 2.3 Contemporary history 2.4 Independence 3 Geography 3.1 Landscape 3.2 Biodiversity 4 Politics 4.1 Foreign relations 4.2 Administrative divisions 5 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Energy 6.2 Agriculture 6.3 Tourism 6.4 Transportation 6.5 Science and technology 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnic groups 7.2 Urbanization 7.3 Language 7.4 Religion 7.5 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Music and folk dances 8.2 Literature 8.3 Folk art 8.4 Cuisine 8.5 Architecture 8.6 Visual art 8.7 Cinema 8.8 Media and media freedom 8.9 Human rights in Azerbaijan 8.10 Sports 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Azerbaijan and its main cities According to a modern etymology , the name of Azerbaijan derives from that of Atropates , a Persian satrap under the Achaemenid Empire , who was later reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander the Great . The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once - dominant Zoroastrianism . In the Avesta , Frawardin Yasht ( `` Hymn to the Guardian Angels '' ) , there is a mention of âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide , which literally translates from Avestan as `` we worship the fravashi of the holy Atropatene . '' The name `` Atropates '' itself is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian , probably Median , compounded name with the meaning `` Protected by the ( Holy ) Fire '' or `` The Land of the ( Holy ) Fire '' . The Greek name was mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo . Over the span of millennia the name evolved to Āturpātākān ( Middle Persian ) then to Ādharbādhagān , Ādharbāyagān , Āzarbāydjān ( New Persian ) and present - day Azerbaijan . Further information : Atropatene and Caucasian Albania In 1918 , the government of Musavat adopted the name `` Azerbaijan '' for the new Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , which was proclaimed on 28 May 1918 , for political reasons , even though the name of `` Azerbaijan '' had always been used to refer to the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran . Thus , until 1918 , when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly - independent state Azerbaijan , the designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan . During Soviet rule , the country was also spelled in English from the Russian transliteration as `` Azerbaydzhan '' . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Azerbaijan Antiquity ( edit ) Further information : Caucasian Albania Petroglyphs in Gobustan National Park dating back to the 10th millennium BC indicating a thriving culture . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be of `` outstanding universal value '' . The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates back to the late Stone Age and is related to the Guruchay culture of Azokh Cave . The Upper Paleolithic and late Bronze Age cultures are attested in the caves of Tağılar , Damcılı , Zar , Yataq - yeri and in the necropolises of Leylatepe and Saraytepe . Early settlements included the Scythians in the 9th century BC . Following the Scythians , Iranian Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras . The Medes forged a vast empire between 900 -- 700 BC , which was integrated into the Achaemenid Empire around 550 BC . The area was conquered by the Achaemenids leading to the spread of Zoroastrianism . Later it became part of Alexander the Great 's Empire and its successor , the Seleucid Empire . During this period , Zoroastrianism spread in the Caucasus and Atropatene . Caucasian Albanians , the original inhabitants of northeastern Azerbaijan , ruled that area from around the 4th century BC , and established an independent kingdom . From the sasanid period to the Safavid period ( edit ) The Maiden Tower and The Palace of the Shirvanshahs in the Old City of Baku is a UNESCO World Heritage Site built in the 11th -- 12th century . The Sasanian Empire turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state in 252 , while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century . Despite Sassanid rule , Albania remained an entity in the region until the 9th century , while fully subordinate to Sassanid Iran , and retained its monarchy . Despite being one of the chief vassals of the Sasanian emperor , the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority , and the Sasanian marzban ( military governor ) held most civil , religious , and military authority . In the first half of the 7th century , Caucasian Albania , as a vassal of the Sasanians , came under nominal Muslim rule due to the Muslim conquest of Persia . The Umayyad Caliphate repulsed both the Sasanians and Byzantines from Transcaucasia and turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state after Christian resistance led by King Javanshir , was suppressed in 667 . The power vacuum left by the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate was filled by numerous local dynasties such as the Sallarids , Sajids , Shaddadids , Rawadids and Buyids . At the beginning of the 11th century , the territory was gradually seized by waves of Oghuz Turks from Central Asia . The first of these Turkic dynasties established was the Seljuk Empire , who entered the area now known as Azerbaijan by 1067 . The pre-Turkic population that lived on the territory of modern Azerbaijan spoke several Indo - European and Caucasian languages , among them Armenian and an Iranian language , Old Azeri , which was gradually replaced by a Turkic language , the early precursor of the Azerbaijani language of today . Some linguists have also stated that the Tati dialects of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan , like those spoken by the Tats , are descended from Old Azeri . Locally , the possessions of the subsequent Seljuk Empire were ruled by Eldiguzids , technically vassals of the Seljuk sultans , but sometimes de facto rulers themselves . Under the Seljuks , local poets such as Nizami Ganjavi and Khaqani gave rise to a blossoming of Persian literature on the territory of present - day Azerbaijan . The next ruling state , the Jalairid Sultanate , was short - lived and fell as a conquest of Timur . The local dynasty of the Shirvanshahs became a vassal state of Timur 's Empire , and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh . Following Timur 's death , two independent and rival states emerged : Kara Koyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu . The Shirvanshahs returned , maintaining a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals from 861 , for numerous centuries to come . In 1501 , the Safavid dynasty of Iran subdued the Shirvanshahs , and gained its possessions . In the course of the next century , the Safavids converted the formerly Sunni population to Shia Islam , as they did with the population in what is modern - day Iran . The Safavids allowed the Shirvanshahs to remain in power , under Safavid suzerainty , until 1538 , when Safavid king Tahmasp I ( r . 1524 - 1576 ) completely deposed them , and made the area into the Safavid province of Shirvan . The Sunni Ottomans briefly managed to occupy parts of present - day Azerbaijan as a result of the Ottoman - Safavid War of 1578 - 1590 ; by the early 17th century , they were ousted by Safavid Iranian ruler Abbas I ( r . 1588 - 1629 ) . In the wake of the demise of the Safavid Empire , Baku and its environs were briefly occupied by the Russians as a consequence of the Russo - Persian War of 1722 - 1723 . Despite brief intermissions such as these by Safavid Iran 's neighboring rivals , the land of what is today Azerbaijan remained under Iranian rule from the earliest advent of the Safavids up to the course of the 19th century . Contemporary history ( edit ) Main articles : Russo - Persian Wars , Treaty of Gulistan , and Treaty of Turkmenchay See also : Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , Azerbaijan SSR , and Operation Edelweiss Territories of the khanates ( and sultanates ) in the 18th -- 19th century . After the Safavids , the area was ruled by the Iranian Afsharid dynasty . After the death of Nader Shah ( r . 1736 - 1747 ) , many of his former subjects capitalized on the eruption of instability . Numerous self - ruling khanates with various forms of autonomy emerged in the area . These rulers of these khanates were directly related to the ruling dynasties of Iran , and were vassals and subjects of the Iranian shah . The khanates exercised control over their affairs via international trade routes between Central Asia and the West . Thereafter , the area was under the successive rule of the Iranian Zands and Qajars . From the late 18th century , Imperial Russia switched to a more aggressive geo - political stance towards its two neighbors and rivals to the south , namely Iran and the Ottoman Empire . Russia now actively tried to gain possession of the Caucasus region which was , for the most part , in the hands of Iran . In 1804 , the Russians invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja , sparking the Russo - Persian War of 1804 - 1813 . Militarily superior , the Russians ended the Russo - Persian War of 1804 - 1813 with a victory . The siege of Ganja Fortress in 1804 during the Russo - Persian War of 1804 - 1813 by Russian forces under the leadership of General Pavel Tsitsianov . Following Qajar Iran 's loss in the 1804 -- 1813 war , it was forced to concede suzerainty over most of the khanates , along with Georgia and Dagestan to the Russian Empire , per the Treaty of Gulistan . The area to the north of the river Aras , amongst which territory lies the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan , was Iranian territory until it was occupied by Russia in the 19th century . About a decade later , in violation of the Gulistan treaty , the Russians invaded Iran 's Erivan Khanate . This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two , the Russo - Persian War of 1826 - 1828 . The resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay , forced Qajar Iran to cede sovereignty over the Erivan Khanate , the Nakhchivan Khanate and the remainder of the Lankaran Khanate , comprising the last parts of the soil of the contemporary Azerbaijani Republic that were still in Iranian hands . After incorporation of all Caucasian territories from Iran into Russia , the new border between the two was set at the Aras River , which , upon the Soviet Union 's disintegration , subsequently became part of the border between Iran and the Azerbaijan Republic . Qajar Iran was forced to cede its Caucasian territories to Russia in the 19th century , which thus included the territory of the modern - day Azerbaijan Republic , while as a result of that cession , the Azerbaijani ethnic group is nowadays parted between two nations : Iran and Azerbaijan . Nevertheless , the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran far outnumber those in neighbouring Azerbaijan . After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I , the short - lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was declared , constituting what are the present - day republics of Azerbaijan , Georgia , and Armenia . It was followed by the March Days massacres that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire . When the republic dissolved in May 1918 , the leading Musavat party declared independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ( ADR ) , adopting the name of `` Azerbaijan '' for the new republic ; a name that prior to the proclamation of the ADR was solely used to refer to the adjacent northwestern region of contemporary Iran . The ADR was the first modern parliamentary republic in the Muslim world . Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women , making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men . Another important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of Baku State University , which was the first modern - type university founded in the Muslim East . Map presented by delegation from Azerbaijan to Paris Peace Conference in 1919 . By March 1920 , it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack Baku . Vladimir Lenin said that the invasion was justified as Soviet Russia could not survive without Baku 's oil . Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army invaded it , establishing the Azerbaijan SSR on 28 April 1920 . Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in Karabakh , Azerbaijanis did not surrender their brief independence of 1918 -- 20 quickly or easily . As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest . On 13 October 1921 , the Soviet republics of Russia , Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia signed an agreement with Turkey known as the Treaty of Kars . The previously independent Republic of Aras would also become the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Azerbaijan SSR by the treaty of Kars . On the other hand , Armenia was awarded the region of Zangezur and Turkey agreed to return Gyumri ( then known as Alexandropol ) . During World War II , Azerbaijan played a crucial role in the strategic energy policy of the Soviet Union , with 80 percent of the Soviet Union 's oil on the Eastern Front being supplied by Baku . By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in February 1942 , the commitment of more than 500 workers and employees of the oil industry of Azerbaijan were awarded orders and medals . Operation Edelweiss carried out by the German Wehrmacht targeted Baku because of its importance as the energy ( petroleum ) dynamo of the USSR . A fifth of all Azerbaijanis fought in the Second World War from 1941 to 1945 . Approximately 681,000 people with over 100,000 of them women went to the front , while the total population of Azerbaijan was 3.4 million at the time . Some 250,000 people from Azerbaijan were killed on the front . More than 130 Azerbaijanis were named Heroes of the Soviet Union . Azerbaijani Major - General Azi Aslanov was twice awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union . Independence ( edit ) Red Army paratroops during the Black January tragedy in 1990 . Following the politics of glasnost , initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev , civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union , including Nagorno - Karabakh , an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR . The disturbances in Azerbaijan , in response to Moscow 's indifference to already heated conflict , resulted in calls for independence and secession , which culminated in Black January in Baku . Later in 1990 , the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR dropped the words `` Soviet Socialist '' from the title , adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic and restored flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as the state flag . As an consequence of the failed coup that occurred in August in Moscow , on 18 October 1991 , the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December 1991 , when the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist on 26 December 1991 . The early years of independence were overshadowed by the Nagorno - Karabakh war with the ethnic Armenian majority of Nagorno - Karabakh backed by Armenia . By the end of hostilities in 1994 , Armenians controlled up to 14 -- 16 percent of Azerbaijani territory , including Nagorno - Karabakh itself . During the war many atrocities were committed including the massacre at Malibeyli and Gushchular , the Garadaghly , Agdaban and the Khojaly massacres . Furthermore , an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and more than a million people had been displaced . Four United Nations Security Council Resolutions ( 822 , 853 , 874 , and 884 ) demand for `` the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan . '' Many Russians and Armenians left Azerbaijan during the 1990s . According to the 1970 census , there were 510,000 ethnic Russians and 484,000 Armenians in Azerbaijan . In 1993 , democratically elected president Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov , which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan , Heydar Aliyev . In 1994 , Surat Huseynov , by that time a prime minister , attempted another military coup against Heydar Aliyev , but Huseynov was arrested and charged with treason . A year later , in 1995 , another coup was attempted against Aliyev , this time by the commander of the OMON special unit , Rovshan Javadov . The coup was averted , resulting in the killing of the latter and disbanding of Azerbaijan 's OMON units . At the same time , the country was tainted by rampant corruption in the governing bureaucracy . In October 1998 , Aliyev was reelected for a second term . Despite the much improved economy , particularly with the exploitations of Azeri - Chirag - Guneshli oil field and Shah Deniz gas field , Aliyev 's presidency was criticized due to suspected vote fraud and corruption . Ilham Aliyev , the son of Heydar Aliyev , became chairman of the New Azerbaijan Party as well as President of Azerbaijan when his father died in 2003 . He was reelected to a third term as president in October 2013 . Geography ( edit ) Azerbaijan map of Köppen climate classification . Main articles : Geography of Azerbaijan , Environment of Azerbaijan , State reserves of Azerbaijan , and National parks of Azerbaijan See also : Extreme points of Azerbaijan Caucasus Mountains in northern Azerbaijan . Geographically Azerbaijan is located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia , straddling Western Asia and Eastern Europe . It lies between latitudes 38 ° and 42 ° N , and longitudes 44 ° and 51 ° E. The total length of Azerbaijan 's land borders is 2,648 km ( 1,645 mi ) , of which 1,007 kilometers are with Armenia , 756 kilometers with Iran , 480 kilometers with Georgia , 390 kilometers with Russia and 15 kilometers with Turkey . The coastline stretches for 800 km ( 497 mi ) , and the length of the widest area of the Azerbaijani section of the Caspian Sea is 456 km ( 283 mi ) . The territory of Azerbaijan extends 400 km ( 249 mi ) from north to south , and 500 km ( 311 mi ) from west to east . Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan : the Caspian Sea , whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east ; the Greater Caucasus mountain range to the north ; and the extensive flatlands at the country 's center . There are also three mountain ranges , the Greater and Lesser Caucasus , and the Talysh Mountains , together covering approximately 40 % of the country . The highest peak of Azerbaijan is mount Bazardüzü ( 4,466 m ) , while the lowest point lies in the Caspian Sea ( − 28 m ) . Nearly half of all the mud volcanoes on Earth are concentrated in Azerbaijan , these volcanoes were also among nominees for the New7Wonders of Nature . The main water sources are surface waters . However , only 24 of the 8,350 rivers are greater than 100 km ( 62 mi ) in length . All the rivers drain into the Caspian Sea in the east of the country . The largest lake is Sarysu ( 67 km2 ) , and the longest river is Kur ( 1,515 km ) , which is transboundary with Armenia . Azerbaijan 's four main islands in the Caspian Sea have a combined area of over thirty square kilometers . Since the independence of Azerbaijan in 1991 , the Azerbaijani government has taken drastic measures to preserve the environment of Azerbaijan . But national protection of the environment started to truly improve after 2001 when the state budget increased due to new revenues provided by the Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan pipeline . Within four years protected areas doubled and now make up eight percent of the country 's territory . Since 2001 the government has set up seven large reserves and almost doubled the sector of the budget earmarked for environmental protection . Landscape ( edit ) Main articles : Orography of Azerbaijan , Climate of Azerbaijan , and Water bodies of Azerbaijan Mount Bazarduzu , the highest peak of Azerbaijan , as seen from Mount Shahdagh The landscape of Khinalug valley . Azerbaijan is home to a vast variety of landscapes . Over half of Azerbaijan 's land mass consists of mountain ridges , crests , yailas , and plateaus which rise up to hypsometric levels of 400 -- 1000 meters ( including the Middle and Lower lowlands ) , in some places ( Talis , Jeyranchol - Ajinohur and Langabiz - Alat foreranges ) up to 100 -- 120 meters , and others from 0 -- 50 meters and up ( Qobustan , Absheron ) . The rest of Azerbaijan 's terrain consist of plains and lowlands . Hypsometric marks within the Caucasus region vary from about − 28 meters at the Caspian Sea shoreline up to 4,466 meters ( Bazardüzü peak ) . The formation of climate in Azerbaijan is influenced particularly by cold arctic air masses of Scandinavian anticyclone , temperate of Siberian anticyclone , and Central Asian anticyclone . Azerbaijan 's diverse landscape affects the ways air masses enter the country . The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses coming from the north . That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country . Meanwhile , plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates . 9 out of 11 existing climate zones are present in Azerbaijan . Both the absolute minimum temperature ( − 33 ° C or − 27.4 ° F ) and the absolute maximum temperature ( 46 ° C or 114.8 ° F ) were observed in Julfa and Ordubad -- regions of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . The maximum annual precipitation falls in Lankaran ( 1,600 to 1,800 mm or 63 to 71 in ) and the minimum in Absheron ( 200 to 350 mm or 7.9 to 13.8 in ) . Murovdag is the highest mountain range in the Lesser Caucasus . Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan , they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period ( what period would that be ? ? ) . This is particularly evidenced by remnants of ancient rivers found throughout the country . The country 's water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human introduced industrial activities . Artificial rivers ( canals ) and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan 's water systems . In terms of water supply , Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately 100,000 cubic metres ( 3,531,467 cubic feet ) per year of water per square kilometer . All big water reservoirs are built on Kur . The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea basin . There are 8,350 rivers of various lengths within Azerbaijan . Only 24 rivers are over 100 kilometers long . The Kura and Aras are the major rivers in Azerbaijan , they run through the Kura - Aras Lowland . The rivers that directly flow into the Caspian Sea , originate mainly from the north - eastern slope of the Major Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur -- Devechi and Lankaran lowlands . Yanar Dag , translated as `` burning mountain '' , is a natural gas fire which blazes continuously on a hillside on the Absheron Peninsula on the Caspian Sea near Baku , which itself is known as the `` land of fire . '' Flames jet out into the air from a thin , porous sandstone layer . It is a tourist attraction to visitors to the Baku area . Biodiversity ( edit ) Main article : Wildlife of Azerbaijan Further information : Fauna of Azerbaijan and Flora of Azerbaijan The Karabakh horse is the national animal of Azerbaijan . The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers . Animal carvings on architectural monuments , ancient rocks and stones survived up to the present times . The first information on the flora and fauna of Azerbaijan was collected during the visits of naturalists to Azerbaijan in the 17th century . There are 106 species of mammals , 97 species of fish , 363 species of birds , 10 species of amphibians and 52 species of reptiles which have been recorded and classified in Azerbaijan . The national animal of Azerbaijan is the Karabakh horse , a mountain - steppe racing and riding horse endemic to Azerbaijan . The Karabakh horse has a reputation for its good temper , speed , elegance and intelligence . It is one of the oldest breeds , with ancestry dating to the ancient world . However , today the horse is an endangered species . Azerbaijan 's flora consists of more than 4,500 species of higher plants . Due to the unique climate in Azerbaijan , the flora is much richer in the number of species than the flora of the other republics of the South Caucasus . About 67 percent of the species growing in the whole Caucasus can be found in Azerbaijan . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Azerbaijan See also : Elections in Azerbaijan and Human rights in Azerbaijan Government building . The son of former President Heydar Aliyev , Ilham Aliyev succeeded his father and has remained in power since 2003 . The structural formation of Azerbaijan 's political system was completed by the adoption of the new Constitution on 12 November 1995 . According to Article 23 of the Constitution , the state symbols of the Azerbaijan Republic are the flag , the coat of arms , and the national anthem . The state power in Azerbaijan is limited only by law for internal issues , but for international affairs is additionally limited by the provisions of international agreements . The government of Azerbaijan is based on the separation of powers among the legislative , executive , and judicial branches . The legislative power is held by the unicameral National Assembly and the Supreme National Assembly in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . Parliamentary elections are held every five years , on the first Sunday of November . The Yeni Azerbaijan Party , and independents loyal to the ruling government , currently hold almost all of the Parliament 's 125 seats . During the 2010 Parliamentary election , the opposition parties , Musavat and Azerbaijani Popular Front Party , failed to win a single seat . European observers found numerous irregularities in the run - up to the election and on election day . The executive power is held by the president , who is elected for a seven - year term by direct elections , and the prime minister . The president is authorized to form the Cabinet , a collective executive body , accountable to both the president and the National Assembly . The Cabinet of Azerbaijan consists primarily of the prime minister , his deputies , and ministers . The president does not have the right to dissolve the National Assembly , but he has the right to veto its decisions . To override the presidential veto , the parliament must have a majority of 95 votes . The judicial power is vested in the Constitutional Court , Supreme Court , and the Economic Court . The president nominates the judges in these courts . The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice ( CEPEJ ) report refers to the Azerbaijani justice model on the selection of new judges as best practice that reflects the particular features and the course of development towards ensuring the independence and quality of the judiciary in a new democracy . The Security Council is the deliberative body under the president , and he organizes it according to the Constitution . It was established on 10 April 1997 . The administrative department is not a part of the president 's office but manages the financial , technical and pecuniary activities of both the president and his office . Although Azerbaijan has held several elections since regaining its independence and it has many of the formal institutions of democracy , it remains classified as `` not free '' ( on border with `` partly free '' ) by Freedom House . In recent years , large numbers of Azerbaijani journalists , bloggers , lawyers , and human rights activists have been rounded up and jailed for their criticism of President Aliyev and government authorities . A resolution adopted by the European Parliament in September 2015 described Azerbaijan as `` having suffered the greatest decline in democratic governance in all of Eurasia over the past ten years , '' noting as well that its dialogue with the country on human rights has `` not made any substantial progress . '' On 17 March 2016 , the President of Azerbaijan signed a decree pardoning more than a dozen of the persons regarded as political prisoners by some NGOs . This decree was welcomed as a positive step by the US State Department . On 16 March 2017 another pardon decree was signed , which led to the release of additional persons regarded as political prisoners . Azerbaijan has been harshly criticized for bribing foreign officials and diplomats in order to promote its causes abroad and legitimize its elections at home , a practice which has been termed as ' caviar diplomacy ' . However , on 6 March 2017 , ESISC ( European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center ) published a report called `` The Armenian Connection '' where it attacked human rights NGOs and research organisations criticising human rights violations and corruption in Azerbaijan . ESISC in that report asserted that `` Caviar diplomacy '' report elaborated by ESI aimed to create climate of suspicion based on slander to form a network of MPs that would engage in a political war against Azerbaijan , and that the network composed of European PMs , Armenian officials and some NGOs : Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International , `` Human Rights House Foundation '' , `` Open Dialog , European Stability Initiative , and Helsinki Committee for Human Rights , was financed by the Soros Foundation . According to Robert Coalson ( Radio Free Europe ) , ESISC is a part of Baku 's lobbying efforts to extend to the use of front think tanks to shift public opinion . Freedom Files Analytical Centre said that `` The report is written in the worst traditions of authoritarian propaganda '' . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Azerbaijan See also : Azerbaijan and the European Union Vladimir Putin in Azerbaijan in August 2013 The short - lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with six countries , sending diplomatic representatives to Germany and Finland . The process of international recognition of Azerbaijan 's independence from the collapsing Soviet Union lasted roughly one year . The most recent country to recognize Azerbaijan was Bahrain , on 6 November 1996 . Full diplomatic relations , including mutual exchanges of missions , were first established with Turkey , Pakistan , the United States , Iran and Israel . Azerbaijan has placed a particular emphasis on its `` special relationship '' with Turkey . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries so far and holds membership in 38 international organizations . It holds observer status in the Non-Aligned Movement and World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union . On 9 May 2006 Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly . The term of office began on 19 June 2006 . Azerbaijan for the first time elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in 2011 with the support of 155 countries . Ilham Aliyev attends the Caspian Sea Summit in Astrakhan , Russia , 29 September 2014 Foreign policy priorities of Azerbaijan include , first of all , the restoration of its territorial integrity ; elimination of the consequences of occupation of Nagorno - Karabakh and seven other regions of Azerbaijan surrounding Nagorno - Karabakh ; integration into European and Euro - Atlantic structure ; contribution to international security ; cooperation with international organizations ; regional cooperation and bilateral relations ; strengthening of defense capability ; promotion of security by domestic policy means ; strengthening of democracy ; preservation of ethnic and religious tolerance ; scientific , educational , and cultural policy and preservation of moral values ; economic and social development ; enhancing internal and border security ; and migration , energy , and transportation security policy . The Azerbaijani government , in late 2007 , stated that the long - standing dispute over the Armenian - occupied territory of Nagorno - Karabakh is almost certain to spark a new war if it remains unresolved . The Government is in the process of increasing its military budget . Azerbaijan is an active member of international coalitions fighting international terrorism . Azerbaijan was one of the first countries to offer support after the September 11 attacks . The country is contributing to peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo , Afghanistan and Iraq . Azerbaijan is an active member of NATO 's Partnership for Peace program . It also maintains good relations with the European Union and could potentially one day apply for membership . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan is divided into 10 economic regions ; 66 rayons ( rayonlar , singular rayon ) and 77 cities ( şəhərlər , singular şəhər ) of which 12 are under the direct authority of the republic . Moreover , Azerbaijan includes the Autonomous Republic ( muxtar respublika ) of Nakhchivan . The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units , while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . Absheron Economic Region Absheron ( Abşeron ) Khizi ( Xızı ) Baku ( Bakı ) Sumqayit ( Sumqayıt ) Aran Economic Region Aghjabadi ( Ağcabədi ) Aghdash ( Ağdaş ) Barda ( Bərdə ) Beylagan ( Beyləqan ) Bilasuvar ( Biləsuvar ) Goychay ( Göyçay ) Hajigabul ( Hacıqabul ) Imishli ( İmişli ) Kurdamir ( Kürdəmir ) Neftchala ( Neftçala ) Saatly ( Saatlı ) Sabirabad ( Sabirabad ) Salyan ( Salyan ) Ujar ( Ucar ) Yevlakh ( Yevlax ) Zardab ( Zərdab ) Mingachevir ( Mingəçevir ) Shirvan ( Şirvan ) Yevlakh ( Yevlax ) Daghlig Shirvan Aghsu ( Ağsu ) Gobustan ( Qobustan ) Ismailly ( İsmayıllı ) Shamakhy ( Şamaxı ) Ganja - Gazakh Aghstafa ( Ağstafa ) Dashkasan ( Daşkəsən ) Gadabay ( Gədəbəy ) Gazakh ( Qazax ) Goygol ( Göygöl ) Goranboy ( Goranboy ) Samukh ( Samux ) Shamkir ( Şəmkir ) Tovuz ( Tovuz ) Ganja ( Gəncə ) Naftalan ( Naftalan ) Guba - Khachmaz Guba ( Quba ) Gusar ( Qusar ) Khachmaz ( Xaçmaz ) Shabran ( Şabran ) Siyazan ( Siyəzən ) Kalbajar - Lachin Gubadly ( Qubadlı ) Kalbajar ( Kəlbəcər ) Lachin ( Laçın ) Zangilan ( Zəngilan ) Lankaran Astara ( Astara ) Jalilabad ( Cəlilabad ) Lankaran ( Lənkəran ) Lerik ( Lerik ) Masally ( Masallı ) Yardimly ( Yardımlı ) Lankaran ( Lənkəran ) Nakhchivan Babek ( Babək ) Julfa ( Culfa ) Kangarli ( Kəngərli ) Ordubad ( Ordubad ) Sadarak ( Sədərək ) Shahbuz ( Şahbuz ) Sharur ( Şərur ) Nakhchivan ( Naxçıvan ) Shaki - Zaqatala Balakan ( Balakən ) Gabala ( Qəbələ ) Gakh ( Qax ) Oghuz ( Oğuz ) Shaki ( Şəki ) Zaqatala ( Zaqatala ) Shaki ( Şəki ) Yukhari Garabakh Aghdam ( Ağdam ) Fuzuli ( Füzuli ) Jabrayil ( Cəbrayıl ) Khojaly ( Xocalı ) Khojavend ( Xocavənd ) Shusha ( Şuşa ) Tartar ( Tərtər ) Khankendi ( Xankəndi ) Shusha ( Şuşa ) Azerbaijan is divided into 10 economic regions Note : The cities under the direct authority of the republic in italics . Military ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani Armed Forces Azerbaijani Navy fleet during the 2011 military parade in Baku . Azerbaijani Special Forces during military parade . The history of the modern Azerbaijan army dates back to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 , when the National Army of the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was created on 26 June 1918 . When Azerbaijan gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were created according to the Law on the Armed Forces of 9 October 1991 . The original date of the establishment of the short - lived National Army is celebrated as Army Day ( 26 June ) in today 's Azerbaijan . As of 2002 , Azerbaijan had 95,000 active personnel in its armed forces . There are also 17,000 paramilitary troops . The armed forces have three branches : the Land Forces , the Air Forces and the Navy . Additionally the armed forces embrace several military sub-groups that can be involved in state defense when needed . These are the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Border Service , which includes the Coast Guard as well . The Azerbaijan National Guard is a further paramilitary force . It operates as a semi-independent entity of the Special State Protection Service , an agency subordinate to the President . Contingent from the Azerbaijani military during the Moscow Victory Day Parade , 9 May 2015 Azerbaijan adheres to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and has signed all major international arms and weapons treaties . Azerbaijan closely cooperates with NATO in programs such as Partnership for Peace and Individual Partnership Action Plan . Azerbaijan has deployed 151 of its Peacekeeping Forces in Iraq and another 184 in Afghanistan . The defense budget of Azerbaijan for 2011 was set at US $3.1 billion . In addition to that , $1.36 billion was planned to be used for the needs of the defense industry , which bring up the total military budget to 4.6 billion . Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev said on 26 June 2011 that the defence spending reached $3.3 billion that year . Azerbaijan 's defense budget for 2013 is $3.7 billion . Azerbaijani defense industry manufactures small arms , artillery systems , tanks , armors and noctovision devices , aviation bombs , pilotless vehicles , various military vehicles and military planes and helicopters . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Azerbaijan After gaining independence in 1991 , Azerbaijan became a member of the International Monetary Fund , the World Bank , the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , the Islamic Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank . The banking system of Azerbaijan consists of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan , commercial banks and non-banking credit organizations . The National ( now Central ) Bank was created in 1992 based on the Azerbaijan State Savings Bank , an affiliate of the former State Savings Bank of the USSR . The Central Bank serves as Azerbaijan 's central bank , empowered to issue the national currency , the Azerbaijani manat , and to supervise all commercial banks . Two major commercial banks are UniBank and the state - owned International Bank of Azerbaijan , run by Dr. Jahangir Hajiyev . Pushed up by spending and demand growth , the 2007 Q1 inflation rate reached 16.6 % . Nominal incomes and monthly wages climbed 29 % and 25 % respectively against this figure , but price increases in non-oil industry encouraged inflation . Azerbaijan shows some signs of the so - called `` Dutch disease '' because of its fast - growing energy sector , which causes inflation and makes non-energy exports more expensive . In the early 2000s the chronically high inflation was brought under control . This led to the launch of a new currency , the new Azerbaijani manat , on 1 January 2006 , to cement the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy . In 2008 , Azerbaijan was cited as one of the top 10 reformers by the World Bank 's Doing Business Report . Azerbaijan led the world as the top reformer in 2007 / 08 , with improvements on seven out of 10 indicators of regulatory reform . Azerbaijan started operating a one - stop shop in January 2008 that halved the time , cost and number of procedures to start a business . Business registrations increased by 40 % in the first six months . Azerbaijan also eliminated the minimum loan cutoff of $1,100 , more than doubling the number of borrowers covered by the credit registry . Also , taxpayers can now file forms and pay their taxes online . Azerbaijan 's extensive reforms moved it far up the ranks , from 97 to 33 in the overall ease of doing business . Azerbaijan is also ranked 57th in the Global Competitiveness Report for 2010 -- 2011 , above other CIS countries . By 2012 the GDP of Azerbaijan had increased 20-fold from to its 1995 level . Energy ( edit ) Main article : Energy in Azerbaijan Further information : Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan A pumping unit for the mechanical extraction of oil on the outskirts of Baku . Two - thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas . The history of the oil industry of Azerbaijan dates back to the ancient period . Arabian historian and traveler Ahmed Al - Belaruri mentioned about the economics of Absheron peninsula in the ancient times , oil lands , also , white and black oil in Absheron . The region of the Lesser Caucasus accounts for most of the country 's gold , silver , iron , copper , titanium , chromium , manganese , cobalt , molybdenum , complex ore and antimony . In September 1994 , a 30 - year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic ( SOCAR ) and 13 oil companies , among them Amoco , BP , ExxonMobil , Lukoil and Statoil . As Western oil companies are able to tap deepwater oilfields untouched by the Soviet exploitation , Azerbaijan is considered one of the most important spots in the world for oil exploration and development . Meanwhile , the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan was established as an extra-budgetary fund to ensure macroeconomic stability , transparency in the management of oil revenue , and safeguarding of resources for future generations . Azeriqaz , a sub-company of SOCAR , intends to ensure full gasification of the country by 2021 . Azerbaijan is one of the sponsors of the East -- West and North -- South energy transport corridors . Baku -- Tbilisi -- Kars railway line will connect the Caspian region with Turkey , is expected to be completed in July 2017 . The Trans - Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline ( TANAP ) and Trans - Adriatic Pipeline ( TAP ) will deliver natural gas from Azerbaijan 's Shah Deniz gas to Turkey and Europe . Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Azerbaijan Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region . About 54.9 percent of Azerbaijan is agricultural land . At the beginning of 2007 there were 4,755,100 hectares of utilized agricultural area . In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m3 . Azerbaijan 's agricultural scientific research institutes are focused on meadows and pastures , horticulture and subtropical crops , green vegetables , viticulture and wine - making , cotton growing and medicinal plants . In some areas it is profitable to grow grain , potatoes , sugar beets , cotton and tobacco . Livestock , dairy products , and wine and spirits are also important farm products . The Caspian fishing industry concentrates on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga . In 2002 the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 54 ships . Some products previously imported from abroad have begun to be produced locally . Among them are Coca - Cola by Coca - Cola Bottlers LTD , beer by Baki - Kastel , parquet by Nehir and oil pipes by EUPEC Pipe Coating Azerbaijan . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Azerbaijan Shahdag Mountain Resort is the country 's largest winter resort . Tourism is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan . The country was a well - known tourist spot in the 1980s . However , the fall of the Soviet Union , and the Nagorno - Karabakh War during the 1990s , damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination . It was not until the 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover , and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays . In the recent years , Azerbaijan has also become a popular destination for religious , spa , and health care tourism . During winter , the Shahdag Mountain Resort offers skiing with state of the art facilities . The government of Azerbaijan has set the development of Azerbaijan as an elite tourist destination as a top priority . It is a national strategy to make tourism a major , if not the single largest , contributor to the Azerbaijani economy . These activities are regulated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan . There are 63 countries which have visa - free score . E-visa -- for a visit of foreigners of visa - required countries to the Republic of Azerbaijan . According to Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 of the World Economic Forum Azerbaijan holds 84th place . Azerbaijan placed among top ten countries due to the strongest growth in visitor exports in years of 2010 - 2016 according to the report prepared by the World Travel and Tourism Council . As well as , Azerbaijan is at the first place ( 46.1 % ) among the countries which have the fastest developing travel and tourism economies in addition with strong inbound international visitor spending last year . Transportation ( edit ) Main articles : Transportation in Azerbaijan and Rail transport in Azerbaijan The convenient location of Azerbaijan on the crossroad of major international traffic arteries , such as the Silk Road and the south -- north corridor , highlights the strategic importance of transportation sector for the country 's economy . The transport sector in the country includes roads , railways , aviation , and maritime transport . Azerbaijan is also an important economic hub in the transportation of raw materials . The Baku -- Tbilisi -- Ceyhan pipeline ( BTC ) became operational in May 2006 and extends more than 1,774 kilometers through the territories of Azerbaijan , Georgia and Turkey . The BTC is designed to transport up to 50 million tons of crude oil annually and carries oil from the Caspian Sea oilfields to global markets . The South Caucasus Pipeline , also stretching through the territory of Azerbaijan , Georgia and Turkey , became operational at the end of 2006 and offers additional gas supplies to the European market from the Shah Deniz gas field . Shah Deniz is expected to produce up to 296 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year . Azerbaijan also plays a major role in the EU - sponsored Silk Road Project . In 2002 , the Azerbaijani government established the Ministry of Transport with a broad range of policy and regulatory functions . In the same year , the country became a member of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic . The highest priority being ; upgrading the transport network and transforming transportation services into one of the key comparative advantages of the country , as this would be highly conducive to the development of other sectors of the economy . In 2012 , the construction of Kars -- Tbilisi -- Baku railway expected to provide transportation between Asia and Europe through connecting the railways of China and Kazakhstan in the east with Turkey 's Marmaray to the European railway system in the west . Broad - gauge railways in 2010 stretched for 2,918 km ( 1,813 mi ) and electrified railways numbered 1,278 km ( 794 mi ) . By 2010 , there were 35 airports and one heliport . Science and technology ( edit ) Main articles : Communications in Azerbaijan , Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency , and List of Azerbaijani inventions and discoveries Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory In the 21st century , a new oil and gas boom helped to improve the situation in Azerbaijan 's science and technology sectors , and the government launched a campaign aimed at modernization and innovation . The government estimates that profits from the information technology and communication industry will grow and become comparable with those from oil production . Azerbaijan has a large and steadily growing Internet sector , mostly uninfluenced by the global financial crisis ; rapid growth is forecast for at least five more years . The country has also been making progress in developing its telecoms sector . The Ministry of Communications & Information Technologies ( MCIT ) , as well as being an operator through its role in Aztelekom , is both a policy - maker and regulator . Public pay phones are available for local calls and require the purchase of a token from the telephone exchange or some shops and kiosks . Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration . As of 2009 , there were 1,397,000 main telephone lines and 1,485,000 internet users . There are four GSM providers : Azercell , Bakcell , Azerfon ( Nar Mobile ) , Nakhtel mobile network operators and one CDMA . In the 21st century a number of prominent Azerbaijani geodynamics and geotectonics scientists , inspired by the fundamental works of Elchin Khalilov and others , designed hundreds of earthquake prediction stations and earthquake - resistant buildings that now constitute the bulk of The Republican Center of Seismic Service . The Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency launched its first satellite AzerSat 1 into orbit on 7 February 2013 from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana at orbital positions 46 ° East . The satellite will cover Europe and significant part of Asian countries and Africa and will have transmission for TV , radio broadcasting and the internet . The launch of its own satellite on orbit is Azerbaijan 's first action in realizing prospective projects to turn itself into a country with a space industry . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Azerbaijan Further information : Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan From the total population of 9.705. 600 people as of the beginning of 2016 , nearly 53 , 1 % was urban population , the remaining 46 , 9 % was the rural population . 50 , 2 % of the total population were female. The sex ratio for total population in that year was therefore 0.99 males per female . The 2011 population growth - rate was 0.85 % , compared to 1.09 % worldwide . A significant factor restricting the population growth is a high level of migration . In 2011 Azerbaijan saw migration of − 1.14 / 1,000 people . The Azerbaijani diaspora is found in 42 countries and in turn there are many centers for ethnic minorities inside Azerbaijan , including the German cultural society `` Karelhaus '' , Slavic cultural center , Azerbaijani - Israeli community , Kurdish cultural center , International Talysh Association , Lezgin national center `` Samur '' , Azerbaijani - Tatar community , Crimean Tatars society , etc . Ethnic groups ( edit ) Ethnic composition ( 2009 ) Azerbaijani 91.60 % Lezgian 2.02 % Armenian 1.35 % Russian 1.34 % Talysh 1.26 % Other nations 2.43 % The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 population census : 91.60 % Azerbaijanis , 2.02 % Lezgians , 1.35 % Armenians ( almost all Armenians live in the break - away region of Nagorno - Karabakh ) , 1.34 % Russians , 1.26 % Talysh , 0.56 % Avars , 0.43 % Turks , 0.29 % Tatars , 0.28 % Tats , 0.24 % Ukrainians , 0.14 % Tsakhurs , 0.11 % Georgians , 0.10 % Jews , 0.07 % Kurds , other 0.21 % . Iranian Azerbaijanis are by far the largest minority in Iran . The number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran furthermore far outnumber those in neighboring Azerbaijan . The CIA World Factbook estimates Iranian Azerbaijanis as comprising at least 16 % of Iran 's population . Urbanization ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Azerbaijan In total , Azerbaijan has 78 cities , 63 city districts , and one special legal status city . These are followed by 261 urban - type settlements and 4248 villages . Language ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Azerbaijan The official language is Azerbaijani ( Turkic language ) , which is spoken by approximately 92 % of the population as a mother tongue . It belongs to the Turkic language family . Russian and Armenian ( only in Nagorno - Karabakh ) are also spoken , and each are the mother tongue of around 1.5 % of the population respectively . Russian and English play significant roles as second or third languages of education and communication . There are a dozen other minority languages spoken natively in the country . Avar , Budukh , Georgian , Juhuri , Khinalug , Kryts , Lezgian , Rutul , Talysh , Tat , Tsakhur , and Udi are all spoken by small minorities . Some of these language communities are very small and their numbers are decreasing . Armenian is almost exclusively spoken in the break - away Nagorno - Karabakh region . Religion ( edit ) Religions in Azerbaijan Islam 97.4 % Christianity 1.1 % None 1.0 % Others 0.5 % Main articles : Religion in Azerbaijan and Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan The Bibi - Heybat Mosque before its destruction by the Bolsheviks in 1936 . The mosque was built over the tomb of a descendant of Muhammad . Around 98 % of the population are Muslims . 85 % of the Muslims are Shia Muslims and 15 % Sunni Muslims , and the Republic of Azerbaijan has the second highest Shia population percentage in the world . Other faiths are practised by the country 's various ethnic groups . Under article 48 of its Constitution , Azerbaijan is a secular state and ensures religious freedom . In a 2006 -- 2008 Gallup poll , only 21 % of respondents from Azerbaijan stated that religion is an important part of their daily lives . This makes Azerbaijan the least religious Muslim - majority country in the world . Of the nation 's religious minorities , Christians who estimated 280,000 ( 3.1 % ) are mostly Russian and Georgian Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic ( almost all Armenians live in the break - away region of Nagorno - Karabakh ) . In 2003 , there were 250 Roman Catholics . Other Christian denominations as of 2002 include Lutherans , Baptists and Molokans . There is also a small Protestant community . Azerbaijan also has an ancient Jewish population with a 2,500 - year history ; Jewish organizations estimate that 10,000 -- 20,000 Jews remain in Azerbaijan . Azerbaijan also is home to members of the Bahá'í , Hare Krishna and Jehovah 's Witnesses communities , as well as adherents of the other religious communities . Some religious communities have been unofficially restricted from religious freedom . A U.S. State Department report on the matter mentions detention of members of certain Muslim and Christian groups , and many groups have difficulty registering with the SCWRA . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Azerbaijan Classroom in Dunya School A relatively high percentage of Azerbaijanis have obtained some form of higher education , most notably in scientific and technical subjects . In the Soviet era , literacy and average education levels rose dramatically from their very low starting point , despite two changes in the standard alphabet , from Perso - Arabic script to Latin in the 1920s and from Roman to Cyrillic in the 1930s . According to Soviet data , 100 percent of males and females ( ages nine to forty - nine ) were literate in 1970 . According to the United Nations Development Program Report 2009 , the literacy rate in Azerbaijan is 99.5 percent . Since independence , one of the first laws that Azerbaijan 's Parliament passed to disassociate itself from the Soviet Union was to adopt a modified - Latin alphabet to replace Cyrillic . Other than that the Azerbaijani system has undergone little structural change . Initial alterations have included the reestablishment of religious education ( banned during the Soviet period ) and curriculum changes that have reemphasized the use of the Azerbaijani language and have eliminated ideological content . In addition to elementary schools , the education institutions include thousands of preschools , general secondary schools , and vocational schools , including specialized secondary schools and technical schools . Education through the eighth grade is compulsory . Culture ( edit ) The Azerbaijani carpet and Kalaghai , a UNESCO Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage of Humanity . Main articles : Culture of Azerbaijan and Literature of Azerbaijan The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences . Today , national traditions are well preserved in the country despite Western influences , including globalized consumer culture . Some of the main elements of the Azerbaijani culture are : music , literature , folk dances and art , cuisine , architecture , cinematography and Novruz Bayram . The latter is derived from the traditional celebration of the New Year in the ancient Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism . Novruz is a family holiday . The profile of Azerbaijan 's population consists , as stated above , of Azerbaijanis , as well as other nationalities or ethnic groups , compactly living in various areas of the country . Azerbaijani national and traditional dresses are the Chokha and Papakhi . There are radio broadcasts in Russian , Georgian , Kurdish , Lezgian and Talysh languages , which are financed from the state budget . Some local radio stations in Balakan and Khachmaz organize broadcasts in Avar and Tat . In Baku several newspapers are published in Russian , Kurdish ( Dengi Kurd ) , Lezgian ( Samur ) and Talysh languages . Jewish society `` Sokhnut '' publishes the newspaper Aziz . Music and folk dances ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Azerbaijan and Azerbaijani dances Uzeyir Hajibeyov merged traditional Azerbaijani music with Western styles in the early 20th century . Music of Azerbaijan builds on folk traditions that reach back nearly a thousand years . For centuries Azerbaijani music has evolved under the badge of monody , producing rhythmically diverse melodies . Azerbaijani music has a branchy mode system , where chromatization of major and minor scales is of great importance . Among national musical instruments there are 14 string instruments , eight percussion instruments and six wind instruments . According to The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , `` in terms of ethnicity , culture and religion the Azerbaijani are musically much closer to Iran than Turkey . '' The Azerbaijani Mugam , a UNESCO Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage of Humanity , 16th - century miniature of Nizami Ganjavi 's Khosrow and Shirin tragic romance . Mugham , meykhana and ashiq art are among the many musical traditions of Azerbaijan . Mugham is usually a suite with poetry and instrumental interludes . When performing mugham , the singers have to transform their emotions into singing and music . In contrast to the mugham traditions of Central Asian countries , Azerbaijani mugham is more free - form and less rigid ; it is often compared to the improvised field of jazz . UNESCO proclaimed the Azerbaijani mugham tradition a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003 . Meykhana is a kind of traditional Azerbaijani distinctive folk unaccompanied song , usually performed by several people improvising on a particular subject . Ashiq combines poetry , storytelling , dance and vocal and instrumental music into a traditional performance art that stands as a symbol of Azerbaijani culture . It is a mystic troubadour or traveling bard who sings and plays the saz . This tradition has its origin in the Shamanistic beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples . Ashiqs ' songs are semi-improvised around common bases . Azerbaijan 's ashiq art was included in the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO on 30 September 2009 . Since the mid-1960s , Western - influenced Azerbaijani pop music , in its various forms , that has been growing in popularity in Azerbaijan , while genres such as rock and hip hop are widely produced and enjoyed . Azerbaijani pop and Azerbaijani folk music arose with the international popularity of performers like Alim Qasimov , Rashid Behbudov , Vagif Mustafazadeh , Muslim Magomayev , Shovkat Alakbarova and Rubaba Muradova . Azerbaijan is an enthusiastic participant in the Eurovision Song Contest . Azerbaijan made its debut appearance at the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest . The country 's entry gained third place in 2009 and fifth the following year . Ell and Nikki won the first place at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the song `` Running Scared '' , entitling Azerbaijan to host the contest in 2012 , in Baku . They have never missed a Grand Final . There are dozens of Azerbaijani folk dances . They are performed at formal celebrations and the dancers wear national clothes like the Chokha , which is well - preserved within the national dances . Most dances have a very fast rhythm . The national dance shows the characteristics of the Azerbaijani nation . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani literature Painting of Khurshidbanu Natavan , one of the most distinguished Azerbaijani poets . She was also the daughter of the last ruler of the Karabakh Khanate . Among the medieval authors born within the territorial limits of modern Azerbaijani Republic was Persian poet and philosopher Nizami , called Ganjavi after his place of birth , Ganja , who was the author of the Khamseh ( `` The Quintuplet '' ) , composed of five romantic poems , including `` The Treasure of Mysteries , '' `` Khosrow and Shīrīn , '' and `` Leyli and Mejnūn . '' The earliest known figure in Azerbaijani literature was Izzeddin Hasanoglu , who composed a divan consisting of Persian and Turkic ghazals . In Persian ghazals he used his pen - name , while his Turkic ghazals were composed under his own name of Hasanoghlu . Classical literature in Azerbaijani was formed in the 14th century based on the various Early Middle Ages dialects of Tabriz and Shirvan . Among the poets of this period were Gazi Burhanaddin , Haqiqi ( pen - name of Jahan - shah Qara Qoyunlu ) , and Habibi . The end of the 14th century was also the period of starting literary activity of Imadaddin Nesimi , one of the greatest Turkic Hurufi mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries and one of the most prominent early divan masters in Turkic literary history , who also composed poetry in Persian and Arabic . The divan and ghazal styles were further developed by poets Qasim al - Anvar , Fuzuli and Khatai ( pen - name of Safavid Shah Ismail I ) . The Book of Dede Korkut consists of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century , was not written earlier than the 15th century . It is a collection of 12 stories reflecting the oral tradition of Oghuz nomads . The 16th - century poet , Muhammed Fuzuli produced his timeless philosophical and lyrical Qazals in Arabic , Persian , and Azerbaijani . Benefiting immensely from the fine literary traditions of his environment , and building upon the legacy of his predecessors , Fizuli was destined to become the leading literary figure of his society . His major works include The Divan of Ghazals and The Qasidas . In the same century , Azerbaijani literature further flourished with the development of Ashik ( Azerbaijani : Aşıq ) poetic genre of bards . During the same period , under the pen - name of Khatāī ( Arabic : خطائی for sinner ) Shah Ismail I wrote about 1400 verses in Azerbaijani , which were later published as his Divan . A unique literary style known as qoshma ( Azerbaijani : qoşma for improvization ) was introduced in this period , and developed by Shah Ismail and later by his son and successor , Shah Tahmasp I . In the span of the 17th and 18th centuries , Fizuli 's unique genres as well Ashik poetry were taken up by prominent poets and writers such as Qovsi of Tabriz , Shah Abbas Sani , Agha Mesih Shirvani , Nishat , Molla Vali Vidadi , Molla Panah Vagif , Amani , Zafar and others . Along with Turks , Turkmens and Uzbeks , Azerbaijanis also celebrate the Epic of Koroglu ( from Azerbaijani : kor oğlu for blind man 's son ) , a legendary folk hero . Several documented versions of Koroglu epic remain at the Institute for Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan . Modern literature in Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect mainly , while in Iran it is based on the Tabrizi one . The first newspaper in Azerbaijani , Akinchi was published in 1875 . In the mid-19th century , it was taught in the schools of Baku , Ganja , Shaki , Tbilisi , and Yerevan . Since 1845 , it has also been taught in the University of Saint Petersburg in Russia . Folk art ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani folk art Traditional Azerbaijani clothing and musical instruments . Azerbaijanis have a rich and distinctive culture , a major part of which is decorative and applied art . This form of art is represented by a wide range of handicrafts , such as chasing , jeweler , engraving in metal , carving in wood , stone and bone , carpet - making , lasing , pattern weaving and printing , knitting and embroidery . Each of these types of decorative art , evidence of the endowments of the Azerbaijan nation , is very much in favor here . Many interesting facts pertaining to the development of arts and crafts in Azerbaijan were reported by numerous merchants , travelers and diplomats who had visited these places at different times . The Azerbaijani carpet is a traditional handmade textile of various sizes , with dense texture and a pile or pile-less surface , whose patterns are characteristic of Azerbaijan 's many carpet - making regions . In November 2010 the Azerbaijani carpet was proclaimed a Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage by UNESCO . Handwork coppery in Lahic . Azerbaijan has been since the ancient times known as a center of a large variety of crafts . The archeological dig on the territory of Azerbaijan testifies to the well developed agriculture , stock raising , metal working , pottery , ceramics , and carpet - weaving that date as far back as to the 2nd millennium BC . Archeological sites in Dashbulaq , Hasansu , Zayamchai , and Tovuzchai uncovered from the BTC pipeline have revealed early Iron Age artifacts . Azerbaijani carpets can be categorized under several large groups and a multitude of subgroups . Scientific research of the Azerbaijani carpet is connected with the name of Latif Kerimov , a prominent scientist and artist . It was his classification that related the four large groups of carpets with the four geographical zones of Azerbaijan , Guba - Shirvan , Ganja - Kazakh , Karabakh and Tabriz . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani cuisine Dushbara , a traditional Azerbaijani meal . Pakhlava and Badambura are traditional desserts , usually drunk with tea The traditional cuisine is famous for an abundance of vegetables and greens used seasonally in the dishes . Fresh herbs , including mint , cilantro ( coriander ) , dill , basil , parsley , tarragon , leeks , chives , thyme , marjoram , green onion , and watercress , are very popular and often accompany main dishes on the table . Climatic diversity and fertility of the land are reflected in the national dishes , which are based on fish from the Caspian Sea , local meat ( mainly mutton and beef ) , and an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens . Saffron - rice plov is the flagship food in Azerbaijan and black tea is the national beverage . Azerbaijanis often use traditional armudu ( pear - shaped ) glass as they have very strong tea culture . Popular traditional dishes include bozbash ( lamb soup that exists in several regional varieties with the addition of different vegetables ) , qutab ( fried turnover with a filling of greens or minced meat ) and dushbara ( sort of dumplings of dough filled with ground meat and flavor ) . Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of Azerbaijan Momine Khatun Mausoleum in Nakhchivan built in the 12th century Azerbaijani architecture typically combines elements of East and West . Azerbaijiani architecture has heavy influences from Persian architecture . Many ancient architectural treasures such as the Maiden Tower and Palace of the Shirvanshahs in the Walled City of Baku survive in modern Azerbaijan . Entries submitted on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list include the Ateshgah of Baku , Momine Khatun Mausoleum , Hirkan National Park , Binegadi National Park , Lökbatan Mud Volcano , Baku Stage Mountain , Caspian Shore Defensive Constructions , Shusha National Reserve , Ordubad National Reserve and the Palace of Shaki Khans . Among other architectural treasures are Quadrangular Castle in Mardakan , Parigala in Yukhary Chardaglar , a number of bridges spanning the Aras River , and several mausoleums . In the 19th and early 20th centuries , little monumental architecture was created , but distinctive residences were built in Baku and elsewhere . Among the most recent architectural monuments , the Baku subways are noted for their lavish decor . The task for modern Azerbaijani architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics , the search for an architect 's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico - cultural environment . Major projects such as Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center , Flame Towers , Baku Crystal Hall , Baku White City and SOCAR Tower have transformed the country 's skyline and promotes its contemporary identity . Visual art ( edit ) Main article : Visual arts of Azerbaijan A miniature painting of a battle scene on the walls of the Palace of Shaki Khans , 18th century , city of Shaki . Azerbaijani art includes one of the oldest art objects in the world , which were discovered as Gamigaya Petroglyphs in the territory of Ordubad Rayon are dated back to the 1st to 4th centuries BC . About 1500 dislodged and carved rock paintings with images of deer , goats , bulls , dogs , snakes , birds , fantastic beings and also people , carriages and various symbols had been found out on basalt rocks . Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl was convinced that people from the area went to Scandinavia in about 100 AD and took their boat building skills with them , and transmuted them into the Viking boats in Northern Europe . Over the centuries , Azerbaijani art has gone through many stylistic changes . Azerbaijani painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light , as exemplified in the works of Azim Azimzade and Bahruz Kangarli , and a preoccupation with religious figures and cultural motifs . Azerbaijani painting enjoyed preeminence in Caucasus for hundreds of years , from the Romanesque and Ottoman periods , and through the Soviet and Baroque periods , the latter two of which saw fruition in Azerbaijan . Other notable artists who fall within these periods include Sattar Bahlulzade , Togrul Narimanbekov , Tahir Salahov , Alakbar Rezaguliyev , Mirza Gadim Iravani , Mikayil Abdullayev and Boyukagha Mirzazade . Cinema ( edit ) Scene from the Azerbaijani film In the Kingdom of Oil and Millions , 1916 Main articles : Cinema of Azerbaijan , Azerbaijani animation , and Television in Azerbaijan The film industry in Azerbaijan dates back to 1898 . In fact , Azerbaijan was among the first countries involved in cinematography . Therefore , it 's not surprising that this apparatus soon showed up in Baku -- at the start of the 20th century , this bay town on the Caspian was producing more than 50 percent of the world 's supply of oil . Just like today , the oil industry attracted foreigners eager to invest and to work . In 1919 , during the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , a documentary The Celebration of the Anniversary of Azerbaijani Independence was filmed on Azerbaijan 's independence day , 28 May , and premiered in June 1919 at several theatres in Baku . After the Soviet power was established in 1920 , Nariman Narimanov , Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan , signed a decree nationalizing Azerbaijan 's cinema . This also influenced the creation of Azerbaijani animation . In 1991 , after Azerbaijan gained its independence from the Soviet Union , the first Baku International Film Festival East - West was held in Baku . In December 2000 , the former President of Azerbaijan , Heydar Aliyev , signed a decree proclaiming 2 August to be the professional holiday of filmmakers of Azerbaijan . Today Azerbaijani filmmakers are again dealing with issues similar to those faced by cinematographers prior to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1920 . Once again , both choice of content and sponsorship of films are largely left up to the initiative of the filmmaker . Media and media freedom ( edit ) Main articles : Media of Azerbaijan and Media freedom in Azerbaijan There are three state - owned television channels : AzTV , Idman TV and Medeniyyet TV . One public channel and 6 private channels : İctimai Television , ANS TV , Space TV , Lider TV , Azad Azerbaijan TV , Xazar TV and Region TV . Human Rights in Azerbaijan ( edit ) Main article : Human rights in Azerbaijan The Constitution of Azerbaijan claims to guarantee freedom of speech , but this is denied in practice . After several years of decline in press and media freedom , in 2014 the media environment in Azerbaijan deteriorated fast under a governmental campaign to silence any opposition and criticism , even while the country led the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe ( May -- November 2014 ) . Spurious legal charges and impunity in violence against journalists have remained the norm . All foreign broadcasts are banned in the country . According to the 2013 Freedom House Freedom of the Press report , Azerbaijan 's press freedom status is `` not free , '' and Azerbaijan ranks 177th out of 196 countries . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty and Voice of America are banned in Azerbaijan . During the last few years , three journalists were killed and several prosecuted in trials described as unfair by international human rights organizations . Azerbaijan has the biggest number of journalists imprisoned in Europe and Central Asia in 2015 , according to the Committee to Protect Journalists , and is the 5th most censored country in the world , ahead of Iran and China . A report by an Amnesty International researcher in October 2015 points to ' ... the severe deterioration of human rights in Azerbaijan over the past few years . Sadly Azerbaijan has been allowed to get away with unprecedented levels of repression and in the process almost wipe out its civil society ' . Amnesty 's 2015 / 16 annual report on the country stated ' ... persecution of political dissent continued . Human rights organizations remained unable to resume their work . At least 18 prisoners of conscience remained in detention at the end of the year . Reprisals against independent journalists and activists persisted both in the country and abroad , while their family members also faced harassment and arrests . International human rights monitors were barred and expelled from the country . Reports of torture and other ill - treatment persisted . ' The Guardian reported 9 - 4 - 17 : `` Azerbaijan 's ruling elite operated a secret $2.9 bn ( £ 2.2 bn ) scheme to pay prominent Europeans , buy luxury goods and launder money through a network of opaque British companies , an investigation by the Guardian reveals . Leaked data shows that the Azerbaijani leadership , accused of serial human rights abuses , systemic corruption and rigging elections , made more than 16,000 covert payments from 2012 to 2014 . Some of this money went to politicians and journalists , as part of an international lobbying operation to deflect criticism of Azerbaijan 's president , Ilham Aliyev , and to promote a positive image of his oil - rich country . There is no suggestion that all the recipients were aware of the original source of the money . It arrived via a disguised route . '' Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Azerbaijan Shakhriyar Mamedyarov was the 2013 World Rapid Chess and two - time European Team Chess champion . Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Azerbaijan 's national sport , in which Azerbaijan won up to fourteen medals , including four golds since joining the National Olympic Committee . Currently , the most popular sports include football and wrestling . Football is the most popular sport in Azerbaijan , and the Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan with 9,122 registered players , is the largest sporting association in the country . The national football team of Azerbaijan demonstrates relatively low performance in the international arena compared to the nation football clubs . The most successful Azerbaijani football clubs are Neftchi Baku , Inter Baku , Qarabağ , and Khazar Lankaran . In 2012 , Neftchi Baku became the first Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition , beating APOEL of Cyprus 4 -- 2 on aggregate in the play - off round of the 2012 - 13 UEFA Europa League . In 2014 , Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani club advancing to the group stage of UEFA Europa League . Futsal is another popular sport in Azerbaijan . The Azerbaijan national futsal team reached fourth place in the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship , while domestic club Araz Naxçivan clinched bronze medals at the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Futsal Cup and 2013 -- 14 UEFA Futsal Cup . Azerbaijan was the main sponsor of Spanish football club Atlético de Madrid during seasons 2013 / 2014 and 2014 / 2015 , a partnership that the club described should ' promote the image of Azerbaijan in the world ' . Backgammon also plays a major role in Azerbaijani culture . The game is very popular in Azerbaijan and is widely played among the local public . There are also different variations of backgammon developed and analyzed by Azerbaijani experts . Baku National Stadium was used for the first European Games in June 2015 . Azerbaijan is one of the leading volleyball countries in the world and its Azerbaijan Women 's Volleyball Super League is one of strongest women leagues in world . Its women 's national team came fourth at the 2005 European Championship . Over the last years , clubs like Rabita Baku and Azerrail Baku achieved great success at European cups . Azerbaijani volleyball players include likes of Valeriya Korotenko , Oksana Parkhomenko , Inessa Korkmaz , Natalya Mammadova and Alla Hasanova . Other well - known Azerbaijani athletes are Namig Abdullayev , Toghrul Asgarov , Rovshan Bayramov , Sharif Sharifov , Mariya Stadnik and Farid Mansurov in wrestling , Nazim Huseynov , Elnur Mammadli , Elkhan Mammadov and Rustam Orujov in judo , Rafael Aghayev in karate , Magomedrasul Majidov and Aghasi Mammadov in boxing , Nizami Pashayev in Olympic weightlifting , Azad Asgarov in pankration , Eduard Mammadov in kickboxing , and K - 1 fighter Zabit Samedov . Azerbaijan has a Formula One race - track and the country hosted its first Formula One Grand Prix on 19 June 2016 . Other annual sporting events held in the country are the Baku Cup tennis tournament and the Tour d'Azerbaïdjan cycling race . Azerbaijan hosted several major sport competitions since the late 2000s , including the 2013 F1 Powerboat World Championship , 2012 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup , 2011 AIBA World Boxing Championships , 2010 European Wrestling Championships , 2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships , 2014 European Taekwondo Championships , 2014 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships , 2016 World Chess Olympiad . On 8 December 2012 , Baku was selected to host the 2015 European Games , the first to be held in competition 's history . Baku is also set to host the fourth Islamic Solidarity Games in 2017 . See also ( edit ) Azerbaijan portal Europe portal Asia portal Book : Azerbaijan Outline of Azerbaijan Visa policy of Azerbaijan Index of Azerbaijan - related articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Nagorno - Karabakh Republic is a de facto independent state that is largely recognized as de jure part of Azerbaijan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Аzərbаycаndа dеmоqrаfik vəziyyət '' ( in Azerbaijani ) . Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi. 19 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2016 -- `` Human Development for everyone '' '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ While often politically aligned with Europe , Azerbaijan is generally considered to be at least mostly in Southwest Asia geographically with its northern part bisected by the standard Asia - Europe divide , the Greater Caucasus . The United Nations classification of world regions places Azerbaijan in Western Asia ; the CIA World Factbook places it mostly in Southwest Asia ( 1 ) and Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary places it in both ; NationalGeographic.com , and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia . Conversely , some sources place Azerbaijan in Europe such as Worldatlas.com . ^ Jump up to : Swietochowski , Tadeusz ( 1995 ) . Russia and Azerbaijan : A Borderland in Transition . Columbia University Press . pp. 69 , 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07068 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pipes , Richard ( 1997 ) . The Formation of the Soviet Union : Communism and Nationalism 1917 -- 1923 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 218 -- 220 , 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 30951 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , David C. ( 2006 ) . Azerbaijan . Marshall Cavendish . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0761420118 . Jump up ^ Zürcher , Christoph ( 2007 ) . The Post-Soviet Wars : Rebellion , Ethnic Conflict , and Nationhood in the Caucasus ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . New York : New York University Press . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0814797099 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 822 от 30 апреля 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 853 от 29 июля 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 874 14 октября 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 884 от 12 ноября 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan : Membership of international groupings / organisations '' . British Foreign & Commonwealth Office . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Europa Publications Limited ( 1998 ) . Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States . Routledge . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 058 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elections & Appointments -- Human Rights Council '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The non-aligned engagement '' . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Svante E. ( 2010 ) . Azerbaijan Since Independence . M.E. Sharpe . pp. 165 , 284 . Indicative of general regional trends and a natural reemergence of previously oppressed religious identity , an increasingly popular ideological basis for the pursuit of political objectives has been Islam ... The government , for its part , has shown an official commitment to Islam by building mosques and respecting Islamic values ... Unofficial Islamic groups sought to use aspects of Islam to mobilize the population and establish the foundations for a future political struggle ... Unlike Turkey , Azerbaijan does not have the powerful ideological legacy of secularism ... the conflict with Armenia has bred frustration that is increasingly being answered by a combined Islamic and nationalist sentiment , especially among younger people ... All major political forces are committed to secularism and are based , if anything , on a nationalist agenda . Jump up ^ What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common . Gallup . Retrieved on 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Islam and Secularism : the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in France . Prweb.com ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Muslims and Islam : Key findings in the U.S. and around the world Pew Research Center . Pewresearch.org ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Index and its components '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Infographic of the World 's Best Countries '' . Newsweek. 15 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Literacy rate among schoolchildren in Azerbaijan is 100 % -- UN report '' . News.Az. 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Employment statistics in Azerbaijan '' . The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Watch : Azerbaijan '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Houtsma , M. Th. ( 1993 ) . First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 -- 1936 ( reprint ed . ) . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09796 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schippmann , Klaus ( 1989 ) . Azerbaijan : Pre-Islamic History . Encyclopædia Iranica . pp. 221 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 933273 - 95 - 5 . Jump up ^ Minahan , James ( 1998 ) . Miniature Empires : A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30610 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chamoux , François ( 2003 ) . Hellenistic Civilization . John Wiley and Sons . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22241 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bosworth A.B. , Baynham E.J. ( 2002 ) . Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction . Oxford University Press . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925275 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nevertheless , `` despite being one of the chief vassals of Sasanian Shahanshah , the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority , and the Sassanid marzban ( military governor ) held most civil , religious , and military authority . ^ Jump up to : Swietochowski , Tadeusz ( 1999 ) . Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan . Lanham , Maryland : The Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 3550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Darmesteter , James ( 2004 ) . `` Frawardin Yasht '' . Avesta Khorda Avesta : Book Of Common Prayer ( reprint ed . ) . Kessinger Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4191 - 0852 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan : Early History : Iranian and Greek Influences '' . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved 7 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Atabaki , Touraj ( 4 September 2006 ) . Iran and the First World War : Battleground of the Great Powers . I.B. Tauris . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 964 - 6 . Jump up ^ Yilmaz , Harun ( 2015 ) . National Identities in Soviet Historiography : The Rise of Nations Under Stalin . Routledge . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1317596646 . On May 27 , the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan ( DRA ) was declared with Ottoman military support . The rulers of the DRA refused to identify themselves as ( Transcaucasian ) Tatar , which they rightfully considered to be a Russian colonial definition ... Neighboring Iran did not welcome the DRA 's adoptation of the name of `` Azerbaijan '' for the country because it could also refer to Iranian Azerbaijan and implied a territorial claim . Jump up ^ Barthold , Vasily ( 1963 ) . Sochineniya , vol II / 1 . Moscow . p. 706 . ( ... ) whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan , name Arran can be chosen . But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created , it was assumed that this and the Persian Azerbaijan will be one entity , because the population of both has a big similarity . On this basis , the word Azerbaijan was chosen . Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used , it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic , its confusing and a question rises as to which Azerbaijan is talked about . ^ Jump up to : Atabaki , Touraj ( 2000 ) . Azerbaijan : Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran . I.B. Tauris . p. 25 . ISBN 9781860645549 . ^ Jump up to : Dekmejian , R. Hrair ; Simonian , Hovann H. ( 2003 ) . Troubled Waters : The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region . I.B. Tauris . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1860649226 . Until 1918 , when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan , this designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan . ^ Jump up to : Rezvani , Babak ( 2014 ) . Ethno - territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus , Central Asia and Fereydan : academisch proefschrift . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . p. 356 . ISBN 978 - 9048519286 . The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918 , unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago . Jump up ^ Fragner , B.G. ( 2001 ) . Soviet Nationalism : An Ideological Legacy to the Independent Republics of Central Asia . I.B. Tauris and Company . pp. 13 -- 32 . In the post Islamic sense , Arran and Shirvan are often distinguished , while in the pre-Islamic era , Arran or the western Caucasian Albania roughly corresponds to the modern territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan . In the Soviet era , in a breathtaking manipulation , historical Azerbaijan ( northwestern Iran ) was reinterpreted as `` South Azerbaijan '' in order for the Soviets to lay territorial claim on historical Azerbaijan proper which is located in modern - day northwestern Iran . Jump up ^ Comrie , Bernard ( 1981 ) . The Languages of the Soviet Union . CUP Archive . p. 162 . GGKEY : 22A59ZSZFJ0 . Jump up ^ Azakov , Siyavush . `` National report on institutional landscape and research policy Social Sciences and Humanities in Azerbaijan '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Physics . Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Chaumont , M.L. ( 1984 ) . `` Albania '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. ( 2001 ) . `` Armenia : a Historical Atlas '' . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Missing or empty url = ( help ) map Caucasian Albania Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. ( 1982 ) . Thomas J. Samuelian , ed . `` Ethno - History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians '' . Classical Armenian Culture : Influences and Creativity . ( Philadelphia : Scholars Press . p. 45 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. ( 2001 ) . Armenia : a Historical Atlas . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 32 -- 33 , map 19 ( shows the territory of modern Nagorno - Karabakh as part of the Orontids ' Kingdom of Armenia ) . Jump up ^ Моисей Хоренский . Армянская География VII в . Перевод Патканова К. П . СПб. , 1877 . стр. 40 , 17 Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. `` The Kingdom of Artsakh , '' in T. Samuelian & M. Stone , eds . Medieval Armenian Culture . Chico , CA , 1983 Jump up ^ Yarshater , E. ( 1987 ) . `` The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . III / 2 . Jump up ^ Ludwig , Paul ( 1998 ) . Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies . 1 ( Nicholas Sims - Williams ( ed . ) ed . ) . Cambridge : Wiesbaden : Reichert . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89500 - 070 - 6 . Jump up ^ Roy , Olivier ( 2007 ) . The new Central Asia : geopolitics and the birth of nations ( reprint ed . ) . I.B. Tauris . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 552 - 4 . Jump up ^ R. Ward , Steven ( 2009 ) . Immortal : a military history of Iran and its armed forces . Georgetown University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58901 - 258 - 5 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Wagstaff , John ( 1985 ) . The evolution of middle eastern landscapes : an outline to A.D. 1840 , Part 1840 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 389 - 20577 - 7 . Jump up ^ L. Altstadt , Audrey ( 1992 ) . The Azerbaijani Turks : power and identity under Russian rule . Hoover Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 9182 - 1 . Jump up ^ Akiner , Shirin ( 2004 ) . The Caspian : politics , energy and security . RoutledgeCurzon . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 0501 - 6 . Jump up ^ Walker , Christopher J. ( 1980 ) . Armenia , the survival of a nation . Croom Helm . p. 45 . Tsitsianov next moved against the semi-independent Iranian khanates . On the thinnest of pretexts he captured the Muslim town of Gandja , the seat of Islamic learning in the Caucasus ( ... ) Jump up ^ Saparov , Arsène ( 2014 ) . From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus : The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia , South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1317637837 . Even though these principalities ( the khanates ) had not been under Iranian suzerainty since the assassination of Nadir Shah in 1747 , they were traditionally considered an inalienable part of Iranian domains . ( ... ) To the semi-independent Caucasian principalities the appearance of the new Great Power ( ... ) Jump up ^ Kashani - Sabet , Firoozeh ( May 1997 ) . `` Fragile Frontiers : The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran '' . International Journal of Middle East Studies . 29 ( 2 ) : 210 . doi : 10.1017 / s0020743800064473 . In 1795 , Ibrahim Khalil Khan , the wali of Qarabagh , warned Sultan Selim III of Aqa Muhammad Khan 's ambitions . Fearing for his independence , he informed the Sultan of Aqa Muhammad Khan 's ability to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh , Erivan , and Georgia . Jump up ^ Barker , Adele Marie ; Grant , Bruce ( 2010 ) . The Russia Reader : History , Culture , Politics . Duke University Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0822346487 . But they were relatively more accessible given the organization of small , centralized , semi-independent khanates that functioned through the decline of Iranian rule after the death of Nadir Shah in the mid-eighteenth century ( ... ) Jump up ^ Avery , Peter ; Hambly , Gavin ( 1991 ) . The Cambridge History of Iran . Cambridge University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 20095 - 0 . Agha Muhammad Khan could now turn to the restoration of the outlying provinces of the Safavid kingdom . Returning to Tehran in the spring of 1795 , he assembled a force of some 60,000 cavalry and infantry and in Shawwal Dhul - Qa'da / May , set off for Azarbaijan , intending to conquer the country between the rivers Aras and Kura , formerly under Safavid control . This region comprised a number of khanates of which the most important was Qarabagh , with its capital at Shusha ; Ganja , with its capital of the same name ; Shirvan across the Kura , with its capital at Shamakhi ; and to the north - west , on both banks of the Kura , Christian Georgia ( Gurjistan ) , with its capital at Tiflis . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Soviet law By Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge , Gerard Pieter van den Berg , William B. Simons , Page 457 Jump up ^ King , Charles ( 2008 ) . The ghost of freedom : a history of the Caucasus . University of Michigan . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517775 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hacikyan , Agop Jack ; Basmaijan , Gabriel ; Franchuk , Edward S. ; Ouzounian , Nourhan , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Heritage of Armenian Literature : From the eighteenth century to modern times . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0814332214 . Jump up ^ Gabor Agoston , Bruce Alan Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire Infobase Publishing , 1 January 2009 ISBN 1438110251 p 125 Jump up ^ Multiple Authors . `` Caucasus and Iran '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` Overview of 1800 - 1850 : Chronology '' . A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East . ABC - CLIO . p. 1035 . ISBN 978 - 1851096725 . January 1804 . ( ... ) Russo - Persian War . Russian invasion of Persia . ( ... ) In January 1804 Russian forces under General Paul Tsitsianov ( Sisianoff ) invade Persia and storm the citadel of Ganjeh , beginning the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 - 1813 ) . ^ Jump up to : Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan , Chechnya , and Beyond pp 728 -- 729 ABC - CLIO , 2 December 2014 ISBN 1598849484 Jump up ^ L. Batalden , Sandra ( 1997 ) . The newly independent states of Eurasia : handbook of former Soviet republics . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89774 - 940 - 4 . Jump up ^ E. Ebel , Robert , Menon , Rajan ( 2000 ) . Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0063 - 1 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Elena ( 2010 ) . Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and orientalism ( reprint ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 78153 - 4 . Jump up ^ Çiçek , Kemal , Kuran , Ercüment ( 2000 ) . The Great Ottoman - Turkish Civilisation . University of Michigan . ISBN 978 - 975 - 6782 - 18 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ernest Meyer , Karl , Blair Brysac , Shareen ( 2006 ) . Tournament of Shadows : The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia . Basic Books . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 04576 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Stephanie , ed. ( 2013 ) . Iranian - Russian Encounters : Empires and Revolutions since 1800 . Routledge . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0415624336 . Perhaps the most important legacy of Yermolov was his intention from early on to prepare the ground for the conquest of the remaining khanates under Iranian rule and to make the River Aras the new border . ( ... ) Another provocative action by Yermolov was the Russian occupation of the northern shore of Lake Gokcha ( Sivan ) in the Khanate of Iravan in 1825 . A clear violation of Golestan , this action was the most significant provocation by the Russian side . The Lake Gokcha occupation clearly showed that it was Russia and not Iran which initiated hostilities and breached Golestan , and that Iran was left with no choice but to come up with a proper response . Jump up ^ Dowling , Timothy C. , ed. ( 2015 ) . Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan , Chechnya , and Beyond . ABC - CLIO . p. 729 . ISBN 978 - 1598849486 . In May 1826 , Russia therefore occupied Mirak , in the Erivan khanate , in violation of the Treaty of Gulistan . Jump up ^ Swietochowski , Tadeusz . Eastern Europe , Russia and Central Asia 2003 Taylor and Francis , 2003 . ISBN 1857431375 p 104 Jump up ^ Russia and a Divided Azerbaijan : A Borderland in Transition , by Tadeusz Świętochowski , Columbia University Press , 1995 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( April 2001 ) . `` Anatomy of Rumor : Murder Scandal , the Musavat Party and Narrative of the Russian Revolution in Baku , 1917 -- 1920 '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 36 ( 2 ) : 228 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200940103600202 . The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat . Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting ; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished ; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus Jump up ^ Minahan , James B. Miniature Empires : A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30610 - 9 . The tensions and fighting between the Azerbaijanis and the Armenians in the federation culminated in the massacre of some 12,000 Azerbaijanis in Baku by radical Armenians and Bolshevik troops in March 1918 Jump up ^ Michael Smith . `` Pamiat ' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo / Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani . National Memory '' . Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia : obshchestva i gosudarstva ( Azerbaijan and Russia : Societies and States ) ( in Russian ) . Sakharov Center . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kazemzadeh , Firuz ( 1951 ) . The Struggle for Transcaucasia : 1917 -- 1921 . The New York Philosophical Library . pp. 124 , 222 , 229 , 269 -- 270 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8305 - 0076 - 5 . Jump up ^ Schulze , Reinhard . A Modern History of the Islamic World . I.B. Tauris , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 822 - 9 . Jump up ^ Горянин , Александр ( 28 August 2003 ) . Очень черное золото ( in Russian ) . GlobalRus . Archived from the original on 6 September 2003 . Retrieved 28 August 2003 . Jump up ^ Горянин , Александр . История города Баку . Часть 3 . ( in Russian ) . Window2Baku . Jump up ^ Pope , Hugh ( 2006 ) . Sons of the conquerors : the rise of the Turkic world . New York : The Overlook Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58567 - 804 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan celebrates day of victory over fascism '' . `` Contact.az '' . 9 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Victory over Nazis ' was impossible without Baku oil ' '' . `` AzerNEWS '' . 8 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael P. , Croissant ( 1998 ) . The Armenia - Azerbaijan Conflict : causes and implications . United States of America : Praeger Publishers . pp. 36 , 37 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96241 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Watch . `` Playing the `` Communal Card '' : Communal Violence and Human Rights `` '' . Human Rights Watch . ^ Jump up to : `` Milli Məclisin tarixi . Azərbaycan SSR Ali Soveti ( 1920 -- 1991 - ci illər ) '' ( The history of Milli Majlis . Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR ( 1920 -- 1991 ) ) . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Full text of the Bishkek Protocol with signatures of representatives of Azerbaijan , Nagorno - Karabakh , and Armenia . http://peacemaker.un.org/armeniaazerbaijan-bishkekprotocol94 ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan '' . World Factbook . CIA . 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas De Waal . Black Garden : Armenia And Azerbaijan Through Peace and War . New York : New York University Press , p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Massacre by Armenians Being Reported '' . New York Times . 3 March 1992 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Smolowe , Jill ( 16 March 1992 ) . `` Tragedy Massacre in Khojaly '' . Time . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ A Conflict That Can Be Resolved in Time : Nagorno - Karabakh . International Herald Tribune . 29 November 2003 . Jump up ^ `` General Assembly adopts resolution reaffirming territorial integrity of Azerbaijan , demanding withdrawal of all Armenian forces '' . United Nations General Assembly . 14 March 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Southern Caucasus : Facing Integration Problems , Ethnic Russians Long For Better Life . EurasiaNet.org. 30 August 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic '' . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan : Rise to power '' . Encyclopedia of the Nations . 3 October 1993 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Azerbaijan A chronology of key events : '' . BBC News . 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Azeri rights activist says 35 imprisoned special police unit members very sick '' . BBC Archive. 2 June 2000 . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Efron , Sonni ( 18 March 1995 ) . `` Azerbaijan Coup Attempt Crushed Caucasus : Loyal forces storm a building and overcome mutinous police units , president reports . '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Mulvey , Stephen ( 14 October 2003 ) . `` Aliyev and son keep it in the family '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan 's Geidar Aliev dies at 80 '' . ChinaDaily. 16 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2003 . Retrieved 13 December 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Nov 2013 -- Action against opposition '' . Keesing 's Record of World Events . November 2013 . p. 53026 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographical data '' . The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Archived from the original on 25 May 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan : Biodiversity '' . Central Asia and Transcaucasus Network on Plant Genetic Resources . 2003 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan 's mud volcanoes on Seven Wonders of Nature shortlist '' . News.Az . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ecological problems in Azerbaijan '' . Enrin.grida.no . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Orography of Azerbaijan '' . United Nations Environment Programme . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan -- Climate '' . Heydar Aliyev Foundation . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climate '' . Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic . Institute of Hydrometeorology , Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan : Geography '' . Central Asia and Caucasus Institute . Jump up ^ `` The Karabakh Horse '' . Karabakh Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan -- Flora '' . Heydar Aliyev Foundation . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monitors criticize Azerbaijani elections '' . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2010 . Jump up ^ CEPEJ , Council of Europe , Human Rights and Rule of Law , Efficiency of justice - . `` Efficiency of justice -- CEPEJ -- European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice ( CEPEJ ) -- Report requested by the Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan -- Assessment of policy and procedures for the selection of judges in Azerbaijan -- prepared by Mr Audun Hognes BERG , Head of International Secretariat , Norwegian Courts Administration , CEPEJ Bureau member and Ms Ivana GORANIĆ , Director of the Judicial Academy , Republic of Croatia , Representative of the Lisbon Network to the CEPEJ '' . wcd.coe.int . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jean , Jean -- Paul ( 2015 ) . `` High quality justice for all member states of the Council of Europe '' ( PDF ) . Council of Europe : 119 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan -- Freedom House '' . FreedomHouse.org . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Combined Average Ratings : Independent Countries 2009 '' . FreedomHouse.org. 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jailed without trial in Azerbaijan , '' The Washington Post . 1 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No , this is the truth about Azerbaijan 's repression . '' The Washington Post . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Azərbaycan Prezidentinin Rəsmi internet səhifəsi -- SƏNƏDLƏR '' Sərəncamlar Məhkum edilmiş bir sıra şəxslərin əfv olunması haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikası Prezidentinin Sərəncamı . President.az . Retrieved on 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Release of Activists , Journalists , and Political Party Members in Azerbaijan. 2009 -- 2017.state.gov . Retrieved on 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Azərbaycan Prezidentinin Rəsmi internet səhifəsi -- SƏNƏDLƏR '' Sərəncamlar Məhkum edilmiş bir sıra şəxslərin əfv olunması haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikası Prezidentinin Sərəncamı . President.az . Retrieved on 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` DISGRACED : Azerbaijan and the End of Election Monitoring As We Know It '' ( PDF ) . European Stability Initiative . 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Jamie Doward . `` Plush hotels and caviar diplomacy : how Azerbaijan 's elite wooed MPs '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's caviar diplomacy with Azerbaijan must end '' . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baku Smooths Over Its Rights Record with a Thick Layer of Caviar '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Armenian Connection : How a secret caucus of MPs and NGOs , since 2012 , created a network within the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe to hide violations of international law '' . www.esisc.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Armenian Connection . Chapter 2 : '' Mr X `` , Nils Muižnieks , Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights '' . www.esisc.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Baku Smooths Over Its Rights Record With A Thick Layer Of Caviar / / Radio Free Europe , November 08 , 2013 Jump up ^ AN EXPLORATION INTO AZERBAIJAN 'S SOPHISTICATED SYSTEM OF PROJECTING ITS INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE , BUYING WESTERN POLITICIANS AND CAPTURING INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS / / Freedom Files Analytical Centre ( Civic Solidarity Platform ) , March 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan -- Foreign Relations '' . Country Studies . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bilateral relations '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 4 May 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Lenk , Arthur ( 7 March 2007 ) . `` 15th Anniversary of Israel - Azebraijan Diplomatic Relations '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel . Retrieved 21 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Kardas , Saban . `` Turkey Develops Special Relationship with Azerbaijan '' . Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Katik , Mevlut . `` Azerbaijan and Turkey Coordinate Nagorno - Karabakh Negotiation Position '' . EurasiaNet . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Security Concept of the Republic of Azerbaijan '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 23 May 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Selim Özertem , Hasan . `` Independence of Kosovo and the Nagorno - Karabakh Issue '' . TurkishWeekly . Retrieved 24 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Botelho , Greg ; Tuysuz , Gul ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` 18 Armenian , 12 Azerbaijani troops killed in fighting '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Rex Tillerson affirms US support for Azerbaijan 's efforts to diversify its economy '' . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan , Administrative and territorial units of Azerbaijan Republic '' . Azstat.org . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan : Short History of Statehood Archived 18 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Embassy of Republic of Azerbaijan in Pakistan , 2005 , Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ Creation of National Army in 1918 ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Armed Forces , No. 210 - XII , 9 October 1991 ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan 's Army Day ( 26 June ) declared by Presidential Decree of 22 May 1998 . Jump up ^ C.W. Blandy Azerbaijan : Is War Over Nagornyy Karabakh a Realistic Option ? Advanced Research and Assessment Group . Caucasus Series 08 / 17 . -- Defense Academy of the United Kingdom , 2008 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Выступление Президента Азербайджанской Республики , Верховного Главнокомандующего Гейдара Алиева на церемонии , посвященной 5 - й годовщине образования Национальной гвардии -- Штаб Национальной гвардии Азербайджана ( in Russian ) . Heydar Aliyev Heritage Research Center . 25 December 1996 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Abbasov , Shahin . `` Azerbaijan : Baku Can Leapfrog over Ukraine , Georgia for NATO Membership '' . EurasiaNet . Archived from the original on 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Владимир Мухин ( 24 January 2011 ) . `` Карабахский детонатор на взводе -- В Баку и Ереване все четче звучит воинственная риторика '' . Nezavisimaya Gazeta . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's neighbors are preparing for war ( CIS countries and Georgia has surprised the world of increasing military expenditures ) '' . Gruzianews.ru. 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFP : Azerbaijan warns Armenia with show of military might '' . Google.com. 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Eastern approaches Ex-communist Europe ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` The Nagorno - Karabakh conflict : A festering sore '' . The Economist . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baku says Armenian president still hypocrite before world community '' . News.Az . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan to start manufacturing arms , military hardware in 2008 '' . BBC Monitoring Service . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan to produce tanks , aviation bombs and pilotless vehicles in 2009 '' . panarmenian . Archived from the original on 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 24 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Uzeir Jafarov : `` Azerbaijan will be unable to produce competitive military technique in the next five years '' `` . Today.Az . Retrieved 26 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` President Ilham Aliyev attends the openings of several defense - related facilities '' . Today.Az . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan -- General Information '' . Heydar Aliyev Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 May 2007 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan 's Q1 inflation rate 16.6 % , National Bank Chief says '' . Today.Az . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Mehdizade , Sevinj . `` Azerbaijan 's New Manats : Design and Transition to a New Currency '' . Azerbaijan International . Jump up ^ Ismayilov , Rovshan . `` Azerbaijan 's Manat Makeover : Good Times Ahead ? '' . EurasiaNet . Retrieved 7 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 reformers from Doing Business 2009 '' . World Bank Group . Doing Business . Archived from the original on 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Forum -- The Global Competitiveness Report 2010 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibliothek der Friedrich - Ebert - Stiftung , http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09454.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan -- General Information '' . Heydar Aliyev Foundation . Archived from the original on 28 May 2007 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF OIL INDUSTRY '' . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan : Economy '' . globalEDGE . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SOCAR plans to completed full gasification of Azerbaijan only by 2021 '' . Azerbaijan Business Center . Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natural resources '' . The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . 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Central Asia - Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeyno Baran ( 2005 ) . `` The Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan Pipeline : Implications for Turkey '' ( PDF ) . The Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan Pipeline : Oil Window to the West . The Central Asia - Caucasus Institute , Silk Road Studies Program : 103 -- 118 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SCP Commissioning Commences '' ( Press release ) . BP . 1 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` List of Contracting Parties to the Convention on Road Traffic '' ( PDF ) . UN Economic Commission for Europe . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan aims for hi - tech state '' . Euronews . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan is in TOP 10 of countries showing dynamic growth in Internet and mobile communications penetration '' . bakutel.az . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ CIA.gov , CIA World Factbook Telephones -- main lines in use , Azerbaijan 1,397,000 main lines Jump up ^ CIA.gov , CIA World Factbook Internet users , Azerbaijan Internet users : 1,485,000 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani scientist invents earthquake - resistant building '' . News.Az . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Station for the Forecasting of Earthquakes Atropatena - AZ3 , Baku , Azerbaijan '' . Global Network for the Forecasting of Earthquakes . Jump up ^ Азербайджанский ученый изобрел метод оповещения о землетрясении ( in Russian ) . BlackSea News . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arianespace signs deal to launch Azerbaijani satellite '' . News.Az . Archived from the original on 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan signs deal with Arianespace to launch satellite '' . Space Travel . Archived from the original on 6 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Orbital Contracted to Build Azerbaijan 's First Satellite '' . SatelliteToday. 28 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baku developing satellite to kick off national space program '' . Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting held to coordinate orbital slots for Azersat '' . News.Az. 16 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Азербайджан рассчитывает запустить спутник связи AzerSat '' ( in Russian ) . ComNews . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Azərbaycanın əhalisi Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi . Stat.gov.az . Retrieved on 2017 - 07 - 01 . 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Studies in languages of Azerbaijan . Baku , Azerbaijan and Saint Petersburg , Russia : Institute of International Relations , Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan and North Eurasian Group , SIL International . Jump up ^ `` Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs '' . Georgetown University . July 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharifov , Azad . `` Legend of the Bibi - Heybat Mosque '' . Azerbaijan International . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mapping The Global Muslim Population '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan -- Presidential Library -- Religion . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mapping the Global Muslim Population Pew Research Center . Pewforum.org ( 2009 - 10 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ GALLUP -- What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common -- data accessed on 19 August 2014 Jump up ^ `` Global Christianity '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 1 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Church in Azerbaijan '' . Catholic - Hierarchy . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Corley , Felix ( 9 March 2002 ) . `` Azerbaijan : 125 religious groups re-registered '' . Keston News Service . Retrieved 9 April 2002 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000 Azerbaijanis adopted Christianity '' ( in Russian ) . Day.az. 7 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Missionaries Becoming Active in Azerbaijan '' ( in Azerbaijani ) . Tehran Radio . 19 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Rothholz , Peter ( 20 November 2015 ) . `` Jewish Life in Azerbaijan Embodies Muslim - Majority Nation 's Culture of Tolerance '' . BreakingIsraelNews . JNS.org . Jump up ^ `` Baku gives land for Jewish cultural center , kosher restaurant '' . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Allen - Ebrahimian , Bethany . `` How I Accidentally Became a Lobbyist for Azerbaijan '' . Foreign Policy . Jump up ^ Sloame , Joanna . `` Azerbaijan '' . Jewish Virtual Library . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan . state.gov ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan : A Country Study , Education , Health , and Welfare '' . Country Studies . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2009 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Program 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Education in Azerbaijan , The Challenges of Transition '' . Azerbaijan International . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Waters , Zena . `` What exactly is Novruz Bayram '' . Azerbaijan Today . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ David C. King . Azerbaijan , Marshall Cavendish , 2006 , p. 94 ^ Jump up to : Энциклопедический музыкальный словарь , 2 - е изд. , Москва , 1966 ( Encyclopedical Music Dictionary ( 1966 ) , 2nd ed. , Moscow ) Jump up ^ `` The Azerbaijan musical instruments '' . Atlas.musigi-dunya.az . Archived from the original on 26 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ During , Jean ( 2001 ) . `` Azerbaijan '' . The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 23111 - 1 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Ishhad . `` The Baku Jazz Festival : Reviving a Tradition in Azerbaijan '' . EurasiaNet . Archived from the original on 8 May 2005 . Retrieved 27 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` ashik , shaman '' -- European University Institute , Florence , Italy ( retrieved 10 August 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan 's ashug art included into UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage '' . Today.Az . Archived from the original on 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hutcheon , David ( 19 September 2008 ) . `` Alim Qasimov : the living legend you 've never heard of '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 19 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Augstein , Frank . `` Azerbaijan duo upset favorites , Ireland , for first - time win at 2011 Eurovision Song Contest '' . Daily Journal . Associated Press . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan wins the Eurovision Song Contest '' . BBC News . 14 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lusher , Adam ( 15 May 2011 ) . `` Azerbaijan wins Eurovision Song Contest '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan . Cultural life . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Beale , Thomas William ; Keene Henry George ( 1894 ) . An Oriental Biographical Dictionary . W.H. Allen . p. 311 . ^ Jump up to : A. Caferoglu , `` Adhari ( azeri ) '' , in Encyclopedia of Islam , ( new edition ) , Vol. 1 , ( Leiden , 1986 ) Jump up ^ Tyrrell , Maliheh S. ( 2001 ) . Aesopian Literary Dimensions of Azerbaijani Literature of the Soviet Period , 1920 -- 1990 . Lexington Books . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Průšek , Jaroslav ( 1974 ) . Dictionary of Oriental Literatures . Basic Books . p. 138 . Jump up ^ Baldick , Julian ( 2000 ) . Mystical Islam : An Introduction to Sufism . I.B. Tauris . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 631 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Burrill , Kathleen R.F. ( 1972 ) . The Quatrains of Nesimi Fourteenth - Century Turkic Hurufi . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co . KG . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 2328 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lambton , Ann K.S. ; Holt , Peter Malcolm ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1970 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam . Cambridge University Press . p. 689 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29138 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seyid Imadeddin Nesimi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Babinger , Franz ( 2008 ) . `` Nesīmī , Seyyid ʿImād al - Dīn '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam . Brill Online . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Meeker , `` The Dede Korkut Ethic '' , International Journal of Middle East Studies , Vol. 24 , No. 3 ( Aug. 1992 ) , 395 -- 417 . excerpt : The Book of Dede Korkut is an early record of oral Turkic folktales in Anatolia , and as such , one of the mythic charters of Turkish nationalist ideology . The oldest versions of the Book of Dede Korkut consist of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century . The twelve stories that are recorded in these manuscripts are believed to be derived from a cycle of stories and songs circulating among Turkic peoples living in northeastern Anatolia and northwestern Azerbaijan . According to Lewis ( 1974 ) , an older substratum of these oral traditions dates to conflicts between the ancient Oghuz and their Turkish rivals in Central Asia ( the Pecheneks and the Kipchaks ) , but this substratum has been clothed in references to the 14th - century campaigns of the Akkoyunlu Confederation of Turkic tribes against the Georgians , the Abkhaz , and the Greeks in Trebizond . Such stories and songs would have emerged no earlier than the beginning of the 13th century , and the written versions that have reached us would have been composed no later than the beginning of the 15th century . By this time , the Turkic peoples in question had been in touch with Islamic civilization for several centuries , had come to call themselves `` Turcoman '' rather than `` Oghuz , '' had close associations with sedentary and urbanized societies , and were participating in Islamized regimes that included nomads , farmers , and townsmen . Some had abandoned their nomadic way of life altogether . Jump up ^ Cemal Kafadar ( 1995 ) , `` in Between Two Worlds : Construction of the Ottoman states '' , University of California Press , 1995 . Excerpt : `` It was not earlier than the fifteenth century . Based on the fact that the author is buttering up both the Akkoyunlu and Ottoman rulers , it has been suggested that the composition belongs to someone living in the undefined border region lands between the two states during the reign of Uzun Hassan ( 1466 -- 78 ) . G. Lewis on the hand dates the composition `` fairly early in the 15th century at least . '' ^ Jump up to : İlker Evrım Bınbaş , Encyclopædia Iranica , `` Oguz Khan Narratives '' Encyclopædia Iranica Articles . Retrieved October 2010 . `` The Ketāb - e Dede Qorqut , which is a collection of twelve stories reflecting the oral traditions of the Turkmens in the 15th - century eastern Anatolia , is also called Oḡuz - nāma '' Jump up ^ Minorsky , Vladimir ( 1942 ) . `` The Poetry of Shah Ismail '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London . 10 ( 4 ) : 1053 . doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00090182 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Geoffrey ; Gregor , Hamish ; Stutchbury , Elisabeth ( 1994 ) . Tantra and Popular Religion in Tibet . International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85689 - 68 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan '' . Unesco.org . Archived from the original on 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani carpet entered UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage '' . Azerbaijan Press Agency . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Heritage of the BTC -- SCP Pipeline Corridor '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación , la Ciencia y la Cultura '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ Once in a Lifetime Journey . `` The Best Azerbaijan Food '' . Jump up ^ Akhmedov , IA . Азербайджанская кухня ( in Russian ) . Издательство `` Ишыг '' . Jump up ^ `` Chaihana : culture in action '' . Aze.info . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The Azerbaijani Turks : power and identity under Russian rule . Audrey L. Altstadt . Hoover Institution Press . ISBN 9780817991821 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Khanlou , Pirouz . `` Baku 's Architecture A Fusion of East and West '' . Azerbaijan International . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan '' . World Heritage Site . Jump up ^ `` Over 70 underground stations to be built in Baku '' . News.Az . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ 1 February 2012 Jon Walton ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` $100 Billion Khazar Islands Taking Shape '' . Construction Digital . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Glass , Nick . `` Flame Towers light up Baku 's historic skyline '' . CNN . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Наскальные рисунки Гямигая . irs-az.com . Jump up ^ `` Ornaments Coming from Gobustan '' . Diva International . Jump up ^ `` Gobustan Rock Art '' . www.worldheritagesite.org . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani Artists '' . www.arthistoryarchive.com . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steps of Time & Art is not only ugly '' . universes-in-universe.org . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema in Azerbaijan : Pre-Soviet Era '' . `` Azerbaijan International '' . Autumn 1997 . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Celebrating 100 Years in Film , not 80 by Aydin Kazimzade . Azerbaijan International , Autumn 1997 ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijani cinema in 1920 -- 1935 : Silent films '' . OCAZ.eu . Jump up ^ Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe , The Protection of media freedom in Europe. Background report prepared by Mr William Horsley , special representative for media freedom of the Association of European Journalists Jump up ^ Freedom House , Azerbaijan 2015 Press Freedom report Jump up ^ `` Freedom of the Press 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Freedom House . Jump up ^ `` Threat to retransmission of BBC , Voice of America and Radio Liberty / Radio Free Europe '' . Reporters Without Borders . Jump up ^ Ognianova , Nina . `` Baku 2015 : Press freedom , Azerbaijan , and the European Games '' . Committee to Protect Journalists . Jump up ^ Nozadze , Natalia . `` Azerbaijan closes its doors '' . News . Amnesty International . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Amnesty , International . `` Annual report on Azerbaijan '' . Amnesty International . Jump up ^ `` Azərbaycanda nə qədər futbolçu var ? '' . news.milli.az ( in Azerbaijani ) . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football in Azerbaijan '' . www.fifa.com . FIFA . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Нефтчи '' стал первым азербайджанским футбольным клубом , вышедшим в групповой этап еврокубков -- ФОТО . 1news.az ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ ЦСКА вылетел из еврокубков ( in Russian ) . UEFA . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Araz clinch third place on penalties '' . UEFA. 25 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan : Official Atlético sponsor '' . Club Atlético de Madrid . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ История нард ( in Russian ) . 1 - Kalyan . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Нарды -- игра , требующая сноровки и удачи ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ История Нард ( in Russian ) . Nards . Jump up ^ `` More than just Mammadova : Azerbaijan 's ladies cause World Championship upset '' . www.fivb.org ( Press release ) . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vakıfbank women achieve historic success , winning intercontinental volleyball trophy '' . www.hurriyetdailynews.com . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian . `` F1 Will Race in Azerbaijan in 2016 Says Ecclestone '' . www.forbes.com . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan is a country known for its love of sport and sportsmanship . '' . www.baku2015.com . Archived from the original on 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baku 2015 heralds new era in European sports movement '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Olukbasi , Suha . Azerbaijan : A Political History . I.B. Tauris ( 2011 ) . Focus on post-Soviet era . de Waal , Thomas . Black Garden . NYU ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 Goltz , Thomas . Azerbaijan Diary : A Rogue Reporter 's Adventures in an Oil - Rich , War - Torn , Post-Soviet Republic . ME Sharpe ( 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0244 - X External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Azerbaijan '' dated 2008 - 06 - 23 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles The Wikibook Wikijunior : Countries A-Z has a page on the topic of : Azerbaijan Find more aboutAzerbaijanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity General information Azerbaijan International Heydar Aliyev Foundation Azerbaijan at DMOZ `` Azerbaijan '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Azerbaijan at University of Colorado at Boulder Country profile from BBC Key Development Forecasts for Azerbaijan from International Futures Geographic data related to Azerbaijan at OpenStreetMap Media related to Azerbaijan at Wikimedia Commons Major government resources President of Azerbaijan website Azerbaijan State Statistical Committee United Nations Office in Azerbaijan Major news media Network NEWS Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Today Azerbaijan Press Agency Trend News Agency News.Az Tourism Azerbaijan Tourism Portal Wikimedia Atlas of Azerbaijan Coordinates : 40 ° 18 ′ N 47 ° 42 ′ E / 40.3 ° N 47.7 ° E / 40.3 ; 47.7 Azerbaijan articles History Early Kura -- Araxes culture Khojaly -- Gadabay culture Shulaveri - Shomu culture Mughan culture Jar - Burial Culture Leyla - Tepe culture Mannaeans Medes Achaemenid Empire Atropatene Caucasian Albania Parthian Empire Arran ( Caucasus ) Sasanian Empire Shirvan Middle Ages Sajid dynasty Sallarid dynasty Rawwadids Shaddadids Shirvanshahs Kingdom of Syunik ( Siunia dynasty ) Eldiguzids Ilkhanate Principality of Khachen ( House of Dop , House of Hasan - Jalalyan ) Kara Koyunlu Ag Qoyunlu Safavid dynasty Afsharid dynasty Zand dynasty Qajar dynasty Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) Treaty of Gulistan Russo - Persian War ( 1826 -- 28 ) Treaty of Turkmenchay Modern Armenian -- Tatar massacres March Days Armenian -- Azerbaijani War Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Soviet Azerbaijan Nagorno - Karabakh War Black January Independent Azerbaijan By topic History of the name Azerbaijan The Land of Fire Geography Bodies of water Caspian Sea Climate Earthquakes Environment issues Extreme points Fauna Flora Geology Mountains National parks Orography Protected areas State reserves Wildlife more ... 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2 NDL : 00577523 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&oldid=801607467 '' Categories : Azerbaijan Caspian littoral states Eastern European countries Landlocked countries Modern Turkic states Republics Transcaucasia Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member states of the United Nations States and territories established in 1991 1991 establishments in Asia 1991 establishments in Europe Azerbaijani - speaking countries and territories Russian - speaking countries and territories Countries in Asia Countries in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 Azerbaijani - language sources ( az ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Russian - language external links Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan
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when does scandal come back on february 2018
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No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 107 `` Watch Me '' Jann Turner Shonda Rhimes October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 701 5.52 108 `` Pressing the Flesh '' Tony Goldwyn Matt Byrne October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 702 5.00 109 `` Day 101 '' Scott Foley Zahir McGhee October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) 703 4.70 110 `` Lost Girls '' Nicole Rubio Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 704 4.88 111 5 `` Adventures in Babysitting '' Oliver Bokelberg Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 705 4.89 112 6 `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' Jann Turner Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 706 5.00 113 7 `` Something Borrowed '' Sharat Raju Mark Fish November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 707 4.97 114 8 `` Robin '' Daryn Okada Juan Carlos Fernandez January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 709 5.17 115 9 `` Good People '' Nzingha Stewart Shonda Rhimes , Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 708 5.19 116 10 `` The People v. Olivia Pope '' Kerry Washington Ameni Rozsa February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 710 5.62 117 11 `` Army of One '' Allison Liddi - Brown Austin Guzman February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 711 4.63 118 12 `` Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself '' Tony Goldwyn Raamla Mohamed March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 712 4.95 119 13 `` Air Force Two '' Valerie Weiss Severiano Canales March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 713 4.67 120 14 `` The List '' Greg Evans Jess Brownell & Juan Carlos Fernandez March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 714 4.74 121 15 `` The Noise '' Darby Stanchfield Raamla Mohamed & Jeremy Gordon March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 715 3.71 122 16 `` People Like Me '' Joe Morton Chris Van Dusen April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 716 3.83 123 17 `` Standing in the Sun '' Jann Turner Mark Fish & Matt Byrne April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 717 4.15 124 18 `` Over a Cliff '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 718 5.46
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February 1 , 2018
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List of Scandal episodes
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list of scandal episodes
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Scandal is an American political thriller television series created by Shonda Rhimes , that ran on ABC from April 5 , 2012 until April 19 , 2018 .
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Kerry Washington stars as Olivia Pope , a former White House Communications Director who leaves to start her own crisis management firm , Pope and Associates , where she works to keep the secrets and protect the public images of the country 's most powerful and elite . On staff at the new firm are fresh - faced lawyer Quinn Perkins ( Katie Lowes ) ; smooth talking litigator Harrison Wright ( Columbus Short ) ; investigator Abby Whelan ( Darby Stanchfield ) ; and computer hacker with a CIA past Huck ( Guillermo Diaz ) . The show also focuses on President of the United States Fitzgerald Grant ( Tony Goldwyn ) ; First Lady Mellie Grant ( Bellamy Young ) ; White House Chief of Staff Cyrus Beene ( Jeff Perry ) ; Vice President and eventual presidential candidate Sally Langston ( Kate Burton ) ; U.S. Attorney David Rosen ( Joshua Malina ) ; Head of NSA , Jake Ballard ( Scott Foley ) ; chairwoman Elizabeth North ( Portia de Rossi ) ; activist Marcus Walker ( Cornelius Smith Jr . ) ; and head of B613 Eli Pope ( Joe Morton ) . During the course of the series , 124 episodes of Scandal aired , including one special . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Specials 4 Webisodes 4.1 Gladiator Wanted 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 7 April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 62 8.21 22 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 47 8.46 18 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 13 12.00 22 September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 8 12.66 5 21 September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 16 10.68 6 16 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 30 8.16 7 18 October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Sweet Baby '' Paul McGuigan Shonda Rhimes April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) 101 7.33 `` Dirty Little Secrets '' Roxann Dawson Heather Mitchell April 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) 102 7.28 `` Hell Hath No Fury '' Allison Liddi - Brown Matt Byrne April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) 103 7.21 `` Enemy of the State '' Michael Katleman Richard E. Robbins April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) 104 6.86 5 5 `` Crash and Burn '' Steve Robin Mark Wilding May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 105 6.69 6 6 `` The Trail '' Tom Verica Jenna Bans May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 106 6.43 7 7 `` Grant : For the People '' Roxann Dawson Shonda Rhimes May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 107 7.33 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 8 `` White Hat 's Off '' Tom Verica Jenna Bans September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 201 6.74 9 `` The Other Woman '' Stephen Cragg Heather Mitchell October 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) 202 6.56 10 `` Hunting Season '' Ron Underwood Matt Byrne October 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) 203 6.17 11 `` Beltway Unbuckled '' Mark Tinker Mark Fish October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) 204 6.11 12 5 `` All Roads Lead to Fitz '' Steve Robin Raamla Mohamed November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) 205 6.06 13 6 `` Spies Like Us '' Bethany Rooney Chris Van Dusen November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) 206 6.02 14 7 `` Defiance '' Tom Verica Peter Noah November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) 207 6.64 15 8 `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Oliver Bokelberg Shonda Rhimes December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 208 7.39 16 9 `` Blown Away '' Jessica Yu Mark Wilding December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) 209 7.14 17 10 `` One for the Dog '' Steve Robin Heather Mitchell January 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) 210 8.37 18 11 `` A Criminal , a Whore , an Idiot and a Liar '' Stephen Cragg Mark Fish January 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) 211 7.93 19 12 `` Truth or Consequences '' Jeannot Szwarc Peter Noah January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) 212 8.09 20 13 `` Nobody Likes Babies '' Tom Verica Mark Wilding February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) 213 8.14 21 14 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' Mark Tinker Matt Byrne February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) 214 8.02 22 15 `` Boom Goes the Dynamite '' Randy Zisk Jenna Bans February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) 215 7.68 23 16 `` Top of the Hour '' Steve Robin Heather Mitchell March 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) 216 8.51 24 17 `` Snake in the Garden '' Ron Underwood Raamla Mohamed March 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) 217 7.97 25 18 `` Molly , You in Danger , Girl '' Tom Verica Chris Van Dusen April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 218 8.04 26 19 `` Seven Fifty - Two '' Allison Liddi - Brown Mark Fish April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 219 7.90 27 20 `` A Woman Scorned '' Tony Goldwyn Zahir McGhee May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) 220 8.07 28 21 `` Any Questions ? '' Mark Tinker Matt Byrne May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 221 8.87 29 22 `` White Hat 's Back On '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 222 9.12 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` It 's Handled '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 301 10.52 31 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' Allison Liddi - Brown Heather Mitchell October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 302 9.01 32 `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' Jeannot Szwarc Matt Byrne October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 303 9.51 33 `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' Oliver Bokelberg Mark Fish October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) 304 8.62 34 5 `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' Randy Zisk Jenna Bans October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 305 9.18 35 6 `` Icarus '' Julie Anne Robinson Peter Noah November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 306 8.66 36 7 `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' Michael Katleman Peter Nowalk November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) 307 9.04 37 8 `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' Ava DuVernay Mark Wilding November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) 308 8.93 38 9 `` YOLO '' Oliver Bokelberg Chris Van Dusen December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 309 8.27 39 10 `` A Door Marked Exit '' Tom Verica Zahir McGhee December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 310 9.22 40 11 `` Ride , Sally , Ride '' Tom Verica Raamla Mohamed February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 311 9.32 41 12 `` We Do Not Touch the First Ladies '' Oliver Bokelberg Heather Mitchell March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) 312 8.53 42 13 `` No Sun on the Horizon '' Randy Zisk Matt Byrne March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 313 8.22 43 14 `` Kiss Kiss Bang Bang '' Paul McCrane Mark Fish March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) 314 9.08 44 15 `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' Tony Goldwyn Zahir McGhee March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) 315 9.01 45 16 `` The Fluffer '' Jeannot Szwarc Chris Van Dusen & Raamla Mohamed April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 316 9.13 46 17 `` Flesh and Blood '' Debbie Allen Severiano Canales & Miguel Nolla April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 317 9.23 47 18 `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 318 10.57 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 48 `` Randy , Red , Superfreak and Julia '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 401 11.96 49 `` The State of the Union '' Allison Liddi - Brown Heather Mitchell October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 402 10.34 50 `` Inside the Bubble '' Randy Zisk Matt Byrne October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 403 9.52 51 `` Like Father , Like Daughter '' Paul McCrane Mark Fish October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 404A 9.90 52 5 `` The Key '' Paul McCrane Chris Van Dusen October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 404B 9.98 53 6 `` An Innocent Man '' Jeannot Szwarc Zahir McGhee October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 405 9.32 54 7 `` Baby Made a Mess '' Oliver Bokelberg Jenna Bans November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 406 9.82 55 8 `` The Last Supper '' Julie Anne Robinson Allan Heinberg November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 407 10.05 56 9 `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' Tony Goldwyn Mark Wilding November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 408 10.14 57 10 `` Run '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 409 10.48 58 11 `` Where 's the Black Lady ? '' Debbie Allen Raamla Mohamed February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 410 9.58 59 12 `` Gladiators Do n't Run '' Randy Zisk Paul Willam Davies February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 411A 9.32 60 13 `` No More Blood '' Randy Zisk Heather Mitchell February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 411B 9.62 61 14 `` The Lawn Chair '' Tom Verica Zahir McGhee March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 412 9.57 62 15 `` The Testimony of Diego Muñoz '' Allison Liddi - Brown Mark Fish March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 413 8.24 63 16 `` It 's Good to Be Kink '' Paul McCrane Matt Byrne March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 414 7.79 64 17 `` Put a Ring on It '' Regina King Chris Van Dusen March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 415 8.06 65 18 `` Honor Thy Father '' Jeannot Szwarc Severiano Canales April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 416 7.27 66 19 `` I 'm Just a Bill '' Debbie Allen Raamla Mohamed April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 417 7.86 67 20 `` First Lady Sings the Blues '' David Rodriguez Paul William Davies April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 418 7.79 68 21 `` A Few Good Women '' Oliver Bokelberg Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 419 7.44 69 22 `` You Ca n't Take Command '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 420 8.08 Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` Heavy Is the Head '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 501 10.25 71 `` Yes '' Tony Goldwyn Heather Mitchell October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 502 9.12 72 `` Paris is Burning '' Jann Turner Matt Byrne October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 503 8.76 73 `` Dog - Whistle Politics '' Zetna Fuentes Mark Fish October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 504 8.06 74 5 `` You Got Served '' Kevin Bray Zahir McGhee October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 505 8.28 75 6 `` Get Out of Jail , Free '' Chandra Wilson Chris Van Dusen October 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) 506 7.80 76 7 `` Even the Devil Deserves a Second Chance '' Oliver Bokelberg Raamla Mohamed November 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) 507 8.03 77 8 `` Rasputin '' John Terlesky Paul William Davies November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) 508 7.70 78 9 `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Tom Verica Mark Wilding November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) 509 8.13 79 10 `` It 's Hard Out Here for a General '' Tom Verica Severiano Canales February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 510 6.96 80 11 `` The Candidate '' Allison Liddi - Brown Alison Schapker February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 511A 6.09 81 12 `` Wild Card '' Allison Liddi - Brown & Tom Verica Mark Fish February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 511B 5.85 82 13 `` The Fish Rots from the Head '' Sharat Raju Heather Mitchell March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 512 5.97 83 14 `` I See You '' Paris Barclay Matt Byrne March 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) 513 6.31 84 15 `` Pencils Down '' Regina King Chris Van Dusen March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) 514 6.15 85 16 `` The Miseducation of Susan Ross '' Scott Foley Raamla Mohamed March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 516 6.44 86 17 `` Thwack ! '' Tony Goldwyn Zahir McGhee April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 517 5.88 87 18 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Steph Green Paul William Davies April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 518 6.00 88 19 `` Buckle Up '' Oliver Bokelberg Michelle Lirtzman April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 519 6.25 89 20 `` Trump Card '' Jann Turner Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 520 6.06 90 21 `` That 's My Girl '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 521 6.65 Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 91 `` Survival of the Fittest '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 601 7.62 92 `` Hardball '' Allison Liddi - Brown Matt Byrne February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 602 6.54 93 `` Fates Worse Than Death '' Scott Foley Mark Fish February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 603 6.22 94 `` The Belt '' Tom Verica Paul William Davies February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 606 6.06 95 5 `` They All Bow Down '' Millicent Shelton Zahir McGhee March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 604 5.26 96 6 `` Extinction '' Tony Goldwyn Chris Van Dusen March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 605 5.63 97 7 `` A Traitor Among Us '' Tom Verica Alison Schapker March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 607 5.40 98 8 `` A Stomach for Blood '' Oliver Bokelberg Severiano Canales March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 608 6.57 99 9 `` Dead in the Water '' Nicole Rubio Michelle Lirtzman April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 609 5.10 100 10 `` The Decision '' Sharat Raju Johanna Lee April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 610 5.35 101 11 `` Trojan Horse '' Jann Turner Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini April 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) 611 5.11 102 12 `` Mercy '' Nzingha Stewart Severiano Canales & Ameni Rozsa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) 612 5.29 103 13 `` The Box '' Steph Green Raamla Mohamed & Austin Guzman May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 613 5.15 104 14 `` Head Games '' Zetna Fuentes Chris Van Dusen & Juan Carlos Fernandez May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 614 5.10 105 15 `` Tick Tock '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Zahir McGhee & Michelle Lirtzman May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 615 5.23 106 16 `` Transfer of Power '' Tony Goldwyn Matt Byrne & Mark Fish May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 616 5.23 Season 7 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 107 `` Watch Me '' Jann Turner Shonda Rhimes October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 701 5.52 108 `` Pressing the Flesh '' Tony Goldwyn Matt Byrne October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 702 5.00 109 `` Day 101 '' Scott Foley Zahir McGhee October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) 703 4.70 110 `` Lost Girls '' Nicole Rubio Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 704 4.88 111 5 `` Adventures in Babysitting '' Oliver Bokelberg Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 705 4.89 112 6 `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' Jann Turner Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 706 5.00 113 7 `` Something Borrowed '' Sharat Raju Mark Fish November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 707 4.97 114 8 `` Robin '' Daryn Okada Juan Carlos Fernandez January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 709 5.17 115 9 `` Good People '' Nzingha Stewart Shonda Rhimes , Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 708 5.19 116 10 `` The People v. Olivia Pope '' Kerry Washington Ameni Rozsa February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 710 5.62 117 11 `` Army of One '' Allison Liddi - Brown Austin Guzman February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 711 4.63 118 12 `` Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself '' Tony Goldwyn Raamla Mohamed March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 712 4.95 119 13 `` Air Force Two '' Valerie Weiss Severiano Canales March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 713 4.67 120 14 `` The List '' Greg Evans Jess Brownell & Juan Carlos Fernandez March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 714 4.74 121 15 `` The Noise '' Darby Stanchfield Raamla Mohamed & Jeremy Gordon March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 715 3.71 122 16 `` People Like Me '' Joe Morton Chris Van Dusen April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 716 3.83 123 17 `` Standing in the Sun '' Jann Turner Mark Fish & Matt Byrne April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 717 4.15 124 18 `` Over a Cliff '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 718 5.46 Specials ( edit ) No . Title Narrator Aired between Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Secret is Out '' Joshua Malina as David Rosen `` White Hat 's Back On '' ( season two ) `` It 's Handled '' ( season three ) October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 5.75 Webisodes ( edit ) Gladiator wanted ( edit ) A web series debuted prior to the sixth - season premiere and features Guillermo Diaz as Huck , Katie Lowes as Quinn , Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus and George Newbern as Charlie . All of the episodes were directed by Darby Stanchfield , who portrays Abby in the show . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` So You Want to Be a Gladiator in a Suit '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) `` A Job to Kill For '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) `` Induction '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) `` Governments Fall '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) 5 5 `` By Dawn 's Early Light '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) 6 6 `` Exit Interview '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) Ratings ( edit ) Scandal : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Scandal , ' ' Apartment 23 ' Get Premiere Dates , ' Cougar Town ' Does n't '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . ZAP2it . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 - 2016 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Missing ' , ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Office ' and ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Awake ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' Parks and Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Mentalist ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Secret Circle ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Last Resort ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Elementary ' ' Rock Center ' & ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Ofifice ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Up All Night ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' Rock Center ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' Beauty & the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up , ' The Office ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person of Interest ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' American Idol ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' or ' Do No Harm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person of Interest ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' 1600 Penn ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' , & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Glee ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Hannibal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' , & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The X Factor ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' and ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : The Vampire Diaries , The Millers & Elementary Adjusted Up ; Sean Saves the World & Parenthood Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Elementary ' , ' Scandal ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Parenthood ' , & ' The Michael J Fox Show ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Michael J. Fox Show ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Reign ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Sing - Off ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Once Upon A Time in Wonderland ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' and ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up Plus Final NCAA Tournament Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy Adjusted Up + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Shark Tank ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Gracepoint ' or ' Reign ' + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' The McCarthys ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' A to Z ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gracepoint ' , ' Reign ' , ' Parenthood ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' A to Z ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment to ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' or ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Reign ' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Crime ' Adjusted Up + Final Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Amanda ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Heroes Reborn ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Player ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusted up , low CW premieres hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Scandal ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' adjusts up , all others hold , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Elementary ' and ' Mom ' adjust down considerably thanks to NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and CBS take NFL hit , ' Elementary ' below 1.0 , ' Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' up even after adjusting down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NCAA tourney has a soft start on CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , plus final NCAA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blacklist : Redemption ' and ' The Catch ' adjust down , final NCAA numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` NCAA Sweet 16 up a little vs. last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal , ' ' Superstore ' and all others hold : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Tournament adjusts down but ahead of 2017 : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scandal ' Sets Darby Stanchfield - Directed Web Series Ahead of Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : 2011 - 12 Season TV Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Scandal episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Scandal Episodes Season 1 `` Sweet Baby '' Season 2 `` Nobody Likes Babies '' `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Boom Goes the Dynamite '' `` Top of the Hour '' `` Snake in the Garden '' `` Molly , You in Danger , Girl '' `` Seven Fifty - Two '' Season 3 `` It 's Handled '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' `` Icarus '' `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' `` YOLO '' `` A Door Marked Exit '' `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' Season 4 `` Randy , Red , Superfreak and Julia '' `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` Run '' `` Where 's the Black Lady ? '' `` Gladiators Do n't Run '' `` No More Blood '' Season 5 `` Heavy is the Head '' `` Dog - Whistle Politics '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Season 6 `` Transfer of Power '' Season 7 `` Watch Me '' `` Day 101 '' `` Over a Cliff '' Characters Olivia Pope Abby Whelan Quinn Perkins See also Judy Smith Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Scandal_episodes&oldid=838576619 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Scandal ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Episode list using the default LineColor Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 22 : 39 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Scandal%20episodes
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who has the right to vote in usa
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1971 : Adults aged 18 through 21 are granted the right to vote by the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution . This was enacted in response to Vietnam War protests , which argued that soldiers who were old enough to fight for their country should be granted the right to vote .
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Voting rights in the United States
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voting rights in the united states
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The issue of voting rights in the United States , specifically the enfranchisement and disenfranchisement of different groups , has been contested throughout United States history .
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Eligibility to vote in the United States is established both through the federal constitution and by state law . Several constitutional amendments ( the 15th , 19th , and 26th specifically ) require that voting rights can not be abridged on account of race , color , previous condition of servitude , sex , or age for those above 21 ; the constitution as originally written did not establish any such rights during 1787 -- 1870 . In the absence of a specific federal law or constitutional provision , each state is given considerable discretion to establish qualifications for suffrage and candidacy within its own respective jurisdiction ; in addition , states and lower level jurisdictions establish election systems , such as at - large or single member district elections for county councils or school boards . Beyond qualifications for suffrage , rules and regulations concerning voting ( such as the poll tax ) have been contested since the advent of Jim Crow laws and related provisions that indirectly disenfranchised racial minorities . Since the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the 24th Amendment to the Constitution , and related laws , voting rights have been legally considered an issue related to election systems . The Supreme Court ruled in 1964 that both houses of all state legislatures had to be based on election districts that were relatively equal in population size , under the `` one man , one vote '' principle . In 1972 , the Court ruled that state legislatures had to redistrict every ten years based on census results ; at that point , many had not redistricted for decades , often leading to a rural bias . In other cases , particularly for county or municipal elections , at - large voting has been repeatedly challenged when found to dilute the voting power of significant minorities in violation of the Voting Rights Act . In the early 20th century , numerous cities established small commission forms of government in the belief that `` better government '' could result from the suppression of ward politics . Commissioners were elected by the majority of voters , excluding candidates who could not afford large campaigns or who appealed to a minority . Generally the solution to such violations has been to adopt single - member districts ( SMDs ) but alternative election systems , such as limited voting or cumulative voting , have also been used since the late 20th century to correct for dilution of voting power and enable minorities to elect candidates of their choice . The District of Columbia and 5 major territories of the United States have one non-voting member each ( in the U.S. House of Representatives ) and no representation in the U.S. Senate . People in the U.S. territories can not vote for president of the United States . People in the District of Columbia can vote for the president because of the 23rd Amendment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Milestones of national franchise changes 2.1 Native American people 2.2 Religious test 2.3 Poor whites and free African Americans 2.3. 1 Legal challenges to disfranchisement 2.4 Women 2.5 Washington , D.C. 2.6 Young people 2.7 Prisoners 2.8 Durational residency 2.9 Disability 2.10 Homelessness 2.10. 1 Obstacles homeless citizens face during voter registration 2.10. 2 Court cases involving homeless voting 2.10. 3 Special interest elections 3 Current status by region 3.1 District of Columbia 3.2 Overseas and nonresident citizens 3.3 U.S. territories 3.3. 1 Puerto Rico 4 Accessibility 5 Candidacy requirements 6 Noncitizen voting 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The United States Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote , allowing each state to determine who was eligible . In the early history of the U.S. , most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote . Freed slaves could vote in four states . Women were largely prohibited from voting , as were men without property . Women could vote in New Jersey until 1807 ( provided they could meet the property requirement ) and in some local jurisdictions in other northern states . Non-white Americans could also vote in these jurisdictions , provided they could meet the property requirement . By 1856 , white men were allowed to vote in all states regardless of property ownership , although requirements for paying tax remained in five states . On the other hand , several states , including Pennsylvania and New Jersey stripped the free black males of the right to vote in the same period . Four of the fifteen post-Civil War constitutional amendments were ratified to extend voting rights to different groups of citizens . These extensions state that voting rights can not be denied or abridged based on the following : `` Race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' ( 15th Amendment , 1870 ) `` On account of sex '' ( 19th Amendment , 1920 ) `` By reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax '' for federal elections ( 24th Amendment , 1964 ) `` Who are eighteen years of age or older , to vote , shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of age '' ( 26th Amendment , 1971 ) Following the Reconstruction Era until the culmination of the Civil Rights Movement , Jim Crow laws such as literacy tests , poll taxes , and religious tests were some of the state and local laws used in various parts of the United States to deny immigrants ( including legal ones and newly naturalized citizens ) , non-white citizens , Native Americans , and any other locally `` undesirable '' groups from exercising voting rights granted under the constitution . Because of such state and local discriminatory practices , over time , the federal role in elections has increased , through amendments to the Constitution and enacted legislation . These reforms in the 19th and 20th centuries extended the franchise to non-whites , those who do not own property , women , and those 18 -- 21 years old . Since the `` right to vote '' is not explicitly stated in the U.S. Constitution except in the above referenced amendments , and only in reference to the fact that the franchise can not be denied or abridged based solely on the aforementioned qualifications , the `` right to vote '' is perhaps better understood , in layman 's terms , as only prohibiting certain forms of legal discrimination in establishing qualifications for suffrage . States may deny the `` right to vote '' for other reasons . For example , many states require eligible citizens to register to vote a set number of days prior to the election in order to vote . More controversial restrictions include those laws that prohibit convicted felons from voting , even those who have served their sentences . Another example , seen in Bush v. Gore , are disputes as to what rules should apply in counting or recounting ballots . A state may choose to fill an office by means other than an election . For example , upon death or resignation of a legislator , the state may allow the affiliated political party to choose a replacement to hold office until the next scheduled election . Such an appointment is often affirmed by the governor . The Constitution , in Article VI , clause ( paragraph ) 3 , does state that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . Milestones of national franchise changes ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of voting rights in the United States 1789 : The Constitution grants the states the power to set voting requirements . Generally , states limited this right to property - owning or tax - paying white males ( about 6 % of the population ) . ( The Constitution does not grant rights to the states or to the people . The Constitution is the vehicle through which power is granted to the federal government by the states or people . ) 1790 : The Naturalization Act of 1790 allows white men born outside of the United States to become citizens with the right to vote . 1792 - 1838 : Free black males lose the right to vote in several Northern states including in Pennsylvania and in New Jersey . 1792 - 1856 : Abolition of property qualifications for white men , from 1792 ( Kentucky ) to 1856 ( North Carolina ) during the periods of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy . However , tax - paying qualifications remained in five states in 1860 -- Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Pennsylvania , Delaware and North Carolina . They survived in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island until the 20th century . 1868 : Citizenship is guaranteed to all persons born or naturalized in the United States by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , setting the stage for future expansions to voting rights . 1870 : Non-white men and freed male slaves are guaranteed the right to vote by the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era began soon after . Southern states suppressed the voting rights of black and poor white voters through Jim Crow Laws . During this period , the Supreme Court generally upheld state efforts to discriminate against racial minorities ; only later in the 20th century were these laws ruled unconstitutional . Black males in the Northern states could vote , but the majority of African Americans lived in the South . 1887 : Citizenship is granted to Native Americans who are willing to disassociate themselves from their tribe by the Dawes Act , making the men technically eligible to vote . 1913 : Direct election of Senators , established by the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , gave voters rather than state legislatures the right to elect senators . 1920 : Women are guaranteed the right to vote by the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . In practice , the same restrictions that hindered the ability of poor or non-white men to vote now also applied to poor or non-white women . 1924 : All Native Americans are granted citizenship and the right to vote , regardless of tribal affiliation . By this point , approximately two thirds of Native Americans were already citizens . 1943 : Chinese immigrants given the right to citizenship and the right to vote by the Magnuson Act . 1961 : Residents of Washington , D.C. are granted the right to vote in U.S. Presidential Elections by the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution . 1964 : Poll Tax payment prohibited from being used as a condition for voting in federal elections by the Twenty - fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . 1965 : Protection of voter registration and voting for racial minorities , later applied to language minorities , is established by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . This has also been applied to correcting discriminatory election systems and districting . 1966 : Tax payment and wealth requirements for voting in state elections are prohibited by the Supreme Court in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections . 1971 : Adults aged 18 through 21 are granted the right to vote by the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution . This was enacted in response to Vietnam War protests , which argued that soldiers who were old enough to fight for their country should be granted the right to vote . 1986 : United States Military and Uniformed Services , Merchant Marine , other citizens overseas , living on bases in the United States , abroad , or aboard ship are granted the right to vote by the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act . Native American people ( edit ) From 1778 to 1871 , the government tried to resolve its relationship with the various native tribes by negotiating treaties . These treaties formed agreements between two sovereign nations , stating that Native American people were citizens of their tribe , living within the boundaries of the United States . The treaties were negotiated by the executive branch and ratified by the U.S. Senate . It said that native tribes would give up their rights to hunt and live on huge parcels of land that they had inhabited in exchange for trade goods , yearly cash annuity payments , and assurances that no further demands would be made on them . Most often , part of the land would be `` reserved '' exclusively for the tribe 's use . Throughout the 1800s , many native tribes gradually lost claim to the lands they had inhabited for centuries through the federal government 's Indian Removal policy to relocate tribes from the Southeast and Northwest to west of the Mississippi River . European - American settlers continued to encroach on western lands . Only in 1879 , in the Standing Bear trial , were American Indians recognized as persons in the eyes of the United States government . Judge Elmer Scipio Dundy of Nebraska declared that Indians were people within the meaning of the laws , and they had the rights associated with a writ of habeas corpus . However , Judge Dundy left unsettled the question as to whether Native Americans were guaranteed US citizenship . Although Native Americans were born within the national boundaries of the United States , those on reservations were considered citizens of their own tribes , rather than of the United States . They were denied the right to vote because they were not considered citizens by law and were thus ineligible . Many Native Americans were told that they would become citizens if they gave up their tribal affiliations in 1887 under the Dawes Act , which allocated communal lands to individual households and was intended to aid in the assimilation of Native Americans into majority culture . This still did not guarantee their right to vote . In 1924 the remaining Native Americans , estimated at about one - third , became United States citizens . But , many western states continued to restrict Native American ability to vote through property requirements , economic pressures , hiding the polls , and condoning of physical violence against those who voted . Since the late 20th century , they have been protected under provisions of the Voting Rights Act as a racial minority , and in some areas , language minority , gaining election materials in their native languages . Religious test ( edit ) In several British North American colonies , before and after the 1776 Declaration of Independence , Jews , Quakers and / or Catholics were excluded from the franchise and / or from running for elections . The Delaware Constitution of 1776 stated that `` Every person who shall be chosen a member of either house , or appointed to any office or place of trust , before taking his seat , or entering upon the execution of his office , shall ( ... ) also make and subscribe the following declaration , to wit : I , A B. do profess faith in God the Father , and in Jesus Christ His only Son , and in the Holy Ghost , one God , blessed for evermore ; and I do acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration . '' . This was repealed by Article I , Section II. of the 1792 Constitution : `` No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office , or public trust , under this State '' . The 1778 Constitution of the State of South Carolina stated , `` No person shall be eligible to sit in the house of representatives unless he be of the Protestant religion '' , the 1777 Constitution of the State of Georgia ( art . VI ) that `` The representatives shall be chosen out of the residents in each county ( ... ) and they shall be of the Protestant religion '' . With the growth in the number of Baptists in Virginia before the Revolution , who challenged the established Anglican Church , the issues of religious freedom became important to rising leaders such as James Madison . As a young lawyer , he defended Baptist preachers who were not licensed by ( and were opposed by ) the established state Anglican Church . He carried developing ideas about religious freedom to be incorporated into the constitutional convention of the United States . In 1787 , Article One of the United States Constitution stated that `` the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature '' . More significantly , Article Six disavowed the religious test requirements of several states , saying : `` ( N ) o religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' But , in Maryland , Jewish Americans were excluded from State office until the law requiring candidates to affirm a belief in an afterlife was repealed in 1828 . Poor whites and free African Americans ( edit ) See also : Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era At the time of ratification of the Constitution in the late 18th century , most states had property qualifications which restricted the franchise ; the exact amount varied by state , but by some estimates , more than half of white men were disenfranchised . Several states granted suffrage to free men of color after the Revolution , including North Carolina . This fact was noted by Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis ' dissent in Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) , as he emphasized that blacks had been considered citizens at the time the Constitution was ratified : Of this there can be no doubt . At the time of the ratification of the Articles of Confederation , all free native - born inhabitants of the States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , New York , New Jersey , and North Carolina , though descended from African slaves , were not only citizens of those States , but such of them as had the other necessary qualifications possessed the franchise of electors , on equal terms with other citizens . In the 1820s , New York State enlarged its franchise to white men by dropping the property qualification , but maintained it for free blacks . The Supreme Court of North Carolina had upheld the ability of free African Americans to vote in that state . In 1835 , because of fears of the role of free blacks after Nat Turner 's Slave Rebellion of 1831 , they were disenfranchised by decision of the North Carolina Constitutional Convention . At the same time , convention delegates relaxed religious and property qualifications for whites , thus expanding the franchise for them . Alabama entered the union in 1819 with universal white suffrage provided in its constitution . When the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868 after the Civil War , it granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction . In 1869 , the Fifteenth Amendment prohibited the government from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen 's `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . The major effect of these amendments was to enfranchise African American men , the overwhelming majority of whom were freedmen in the South . After the war , some southern states passed `` Black Codes '' , state laws to restrict the new freedoms of African Americans . They attempted to control their movement , assembly , working conditions and other civil rights . Some states also prohibited them from voting . The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution , one of three ratified after the American Civil War to grant freedmen full rights of citizenship , prevented any state from denying the right to vote to any citizen based on race . This was primarily related to protecting the franchise of freedmen , but it also applied to non-white minorities , such as Mexican Americans in Texas . The state governments under Reconstruction adopted new state constitutions or amendments designed to protect the ability of freedmen to vote . The white resistance to black suffrage after the war regularly erupted into violence as white groups tried to protect their power . Particularly in the South , in the aftermath of the Civil War whites made efforts to suppress freedmen 's voting . In the 1860s , secret vigilante groups such as the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) used violence and intimidation to keep freedmen in a controlled role and reestablish white supremacy . But , black freedmen registered and voted in high numbers , and many were elected to local offices through the 1880s . In the mid-1870s , the insurgencies continued with a rise in more powerful white paramilitary groups , such as the White League , originating in Louisiana in 1874 after a disputed gubernatorial election ; and the Red Shirts , originating in Mississippi in 1875 and developing numerous chapters in North and South Carolina ; as well as other `` White Line '' rifle clubs . They operated openly , were more organized than the KKK , and directed their efforts at political goals : to disrupt Republican organizing , turn Republicans out of office , and intimidate or kill blacks to suppress black voting . They worked as `` the military arm of the Democratic Party '' . For instance , estimates were that 150 blacks were killed in North Carolina before the 1876 elections . Economic tactics such as eviction from rental housing or termination of employment were also used to suppress the black vote . White Democrats regained power in state legislatures across the South by the late 1870s , and the federal government withdrew its troops as a result of a national compromise related to the presidency , officially ending Reconstruction . African Americans were a majority in three southern states following the Civil War , and represented over 40 % of the population in four other states . While they did not elect a majority of African Americans to office in any state legislature during Reconstruction , whites still feared and resented the political power exercised by freedmen . After ousting the Republicans , whites worked to restore white supremacy . Although elections were often surrounded by violence , blacks continued to vote and gained many local offices in the late 19th century . In the late 19th century , a Populist - Republican coalition in several states gained governorships and some congressional seats in 1894 . To prevent such a coalition from forming again and reduce election violence , the Democratic Party , dominant in all southern state legislatures , took action to disfranchise most blacks and many poor whites outright . From 1890 to 1908 , ten of the eleven former Confederate states completed political suppression and exclusion of these groups by ratifying new constitutions or amendments which incorporated provisions to make voter registration more difficult . These included such requirements as payment of poll taxes , complicated record keeping , complicated timing of registration and length of residency in relation to elections , with related record - keeping requirements ; felony disenfranchisement focusing on crimes thought to be committed by African Americans , and a literacy test or comprehension test . Prospective voters had to prove the ability to read and write the English language to white voter registrars , who in practice applied subjective requirements . Blacks were often denied the right to vote on this basis . Even well - educated blacks were often told they had `` failed '' such a test , if in fact , it had been administered . On the other hand , illiterate whites were sometimes allowed to vote through a `` grandfather clause , '' which waived literacy requirements if one 's grandfather had been a qualified voter before 1866 , or had served as a soldier , or was from a foreign country . As most blacks had grandfathers who were slaves before 1866 and could not have fulfilled any of those conditions , they could not use the grandfather clause exemption . Selective enforcement of the poll tax was frequently also used to disqualify black and poor white voters . As a result of these measures , at the turn of the century voter rolls dropped markedly across the South . Most blacks and many poor whites were excluded from the political system for decades . Unable to vote , they were also excluded from juries or running for any office . In Alabama , for example , its 1901 constitution restricted the franchise for poor whites as well as blacks . It contained requirements for payment of cumulative poll taxes , completion of literacy tests , and increased residency at state , county and precinct levels , effectively disenfranchised tens of thousands of poor whites as well as most blacks . Historian J. Morgan Kousser found , `` They disfranchised these whites as willingly as they deprived blacks of the vote . '' By 1941 , more whites than blacks in total had been disenfranchised . Legal challenges to disfranchisement ( edit ) Although African Americans quickly began legal challenges to such provisions in the 19th century , it was years before any were successful before the U.S. Supreme Court . Booker T. Washington , better known for his public stance of trying to work within societal constraints of the period at Tuskegee University , secretly helped fund and arrange representation for numerous legal challenges to disfranchisement . He called upon wealthy Northern allies and philanthropists to raise funds for the cause . The Supreme Court 's upholding of Mississippi 's new constitution , in Williams v. Mississippi ( 1898 ) , encouraged other states to follow the Mississippi plan of disfranchisement . African Americans brought other legal challenges , as in Giles v. Harris ( 1903 ) and Giles v. Teasley ( 1904 ) , but the Supreme Court upheld Alabama constitutional provisions . In 1915 Oklahoma was the last state to append a grandfather clause to its literacy requirement due to Supreme Court cases . From early in the 20th century , the newly established National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) took the lead in organizing or supporting legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement . Gradually they planned the strategy of which cases to take forward . In Guinn v. United States ( 1915 ) , the first case in which the NAACP filed a brief , the Supreme Court struck down the grandfather clause in Oklahoma and Maryland . Other states in which it was used had to retract their legislation as well . The challenge was successful . But , nearly as rapidly as the Supreme Court determined a specific provision was unconstitutional , state legislatures developed new statutes to continue disenfranchisement . For instance , in Smith v. Allwright ( 1944 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the use of state - sanctioned all - white primaries by the Democratic Party in the South . States developed new restrictions on black voting ; Alabama passed a law giving county registrars more authority as to which questions they asked applicants in comprehension or literacy tests . The NAACP continued with steady progress in legal challenges to disenfranchisement and segregation . In 1957 , Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to implement the Fifteenth Amendment . It established the United States Civil Rights Commission ; among its duties is to investigate voter discrimination . As late as 1962 , programs such as Operation Eagle Eye in Arizona attempted to stymie minority voting through literacy tests . The 24th Amendment was ratified in 1964 to prohibit poll taxes as a condition of voter registration and voting in federal elections . Many states continued to use them in state elections as a means of reducing the number of voters . The American Civil Rights Movement , through such events as the Selma to Montgomery marches and Freedom Summer in Mississippi , gained passage by the United States Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which authorized federal oversight of voter registration and election practices and other enforcement of voting rights . Congress passed the legislation because it found `` case by case litigation was inadequate to combat widespread and persistent discrimination in voting '' . Activism by African Americans helped secure an expanded and protected franchise that has benefited all Americans , including racial and language minorities . The bill provided for federal oversight , if necessary , to ensure just voter registration and election procedures . The rate of African - American registration and voting in Southern states climbed dramatically and quickly , but it has taken years of federal oversight to work out the processes and overcome local resistance . In addition , it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6 - 3 in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections ( 1966 ) that all state poll taxes ( for state elections ) were officially declared unconstitutional as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . This removed a burden on the poor . Legal challenges have continued under the Voting Rights Act , primarily in areas of redistricting and election systems , for instance , challenging at - large election systems that effectively reduce the ability of minority groups to elect candidates of their choice . Such challenges have particularly occurred at the county and municipal level , including for school boards , where exclusion of minority groups and candidates at such levels has been persistent in some areas of the country . This reduces the ability of women and minorities to participate in the political system and gain entry - level experience . Women ( edit ) See also : History of women 's suffrage in the United States A parallel , yet separate , movement was that for women 's suffrage . Leaders of the suffrage movement included Susan B. Anthony , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , and Alice Paul . In some ways this , too , could be said to have grown out of the American Civil War , as women had been strong leaders of the abolition movement . Middle - and upper - class women generally became more politically active in the northern tier during and after the war . In 1848 , the Seneca Falls Convention , the first women 's rights convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . Of the 300 present , 68 women and 32 men signed the Declaration of Sentiments which defined the women 's rights movement . The first National Women 's Rights Convention took place in 1850 in Worcester , Massachusetts , attracting more than 1,000 participants . This national convention was held yearly through 1860 . When Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Women Suffrage Association , their goal was to help women gain voting rights through reliance on the Constitution . Also , in 1869 Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell formed the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . However , AWSA focused on gaining voting rights for women through the amendment process . Although these two organization were fighting for the same cause , it was not until 1890 that they merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . After the merger of the two organizations , the ( NAWSA ) waged a state - by - state campaign to obtain voting rights for women . Wyoming was the first state in which women were able to vote , although it was a condition of the transition to statehood . Utah was the second territory to allow women to vote , but the federal Edmunds -- Tucker Act of 1887 repealed woman 's suffrage in Utah . Colorado was the first established state to allow women to vote on the same basis as men . Some other states also extended the franchise to women before the Constitution was amended to this purpose . During the 1910s Alice Paul , assisted by Lucy Burns and many others , organized such events and organizations as the 1913 Women 's Suffrage Parade , the National Woman 's Party , and the Silent Sentinels . At the culmination of the suffragists ' requests and protests , ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote in time to participate in the Presidential election of 1920 . Another political movement that was largely driven by women in the same era was the anti-alcohol Temperance movement , which led to the Eighteenth Amendment and Prohibition . Washington , D.C. ( edit ) Washington , D.C. , was created from a portion of the states of Maryland and Virginia in 1801 . The Virginia portion was retroceded ( returned ) to Virginia upon request of the residents , by an Act of Congress in 1846 to protect slavery , and restore state and federal voting rights in that portion of Virginia . When Maryland delegated a portion of its land to Congress so that it could be used as the Nation 's capital , Congress did not continue Maryland Voting Laws . It canceled all state and federal elections starting with 1802 . Local elections limped on in some neighborhoods , until 1871 , when local elections were also forbidden by the U.S. Congress . The U.S. Congress is the National Legislature . Under Article I , Section 8 , Clause 17 , Congress has the sole authority to exercise `` Exclusive Legislature in all cases whatsoever '' over the nation 's capital and over federal military bases . Active disfranchisement is typically a States Rights Legislative issue , where the removal of voting rights is permitted . At the national level , the federal government typically ignored voting rights issues , or affirmed that they were extended . Congress , when exercising `` exclusive legislation '' over U.S. Military Bases in the United States , and Washington , D.C. , viewed its power as strong enough to remove all voting rights . All state and federal elections were canceled by Congress in D.C. and all of Maryland 's voting Rights laws no longer applied to D.C. when Maryland gave up that land . Congress did not pass laws to establish local voting processes in the District of Columbia . This omission of law strategy to disfranchise is contained in the Congressional debates in Annals of Congress in 1800 and 1801 . In 1986 , the US Congress voted to restore voting rights on U.S. Military bases for all state and federal elections . D.C. , citizens were granted the right to vote in Presidential elections in 1961 , after the ratification of the twenty - third amendment . Amendment 23 is the only known limit to U.S. Congressional powers , forcing Congress to enforce Amendments 14 , 15 , 19 , 24 , and 26 for the first time in Presidential elections . The Maryland citizens and territory converted in Washington , D.C. , in 1801 were represented in 1801 by U.S. Rep. John Chew Thomas from Maryland 's 2nd , and U.S. Rep. William Craik from Maryland 's 3rd Congressional Districts . These Maryland U.S. Congressional Districts were redrawn and removed from Washington , D.C. No full Congressional elections have been held since in D.C. , a gap continuing since 1801 . Congress created a non-voting substitute for a U.S. Congressman , a Delegate , between 1871 -- 1875 , but then abolished that post as well . Congress permitted restoration of local elections and home rule for the District on December 24 , 1973 . In 1971 , Congress still opposed restoring the position of a full U.S. Congressman for Washington , D.C. That year it re-established the position of non-voting Delegate to the U.S. Congress . Young people ( edit ) See also : Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution States ( shown in blue ) allow 17 - year - olds to vote in primaries / caucuses if their 18th birthday is before the general election . A third voting rights movement was won in the 1960s to lower the voting age from twenty - one to eighteen . Activists noted that most of the young men who were being drafted to fight in the Vietnam War were too young to have any voice in the selection of the leaders who were sending them to fight . Some states had already lowered the voting age : notably Georgia , Kentucky , and Hawaii , had already permitted voting by persons younger than twenty - one . The Twenty - sixth Amendment , ratified in 1971 , prohibits federal and state laws which set a minimum voting age higher than 18 years . As of 2008 , no state has opted for an earlier age , although some state governments have discussed it . California has , since the 1980s , allowed persons who are 17 to register to vote for an election where the election itself will occur on or after their 18th birthday , and several states including Indiana allow 17 - year - olds to vote in a primary election provided they will be 18 by the general election . Prisoners ( edit ) See also : Felony disenfranchisement Prisoner voting rights are defined by individual states , and the laws are different from state to state . Some states allow only individuals on probation to vote . Others allow individuals on parole and probation . As of 2012 , only Florida , Kentucky and Virginia continue to impose a lifelong denial of the right to vote to all citizens with a felony record , absent a restoration of rights granted by the Governor or state legislature . However , in Kentucky , a felon 's rights can be restored after the completion of a restoration process to regain civil rights . In 2007 , Florida legislature restored voting rights to convicted felons who had served their sentences . In March 2011 , however , Governor Rick Scott reversed the 2007 reforms . He signed legislation that permanently disenfranchises citizens with past felony convictions . In July 2005 , Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack issued an executive order restoring the right to vote for all persons who have completed supervision . On October 31 , 2005 , Iowa 's Supreme Court upheld mass reenfranchisement of convicted felons . Nine other states disenfranchise felons for various lengths of time following the completion of their probation or parole . Other than Maine and Vermont , all U.S. states prohibit felons from voting while they are in prison . In Puerto Rico , felons in prison are allowed to vote in elections . Practices in the United States are in contrast to some European nations , such as Norway . Some nations allow prisoners to vote . Prisoners have been allowed to vote in Canada since 2002 . The United States has a higher proportion of its population in prison than any other Western nation , and more than Russia or China . The dramatic rise in the rate of incarceration in the United States , a 500 % increase from the 1970s to the 1990s , has vastly increased the number of people disenfranchised because of the felon provisions . According to the Sentencing Project , as of 2010 an estimated 5.9 million Americans are denied the right to vote because of a felony conviction , a number equivalent to 2.5 % of the U.S. voting - age population and a sharp increase from the 1.2 million people affected by felony disenfranchisement in 1976 . Given the prison populations , the effects have been most disadvantageous for minority and poor communities . Durational residency ( edit ) The Supreme Court of the United States struck down one - year residency requirements to vote in Dunn v. Blumstein 405 U.S. 330 ( 1972 ) . The Court ruled that limits on voter registration of up to 30 to 50 days prior to an election were permissible for logistical reasons , but that residency requirements in excess of that violated the equal protection clause , as granted under the Fourteenth Amendment , according to strict scrutiny . Disability ( edit ) Further information : Suffrage for Americans with Disabilities In some states , people who are deemed mentally incompetent are not allowed to vote . Voting rights specialist Michelle Bishop has said , `` We are the last demographic within the U.S. where you can take away our right to vote because of our identity . '' In the conservatorship process , people can lose their right to vote . In California , SB 589 was passed in 2015 , which created the presumption that those under conservatorship can vote . Homelessness ( edit ) Obstacles homeless citizens face during voter registration ( edit ) In the 1980s homelessness was recognized as an increasing national problem . By the early 21st century , there have been numerous court cases to help protect the voting rights of persons without a fixed address . Low income and homeless citizens face some obstacles in registering to vote . These obstacles include establishing residency , providing a mailing address , and showing proof of identification . A residency requirement varies from state to state . States can not require citizens to show residency of more than 30 days before Election Day . The states of Idaho , Maine , Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Wyoming allow voters to register on Election Day . North Dakota does not require voters to register . In the 21st century , homeless persons in all states have the right to register and vote if they satisfy other conditions . In most states , when registering to vote , homeless voters may designate any place of residence , including a street corner , a park , a shelter , or any other location where an individual stays at night . A citizen may only have one residency during registration , but they may switch their registration each time they change locations . Designating residency is needed to prove that the citizen lives within the district where he or she wishes to vote . Some states also require a mailing address in order to send out the voter ID card , which the individual must show on Election Day . Some states allow individuals to use PO Boxes as mailing addresses ; other states allow the address to be that of a local shelter , advocacy organization , outreach center , or anywhere else that accepts mail on behalf of a person registering to vote . States such as Arizona and Nebraska allow homeless citizens to use county court houses or county clerks ' offices as mailing address . States that do not require a mailing address include Alaska , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Montana , New Jersey , Vermont , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . All potential voters face new requirements since 2002 , when President Bush signed the Help America Vote Act ( HAVA ) . It requires voters to provide their driver 's license numbers , or the last four digits of their Social Security Number on their voter registration form . This has been enforced . The National Coalition for the Homeless ( NCH ) assists nonprofit organizations , in getting lower income and homeless citizens registered to vote . In 1992 , the NCH created a campaign called `` You do n't need a home to vote '' . This campaign provided useful resources and guidelines for nonprofit organizations to follow when assisting citizens to register . Nonprofits , like homeless shelters and food banks , set up a voter registration party to help homeless citizens to register . The nonprofit workers must remain nonpartisan when assisting in the registration process . Court cases involving homeless voting ( edit ) Voting rights of the American homeless is an issue that has been addressed in the courts since the 1980s . Each state is responsible for voting regulations in their area ; however , many states throughout America have adopted similar laws regarding homeless citizen voting . Disenfranchising the homeless is considered a violation of their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause . Many arguments have been made against homeless people being able to vote . Their status of true citizenship has been called into question because of their lack of residency . However , the courts have ruled on more than one occasion in favor of the homeless voting . One of the first court cases regarding homeless voting was Pitts v. Black ( 1984 ) in the US District Court of Southern New York , which ruled that disenfranchising homeless citizens is a direct violation of the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . The case involved the New York Election Board and homeless individuals assisted by the Coalition for the Homeless , among others . The Election Board denied the individuals the right to vote because they resided on the street or in shelters . The Election Board contended that residency required some claim ( such as rent ) or ownership of the area on which they resided . Before the court decision was made , the Election Board relented slightly and allowed those living in shelters the right to vote . The District Court defined the meaning of `` residence '' as any fixed location which the individual intends to inhabit regularly . This ruling encompassed all homeless , including those residing on streets and in parks . Two California court rulings , Collier v. Menzel , and Walters v. Weed , also addressed the residency question of homeless voters : Collier v. Menzel ( 1985 ) : The Santa Barbara District Court case established that a residence could be a certain location rather than a specific address . Howard Menzel , the county clerk , rejected three voter registration applications on the grounds that proper addresses were not provided . The applications simply stated a public park as the applicants ' residence . The court overruled the clerk 's decision and defined a residence as any fixed location where a person habitually sleeps and where living quarters are set up . In their final decisions , the court stated that denying a citizen the right to vote due to residence in a public park , is a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection clause . Walters v. Weed ( 1988 ) : In 1988 , the California Supreme Court judged a case concerning voter precincts of those who are between residences . The court ruled that when a person leaves his former place of residence and has not yet settled in another permanent living place , then the individual may vote in the precinct of his former residence . Special interest elections ( edit ) Several locales retained restrictions for specialized local elections , such as for school boards , special districts , or bond issues . Property restrictions , duration of residency restrictions , and , for school boards , restrictions of the franchise to voters with children , remained in force . In a series of rulings from 1969 to 1973 , the Court ruled that the franchise could be restricted in some cases to those `` primarily interested '' or `` primarily affected '' by the outcome of a specialized election , but not in the case of school boards or bond issues , which affected taxation to be paid by all residents . In Ball v. James 451 U.S. 335 ( 1981 ) , the Court further upheld a system of plural voting , by which votes for the board of directors of a water reclamation district were allocated on the basis of a person 's proportion of land owned in the district . The Court has overseen operation of political party primaries to ensure open voting . While states were permitted to require voters to register for a political party 30 days before an election , or to require them to vote in only one party primary , the state could not prevent a voter from voting in a party primary if the voter has voted in another party 's primary in the last 23 months . The Court also ruled that a state may not mandate a `` closed primary '' system and bar independents from voting in a party 's primary against the wishes of the party . ( Tashijan v. Republican Party of Connecticut 479 U.S. 208 ( 1986 ) ) The Office of Hawaiian Affairs of the state of Hawaii , created in 1978 , limited voting eligibility and candidate eligibility to native Hawaiians on whose behalf it manages 1,800,000 acres ( 7,300 km ) of ceded land . The Supreme Court of the United States struck down the franchise restriction under the Fifteenth Amendment in Rice v. Cayetano 528 U.S. 495 ( 2000 ) , following by eliminating the candidate restriction in Arakaki v. State of Hawai'i a few months later . Current status by region ( edit ) District of Columbia ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia voting rights Citizens of the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. , have not been apportioned a representative or US senator in Congress . This is because D.C. is a federal district and not a state and under the Constitution , only states are apportioned congresspersons . District of Columbia citizens had voting rights removed in 1801 by Congress , when Maryland delegated that portion of its land to Congress . Congress incrementally removed effective local control or home rule by 1871 . It restored some home rule in 1971 , but maintained the authority to override any local laws . Washington , D.C. , does not have full representation in the U.S. House or Senate . The Twenty - third Amendment , restoring U.S. Presidential Election after a 164 - year - gap , is the only known limit to Congressional `` exclusive legislature '' from Article I - 8 - 17 , forcing Congress to enforce for the first time Amendments 14 , 15 , 19 , 24 , and 26 . Amendment 23 gave the District of Columbia three electors and hence the right to vote for President , but not full U.S. Congresspersons nor U.S. Senators . In 1978 , Congress proposed a constitutional amendment that would have restored to the District a full seat for representation in the Congress as well . This amendment failed to receive ratification by sufficient number of states within the seven years required . As of 2013 , a bill is pending in Congress that would treat the District of Columbia as `` a congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives '' , and permit United States citizens residing in the capital to vote for a member to represent them in the House of Representatives . The District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act , S. 160 , 111th Cong . was passed by the U.S. Senate on February 26 , 2009 , by a vote of 61 - 37 . On April 1 , 1993 , the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States received a petition from Timothy Cooper on behalf of the Statehood Solidarity Committee ( the `` Petitioners '' ) against the government of the United States ( the `` State '' or `` United States '' ) . The petition indicated that it was presented on behalf of the members of the Statehood Solidarity Committee and all other U.S. citizens resident in the District of Columbia . The petition alleged that the United States was responsible for violations of Articles II ( right to equality before law ) and XX ( right to vote and to participate in government ) of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man in connection with the inability of citizens of the District of Columbia to vote for and elect a representative to the U.S. Congress . On December 29 , 2003 , The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights having examined the information and arguments provided by the parties on the question of admissibility . Without prejudging the merits of the matter , the Commission decided to admit the present petition in respect of Articles II and XX of the American Declaration . In addition , the Commission concluded that the United States violates the Petitioners ' rights under Articles II and XX of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man by denying District of Columbia citizens an effective opportunity to participate in their federal legislature . Overseas and nonresident citizens ( edit ) U.S. citizens residing overseas who would otherwise have the right to vote are guaranteed the right to vote in federal elections by the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act ( UOCAVA ) of 1986 . As a practical matter , individual states implement UOCAVA . A citizen who has never resided in the United States can vote if a parent is eligible to vote in certain states . In some of these states the citizen can vote in local , state and federal elections , in others in federal elections only . U.S. territories ( edit ) U.S. citizens and non-citizen nationals who reside in American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , or the United States Virgin Islands are not allowed to vote in U.S. national and presidential elections , as these U.S. territories belong to the United States but do not have presidential electors . The U.S. Constitution requires a voter to be resident in one of the 50 states or in the District of Columbia to vote in federal elections . To say that the Constitution does not require extension of federal voting rights to U.S. territories residents does not , however , exclude the possibility that the Constitution may permit their enfranchisement under another source of law . Statehood or a constitutional amendment would allow people in the U.S. territories to vote in federal elections . Like the District of Columbia , territories of the United States do not have U.S. senators representing them in the senate , and they each have one member of the House of Representatives who is not allowed to vote . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Voting rights in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is an insular area -- a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia , the nation 's federal district . Insular areas , such as Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam , are not allowed to choose electors in U.S. presidential elections or elect voting members to the U.S. Congress . This grows out of Article I and Article II of the United States Constitution , which specifically mandate that electors are to be chosen by `` the People of the several States '' . In 1961 , the 23rd amendment to the constitution extended the right to choose electors to the District of Columbia . Any U.S. citizen who resides in Puerto Rico ( whether a Puerto Rican or not ) is effectively disenfranchised at the national level . Although the Republican Party and Democratic Party chapters in Puerto Rico have selected voting delegates to the national nominating conventions participating in U.S. presidential primaries or caucuses , U.S. citizens not residing in one of the 50 states or in the District of Columbia may not vote in federal elections . Various scholars ( including a prominent U.S. judge in the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ) conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic due to U.S. government disenfranchisement of U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico . As of 2010 , under Igartúa v. United States , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) is judicially considered not to be self - executing , and therefore requires further legislative action to put it into effect domestically . Judge Kermit Lipez wrote in a concurring opinion , however , that the en banc majority 's conclusion that the ICCPR is non-self - executing is ripe for reconsideration in a new en banc proceeding , and that if issues highlighted in a partial dissent by Judge Juan R. Torruella were to be decided in favor of the plaintiffs , United States citizens residing in Puerto Rico would have a viable claim to equal voting rights . Congress has in fact acted in partial compliance with its obligations under the ICCPR when , in 1961 , just a few years after the United Nations first ratified the ICCPR , it amended our fundamental charter to allow the United States citizens who reside in the District of Columbia to vote for the Executive offices . See U.S. Constitutional Amendment XXIII. 51 . Indeed , a bill is now pending in Congress that would treat the District of Columbia as `` a congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives '' , and permit United States citizens residing in the capitol to vote for members of the House of Representatives . See District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act , S. 160 , 111th Congress ( passed by the Senate , February 26 , 2009 ) ( 2009 ). 52 However , the United States has not taken similar `` steps '' with regard to the five million United States citizens who reside in the other U.S. territories , of which close to four million are residents of Puerto Rico . This inaction is in clear violation of the United States ' obligations under the ICCPR `` . Accessibility ( edit ) Federal legislation such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) , the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 ( NVRA , or `` Motor - Voter Act '' ) and the Help America Vote Act of 2001 ( HAVA ) help to address some of the concerns of disabled and non-English speaking voters in the United States . Some studies have shown that polling places are inaccessible to disabled voters . The Federal Election Commission reported that , in violation of state and federal laws , more than 20,000 polling places across the nation are inaccessible , depriving people with disabilities of their fundamental right to vote . In 1999 , the Attorney General of the State of New York ran a check of polling places around the state to see if they were accessible to voters with disabilities and found many problems . A study of three upstate counties of New York found fewer than 10 percent of polling places fully compliant with state and federal laws . Many polling booths are set in church basements or in upstairs meeting halls where there are no ramps or elevators . This means problems not just for people who use wheelchairs , but for people using canes or walkers too . And in most states people who are blind do not have access to Braille ballot to vote ; they have to bring someone along to vote for them . Studies have shown that people with disabilities are more interested in government and public affairs than most and are more eager to participate in the democratic process . Many election officials urge people with disabilities to vote absentee , however some disabled individuals see this as an inferior form of participation . Voter turnout is lower among the disabled . In the 2012 United States presidential election 56.8 % of people with disabilities reported voting , compared to the 62.5 % of eligible citizens without disabilities . Candidacy requirements ( edit ) Jurisprudence concerning candidacy rights and the rights of citizens to create a political party are less clear than voting rights . Different courts have reached different conclusions regarding what sort of restrictions , often in terms of ballot access , public debate inclusion , filing fees , and residency requirements , may be imposed . In Williams v. Rhodes ( 1968 ) , the United States Supreme Court struck down Ohio ballot access laws on First and Fourteenth Amendment grounds . However , it subsequently upheld such laws in several other cases . States can require an independent or minor party candidate to collect signatures as high as five percent of the total votes cast in a particular preceding election before the court will intervene . The Supreme Court has also upheld a state ban on cross-party endorsements ( also known as electoral fusion ) and primary write - in votes . Noncitizen voting ( edit ) Main article : Right of foreigners to vote in the United States More than 40 states or territories , including colonies before the Declaration of Independence , have at some time allowed noncitizens who satisfied residential requirements to vote in some or all elections . This in part reflected the strong continuing immigration to the United States . Some cities like Chicago , towns or villages ( in Maryland ) today allow noncitizen residents to vote in school or local elections . In 1875 , the Supreme Court in Minor v. Happersett noted that `` citizenship has not in all cases been made a condition precedent to the enjoyment of the right of suffrage . Thus , in Missouri , persons of foreign birth , who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States , may under certain circumstances vote '' . Federal law prohibits noncitizens from voting in federal elections . See also ( edit ) United States Public Policy portal Law portal Civil Rights Act of 1960 List of suffragists and suffragettes Lodge Bill Timeline of women 's suffrage Voter ID laws in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For state elections : Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections , 383 U.S. 663 ( 1966 ) ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://time.com/3736845/john-oliver-last-week-tonight-voting-rights/ Watch John Oliver Cast His Ballot for Voting Rights for U.S. Territories . Time.com . Melissa Locker . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties - The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . National Archives . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Infoplease . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Voting in Early America '' . Colonial Williamsburg . Spring 2007 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 90499 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley L. Engerman , University of Rochester and NBER ; Kenneth L. Sokoloff , University of California , Los Angeles and NBER ( February 2005 ) . `` The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World '' ( PDF ) : 16 , 35 . By 1840 , only three states retained a property qualification , North Carolina ( for some state - wide offices only ) , Rhode Island , and Virginia . In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice . Tax - paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War , but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Janda , Kenneth ; Berry , Jeffrey M. ; Goldman , Jerry ( 2008 ) . The challenge of democracy : government in America ( 9 . ed. , update ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 99094 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Voting Guide : How To Cast Your Vote , Participate In Government And Have Your Voice Heard '' . Congress Base . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush , et al. , Petitioners v. Albert Gore , Jr. , et al. , Supreme Court of the United States , December 12 , 2000 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 ^ Jump up to : U.S. Constitution Annotated , Justia , archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 31 , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 ^ Jump up to : `` AP Tests : AP Test Prep : The Expansion of Suffrage '' . CliffsNotes. 10 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Madsen , Deborah L. , ed. ( 2015 ) . The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature . Routledge . p. 168 . ISBN 1 - 317 - 69319 - 1 . Jump up ^ The American Indian Vote : Celebrating 80 Years of U.S. Citizenship , Democratic Policy Committee , October 7 , 2004 , archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 , retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 Jump up ^ Rhodes , Jesse ( 2017 ) . Ballot Blocked : The Political Erosion of the Voting Rights Act . http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=26493 : Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Milestones in Voting History / Voting Rights and Citizenship '' . ^ Jump up to : Registration and Voting by Absent Uniformed Services Voters and Overseas Voters in Elections for Federal Office , U.S. Department of Justice , Civil Rights Division , Voting Section , archived from the original on 2001 - 04 - 20 , retrieved 2007 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ Nur , Alio . `` A Long History of Treaties '' . 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From Property to Democracy , Princeton University Press Jump up ^ Constitution of Delaware , 1776 , The Avalon Project at Yale Law School , archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 30 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ State Constitution ( Religious Sections ) -- Delaware , The Constitutional Principle : Separation of Church and State , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ An Act for establishing the Constitution of the State of South Carolina , March 19 , 1778 , The Avalon Project at Yale Law School , archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 Jump up ^ Constitution of Georgia ; February 5 , 1777 , The Avalon Project at Yale Law School , archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 Jump up ^ An Act for the relief of Jews in Maryland , passed February 26 , 1825 , Archives of Maryland , Volume 3183 , Page 1670 , February 26 , 1825 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 Jump up ^ Francis Newton Thorpe ( 1898 ) , The Constitutional History of the United States , 1765 -- 1895 , Harper & Brothers , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 Jump up ^ Curtis , Benjamin Robbins ( Justice ) . `` Dred Scott v. Sandford , Curtis dissent '' . Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ The Constitution of North Carolina , State Library of North Carolina , archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 18 , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 ^ Jump up to : Alio , Nur . `` African American Men Get the Vote '' . Cobb - LaMarche . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rable , George C. ( 2007 ) . But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3011 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gabriel J. Chin & Randy Wagner , `` The Tyranny of the Minority : Jim Crow and the Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty '' , 43 Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review 65 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Gabriel J. Chin , `` Reconstruction , Felon Disenfranchisement and the Right to Vote : Did the Fifteenth Amendment Repeal Section 2 of the Fourteenth ? '' , 92 Georgetown Law Journal 259 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ J. Morgan Kousser. The Shaping of Southern Politics : Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One - Party South , New Haven : Yale University Press , 1974 Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2004 , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary 17 ( 2000 ) : 13 - 14 , accessed Mar 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Scher , Richard K. ( 2015 ) . The Politics of Disenfranchisement : Why is it So Hard to Vote in America ? . Routledge . p. viii - ix . ISBN 9781317455363 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights in America : Racial Voting Rights '' ( PDF ) . A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study . 2009 . Jump up ^ alio , nur . `` women '' . Women 's Rights Movement in the U.S . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ James , Randy ( 2009 - 02 - 26 ) . `` A Brief History of Washington , D.C. '' Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Carl Weiser ( April 18 , 2004 ) , Should voting age fall to 16 ? Several states ponder measure. , The Enquirer , retrieved 2008 - 01 - 05 ^ Jump up to : `` Felony Disenfranchisement Laws in the United States '' ( PDF ) . The Sentencing Project . March 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gonchar , Michael . `` Should Felons Be Allowed to Vote After They Have Served Their Time ? '' . Jump up ^ `` State toughens policy of restoring rights to freed felons '' , Tampa Bay Times , August 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ Gramlich , John ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Groups push to expand ex-felon voting '' . Stateline.org . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Jon ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Would prisoners use their right to vote ? '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Can prisoners vote or not ? '' , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , 19 September 2008 , accessed Oct 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. : 700.23 per 100,000 inhabitants ( 2002 ) ; versus , for example , Belarus ( 516.25 per 100,000 inhabitants ) ; South Africa ( 401.24 per 100,000 inhabitants ) ; Latvia ( 362.83 per 100,000 inhabitants ) Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems , covering the period 2001 -- 2002 ( PDF ) , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 ( Table 15.1 , Total persons incarcerated , with incarceration rates for some nations ( e.g. , Russia and China ) unreported ) Jump up ^ `` ICPS : School of Law : King 's College London : World Prison Brief : King 's College London '' . 26 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Pilkington , Ed ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Felon voting laws to disenfranchise historic number of Americans in 2012 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jeff Manza , Christopher Ugger , and Marcus Britton , `` The Truly Disenfranchised : Felon Voting Rights and American Politics '' , Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research , January 3 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Oyez : Dunn v. Blumstein , 405 U.S. 330 , Oyez , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 Jump up ^ Leonard , Kimberly ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Keeping the ' Mentally Incompetent ' From Voting '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Modarressy - Tehrani , Caroline ( 21 October 2016 ) . https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/j5vxb4/thousands-of-americans-with-mental-disabilities-may-be-improperly-barred-from-voting . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Thousands Lose Right To Vote Under ' Incompetence ' Laws '' . 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Victory ! New Voting Protections for 50,000 Californians Living with Disabilities '' . ACLU of Northern CA . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Barder ( 2011 -- 2012 ) . American Government and Politics Today . Suzanne Jeans . p. 313 . Jump up ^ `` Voting Residency Guidelines '' , Federal Voting Assistance Program Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Help America Vote Act of 2002 , HAVA The U.S. Election Assistance Commission ( EAC ) '' . Election Assistance Commission . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Help America Vote Act '' . OpenCongress Wiki . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Protect Homeless and their Right to Vote '' ^ Jump up to : `` Marthaann E. Pitts , et al. , Plaintiffs , v. Robert S. Black , et al. , Defendants No. 84 Civ. 5270 ( MJL ) '' . court case . United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . Archived from the original on 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Other Coalition for the Homeless Legal Victories '' . Coalition for the Homeless . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court Decisions on Homeless People 's Voting Rights '' . National Coalition for the Homeless . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Collier v. Menzel , 176 Cal . App . 3d 24 -- Cal : Court of Appeal , 2nd Appellate Dist. , 6th Div. 1985 '' . court case . Court of Appeals of California , Second District , Division Six . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Walters v. Weed , 752 P. 2d 443 -- Cal : Supreme Court 1988 '' . court case . Supreme Court of California . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Tashjian v. Republican Party of Connecticut , Justia , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 Jump up ^ Warren , Timothy ( February 26 , 2009 ) . `` Senate votes to give D.C. full House vote '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 26 . The Senate roll call is here ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ( Organization of American States ) REPORT No 98 / 03 * Archived 2011 - 10 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Federal Voting Assistance Program , FVAP , archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 , retrieved 2008 - 09 - 30 ^ Jump up to : `` FindLaw 's United States First Circuit case and opinions - Gregoria Igartúa et al. v. United States of America et al. ( Igartúa IV ) '' . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) . Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) ^ Jump up to : alio , nur . `` People with Disabilities and Voting '' . The Center for an Accessible Society . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Polling Places Found Inaccessible To Disabled '' . New York State Attorney General . 1999 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Disability '' . SAGE Reference. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Disability and Voting Survey Report 2012 Election '' . Rutgers University . Jump up ^ Raskin , Jamin B. ( April 1993 ) , `` Legal aliens , local citizens : The historical , constitutional and theoretical meanings of Alien suffrage '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review , Southern Oregon University , 141 ( 4 ) : 1391 -- 1470 , doi : 10.2307 / 3312345 , JSTOR 3312345 , archived from the original ( ) on 2008 - 11 - 03 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 Jump up ^ Hayduk , Ronald ( 2006 ) , Democracy For All : Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights In The United States , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 95073 - 2 Jump up ^ see also Droit de vote des étrangers aux États - Unis Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court , Minor v. Happersett 88 U.S. 162 ( 1874 ) , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 611 - Voting by aliens . alio , nur . `` History of Voting Rights in America '' . Cobb - LaMarche . External links ( edit ) Right to Vote Initiative -- resources page at FairVote , regarding effort to ensure that the right of every U.S. citizen to vote is firmly entrenched in the U.S. Constitution National Voting Rights Museum and Institute , Selma , Alabama Voting Rights History Two Centuries of Struggle ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Native Americans Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK WSPU march ( 1906 ) Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Battle of Downing Street ( 1910 ) Women 's Coronation Procession ( 1911 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter ( 1914 ) US Seneca Falls Convention ( 1848 ) Declaration of Sentiments ( 1848 ) Rochester Convention ( 1848 ) Ohio Women 's Convention ( 1850 ) National Women 's Rights Convention ( 1850 -- 1869 ) Suffrage Hikes ( 1912 -- 1914 ) Woman Suffrage Procession ( 1913 ) Silent Sentinels ( 1917 -- 1919 ) Night of Terror ( 1917 ) `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voting_rights_in_the_United_States&oldid=847794138 '' Categories : African - American history Constitutional law History of voting rights in the United States United States nationality law Voting Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 20 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting%20rights%20in%20the%20United%20States
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what was the capital of the austro hungarian empire
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Capital Vienna ( main ) Budapest
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Austria - Hungary
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austria - hungary
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Austria - Hungary Österreichisch - Ungarische Monarchie ( German ) Osztrák - Magyar Monarchia ( Hungarian ) 1867 -- 1918 Flag Coat of arms Motto : Indivisibiliter ac Inseparabiliter `` Indivisible and Inseparable '' Anthem : Gott erhalte Gott beschütze `` God shall save , God shall protect '' Austria - Hungary on the eve of World War I Capital Vienna ( main ) Budapest Common languages Official German Hungarian Common Czech , Croatian , Italian , Polish , Romani , Romanian , Rusyn , Serbian , Slovak , Slovene , Ukrainian , and Yiddish Religion 76.6 % Catholic ( incl. 64 -- 66 % Latin & 10 -- 12 % Eastern ) 8.9 % Protestant ( Lutheran , Reformed , Unitarian ) 8.7 % Serb . Orthodox 4.4 % Jewish 1.3 % Muslim ( 1910 census ) Demonym Austro - Hungarian Government Dual parliamentary constitutional monarchy personal union , under a Liberal autocracy in Austria , and parliamentarism in Hungary Emperor - King 1867 -- 1916 Franz Joseph I 1916 -- 1918 Charles I & IV Minister - President of Austria 1867 Friedrich von Beust ( first ) 1918 Heinrich Lammasch ( last ) Prime Minister of Hungary 1867 -- 1871 Gyula Andrássy ( first ) 1918 János Hadik ( last ) Legislature 2 national legislatures : Imperial Council Herrenhaus Abgeordnetenhaus Diet of Hungary House of Magnates House of Representatives Historical era New Imperialism / World War I 1867 Compromise 1 March 1867 Czechoslovak indep . 28 October 1918 State of SCS indep . 29 October 1918 Vojvodina lost to Serbia 25 November 1918 Dissolution 11 November 1918 Treaties of Saint - Germain - en - Laye and Trianon 10 September 1919 and 4 June 1920 Area 1914 676,615 km ( 261,243 sq mi ) 1918 681,727 km ( 263,216 sq mi ) Population 1914 52,800,000 Currency Gulden ( to 1892 ) Krone ( 1892 -- 1918 ) Preceded by Succeeded by Austrian Empire Republic of German - Austria Hungarian Democratic Republic First Czechoslovak Republic West Ukrainian People 's Republic Second Polish Republic Kingdom of Romania Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes Kingdom of Italy Today part of ( show ) Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina China Croatia Czech Republic Hungary Italy Montenegro Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Ukraine Austria - Hungary , often referred to as the Austro - Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English - language sources , was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire ( the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council , or Cisleithania ) and the Kingdom of Hungary ( Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania ) that existed from 1867 to 1918 , when it self - dissolved at the end of World War I . The union was a result of the Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867 . Austria - Hungary consisted of two monarchies ( Austria and Hungary ) , and one autonomous region : the Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia under the Hungarian crown , which negotiated the Croatian -- Hungarian Settlement ( Nagodba ) in 1868 . It was ruled by the House of Habsburg , and constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy . Following the 1867 reforms , the Austrian and the Hungarian states were co-equal . Foreign affairs and the military came under joint oversight , but all other governmental faculties were divided between respective states . Austria - Hungary was a multinational state and one of the world 's great powers at the time . Austria - Hungary was geographically the second - largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire , at 621,538 km ( 239,977 sq mi ) , and the third-most populous ( after Russia and the German Empire ) . The Empire built up the fourth - largest machine building industry of the world , after the United States , Germany , and the United Kingdom . Austria - Hungary also became the world 's third largest manufacturer and exporter of electric home appliances , electric industrial appliances and power generation apparatus for power plants , after the United States and the German Empire . After 1878 , Bosnia and Herzegovina was under Austro - Hungarian military and civilian rule until it was fully annexed in 1908 , provoking the Bosnian crisis among the other powers . Sandžak / Raška , de jure northern part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Novi Pazar ( in modern - day Montenegro and Serbia ) , was also under de facto joint occupation during that period but the Austro - Hungarian army withdrew as part of their annexation of Bosnia . The annexation of Bosnia also led to Islam being recognized as an official state religion due to Bosnia 's Muslim population . Austria - Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I. It was already effectively dissolved by the time the military authorities signed the armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918 . The Kingdom of Hungary and the First Austrian Republic were treated as its successors de jure , whereas the independence of the West Slavs and South Slavs of the Empire as the First Czechoslovak Republic , the Second Polish Republic and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , respectively , and most of the territorial demands of the Kingdom of Romania were also recognized by the victorious powers in 1920 . Contents 1 Structure and name 1.1 Creation 2 Government 2.1 Judicial system 2.1. 1 Empire of Austria 2.1. 2 Kingdom of Hungary 2.2 Public administration and local governments 2.2. 1 Empire of Austria 2.2. 2 Kingdom of Hungary 2.2. 2.1 Administrative divisions and the counties of Hungary 2.2. 2.2 Municipal rights of the biggest cities in Hungary 3 Politics 3.1 Political struggles in the Empire 3.2 Ethnic relations 3.2. 1 Jews 3.3 Foreign policy 4 Economy 4.1 Automotive industry 4.2 Aeronautic industry 4.3 Locomotive engine and railway vehicle manufacturers 4.4 Poverty 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Transport 5.1. 1 Railways 5.1. 1.1 Railway network of the Austrian Empire 5.1. 1.2 Railway network in the Kingdom of Hungary 5.1. 2 Metropolitan transit systems 5.1. 2.1 Tramway lines in the cities 5.1. 2.2 Electrified commuter railway lines 5.1. 2.3 Underground 5.1. 3 Canals and river regulations 5.1. 3.1 Regulation of the lower Danube and the Iron Gates 5.1. 3.2 Regulation of the Tisza River 5.1. 4 Shipping and ports 5.2 Telecommunication 5.2. 1 Telegraph 5.2. 1.1 Austrian Empire 5.2. 1.2 Kingdom of Hungary 5.2. 2 Telephone 5.2. 2.1 Austrian Empire 5.2. 2.2 Kingdom of Hungary 5.2. 3 Electronic broadcasting 6 Demographics 6.1 Population and area 6.2 Languages 6.3 Religion 6.4 Largest cities 6.5 Education 6.5. 1 Austrian Empire 6.5. 2 Kingdom of Hungary 7 Military 8 World War I 8.1 Preludes : Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.1. 1 Status of Bosnia - Herzegovina 8.1. 2 Sarajevo assassination 8.1. 3 Escalation of violence in Bosnia 8.1. 4 Decision for war 8.2 Wartime foreign policy 8.3 Homefront 8.4 Military events 8.4. 1 Serbian front 1914 -- 1916 8.4. 2 Russian front 1914 -- 1917 8.4. 3 Italian front 1915 -- 1918 8.4. 4 Romanian front 1916 8.5 Role of Hungary 8.6 Analysis of defeat 9 Dissolution 9.1 Consequences 9.1. 1 Successor states 9.1. 2 Territorial legacy 10 Flags and heraldry 10.1 Flags 10.2 Coat of arms 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 13 Further reading 13.1 Surveys 13.2 World war 13.3 Specialty topics 13.4 Primary sources 13.5 Historiography and memory 13.6 In German 14 External links Structure and name ( edit ) The realm 's full , official name was The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen . German : Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder und die Länder der Heiligen Ungarischen Stephanskrone Hungarian : A Birodalmi Tanácsban képviselt királyságok és országok és a Magyar Szent Korona országai The Habsburg monarch ruled as Emperor of Austria over the western and northern half of the country that was the Austrian Empire ( `` Lands Represented in the Imperial Council '' , or Cisleithania ) and as King of Hungary over the Kingdom of Hungary ( `` Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen '' , or Transleithania ) . Each enjoyed considerable sovereignty with only a few joint affairs ( principally foreign relations and defence ) . Certain regions , such as Polish Galicia within Cisleithania and Croatia ( officially the Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia - Dalmatia , even though Dalmatia was in the Cisleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy ) within Transleithania , enjoyed autonomous status , each with its own unique governmental structures ( see : Polish Autonomy in Galicia and Croatian -- Hungarian Settlement ) . Franz Joseph I ( 1885 ) The division between Austria and Hungary was so marked that there was no common citizenship : one was either an Austrian citizen or a Hungarian citizen , never both . This also meant that there were always separate Austrian and Hungarian passports , never a common one . However , neither Austrian nor Hungarian passports were used in the Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia - Dalmatia . Instead , the Kingdom issued its own passports which were written in Croatian and French and displayed the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia - Dalmatia on them . It is not known what kind of passports were used in Bosnia - Herzegovina , which was under the control of both Austria and Hungary . The Kingdom of Hungary had always maintained a separate parliament , the Diet of Hungary , even after the Austrian Empire was created in 1804 . The administration and government of the Kingdom of Hungary ( until 1848 -- 49 Hungarian revolution ) remained largely untouched by the government structure of the overarching Austrian Empire . Hungary 's central government structures remained well separated from the Austrian imperial government . The country was governed by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary ( the Gubernium ) -- located in Pressburg and later in Pest -- and by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna . The Hungarian government and Hungarian parliament were suspended after the Hungarian revolution of 1848 , and were reinstated after the Austro - Hungarian Compromise in 1867 . Despite Austria and Hungary sharing a common currency , they were fiscally sovereign and independent entities . Since the beginnings of the personal union ( from 1527 ) , the government of the Kingdom of Hungary could preserve its separated and independent budget . After the revolution of 1848 -- 1849 , the Hungarian budget was amalgamated with the Austrian , and it was only after the Compromise of 1867 that Hungary obtained a separate budget . From 1527 ( the creation of the monarchic personal union ) to 1851 , the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs controls , which separated her from the other parts of the Habsburg - ruled territories . After 1867 , the Austrian and Hungarian customs union agreement had to be renegotiated and stipulated every ten years . The agreements were renewed and signed by Vienna and Budapest at the end of every decade because both countries hoped to derive mutual economic benefit from the customs union . The Austrian Empire and Kingdom of Hungary contracted their foreign commercial treaties independently of each other . Austria - Hungary was a great power but it contained a large number of ethnic groups that sought their own nation . The Dual Monarchy was effectively ruled by a coalition of the two most powerful and numerous ethnic groups , the Germans and the Hungarians . Stresses regarding nationalism were building up , and the severe shock of a poorly handled war caused the system to collapse . Vienna served as the Monarchy 's primary capital . The Cisleithanian ( Austrian ) part contained about 57 percent of the total population and the larger share of its economic resources , compared to the Hungarian part . Following a decision of Franz Joseph I in 1868 , the realm bore the official name Austro - Hungarian Monarchy / Realm ( German : Österreichisch - Ungarische Monarchie / Reich ; Hungarian : Osztrák -- Magyar Monarchia / Birodalom ) in its international relations . It was often contracted to the Dual Monarchy in English , or simply referred to as Austria . Creation ( edit ) Main article : Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Part of a series on the History of Austria Early history ( show ) Hallstatt culture Noricum - Pannonia - Raetia Marcomanni - Lombards - Bavarians - Suebi Avars Samo 's Realm Carantania East Francia Duchy of Bavaria - Margraviate of Austria House of Babenberg Privilegium Minus Habsburg era ( show ) House of Habsburg Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Germany Archduchy of Austria Habsburg Monarchy Austrian Empire German Confederation Austria - Hungary World War I ( show ) Assassination of Franz Ferdinand World War I Interwar years ( show ) Republic of German - Austria First Austrian Republic Austrofascism Federal State of Austria Anschluss Ostmark ( Austria ) World War II ( show ) National Socialism Post-war Austria ( show ) Allied - occupied Austria Second Austrian Republic Topics ( show ) Timeline Jews ( Vienna ) Military history Music Austria portal Part of a series on the History of Hungary Early history ( show ) Hungarian prehistory Hungary before the Hungarians Roman Pannonia Hungarian conquest Medieval ( show ) Principality 895 -- 1000 High Medieval Kingdom 1000 -- 1301 Late Medieval Kingdom 1301 -- 1526 Ottoman Wars 1366 -- 1526 Early modern ( show ) Habsburg kingdom 1526 -- 1867 Eastern kingdom 1526 -- 1570 Ottoman Hungary 1541 -- 1699 Principality of Transylvania 1570 -- 1711 Late modern ( show ) Rákóczi 's War 1703 -- 1711 Revolution of 1848 1848 -- 1849 Austria - Hungary 1867 -- 1918 Lands of the Crown 1867 -- 1918 World War I 1914 -- 1918 Interwar period 1918 -- 1941 First Hungarian Republic 1918 -- 1920 Hungarian Soviet Republic 1919 Kingdom of Hungary 1920 -- 1946 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Contemporary ( show ) Second Hungarian Republic 1946 -- 1949 Hungarian People 's Republic 1949 -- 1989 Revolution of 1956 1956 Third Hungarian Republic since 1989 By topic ( show ) Christianity Military Music Nobility Hungarians Jews Székelys Hungary portal The Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 ( called the Ausgleich in German and the Kiegyezés in Hungarian ) , which inaugurated the empire 's dual structure in place of the former Austrian Empire ( 1804 -- 1867 ) , originated at a time when Austria had declined in strength and in power -- both in the Italian Peninsula ( as a result of the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859 ) and among the states of the German Confederation ( it had been surpassed by Prussia as the dominant German - speaking power following the Austro - Prussian War of 1866 ) . The Compromise re-established the full sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary , which was lost after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . Other factors in the constitutional changes were continued Hungarian dissatisfaction with rule from Vienna and increasing national consciousness on the part of other nationalities ( or ethnicities ) of the Austrian Empire . Hungarian dissatisfaction arose partly from Austria 's suppression with Russian support of the Hungarian liberal revolution of 1848 -- 49 . However , dissatisfaction with Austrian rule had grown for many years within Hungary and had many other causes . By the late 1850s , a large number of Hungarians who had supported the 1848 -- 49 revolution were willing to accept the Habsburg monarchy . They argued that while Hungary had the right to full internal independence , under the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 , foreign affairs and defense were `` common '' to both Austria and Hungary . After the Austrian defeat at Königgrätz , the government realized it needed to reconcile with Hungary to regain the status of a great power . The new foreign minister , Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust , wanted to conclude the stalemated negotiations with the Hungarians . To secure the monarchy , Emperor Franz Joseph began negotiations for a compromise with the Hungarian nobility , led by Ferenc Deák , to ensure their support . In particular , Hungarian leaders demanded and received the Emperor 's coronation as King of Hungary and the re-establishment of a separate parliament at Pest with powers to enact laws for the lands of the Holy Crown of Hungary . From 1867 onwards , the abbreviations heading the names of official institutions in Austria - Hungary reflected their responsibility : k.u.k. ( kaiserlich und königlich or Imperial and Royal ) was the label for institutions common to both parts of the Monarchy , e.g. the k.u.k. Kriegsmarine ( War Fleet ) and , during the war , the k.u.k. Armee ( Army ) . There were three k.u.k. or joint ministries : The Imperial and Royal Ministry of the Exterior and the Imperial House The Imperial and Royal War Ministry The Imperial and Royal Ministry of Finance The last was responsible only for financing the Imperial and Royal household , the diplomatic service , the common army and the common war fleet . All other state functions were to be handled separately by each of the two states . From 1867 onwards , common expenditures were allocated 70 % to Austria and 30 % to Hungary . This split had to be negotiated every decade . By 1907 , the Hungarian share had risen to 36.4 % . The negotiations in 1917 ended with the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy . The common army changed its label from k.k. to k.u.k. only in 1889 at the request of the Hungarian government . K. k. ( kaiserlich - königlich ) or Imperial - Royal was the term for institutions of Cisleithania ( Austria ) ; `` royal '' in this label referred to the Crown of Bohemia . K. u . ( königlich - ungarisch ) or M. k . ( Magyar királyi ) ( `` Royal Hungarian '' ) referred to Transleithania , the lands of the Hungarian crown . In the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia , its autonomous institutions hold k. ( kraljevski ) ( `` Royal '' ) as according to the Croatian -- Hungarian Settlement the only official language in Croatia and Slavonia was Croatian and those institutions were `` only '' Croatian . Government ( edit ) See also : Imperial Council ( Austria ) and Diet of Hungary There were three parts to the rule of the Austro - Hungarian Empire : the common foreign , military and a joint financial policy ( only for diplomatic , military and naval expenditures ) under the monarch the `` Austrian '' or Cisleithanian government the Hungarian government Austrian Parliament building Hungarian Parliament building Hungary and Austria maintained separate parliaments each with its own prime minister . Linking / co-ordinating the two parliaments fell to a government under the monarch . In this sense Austria - Hungary remained under an authoritarian government , as the Emperor - King appointed both Austrian and Hungarian Prime ministers along with their respective cabinets . This made both Governments responsible to the Emperor - King , as neither half could have a government with a program contrary to the views of the Monarch . The Emperor - King could appoint non-parliamentary governments , for example , or maintain in power a government which does not have a majority in Parliament to block the formation of another which he does not approve . The Monarch had other prerogatives such as the right of Royal Assent before any kind of Bill would be presented to the National Assembly ( the common name for the Hungarian Diet ) , the right to Veto all legislation passed by the National Assembly , and the power to prorogue or dissolve the Assembly and call to new elections ( he had the same prerogatives considering the Croatian - Slavonian Diet or Croatian Parliament , the common name for the Croatian - Slavonian Diet ) . In the Austrian half , however , the Monarchs 's power was even greater , as the Emperor had the power to both appoint and dismiss its Prime minister and cabinet members . The monarch 's common government , in which its ministers were appointed by the Monarch and responsible to him , had the responsibility for the army , for the navy , for foreign policy , and for the customs union . Due to the lack of common law between Austria and Hungary , to conclude identical texts , each parliament elected 60 of its members to form a delegation that discussed motions of the Imperial and Royal ministries separately and worked towards a compromise . A common Ministerial Council ruled the common government : it comprised the three ministers for the joint responsibilities ( joint finance , military , and foreign policy ) , the two prime ministers , some Archdukes and the monarch . Two delegations of representatives ( 60 -- 60 members ) , one each from the Austrian and Hungarian parliaments , met separately and voted on the expenditures of the Common Ministerial Council giving the two governments influence in the common administration . However , the ministers ultimately answered only to the monarch who had the final decision on matters of foreign and military policy . Overlapping responsibilities between the joint ministries and the ministries of the two halves caused friction and inefficiencies . The armed forces suffered particularly from overlap . Although the unified government determined the overall military direction , the Austrian and Hungarian governments each remained in charge of recruiting , supplies and training . Each government could have a strong influence over common governmental responsibilities . Each half of the Dual Monarchy proved quite prepared to disrupt common operations to advance its own interests . Relations during the half - century after 1867 between the two parts of the dual monarchy featured repeated disputes over shared external tariff arrangements and over the financial contribution of each government to the common treasury . Under the terms of the `` Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 '' , an agreement renegotiated every ten years , determined these matters . There was political turmoil during the build - up to each renewal of the agreement . The disputes culminated in the early 1900s in a prolonged constitutional crisis . It was triggered by disagreement over which language to use for command in Hungarian army units , and deepened by the advent to power in Budapest in April 1906 of a Hungarian nationalist coalition . Provisional renewals of the common arrangements occurred in October 1907 and in November 1917 on the basis of the status quo . Judicial system ( edit ) Empire of Austria ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2013 ) Kingdom of Hungary ( edit ) The judicial power was independent of the administrative power . After 1868 ( Croatian -- Hungarian Settlement ) , Croatia - Slavonia had its own independent judicial system ( the Table of Seven was the court of last instance for Croatia - Slavonia with final civil and criminal jurisdiction ) . The judicial authorities in Hungary were : the district courts with single judges ( 458 in 1905 ) ; the county courts with collegiate judgeships ( 76 in number ) ; to these were attached 15 jury courts for press offences . These were courts of first instance . In Croatia - Slavonia these were known as the court tables after 1874 ; Royal Tables ( 12 in number ) , which were courts of second instance , established at Budapest , Debrecen , Győr , Kassa , Kolozsvár , Marosvásárhely , Nagyvárad , Pécs , Pressburg , Szeged , Temesvár and Ban 's Table at Zagreb . The Royal Supreme Court at Budapest , and the Supreme Court of Justice , or Table of Seven , at Zagreb , which were the highest judicial authorities . There were also a special commercial court at Budapest , a naval court at Fiume , and special army courts . Public administration and local governments ( edit ) Empire of Austria ( edit ) Emperor Franz Joseph I visiting Prague and opening the new Emperor Francis I. Bridge in 1901 Kraków , a historical Polish city in the Austro - Hungarian Empire where in 1870 authorities allowed the use of the Polish language in the Jagiellonian University . The organization of the administrative system in the Austrian Empire was complicated by the fact that between the State and the purely local communal administration there intruded yet a third element , grounded in history , the territories ( Länder ) . The State administration comprised all affairs having relation to rights , duties and interests `` which are common to all territories '' ; all other administrative tasks were left to the territories . Finally , the communes had self - government within their own sphere . To this division of the work of administration corresponded a three-fold organization of the authorities : State , territorial and communal . The State authorities were divided on geographical lines into central , intermediate and local , and side by side with this there was a division of the offices for the transaction of business according to the various branches of the administration . The central authorities , which as early as the 18th century worked together in a common mother cell of the State chancery , became differentiated so soon as the growing tasks of administration called for specialization ; in 1869 there were seven departments , and in the concluding decade of the Austrian Empire there were set up Ministries of Labour , Food , Public Health and Social Care . Under these ministries came the Statthalter , whose administrative area had ordinarily the proportions of a Crown territory ( Kronland ) ; but the immense variations in area of the Crown territories made a uniform and consistent intermediate administrative organization practically impossible . The lowest administrative unit was the political sub-district ( Bezirk ) under an official ( Bezirkshauptmann ) , who united nearly all the administrative functions which were divided among the various ministries according to their attributions . Side by side with the State administration certain Crown territory administrations also existed in the 17 Crown territories , carried on by selected honorary officials , having under them a staff of professional officials . Many branches of the territorial administration had great similarities with those of the State , so that their spheres of activity frequently overlapped and came into collision . This administrative `` double track '' , as it was called , led , it is true , in many cases to lively emulation , but was on the whole highly extravagant . The evils of this complicated system are obvious , and easy to condemn . They can be explained , partly by the origin of the State -- for the most part through a voluntary union of countries possessed by a strong sense of their own individuality -- partly by the influence in Austria of the Germanic spirit , well understood by the Slavs , which has nothing of the Latin tendency to reduce all questions of administration to clear - cut formulae as part of a logically consistent system . Like the English administrative system , the Austrian presented a rich variety , a variety indeed so rich that it clamoured for drastic reform . Bienerth 's last act as premier in May 1911 was the appointment of a commission nominated by the Emperor , to draw up a scheme of administrative reform . So early as 1904 KOrber had declared a complete change in the principles of administration to be essential if the machinery of State were to continue working . After seven years of inaction , however , this imperial rescript was pitched in a far lower key . The continuous progress of society , it said , had made increased demands on the administration , that is to say , it was assumed that reform was not demanded so much by the defects of the administration but by the progress of the times , not because the administration was bad , but because life was better . It was an attempt to reform the administration without first reforming the State on equivalent lines . A reform commission without a programme naturally first occupied itself with reforms about which there was no controversy . After a year had gone by it drew up `` Proposals for the training of State officials '' . After another two years it had indeed brought to light carefully prepared material for study , which was of great scientific value ; but its proposals . though politically of importance , did not provide any basis for reform on a large scale . And so when the World War broke out the commission dispersed without practical results , leaving behind it an imposing array of folio volumes of great scientific value . It was not till March 1918 that the Seidler Government decided upon a programme of national autonomy as a basis for administrative reform , which was , however , never carried into effect . Kingdom of Hungary ( edit ) Administrative divisions and the counties of Hungary ( edit ) Coronation of Francis Joseph I and Elisabeth Amalie at Matthias Church , Buda , 8 June 1867 From 1867 the administrative and political divisions of the lands belonging to the Hungarian crown were in great measure remodelled . In 1868 Transylvania was definitely reunited to Hungary proper , and the town and district of Fiume declared autonomous . In 1873 part of the `` Military Frontier '' was united with Hungary proper and part with Croatia - Slavonia . Hungary proper , according to ancient usage , was generally divided into four great divisions or circles , and Transylvania up to 1876 was regarded as the fifth . In 1876 a general system of counties was introduced . According to this division Hungary proper is divided into seven circles , of which Transylvania forms one . The whole country is divided into the following counties : ( a ) The circle on the left bank of the Danube contains eleven counties : ( 1 ) Árva , ( 2 ) Bars , ( 3 ) Esztergom , ( 4 ) Hont , ( 5 ) Liptó , ( 6 ) Nógrád , ( 7 ) Nyitra , ( 8 ) Pozsony ( 9 ) Trencsén , ( 10 ) Túrócz and ( 11 ) Zólyom . ( b ) The circle on the right bank of the Danube contains eleven counties : Baranya , Fejér , Győr , Komárom , Moson , Somogy , Sopron , Tolna , Vas , Veszprém and Zala . ( c ) The circle between the Danube and Tisza contains five counties : Bács - Bodrog , Csongrád , Heves , Jász - Nagykun - Szolnok and Pest - Pilis - Solt - Kiskun . ( d ) The circle on the right bank of the Tisza contains eight counties : Abaúj - Torna , Bereg , Borsod , Gömör - es Kis - Hont , Sáros , Szepes , Ung , Zemplén . ( e ) The circle on the left bank of the Tisza contains eight counties : Békés , Bihar , Hajdú , Máramaros , Szabolcs , Szatmár , Szilágy and Ugocsa . ( f ) The circle between the Tisza and the Maros contains five counties : Arad , Csanád , Krassó - Szörény , Temes and Torontál . ( g ) Transylvania contains fifteen counties : Also - Fehér , Besztercze - Naszód , Brassó , Csík , Fogaras , Háromszek , Hunyad , Kis - Küküllő , Kolozs , Maros - Torda , Nagy - Küküllő , Szeben , Szolnok - Doboka , Torda - Aranyos and Udvarhely . Fiume town and district forms a separate division . Croatia - Slavonia is divided into eight counties : Bjelovar - Križevci , Lika - Krbava , Modrus - Fiume , Pozega , Srijemska , Varaždin , Virovitica and Zagreb . Municipal rights of the biggest cities in Hungary ( edit ) In regard to local government , the country was divided into municipalities or counties , which possessed a certain amount of self - government . Hungary proper was divided into sixty - three rural , and -- including Fiume -- twenty - six urban municipalities ( see section on Administrative Divisions ) . These urban municipalities were towns which for their local government were independent of the counties in which they were situated , and have , therefore , a larger amount of municipal autonomy than the communes or the other towns . The administration of the municipalities is carried on by an official appointed by the king , aided by a representative body . Since 1876 each municipality had a council of twenty members to exercise control over its administration . According to this division Hungary proper is divided into seven circles . Besides these sixty - three rural counties for Hungary , and eight for Croatia - Slavonia , Hungary had twenty - six urban counties or towns with municipal rights . These were : Arad , Baja , Debreczen , Győr , Hódmezővásárhely , Kassa , Kecskemét , Kolozsvár , Komárom , Marosvásárhely , Nagyvárad , Pancsova , Pécs , Pozsony , Selmecz - és Bélabanya , Sopron , Szabadka , Szatmárnémeti , Szeged , Székesfehervár , Temesvár , Újvidék , Versecz , Zombor , the town of Fiume and Budapest , the capital of the country . In Croatia - Slavonia there are four urban counties or towns with municipal rights namely : Osijek , Varaždin and Zagreb and Zemun . Politics ( edit ) See also : Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen The first prime minister of Hungary after the Compromise was Count Gyula Andrássy ( 1867 -- 1871 ) . The old Hungarian Constitution was restored , and Franz Joseph was crowned as King of Hungary . Andrássy next served as the Foreign Minister of Austria - Hungary ( 1871 -- 1879 ) . The Empire relied increasingly on a cosmopolitan bureaucracy -- in which Czechs played an important role -- backed by loyal elements , including a large part of the German , Hungarian , Polish and Croat aristocracy . Political struggles in the Empire ( edit ) The traditional aristocracy and land - based gentry class gradually faced increasingly wealthy men of the cities , who achieved wealth through trade and industrialization . The urban middle and upper class tended to seek their own power and supported progressive movements in the aftermath of revolutions in Europe . They were described as `` leftist liberals '' and their representatives began to be elected to the parliaments of Vienna and Budapest . These leftist liberal parliamentary parties were backed by the big industrialists , bankers , businessmen , and the predominant majority of newspaper publishers . As in the German Empire , the Austro - Hungarian Empire frequently used liberal economic policies and practices . From the 1860s , businessmen succeeded in industrializing parts of the Empire . Newly prosperous members of the bourgeoisie erected large homes , and began to take prominent roles in urban life that rivaled the aristocracy 's . In the early period , they encouraged the government to seek foreign investment to build up infrastructure , such as railroads , in aid of industrialization , transportation and communications , and development . Demonstration for universal right to vote in Prague , Bohemia , 1905 The influence of liberals in Austria , most of them ethnic Germans , weakened under the leadership of Count Eduard von Taaffe , the Austrian prime minister from 1879 to 1893 . Taaffe used a coalition of clergy , conservatives and Slavic parties to weaken the liberals . In Bohemia , for example , he authorized Czech as an official language of the bureaucracy and school system , thus breaking the German speakers ' monopoly on holding office . Such reforms encouraged other ethnic groups to push for greater autonomy as well . By playing nationalities off one another , the government ensured the monarchy 's central role in holding together competing interest groups in an era of rapid change . During the First World War , rising national sentiments and labour movements contributed to strikes , protests and civil unrest in the Empire . After the war , republican , national parties contributed to the disintegration and collapse of the monarchy in Austria and Hungary . Republics were established in Vienna and Budapest . Legislation to help the working class emerged from Catholic conservatives . They turned to social reform by using Swiss and German models and intervening in private industry . In Germany Chancellor Otto von Bismarck had used such policies to neutralize socialist promises . The Catholics studied the Swiss Factory Act of 1877 that limited working hours for everyone , and gave maternity benefits , and German laws that insured workers against industrial risks inherent in the workplace . These served as the basis for Austria 's 1885 Trade Code Amendment . Ethnic relations ( edit ) See also : Trialism in Austria - Hungary , United States of Greater Austria , Magyarization , Austro - Slavism , and Panslavism Ethno - linguistic map of Austria - Hungary , 1910 Meyers Konversations - Lexikon map of Austria - Hungary , 1885 Literacy in Austria - Hungary ( census 1880 ) Literacy in Hungary by counties in 1910 ( excluding Croatia ) Austria - Hungary 1914 , physical In July 1849 , the Hungarian Revolutionary Parliament proclaimed and enacted ethnic and minority rights ( the next such laws were in Switzerland ) , but these were overturned after the Russian and Austrian armies crushed the Hungarian Revolution . After the Kingdom of Hungary reached the Compromise with the Habsburg Dynasty in 1867 , one of the first acts of its restored Parliament was to pass a Law on Nationalities ( Act Number XLIV of 1868 ) . It was a liberal piece of legislation , and offered extensive language and cultural rights . It did not recognize non-Hungarians to have rights to form states with any territorial autonomy . The `` Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 '' created the personal union of the independent states of Hungary and Austria , linked by under a common monarch having also joint - institutions . The Hungarian majority asserted more of their identity within the Kingdom of Hungary , and it came to conflict with some of her own minorities . The imperial power of German - speakers who controlled the Austrian half was resented by others . In addition , the emergence of nationalism in the newly independent Romania and Serbia also contributed to ethnic issues in the empire . Article 19 of the 1867 `` Basic State Act '' ( Staatsgrundgesetz ) , valid only for the Cisleithanian ( Austrian ) part of Austria - Hungary , said : All races of the empire have equal rights , and every race has an inviolable right to the preservation and use of its own nationality and language . The equality of all customary languages ( `` landesübliche Sprachen '' ) in school , office and public life , is recognized by the state . In those territories in which several races dwell , the public and educational institutions are to be so arranged that , without applying compulsion to learn a second country language ( `` Landessprache '' ) , each of the races receives the necessary means of education in its own language . The implementation of this principle led to several disputes , as it was not clear which languages could be regarded as `` customary '' . The Germans , the traditional bureaucratic , capitalist and cultural elite , demanded the recognition of their language as a customary language in every part of the empire . German nationalists , especially in the Sudetenland ( part of Bohemia ) , looked to Berlin in the new German Empire . There was a German - speaking element in Austria proper ( west of Vienna ) , but it did not display much sense of German nationalism . That is it did not demand an independent state , rather it flourished by holding most of the high military and diplomatic offices in the Empire . Italian was regarded as an old `` culture language '' ( Kultursprache ) by German intellectuals and had always been granted equal rights as an official language of the Empire , but the Germans had difficulty in accepting the Slavic languages as equal to their own . On one occasion Count A. Auersperg ( Anastasius Grün ) entered the Diet of Carniola carrying what he claimed to be the whole corpus of Slovene literature under his arm ; this was to demonstrate that the Slovene language could not be substituted for German as the language of higher education . The following years saw official recognition of several languages , at least in Austria . From 1867 , laws awarded Croatian equal status with Italian in Dalmatia . From 1882 , there was a Slovene majority in the Diet of Carniola and in the capital Laibach ( Ljubljana ) ; they ruled to replace German with Slovene as their primary official language . Galicia designated Polish instead of German in 1869 as the customary language of government . The language disputes were most fiercely fought in Bohemia , where the Czech speakers formed a majority and sought equal status for their language to German . The Czechs had lived primarily in Bohemia since the 6th century and German immigrants had begun settling the Bohemian periphery since the 13th century . The constitution of 1627 made the German language a second official language and equal to Czech . German speakers lost their majority in the Bohemian Diet in 1880 and became a minority to Czech speakers in the cities of Prague and Pilsen ( while retaining a slight numerical majority in the city of Brno ( Brünn ) ) . The old Charles University in Prague , hitherto dominated by German speakers , was divided into German and Czech - speaking faculties in 1882 . At the same time , Hungarian dominance faced challenges from the local majorities of Romanians in Transylvania and in the eastern Banat , Slovaks in today 's Slovakia , and Croats and Serbs in the crown lands of Croatia and of Dalmatia ( today 's Croatia ) , in Bosnia and Herzegovina , and in the provinces known as the Vojvodina ( today 's northern Serbia ) . The Romanians and the Serbs began to agitate for union with their fellow nationalists and language speakers in the newly founded states of Romania ( 1859 -- 1878 ) and Serbia . Hungary 's leaders were generally less willing than their Austrian counterparts to share power with their subject minorities , but they granted a large measure of autonomy to Croatia in 1868 . To some extent , they modelled their relation to that kingdom on their own compromise with Austria of the previous year . In spite of nominal autonomy , the Croatian government was an economic and administrative part of Hungary , which the Croatians resented . In the Triune Kingdom of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina many advocated the idea of a trialist Austro - Hungaro - Croatian monarchy among the supporters of the idea where Archduke Leopold Salvator , Archduke Franz Ferdinand and emperor and king Charles I ( IV ) who during his short reign supported the trialist idea only to be vetoed by the Hungarian government and Count Istvan Tisza . The count finally signed the trialist proclamation after heavy pressure from the king on 23 October 1918 . one day after the king . Language was one of the most contentious issues in Austro - Hungarian politics . All governments faced difficult and divisive hurdles in deciding on the languages of government and of instruction . The minorities sought the widest opportunities for education in their own languages , as well as in the `` dominant '' languages -- Hungarian and German . By the `` Ordinance of 5 April 1897 '' , the Austrian Prime Minister Count Kasimir Felix Badeni gave Czech equal standing with German in the internal government of Bohemia ; this led to a crisis because of nationalist German agitation throughout the empire . The Crown dismissed Badeni . The Hungarian Minority Act of 1868 gave the minorities ( Slovaks , Romanians , Serbs , et al . ) individual ( but not also communal ) rights to use their language in offices , schools ( although in practice often only in those founded by them and not by the state ) , courts and municipalities ( if 20 % of the deputies demanded it ) . From June 1907 , all public and private schools in Hungary were obliged to ensure that after the fourth grade , the pupils could express themselves fluently in Hungarian . This led to the closing of several minority schools , devoted mostly to the Slovak and Rusyn languages . The two kingdoms sometimes divided their spheres of influence . According to Misha Glenny in his book , The Balkans , 1804 -- 1999 , the Austrians responded to Hungarian support of Czechs by supporting the Croatian national movement in Zagreb . In recognition that he reigned in a multi-ethnic country , Emperor Franz Joseph spoke ( and used ) German , Hungarian and Czech fluently , and Croatian , Serbian , Polish and Italian to some degree . Jews ( edit ) Orthodox Jews from Galicia in Leopoldstadt , Vienna , 1915 Around 1900 , Jews in the empire numbered about two million ; their position was ambiguous . Antisemitic parties and movements existed , but the governments of Vienna and Budapest did not initiate pogroms or implement official antisemitic policies . They feared that such ethnic violence could ignite other ethnic minorities and escalate out of control . The antisemitic parties remained on the periphery of the political sphere due to their low popularity among voters in the parliamentary elections . In that period , the majority of Jews in Austria - Hungary lived in small towns ( shtetls ) in Galicia and rural areas in Hungary and Bohemia , although there were large communities in Vienna , Budapest , Prague and other large cities . Of the pre-World War military forces of the major European powers , the Austro - Hungarian army was almost alone in its regular promotion of Jews to positions of command . While the Jewish population of the lands of the Dual Monarchy was about five percent , Jews made up nearly eighteen percent of the reserve officer corps . Thanks to the constitution 's modern laws and to the benevolence of emperor Franz Joseph , the Austrian Jews came to regard the era of Austria - Hungary as a golden era of their history . By 1910 about 900,000 religious Jews made up approximately 5 % of the population of Hungary and about 23 % of Budapest 's citizenry . Jews accounted for 54 % of commercial business owners , 85 % of financial institution directors and owners , and 62 % of all employees in commerce . Note : The number of Jews were estimated from religious census . It did not include the Jewish origin people who were converted to Christianity , or the number of atheists . Foreign policy ( edit ) See also : International relations ( 1814 -- 1919 ) and Foreign Ministry of Austria - Hungary Muslim Bosniak resistance during the battle of Sarajevo in 1878 against the Austro - Hungarian occupation . The minister of foreign affairs conducted the foreign relations of the Dual Monarchy , and negotiated treaties . The Dual Monarchy was created in the wake of a losing war in 1866 with Prussia and Italy . To rebuild Habsburg prestige and gain revenge against Prussia , Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust became foreign secretary . He hated Prussia 's diplomat , Otto von Bismarck , who had repeatedly outmaneuvered him . Beust looked to France and negotiated with Emperor Napoleon III and Italy for an anti-Prussian alliance . No terms could be reached . The decisive victory of Prusso - German armies in the war of 1870 with France and the founding of the German Empire ended all hope of revenge and Beust retired . After being forced out of Germany and Italy , the Dual Monarchy turned to the Balkans , which were in tumult as nationalistic efforts were trying to end the rule of the Ottomans . Both Russia and Austria - Hungary saw an opportunity to expand in this region . Russia in particular took on the role of protector of the Slavs and the orthodox Christians . Austria envisioned a multi-ethnic , religiously diverse empire under Vienna 's control . Count Gyula Andrássy , a Hungarian who was Foreign Minister ( 1871 to 1879 ) , made the centerpiece of his policy one of opposition to Russian expansion in the Balkans and blocking Serbian ambitions to dominate a new South Slav federation . He wanted Germany to ally with Austria , not Russia . When Russia defeated Turkey in a war the resulting Treaty of San Stefano was seen in Austria as much too favourable for Russia and its Orthodox - Slavic goals . The Congress of Berlin in 1878 let Austria occupy ( but not annex ) the province of Bosnia and Herzegovina , a predominantly Slavic area . In 1914 , Slavic militants in Bosnia rejected Austria 's plan to fully absorb the area ; they assassinated the Austrian heir and precipitated World War I . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Austria - Hungary A 20 - crown banknote of the Dual Monarchy , using all official and recognized languages Black Friday , 9 May 1873 , Vienna Stock Exchange . The Panic of 1873 and Long Depression followed . The Austro - Hungarian economy changed dramatically during the Dual Monarchy . The capitalist way of production spread throughout the Empire during its 50 - year existences . Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization . The first Austrian stock exchange ( the Wiener Börse ) was opened in 1771 in Vienna , the first stock exchange of the Kingdom of Hungary ( the Budapest Stock Exchange ) was opened in Budapest in 1864 . The central bank ( Bank of issue ) was founded as Austrian National Bank in 1816 . In 1878 , it transformed into Austro - Hungarian National Bank with principal offices in both Vienna and Budapest . The central bank was governed by alternating Austrian or Hungarian governors and vice-governors . The gross national product per capita grew roughly 1.76 % per year from 1870 to 1913 . That level of growth compared very favorably to that of other European nations such as Britain ( 1 % ) , France ( 1.06 % ) , and Germany ( 1.51 % ) . However , in a comparison with Germany and Britain , the Austro - Hungarian economy as a whole still lagged considerably , as sustained modernization had begun much later . Like the German Empire , that of Austria - Hungary frequently employed liberal economic policies and practices . In 1873 , the old Hungarian capital Buda and Óbuda ( Ancient Buda ) were officially merged with the third city , Pest , thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest . The dynamic Pest grew into Hungary 's administrative , political , economic , trade and cultural hub . Many of the state institutions and the modern administrative system of Hungary were established during this period . Economic growth centered on Vienna and Budapest , the Austrian lands ( areas of modern Austria ) , the Alpine region and the Bohemian lands . In the later years of the 19th century , rapid economic growth spread to the central Hungarian plain and to the Carpathian lands . As a result , wide disparities of development existed within the empire . In general , the western areas became more developed than the eastern . The Kingdom of Hungary became the world 's second largest flour exporter after the United States . The large Hungarian food exports were not limited to neighbouring Germany and Italy : Hungary became the most important foreign food supplier of the large cities and industrial centres of the United Kingdom . However , by the end of the 19th century , economic differences gradually began to even out as economic growth in the eastern parts of the monarchy consistently surpassed that in the western . The strong agriculture and food industry of the Kingdom of Hungary with the centre of Budapest became predominant within the empire and made up a large proportion of the export to the rest of Europe . Meanwhile , western areas , concentrated mainly around Prague and Vienna , excelled in various manufacturing industries . This division of labour between the east and west , besides the existing economic and monetary union , led to an even more rapid economic growth throughout Austria - Hungary by the early 20th century . However , since the turn of the twentieth century , the Austrian half of the Monarchy could preserve its dominance within the empire in the sectors of the first industrial revolution , but Hungary had a better position in the industries of the second industrial revolution , in these modern sectors of the second industrial revolution the Austrian competition could not become dominant . The empire 's heavy industry had mostly focused on machine building , especially for the electric power industry , locomotive industry and automotive industry , while in light industry the precision mechanics industry was the most dominant . Through the years leading up to World War I the country became the 4th biggest machine manufacturer in the world . The two most important trading partners were traditionally Germany ( 1910 : 48 % of all exports , 39 % of all imports ) , and Great Britain ( 1910 : almost 10 % of all exports , 8 % of all imports ) , the third most important partner was the United States , it followed by Russia , France , Switzerland , Romania , the Balkan states and South America . Trade with the geographically neighbouring Russia , however , had a relatively low weight ( 1910 : 3 % of all exports / mainly machinery for Russia , 7 % of all imports / mainly raw materials from Russia ) . Automotive industry ( edit ) Prior to World War I , the Austrian Empire had five car manufacturer companies . These were : Austro - Daimler in Wiener - Neustadt ( cars trucks , buses ) , Gräf & Stift in Vienna ( cars ) , Laurin & Klement in Mladá Boleslav ( motorcycles , cars ) , Nesselsdorfer in Nesselsdorf ( Kopřivnice ) , Moravia ( automobiles ) , and Lohner - Werke in Vienna ( cars ) . Austrian car production started in 1897 . Prior to World War I , the Kingdom of Hungary had four car manufacturer companies . These were : the Ganz company in Budapest , RÁBA Automobile in Győr , MÁG ( later Magomobil ) in Budapest , and MARTA ( Hungarian Automobile Joint - stock Company Arad ) in Arad . Hungarian car production started in 1900 . Automotive factories in the Kingdom of Hungary manufactured motorcycles , cars , taxicabs , trucks and buses . Aeronautic industry ( edit ) The first airplane in Austria was Edvard Rusjan 's design , the Eda I , which had its maiden flight in the vicinity of Gorizia on 25 November 1909 . The first Hungarian hydrogen filled experimental balloons were built by István Szabik and József Domin in 1784 . The first Hungarian designed and produced airplane ( powered by Hungarian built inline engine ) was flown at Rákosmező on 4 November 1909 . The earliest Hungarian radial engine powered airplane was built in 1913 . Between 1913 and 1918 , the Hungarian aircraft industry began developing . The three greatest : UFAG Hungarian Aircraft Factory ( 1914 ) , Hungarian General Aircraft Factory ( 1916 ) , Hungarian Lloyd Aircraft , Engine Factory at Aszód ( 1916 ) , and Marta in Arad ( 1914 ) . During the First World War , fighter planes , bombers and reconnaissance planes were produced in these factories . The most important aeroengine factories were Weiss Manfred Works , GANZ Works , and Hungarian Automobile Joint - stock Company Arad . Locomotive engine and railway vehicle manufacturers ( edit ) The locomotive ( steam engines and wagons , bridge and iron structures ) factories were installed in Vienna ( Locomotive Factory of the State Railway Company , founded in 1839 ) , in Wiener Neustadt ( New Vienna Locomotive Factory , founded in 1841 ) , and in Floridsdorf ( Floridsdorf Locomotive Factory , founded in 1869 ) . The Hungarian Locomotive ( engines and wagons bridge and iron structures ) factories were the MÁVAG company in Budapest ( steam engines and wagons ) and the Ganz company in Budapest ( steam engines , wagons , the production of electric locomotives and electric trams started from 1894 ) . and the RÁBA Company in Győr . Poverty ( edit ) See also : Poverty in Austrian Galicia Galicia has been described as the poorest province of Austro - Hungary . The near constant famines in Galicia , resulting in 50,000 deaths a year , have been described as endemic . Infrastructure ( edit ) Detailed railway and canal map of the Austro - Hungarian Empire in 1910 . Railway network of Kingdom of Hungary in 1913 , Red lines represents the Hungarian State Railways , blue , green and yellow lines were owned by private companies Hydrography of the Pannonian basin before the Hungarian river and lake regulations in the 19th century . Plan ( 1900 ) to link the Danube and the Adriatic Sea by a canal . The start of construction of the underground in Budapest ( 1894 -- 1896 ) The SS Kaiser Franz Joseph I ( 12,567 t ) of the Austro - Americana company was the largest passenger ship ever built in Austria . Because of its control over the Littorals and much of the Balkans , Austria - Hungary had access to several seaports . A stentor reading the day 's news in the Telefonhírmondó of Budapest An Austrian public telephone in a rural post office , 1890 Transport ( edit ) Railways ( edit ) Main articles : Imperial Austrian State Railways and Hungarian State Railways By 1913 , the combined length of the railway tracks of the Austrian Empire and Kingdom of Hungary reached 43,280 kilometres ( 26,890 miles ) . In Western Europe only Germany had more extended railway network ( 63,378 km , 39,381 mi ) ; the Austro - Hungarian Empire was followed by France ( 40,770 km , 25,330 mi ) , the United Kingdom ( 32,623 km , 20,271 mi ) , Italy ( 18,873 km , 11,727 mi ) and Spain ( 15,088 km , 9,375 mi ) . Railway network of the Austrian Empire ( edit ) Rail transport expanded rapidly in the Austro - Hungarian Empire . Its predecessor state , the Habsburg Empire , had built a substantial core of railways in the west , originating from Vienna , by 1841 . Austria 's first steam railway from Vienna to Moravia with its terminus in Galicia ( Bochnie ) was opened in 1839 . The first train travelled from Vienna to Lundenburg ( Břeclav ) on 6 June 1839 and one month later between the imperial capital in Vienna and the capital of Moravia Brünn ( Brno ) on 7 July . At that point , the government realized the military possibilities of rail and began to invest heavily in construction . Pozsony ( Bratislava ) , Budapest , Prague , Kraków , Graz , Laibach ( Ljubljana ) and Venedig ( Venice ) became linked to the main network . By 1854 , the empire had almost 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) of track , about 60 -- 70 % of it in state hands . The government then began to sell off large portions of track to private investors to recoup some of its investments and because of the financial strains of the 1848 Revolution and of the Crimean War . From 1854 to 1879 , private interests conducted almost all rail construction . What would become Cisleithania gained 7,952 km ( 4,941 mi ) of track , and Hungary built 5,839 km ( 3,628 mi ) of track . During this time , many new areas joined the railway system and the existing rail networks gained connections and interconnections . This period marked the beginning of widespread rail transportation in Austria - Hungary , and also the integration of transportation systems in the area . Railways allowed the empire to integrate its economy far more than previously possible , when transportation depended on rivers . After 1879 , the Austrian and the Hungarian governments slowly began to renationalize their rail networks , largely because of the sluggish pace of development during the worldwide depression of the 1870s . Between 1879 and 1900 , more than 25,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) of railways were built in Cisleithania and Hungary . Most of this constituted `` filling in '' of the existing network , although some areas , primarily in the far east , gained rail connections for the first time . The railway reduced transportation costs throughout the empire , opening new markets for products from other lands of the Dual Monarchy . In 1914 , of a total of 22,981 km ( 14,279.73 mi ) of railway tracks in Austria , 18,859 km ( 11,718 mi ) ( 82 % ) were state owned . Railway network in the Kingdom of Hungary ( edit ) The first Hungarian steam locomotive railway line was opened on 15 July 1846 between Pest and Vác . In 1890 most large Hungarian private railway companies were nationalized as a consequence of the poor management of private companies , except the strong Austrian - owned Kaschau - Oderberg Railway ( KsOd ) and the Austrian - Hungarian Southern Railway ( SB / DV ) . They also joined the zone tariff system of the MÁV ( Hungarian State Railways ) . By 1910 , the total length of the rail networks of Hungarian Kingdom reached 22,869 kilometres ( 14,210 miles ) , the Hungarian network linked more than 1,490 settlements . Nearly half ( 52 % ) of the empire 's railways were built in Hungary , thus the railroad density there became higher than that of Cisleithania . This has ranked Hungarian railways the 6th most dense in the world ( ahead of countries as Germany or France ) . Metropolitan transit systems ( edit ) Tramway lines in the cities ( edit ) Horse - drawn tramways appeared in the first half of the 19th century . Between the 1850s and 1880s many were built . Vienna ( 1865 ) , Budapest ( 1866 ) , Brno ( 1869 ) . Steam trams appeared in the late 1860s . The electrification of tramways started from the late 1880s . The first electrified tramway in Austria - Hungary was built in Budapest in 1887 . Electric tramway lines in the Austrian Empire : Austria : Gmunden ( 1894 ) ; Linz , Vienna ( 1897 ) ; Graz ( 1898 ) ; Ljubljana ( 1901 ) ; Innsbruck ( 1905 ) ; Unterlach , Ybbs an der Donau ( 1907 ) ; Salzburg ( 1909 ) ; Klagenfurt , Sankt Pölten ( 1911 ) ; Piran ( 1912 ) Austrian Littoral : Fiume ( 1899 ) ; Opatija -- Lovran ( 1908 ) ; Pula ( 1904 ) . Bohemia : Prague ( 1891 ) ; Teplice ( 1895 ) ; Liberec ( 1897 ) ; Ústí nad Labem , Plzeň , Olomouc ( 1899 ) ; Moravia , Brno , Jablonec nad Nisou ( 1900 ) ; Ostrava ( 1901 ) ; Mariánské Lázně ( 1902 ) ; Opava ( 1905 ) ; Budějovice , České Budějovice , Jihlava ( 1909 ) ; Český Těšín / Cieszyn ( 1911 ) Dalmatia : Dubrovnik ( 1910 ) Galicia : Lviv ( 1894 ) , Bielsko - Biała ( 1895 ) ; Kraków ( 1901 ) ; Tarnów , Cieszyn ( 1911 ) Electric tramway lines in the Kingdom of Hungary : Hungary : Budapest ( 1887 ) ; Pressburg / Pozsony / Bratislava ( 1895 ) ; Szabadka / Subotica , Szombathely ( 1897 ) , Miskolc ( 1897 ) ; Temesvár / Timișoara ( 1899 ) ; Sopron ( 1900 ) ; Szatmárnémeti / Satu Mare ( 1900 ) ; Nyíregyháza ( 1905 ) ; Nagyszeben / Sibiu ( 1905 ) ; Nagyvárad / Oradea ( 1906 ) ; Szeged ( 1908 ) ; Debrecen ( 1911 ) ; Újvidék / Novi Sad ( 1911 ) ; Kassa / Košice ( 1913 ) ; Pécs ( 1913 ) Croatia : Zagreb ( 1910 ) . Electrified commuter railway lines ( edit ) Budapest ( See : BHÉV ) : Ráckeve line ( 1887 ) , Szentendre line ( 1888 ) , Gödöllő line ( 1888 ) , Csepel line ( 1912 ) Underground ( edit ) The Budapest metro Line 1 ( originally the `` Franz Joseph Underground Electric Railway Company '' ) is the second oldest underground railway in the world ( the first being the London Underground 's Metropolitan Line and the third being Glasgow ) , and the first on the European mainland . It was built from 1894 to 1896 and opened on 2 May 1896 . In 2002 , it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Canals and river regulations ( edit ) In 1900 the engineer C. Wagenführer drew up plans to link the Danube and the Adriatic Sea by a canal from Vienna to Trieste . It was born from the desire of Austria - Hungary to have a direct link to the Adriatic Sea but was never constructed . Regulation of the lower Danube and the Iron Gates ( edit ) In 1831 a plan had already been drafted to make the passage navigable , at the initiative of the Hungarian politician István Széchenyi . Finally Gábor Baross , Hungary 's `` Iron Minister '' , succeeded in financing this project . The riverbed rocks and the associated rapids made the gorge valley an infamous passage for shipping . In German , the passage is still known as the Kataraktenstrecke , even though the cataracts are gone . Near the actual `` Iron Gates '' strait the Prigrada rock was the most important obstacle until 1896 : the river widened considerably here and the water level was consequently low . Upstream , the Greben rock near the `` Kazan '' gorge was notorious . Regulation of the Tisza river ( edit ) The length of the Tisza in Hungary used to be 1,419 kilometres ( 882 miles ) . It flowed through the Great Hungarian Plain , which is one of the largest flat areas in central Europe . Since plains can cause a river to flow very slowly , the Tisza used to follow a path with many curves and turns , which led to many large floods in the area . After several small - scale attempts , István Széchenyi organised the `` regulation of the Tisza '' ( Hungarian : a Tisza szabályozása ) which started on 27 August 1846 , and substantially ended in 1880 . The new length of the river in Hungary was 966 km ( 600 mi ) ( 1,358 km ( 844 mi ) total ) , with 589 km ( 366 mi ) of `` dead channels '' and 136 km ( 85 mi ) of new riverbed . The resultant length of the flood - protected river comprises 2,940 km ( 1,830 mi ) ( out of 4,220 km ( 2,620 mi ) of all Hungarian protected rivers ) . Shipping and ports ( edit ) Dubrovnik , Kingdom of Dalmatia The first Hungarian steamship was built by Antal Bernhard in 1817 , called S.S. Carolina . It was also the first steamship in Habsburg ruled states . However it was Count István Széchenyi ( with the help of Austrian ship 's company Erste Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft ( DDSG ) ) , who established the Óbuda Shipyard on the Hungarian Hajógyári Island in 1835 , which was the first industrial scale steamship building company in the Habsburg Empire . The most significant seaport was Trieste ( today part of Italy ) , where the Austrian merchant marine was based . In addition , the two major shipping companies ( Austrian Lloyd and Austro - Americana ) and several shipyards were located there . The k.u.k. navy used the port 's shipyards to construct new naval ships . This port grew as Venice declined . From 1815 to 1866 , Venice was included within the monarchy and was prevented from competing with Austrian - ruled ports . The merchant marine did not develop until Venice 's shipping interest declined . The navy became significant during the time of the k.u.k. monarchy , as industrialization and development provided sufficient revenues to develop it . The most important seaport for the Hungarian part of the k.u.k. was Fiume ( Rijeka , today part of Croatia ) , where the Hungarian shipping companies , such as the Adria , operated . The largest Hungarian shipbuilding company was the Ganz - Danubius . Another significant seaport was Pola ( Pula , today part of Croatia ) -- especially for the navy . In 1889 , the Austrian merchant marine consisted of 10,022 ships , with 7,992 fishing vessels . The coast and sea trade had a total of 1,859 sailboats with crews of 6,489 men and a load capacity of 140,838 tons ; and 171 steamers with a load capacity of 96,323 tons and a crew of 3,199 men . The first Danubian steamer company , Donau - Dampfschiffahrt - Gesellschaft ( DDSG ) , was the largest inland shipping company in the world until the collapse of the k.u.k. The Austrian Lloyd was one of the biggest ocean shipping companies of the time . Prior to the beginning of World War I , the company owned 65 middle - sized and large steamers . The Austro - Americana owned one third of them , including the biggest Austrian passenger ship , the SS Kaiser Franz Joseph I. In comparison to the Austrian Lloyd , the Austro - American concentrated on destinations in North and South America . Telecommunication ( edit ) Telegraph ( edit ) In 1847 , the first telegraph connection ( Vienna -- Brno -- Prague ) started operation . The first telegraph station on Hungarian territory was opened in December 1847 in Pressburg / Pozsony / Bratislava / . In 1848 , during the Hungarian Revolution , another telegraph centre was built in Buda to connect the most important governmental centres . The first telegraph connection between Vienna and Pest -- Buda ( later Budapest ) was constructed in 1850 , and Vienna -- Zagreb ( capital of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia ) in 1850 . Austria joined a telegraph union with German states . Austrian Empire ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) Kingdom of Hungary ( edit ) In 1884 , 2,406 telegraph post offices operated in the Kingdom of Hungary . By 1914 the number of telegraph offices reached 3,000 in post offices and further 2,400 were installed in the railway stations of the Kingdom of Hungary . Telephone ( edit ) The first telephone exchange was opened in Zagreb ( 8 January 1881 ) , the second was in Budapest ( 1 May 1881 ) , and the third was opened in Vienna ( 3 June 1881 ) . Initially telephony was available in the homes of individual subscribers , companies and offices . Public telephone stations appeared in the 1890s , and they quickly became widespread in post offices and railway stations . Austria - Hungary had 568 million telephone calls in 1913 ; only two Western European countries had more phone calls : the German Empire and the United Kingdom . The Austro - Hungarian Empire was followed by France with 396 million telephone calls and Italy with 230 million phone calls . Austrian Empire ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) In 1916 , there were 366 million telephone calls in the Austrian half of the monarchy , among them 8.4 million long distant calls . Kingdom of Hungary ( edit ) All telephone exchanges of the cities , towns and larger villages in Kingdom of Hungary were linked until 1893 . By 1914 , more than 2000 settlements had telephone exchange in Kingdom of Hungary . Electronic broadcasting ( edit ) The Telefon Hírmondó ( Telephone Herald ) news and entertainment service was introduced in Budapest in 1893 . Two decades before the introduction of radio broadcasting , people could listen to political , economic and sport news , cabaret , music and opera in Budapest daily . It operated over a special type of telephone exchange system . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Ethnic and religious composition of Austria - Hungary The following data is based on the official Austro - Hungarian census conducted in 1910 . Population and area ( edit ) Area Territory ( km ) Population Empire of Austria 300,005 ( ≈ 48 % of Austria - Hungary ) 28,571,934 ( ≈ 57.8 % of Austria - Hungary ) Kingdom of Hungary 325,411 ( ≈ 52 % of Austria - Hungary ) 20,886,487 ( ≈ 42.2 % of Austria - Hungary ) Bosnia & Herzegovina 51,027 1,931,802 Sandžak ( occupied until 1909 ) 8,403 135,000 Traditional costumes in Hungary , late 19th century Languages ( edit ) The census of 1910 recorded Umgangssprache , everyday language . Jews and those using German in offices often stated German as their Umgangssprache , even when having a different Muttersprache . In `` Hungary proper '' , 5 % of the population were Jews , who were included in speakers of the Hungarian language . In the Austrian Empire , 36.8 % of the total population spoke German as their native language , and more than 71 % of the inhabitants spoke some German . In the Kingdom of Hungary , 54.4 % of the total population spoke Hungarian as their native language . Not counting autonomous Croatia , more than 64 % of the inhabitants of the Hungarian Kingdom spoke Hungarian . Note that some languages are considered dialects of more widely spoken languages . For example : in the census , and Rhaeto - Romance languages were counted as `` Italian '' . Yiddish was counted as `` German '' in both Austria and Hungary . Linguistic distribution of Austria - Hungary as a whole German 24 % Hungarian 20 % Czech 13 % Polish 10 % Ruthenian 8 % Romanian 6 % Croat 5 % Slovak 4 % Serbian 4 % Slovene 3 % Italian 3 % Language Number % German 12,006,521 23.36 Hungarian 10,056,315 19.57 Czech 6,442,133 12.54 Serbo - Croatian 5,621,797 10.94 Polish 4,976,804 9.68 Ruthenian ( Ukrainian ) 3,997,831 7.78 Romanian 3,224,147 6.27 Slovak 1,967,970 3.83 Slovene 1,255,620 2.44 Italian 768,422 1.50 Other 1,072,663 2.09 Total 51,390,223 100.00 Traditional costumes of Tyrol Parade in Prague , Kingdom of Bohemia , 1900 Mother tongues in Cisleithania ( Austria ) ( 1910 census ) Land Most common language Other languages ( more than 2 % ) Bohemia 63.2 % Czech 36.45 % ( 2,467,724 ) German Dalmatia 96.2 % Croatian 2.8 % Italian Galicia 58.6 % Polish 40.2 % Ukrainian Lower Austria 95.9 % German 3.8 % Czech Upper Austria 99.7 % German Bukovina 38.4 % Ukrainian 34.4 % Romanian 21.2 % German 4.6 % Polish Carinthia 78.6 % German 21.2 % Slovene Carniola 94.4 % Slovene 5.4 % German Salzburg 99.7 % German Silesia 43.9 % German 31.7 % Polish 24.3 % Czech Styria 70.5 % German 29.4 % Slovene Moravia 71.8 % Czech 27.6 % German Tyrol 57.3 % German 42.1 % Italian Littoral 37.3 % Slovene 34.5 % Italian 24.4 % Croatian 2.5 % German Vorarlberg 95.4 % German 4.4 % Italian Cumans and Jasz people preserved their regional autonomy ( Cumania and Jazygia ) until 1876 . Mother tongues in Transleithania ( Hungary ) ( 1910 census ) Language Hungary proper Croatia - Slavonia speakers % of population speakers % of population Hungarian 9,944,627 54.5 % 105,948 4.1 % Romanian 2,948,186 16.0 % 846 < 0.1 % Slovak 1,946,357 10.7 % 21,613 0.8 % German 1,903,657 10.4 % 134 , 078 5.1 % Serbian 461,516 2.5 % 644,955 24.6 % Ruthenian 464,270 2.3 % 8,317 0.3 % Croatian 194,808 1.1 % 1,638,354 62.5 % Others and unspecified 401,412 2.2 % 65,843 2.6 % Total 18,264,533 100 % 2,621,954 100 % Historical regions : Region Main spoken language Hungarian language Other languages Transylvania Romanian -- 2,819,467 ( 54 % ) 1,658,045 ( 31.7 % ) German -- 550,964 ( 10.5 % ) Upper Hungary Slovak -- 1,688,413 ( 55.6 % ) 881,320 ( 32.3 % ) German -- 198,405 ( 6.8 % ) Vojvodina Serbo - Croatian -- 601,770 ( 39.8 % ) 425,672 ( 28.1 % ) German -- 324,017 ( 21.4 % ) Transcarpathia Ruthenian -- 330,010 ( 54.5 % ) 185,433 ( 30.6 % ) German -- 64,257 ( 10.6 % ) Fiume Italian -- 24,212 ( 48.6 % ) 6,493 ( 13 % ) Croatian and Serbian -- 13,351 ( 26.8 % ) Slovene -- 2,336 ( 4.7 % ) German -- 2,315 ( 4.6 % ) Burgenland German -- 217,072 ( 74.4 % ) 26,225 ( 9 % ) Croatian -- 43,633 ( 15 % ) Prekmurje Slovene -- 74,199 ( 80.4 % ) -- in 1921 14,065 ( 15.2 % ) -- in 1921 German -- 2,540 ( 2.8 % ) -- in 1921 Religion ( edit ) Religions in Austria - Hungary , from the 1881 edition of Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas . Catholics ( both Roman and Uniate ) are blue , Protestants purple , Eastern Orthodox yellow , and Muslims green . Funeral in Galicia by Teodor Axentowicz , 1882 Religion in Austria - Hungary 1910 Religion Austria - Hungary Austria / Cisleithania Hungary / Transleithania Bosnia and Herzegovina Catholics ( both Roman and Eastern ) 76.6 % 90.9 % 61.8 % 22.9 % Protestants 8.9 % 2.1 % 19.0 % 0 % Serbian Orthodox 8.7 % 2.3 % 14.3 % 43.5 % Jews 4.4 % 4.7 % 4.9 % 0.6 % Muslims 1.3 % 0 % 0 % 32.7 % Solely in the Empire of Austria : Religion Austria Latin Catholic 79.1 % ( 20,661,000 ) Eastern Catholic 12 % ( 3,134,000 ) Jewish 4.7 % ( 1,225,000 ) Eastern Orthodox 2.3 % ( 607,000 ) Lutheran 1.9 % ( 491,000 ) Other or no religion 14,000 Solely in the Kingdom of Hungary : Religion Hungary proper & Fiume Croatia & Slavonia Latin Catholic 49.3 % ( 9,010,305 ) 71.6 % ( 1,877,833 ) Calvinist 14.3 % ( 2,603,381 ) 0.7 % ( 17,948 ) Eastern Orthodox 12.8 % ( 2,333,979 ) 24.9 % ( 653,184 ) Eastern Catholic 11.0 % ( 2,007,916 ) 0.7 % ( 17,592 ) Lutheran 7.1 % ( 1,306,384 ) 1.3 % ( 33,759 ) Jewish 5.0 % ( 911,227 ) 0.8 % ( 21,231 ) Unitarian 0.4 % ( 74,275 ) 0.0 % ( 21 ) Other or no religion 0.1 % ( 17,066 ) 0.0 ( 386 ) Largest cities ( edit ) Data : census in 1910 Austrian Empire Rank Current English name Contemporary official name Other Present - day country Population in 1910 Present - day population 1 . Vienna Wien Bécs , Beč , Dunaj Austria 2,083,630 ( city without the suburb 1,481,970 ) 1,840,573 ( Metro : 2,600,000 ) 2 . Prague Prag , Praha Prága Czech Republic 668,000 ( city without the suburb 223,741 ) 1,267,449 ( Metro : 2,156,097 ) 3 . Trieste Triest Trieszt , Trst Italy 229,510 204,420 4 . Lviv Lemberg , Lwów Ilyvó , Львів , Lvov , Львов Ukraine 206,113 728,545 5 . Kraków Krakau , Kraków Krakkó , Krakov Poland 151,886 762,508 6 . Graz Grác , Gradec Austria 151,781 280,020 7 . Brno Brünn , Brno Berén , Börön , Börénvásár Czech Republic 125,737 377,028 8 . Chernivtsi Czernowitz Csernyivci , Cernăuți , Чернівці Ukraine 87,100 242,300 9 . Plzeň Pilsen , Plzeň Pilzen Czech Republic 80,343 169,858 10 . Linz Linec Austria 67,817 200,841 Kingdom of Hungary Rank Current English name Contemporary official name Other Present - day country Population in 1910 Present - day population 1 . Budapest Budimpešta Hungary 1,232,026 ( city without the suburb 880,371 ) 1,735,711 ( Metro : 3,303,786 ) 2 . Szeged Szegedin , Segedin Hungary 118,328 170,285 3 . Subotica Szabadka Суботица Serbia 94,610 105,681 4 . Debrecen Hungary 92,729 208,016 5 . Zagreb Zágráb , Agram Croatia 79,038 790,017 6 . Bratislava Pozsony Pressburg , Prešporok Slovakia 78,223 425,167 7 . Timișoara Temesvár Temeswar Romania 72,555 319,279 8 . Oradea Nagyvárad Großwardein Romania 64,169 196,367 9 . Arad Arad Romania 63,166 159,074 10 . Cluj - Napoca Kolozsvár Klausenburg Romania 60,808 324,576 Education ( edit ) Austrian Empire ( edit ) Primary and secondary schools The organization of the Austrian elementary schools was based on the principle of compulsory school attendance , free education , and the imparting of public instruction in the child 's own language . Side by side with these existed private schools . The proportion of children attending private schools to those attending the public elementary schools in 1912 was 144,000 to 4.5 millions , i.e. a thirtieth part . Hence the accusation of denationalizing children through the Schulvereine must be accepted with caution . The expenses of education were distributed as follows : the communes built the schoolhouses , the political sub-districts ( Bezirke ) paid the teachers , the Crown territory gave a grant , and the State appointed the inspectors . Since the State supervised the schools without maintaining them , it was able to increase its demands without being hampered by financial considerations . It is remarkable that the difference between the State educational estimates in Austria and in Hungary was one of 9.3 millions in the former as opposed to 67.6 in the latter . Under Austria , since everywhere that 40 scholars of one nationality were to be found within a radius of 5 km . a school had to be set up in which their language was used , national schools were assured even to linguistic minorities . It is true that this mostly happened at the expense of the German industrial communities , since the Slav labourers as immigrants acquired schools in their own language . The number of elementary schools increased from 19,016 in two to 24,713 in 1913 ; the number of scholars from 3,490,000 in 1900 to 4,630,000 in 1913 . Universities in Austrian Empire The first University in the Austrian half of the Empire ( Charles University ) was founded by H.R. Emperor Charles IV in Prague in 1347 . The second oldest university ( University of Vienna ) was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 . The higher educational establishments , which in the middle of the 19th century had had a predominantly German character , underwent in Galicia a conversion into Polish national institutions , in Bohemia and Moravia a separation into German and Czech ones . Thus Germans , Czechs and Poles were provided for . But now the smaller nations also made their voices heard : the Ruthenians , Slovenes and Italians . The Ruthenians demanded at first , in view of the predominantly Ruthenian character of East Galicia , a national partition of the Polish university existing there . Since the Poles were at first unyielding , Ruthenian demonstrations and strikes of students arose , and the Ruthenians were no longer content with the reversion of a few separate professorial chairs , and with parallel courses of lectures . By a pact concluded on 28 January 1914 the Poles promised a Ruthenian university ; but owing to the war the question lapsed . The Italians could hardly claim a university of their own on grounds of population ( in 19to they numbered 783,000 ) , but they claimed it all the more on grounds of their ancient culture . All parties were agreed that an Italian faculty of laws should be created ; the difficulty lay in the choice of the place . The Italians demanded Trieste ; but the Government was afraid to let this Adriatic port become the centre of an irredenta ; moreover the Southern Slavs of the city wished it kept free from an Italian educational establishment . Bienerth in 1910 brought about a compromise ; namely , that it should be founded at once , the situation to be provisionally in Vienna , and to be transferred within four years to Italian national territory . The German National Union ( Nationalverband ) agreed to extend temporary hospitality to the Italian university in Vienna , but the Southern Slav Hochschule Club demanded a guarantee that a later transfer to the coast provinces should not be contemplated , together with the simultaneous foundation of Slovene professorial chairs in Prague and Cracow , and preliminary steps towards the foundation of a Southern Slav university in Laibach . But in spite of the constant renewal of negotiations for a compromise it was impossible to arrive at any agreement , until the outbreak of war left all the projects for a Ruthenian university at Lemberg , a Slovene one in Laibach , and a second Czech one in Moravia , unrealized . Kingdom of Hungary ( edit ) Primary and secondary schools One of the first measures of newly established Hungarian government was to provide supplementary schools of a non-denominational character . By a law passed in 1868 attendance at school is obligatory on all children between the ages of 6 and 12 years . The communes or parishes are bound to maintain elementary schools , and they are entitled to levy an additional tax of 5 % on the state taxes for their maintenance . But the number of state - aided elementary schools is continually increasing , as the spread of the Magyar language to the other races through the medium of the elementary schools is one of the principal concerns of the Hungarian government , and is vigorously pursued . ' In 1902 there were in Hungary 18,729 elementary schools with 32,020 teachers , attended by 2,573,377 pupils , figures which compare favourably with those of 1877 , when there were 15,486 schools with 20,717 teachers , attended by 1,559,636 pupils . In about 61 % of these schools the language used was exclusively Magyar , in about 6 20 % it was mixed , and in the remainder some non-Magyar language was used . In 1902 , 80.56 % of the children of school age actually attended school . Since 1891 infant schools , for children between the ages of 3 and 6 years , have been maintained either by the communes or by the state . The public instruction of Hungary contains three other groups of educational institutions : middle or secondary schools , `` high schools '' and technical schools . The middle schools comprise classical schools ( gymnasia ) which are preparatory for the universities and other `` high schools , '' and modern schools ( Realschulen ) preparatory for the technical schools . Their course of study is generally eight years , and they are maintained mostly by the state . The state - maintained gymnasia are mostly of recent foundation , but some schools maintained by the various churches have been in existence for three , or sometimes four , centuries . The number of middle schools in 1902 was 243 with 4705 teachers , attended by 71,788 pupils ; in 1880 their number was 185 , attended by 40,747 pupils . Universities in Kingdom of Hungary In the year 1276 , the university of Veszprém was destroyed by the troops of Péter Csák and it was never rebuilt . A university was established by Louis I of Hungary in Pécs in 1367 . Sigismund established a university at Óbuda in 1395 . Another , Universitas Istropolitana , was established 1465 in Pozsony ( now Bratislava in Slovakia ) by Mattias Corvinus . None of these medieval universities survived the Ottoman wars . Nagyszombat University was founded in 1635 and moved to Buda in 1777 and it is called Eötvös Loránd University today . The world 's first institute of technology was founded in Selmecbánya , Kingdom of Hungary ( since 1920 Banská Štiavnica , now Slovakia ) in 1735 . Its legal successor is the University of Miskolc in Hungary . The Budapest University of Technology and Economics ( BME ) is considered the oldest institute of technology in the world with university rank and structure . Its legal predecessor the Institutum Geometrico - Hydrotechnicum was founded in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II . The high schools include the universities , of which Hungary possesses Five , all maintained by the state : at Budapest ( founded in 1635 ) , at Kolozsvár ( founded in 1872 ) , and at Zagreb ( founded in 1874 ) . Newer universities were established in Debrecen in 1912 , and Pozsony university was reestablished after a half millennium in 1912 . They have four faculties : of theology , law , philosophy and medicine ( the university at Zagreb was without a faculty of medicine ) . There are besides ten high schools of law , called academies , which in 1900 were attended by 1569 pupils . The Polytechnicum in Budapest , founded in 1844 , which contains four faculties and was attended in 1900 by 1772 pupils , is also considered a high school . There were in Hungary in 1900 forty - nine high theological colleges , twenty - nine Catholic ; five Greek Uniat , four Greek Orthodox , ten Protestant and one Jewish . Among special schools the principal mining schools are at Selmeczbánya , Nagyág and Felsőbánya ; the principal agricultural colleges at Debreczen and Kolozsvár ; and there are a school of forestry at Selmeczbánya , military colleges at Budapest , Kassa , Déva and Zagreb , and a naval school at Fiume . There are besides an adequate number of training institutes for teachers , a great number of schools of commerce , several art schools -- for design , painting , sculpture , music . Military ( edit ) Main articles : Austro - Hungarian Army , Austro - Hungarian Navy , Austro - Hungarian Air Force , and Military Frontier k.u.k. Infantry 1898 The military system of the Austro - Hungarian monarchy was similar in both states , and rested since 1868 upon the principle of the universal and personal obligation of the citizen to bear arms . Its military force was composed of the common army ; the special armies , namely the Austrian Landwehr , and the Hungarian Honved , which were separate national institutions , and the Landsturm or levy - en masse . As stated above , the common army stood under the administration of the joint minister of war , while the special armies were under the administration of the respective ministries of national defence . The yearly contingent of recruits for the army was fixed by the military bills voted on by the Austrian and Hungarian parliaments , and was generally determined on the basis of the population , according to the last census returns . It amounted in 1905 to 103,100 men , of which Austria furnished 59,211 men , and Hungary 43,889 . Besides 10,000 men were annually allotted to the Austrian Landwehr , and 12,500 to the Hungarian Honved . The term of service was two years ( three years in the cavalry ) with the colours , seven or eight in the reserve and two in the Landwehr ; in the case of men not drafted to the active army the same total period of service was spent in various special reserves . The common minister of war was the head for the administration of all military affairs , except those of the Austrian Landwehr and of the Hungarian Honved , which were committed to the ministries for national defence of the two respective states . But the supreme command of the army was vested in the monarch , who had the power to take all measures regarding the whole army . The Austro - Hungarian navy was mainly a coast defence force , and also included a flotilla of monitors for the Danube . It was administered by the naval department of the ministry of war . World war I ( edit ) Further information : Causes of World War I , Croatia during World War I , and Hungary in World War I Preludes : Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) Main article : Bosnia and Herzegovina in Austria - Hungary Russian Pan-Slavic organizations sent aid to the Balkan rebels and so pressured the tsar 's government to declare war on the Ottoman Empire in 1877 in the name of protecting Orthodox Christians . Unable to mediate between the Ottoman Empire and Russia over the control of Serbia , Austria - Hungary declared neutrality when the conflict between the two powers escalated into a war . With help from Romania and Greece , Russia defeated the Ottomans and with the Treaty of San Stefano tried to create a large pro-Russian Bulgaria . This treaty sparked an international uproar that almost resulted in a general European war . Austria - Hungary and Britain feared that a large Bulgaria would become a Russian satellite that would enable the tsar to dominate the Balkans . British prime minister Benjamin Disraeli moved warships into position against Russia to halt the advance of Russian influence in the eastern Mediterranean so close to Britain 's route through the Suez Canal . Recruits from Bosnia - Herzegovina , including Muslim Bosniaks ( 31 % ) , were drafted into special units of the Austro - Hungarian Army as early as 1879 and were commended for their bravery in service of the Austrian emperor , winning more medals than any other unit . The jaunty military march Die Bosniaken Kommen was composed in their honor by Eduard Wagnes . The Congress of Berlin rolled back the Russian victory by partitioning the large Bulgarian state that Russia had carved out of Ottoman territory and denying any part of Bulgaria full independence from the Ottomans . Austria occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina as a way of gaining clout in the Balkans . Serbia , Montenegro and Romania became fully independent . Nonetheless the Balkans remained a site of political unrest with teeming ambition for independence and great power rivalries . At the Congress of Berlin in 1878 Gyula Andrássy ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) managed to force Russia to retreat from further demands in the Balkans . As a result , Greater Bulgaria was broken up and Serbian independence was guaranteed . In that year , with Britain 's support , Austria - Hungary stationed troops in Bosnia to prevent the Russians from expanding into nearby Serbia . In another measure to keep the Russians out of the Balkans Austria - Hungary formed an alliance , the Mediterranean Entente , with Britain and Italy in 1887 and concluded mutual defence pacts with Germany in 1879 and Romania in 1883 against a possible Russian attack . Following the Congress of Berlin the European powers attempted to guarantee stability through a complex series of alliances and treaties . Anxious about Balkan instability and Russian aggression , and to counter French interests in Europe , Austria - Hungary forged a defensive alliance with Germany in October 1879 and in May 1882 . In October 1882 Italy joined this partnership in the Triple Alliance largely because of Italy 's imperial rivalries with France . Tensions between Russia and Austria - Hungary remained high , so Bismarck replaced the League of the Three Emperors with the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to keep the Habsburgs from recklessly starting a war over Pan-Slavism . The Sandžak - Raška / Novibazar region was under Austro - Hungarian occupation between 1878 and 1909 , when it was returned to the Ottoman Empire , before being ultimately divided between kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia . On the heels of the Great Balkan Crisis , Austro - Hungarian forces occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in August 1878 and the monarchy eventually annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 1908 as a common holding of Cisleithania and Transleithania under the control of the Imperial & Royal finance ministry rather than attaching it to either territorial government . The annexation in 1908 led some in Vienna to contemplate combining Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croatia to form a third Slavic component of the monarchy . The deaths of Franz Joseph 's brother , Maximilian ( 1867 ) , and his only son , Rudolf made the Emperor 's nephew , Franz Ferdinand , heir to the throne . The Archduke was rumoured to have been an advocate for this trialism as a means to limit the power of the Hungarian aristocracy . Status of Bosnia - Herzegovina ( edit ) Excerpt from a 1913 Austro - Hungarian order that banned numerous social - democratic and ethnic Serb cultural societies in Bosnia - Herzegovina A proclamation issued on the occasion of its annexation to the Habsburg Monarchy in 1908 promised these lands constitutional institutions , which should secure to their inhabitants full civil rights and a share in the management of their own affairs by means of a local representative assembly . In performance of this promise a constitution was promulgated in 1910 . This included a Territorial Statute ( Landesstatut ) with the setting up of a Territorial Diet , regulations for the election and procedure of the Diet , a law of associations , a law of public meetings , and a law dealing with the district councils . According to this statute Bosnia - Herzegovina formed a single administrative territory under the responsible direction and supervision of the Ministry of Finance of the Dual Monarchy in Vienna . The administration of the country , together with the carrying out of the laws , devolved upon the Territorial Government in Sarajevo , which was subordinate and responsible to the Common Ministry of Finance . The existing judicial and administrative authorities of the Territory retained their previous organization and functions . That statute introduced the modern rights and laws in Bosnia -- Herzegovina , and it guaranteed generally the civil rights of the inhabitants of the Territory , namely citizenship , personal liberty , protection by the competent judicial authorities , liberty of creed and conscience , preservation of the national individuality and language , freedom of speech , freedom of learning and education , inviolability of the domicile , secrecy of posts and telegraphs , inviolability of property , the right of petition , and finally the right of holding meetings . The Diet ( Sabor ) of Bosnia - Herzegovina set up consisted of a single Chamber , elected on the principle of the representation of interests . It numbered 92 members . Of these 20 consisted of representatives of all the religious confessions , the president of the Supreme Court , the president of the Chamber of Advocates , the president of the Chamber of Commerce , and the mayor of Sarajevo . In addition to these were 72 deputies , elected by three curiae or electoral groups . The first curia included the large landowners , the highest taxpayers , and people who had reached a certain standard of education without regard to the amount they paid in taxes . To the second curia belonged inhabitants of the towns not qualified to vote in the first ; to the third , country dwellers disqualified in the same way . With this curial system was combined the grouping of the mandates and of the electors according to the three dominant creeds ( Catholic , Serbian Orthodox , Muslim ) . To the adherents of other creeds the right was conceded of voting with one or other of the religious electoral bodies within the curia to which they belonged . Sarajevo assassination ( edit ) Main article : Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip , although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr , a bystander . On 28 June 1914 , Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital , Sarajevo . A group of six assassins ( Cvjetko Popović , Gavrilo Princip , Muhamed Mehmedbašić , Nedeljko Čabrinović , Trifko Grabež , Vaso Čubrilović ) from the nationalist group Mlada Bosna , supplied by the Black Hand , had gathered on the street where the Archduke 's motorcade would pass . Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car , but missed . It injured some people nearby , and Franz Ferdinand 's convoy could carry on . The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them quickly . About an hour later , when Franz Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital , the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where Gavrilo Princip by coincidence stood . With a pistol , Princip shot and killed Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie . The reaction among the Austrian people was mild , almost indifferent . As historian Z.A.B. Zeman later wrote , `` the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever . On Sunday and Monday ( June 28 and 29 ) , the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine , as if nothing had happened . '' Escalation of violence in Bosnia ( edit ) Main articles : Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and Schutzkorps Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , 29 June 1914 The assassination excessively intensified the existing traditional religion - based ethnic hostilities in Bosnia . However , in Sarajevo itself , Austrian authorities encouraged violence against the Serb residents , which resulted in the Anti-Serb riots of Sarajevo , in which Catholic Croats and Bosnian Muslims killed two and damaged numerous Serb - owned buildings . Writer Ivo Andrić referred to the violence as the `` Sarajevo frenzy of hate . '' Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were organized not only in Sarajevo but also in many other larger Austro - Hungarian cities in modern - day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Austro - Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs , 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison . 460 Serbs were sentenced to death and a predominantly Muslim special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs . Decision for war ( edit ) Main article : Causes of World War I While the empire 's military spending had not even doubled since the 1878 Congress of Berlin , Germany 's spending had risen fivefold , and the British , Russian , and French expenditures threefold . The empire had lost ethnic Italian areas to Piedmont because of nationalist movements that had swept through Italy , and many Austro - Hungarians perceived as imminent the threat of losing to Serbia the southern territories inhabited by Slavs . Serbia had recently gained considerable territory in the Second Balkan War of 1913 , causing much distress in government circles in Vienna and Budapest . Former ambassador and foreign minister Count Alois Aehrenthal had assumed that any future war would be in the Balkan region . Hungarian prime minister and political scientist István Tisza opposed the expansion of the monarchy in the Balkans ( see Bosnian crisis in 1908 ) because `` the Dual Monarchy already had too many Slavs '' , which would further threaten the integrity of the Dual Monarchy . In March 1914 , Tisza wrote a memorandum to Emperor Franz Joseph with a strongly apocalyptic , predictive and embittered tone . He used the hitherto unknown word `` Weltkrieg '' ( meaning World War ) . `` It is my firm conviction that Germany 's two neighbors ( Russia and France ) are carefully proceeding with military preparations , but will not start the war so long as they have not attained a grouping of the Balkan states against us that confronts the monarchy with an attack from three sides and pins down the majority of our forces on our eastern and southern front . '' MÁVAG armoured train in 1914 On the day of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , Tisza immediately traveled to Vienna where he met Minister of Foreign Affairs Count Leopold Berchtold and Army Commander Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf . They proposed to solve the dispute with arms , attacking Serbia . Tisza proposed to give the government of Serbia time to take a stand as to whether it was involved in the organisation of the murder and proposed a peaceful resolution , arguing that the international situation would settle soon . Returning to Budapest , he wrote to Emperor Franz Joseph saying he would not take any responsibility for the armed conflict because there was no proof that Serbia had plotted the assassination . Tisza opposed a war with Serbia , stating ( correctly , as it turned out ) that any war with the Serbs was bound to trigger a war with Russia and hence a general European war . He did not trust in the Italian alliance , due to the political aftermath of the Second Italian War of Independence . He thought that even a successful Austro - Hungarian war would be disastrous for the integrity of Kingdom of Hungary , where Hungary would be the next victim of Austrian politics . After a successful war against Serbia , Tisza foresaw a possible Austrian military attack against the Kingdom of Hungary , where the Austrians want to break up the territory of Hungary . Some members of the government , such as Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf , had wanted to confront the resurgent Serbian nation for some years in a preventive war , but the Emperor , 84 years old and an enemy of all adventures , disapproved . The foreign ministry of Austro - Hungarian Empire sent ambassador László Szőgyény to Potsdam , where he inquired about the standpoint of the German Emperor on 5 July . Szőgyény described what happened in a secret report to Vienna later that day : I presented His Majesty ( Wilhelm ) with ( Franz Joseph 's ) letter and the attached memorandum . The Kaiser read both papers quite carefully in my presence . First , His Majesty assured me that he had expected us to take firm action against Serbia , but he had to concede that , as a result of the conflicts facing ( Franz Joseph ) , he needed to take into account a serious complication in Europe , which is why he did not wish to give any definite answer prior to consultations with the chancellor ... When , after our déjeuner , I once again emphasized the gravity of the situation , His Majesty authorized me to report to ( Franz Joseph ) that in this case , too , we could count on Germany 's full support . As mentioned , he first had to consult with the Chancellor , but he did not have the slightest doubt that Herr von Bethmann Hollweg would fully agree with him , particularly with regard to action on our part against Serbia . In his ( Wilhelm 's ) opinion , though , there was no need to wait patiently before taking action . The Kaiser said that Russia 's stance would always be a hostile one , but he had been prepared for this for many years , and even if war broke out between Austria - Hungary and Russia , we could rest assured that Germany would take our side , in line with its customary loyalty . According to the Kaiser , as things stood now , Russia was not at all ready for war . It would certainly have to think hard before making a call to arms . But now the leaders of Austria - Hungary , especially General Count Leopold von Berchtold , backed by its ally Germany , decided to confront Serbia militarily before it could incite a revolt ; using the assassination as an excuse , they presented a list of ten demands called the July Ultimatum , expecting Serbia would never accept . When Serbia accepted nine of the ten demands but only partially accepted the remaining one , Austria - Hungary declared war . Franz Joseph I finally followed the urgent counsel of his top advisers . Over the course of July and August 1914 , these events caused the start of World War I , as Russia mobilized in support of Serbia , setting off a series of counter-mobilizations . In support of his German ally , on Thursday , 6 August 1914 , the Emperor Franz Joseph signed the declaration of war on Russia . Italy initially remained neutral , although it had an alliance with Austria - Hungary . In 1915 , it switched to the side of the Entente powers , hoping to gain territory from its former ally . Wartime foreign policy ( edit ) Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I Franz Josef I and Wilhelm II with military commanders during World War I The Austro - Hungarian Empire played a relatively passive diplomatic role in the war , as it was increasingly dominated and controlled by Germany . The only goal was to punish Serbia and try to stop the ethnic breakup of the Empire , and it completely failed . Instead as the war went on the ethnic unity declined ; the Allies encouraged breakaway demands from minorities and the Empire faced disintegration . Starting in late 1916 the new Emperor Karl removed the pro-German officials and opened peace overtures to the Allies , whereby the entire war could be ended by compromise , or perhaps Austria would make a separate peace from Germany . The main effort was vetoed by Italy , which had been promised large slices of Austria for joining the Allies in 1915 . Austria was only willing to turn over the Trentino region but nothing more . Karl was seen as a defeatist , which weakened his standing at home and with both the Allies and Germany . As the Imperial economy collapsed into severe hardship and even starvation , its multi-ethnic army lost its morale and was increasingly hard pressed to hold its line . In the capital cities of Vienna and Budapest , the leftist and liberal movements and opposition parties strengthened and supported the separatism of ethnic minorities . As it became apparent that the Allies would win the war , nationalist movements , which had previously been calling for a greater degree of autonomy for their majority areas , started demanding full independence . The Emperor had lost much of his power to rule , as his realm disintegrated . Homefront ( edit ) See also : Hungary in World War I The heavily rural Empire did have a small industrial base , but its major contribution was manpower and food . Nevertheless , Austria - Hungary was more urbanized ( 25 % ) than its actual opponents in the First World War , like the Russian Empire ( 13.4 % ) , Serbia ( 13.2 % ) or Romania ( 18.8 % ) . Furthermore , the Austro - Hungarian Empire had also more industrialized economy and higher GDP per capita than the Kingdom of Italy , which was the economically the far most developed actual opponent of the Empire . On the home front , food grew scarcer and scarcer , as did heating fuel . The hog population fell 90 percent , as the dwindling supplies of ham and bacon percent of the Army . Hungary , with its heavy agricultural base , was somewhat better fed . The Army conquered productive agricultural areas in Romania and elsewhere , but refused to allow food shipments to civilians back home . Morale fell every year , and the diverse nationalities gave up on the Empire and looked for ways to establish their own nation states . Inflation soared , from an index of 129 in 1914 to 1589 in 1918 , wiping out the cash savings of the middle - class . In terms of war damage to the economy , the war used up about 20 percent of the GDP . The dead soldiers amounted to about four percent of the 1914 labor force , and the wounded ones to another six percent . Compared all the major countries in the war , Austria 's death and casualty rate was toward the high - end . By summer 1918 , `` Green Cadres '' of army deserters formed armed bands in the hills of Croatia - Slavonia and civil authority disintegrated . By late October violence and massive looting erupted and there were efforts to form peasant republics . However The Croatian political leadership was focused on creating a new state ( Yugoslavia ) and worked with the advancing Serbian army to impose control and end the uprisings . Military events ( edit ) The Austro - Hungarian Empire conscripted 7.8 million soldiers during the WW1 . General von Hötzendorf was the Chief of the Austro - Hungarian General Staff . Franz Joseph I , who was much too old to command the army , appointed Archduke Friedrich von Österreich - Teschen as Supreme Army Commander ( Armeeoberkommandant ) , but asked him to give Von Hötzendorf freedom to take any decisions . Von Hötzendorf remained in effective command of the military forces until Emperor Karl I took the supreme command himself in late 1916 and dismissed Conrad von Hötzendorf in 1917 . Meanwhile , economic conditions on the homefront deteriorated rapidly . The Empire depended on agriculture , and agriculture depended on the heavy labor of millions of men who are now in the Army . Food production fell , the transportation system became overcrowded , and industrial production could not successfully handle the overwhelming need for munitions . Germany provided a great deal of help , but it was not enough . Furthermore , the political instability of the multiple ethnic groups of Empire now ripped apart any hope for national consensus in support of the war . Increasingly there was a demand for breaking up the Empire and setting up autonomous national states based on historic language - based cultures . The new Emperor sought peace terms from the Allies , but his initiatives were vetoed by Italy . Serbian front 1914 -- 1916 ( edit ) Main article : Serbian Campaign ( World War I ) At the start of the war , the army was divided in two : the smaller part attacked Serbia while the larger part fought against the formidable Imperial Russian Army . The invasion of Serbia in 1914 was a disaster : by the end of the year , the Austro - Hungarian Army had taken no territory , but had lost 227,000 out of a total force of 450,000 men . However , in the autumn of 1915 , the Serbian Army was defeated by the Central Powers , which led to the occupation of Serbia . Near the end of 1915 , in a massive rescue operation involving more than 1,000 trips made by Italian , French and British steamers , 260,000 Serb soldiers were transported to Corfu , where they waited for the chance of the victory of Allied Powers to reclaim their country . Corfu hosted the Serbian government in exile after the collapse of Serbia , and served as a supply base to the Greek front . In April 1916 a large number of Serbian troops were transported in British and French naval vessels from Corfu to mainland Greece . The contingent numbering over 120,000 relieved a much smaller army at the Macedonian Front and fought alongside British and French troops . Russian front 1914 -- 1917 ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Front ( World War I ) Siege of Przemyśl in 1915 On the Eastern front , the war started out equally poorly . The Austro - Hungarian Army was defeated at the Battle of Lemberg and the great fortress city of Przemyśl was besieged and fell in March 1915 . The Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive started as a minor German offensive to relieve the pressure of the Russian numerical superiority on the Austro - Hungarians , but the cooperation of the Central Powers resulted in huge Russian losses and the total collapse of the Russian lines , and their 100 km ( 62 mi ) long retreat into Russia . The Russian Third Army perished . In summer 1915 , the Austro - Hungarian Army , under a unified command with the Germans , participated in the successful Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive . From June 1916 , the Russians focused their attacks on the Austro - Hungarian army in the Brusilov Offensive , recognizing the numerical inferiority of the Austro - Hungarian army . By the end of September 1916 , Austria - Hungary mobilized and concentrated new divisions , and the successful Russian advance was halted and slowly repelled ; but the Austrian armies took heavy losses ( about 1 million men ) and never recovered . The Battle of Zborov ( 1917 ) was the first significant action of the Czechoslovak Legions , who fought for the independence of Czechoslovakia against the Austro - Hungarian army . However the huge losses in men and material inflicted on the Russians during the offensive contributed greatly to the revolutions of 1917 , and it caused an economic crash in the Russian Empire . Italian front 1915 -- 1918 ( edit ) Main article : Italian Front ( World War I ) Italian troops in Trento on November 3 , 1918 , after the Battle of Vittorio Veneto . Italy 's victory marked the end of the war on the Italian Front and secured the dissolution of Austria - Hungary . The military cemetery of Redipuglia ( Italy ) , the resting place of approximately 100,000 Italian soldiers dead in battles of the First World War In May 1915 , Italy attacked Austria - Hungary . Italy was the only military opponent of Austria - Hungary which had a similar degree of industrialization and economic level ; moreover , her army was numerous ( ~ 1,000,000 men were immediately fielded ) , but suffered from poor leadership , training and organization . Chief of Staff Luigi Cadorna marched his army towards the Isonzo river , hoping to seize Ljubljana , and to eventually threaten Vienna . However , the Royal Italian Army were halted on the river , where four battles took place over five months ( 23 June -- 2 December 1915 ) . The fight was extremely bloody and exhausting for both the contenders . On 15 May 1916 , the Austrian Chief of Staff Conrad von Hötzendorf launched the Strafexpedition ( `` punitive expedition '' ) : the Austrians broke through the opposing front and occupied the Asiago plateau . The Italians managed to resist and in a counteroffensive seized Gorizia on 9 August . Nonetheless , they had to stop on the Carso , a few kilometres away from the border . At this point , several months of indecisive trench warfare ensued ( analogous to the Western front ) . As the Russian Empire collapsed as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution and Russians ended their involvement in the war , Germans and Austrians were able to move on the Western and Southern fronts much manpower from the erstwhile Eastern fighting . On 24 October 1917 , Austrians ( now enjoying decisive German support ) attacked at Caporetto using new infiltration tactics ; although they advanced more than 100 km ( 62.14 mi ) in the direction of Venice and gained considerable supplies , they were halted and could not cross the Piave river . Italy , although suffering massive casualties , recovered from the blow , and a coalition government under Vittorio Emanuele Orlando was formed . Italy also enjoyed support by the Entente powers : by 1918 , large amounts of war materials and a few auxiliary American , British , and French divisions arrived in the Italian battle zone . Cadorna was replaced by General Armando Diaz ; under his command , the Italians retook the initiative and won the decisive Battle of the Piave river ( 15 -- 23 June 1918 ) , in which some 60,000 Austrian and 43,000 Italian soldiers were killed . The multiethnic Austro - Hungarian Empire started to disintegrate , leaving its army alone on the battlefields . The final battle was at Vittorio Veneto ; after 4 days of stiff resistance , Italian troops crossed the Piave River , and after losing 90,000 men the defeated Austrian troops retreated in disarray pursued by the Italians . The Italians captured 428,000 Austrian - Hungarian soldiers , 24 of whom were generals , 5,600 cannons and mortars , and 4,000 machine guns . The military breakdown also marked the start of the rebellion for the numerous ethnicities who made up the multiethnic Empire , as they refused to keep on fighting for a cause which now appeared senseless . These events marked the end of Austria - Hungary , which collapsed on 31 October 1918 . The armistice was signed at Villa Giusti on 3 November . Romanian front 1916 ( edit ) Main article : Romania during World War I On 27 August 1916 , Romania declared war against Austria - Hungary . The Romanian Army crossed the borders of Eastern Hungary ( Transylvania ) . By November 1916 , the Central Powers had defeated the Romanian Army and occupied the southern and eastern parts of Romania . On 6 December the Central Powers captured Bucharest , the Romanian capital city . Whereas the German army realized it needed close cooperation from the homefront , Habsburg officers saw themselves as entirely separate from the civilian world , and superior to it . When they occupied productive areas , such as Romania , they seized food stocks and other supplies for their own purposes , and blocked any shipments intended for civilians back in the Austro - Hungarian Empire . The result was that the officers lived well , as the civilians began to starve . Vienna even transferred training units to Serbia and Poland for the sole purpose of feeding them . In all , the Army obtained about 15 percent of its cereal needs from occupied territories . Role of Hungary ( edit ) War memorial in Păuleni - Ciuc , Romania . Although the Kingdom of Hungary composed only 42 % of the population of Austria - Hungary , the thin majority -- more than 3.8 million soldiers -- of the Austro - Hungarian armed forces were conscripted from the Kingdom of Hungary during the First World War . Roughly 600,000 soldiers were killed in action , and 700,000 soldiers were wounded in the war . Austria - Hungary held on for years , as the Hungarian half provided sufficient supplies for the military to continue to wage war . This was shown in a transition of power after which the Hungarian prime minister , Count István Tisza , and foreign minister , Count István Burián , had decisive influence over the internal and external affairs of the monarchy . By late 1916 , food supply from Hungary became intermittent and the government sought an armistice with the Entente powers . However , this failed as Britain and France no longer had any regard for the integrity of the monarchy because of Austro - Hungarian support for Germany . Analysis of defeat ( edit ) The setbacks that the Austrian army suffered in 1914 and 1915 can be attributed to a large extent to Austria - Hungary becoming a military satellite of Imperial Germany from the first day of the war . They were made worse by the incompetence of the Austrian high command . After attacking Serbia , its forces soon had to be withdrawn to protect its eastern frontier against Russia 's invasion , while German units were engaged in fighting on the Western Front . This resulted in a greater than expected loss of men in the invasion of Serbia . Furthermore , it became evident that the Austrian high command had had no plans for a possible continental war and that the army and navy were also ill - equipped to handle such a conflict . From 1916 , the Austro - Hungarian war effort became more and more subordinated to the direction of German planners . The Austrians viewed the German army favorably , on the other hand by 1916 the general belief in Germany was that Germany , in its alliance with Austria - Hungary , was `` shackled to a corpse '' . The operational capability of the Austro - Hungarian army was seriously affected by supply shortages , low morale and a high casualty rate , and by the army 's composition of multiple ethnicities with different languages and customs . The last two successes for the Austrians , the Romanian Offensive and the Caporetto Offensive , were German - assisted operations . As the Dual Monarchy became more politically unstable , it became more and more dependent on German assistance . The majority of its people , other than Hungarians and German Austrians , became increasingly restless . In 1917 , the Eastern front of the Entente Powers completely collapsed . The Austro - Hungarian Empire then withdrew from all defeated countries . By 1918 , the economic situation had deteriorated . Leftist and pacifist political movements organized strikes in factories , and uprisings in the army had become commonplace . During the Italian battles , the Czechoslovaks and Southern Slavs declared their independence . On 31 October Hungary ended the personal union with Austria , officially dissolving the Monarchy . At the last Italian offensive , the Austro - Hungarian Army took to the field without any food and munition supply , and fought without any political supports for a de facto non-existent empire . On the end of the decisive joint Italian , British and French offensive at Vittorio Veneto , the disintegrated Austria - Hungary signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918 . The government had failed badly on the homefront . Historian Alexander Watson reports : across central Europe ... The majority lived in a state of advanced misery by the spring of 1918 , and conditions later worsened , for the summer of 1918 saw both the drop in food supplied to the levels of the ' turnip winter ' , and the onset of the 1918 flu pandemic that killed at least 20 million worldwide . Society was relieved , exhausted and yearned for peace . Dissolution ( edit ) The Austro - Hungarian Monarchy collapsed with dramatic speed in the autumn of 1918 . In the capital cities of Vienna and Budapest , the leftist and liberal movements and politicians ( the opposition parties ) strengthened and supported the separatism of ethnic minorities . These leftist or left - liberal pro-Entente maverick parties opposed the monarchy as a form of government and considered themselves internationalist rather than patriotic . Eventually , the German defeat and the minor revolutions in Vienna and Budapest gave political power to the left / liberal political parties . As it became apparent that the Allied powers would win World War I , nationalist movements , which had previously been calling for a greater degree of autonomy for various areas , started pressing for full independence . The Emperor had lost much of his power to rule , as his realm disintegrated . Alexander Watson argues that , `` The Habsburg regime 's doom was sealed when Wilson 's response to the note , sent two and a half weeks earlier , arrived on 20 October . '' Wilson rejected the continuation of the dual monarchy as a negotiable possibility . As one of his Fourteen Points , President Woodrow Wilson demanded that the nationalities of Austria - Hungary have the `` freest opportunity to autonomous development '' . In response , Emperor Karl I agreed to reconvene the Imperial Parliament in 1917 and allow the creation of a confederation with each national group exercising self - governance . However , the leaders of these national groups rejected the idea ; they deeply distrusted Vienna and were now determined to get independence . The revolt of ethnic Czech units in Austria in May 1918 was brutally suppressed . It was considered as mutiny by the code of military justice On 14 October 1918 , Foreign Minister Baron István Burián von Rajecz asked for an armistice based on the Fourteen Points . In an apparent attempt to demonstrate good faith , Emperor Karl issued a proclamation ( `` Imperial Manifesto of 16 October 1918 '' ) two days later which would have significantly altered the structure of the Austrian half of the monarchy . The Polish majority regions of Galicia and Lodomeria were to be granted the option of seceding from the empire , and it was understood that they would join their ethnic brethren in Russia and Germany in resurrecting a Polish state . The rest of Cisleithania was transformed into a federal union composed of four parts -- German , Czech , South Slav and Ukrainian . Each of these was to be governed by a national council that would negotiate the future of the empire with Vienna . Trieste was to receive a special status . No such proclamation could be issued in Hungary , where Hungarian aristocrats still believed they could subdue other nationalities and maintain the `` Holy Kingdom of St. Stephen '' . It was a dead letter . Four days later , on 18 October United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing replied that the Allies were now committed to the causes of the Czechs , Slovaks and South Slavs . Therefore , Lansing said , autonomy for the nationalities -- the tenth of the Fourteen Points -- was no longer enough and Washington could not deal on the basis of the Fourteen Points anymore . In fact , a Czechoslovak provisional government had joined the Allies on 14 October . The South Slavs in both halves of the monarchy had already declared in favor of uniting with Serbia in a large South Slav state by way of the 1917 Corfu Declaration signed by members of the Yugoslav Committee . Indeed , the Croatians had begun disregarding orders from Budapest earlier in October . The Lansing note was , in effect , the death certificate of Austria - Hungary . The national councils had already begun acting more or less as provisional governments of independent countries . With defeat in the war imminent after the Italian offensive in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto on 24 October , Czech politicians peacefully took over command in Prague on 28 October ( later declared the birthday of Czechoslovakia ) and followed up in other major cities in the next few days . On 30 October , the Slovaks followed in Martin . On 29 October , the Slavs in both portions of what remained of Austria - Hungary proclaimed the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . They also declared their ultimate intention was to unite with Serbia and Montenegro in a large South Slav state . On the same day , the Czechs and Slovaks formally proclaimed the establishment of Czechoslovakia as an independent state . In Hungary , the most prominent opponent of continued union with Austria , Count Mihály Károlyi , seized power in the Aster Revolution on 31 October . Charles was all but forced to appoint Károlyi as his Hungarian prime minister . One of Károlyi 's first acts was to cancel the compromise agreement , officially dissolving the Austro - Hungarian state . By the end of October , there was nothing left of the Habsburg realm but its majority - German Danubian and Alpine provinces , and Karl 's authority was being challenged even there by the German - Austrian state council . Karl 's last Austrian prime minister , Heinrich Lammasch , concluded that Karl was in an impossible situation , and persuaded Karl that the best course was to relinquish , at least temporarily , his right to exercise sovereign authority . Consequences ( edit ) On 11 November , Karl issued a carefully worded proclamation in which he recognized the Austrian people 's right to determine the form of the state . He also renounced the right to participate in Austrian affairs of state . He also dismissed Lammasch and his government from office and released the officials in the Austrian half of the empire from their oath of loyalty to him . Two days later , he issued a similar proclamation for Hungary . However , he did not abdicate , remaining available in the event the people of either state should recall him . For all intents and purposes , this was the end of Habsburg rule . Karl 's refusal to abdicate was ultimately irrelevant . On the day after he announced his withdrawal from Austria 's politics , the German - Austrian National Council proclaimed the Republic of German Austria . Károlyi followed suit on 16 November , proclaiming the Hungarian Democratic Republic . The Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( between the victors of World War I and Austria ) and the Treaty of Trianon ( between the victors and Hungary ) regulated the new borders of Austria and Hungary , leaving both as small landlocked states . The Allies assumed without question that the minority nationalities wanted to leave Austria and Hungary , and also allowed them to annex significant blocks of German - and Hungarian - speaking territory . As a result , the Republic of Austria lost roughly 60 % of the old Austrian Empire 's territory . It also had to drop its plans for union with Germany , as it was not allowed to unite with Germany without League approval . The restored Kingdom of Hungary , which had replaced the republican government in 1920 , lost roughly 72 % of the pre-war territory of the Kingdom of Hungary . The decisions of the nations of the former Austria - Hungary and of the victors of the Great War , contained in the heavily one - sided treaties , had devastating political and economic effects . The previously rapid economic growth of the Dual Monarchy ground to a halt because the new borders became major economic barriers . All the formerly well - established industries , as well as the infrastructure supporting them , were designed to satisfy the needs of an extensive realm . As a result , the emerging countries were forced to make considerable sacrifices to transform their economies . The treaties created major political unease . As a result of these economic difficulties , extremist movements gained strength ; and there was no regional superpower in central Europe . The new Austrian state was , at least on paper , on shakier ground than Hungary . While what was left of Austria had been a single unit for over 700 years , it was united only by loyalty to the Habsburgs . With the loss of 60 % of the Austrian Empire 's prewar territory , Vienna was now an imperial capital without an empire to support it . By comparison , Hungary had been a nation and a state for over 900 years . However , after a brief period of upheaval and the Allies ' foreclosure of union with Germany , Austria established itself as a federal republic . Despite the temporary Anschluss with Nazi Germany , it still survives today . Adolf Hitler cited that all `` Germans '' -- such as him and the others from Austria , etc. -- should be united with Germany . Hungary , however , was severely disrupted by the loss of 72 % of its territory , 64 % of its population and most of its natural resources . The Hungarian Democratic Republic was short - lived and was temporarily replaced by the communist Hungarian Soviet Republic . Romanian troops ousted Béla Kun and his communist government during the Hungarian -- Romanian War of 1919 . In the summer of 1919 , a Habsburg , Archduke Joseph August , became regent , but was forced to stand down after only two weeks when it became apparent the Allies would not recognise him . Finally , in March 1920 , royal powers were entrusted to a regent , Miklós Horthy , who had been the last commanding admiral of the Austro - Hungarian Navy and had helped organize the counter-revolutionary forces . It was this government that signed the Treaty of Trianon under protest on 4 June 1920 at the Grand Trianon Palace in Versailles , France . In March and again in October 1921 , ill - prepared attempts by Karl to regain the throne in Budapest collapsed . The initially wavering Horthy , after receiving threats of intervention from the Allied Powers and neighboring countries , refused his cooperation . Soon afterward , the Hungarian government nullified the Pragmatic Sanction , effectively dethroning the Habsburgs . Two years later , Austria had passed the `` Habsburg Law , '' which not only dethroned the Habsburgs , but banned Karl from ever returning to Austria again . Subsequently , the British took custody of Karl and removed him and his family to the Portuguese island of Madeira , where he died the following year . Successor states ( edit ) Main articles : Treaty of Trianon and Treaty of Saint Germain The following successor states were formed ( entirely or in part ) on the territory of the former Austria - Hungary : German Austria and First Austrian Republic Hungarian Democratic Republic , Hungarian Soviet Republic , and Kingdom of Hungary Czecho - Slovakia ( `` Czechoslovakia '' from 1920 to 1938 ) State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ( joined on 1 December 1918 with the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , later Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) Second Polish Republic West Ukrainian People 's Republic ( united with the Ukrainian People 's Republic through Act Zluky , while its territory was fully overran by the Second Polish Republic ) Duchy of Bukovina and Transylvania were joined to the Kingdom of Romania Austro - Hungarian lands were also ceded to the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Italy . The Principality of Liechtenstein , which had formerly looked to Vienna for protection , formed a customs and defense union with Switzerland , and adopted the Swiss currency instead of the Austrian . In April 1919 , Vorarlberg -- the westernmost province of Austria -- voted by a large majority to join Switzerland ; however , both the Swiss and the Allies disregarded this result . New hand - drawn borders of Austria - Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon and Saint Germain. ( 1919 -- 1920 ) New borders of Austria - Hungary after the Treaty of Trianon and Saint Germain . Border of Austria - Hungary in 1914 Borders in 1914 Borders in 1920 Empire of Austria in 1914 Kingdom of Hungary in 1914 Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1914 Post-WWI borders on an ethnic map ) Territorial legacy ( edit ) Austria - Hungary Kingdoms and countries of Austria - Hungary : Cisleithania ( Empire of Austria ) : 1 . Bohemia , 2 . Bukovina , 3 . Carinthia , 4 . Carniola , 5 . Dalmatia , 6 . Galicia , 7 . Küstenland , 8 . Lower Austria , 9 . Moravia , 10 . Salzburg , 11 . Silesia , 12 . Styria , 13 . Tyrol , 14 . Upper Austria , 15 . Vorarlberg ; Transleithania ( Kingdom of Hungary ) : 16 . Hungary proper 17 . Croatia - Slavonia ; 18 . Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Austro - Hungarian condominium ) The following present - day countries and parts of countries were within the boundaries of Austria - Hungary when the empire was dissolved : Empire of Austria ( Cisleithania ) : Austria ( except Burgenland ) Czech Republic ( except the Hlučínsko area ) Slovenia ( except Prekmurje ) Italy ( Trentino , South Tyrol , parts of the province of Belluno and small portions of Friuli - Venezia Giulia ) Croatia ( Dalmatia , Istria ) Poland ( voivodeships of Lesser Poland , Subcarpathia , southernmost part of Silesia ( Bielsko and Cieszyn ) ) Ukraine ( oblasts of Lviv , Ivano - Frankivsk , Ternopil ( except its northern corner ) and most of the oblast of Chernivtsi ) Romania ( county of Suceava ) Montenegro ( bay of Boka Kotorska , the coast and the immediate hinterland around the cities of Budva , Petrovac and Sutomore ) Kingdom of Hungary ( Transleithania ) : Hungary ; Slovakia Austria ( Burgenland ) Slovenia ( Prekmurje ) Croatia ( Slavonia , Central Croatia , southern parts of the pre-1918 Baranya and Zala counties -- today 's Croatian part of Baranja and Međimurje county ) Ukraine ( oblast of Zakarpattia ) Romania ( region of Transylvania and Partium ) Serbia ( autonomous province of Vojvodina and northern Belgrade region ) Poland ( Polish parts of Orava and Spiš ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( the villages of Zavalje , Mali Skočaj and Veliki Skočaj including the immediate surrounding area west of the city of Bihać ) Austro - Hungarian Condominium Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro ( Sutorina -- western part of the Municipality of Herceg Novi between present borders with Croatia ( SW ) and Bosnia and Herzegovina ( NW ) , Adriatic coast ( E ) and the township of Igalo ( NE ) ) Sandžak - Raška region , Austro - Hungarian occupied 1878 until withdrawal in 1908 whilst formally part of the Ottoman Empire Possessions of the Austro - Hungarian Monarchy The empire was unable to gain and maintain large colonies owing to its geographical position . Its only possession outside of Europe was its concession in Tianjin , China , which it was granted in return for supporting the Eight - Nation Alliance in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion . However although the city was only an Austro - Hungarian possession for 16 years , the Austro - Hungarians left their mark on that area of the city , in the form of architecture that still stands in the city . Other parts of Europe had been part of the Habsburg monarchy once but had left it before its dissolution in 1918 . Prominent examples are the regions of Lombardy and Veneto in Italy , Silesia in Poland , most of Belgium and Serbia , and parts of northern Switzerland and southwestern Germany . They persuaded the government to search out foreign investment to build up infrastructure such as railroads . Despite these measures , Austria - Hungary remained resolutely monarchist and authoritarian . Flags and heraldry ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) See also : List of Austrian flags and Flag of Hungary Although Austria - Hungary did not have a common flag ( a `` national flag '' could not exist since both halves of the Dual Monarchy consisted of inhabitants of various nationalities ) , a common civil ensign ( introduced in 1869 ) did exist . Until 1918 , the k.u.k. War Fleet continued to carry the Austrian ensign it had used since 1786 ; and the regiments of the k.u.k. Army carried the double - eagle flags they had used before 1867 , as they had a long history in many cases . New ensigns created in 1915 had not been implemented until 1918 due to the war . At state functions , the Austrian black - yellow and the Hungarian red - white - green tricolor were used . Naval ensign 1786 -- 1918 and civil ensign 1786 -- 1869 Civil ensign 1869 -- 1918 Naval ensign of 1915 ( not implemented ) War ensign ( not implemented ) Royal Hungarian maritime ensign Austria was represented by the black - yellow flag . The Hungarian half of the state , on the other hand , legally had no flag of its own . According to the Croatian -- Hungarian Settlement ( art . 62 and 63 ) , in all joint Croatian and Hungarian affairs symbols of both Croatia and Hungary respectively had to be used . For instance , whenever the joint Hungarian - Croatian Parliament held its session in Budapest , both the Croatian and Hungarian flags were hoisted on the parliament building in Budapest . In Vienna , in front of Schönbrunn Palace , the black and yellow flag was flown for Cisleithania , while both Croatian and Hungarian flags were flown for Transleithania . Hungary proper used a red - white - green tricolor defaced with the Hungarian coat of arms , sometimes used to represent the entirety of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown . Flag of Imperial Austria ( Cisleithania ) and of the House of Habsburg Flag of Royal Hungary Flag of the Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia Coat of arms ( edit ) See also : Coat of arms of Austria - Hungary The double - headed eagle of the House of Habsburg was used as the coat of arms of the common institutions of Austria - Hungary between 1867 and 1915 . In 1915 , a new one was introduced , which combined the coat of arms of the two halves of the Dual Monarchy and that of the dynasty . Common small coat of arms ( until 1915 ) Common small coat of arms ( 1915 -- 1918 ) Common medium coat of arms ( until 1915 ) Common medium coat of arms ( 1915 -- 1918 ) Additionally , each of the two parts of Austria - Hungary had its own coat of arms . Small coat of arms of the Austrian part ( 1915 -- 1918 ) Medium coat of arms of the Austrian part ( 1915 -- 1918 ) Small coat of arms of the Hungarian part ( 1915 -- 1918 ) Medium coat of arms of the Hungarian part ( 1915 -- 1918 ) See also ( edit ) Austria - Hungary portal Aftermath of World War I Austrian nobility Corporative federalism , a form of administration adopted by the Austro - Hungarian Empire . Diplomatic history of World War I Czech lands : 1867 -- 1918 Ethnic composition of Austria - Hungary Former countries in Europe after 1815 Habsburg Monarchy Hungarian nobility United States of Greater Austria References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Citype -- Internet -- Portal Betriebsges. m.b.H. `` Austro - Hungarian Empire k.u.k. Monarchy dual - monarchic Habsburg Emperors of Austria '' . Wien-vienna.com . Archived from the original on 23 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Gilman . The Essentials of Geography for School Year 1888 -- 1889 , p. 47 . New England Publishing Company ( Boston ) , 1888 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ From the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1878 ) , although note that this `` Romani '' refers to the language of those described by the EB as `` Gypsies '' ; the EB 's `` Romani or Wallachian '' refers to what is today known as Romanian ; Rosyn and Ukrainian correspond to dialects of what the EB refers to as `` Ruthenian '' ; and Yiddish was the common language of the Austrian Jews , although Hebrew was also known by many . ^ Jump up to : Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde , 1911 , Tabelle 3 . Jump up ^ see Concessions in Tianjin # Austro - Hungarian concession ( 1901 -- 1917 ) ^ Jump up to : Headlam , James Wycliffe ( 1911 ) . `` Austria - Hungary '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 2 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Schulze , Max - Stephan . Engineering and Economic Growth : The Development of Austria - Hungary 's Machine - Building Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century , p. 295 . Peter Lang ( Frankfurt ) , 1996 . Jump up ^ Publishers ' Association , Booksellers Association of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1930 ) . The Publisher , Volume 133 . p. 355 . Jump up ^ Contributors : Austria . Österreichische konsularische Vertretungsbehörden im Ausland ; Austrian Information Service , New York ( 1965 ) . Austrian information . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Minahan , James . Miniature Empires : A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jayne , Kingsley Garland ( 1911 ) . `` Bosnia and Herzegovina '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 279 -- 286 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Frank Maloy and Amos Shartle Hershey , Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe , Asia , and Africa 1870 -- 1914. - The Austrian occupation of Novibazar , 1878 -- 1909 Jump up ^ `` Imperial Gazette − 1912 '' . IGGIO Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Osterreich. 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's Who -- Emperor Franz Josef I '' . First World War.com . Archived from the original on 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The kingdom of Hungary desired equal status with the Austrian empire , which was weakened by its defeat in the German ( Austro - Prussian ) War of 1866 . The Austrian emperor Francis Joseph gave Hungary full internal autonomy , together with a responsible ministry , and in return it agreed that the empire should still be a single great state for purposes of war and foreign affairs , thus maintaining its dynastic prestige abroad . '' -- Compromise of 1867 , Encyclopædia Britannica , 2007 Jump up ^ Roman , Eric ( 2009 ) . Austria - Hungary and the Successor States : A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present . Infobase Publishing . p. 401 . ISBN 9780816074693 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 2003 . ISBN 9780852299616 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Szávai , Ferenc Tibor . `` Könyvszemle ( Book review ) : Kozári Monika : A dualista rendszer ( 1867 -- 1918 ) : Modern magyar politikai rendszerek '' . Magyar Tudomány ( in Hungarian ) . p. 1542 . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Szávai , Ferenc ( 2010 ) . Osztrák -- magyar külügyi ingatlanok hovatartozása a Monarchia felbomlása után ( PDF ) ( in Hungarian ) . p. 598 . Jump up ^ Antun Radić , `` Hrvatski pašuši ( putnice ) '' Dom , 15 January 1903 , page 11 ) Jump up ^ `` In 1804 Emperor Franz assumed the title of Emperor of Austria for all the Erblande of the dynasty and for the other Lands , including Hungary . Thus Hungary formally became part of the Empire of Austria . The Court reassured the diet , however , that the assumption of the monarch 's new title did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution of Hungary . '' Laszlo , Péter ( 2011 ) , Hungary 's Long Nineteenth Century : Constitutional and Democratic Traditions , Koninklijke Brill NV , Leiden , the Netherlands , p. 6 Jump up ^ Éva H. Balázs : Hungary and the Habsburgs , 1765 -- 1800 : An Experiment in Enlightened Absolutism . p. 320 . Jump up ^ Flandreau , Marc ( April 2006 ) . European Review of Economic History . 10 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 3 -- 33 . ASIN B00440PZZC. 1361 -- 4916 . ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Briliant , Oscar ( 1911 ) . `` Hungary '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 900 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Rudolph : Banking and Industrialization in Austria - Hungary : The Role of Banks in the Industrialization of the Czech Crownlands , 1873 -- 1914 , Cambridge University Press , 2008 ( page 17 ) Jump up ^ Cavallaro , Gaetano ( 2010 ) . Disaster Ending in Final Victory : The Dissolution of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . Gaetano Cavallaro . p. 201 . Jump up ^ Higham , Robin D.S. ; Showalter , Dennis E. ( 2003 ) . Researching World War I : A Handbook . Greenwood . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Kay , David ( 1878 ) . `` Austria '' . In Baynes , T.S. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 9th ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 116 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Kann ( 1974 ) ; Sked ( 1989 ) ; Taylor ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ André Gerrits ; Dirk Jan Wolffram ( 2005 ) . Political Democracy and Ethnic Diversity in Modern European History . Stanford University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 9780804749763 . ^ Jump up to : Kann 1974 ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1964 Jump up ^ Günther Kronenbitter : `` Krieg im Frieden '' . Die Führung der k.u.k. Armee und die Großmachtpolitik Österreich - Ungarns 1906 -- 1914 . Verlag Oldenbourg , Munich 2003 , ISBN 3 - 486 - 56700 - 4 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Kann , A History of the Habsburg Empire : 1526 -- 1918 ( 1974 ) ^ Jump up to : Sked 1989 Jump up ^ `` Austrian Empire '' article of Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Austria 's troubled history '' . BBC News . 3 February 2000 . Jump up ^ Gary B. Cohen ( 2006 ) . The Politics of Ethnic Survival : Germans in Prague , 1861 -- 1914 . Purdue University Press . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Aviel Roshwald ( 2002 ) . Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires : Central Europe , the Middle East and Russia , 1914 -- 23 . Taylor & Francis . p. 116 . Jump up ^ Margarete Grandner , `` Conservative Social Politics in Austria , 1880 -- 1890 . '' Austrian History Yearbook 27 ( 1996 ) : 77 - 107 . Jump up ^ `` Slovakia -- Hungary Relations in the European Union '' ( PDF ) . Suedosteuropa-gesellschaft.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Staatsgrundgesetz über die allgemeinen Rechte und Staatsbürger für die im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder ( 1867 ) '' . Verfassungen.de . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Headlam 1911 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Solomon Wank and Barbara Jelavich , `` The Impact of the Dual Alliance on the Germans in Austria and Vice-Versa , '' East Central Europe ( 1980 ) 7 # 2 pp 288 - 309 Jump up ^ Budisavljević , Srđan , Stvaranje - Države - SHS , Creation of the state of SHS , Zagreb , 1958 , p. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Vital , David ( 1999 ) . A People Apart : A Political History of the Jews in Europe 1789 - 1939 . Oxford University Press . p. 299 . ISBN 0198219806 . Jump up ^ Rothenberg 1976 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Rothenberg 1976 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ David S. Wyman , Charles H. Rosenzveig : The World Reacts to the Holocaust. ( page 474 ) Jump up ^ `` Hungary -- Social Changes '' . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ F.R. Bridge , From Sadowa to Sarajevo : The Foreign Policy of Austria - Hungary 1866 -- 1914 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Hans A. Schmitt , `` Count Beust and Germany , 1866 -- 1870 : Reconquest , Realignment , or Resignation ? '' Central European History ( 1968 ) 1 # 1 p. 20 -- 34 in JSTOR Jump up ^ William L. Langer , European Alliances and Alignments : 1871 -- 1890 ( 2nd ed. 1950 ) p. 20 Jump up ^ Langer , European Alliances and Alignments : 1871 -- 1890 pp. 138 , 155 -- 6 , 163 Jump up ^ Barcsay , Thomas ( 1991 ) . `` Banking in Hungarian Economic Development , 1867 -- 1919 '' ( PDF ) . Ryeson Polytechnical Institute . p. 216 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter F. Sugar , Péter Hanák : A History of Hungary ( Publisher : Indiana University Press ) Page : 262 Jump up ^ Good , David . The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire Jump up ^ Max - Stephan Schulze ( 1996 ) . Engineering and Economic Growth : The Development of Austria - Hungary 's Machine - Building Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century . Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Commercial Relations of the United States : Reports from the Consuls of the United States on the Commerce , Manufactures , Etc. , of Their Consular Districts . Publisher : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1881 ( page : 371 ) Jump up ^ Berend , Iván T. ( 2013 ) . Case Studies on Modern European Economy : Entrepreneurship , Inventions , and Institutions . Routledge . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Max - Stephan Schulze ( 1996 ) . Engineering and Economic Growth : The Development of Austria - Hungary 's Machine - Building Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century . Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang . p. 295 . Jump up ^ Erik Eckermann : World History of the Automobile -- Page 325 Jump up ^ Hans Seper : Die Brüder Gräf : Geschichte der Gräf & Stift - Automobile Jump up ^ `` Václav Laurin a Václav Klement '' ( in Czech ) . Archived from the original on 1 June 2004 . Jump up ^ Kurt Bauer ( 2003 ) , Faszination des Fahrens : unterwegs mit Fahrrad , Motorrad und Automobil ( in German ) , Böhlau Verlag Wien , Kleine Enzyklopädie des Fahrens , `` Lohner '' , pp. 250 -- 1 Jump up ^ Iván Boldizsár : NHQ ; the New Hungarian Quarterly -- Volume 16 , Issue 2 ; Volume 16 , Issues 59 -- 60 -- Page 128 Jump up ^ Hungarian Technical Abstracts : Magyar Műszaki Lapszemle -- Volumes 10 -- 13 -- Page 41 Jump up ^ Joseph H. Wherry : Automobiles of the World : The Story of the Development of the Automobile , with Many Rare Illustrations from a Score of Nations ( Page : 443 ) Jump up ^ `` The history of the biggest pre-War Hungarian car maker '' . Jump up ^ Commerce Reports Volume 4 , page 223 ( printed in 1927 ) Jump up ^ G.N. Georgano : The New Encyclopedia of Motorcars , 1885 to the Present . S. 59 . Jump up ^ `` Edvard Rusjan , Pioneer of Slovene Aviation '' . Republic of Slovenia -- Government Communication Office . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/812.html Jump up ^ The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ( AIAA ) : History of Flight from Around the World : Hungary article . Jump up ^ Mária Kovács : Short History Of Hungarian Aviation Jump up ^ Puskel Péter . `` Az aradi autógyártás sikertörténetéből '' . NyugatiJelen.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Czechoslovak Foreign Trade , Volume 29 . Rapid , Czechoslovak Advertising Agency . 1989 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Iron Age , Volume 85 , Issue 1 . Chilton Company . 1910 . pp. 724 -- 725 . Jump up ^ `` Hipo Hipo -- Kálmán Kandó ( 1869 -- 1931 ) '' . Sztnh.gov.hu. 29 January 2004 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Norman Davies ( 24 February 2005 ) . God 's Playground A History of Poland : Volume II : 1795 to the Present . Oxford University Press . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925340 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stephen Broadberry ; Kevin H. O'Rourke ( 2010 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe : Volume 2 , 1870 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 80 . ISBN 9781139489515 . Jump up ^ Mikulas Teich , Roy Porter : The Industrial Revolution in National Context : Europe and the USA ( page : 266 . ) Jump up ^ Iván T. Berend ( 2003 ) . History Derailed : Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century ( in Hungarian ) . University of California Press . p. 152 . ISBN 9780520232990 . Jump up ^ Tramways in Austria : Book : Buckley , Richard ( 2000 ) . Tramways and Light Railways of Switzerland and Austria ( 2nd edition ) , pp. 129 -- 135 ISBN 0948106271 . Jump up ^ Tramways in Czech Republic : Book : Jan Vinař : Historické krovy ( page 351 ) Jump up ^ Tramways in Poland ( including Galicia ) , Book : Arkadiusz Kołoś , Uniwersytet Jagielloński . Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej : Rozwój przestrzenny a współczesne funkcjonowanie miejskiego transportu szynowego w Polsce ( page : 19 ) Jump up ^ History of Public Transport in Hungary . Book : Zsuzsa Frisnyák : A magyarországi közlekedés krónikája , 1750 -- 2000 Jump up ^ Tramways in Croatia : Book : Vlado Puljiz , Gojko Bežovan , Teo Matković , dr . Zoran Šućur , Siniša Zrinščak : Socijalna politika Hrvatske Jump up ^ `` Trams and Tramways in Romania -- Timișoara , Arad , Bucharest '' . beyondtheforest.com . Jump up ^ Tramways in Slovakia : Book : Július Bartl : Slovak History : Chronology & Lexicon -- p. 112 Jump up ^ István Tisza and László Kovács : A magyar állami , magán - és helyiérdekű vasúttársaságok fejlődése 1876 -- 1900 között , Magyar Vasúttörténet 2 . kötet . Budapest : Közlekedési Dokumentációs Kft. , 58 -- 59 , 83 -- 84 . o . ISBN 9635523130 ( 1996 ) ( English : The development of Hungarian private and state owned commuter railway companies between 1876 -- 1900 , Hungarian railway History Volume II . Jump up ^ Kogan Page : Europe Review 2003 / 2004 , fifth edition , Wolden Publishing Ltd , 2003 , page 174 Jump up ^ `` The History of BKV , Part 1 '' . Bkv.hu. 22 November 1918 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre . `` UNESCO World Heritage Centre -- World Heritage Committee Inscribes 9 New Sites on the World Heritage List '' . whc.unesco.org . Jump up ^ Žmuc , Irena ( 2010 ) . `` Sustained Interest '' . In Županek , Bernarda . Emona : Myth and Reality ( PDF ) . Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana ; City Museum of Ljubljana . p. 63 . ISBN 9789616509206 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Iván Wisnovszky , Study trip to the Danube Bend , Hydraulic Documentation and Information Centre , 1971 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Victor - L. Tapie , The Rise and Fall of the Habsburg Monarchy p. 267 Jump up ^ `` Deutschlandfunk -- Essay und Diskurs '' . Dradio.de . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sue Swiggum ( 3 May 2008 ) . `` Unione Austriaca ( Austro - Americana ) / Cosulich Line '' . Theshipslist.com . Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baron Gautsch '' . Members.dame.at. 16 June 1908 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Österreichischer Lloyd '' . Aeiou.at. 31 July 2001 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wörthersee Schifffahrt '' . Archived from the original on 28 March 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DDSG Blue Danube GmbH '' . Ddsg-blue-danube.at. 13 November 2006 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Paula Sutter Fichtner : Historical Dictionary of Austria ( p. 69 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Google Drive -- Megtekintő '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph Vienna - Zagreb '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kiesewetter , Herbert : Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland . Regionen als Wachstumsmotoren . Stuttgart , Franz Steiner 2004 , ISBN 3515086137 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ `` Telegráf -- Lexikon : : '' . Kislexikon.hu . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dániel Szabó , Zoltán Fónagy , István Szathmári , Tünde Császtvay : Kettős kötődés : Az Osztrák -- Magyar Monarchia ( 1867 -- 1918 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Museum of Moslavina Kutina , Jasmina Uroda Kutlić : ' Telefon -- čudo Novoga vijeka ' ( Telephone the miracle of Modern era ) Jump up ^ `` 125 godina telefonije u Hrvatskoj ( 125 years of Telephony in Croatia ) '' ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ HT Muzej ( Croatian Telecom Museum ) : ' 125 godina telefonije u Hrvatskoj ' ( 125 years of Telephony in Croatia ) , Zagreb 2006. , P. - 2 , Jump up ^ Telephone History Institute : Telecom History -- Issue 1 -- Page 14 Jump up ^ Thomas Derdak , Adéle Hast : International Directory of Company Histories -- Volume 5 -- Page 315 Jump up ^ See the above cited book : Stephen Broadberry and Kevin H. O'Rourke : The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe : Volume 2 , 1870 to the Present , page : 80 Jump up ^ Brousek ; Karl M. : Die Großindustrie Böhmens 1848 -- 1918 , München : Oldenbourg 1987 , ISBN 9783486518719 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Austrian Occupation of Novibazar , 1878 -- 1909 '' . Mtholyoke.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Habsburg Monarchy 1809 -- 1918 , 1948 . Jump up ^ `` What was the common language in the Austro - Hungarian Empire ? - Quora '' . www.quora.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt ( 1911 ) . Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen . Vienna : K. u.k. Hof - Kartographische . Census December 31st 1910 Jump up ^ A magyar szent korona országainak 1910 . évi népszámlálása . Első rész . A népesség főbb adatai ( in Hungarian ) . Budapest : Magyar Kir . Központi Statisztikai Hivatal ( KSH ) . 1912 . Jump up ^ Wolfsgruber , Cölestin ( 1907 ) . `` Austro - Hungarian Monarchy '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 2 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ 1910 . évi népszámlálás adatai . ( Magyar Statisztikai Közlemények , Budapest , 1912 . pp 30 -- 33 ) Jump up ^ Kogutowicz Károly , Hermann Győző : Zsebatlasz : Naptárral és statisztikai adatokkal az 1914 . évre . Magyar Földrajzi Intézet R.T. , Budapest 1913 , S. 69 , 105 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donaumonarchie Österreich - Ungarn '' . Donaumonarchie.com . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Austrian Empire article of E. Britannica 1911 ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Headlam , James Wycliffe ( 1911b ) . `` Austria - Hungary '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Headlam 1911b , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Rene Albrecht - Carrie , A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1973 ) CH 6 Jump up ^ Wheatcroft , Andrew . The Enemy at the Gate : Habsburgs , Ottomans and the Battle for Europe , p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britannica '' . Britannica . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ WebCite query result Jump up ^ Rene Albrecht - Carrie , A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1973 ) pp 201 -- 14 Jump up ^ `` The Austrian Occupation of Novibazar , 1878 -- 1909 '' . Mount HolyOak . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Rene Albrecht - Carrie , A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1973 ) ch 8 Jump up ^ Rene Albrecht - Carrie , A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1973 ) pp 259 -- 72 Jump up ^ Jeffrey Finestone ; Robert K. Massie ( 1981 ) . The last courts of Europe . Dent . p. 247 . Jump up ^ David James Smith ( 2010 ) . One Morning In Sarajevo . Hachette UK . He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles , claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip . But there is no photograph of Gavro 's arrest -- this photograph shows the arrest of Behr . Jump up ^ `` European powers maintain focus despite killings in Sarajevo -- History.com This Day in History -- 6 / 30 / 1914 '' . History.com . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Dimitrije Djordjević ; Richard B. Spence ( 1992 ) . Scholar , patriot , mentor : historical essays in honor of Dimitrije Djordjević . East European Monographs . p. 313 . ISBN 9780880332170 . Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 , Catholic Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom . Jump up ^ Reports Service : Southeast Europe series . American Universities Field Staff . 1964 . p. 44 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 ... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... Jump up ^ Daniela Gioseffi ( 1993 ) . On Prejudice : A Global Perspective . Anchor Books . p. 246 . ISBN 9780385469388 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 ... Andric describes the `` Sarajevo frenzy of hate '' that erupted among Muslims , Catholics , and Orthodox believers following the assassination on June 28 , 1914 , of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo ... Jump up ^ Andrej Mitrović ( 2007 ) . Serbia 's Great War , 1914 -- 1918 . Purdue University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 9781557534774 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Tomasevich 2001 , p. 485 The Bosnian wartime militia ( Schutzkorps ) , which became known for its persecution of Serbs , was overwhelmingly Muslim . Jump up ^ John R. Schindler ( 2007 ) . Unholy Terror : Bosnia , Al - Qa'ida , and the Rise of Global Jihad . Zenith Imprint . p. 29 . ISBN 9781616739645 . Jump up ^ Velikonja 2003 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Herbert Kröll ( 28 February 2008 ) . Austrian - Greek encounters over the centuries : history , diplomacy , politics , arts , economics . Studienverlag . p. 55 . ISBN 9783706545266 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 ... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons , a new Schutzkorps , an auxiliary militia , widened the anti-Serb repression . Jump up ^ William Jannen : Lions of July : Prelude to War , 1914 -- PAGE : 456 Jump up ^ David G. Herrmann : The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War , p. 211 , Princeton University Press , ( 1997 ) ISBN 9780691015958 Jump up ^ Fischer , Fritz : Germany 's Aims in the First World War , New York , W.W. Norton , 1967 , ISBN 9780393097986 , p. 52 Jump up ^ `` First World War.com -- Who 's Who -- Count Istvan Tisza de Boros - Jeno '' . firstworldwar.com . Jump up ^ Source : Ladislaus Count von Szögyény - Marich ( Berlin ) to Leopold Count von Berchtold ( July 5 , 1914 ) , in Ludwig Bittner , et . al. , eds. , Österreich - Ungarns Aussenpolitik von der Bosnischen Krise 1908 bis zum Kriegsausbruch 1914 ( Austria - Hungary 's Foreign Policy prior to the Bosnian Crisis of 1908 up to the Outbreak of War in 1914 ) . 8 vols , Vienna , 1930 , vol. 8 , no . 10,058 . Jump up ^ Primary Documents : Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia , 23 July 1914 Updated on 24 May 2003 Jump up ^ Christopher Clark , The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 pp. 420 -- 30 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ A.F. Pribram , Austrian Foreign Policy , 1908 -- 18 ( 1923 ) pp 68 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Z.A.B. Zeman , A diplomatic history of the First World War ( 1971 ) pp 121 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , The First World War and International Politics ( 1988 ) pp 139 -- 48 . Jump up ^ David Stevenson , `` The failure of peace by negotiation in 1917 . '' Historical Journal 34 # 1 ( 1991 ) : 65 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Edward P. Keleher , `` Emperor Karl and the Sixtus Affair : Politico - Nationalist Repercussions in the Reich German and Austro - German Camps , and the Disintegration of Habsburg Austria , 1916 -- 1918 . '' East European Quarterly 26.2 ( 1992 ) : 163 + . Jump up ^ Alexander Watson , Ring of Steel : Germany and Austria - Hungary at War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2014 ) . pp 536 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Schulze , Max - Stephan ( 2005 ) . `` Austria - Hungary 's economy in World War I '' . In Broadberry , Stephen ; Harrison , Mark . The Economics of World War I ( PDF ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 95 . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511497339. 002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85212 - 8 . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Kann , et al. eds . The Habsburg Empire in World War I : Essays on the Intellectual , Military , Political and Economic Aspects of the Habsburg War Effort ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Mowat , C.L. ( 1968 ) . The New Cambridge Modern History . volume xii . ( CUP Archive ) London : Cambridge University Press . p. 479 . ISBN 0521045517 . Jump up ^ Andreas Kappeler ( 2014 ) . The Russian Empire : A Multi-ethnic History . Routledge . p. 287 . ISBN 9781317568100 . Jump up ^ Sima M. Cirkovic ( 2008 ) . The Serbs Volume 10 of The Peoples of Europe . John Wiley & Sons . p. 235 . ISBN 9781405142915 . Jump up ^ Marius Rotar ( 2013 ) . History of Modern Cremation in Romania . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . p. 24 . ISBN 9781443845427 . Jump up ^ Stephen Broadberry ; Kevin H. O'Rourke ( 2010 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe : Volume 2 , 1870 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 70 . ISBN 9781139489515 . Jump up ^ David Stevenson ( 2011 ) . With Our Backs to the Wall : Victory and Defeat in 1918 . Harvard University Press . p. 399 . ISBN 9780674063198 . Jump up ^ Maureen Healy , Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire : Total War and Everyday Life in World War I ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Ivo Banac , `` ' Emperor Karl Has Become a Comitadji ' : The Croatian Disturbances of Autumn 1918 . '' Slavonic and East European Review 70 # 2 ( 1992 ) : 284 -- 305 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker ( 1996 ) . `` The European Powers in the First World War '' . p. 173 . Jump up ^ Alexander Watson , Ring of Steel : Germany and Austria - Hungary in World War I ( 2014 ) , excerpt Jump up ^ `` French forces occupy Corfu -- History.com This Day in History -- 1 / 11 / 1916 '' . History.com . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Burgwyn , H. James ( 1997 ) . Italian foreign policy in the interwar period , 1918 -- 1940 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 94877 - 3 . Jump up ^ John R. Schindler , Isonzo : The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Gaetano V. Cavallaro ( 2010 ) . The Beginning of Futility : Diplomatic , Political , Military and Naval Events on the Austro - Italian Front in the First World War 1914 -- 1917 I. p. 339 . ISBN 9781401084264 . Jump up ^ Pier Paolo Cervone , Vittorio Veneto , l'ultima battaglia , Milano , Mursia , 1993 . Jump up ^ Indro Montanelli ; Mario Cervi , Due secoli di guerre , VII , Novara , Editoriale Nuova , 1981 . Jump up ^ Glenn E. Torrey , Romania and World War I ( Histria Books , 1998 ) Jump up ^ Watson , Ring of Steel p 396 - 97 Jump up ^ See : 1910 census Jump up ^ Buranbaeva , Oksana ; Mladineo , Vanja ( 2011 ) . Culture and Customs of Hungary , Cultures and Customs of the World . Bonn , Germany : ABC - CLIO . p. 32 . ISBN 9780313383700 . Jump up ^ Alexander Watson , Ring of Steel : Germany and Austria - Hungary in World War I ( 2014 ) , p 536 Jump up ^ Watson , Ring of Steel pp 536 -- 40 Jump up ^ Watson , Ring of Steel pp 541 -- 2 Jump up ^ `` Hungarian foreign ministers from 1848 to our days '' . Mfa.gov.hu . Archived from the original on 21 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Watson , Ring of Steel pp 542 -- 56 Jump up ^ `` Die amtliche Meldung über den Rücktritt '' ( in German ) . Neue Freie Presse , Morgenblatt. 1919 - 08 - 24 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Trianon , Treaty of '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia . 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ; Priscilla Mary Roberts ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I ( 1 ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 1183 . ISBN 9781851094202 . Virtually the entire population of what remained of Hungary regarded the Treaty of Trianon as manifestly unfair , and agitation for revision began immediately . Jump up ^ For more information about the Austro - Hungarian concession , see : Concessions in Tianjin # Austro - Hungarian concession ( 1901 -- 1917 ) . Jump up ^ Croatian - Hungarian Settlement 62 . The emblem of the Joint Affairs of the territories of the Hungarian Crown is formed by the combined arms of Hungary and of Croatia , Slavonia and Dalmatia . Jump up ^ Croatian - Hungarian Settlement 63 . At times when Joint Affairs are being debated , the combined Croatian - Slavonia - Dalmatian flag is to be hoisted beside the Hungarian flag , upon the building in which the Joint Parliament of the territories of the Hungarian Crown is being held . Jump up ^ Austria . Reichsrat . Abgeordnetenhaus ( 1903 ) . Stenographische protokolle über die sitzungen ... : 1 . ( eröffnungs - ) bis ( 485 . ) sitzung ... Aus der K. - k . Hof - und staatsdruckerei . p. 20714 . : Der § 63 spricht auch von einer kroatisch - slavonisch - dalmatinischen vereinigten Fahne auf Reichstagsgebäude . Diese Fahne war bis anno domini 1902 allen Dimensionen nach gleich ungarische Fahne . ^ Jump up to : Pliverić , Josip ( 1907 ) . Spomenica o državnopravnih pitanjih hrvatsko - ugarskih . Zagreb : Hartman ( Stjepan Kugli ) . , p. 50 Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Cornwall , Mark , ed . The Last Years of Austria - Hungary University of Exeter Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 85989 - 563 - 7 Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. 1922 ) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30 -- 31 -- 32 that cover events since 1911 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony . partly online Full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free ; the article `` Austrian Empire '' is vol 30 pp 313 -- 343 Evans , R.J.W. Austria , Hungary , and the Habsburgs : Central Europe c. 1683 -- 1867 ( 2008 ) doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199541621.001. 0001 online Herman , Arthur . What Life Was Like : At Empire 's End : Austro - Hungarian Empire 1848 -- 1918 ( Time Life , 2000 ) ; heavily illustrated Judson , Pieter M. The Habsburg Empire : A New History ( 2016 ) excerpt Kann , Robert A . A History of the Habsburg Empire : 1526 -- 1918 ( U of California Press , 1974 ) ; highly detailed history ; emphasis on ethnicity Macartney , Carlile Aylmer The Habsburg Empire , 1790 -- 1918 , New York , Macmillan 1969 . Mitchell , A. Wess . The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire ( Princeton UP , 2018 ) Oakes , Elizabeth and Eric Roman . Austria - Hungary and the Successor States : A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present ( 2003 ) Palmer , Alan . Twilight of the Habsburgs : The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph . New York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1995 . ISBN 0871136651 Redlich , Joseph . Emperor Francis Joseph Of Austria . New York : Macmillan , 1929 . online free Sked Alan The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire , 1815 -- 1918 , London : Longman , 1989 . Steed , Henry Wickham ; et al. ( 1914 ) . A short history of Austria - Hungary and Poland . Sugar , Peter F. et al. eds . A History of Hungary ( 1990 ) , coverage by experts Taylor , A.J.P. The Habsburg monarchy , 1809 -- 1918 : a history of the Austrian Empire and Austria - Hungary , ( London : Penguin Books . 2nd ed. 1964 ) ; politics and diplomacy World war ( edit ) Boyer , John W. `` Silent war and bitter peace : the revolution of 1918 in Austria . '' Austrian History Yearbook 34 ( 2003 ) : 1 -- 56 . Cornwall , Mark . `` News , Rumour and the Control of Information in Austria ‐ Hungary , 1914 -- 1918 . '' History 77 # 249 ( 1992 ) : 50 -- 64 . Cornwall , Mark . The undermining of Austria - Hungary : the battle for hearts and minds ( London : Macmillan , 2000 ) Craig , Gordon A . `` The World War I alliance of the Central Powers in retrospect : the military cohesion of the alliance . '' Journal of Modern History ( 1965 ) : 336 -- 344 . in JSTOR Healy , Maureen . Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire : Total War and Everyday Life in World War I ( 2007 ) Herweg , Holger H. The First World War : Germany and Austria - Hungary 1914 -- 1918 ( 2009 ) Jászi , Oszkár The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy , ( University of Chicago Press , 1966 ) Kann , Robert A. et al. , eds . The Habsburg Empire in World War I : Essays on the Intellectual , Military , Political and Economic Aspects of the Habsburg War Effort ( 1977 ) online borrowing copy Katzenstein , Peter J. Disjoined partners : Austria and Germany since 1815 ( 1976 ) free to borrow Kapp , Richard W. `` Divided Loyalties : The German Reich and Austria - Hungary in Austro - German Discussions of War Aims , 1914 -- 1916 . '' Central European History 17 # 2 -- 3 ( 1984 ) : 120 -- 139 . Schulze , Max - Stephan . `` Austria - Hungary 's economy in World War I , '' in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 3 online Watson , Alexander . Ring of Steel : Germany and Austria - Hungary in World War I ( 2014 ) Wawro , Geoffrey . A Mad Catastrophe : The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire ( 2014 ) Williamson , Samuel R. Austria - Hungary and the Origins of the First World War ( 1991 ) Specialty topics ( edit ) Agnew , Hugh LeCaine . Origins of the Czech National Renascence ( University of Pittsburgh Press , 1993 ) Bassett , Richard . For God and Kaiser : The Imperial Austrian Army , 1619 -- 1918 ( 2016 ) . Boyer , John W. Culture and political crisis in Vienna : Christian socialism in power , 1897 -- 1918 ( 1995 ) Bridge , F.R. From Sadowa to Sarajevo : The Foreign Policy of Austria - Hungary 1866 -- 1914 ( 1972 ; reprint 2016 ) online review ; excerpt Good , David . The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire : 1750 -- 1914 ( 1984 ) Kieval , Hillel . The Making of Czech Jewry : National Conflict and Jewish Society in Bohemia , 1870 -- 1918 ( Oxford University Press , 1988 ) King , Jeremy . Budweisers into Czechs and Germans : A Local History of Bohemian Politics , 1848 -- 1948 ( Princeton University Press , 2002 ) Langer , William L. ( 1956 ) . European Alliances and Alignments ( 2nd ed . ) . detailed coverage of major diplomatic moves McCagg , Jr. , William O. A History of the Habsburg Jews , 1670 -- 1918 ( Indiana University Press , 1989 ) Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) pp 271 -- 331 Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780 -- 1870 ( 2nd ed. 1979 ) , 552pp Phelps , Nicole M. U.S. - Habsburg Relations from 1815 to the Paris Peace Conference ( 2013 ) online review Rothenberg , Gunther E. ( 1976 ) , The Army of Francis Joseph , Purdue University Press Rothenberg , E. Gunther . `` Nobility and Military Careers : The Habsburg Officer Corps , 1740 -- 1914 , '' Military Affairs ( 1976 ) 40 # 4 pp. 182 -- 186 in JSTOR Rothenberg , E. Gunther . `` The Austrian Army in the Age of Metternich , '' Journal of Modern History ( 1968 ) 40 # 2 pp. 155 -- 165 in JSTOR Rothenberg , E. Gunther . `` Toward a National Hungarian Army : The Military Compromise of 1868 and Its Consequences , '' Slavic Review , ( 1972 ) 31 # 4 pp. 805 -- 816 in JSTOR Stauter - Halsted , Keely . The Nation in the Village : The Genesis of Peasant National Identity in Austrian Poland , 1848 -- 1914 ( Cornell University Press , 2001 ) Sugar , Peter F. ( 1994 ) . A History of Hungary . et al. ( 2nd ed . ) . Indiana University Press . Primary sources ( edit ) Baedeker , Karl . Austria - Hungary : Including Dalmatia and Bosnia ; Handbook for Travellers ( 1905 ) online Gooch , G.P. Recent Revelations Of European Diplomacy ( 1940 ) , pp 103 -- 59 summarizes memoirs of major participants Steed , Henry Wickham . The Hapsburg monarchy ( 1919 ) online detailed contemporary account Historiography and memory ( edit ) Boyd , Kelly , ed . Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers ( Rutledge , 1999 ) 1 : 60 -- 63 , historiography Kozuchowski , Adam . The Afterlife of Austria - Hungary : The Image of the Habsburg Monarchy in Interwar Europe ( University of Pittsburgh Press ; 2013 ) 208 pages ; Translation of a Polish study of cultural memories of Austria - Hungary as seen in histories , journalism , and literature . Kwan , Jonathan . `` Review Article : Nationalism and all that : Reassessing the Habsburg Monarchy and its legacy . '' European History Quarterly 41 # 1 ( 2011 ) : 88 -- 108 . Sked , Alan . `` Explaining the Habsburg Empire , 1830 -- 90 . '' in Pamela Pilbeam , ed. , Themes in Modern European History 1830 - 1890 ( Routledge , 2002 ) pp. 141 - 176 . In German ( edit ) Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen . ( ed. : Rudolf Rothaug ) , K. u.k. Hof - Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt , Vienna , 1911 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Austro - Hungarian Empire . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Austria - Hungary . Articles relating to Austria - Hungary at the International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Habsburg Empire Austrian line Microsoft Encarta : The height of the dual monarchy ( Archived 31 October 2009 ) The Austro - Hungarian Military Heraldry of the Austro - Hungarian Empire Austria - Hungary at the Wayback Machine ( archived 12 January 2008 ) -- extensive list of heads of state , ministers , and ambassadors History of Austro - Hungarian currency Austria - Hungary , Dual Monarchy The Austro - Hungarian Army in the Italian Dolomites ( in Italian ) Map of Europe and the collapse of Austria - Hungary at omniatlas.com Mangham , Arthur Neal . The Social Bases of Austrian Politics : The German Electoral Districts of Cisleithania , 1900 -- 1914 . Ph. D. thesis 1974 Austro - Hungarian Land Forces 1848 -- 1918 HABSBURG is a email discussion list dealing with the culture and history of the Habsburg Monarchy and its successor states in central Europe since 1500 , with discussions , syllabi , book reviews , queries , conferences ; edited daily by scholars since 1994 Subdivisions of Austria - Hungary Cisleithania Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Bukovina Duchy of Carinthia Duchy of Carniola Kingdom of Dalmatia Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Austrian Littoral Gorizia and Gradisca Istria Trieste Margraviate of Moravia Duchy of Salzburg Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia Duchy of Styria County of Tyrol Transleithania Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia Fiume and its surroundings Military Frontier ( 1867 -- 1882 ) Condominiums Province of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 1878 -- 1918 ) Sanjak of Novi Pazar ( 1878 -- 1908 ) Carpathian passes ( 1918 ) Concession zone in Tianjin ( 1901 -- 1917 ) Elections in the Austrian Empire and in Austria - Hungary Cisleithania 1848 1867 1871 -- 72 1873 1879 1885 1891 1897 1900 -- 01 1907 1911 Transleithania 1848 1861 1865 1869 1872 1875 1878 1881 1884 1887 1892 1896 1901 1905 1906 1910 Croatia - Slavonia 1865 1867 1871 1872 1878 1881 1883 1884 1887 1892 1897 1901 1906 1908 1910 1911 1913 Dalmatia 1861 1864 1867 1870 1876 1883 1889 1895 1901 1908 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1910 Military of Austria - Hungary Army Austro - Hungarian Army Common Army Imperial Austrian Landwehr Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer Bürgerkorps Royal Hungarian Honvéd Royal Croatian Home Guard 42nd Inf . Division First Army Rank insignia Military Intelligence Weaponry Imperial and Royal Infantry Alpine companies Kaiserjäger Imperial and Royal Mountain Troops Imperial and Royal Dragoons Imperial and Royal Hussars Imperial and Royal Uhlans Standschützen Navy K.u.K. Kriegsmarine Ranks Battleships Cruisers U-Boats Air Force K.u.K. Luftfahrtruppen Aircraft Leadership Emperors Francis Joseph I Charles I Ministers for War Feldmarschalleutnant Franz Freiherr von John Feldmarschalleutnant Franz Kuhn Freiherr Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld General der Kavallerie Alexander Freiherr von Koller Feldzeugmeister Arthur Maximilian Graf Bylandt - Rheydt ( der Ältere ) Feldzeugmeister Ferdinand Freiherr Bauer Feldzeugmeister Rudolf Freiherr Merkl General der Kavallerie Edmund Freiherr von Krieghammer Feldzeugmeister Heinrich Ritter von Pitreich General der Infanterie Franz Freiherr Schönaich General der Infanterie Moritz Ritter Auffenberg von Komarów Feldmarschall Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin Generaloberst Rudolf Stöger - Steiner von Steinstätten Supreme Commander of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces Archduke Albrecht , Duke of Teschen Francis Joseph I Archduke Friedrich , Duke of Teschen Charles I Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza Chiefs of the General Staff Feldmarschalleutnant Josef Wilhelm Freiher von Gallina Feldmarschalleutnant Franz Freiherr von John Feldmarschalleutnant Anton Freiherr von Schönfeld Feldzeugmeister Friedrich Graf von Beck - Rzikowsky Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf Generalmajor Blasius Schemua General der Infanterie Arthur Arz von Straußenburg Commanders - in - Chief of the Navy VAdm . Wilhelm von Tegetthoff VAdm . Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck VAdm . Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck VAdm . Hermann Freiherr von Spaun VAdm . Rudolf Graf / Conte Montecuccoli Grand Adm. Anton Haus Adm. Maximilian Njegovan Adm. Miklós Horthy Heads of the Naval Section VAdm . Wilhelm von Tegetthoff VAdm . Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck VAdm . Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck VAdm . Hermann Freiherr von Spaun VAdm . Rudolf Graf / Conte Montecuccoli Grand Adm. Anton Haus Adm. Karl Kailer von Kaltenfels Adm. Maximilian Njegovan RAdm Franz von Holub Commanders Archduke Eugen of Austria Franz Rohr von Denta Eduard von Böhm - Ermolli Svetozar Boroević Archduke Joseph August of Austria Franz Böhme Josip Jelačić Günther Burstyn Georg Dragičević Karol Durski - Trzaska Gheorghe Flondor Tadeusz Jordan - Rozwadowski Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria Rudolf Maister Artur Phleps Oskar Potiorek Alfred Redl Maximilian Ronge Viktor Dankl von Krasnik Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel Stjepan Sarkotić Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria Miklós Horthy Franz von Keil Giovanni Luppis Georg von Trapp Janko Vuković Historical development of Hungary ← Kingdom of Hungary ( 1686 -- 1867 ) ← Austrian Empire Hungary → ( 1918 -- ) Austria → ( 1918 -- ) Czechoslovakia → ( 1918 -- 1993 ) State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs → ( 1918 ) Kingdom of Hungary as part of Austria - Hungary ( Transleithania ) Empires Ancient ( Colonies ) Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Three Kingdoms Jin North and South Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Elamite Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - 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0 LCCN : n50057161 NARA : 10044586 SUDOC : 02635991X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austria-Hungary&oldid=856991466 '' Categories : Austria - Hungary Former countries in Europe Former countries in the Balkans Former empires Former monarchies of Europe Habsburg Monarchy House of Habsburg - Lorraine Modern history of Austria Modern history of Hungary Hungary under Habsburg rule States and territories established in 1867 1867 establishments in Europe States and territories disestablished in 1918 1918 disestablishments in Austria - Hungary 1918 disestablishments in Europe Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 CS1 Czech - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary
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when can a play be reviewed in college football
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Plays involving the sideline , goal line , end zone and end line , as well as other detectable situations , are reviewable ( e.g. , fumble / no fumble , pass complete / incomplete , touchdown / no touchdown , runner down / not down , player or ball inbounds / out of bounds , clock adjustments ) . Most fouls ( e.g. , holding , offside , pass interference ) are not reviewable , except that in 2006 , illegal forward passes , handoffs and punts from beyond the line of scrimmage , and too many players on the field are reviewable and the foul may be called after replay review . Also , while the foul of pass interference is not reviewable , it can be overturned on review based on touching of the pass . By rule , pass interference can not apply if a pass has been touched by any player before the foul occurs , and the touching of a pass is a reviewable play at its conclusion from a secure booth in the press box . Most plays are routine and the game continues without interruption . If , however , the following criteria are met , the Replay Official may interrupt the contest by paging the game officials to stop the game before the next play starts . The criteria are :
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Replay review in gridiron football
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replay review in gridiron football
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In gridiron football , replay review is a method of reviewing a play using cameras at various angles to determine the accuracy of the initial call of the officials . An instant replay can take place in the event of a close or otherwise controversial call , either at the request of a team 's head coach ( with limitations ) or the officials themselves .
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Replay reviews are only utilized at the college level and above . The National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) establishes the rules for most high school and youth organizations in the United States , and the rules of the NFHS do not permit replay reviews even when the equipment exists to enable the practice . In those leagues that utilize replay reviews , there are restrictions on what types of plays can be reviewed . In general , most penalty calls or lack thereof can not be reviewed , nor can a play that is whistled dead by the officials before the play could come to its rightful end . American and Canadian football leagues vary in their application and use of instant replay review . Contents ( hide ) 1 By league 1.1 National Football League 1.1. 1 History 1.2 NCAA football 1.2. 1 History 1.3 Canadian Football League 2 References By league ( edit ) National football league ( edit ) Bill Cowher , then head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers , throws the red challenge flag ( visible in the upper left corner of the picture ) , indicating his desire to challenge the officials ' ruling . The National Football League first adopted a limited Instant Replay system in 1986 , though the current system began in 1999 , bringing in the opportunity to `` challenge '' on - field calls of plays . The current system mirrors a system used by the now defunct USFL in 1985 . Each coach is allowed two opportunities per game to make a coach 's challenge . Before the 2004 NFL season , the instant replay rule was slightly changed to allow a third challenge if both of the original two challenges were successful . A challenge can only be made on certain reviewable calls on plays that begin before the two - minute warning and only when a team has at least one time - out remaining in the half . Up until the 2005 season , coaches could signal a challenge via an electronic pager , now used only by the replay assistant . The coaches now throw a red flag onto the field , indicating the challenge to the referees . This red flag was originally the `` backup plan '' if the pager were to fail , but it has become the more popular option among NFL coaches to signal a replay request . The referee has 60 seconds to watch the instant replay of the play and decide if the original call was correct . The referee must see `` incontrovertible visual evidence '' that the original call was incorrect for a call to be overturned . If the challenge fails , the original ruling stands and the challenging team is charged with a timeout . If the challenge overrules the previous call , the call is reversed ; should there have been an official score change , the score will be changed again , resulting in the original score and with no loss of a timeout . Because of the limited number of challenges , and the possible penalty of a lost timeout , coaches typically reserve their challenges for key plays . A questionable call may not be challenged once the next play is underway , so coaches may be forced to make a quick decision without the benefit of seeing a replay on television or on the stadium screen . If a questionable call is made in favor of the offense , then the offense will often line up and snap the ball quickly to prevent the opposing coach from challenging the call . Often players on the field will signal to the coach if they believe the play should be challenged . During a scoring play ( starting in 2011 ) , turnovers ( starting in 2012 ) , or after the two - minute warning of each half , and in overtime , reviews can only take place if the replay assistant , who sits in the press box and monitors the network broadcast of the game , determines that a play needs review ; coaches may not challenge during these times . In those cases , the replay assistant will contact the referee by a specialized electronic pager with a vibrating alert . If a review takes place during that time while the clock is running , the clock will stop for the review , and then it will start running once the ball is set and ready for play . Starting with the 2010 season , any reviews with the clock running inside one minute will have a 10 - second rundown , which can be voided if either team uses a timeout . One concern about replay that was addressed some years ago was the situation where a coach would seek a review of a non-challengeable call ( such as being forced out of bounds , or in some cases to challenge a runner down by contact ) . Before the rule was clarified , a team would lose the challenge and a time - out . The current rule does not penalize a team in such a case , provided the rule is not abused or taken advantage of . Instant Replay booth at Raymond James Stadium The NFL replay system currently only covers the following situations : Scoring plays Pass complete / incomplete / intercepted Runner / receiver out of bounds Recovery of a loose ball in or out of bounds Touching of a forward pass , either by an ineligible receiver or a defensive player Quarterback pass or fumble Illegal forward pass Forward or backward pass Runner ruled not down by contact Forward progress in regard to a first down Touching of a kick Other plays involving placement of the football Whether a legal number of players is on the field at the time of the snap If a play is overturned , the official is also responsible for making any related revisions to the game clock if applicable , especially in late , game - ending situations . For instance , if a player makes a reception and runs a long distance , several seconds may run off the game clock . If the play is challenged and the catch overturned , the game clock would be reset to have stopped at the moment of incompletion ( presumably adding time back to the clock ) . Note that the spot of the ball may be challenged in certain cases . In such cases , a decision to respot the football is not enough to win the challenge ; only when the ball is respotted and the ruling on the field is reversed by remeasurement is the challenging team not charged a timeout . Some unusual , and confusing sequences of events can occur during replay stoppages , and most have been addressed through rules clarifications . For instance , if a team commits a delay of game penalty ( before the snap ) , the opposing team still has the opportunity to challenge , provided it is done before the ensuing snap . Also , inside the two - minute warning , if a team calls a timeout in the normal course of play , but the replay assistant calls for a challenge of that play , the initial timeout is ignored and restored in favor of the replay stoppage . On occasion , challenges can sometimes backfire on teams . During a 2017 game between the Chicago Bears and Green Bay Packers , Bears head coach John Fox challenged a call that had ruled Bears running back Benny Cunningham down at the Packers two - yard line despite Cunningham extending his arm out and touching the pylon , which under NFL rules would rule it a touchdown . While the Bears won the challenge , the referees actually ruled that Cunningham lost control of the football before being down and fumbled the ball into and out of the end zone , which by NFL rules resulted in a touchback and a de-facto turnover to the Packers . While the Packers would punt on the ensuing drive , it turned out to be a key play in what was eventually a 23 - 16 Packers win . Since the Bears did get the play overturned ( albeit with unintended results ) , they were n't charged a timeout . History ( edit ) The current replay system replaced a previous system used from 1986 through 1991 , when a procedure similar to that of college football was used . In 1987 commissioner Pete Rozelle saved the system for another season ; in 1988 Pittsburgh Steelers owner Dan Rooney saved it . From before 1986 , and from 1992 to 1998 , no replay system was used . While there is occasional controversy over the appropriateness of overturned calls , the system is generally accepted as an effective and necessary way to ensure a fair game . By consensus , the tipping point for replay being fully and permanently accepted by NFL owners came late in the 1998 season . The Seattle Seahawks were leading the New York Jets with time running out and the Jets facing a 4th - and - goal situation , when QB Vinny Testaverde evaded a pass rush and ran towards the end zone before diving near the goal line . The referee near the play called it a touchdown , giving the Jets a critical 32 - 31 win . However , replays showed very clearly that while Testaverde 's helmet had crossed the goal line , the football never came close to breaking the plane of the goal line as required by the rules . If Seattle had won this game and the rest of their schedule played out as it ended up doing , they would have earned a wild card spot , but instead they missed the playoffs and coach Dennis Erickson and his entire staff were fired after the season . Owners could no longer claim that the inability to address such a massive error was tenable and brought replay back for the 1999 season . Replay has remained ( with numerous adjustments ) part of the NFL since then . Despite the rules that a play can not be challenged if another play was run , it has happened on at least one occasion under the current rules . In 2001 , the Cleveland Browns were driving toward the east end zone of Cleveland Browns Stadium against the Jacksonville Jaguars for what would have been the winning score . A controversial call on fourth down gave the Jaguars the ball . Browns ' receiver Quincy Morgan had caught a pass for a first down on 4th and 1 . After Tim Couch spiked the ball on the next play , referee Terry McAulay reviewed Morgan 's catch , claiming that the replay officials had buzzed him before Couch spiked the ball . Upon reviewing the play , McAulay determined that Morgan never had control of the ball , thus the pass was incomplete , and the Jaguars were awarded the ball via turnover on downs . Fans in the Dawg Pound began throwing plastic beer bottles and other objects on the field , in an incident dubbed `` Bottlegate '' . McAulay declared the game over and sent the teams to the locker rooms . NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue then called to override the referee 's decision to end the game , sending the players back onto the field , where the Jaguars ran out the last seconds under a hail of debris . The loss would have major playoff implications for the Browns , who dropped to 6 - 7 , although the Browns would have still missed the playoffs had they won the game in any event . NCAA football ( edit ) Referee ( left ) talking with the replay official In 2006 , the NCAA Football Rules Committee enacted instant replay guidelines and added them to the football playing rules . For games involving two schools from the same conference , league policy determines whether replay will be used . For non-conference games , the home team makes the determination . Plays involving the sideline , goal line , end zone and end line , as well as other detectable situations , are reviewable ( e.g. , fumble / no fumble , pass complete / incomplete , touchdown / no touchdown , runner down / not down , player or ball inbounds / out of bounds , clock adjustments ) . Most fouls ( e.g. , holding , offside , pass interference ) are not reviewable , except that in 2006 , illegal forward passes , handoffs and punts from beyond the line of scrimmage , and too many players on the field are reviewable and the foul may be called after replay review . Also , while the foul of pass interference is not reviewable , it can be overturned on review based on touching of the pass . By rule , pass interference can not apply if a pass has been touched by any player before the foul occurs , and the touching of a pass is a reviewable play at its conclusion from a secure booth in the press box . Most plays are routine and the game continues without interruption . If , however , the following criteria are met , the Replay Official may interrupt the contest by paging the game officials to stop the game before the next play starts . The criteria are : There is reasonable evidence to believe an error was made in the initial on - field ruling . The play is reviewable . Any reversal of the on - field ruling , which can only result from indisputable video evidence , would have a direct , competitive impact on the game . Once per game , each head coach may also call a timeout and challenge the ruling on the previous play before the next play starts . A coach must have at least one timeout remaining in order to challenge ( teams receive three timeouts per half ) . If the challenge is successful and the on - field ruling is overturned , the team keeps its timeout and is allowed only one more challenge . If unsuccessful , the team loses its timeout and is allowed no more challenges . After reviewing the play from available video angles , the Replay Official decides if the call should be upheld or overturned . If the call is overturned , the Replay Official provides the proper information to restart the game , such as the team in possession , the yardline where the ball should be placed , the correct down and distance , and the correct time on the stadium clock . Should there have been an official score change , the score will be changed again , resulting in the original score . History ( edit ) College football instant replay was started by the Big Ten Conference in the 2004 season because of what happened in the 2001 Michigan vs. Michigan State football game when reviews were used experimentally in the Big Ten Conference only . In the 2005 season , all conferences were allowed to use instant replay . Among Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( see Division I-A ) conferences , the Atlantic Coast Conference , Big East , Big Ten , Big 12 , Conference USA , MAC , Mountain West Conference , Pac - 10 , and SEC used replay in 2005 . The Sun Belt and Western Athletic did not . In 2005 , the Big 12 initially sought to provide field monitors which would allow the on - field referee to assist the replay official ; however , by the first game of the season , they decided to only provide equipment to the instant replay booth . Conference USA used a similar system , but the on - field referee made the decision after viewing a TV monitor on the sideline . The Mountain West Conference was the only league to allow a head coach 's challenge . Each head coach got one challenge per half . If the call was overturned , the challenging coach kept his timeout and got a second challenge for that half . If not , the challenging coach lost one of his three timeouts for the half . No more than two challenges per half per coach were allowed . There is not currently an instant replay equipment standard , each conference must choose ( and purchase ) its own equipment . Therefore , systems are quite disparate : they can be as complex as the high - tech custom systems similar as those used in the NFL to as simple as several large screens hooked to a digital video recorder using the direct - to - air feed of the broadcasting entity televising the game or a venue 's internal coverage unit . Television coverage of NCAA games varies widely depending on the athletic conference , with most lower - level games not televised at all and many middle - level games only covered through rudimentary local or Internet broadcasts ; the quality of replay camera angles thus varies accordingly . In 2005 , the Big Ten , MAC , and SEC only allowed broadcast video ( for games that are televised ) to be used to determine the correct call . The other conferences allowed broadcast video and scoreboard video . Most conferences provided video equipment for games that were not televised . Instant replay was used in post-season games for the first time in the 2005 season . It was used in all 28 bowl games as well as the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS , née I - AA ) , Division II and Division III national championship playoff games . Canadian football league ( edit ) The Canadian Football League board of governors approved the use of instant replay starting in 2006 . When implemented , the CFL system appeared to be modeled largely on the NFL 's , although some differences had been incorporated to accommodate differences between the two codes . CFL teams are allowed only one challenge per game . A team must have at least one timeout in order to challenge . If a challenge is not successful , a timeout is charged . Regardless of the outcome , teams do not get any additional challenges . After the three minute warning in the fourth quarter , unused challenges are lost for the remainder of the game . The current rule was instituted by new CFL commissioner Randy Ambrosie in August 2017 and took immediate effect . Ambrosie said in a statement that fans had been very clear they wanted a change concerning the video review system . He added that `` Too many challenges and reviews are interrupting the game , '' and the last thing the game needs is an `` artificial impediment '' to the fans ' enjoyment . Previously , the CFL rules were similar to the NFL in that teams were allowed two challenges per game , with a third challenge awarded if both challenges were successful . Prior to 2013 , when CFL teams were only allowed one timeout per half , a timeout was charged only if the team 's second challenge was not successful . The CFL Command Centre in Toronto has replay officials which conduct all reviews , rather than using a booth on the sidelines . Replay officials review all challenges , all scoring plays , and all turnovers . They can also initiate a review for all plays after the three minute warning in the fourth quarter . There is no time limit to make a decision . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2017 NFHS Football Rulebook , Rule 1 , Article 1 , Section 9 : `` The use of any replay or television monitoring equipment by the game officials in making any decision relating to the game is prohibited . '' Jump up ^ NFL History by Decade Jump up ^ NFL News : Owners to vote on several major changes Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/11/12/chicago-bears-john-fox-challenge-touchdown-fumble-touchback Jump up ^ http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/football/bears/ct-bears-costly-replay-challenge-spt-1113-20171112-story.html Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Ridiculous Sports Fan Moments - Photo 1 of 10 - NESN.com '' . Media.nesn.com. 2010 - 11 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Browns '' . Cleveland.com. 2014 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ CFL Board of Governors approves instant replay ^ Jump up to : `` CFL Announces Change to Limit Video Review '' . cfl.ca. 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CFL new video review rule limits coaches to one challenge '' . www.sportsnet.ca . Canadian Press . 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 CFL Rule Book '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.cfl.ca/article/cfl-approves-rule-changes-suggested-by-fans Jump up ^ https://cfldb.ca/faq/game-rules-regulations/#how-many-team-time-outs-cfl-game ( hide ) Gridiron football concepts Codes American Glossary History Early Modern Rules Canadian American -- Canadian comparison Burnside rules Glossary Arena Indoor 9 - man 8 - man 6 - man Flag Touch Street / Backyard Powderpuff Wheelchair Rules of gridiron football codes Levels of play Youth / midget Pop Warner AYF High school Varsity Junior varsity College Club Sprint Semi-pro Professional Practice squad Women 's International Field Lines Yard lines Hash marks Goal line Sidelines Line of scrimmage Field goal range Spaces End zone Red zone Neutral zone Coffin corner Flat Gap Hole Pocket Scoring Touchdown One - point conversion Two - point conversion Field goal Safety Single ( rouge ) Turnovers Fumble Interception Muffed punt Turnover on downs Downs First down Three - and - out Fourth down conversion Dead ball Play clock Timeout Kneel Spike Time warnings 3 min . 2 min . 1 min . Clock management Running out the clock Untimed play Garbage time Statistics Carry Completion Rushing yards Passing yards Passer rating Total quarterback rating Reception Receiving yards Pass deflected Sack Return yards Total offense Yards after catch Yards from scrimmage All - purpose yardage Touchdown pass Practice Two - a-days Oklahoma drill Three - cone drill Film session Officiating Official ( American , Canadian ) Chain crew Penalty Penalty flag Instant replay Miscellaneous Ball Coaching tree Concussions Equipment 12th man Letterman Overtime Running up the score Touchdown celebration Gatorade shower Tuck rule Uniform number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Replay_review_in_gridiron_football&oldid=820992555 '' Categories : American football terminology Canadian football Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 20 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay%20review%20in%20gridiron%20football
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who's left in america's next top model
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America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 24 )
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america's next top model ( cycle 24 )
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The twenty - fourth cycle of America 's Next Top Model premiered on January 9 , 2018 and was the second season to air on VH1 . Continuing from cycle 23 , this cycle featured an all - female cast . However , in a first for the series , the maximum age limit was removed , allowing contestants of all ages to enter the contest .
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Top Model franchise creator Tyra Banks returned as the show 's host after being replaced for one cycle by singer Rita Ora . The judging panel , consisting of model Ashley Graham , Paper magazine chief creative officer Drew Elliott , and celebrity stylist Law Roach , remained otherwise unchanged . The prizes for this cycle included a contract with Next Model Management , fashion spread in Paper magazine , a cash prize of US $100,000 from Pantene , and a featured avatar in the new America 's Next Top Model Mobile Game . The winner of the competition was 20 year - old Kyla Coleman from Lacey , Washington . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Episodes 2.1 The Boss Is Back 2.2 Beauty Is Los Angeles 2.3 Beauty Is a Trademark 2.4 Beauty Is Drama 2.5 Beauty Is Unconventional 2.6 Beauty Is Pride 2.7 Beauty Is Raw 2.8 Beauty Is Social 2.9 Beauty Is Movement 2.10 Beauty Is Real 2.11 Behind The Beauty 2.12 Beauty Is Personality 2.13 Beauty Is a Comeback 2.14 Beauty Is Commercial 2.15 Next Level Fierce 3 Summaries 3.1 Results 3.2 Photo shoot guide 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages stated are at start of contest . ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Maggie Keating 20 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Surry , Maine Episode 2 15 Ivana Thomas 23 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Durham , North Carolina Episode 3 14 Liz Woodbury 24 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Greenville , Massachusetts Episode 4 13 ( quit ) Rhiyan Carreker 20 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Orange County , California 12 Coura Fall 24 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Eastvale , California Episode 5 11 Liberty Netuschil 20 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Lava Hot Springs , Idaho Episode 6 10 Christina McDonald 34 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Jenkintown , Pennsylvania Episode 7 9 Sandra Shehab 22 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Cliffside Park , New Jersey Episode 8 8 Brendi K Seiner 22 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Nashville , Tennessee Episode 9 7 ( quit ) Erin Green 42 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Riverside , California Episode 10 6 Rio Summers 23 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Detroit , Michigan Episode 13 5 Shanice Carroll 25 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Murfreesboro , Tennessee Episode 15 Khrystyana Kazakova 32 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) New York , New York Jeana Turner 24 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Minneapolis , Minnesota Kyla Coleman 20 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Lacey , Washington Episodes ( edit ) The boss is back ( edit ) Original air date : January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) The semi-finalists were introduced to the judges for the first time , and were made aware of the new casting process in which any of them could be eliminated at any point during casting week ( as opposed to the mass - eliminations in previous cycles ) , to gradually reduce the pool of contestants . The models then had one - on - one auditions with the judges , which saw several semi-finalists leave the competition . The surviving models later met with judge Drew Elliot and fashion director Nicola Formichetti for an Avant - garde photo shoot and runway challenge . The remaining 18 contestants moved into the model house , and at the end of the week , host Tyra Banks selected the finalized cast of 14 contestants . Immediately afterwards , Banks announced that one of the semifinalists who 'd missed the final cut , Erin Green , would also be allowed to move on to the main competition , bringing the final number of contestants to 15 . Featured photographer : Renata Raksha Special guests : Nicola Formichetti Beauty is Los Angeles ( edit ) Original air date : January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) The finalists moved into the model home . They later met runway coach Stacey McKenzie for a catwalk lesson in preparation for an upcoming runway challenge at Venice Beach skate park , where the contestants had to model designs from Baja East and avoid skateboarders as they navigated across a skating ramp . As the winner of the challenge , Khrystyana was chosen to walk in a show for the label during New York fashion week . On set , the models had a bohemian pregnancy photo shoot with photographer Charlotte Rutherford , inspired by Hollywood 's latest baby boom fashion trends . At elimination , Coura received best picture . Brendi K and Maggie landed in the bottom two , and Maggie was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Charlotte Rutherford Special guests : Stacey McKenzie Beauty is a trademark ( edit ) Original air date : January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) The models arrived back at the house and immediately received a Tyra Mail alluding to the fact that makeovers would be taking place soon . After the makeovers were administered , the models met Director X for a video shoot meant to showcase their new trademark looks in a room full of mirrors . At elimination , Liberty was deemed to be the best performer for the shoot . Shanice and Ivana landed in the bottom two , and Ivana was eliminated from the competition . Featured director : Director X Special guests : Leanne Citrone Beauty is drama ( edit ) Original air date : January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) The remaining models received scripts for a screen test challenge with actor Kevin Phillips , which was judged by director Anthony Hemingway and Stacey McKenzie . Khrystyana was ultimately chosen as the challenge winner . Later on , the models were taken to a mansion for a photo shoot inspired by American Horror Story . After a heart to heart conversation with Tyra , Liz decided to quit the competition . At elimination , Khrystyana received best photo . Coura and Rhiyan landed in the bottom two , and Rhiyan was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Ekaterina Belinskaya Special guests : B. Akerlund , Anthony Hemingway , Stacey McKenzie , Kevin Phillips Beauty is unconventional ( edit ) Original air date : February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) The remaining 11 models had to work with renowned YouTuber Patrick Starr to shoot a beauty vlog which required them to use unconventional items as beauty tools . Sandra was chosen as the challenge winner , and was rewarded with a guest appearance on Starr 's channel . On set , the models were stacked on top of one another to have their beauty shots taken . At elimination , Rio received best picture . Christina and Coura landed in the bottom two , and Coura was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Tatiana Gerusova Special guests : Patrick Starr Beauty is pride ( edit ) Original air date : February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) The remaining 10 contestants celebrated pride week at Micky 's Bar , and took part in a self styled popup runway challenge for designer Christian Cowan which was won by Khrystyana . The models later had a photo shoot posing alongside former Drag Race contestants Manila Luzon , Valentina and Katya Zamolodchikova . Khrystyana won best picture at elimination . Kyla and Liberty landed in the bottom two , and Liberty was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Katie Levine Special guests : Valentina , Christian Cowan , Manila Luzon , Stacey McKenzie , Katya Zamolodchikova Beauty is raw ( edit ) Original air date : February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) The remaining nine contestants were challenged with the task of creating an anti-bullying PSA for the National Crime Prevention Council under the direction of Director X . As the winners of the challenge , Khrystyana , Kyla , and Sandra were chosen to have their video used as part of a national digital campaign for NCPC . On set , the models were stripped to their barest essentials and had their photographs taken by Tyra . At elimination Brendi K , Jeana , Khrystyana , Kyla , Rio , Sandra , and Shanice received a joint first call - out as a group . Christina and Erin landed in the bottom two , and Christina was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Tyra Banks Special guests : Yoko Sakakura , Shigeko Taylor , Director X , Stacey McKenzie Beauty is social ( edit ) Original air date : February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) The remaining models received a visit from Tyra , and learned about effective techniques for taking a selfie . They were later introduced to model Jourdan Dunn in time for a selfie challenge in which they had to advertise Jourdan 's clothing brand , LonDunn . Jeana was chosen as the winner of the challenge . On set the contestants were photographed by Tyra in a photo shoot where they had to pose with plus - sized male models covered in gold body paint . At elimination , Kyla received best photo . Khrystyana and Sandra landed in bottom two , and Sandra was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Tyra Banks Special guests : Jourdan Dunn , Zach Miko , Miles Dausuel , Kevin Rivers , Michael Guest judge : Jourdan Dunn Beauty is movement ( edit ) Original air date : March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) The seven remaining models met with Ashley Graham and movement coach Jermaine Browne for a motion shoot challenge , which was won by Jeana . They later had a couture photo shoot in the desert while posing with a parachute . Brendi K decided to quit the competition at panel . Shanice received best photo during elimination , while Jeana and Kyla landed in the bottom two . As a result of Brendi K 's departure earlier in the episode , both of them were allowed to stay . Featured photographer : Pieter Henket Special guests : Jermaine Browne Beauty is real ( edit ) Original air date : March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) The six remaining contestants attended castings in Los Angeles for Chris Mena and Maggie Barry . Kyla and Rio were chosen as the winners of the challenge , and were given the opportunity to walk in a runway show for the designers as part of their reward . On set , the models had a cover try photo shoot for Paper magazine . At elimination , Rio received best photo . Erin and Shanice landed in the bottom two , and Erin was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Pieter Henket Special guests : Chris Mena , Barbara Strasmore , Maggie Barry Behind the beauty ( edit ) Original air date : March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) This episode featured behind the scenes and never before seen footage of the cycle , and highlighted each contestants journey to the top five . Beauty is personality ( edit ) Original air date : March 20 , 2018 The remaining finalists had a challenge in which they had to create personalized avatars for the new America 's Next Top Model mobile game . Khrystyana was chosen as the winner , and received an assortment of clothes styled by Law Roach . The models were later taken to a mansion in order to shoot a music video with Maejor and Tyra Banks under the direction of Director X . At elimination , Khrystyana received best performance . Jeana and Rio landed in the bottom two , and Jeana was eliminated from the competition . Featured director : Director X Special guests : Maejor , David Ortis Guest judge : Director X Beauty is a comeback ( edit ) Original air date : March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) The final four took part in a throwback America 's Next Top Model challenge inspired by the bubble runway from cycle 16 . It was revealed that the models would be walking alongside the formerly eliminated contestants , one of whom would be replacing that week 's eliminee at panel . Erin was chosen as the challenge winner , and along with Liberty , Christina , and Jeana , moved back into the model house for the opportunity to possibly return . On set , the contestants had a photo shoot in pairs with cycle 3 winner Eva Marcille covered in tarantulas , shot by former judge Nigel Barker . At elimination , Kyla received best picture . Rio and Shanice landed in the bottom two , and Rio was eliminated from the competition . Out of the four comeback contestants , Jeana was chosen to return . Featured photographer : Nigel Barker Special guests : Stacey McKenzie , Eva Marcille Beauty is commercial ( edit ) Original air date : April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) The remaining four models took part in a challenge for Pantene in which they had to style their own hair and makeup . Khrystyana was chosen as the winner . On set , the contestants had to shoot an advertising campaign for Pantene , which required them to embody several different products from the brand . At elimination , Kyla won best photo . Jeana and Shanice landed in the bottom two , and Jeana was eliminated from the competition . In a shocking turn of events , she was saved from elimination by guest judge Philipp Plein , joining the other three models in the finale . Featured photographer : Torkil Gudnason Special guests : Kelly Vanasse , Danilo , Philipp Plein Guest judge : Philipp Plein Next level fierce ( edit ) Original air date : April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) The finalists attended a fitting for Philipp Plein after which Shanice was eliminated from the competition . The remaining three contestants took part in a photo shoot for the winner 's spread to be published in Paper magazine . They later reunited with the formerly eliminated contestants for the final runway show . Immediately following the runway show , Khrystyana was eliminated based on the results from the photo shoot that had taken place earlier that week . The judges deliberated over the body of work of the remaining two finalists , and at the end of the night , Kyla was crowned as the winner . Featured photographer : Vijat Mohindra Special guests : Philipp Plein , Mickey Boardman , Stacey McKenzie Summaries ( edit ) Results ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 Coura Liberty Khrystyana Rio Khrystyana Brendi K . Jeana Khrystyana Kyla Rio Sandra Shanice Kyla Shanice Rio Khrystyana Kyla Kyla Kyla Rio Jeana Jeana Khrystyana Shanice Jeana Khrystyana Khrystyana Kyla Khrystyana Khrystyana Jeana Erin Brendi K . Christina Shanice Jeana Shanice Erin Jeana Shanice Shanice Shanice Khrystyana Jeana Rio Liberty Sandra Christina Erin Rio Kyla Rio Rio Jeana Shanice 5 Khrystyana Kyla Brendi K . Kyla Erin Brendi K . Jeana Kyla Shanice Jeana 6 Christina Christina Erin Brendi K . Sandra Rio Erin 7 Liz Liz Shanice Jeana Rio Khrystyana Brendi K . 8 Kyla Coura Kyla Erin Brendi K . Erin Sandra 9 Ivana Erin Rio Liberty Kyla Christina 10 Rhiyan Khrystyana Sandra Christina Liberty 11 Liberty Sandra Coura Coura 12 Shanice Rhiyan Rhiyan 13 Sandra Shanice Liz 14 Brendi K . Ivana 15 Maggie The contestant was eliminated from the competition The contestant quit the competition The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant was originally eliminated but was saved The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel The contestant won the competition Jump up ^ In Episode 4 , Liz quit the competition before that week 's panel and elimination . Jump up ^ In Episode 7 , Brendi K. , Jeana , Khrystyana , Kyla , Rio , Sandra , and Shanice shared a 7 - way tie for first call - out . Jump up ^ In Episode 9 , Brendi K. quit the competition during panel . As a result , no one was eliminated . Jump up ^ Jeana returned to the competition after Rio 's elimination in episode 13 . She was originally eliminated once again in episode 14 when she landed in the bottom two with Shanice , but was saved . Jump up ^ In episode 15 , Shanice was eliminated outside of judging panel after a fitting that took place before the final runway . Khrystyana was eliminated after the first deliberation at the final judging . Following the final deliberation , Kyla was crowned as the winner . Photo shoot guide ( edit ) Episode 1 photo shoot : Avant - garde couture in a garden ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Bohemian maternity editorial Episode 3 video shoot : Trademark style in a mirrored room Episode 4 photo shoot : American Horror Story in a haunted mansion Episode 5 photo shoot : Stacked beauty shots in groups Episode 6 photo shoot : Princesses with former RuPaul 's Drag Race contestants Episode 7 photo shoot : Unretouched natural beauty in lingerie Episode 8 photo shoot : Dripping in gold with plus - size male models Episode 9 photo shoot : Parachute couture in the desert Episode 10 photo shoot : Paper magazine cover tries Episode 12 music video : Mansion madness with Maejor Episode 13 photo shoot : Posing in pairs with Eva Marcille covered in tarantulas Episode 14 photo shoot : Pantene ad campaigns Episode 15 photo shoot : Paper magazine spreads Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in cycle Episode Air date Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rating / share Ref . 305 `` The Boss Is Back '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 0.86 0.45 306 `` Beauty Is Los Angeles '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 0.96 0.40 307 `` Beauty Is a Trademark '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 0.88 0.42 308 `` Beauty Is Drama '' January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 0.79 0.37 309 5 `` Beauty Is Unconventional '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 0.78 0.38 310 6 `` Beauty Is Pride '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 0.79 0.32 311 7 `` Beauty Is Raw '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 0.86 0.40 312 8 `` Beauty Is Social '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 0.83 0.39 313 9 `` Beauty Is Movement '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 0.67 0.30 314 10 `` Beauty Is Real '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.73 0.35 315 11 `` Behind The Beauty '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.41 0.18 316 12 `` Beauty Is Personality '' March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 0.78 0.35 317 13 `` Beauty Is a Comeback '' March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 0.74 0.35 318 14 `` Beauty Is Commercial '' April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 0.83 0.36 319 15 `` Next Level Fierce '' April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 0.86 0.35 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joey ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the fiercely - aged America 's Next Top Model cycle 24 cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' winner on disrupting fashion standards : ' Times are changing ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the Models Competing For the Title of America 's Next Top Model on Cycle 24 '' . VH1 News . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Orbey , Eren ( 17 January 2018 ) . `` The Enduring Miracle of Tyra Banks on `` America 's Next Top Model '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Season 24 premiere : Tyra Banks and experts determine the Top 15 models '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' ousts Maggie Keating after contestants pose pregnant for photo shoot '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' eliminates Ivana Thomas after shocking makeovers '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' recap : Liz Harlan leaves the show , Rhiyan Carreker gets eliminated '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' ousts Coura Fall and determines Top 10 finalists '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pro-Trump model gets ousted on ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : The Women Expose Themselves and Khrystyana Brings Everyone to Tears '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' ousts Sandra Shehab after sexy photo shoot with `` big , brawny '' men `` . Reality TV World . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : An Injury Occurs On Set and Another Woman Quits '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : Shanice Upsets Drew at the Photo Shoot '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : Jeana Gets Pushy at the Photo Shoot '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model Recap : Eliminated Contestants Return for a Second Chance '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model Recap : Which Contestants Make It to the Finals ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowen Yang and Matt Rogers ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model Season - Finale Recap : Hangar in There '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.20. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.27. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.3. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.10. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco Other alumni Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Toccara Jones Bre Scullark Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Anchal Joseph Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Anya Kop Fatima Siad Dominique Reighard Analeigh Tipton Isis King Allison Harvard Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Laura Kirkpatrick Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Leila Goldkuhl Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_24)&oldid=843559409 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from December 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 23 : 03 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%2527s%20Next%20Top%20Model%20%28cycle%2024%29
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who lived with the apes in africa and had a girlfriend called jane
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Dian Fossey
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dian fossey
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Dian Fossey ( / daɪˈæn / ; January 16 , 1932 -- c . December 26 , 1985 ) was an American primatologist and conservationist known for undertaking an extensive study of mountain gorilla groups from 1966 until her death in 1985 . She studied them daily in the mountain forests of Rwanda , initially encouraged to work there by paleoanthropologist Louis Leakey . Her 1983 book , Gorillas in the Mist , combines her scientific study of the gorillas at Karisoke Research Center with her own personal story . It was adapted into a 1988 film of the same name .
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Called one of the foremost primatologists in the world , Fossey , along with Jane Goodall and Birutė Galdikas , were the so - called Trimates , a group of three prominent researchers on primates ( Fossey on gorillas ; Goodall on common chimpanzees ; and Galdikas on orangutans ) . The three were sent by Leakey to study great apes in their natural environments . During her time in Rwanda , she actively supported conservation efforts , strongly opposed poaching and tourism in wildlife habitats , and made more people acknowledge sapient gorillas . Fossey was brutally murdered in her cabin at a remote camp in Rwanda in December 1985 . It has been theorized that her murder was linked to her conservation efforts . Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Education 1.2 Interest in Africa 1.3 Research in the Congo 2 Conservation work in Rwanda 2.1 Opposition to poaching 2.2 Opposition to tourism 2.3 Preservation of habitat 2.4 Digit Fund 3 Personal life 4 Death 4.1 Aftermath 5 Controversy 6 Scientific achievements 7 Legacy 7.1 Biographies 7.2 In media 8 Selected bibliography 8.1 Books 8.2 Scholarly articles 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Life and career ( edit ) Fossey was born in San Francisco , California , the daughter of Kathryn `` Kitty '' ( née Kidd ) , a fashion model , and George E. Fossey III , an insurance agent . Her parents divorced when she was six . Her mother remarried the following year , to businessman Richard Price . Her father tried to keep in full contact , but her mother discouraged it , and all contact was subsequently lost . Fossey 's stepfather , Richard Price , never treated her as his own child . He would not allow Fossey to sit at the dining room table with him or her mother during dinner meals . A man adhering to strict discipline , Richard Price offered Fossey little to no emotional support . Struggling with personal insecurity , Fossey turned to animals as a way to gain acceptance . Her love for animals began with her first pet goldfish and continued throughout her entire life . At age six , she began horse riding , earning a letter from her school ; by her graduation in 1954 , Fossey had established herself as an equestrienne . Education ( edit ) Educated at Lowell High School , following the guidance of her stepfather she enrolled in a business course at the College of Marin . However , spending her summer on a ranch in Montana at age 19 rekindled her love of animals , and she enrolled in a pre-veterinary course in biology at the University of California , Davis . In defiance to her stepfather 's wishes that she attend a business school , Dian wanted to spend her professional life working with animals . As a consequence , Dian 's parents failed to give her any substantial amount of financial support throughout her adult life . She supported herself by working as a clerk at White Front ( a department store ) , doing other clerking and laboratory work , and laboring as a machinist in a factory . Although Fossey had always been an exemplary student , she had difficulties with basic sciences including chemistry and physics , and failed her second year of the program . She transferred to San Jose State College , where she became a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority , to study occupational therapy , receiving her bachelor 's degree in 1954 . Initially following her college major , Fossey began a career in occupational therapy . She interned at various hospitals in California and worked with tuberculosis patients . Fossey was originally a prizewinning equestrian , which drew her to Kentucky in 1955 , and a year later took a job as an occupational therapist at the Kosair Crippled Children 's Hospital in Louisville . Her shy and reserved personality allowed her to work well with the children at the hospital . Fossey became close with her coworker Mary White `` Gaynee '' Henry , secretary to the hospital 's chief administrator and the wife of one of the doctors , Michael J. Henry . The Henrys invited Fossey to join them on their family farm , where she worked with livestock on a daily basis and also experienced an inclusive family atmosphere that had been missing for most of her life . During her free time she would pursue her love of horses . Interest in Africa ( edit ) Fossey turned down an offer to join the Henrys on an African tour due to lack of finances , but in 1963 she borrowed $8,000 ( one year 's salary ) , took out her life savings and went on a seven - week visit to Africa . In September 1963 , she arrived in Nairobi , Kenya . While there , she met actor William Holden , owner of Treetops Hotel , who introduced her to her safari guide , John Alexander . Alexander became her guide for the next seven weeks through Kenya , Tanzania , Democratic Republic of Congo , and Rhodesia . Alexander 's route included visits to Tsavo , Africa 's largest national park ; the saline lake of Manyara , famous for attracting giant flocks of flamingos ; and the Ngorongoro Crater , well known for its abundant wildlife . The final two sites for her visit were Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania ( the archeological site of Louis and Mary Leakey ) ; and Mt . Mikeno in Congo , where in 1959 , American zoologist George Schaller had carried out a yearlong pioneering study of the mountain gorilla . At Olduvai Gorge , Fossey met the Leakeys while they were examining the area for hominid fossils . Leakey talked to Fossey about the work of Jane Goodall and the importance of long - term research of the great apes . Although she had broken her ankle while visiting the Leakeys , by October 16 , Fossey was staying in Walter Baumgartel 's small hotel in Uganda , the Travellers Rest . Baumgartel , an advocate of gorilla conservation , was among the first to see the benefits that tourism could bring to the area , and he introduced Fossey to Kenyan wildlife photographers Joan and Alan Root . The couple agreed to allow Fossey and Alexander to camp behind their own camp , and it was during these few days that Fossey first encountered wild mountain gorillas . After staying with friends in Rhodesia , Fossey returned home to Louisville to repay her loans . She published three articles in The Courier - Journal newspaper , detailing her visit to Africa . Research in the Congo ( edit ) Gorilla mother with cub in Virunga National Park in the Congo When Leakey made an appearance in Louisville while on a nationwide lecture tour , Fossey took the color supplements that had appeared about her African trip in The Courier - Journal to show to Leakey , who remembered her and her interest in mountain gorillas . Three years after the original safari , Leakey suggested that Fossey could undertake a long - term study of the gorillas in the same manner as Jane Goodall had with chimpanzees in Tanzania . Leakey lined up funding for Fossey to research mountain gorillas , and Fossey left her job to relocate to Africa . After studying Swahili and auditing a class on primatology ( the scientific study of primates ) during the eight months it took to get her visa and funding , Fossey arrived in Nairobi in December 1966 . With the help of Joan Root and Leakey , Fossey acquired the necessary provisions and an old canvas - topped Land Rover which she named `` Lily '' . On the way to the Congo , Fossey visited the Gombe Stream Research Centre to meet Goodall and observe her research methods with chimpanzees . Accompanied by photographer Alan Root , who helped her obtain work permits for the Virunga Mountains , Fossey began her field study at Kabara , in the Congo in early 1967 , in the same meadow where Schaller had made his camp seven years earlier . Root taught her basic gorilla tracking , and his tracker Sanwekwe later helped in Fossey 's camp . Living in tents on mainly tinned produce , once a month Fossey would hike down the mountain to `` Lily '' and make the two - hour drive to the village of Kikumba to restock . Fossey identified three distinct groups in her study area , but could not get close to them . She eventually found that mimicking their actions and making grunting sounds assured them , together with submissive behavior and eating of the local celery plant . She later attributed her success with habituating gorillas to her experience working as an occupational therapist with autistic children . Like George Schaller , Fossey relied greatly on individual `` noseprints '' for identification , initially via sketching and later by camera . Fossey had arrived in the Congo in locally turbulent times . Known as the Belgian Congo until its independence in June 1960 , unrest and rebellion plagued the new government until 1965 , when Lieutenant General Joseph - Désiré Mobutu , by then commander - in - chief of the national army , seized control of the country and declared himself president for five years during what is now called the Congo Crisis . During the political upheaval , a rebellion and battles took place in the Kivu Province . On July 9 , 1967 , soldiers arrived at the camp to escort Fossey and her research workers down , and she was interred at Rumangabo for two weeks . Fossey eventually escaped through bribery to Walter Baumgärtel 's Travellers Rest Hotel in Kisoro , where her escort was arrested by the Ugandan military . Advised by the Ugandan authorities not to return to Congo , after meeting Leakey in Nairobi , Fossey agreed with him against US Embassy advice to restart her study on the Rwandan side of the Virungas . In Rwanda , Fossey had met local American expatriate Rosamond Carr , who introduced her to Belgian local Alyette DeMunck ; DeMunck had a local 's knowledge of Rwanda and offered to find Fossey a suitable site for study . Conservation work in Rwanda ( edit ) Fossey established her research camp on the foothills of Mount Bisoke . On September 24 , 1967 , Fossey founded the Karisoke Research Center , a remote rainforest camp nestled in Ruhengeri province in the saddle of two volcanoes . For the research center 's name , Fossey used `` Kari '' for the first four letters of Mount Karisimbi that overlooked her camp from the south , and `` soke '' for the last four letters of Mount Bisoke , the slopes of which rose to the north , directly behind camp . Established 3,000 metres ( 9,800 ft ) up Mount Bisoke , the defined study area covered 25 square kilometres ( 9.7 sq mi ) . She became known by locals as Nyirmachabelli , or Nyiramacibiri , roughly translated as `` The woman who lives alone on the mountain . '' Unlike the gorillas from the Congo side of the Virungas , the Karisoke area gorillas had never been partially habituated by Schaller 's study ; they knew humans only as poachers , and it took longer for Fossey to be able to study the Karisoke gorillas at a close distance . Many research students left after not being able to handle the cold , dark , and extremely muddy conditions around Karisoke on the slopes of the Virunga Volcanoes , where paths usually had to be cut through six - foot - tall grass with a machete . Opposition to poaching ( edit ) While hunting had been illegal in the national park of the Virunga Volcanoes in Rwanda since the 1920s , the law was rarely enforced by park conservators , who were often bribed by poachers and paid a salary less than Fossey 's own African staff . On three occasions , Fossey wrote that she witnessed the aftermath of the capture of infant gorillas at the behest of the park conservators for zoos ; since gorillas will fight to the death to protect their young , the kidnappings would often result in up to 10 adult gorillas ' deaths . Through the Digit Fund , Fossey financed patrols to destroy poachers ' traps in the Karisoke study area . In four months in 1979 , the Fossey patrol consisting of four African staffers destroyed 987 poachers ' traps in the research area 's vicinity . The official Rwandan national park guards , consisting of 24 staffers , did not eradicate any poachers ' traps during the same period . In the eastern portion of the park not patrolled by Fossey , poachers virtually eradicated all the park 's elephants for ivory and killed more than a dozen gorillas . Fossey helped in the arrest of several poachers , some of whom served or are serving long prison sentences . In 1978 , Fossey attempted to prevent the export of two young gorillas , Coco and Pucker , from Rwanda to the zoo in Cologne , Germany . During the capture of the infants at the behest of the Cologne Zoo and Rwandan park conservator , 20 adult gorillas had been killed . The infant gorillas were given to Fossey by the park conservator of the Virunga Volcanoes for treatment of injuries suffered during their capture and captivity . With considerable effort , she restored them to some approximation of health . Over Fossey 's objections , the gorillas were shipped to Cologne , where they lived nine years in captivity , both dying in the same month . She viewed the holding of animals in `` prison '' ( zoos ) for the entertainment of people as unethical . While gorillas from rival gang groups on the mountains that were not part of Fossey 's study had often been found poached five to ten at a time , and had spurred Fossey to conduct her own anti-poaching patrols , Fossey 's study groups had not been direct victims of poaching until Fossey 's favorite gorilla Digit was killed in 1978 . Later that year , the silverback of Digit 's Group 4 , named for Fossey 's Uncle Bert , was shot in the heart while trying to save his son , Kweli , from being seized by poachers cooperating with the Rwandan park conservator . Kweli 's mother , Macho , was also killed in the raid , but Kweli was not captured due to Uncle Bert 's intervention ; however , three - year - old Kweli died slowly and painfully of gangrene , from being brushed by a poacher 's bullet . According to Fossey 's letters , ORTPN ( the Rwandan national park system ) , the World Wildlife Fund , African Wildlife Foundation , Fauna Preservation Society , the Mountain Gorilla Project and some of her former students tried to wrest control of the Karisoke research center from her for the purpose of tourism , by portraying her as unstable . In her last two years , Fossey claims not to have lost any gorillas to poachers ; however , the Mountain Gorilla Project , which was supposed to patrol the Mount Sabyinyo area , tried to cover up gorilla deaths caused by poaching and diseases transmitted through tourists . Nevertheless , these organizations received most of the public donations directed toward gorilla conservation . The public often believed their money would go to Fossey , who was struggling to finance her anti-poaching and bushmeat hunting patrols , while organizations collecting in her name put it into tourism projects and as she put it `` to pay the airfare of so - called conservationists who will never go on anti-poaching patrols in their life . '' Fossey described the differing two philosophies as her own `` active conservation '' or the international conservation groups ' `` theoretical conservation . '' Opposition to tourism ( edit ) Fossey strongly opposed wildlife tourism , as gorillas are very susceptible to human anthroponotic diseases like influenza for which they have no immunity . Fossey reported several cases in which gorillas died because of diseases spread by tourists . She also viewed tourism as an interference into their natural wild behavior . Fossey also criticized tourist programs , often paid for by international conservation organizations , for interfering with both her research and the peace of the mountain gorillas ' habitat , and was concerned Jane Goodall , who actually joined a chimpanzee society as a member , was inappropriately changing her study subjects ' behavior . Today , however , the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International promotes tourism , which they say helps to create a stable and sustainable local community dedicated to protecting the gorillas and their habitat . Preservation of habitat ( edit ) Fossey is responsible for the revision of a European Community project that converted parkland into pyrethrum farms . Thanks to her efforts , the park boundary was lowered from the 3,000 - meter line to the 2,500 - meter line . Digit Fund ( edit ) Main article : Digit Fund The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International in Rwanda Sometime during the day on New Year 's Eve 1977 , Fossey 's favorite gorilla , Digit , was killed by poachers . As the sentry of study group 4 , he defended the group against six poachers and their dogs , who ran across the gorilla study group while checking antelope traplines . Digit took five spear wounds in ferocious self - defence and managed to kill one of the poachers ' dogs , allowing the other 13 members of his group to escape . Poachers sell gorilla hands as delicacies , magic charms or to make ash trays . Digit was decapitated , and his hands cut off for ashtrays , for the price of $20 . After his mutilated body was discovered by research assistant Ian Redmond , Fossey 's group captured one of the killers . He revealed the names of his five accomplices , three of whom were later imprisoned . Fossey subsequently created the Digit Fund ( now the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International in the US ) to raise money for anti-poaching patrols . In addition , a consortium of international gorilla funds arose to accept donations in light of Digit 's death and increased attention on poaching . Fossey mostly opposed the efforts of the international organizations , which she felt inefficiently directed their funds towards more equipment for Rwandan park officials , some of whom were alleged to have ordered some of the gorilla poachings in the first place . The deaths of some of her most studied gorillas caused Fossey to devote more of her attention to preventing poaching and less on scientific publishing and research . Fossey became more intense in protecting the gorillas and began to employ more direct tactics : she and her staff cut animal traps almost as soon as they were set ; frightened , captured and humiliated the poachers ; held their cattle for ransom ; burned their hunting camps and even mats from their houses . Fossey also constantly challenged the local officials to enforce the law and assist her . Personal life ( edit ) During her African safari , Fossey met Alexie Forrester , the brother of an African she had been dating in Louisville ; Fossey and Forrester later became engaged . In her later years , Fossey became involved with National Geographic photographer Bob Campbell after a year of working together at Karisoke , with Campbell promising to leave his wife . Eventually the pair grew apart through her dedication to the gorillas and Karisoke , along with his need to work further afield and on his marriage . In 1970 , studying for her Ph. D. at Darwin College , University of Cambridge , she discovered she was pregnant and had an abortion , later commenting that `` you ca n't be a cover girl for National Geographic magazine and be pregnant . '' She graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology in 1976 . Fossey had other relationships throughout the years and always had a love for children . Since Fossey would rescue any abused or abandoned animal she saw in Africa or near Karisoke , she acquired a menagerie in the camp , including a monkey who lived in her cabin , Kima , and a dog , Cindy . Fossey held Christmas parties every year for her researchers , staffers , and their families , and she developed a genuine friendship with Jane Goodall . Fossey had been plagued by lung problems from an early age and , later in her life , suffered from advanced emphysema brought on by years of heavy cigarette smoking . As the debilitating disease progressed -- further aggravated by the high mountain altitude and damp climate -- Fossey found it increasingly difficult to conduct field research , frequently suffering from shortness of breath and requiring the help of an oxygen tank when climbing or hiking long distances . Death ( edit ) In the early morning of December 27 , 1985 , Fossey was discovered murdered in the bedroom of her cabin located at the far edge of the camp in the Virunga Mountains , Rwanda . Her body was found face - up near the two beds where she slept , roughly 7 feet ( 2 m ) away from a hole that her assailant ( s ) had apparently cut in the wall of the cabin . Wayne Richard McGuire , Fossey 's last research assistant at Karisoke , was summoned to the scene by Fossey 's house servant and found her bludgeoned to death , reporting that `` when I reached down to check her vital signs , I saw her face had been split , diagonally , with one machete blow . '' The cabin was littered with broken glass and overturned furniture , with a 9 - mm handgun and ammunition beside her on the floor . Robbery was not believed to be the motive for the crime , as Fossey 's valuables were still in the cabin , including her passport , handguns , and thousands of dollars in U.S. bills and traveler 's checks . The last entry in her diary read : When you realize the value of all life , you dwell less on what is past and concentrate more on the preservation of the future . Fossey is buried at Karisoke , in a site that she herself had constructed for her deceased gorilla friends . She was buried in the gorilla graveyard next to Digit , and near many gorillas killed by poachers . Memorial services were also held in New York , Washington , and California . A will purporting to be Fossey 's bequeathed all of her estate ( including the proceeds from the film Gorillas in the Mist ) to the Digit Fund to underwrite anti-poaching patrols . Fossey did not mention her family in the will , which was unsigned . Her mother , Hazel Fossey Price , challenged the will and was successful . Supreme Court Justice Swartwood threw out the will and awarded the estate to her mother , including about $4.9 million in royalties from a recent book and upcoming movie , stating that the document `` was simply a draft of her purported will and not a will at all . '' Price said she was working on a project to preserve the work her daughter had done for the mountain gorillas in Rwanda , located in eastern central Africa south of Uganda . Aftermath ( edit ) After Fossey 's death , her entire staff were arrested . This included Rwandan Emmanuel Rwelekana , a tracker who had been fired from his job after he allegedly tried to kill Fossey with a machete , according to the government 's account of McGuire 's trial . All were later released except Rwelekana , who was later found dead in prison , supposedly having hanged himself . Rwandan courts later tried and convicted Wayne McGuire in absentia for her murder . The alleged motive was that McGuire murdered Fossey in order to steal the manuscript of the sequel to her 1983 book , Gorillas in the Mist . At the trial investigators said McGuire was not happy with his own research and wanted to use `` any dishonest means possible '' to complete his work . McGuire had returned to the United States in July 1987 , and because no extradition treaty exists between the U.S. and Rwanda , McGuire , whose guilt is still widely questioned , has not served his sentence . Following his return to the U.S. , McGuire gave a brief statement at a news conference in Century City , Los Angeles , saying Fossey had been his `` friend and mentor '' , calling her death `` tragic '' and the charges `` outrageous '' . Thereafter , McGuire was largely absent from public notice until 2005 , when news broke that he had been accepted for a job with the Health and Human Services division of the State of Nebraska . The job offer was revoked upon discovery of his relation to the Fossey case . Several subsequent books , including Farley Mowat 's biography of Fossey , Woman in the Mists ( New York , NY : Warner Books , 1987 ) , have suggested alternate theories regarding her murder including intimations that she may have been killed by financial interests linked to tourism or illicit trade . Controversy ( edit ) Fossey was reported to have captured and held Rwandans whom she suspected of poaching . She allegedly beat a poacher 's testicles with stinging nettles . After her murder , Fossey 's National Geographic editor , Mary Smith , told Shlachter that on visits to the United States , Fossey would `` load up on firecrackers , cheap toys and magic tricks as part of her method to mystify the ( Africans ) -- hold them at bay . '' Writing in The Wall Street Journal in 2002 , Tunku Varadarajan described Fossey at the end of her life as colorful , controversial , and `` a racist alcoholic who regarded her gorillas as better than the African people who lived around them . '' Scientific achievements ( edit ) Fossey made discoveries about gorillas including how females transfer from group to group over the decades , gorilla vocalization , hierarchies and social relationships among groups , rare infanticide , gorilla diet , and how gorillas recycle nutrients . Fossey 's research was funded by the Wilkie Foundation and the Leakey Home , with primary funding from the National Geographic Society . By 1980 , Fossey , who had obtained her PhD at Cambridge University in the UK , was recognized as the world 's leading authority on the physiology and behavior of mountain gorillas , defining gorillas as being `` dignified , highly social , gentle giants , with individual personalities , and strong family relationships . '' Fossey lectured as professor at Cornell University in 1981 -- 83 . Her bestselling book Gorillas in the Mist was praised by Nikolaas Tinbergen , the Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who won the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Her book remains the best - selling book about gorillas . Legacy ( edit ) After her death , Fossey 's Digit Fund in the US was renamed the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International . The Karisoke Research Center is operated by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International , and continues the daily gorilla monitoring and protection that she started . Shirley McGreal , a friend of Fossey , continues to work for the protection of primates through the work of her International Primate Protection League ( IPPL ) one of the few wildlife organizations that according to Fossey effectively promotes `` active conservation '' . Between Fossey 's death and the 1994 Rwandan genocide , Karisoke was directed by former students , some of whom had opposed her . During the genocide and subsequent period of insecurity , the camp was completely looted and destroyed . Today only remnants are left of her cabin . During the civil war , the Virunga National Park was filled with refugees , and illegal logging destroyed vast areas . The Rwandan people adapted the traditional household baby naming ceremony Kwita Izina to use with the gorillas . Her 82nd birthday in 2014 was marked by a Google Doodle appearing on its search homepage worldwide . Biographies ( edit ) Mowat 's Virunga , whose British and U.S. editions are called Woman in the Mists : The Story of Dian Fossey and the Mountain Gorillas of Africa , was the first book - length biography of Fossey , and it serves as an insightful counterweight to the many omissions in Fossey 's own story , being derived from Fossey 's actual letters and entries in her journals . Harold Hayes 's book The Dark Romance of Dian Fossey was published in 1989 after extensive interviews with people who lived and worked with Fossey . Haye 's book shows Fossey in a less positive or romanticized light than previous accounts had done . The film Gorillas in the Mist was based on Hayes ' 1987 article in Life magazine , as cited in the film 's credits , instead of Fossey 's self - edited autobiography by that title . No One Loved Gorillas More ( 2005 ) was written by Camilla de la Bedoyere and published by National Geographic in the United States and Palazzo Editions in the United Kingdom . Gorilla Dreams : The Legacy of Dian Fossey was written by the investigative journalist Georgianne Nienaber and published in 2006 . This account of Fossey 's story is told as if in her own words from beyond the grave . Fossey is also prominently featured in a book by Vanity Fair journalist Alex Shoumatoff called African Madness , in which the author expands on Fossey 's controversial behaviors , implying that Fossey provoked her own murder by way of her private and public inflammatory interactions with people . The author also wrote a lengthy article titled `` The Fatal Obsession of Dian Fossey '' . A Forest in the Clouds : My Year among the Mountain Gorillas in the Remote Enclave of Dian Fossey , by John Fowler , is a first - person account from inside Dian Fossey 's camp . The author gives a candid and vivid portrait of Fossey 's mercurial personality , her ill treatment of staff and research students , and her alcohol - fueled tirades . The book also shows the daily workings of camp , Fossey 's dependence on her students and the movement to remove her from Karisoke years before her brutal murder . In media ( edit ) The Kentucky Opera Visions Program , in Louisville , has written an opera about Fossey , entitled Nyiramachabelli ; it premiered on May 23 , 2006 . Universal Studios bought the film rights to Gorillas in the Mist from Fossey in 1985 , and Warner Bros. Studios bought the rights to the Hayes article , despite its having been severely criticized by Rosamond Carr . As a result of a legal battle between the two studios , a co-production was arranged . Portions of the story and the Hayes article were adapted for the film Gorillas in the Mist , starring Sigourney Weaver . The book covers Fossey 's scientific career in great detail and omits material on her personal life , such as her affair with photographer Bob Campbell . In the film , the affair with Campbell ( played by Bryan Brown ) forms a major subplot . The Hayes article preceding the movie portrayed Fossey as a woman obsessed with gorillas , who would stop at nothing to protect them . The film includes scenes of Fossey 's ruthless dealings with poachers , including a scene in which she sets fire to a poacher 's home . In the 2011 BBC documentary All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace , Adam Curtis uses Fossey as a symbol of the ideology of ecology , a balance of nature and western post-colonial political exploits in Africa . In December 2017 , Dian Fossey : Secrets in the Mist , a three - hour series , aired on the National Geographic Channel , The series tells the story of Fossey 's life , work , murder and legacy , using archive footage and still images , interviews with people who knew and worked with her , specially shot footage and reconstruction . Selected bibliography ( edit ) Books ( edit ) -- -- ( 1983 ) . Gorillas in the Mist . Boston , Mass : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 9780395282175 . OCLC 9132014 . -- -- ( 1972 ) . `` Living with mountain gorillas '' . In Allen , Thomas . The marvels of animal behavior . Washington : National Geographic Society . pp. 208 -- 229 . ISBN 9780870441059 . OCLC 694851776 . -- -- ; Harcourt , A.H. ( 1977 ) . Brock , T.H. , ed . Primate ecology : studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs , monkeys , and apes . London New York : Academic Press . pp. 415 -- 447 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 12 - 176850 - 8.50019 - 6 . ISBN 9780323143899 . OCLC 682070368 , 7332815836 . -- -- ( 1979 ) . Hamburg , David A. ; McCown , Elizabeth R , eds . The Great apes . Menlo Park , Calif : Benjamin / Cummings Pub. Co. pp. 139 -- 186 . ISBN 9780805336696 . OCLC 398030913 . -- -- A Forest in the Clouds : My Year Among the Mountain Gorillas in the Remote Enclave of Dian Fossey John Fowler Pegasus Books ISBN 978 - 1 - 68177 - 633 - 0 Scholarly articles ( edit ) -- -- ( Summer 1982 ) . `` An amiable giant : Fuertes 's gorilla '' . The Living bird : 21 -- 22 . ISSN 0459 - 6137 . OCLC 1783015 . -- -- ( 1982 ) . `` Mountain gorilla research , 1974 '' . Research reports - National Geographic Society . Washington , DC . 14 : 243 -- 258 . ISSN 0077 - 4626 . OCLC 1586425 . -- -- ( 1980 ) . `` Mountain gorilla research , 1971 -- 1972 '' . Projects . Research reports - National Geographic Society 1971 . Washington , DC . 12 : 237 -- 255 . ISSN 0077 - 4626 . OCLC 1586425 . -- -- ( 1978 ) . `` Mountain gorilla research , 1969 -- 1970 '' . Projects . Research reports - National Geographic Society 1969 . Washington , DC . 11 : 173 -- 176 . ISSN 0077 - 4626 . OCLC 1586425 . -- -- ( 1976 ) . The Behaviour of the Mountain Gorilla ( Thesis ) . University of Cambridge . OCLC 60364345 , 500444186 . -- -- ( August 1974 ) . `` Observations on the home range of one group of mountain gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla beringel ) '' . Animal Behaviour. 22 ( 3 ) : 568 -- 581 . doi : 10.1016 / S0003 - 3472 ( 74 ) 80002 - 3 . ISSN 0003 - 3472 . OCLC 191252756 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . -- -- ( March 1972 ) . `` Vocalizations of the mountain Gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla beringei ) '' . Animal Behaviour. 20 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / S0003 - 3472 ( 72 ) 80171 - 4 . ISSN 0003 - 3472 . OCLC 191252756 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ware , Susan ; Braukman , Stacy ( 2004 ) . Notable American Women : A Biographical Dictionary , Volume 5 . Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study . pp. 220 - 1 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01488 - X . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan ( May 1981 ) . `` Three Who Have Chosen a Life in the Wild '' . B . The New York Times . p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Willis , Delta ( July 15 , 1990 ) . `` Some Primates Were n't Meant To Be Trusted '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karisoke Revisited - A Study of Dian Fossey '' . innominatesociety.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dian Fossey '' . Webster.edu . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Mowat , Farley . Woman in the Mists : The Story of Dian Fossey and the Mountain Gorillas of Africa . New York , NY : Warner Books , 1987 . Jump up ^ Washam , Cynthia . `` Fossey , Dian . '' Environmental Encyclopedia . 4th ed . Vol. 1 . Detroit : Gale , 2011 . 701 - 703 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web . 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fossey , Dian . '' The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives . Ed . Kenneth T. Jackson , Karen Markoe , and Arnold Markoe . Vol. 1 : 1981 -- 1985 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1998 . 294 - 296 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web . 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Notable Thetas - Heritage - Kappa Alpha Theta '' . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dian Fossey -- Biography '' . The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washam , Cynthia ( 2011 ) . Environmental Encyclopedia ( 4 ed . ) . Detroit . pp. 701 -- 703 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth ( 1998 ) . The Scribener Encyclopedia . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 294 -- 296 . Jump up ^ Kenneth T. Jackson ; Karen Markoe ; Arnold Markoe , eds. ( 1998 ) . The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 294 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography ( 2 ed . ) . Detroit . 2004 . pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Angie . `` Zoologist Dian Fossey : A storied life with gorillas '' . National Geographic . National Geographic . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenneth T. Jackson ; Karen Markoe ; Arnold Markoe , eds. ( 1998 ) . The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 294 -- 296 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , p. 136 Jump up ^ `` About Dian Fossey - Info about the Life of Dian Fossey '' . Gorillafund.org. 2013 - 11 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dian Fossey text '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , p. 130 Jump up ^ Montgomery , p. 138 Jump up ^ Montgomery , pp. 131 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Mowat , p. 223 ^ Jump up to : Mowat , pp. 174 -- 5 Jump up ^ Mowat , pp. 74 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : Fossey , Dian : Gorillas in the Mist. 1983 ^ Jump up to : Mowat , pp. 187 -- 190 Jump up ^ `` Visit Gorillas - The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International '' . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dian Fossey text - P5 '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Goodavage , Maria ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` Gorilla Poaching : The Sad , Savage Reality '' . Take Part . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dian Fossey text - P6 '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ This organization is unaffiliated with the Gorilla Organization in the UK , which uses Dian 's name although it no longer funded her work after Digit 's death . Jump up ^ Mowat , pp. 269 Jump up ^ `` Gorillas ' Protector on the Hunt for Poachers '' . The Palm Beach Post . October 24 , 1985 . p . B8 . A tall Californian , Fossey has emphysema . Nonetheless , she chain - smokes the local Impala brand of cigarettes . Jump up ^ `` Naturalist Dian Fossey Slain at Camp in Rwanda -- American Was Expert on Mountain Gorillas ; Assailants Hunted '' . Los Angeles Times . December 29 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Nienaber , Georgianne ( April 14 , 2006 ) . `` In Search of Dian Fossey 's Ghost : a `` Gorillas in the Mist '' Pilgrimage `` . articlesengine.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brower , Montgomery ( February 1986 ) . `` The Strange Death of Dian Fossey '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Dian Fossey : The woman who lived with gorillas '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dian Fossey '' . dian-fossey.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Salak , Kira . `` PLACES OF DARKNESS : AFRICA 'S MOUNTAIN GORILLAS '' . National Geographic Adventure . Jump up ^ Salak , Kira . `` Photos from `` PLACES OF DARKNESS : AFRICA 'S MOUNTAIN GORILLAS '' `` . National Geographic Adventure . Jump up ^ Montgomery , pp. 162 -- 3 Jump up ^ AP News Report . ( January 15 , 1988 ) . Ruling On Fossey 's Will ' ^ Jump up to : Kraft , Scott ( 1986 - 12 - 19 ) . `` American Found Guilty in Absentia of Rwanda Killing of Gorilla Expert Fossey '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Eric Malnic ( 30 August 1986 ) . `` Suspect Denies Killing Famous Naturalist ; Conspiracy Hinted '' . LA Times . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Job Offer Rescinded '' . WOWT. 14 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington Post , Gorillas in the mist film review Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Shlachter , Barry . `` A Neighborhood Feud ? The strange life and gruesome death of Dian Fossey '' , July 8 , 1986 , Boston Phoenix Jump up ^ Tunku VaradarajanTunku Varadarajan ( 2002 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Giants of the Jungle '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , p. 149 Jump up ^ Mowat , pp. 200 -- 1 Jump up ^ `` Dian Fossey 's legacy '' . Biography . The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Nienaber , Georgianne ( 2006 ) . Gorilla Dreams : The Legacy of Dian Fossey . Lincoln : iUniverse . ISBN 059537669X . Jump up ^ `` Google Doodle wishes Gorilla Expert Dian Fossey a Happy Birthday '' . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Shoumatoff , Alex ( September 1986 ) . `` The Fatal Obsession of Dian Fossey '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Fowler , John ( 2018 ) . A forest in the clouds : my year among the mountain gorillas in the remote enclave of Dian Fossey . New York : Pegasus Books . ISBN 9781681776330 . OCLC 1022267461 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC Dian Fossey : Secrets In The Mist '' . National Geographic TV . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Mowat , Farley ( 1987 ) . Woman in the Mists : The Story of Dian Fossey and the Mountain Gorillas of Africa . New York , NY : Warner Books . p. 380 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51360 - 1 . Montgomery , Sy ( 1991 ) . Walking with the Great Apes . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 280 . ISBN 0395515971 . External links ( edit ) Dian Fossey on IMDb Dian Fossey at Find a Grave Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International International Primate Protection League Fossey 's first article for National Geographic , 1970 January 1970 article by Fossey in National Geographic - with pictures Murder in the Mist solved ? Animal Welfare Institute Quarterly This article gives some information about the degradation of Dian 's relationship with National Geographic Society prior to her death Ape - related articles Extant ape species Human ( Homo sapiens ) Chimpanzee ( Pan spp . ) Bonobo ( Pan paniscus ) Common chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) Gorilla ( Gorilla spp . ) Western gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla ) Eastern gorilla ( Gorilla beringei ) Orangutan ( Pongo spp . ) Bornean orangutan ( Pongo abelii ) Sumatran orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus ) Tapanuli orangutan ( Pongo tapanuliensis ) Gibbon ( family : Hylobatidae ) Study of apes Ape language Dian Fossey Birutė Galdikas Jane Goodall Chimpanzee genome project Human genome project Neanderthal genome project Willie Smits Lone Drøscher Nielsen Ian Redmond Elgin Center Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary Borneo Orangutan Survival Legal and social status Personhood Research ban Kinshasa Declaration Great Ape Project Survival Project International Primate Day See also List of individual apes ( non-human ) Apes in space ( non-human ) Bigfoot Bushmeat Chimpanzee -- human last common ancestor List of fictional primates ( non-human ) Great apes Human evolution Monkey Day Mythic humanoids Yeren Yeti Ethology Branches Animal cognition Animal communication Animal consciousness Animal culture Animal sexual behaviour Animal welfare science Anthrozoology Bee learning and communication Behavioural ecology Behavioural genetics Cognitive ethology Comparative psychology Emotion in animals Evolutionary neuroscience Human ethology Instinct Learning Neuroethology Pain in animals Sociobiology Tool use by animals Zoosemiotics Zoomusicology Ethologists Patrick Bateson Marc Bekoff Donald Broom Charles Darwin Marian Dawkins Richard Dawkins Irenäus Eibl - Eibesfeldt Dian Fossey Karl von Frisch Jane Goodall Heini Hediger Julian Huxley Konrad Lorenz Desmond Morris Thomas Sebeok William Homan Thorpe Nikolaas Tinbergen Jakob von Uexküll Wolfgang Wickler E.O. Wilson Solly Zuckerman Societies Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour International Society for Applied Ethology Journals Animal Behaviour Animal Cognition Animal Welfare Behavioral Ecology Behaviour Related topics Animals portal Biology portal Ethology ( category ) Extant species of family Hominidae ( great apes ) Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Primates Suborder : Haplorhini Hominidae Ponginae Pongo ( Orangutans ) Bornean orangutan ( P. pygmaeus ) Sumatran orangutan ( P. abelii ) Tapanuli orangutan ( P. tapanuliensis ) Homininae Gorilla ( Gorillas ) Western gorilla ( G. gorilla ) Eastern gorilla ( G. beringei ) Hominini Pan ( Chimpanzees ) Common chimpanzee ( P. troglodytes ) Bonobo ( P. paniscus ) Homo ( Humans ) Human H. s . sapiens Primates portal Mammals portal Animals portal Biology portal Trees portal Forestry portal BIBSYS : 90201469 BNF : cb12015276n ( data ) CiNii : DA00994286 GND : 118843427 ISNI : 0000 0000 7359 7224 LCCN : n80118332 NDL : 00439892 NKC : xx0062523 NLA : 36577319 SNAC : w6f8101f SUDOC : 02953044X VIAF : 44310111 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dian_Fossey&oldid=856680702 '' Categories : 1932 births 1985 deaths 1985 in Rwanda 20th - century American scientists 20th - century American women writers 20th - century American writers 20th - century American zoologists 20th - century women scientists Alumni of Darwin College , Cambridge American anthropologists American mammalogists American people murdered abroad American science writers American women anthropologists American women scientists College of Marin alumni Deaths by blade weapons Ethologists Kentucky women activists Kentucky women scientists Murder in 1985 Murdered American scientists Murdered animal activists People from San Francisco People murdered in Rwanda Primatologists San Jose State University alumni Scientists from California University of California , Davis alumni Unsolved murders in Rwanda Women ethologists Women mammalogists Women primatologists Writers about Africa Writers from Louisville , Kentucky Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Infobox person using alma mater Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2017 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 22 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dian%20Fossey
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which metal is also a type of blonde
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Blond
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blond
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Blond ( male ) , blonde ( female ) , or fair hair , is a hair color characterized by low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin . The resultant visible hue depends on various factors , but always has some sort of yellowish color . The color can be from the very pale blond ( caused by a patchy , scarce distribution of pigment ) to reddish `` strawberry '' blond or golden - brownish ( `` sandy '' ) blond colors ( the latter with more eumelanin ) . Because hair color tends to darken with age , natural blond hair is generally very rare in adulthood . Naturally - occurring blond hair is primarily found in populations of northern European descent and is believed to have evolved to enable more efficient synthesis of Vitamin D , due to northern Europe 's lower levels of sunlight . Blond hair has also developed in other populations , although it is usually not as common , and can be found among natives of the Solomon Islands , Vanuatu , and Fiji , among the Berbers of North Africa , and among some Asians .
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In human culture , blond hair has long been associated with female beauty . Aphrodite , the Greek goddess of love and beauty , was reputed to have blond hair . In ancient Greece and Rome , blond hair was frequently associated with prostitutes , who dyed their hair using saffron dyes in order to attract customers . The Greeks stereotyped Thracians and slaves as blond and the Romans associated blondness with the Celts and the Germans to the north . In western Europe during the Middle Ages , long , blond hair was idealized as the paragon of female beauty . The Norse goddess Sif and the medieval heroine Iseult were both significantly portrayed as blond and , in medieval artwork , Eve , Mary Magdalene , and the Virgin Mary are often shown with blond hair . In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century , scientific racists categorized blond hair and blue eyes as characteristics of the supreme Nordic race . In contemporary culture , blond women are often stereotyped as sexually attractive , but unintelligent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology , spelling , and grammar 1.1 Origins and meanings 1.2 Usage 2 Varieties 3 Evolution of blond hair 4 Prevalence 4.1 Europe 4.2 Africa 4.3 Oceania 4.4 Asia 4.5 Americas 5 Historical cultural perceptions 5.1 Ancient Greece 5.2 Roman Empire 5.3 Medieval Europe 5.4 Early twentieth - century racism 6 Modern cultural associations 6.1 Sexuality 6.2 Lack of intelligence 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Etymology , spelling , and grammar Detail of a portrait of Crown Prince of Poland Sigismund Casimir Vasa ( c. 1644 ) , with characteristic blond hair which darkened with time as confirmed by his later effigies . Origins and meanings The word `` blond '' is first documented in English in 1481 and derives from Old French blund , blont , meaning `` a colour midway between golden and light chestnut '' . It gradually eclipsed the native term `` fair '' , of same meaning , from Old English fæġer , causing `` fair '' later to become a general term for `` light complexioned '' . This earlier use of `` fair '' survives in the proper name Fairfax , from Old English fæġer - feahs meaning `` blond hair '' . The French ( and thus also the derived English ) word `` blond '' has two possible origins . Some linguists say it comes from Medieval Latin blundus , meaning `` yellow '' , from Old Frankish blund which would relate it to Old English blonden - feax meaning `` grey - haired '' , from blondan / blandan meaning `` to mix '' ( Cf . blend ) . Also , Old English beblonden meant `` dyed '' , as ancient Germanic warriors were noted for dyeing their hair . However , linguists who favor a Latin origin for the word say that Medieval Latin blundus was a vulgar pronunciation of Latin flavus , also meaning `` yellow '' . Most authorities , especially French , attest the Frankish origin . The word was reintroduced into English in the 17th century from French , and was for some time considered French ; in French , `` blonde '' is a feminine adjective ; it describes a woman with blonde hair . Usage Emperor Pedro II of Brazil with blond hair , c. 1846 `` Blond '' , with its continued gender - varied usage , is one of few adjectives in written English to retain separate masculine and feminine grammatical genders . Each of the two forms , however , is pronounced identically . American Heritage 's Book of English Usage propounds that , insofar as `` a blonde '' can be used to describe a woman but not a man who is merely said to possess blond ( e ) hair , the term is an example of a `` sexist stereotype ( whereby ) women are primarily defined by their physical characteristics . '' The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) records that the phrase `` big blond beast '' was used in the 20th century to refer specifically to men `` of the Nordic type '' ( that is to say , blond - haired ) . The OED also records that blond as an adjective is especially used with reference to women , in which case it is likely to be spelt `` blonde '' , citing three Victorian usages of the term . The masculine version is used in the plural , in `` blonds of the European race '' , in a citation from 1833 Penny cyclopedia , which distinguishes genuine blondness as a Caucasian feature distinct from albinism . By the early 1990s , `` blonde moment '' or being a `` dumb blonde '' had come into common parlance to mean `` an instance of a person , esp . a woman ... being foolish or scatter - brained . '' Another hair color word of French origin , brunet ( te ) ( from the same Germanic root that gave `` brown '' ) , functions in the same way in orthodox English . The OED gives `` brunet '' as meaning `` dark - complexioned '' or a `` dark - complexioned person '' , citing a comparative usage of brunet and blond to Thomas Henry Huxley in saying , `` The present contrast of blonds and brunets existed among them . '' `` Brunette '' can be used , however , like `` blonde '' , to describe a mixed - gender populace . The OED quotes Grant Allen , `` The nation which resulted ... being sometimes blonde , sometimes brunette . '' `` Blond '' and `` blonde '' are also occasionally used to refer to objects that have a color reminiscent of fair hair . For example , the OED records its use in 19th - century poetic diction to describe flowers , `` a variety of clay ironstone of the coal measures '' , `` the colour of raw silk '' , a breed of ray , lager beer , and pale wood . Varieties Various subcategories of blond hair have been defined to describe the different shades and sources of the hair color more accurately . Common examples include the following : Blondes of different shades at WTMD 's First Thursday series in Canton , Baltimore , Maryland , United States , in June 2014 ash - blond : ashen or grayish blond . bleached blond , bottle blond , or peroxide blond : terms used to refer to artificially colored blond hair . blond / flaxen : when distinguished from other varieties , `` blond '' by itself refers to a light but not whitish blond , with no traces of red , gold , or brown ; this color is often described as `` flaxen '' . dirty blond or dishwater blond : dark blond with flecks of golden blond and brown . golden blond : a darker to rich , golden - yellow blond ( found mostly in Northeastern Europe , i.e. , Russia , Estonia ) . honey blond : dark iridescent blond . platinum blond or towheaded : whitish - blond ; almost all platinum blonds are children , although it is found on people in Northern Europe . `` Platinum blond '' is often used to describe bleached hair , while `` towheaded '' generally refers to natural hair color . sandy blond : grayish - hazel or cream - colored blond . strawberry blond or Venetian blond : reddish blond yellow : yellow - blond ( `` yellow '' can also be used to refer to hair which has been dyed yellow ) . A woman with long blonde hair A young man with light blond hair A woman with long blonde hair from behind Evolution of blond hair Natural lighter hair colors occur most often in Europe and less frequently in other areas . In Northern European populations , the occurrence of blond hair is very frequent . The hair color gene MC1R has at least seven variants in Europe , giving the continent a wide range of hair and eye shades . Based on a genetic research carried out at three Japanese universities , the date of the genetic mutation that resulted in blond hair in Europe has been isolated to about 11,000 years ago during the last ice age . A typical explanation found in the scientific literature for the evolution of light hair is related to the evolution of light skin , and in turn the requirement for vitamin D synthesis and northern Europe 's seasonal less solar radiation . Lighter skin is due to a low concentration in pigmentation , thus allowing more sunlight to trigger the production of vitamin D. In this way , high frequencies of light hair in northern latitudes are a result of the light skin adaptation to lower levels of solar radiation , which reduces the prevalence of rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency . The darker pigmentation at higher latitudes in certain ethnic groups such as the Inuit is explained by a greater proportion of seafood in their diet and by the climate which they live in , because in the polar climate there is more ice or snow on the ground , and this reflects the solar radiation onto the skin , making this environment lack the conditions for the person to have blond , brown or red hair , light skin and blue , grey or green eyes . An alternative hypothesis was presented by Canadian anthropologist Peter Frost , who claims blond hair evolved very quickly in a specific area at the end of the last ice age by means of sexual selection . According to Frost , the appearance of blond hair and blue eyes in some northern European women made them stand out from their rivals , and more sexually appealing to men , at a time of fierce competition for scarce males . Recent archaeological and genetic study published in 2014 found that seven `` Scandinavian hunter - gatherers '' found in the 7,700 - year - old Motala archaeological site in southern Sweden had both light skin gene variants , SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 , and that they had a third gene , HERC2 / OCA2 , which causes blue eyes and also contributes to lighter skin and blond hair . Genetic research published in 2014 and 2015 also indicates that Yamnaya Proto - Indo - Europeans who migrated to Europe in the Bronze Age were overwhelmingly dark - eyed ( brown ) , dark - haired and had a skin colour that was moderately light , though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European . Light pigmentation traits had already existed in pre-Indo - European Europeans ( both farmers and hunter - gatherers ) , and long - standing philological attempts to correlate them with the arrival of Indo - Europeans from the steppes were misguided . It is now hypothesized by researchers that blond hair evolved more than once . Published in May 2012 in Science , a study of people from the Solomon Islands in Melanesia found that an amino acid change in TYRP1 produced blonde hair . Prevalence Toddler with golden blonde hair Blond hair is most common in light - skinned infants and children , so much so that the term `` baby blond '' is often used for very light colored hair . Babies may be born with blond hair even among groups where adults rarely have blond hair , although such natural hair usually falls out quickly . Blond hair tends to turn darker with age , and many children 's blond hair turns light , medium , dark brown or black before or during their adult years . Because blond hair tends to turn brunette with age , natural blond hair is rare in adulthood ; according to the sociologist Christie Davies , only around five percent of adults in Europe and North America are naturally blond . A study conducted in 2003 concluded that only four percent of American adults are naturally blond . Nonetheless , a significant majority of Caucasian women ( perhaps as high as three in four ) dye their hair blond , a significantly higher percentage than for any other hair color . Europe A map published by Carleton S. Coon , attributed to Elmer Rising ( 1939 ) Blond hair is most common in Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea countries , where true blondism is believed to have originated . The pigmentation of both hair and eyes is lightest around the Baltic Sea , and darkness increases regularly and almost concentrically around this region . In France , according to a source published 1939 , blondism is more common in Normandy , and less common in the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean seacoast ; 26 % of French population has blond or light brown hair . A 2007 study of French females showed that by then roughly 20 % were blonde , although half of these blondes were fully fake . Roughly ten percent of French females are natural blondes , of which 60 % bleach their hair to a lighter nuance of blonde . In Portugal , an average 11 % of the population shows traces of blondism , peaking at 14.3 -- 15.1 % blondes in Povoa de Varzim in northern Portugal . In northern Spain , 17 % of the population shows traces of blondism , but in southern Spain just 2 % of the people are blond . In Italy , a study of Italian men conducted by Ridolfo Livi between 1859 and 1863 on the records of the National Conscription Service showed that 8.2 % of Italian men exhibited blond hair . Blondism frequency varies among regions from 12.6 % in Veneto , to 1.7 % in Sardinia . In a more detailed study from the 20th century geneticist Renato Biasutti , the regional contrasts of blondism frequency are better shown , with a greater occurrence in the northern regions where the figure could be over 20 % , and a lesser occurrence in the south such as Sardinia where the frequency was less than 2.4 % . With the exception of Benevento and the surrounding area where various shades of blond hair were present in 10 % -- 14.9 % of the population , other southern regions averaged between 2.5 % and 7.4 % . Africa Blondism is a common sight among Berbers of North Africa , especially in the Rif and Kabyle region . Blondism frequency varies among Berbers from 1 % among Jerban Berbers and 4 % among Mozabite Berbers and Shawia Berbers , to 11 % among Kabyle Berbers . In South Africa where there is a significant population of whites , mainly from Dutch and English ancestry , blondes may account for 3 - 4 % of the South African population . A number of blonde naturally mummified bodies of common people ( i.e. not proper mummies ) dating to Roman times have been found in the Fagg El Gamous cemetery in Egypt . `` Of those whose hair was preserved 54 % were blondes or redheads , and the percentage grows to 87 % when light - brown hair color is added . '' Excavations have been ongoing since the 1980s . Burials seem to be clustered by hair - colour . Oceania Blonde girl from Vanuatu Aboriginal Australians , especially in the west - central parts of the continent , have a high frequency of natural blond - to - brown hair . Blondness is also found in some other parts of the South Pacific , such as the Solomon Islands , Vanuatu , and Fiji , again with higher incidences in children . Blond hair in Melanesians is caused by an amino acid change in the gene TYRP1 . This mutation is at a frequency of 26 % in the Solomon Islands and is absent outside of Oceania . Asia Blonde hair can be found in any region of Asia , including West Asia , East Asia , Central Asia , and South Asia . In these parts of Asia blond hair is generally seen among children and usually turns into a shade of dark brown in adulthood . Environmental factors , for example sun exposure and nutrition status , often contribute to changes in hair color in Asia . Genetic research published in 2014 , 2015 and 2016 found that Yamnaya Proto - Indo - Europeans , who migrated to Europe in the early Bronze Age were overwhelmingly dark - eyed ( brown ) and dark - haired , and had a skin colour that was moderately light , though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European . While light pigmentation traits had already existed in pre-Indo - European Europeans ( both farmers and hunter - gatherers ) , long - standing philological attempts to correlate them with the arrival of Indo - Europeans from the steppes were misguided . Uyghur girl in Turpan , Xinjiang , China According to genetic studies , Yamnaya Proto - Indo - European migration to Europe led to Corded Ware culture , where Yamnaya Proto - Indo - Europeans mixed with `` Scandinavian hunter - gatherer '' women who carried genetic alleles HERC2 / OCA2 , which causes combination of blue eyes and blond hair . Proto - Indo - Iranians who split from Corded Ware culture formed the Andronovo culture and are believed to have spread genetic alleles HERC2 / OCA2 that cause blonde hair to parts of West Asia , Central Asia and South Asia . Genetic analysis in 2014 also found that people of the Afanasevo culture which flourished in the Altai Mountains were genetically identical to Yamnaya Proto - Indo - Europeans and that they did not carry genetic alleles for blonde hair or light eyes . The Afanasevo culture was later replaced by a second wave of Indo - European invaders from the Andronovo culture , who were a product of Corded Ware admixture that took place in Europe , and carried genetic alleles that cause blond hair and light eyes . In 2009 and 2014 , genomic study of Tarim mummies discovered in the Tarim Basin in present - day Xinjiang , China , showed that they were also a product of a Corded Ware admixture and were genetically closer to the Andronovo culture ( which split from Corded Ware culture ) than to the Yamnaya culture or Afanasevo culture . Today , higher frequencies of light hair in Asia are more prevalent among Pamiris , Kalash , Nuristani and Uyghur children than in adult populations of these ethnic groups . About 75 % of Russia is geographically considered North Asia ; however , the Asian portion of Russia contributes to only an estimate of 20 % of Russia 's total population . North Asia 's population has an estimate of 1 - 19 % with light hair . From the times of the Russian Tsardom of the 17th century through the Soviet Union rule in the 20th century , many ethnic Russians , Ukrainians , Belarusians , Lithuanians , Latvians , and Estonians were settled in or exiled en masse to Siberia and Central Asia . Blond hair is often seen in these groups , whereas the indigenous peoples are more likely to be dark haired . For instance , their descendants currently contribute to an estimated 25 % of Kazakhstan 's total population . Americas Many actors and actresses in Latin America and Hispanic United States have blond hair , blue eyes , and pale skin . Historical cultural perceptions Ancient Greece Left image : Reconstructed Blond Kouros 's Head of the Acropolis , c. 480 BC . Right image : Ganymede , a Trojan youth , rolling a hoop , Attic vase c. 500 BC . Most people in ancient Greece had dark hair and , as a result of this , the Greeks found blond hair immensely fascinating . In the Homeric epics , Menelaus the king of the Spartans is , together with some other Achaean leaders , portrayed as blond . Other blond characters in the Homeric poems are Peleus , Achilles , Meleager , Agamede , and Rhadamanthys . Aphrodite , the Greek goddess of love and beauty , was often described as golden - haired and portrayed with this color hair in art . Aphrodite 's master epithet in the Homeric epics is Χρυσεη ( Khryseē ) , which means `` golden '' . The traces of hair color on Greek korai probably reflect the colors the artists saw in natural hair ; these colors include a broad diversity of shades of blond , red , and brown . The minority of statues with blond hair range from strawberry blond up to platinum blond . Sappho of Lesbos ( c. 630 - 570 BC ) wrote that purple - colored wraps as headdress were good enough , except if the hair was blonde : `` ... for the girl who has hair that is yellower than a torch ( it is better to decorate it ) with wreaths of flowers in bloom . '' Sappho also praises Aphrodite for her golden hair , stating that since gold metal is free from rust , the goddess 's golden hair represents her freedom from ritual pollution . Sappho 's contemporary Alcman of Sparta praised golden hair as one of the most desirable qualities of a beautiful woman , describing in various poems `` the girl with the yellow hair '' and a girl `` with the hair like purest gold . '' In the fifth century BC , the sculptor Pheidias may have depicted the Greek goddess of wisdom Athena 's hair using gold in his famous statue of Athena Parthenos , which was displayed inside the Parthenon . The Greeks thought of the Thracians who lived to the north as having reddish - blond hair . Because many Greek slaves were captured from Thrace , slaves were stereotyped as blond or red - headed . `` Xanthias '' ( Ξανθίας ) , meaning `` reddish blond '' , was a common name for slaves in ancient Greece and a slave by this name appears in many of the comedies of Aristophanes . The most famous statue of Aphrodite , the Aphrodite of Knidos , sculpted in the fourth century BC by Praxiteles , represented the goddess 's hair using gold leaf and contributed to the popularity of the image of Aphrodite as a blonde goddess . Greek prostitutes frequently dyed their hair blond using saffron dyes or colored powders . Blond dye was highly expensive , took great effort to apply , and smelled repugnant , but none of these factors inhibited Greek prostitutes from dying their hair . As a result of this and the natural rarity of blond hair in the Mediterranean region , by the fourth century BC , blond hair was inextricably associated with prostitutes . The comic playwright Menander ( c. 342 / 41 -- c. 290 BC ) protests that `` no chaste woman ought to make her hair yellow . '' At another point , he deplores blonde hair dye as dangerous : `` What can we women do wise or brilliant , who sit with hair dyed yellow , outraging the character of gentlewomen , causing the overthrow of houses , the ruin of nuptials , and accusations on the part of children ? '' Historian and Egyptologist Joann Fletcher asserts that the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great and members of the Macedonian - Greek Ptolemaic dynasty of Hellenistic Egypt had blond hair , such as Arsinoe II and Berenice II , while Cleopatra VII was likely a redhead given her appearance in a near - contemporary Roman painting from Herculaneum . Historian Michael Grant notes that Ptolemy II Philadelphus , pharaoh and husband to queen Arsinoe II , also had blonde hair . The male figure of the Etruscan sarcophagus known as the Sarcophagus of the Spouses ( Louvre , Paris ) , 520 - 510 BC The goddess Hera ( according to the description on the cup ) ; tondo of an Attic white - ground kylix from Vulci , c. 470 BC Terracotta vase in the shape of Dionysus ' head , c. 410 BC ; on display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens , housed in the Stoa of Attalus Pottery vessel of Aphrodite in a shell ; from Attica , Classical Greece , discovered at Phanagoria , Taman Peninsula ( Bosporan Kingdom , southern Russia ) , early 4th century BC , Hermitage Museum , Saint Petersburg An ancient Greek pottery ( terracotta ) figurine from Taras ( modern Taranto ) , Magna Graecia , Altes Museum A mosaic of the Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto , 4th century BC A youth pours a libation to a dead man sitting in a naiskos ; from an Apulian red - figure volute - krater pelike , 340 -- 320 BC Stag Hunt Mosaic , possibly depicting Alexander the Great , Pella , Greece , 4th century BC . Alexander the Great ( left ) , wearing a kausia and fighting an Asiatic lion with his friend Craterus ( detail ) ; late 4th - century BC mosaic from Pella Female acrobat shooting an arrow with a bow in her feet ; Gnathia style pelike ; 4th century BC Gnathia ware , southern Italy ( Magna Graecia ) , Apulian vase painting , 310 - 260 BC , Kinský Palace ( Prague ) Apulian red - figure Oinochoe with Lid by the Ganymed Painter ( Oinochoe ) and Armidale Painter ( Lid ) : head in a calyx between tendrils . About 340 - 310 BC . Antikensammlung Kiel . Detail of a krater with volutes in terracotta ; Greek art from Southern Italy , c. 330 - 320 BC . A Gnathia - style ceramic vessel from ancient Magna Graecia ( Apulia , Italy ) , depicting a blond winged youth with a Phrygian cap , with lion head spouts , by the `` Toledo '' painter , c. 300 BC Woman 's head on an alabastron in gnathia style ; Apulian vase painting , Magna Graecia , Antikensammlung Kiel Color reconstruction of statue of a young girl from the Parthenon in Athens , 520 BC . Based on analysis of trace pigments . East Frieze detail ( 6th - 5th century BC ) representing the battle of Troy , Achilles against Memnon ; color reproduction of the Treasury of Siphnos - Delphi , Archaeological Museum of Delphi Reconstructed polychromy of a vase - shaped tombstone from Athens , c. 330 BC , Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek , Copenhagen The Greek goddess Artemis . Color reconstruction of a 1st - century AD statue found in Pompeii . Reconstructed using analysis of trace pigments . It was an imitation of Greek statues of the 6th century BC . The Treu Head , 2nd century AD . Color reconstruction of marble head of likely a goddess . The head was found at the Esquiline Hill , Rome , and preserves numerous colour traces . Roman Empire On the left : Statue of Antinous ( Delphi ) , depiting Antinous , polychrome Parian marble , made during the reign of Hadrian ( r . 117 - 138 AD ) On the right : detail of athletic women in the `` bikini girls '' mosaic of the Villa Romana del Casale , Roman Sicily , 4th century AD During the early years of the Roman Empire , blond hair was associated with prostitutes . The preference changed to bleaching the hair blond when Greek culture , which practiced bleaching , reached Rome , and was reinforced when the legions that conquered Gaul returned with blond slaves . Sherrow also states that Roman women tried to lighten their hair , but the substances often caused hair loss , so they resorted to wigs made from the captives ' hair . According to Francis Owens , Roman literary records describe a large number of well - known Roman historical personalities as blond . In addition , 250 individuals are recorded to have had the name Flavius , meaning yellow , and there are various people named Rufus and Rutilius , meaning red haired and reddish - haired , respectively . Juvenal wrote in a satirical poem that Messalina , Roman empress of noble birth , would hide her black hair with a blonde wig for her nightly visits to the brothel : sed nigrum flavo crinem abscondente galero intravit calidum veteri centone lupanar . In his Commentary on the Aeneid of Virgil , Maurus Servius Honoratus noted that the respectable matron was only black haired , never blonde . In the same passage , he mentioned that Cato the Elder wrote that some matrons would sprinkle golden dust on their hair to make it reddish - color . Emperor Lucius Verus ( r . 161 -- 169 AD ) was said to sprinkle gold - dust on his already `` golden '' blond hair to make it even blonder and brighter . Commodus ( r . 177 - 192 ) , son of Marcus Aurelius ( a co-emperor with Lucius Verus ) , likewise had naturally curly blond hair . Roman frescoes from the Villa di Arianna , Stabiae , Italy , 1st century AD On the left : a domestic scene of a seated young man On the right : another domestic scene showing a woman looking in a mirror as she dresses ( or undresses ) her hair From an ethnic point of view , Roman authors associated blond and red hair with the Gauls and the Germans : e.g. , Virgil describes the hair of the Gauls as `` golden '' ( aurea caesaries ) , Tacitus wrote that `` the Germans have fierce blue eyes , red - blond hair ( rutilae comae ) , huge ( tall ) frames '' ; in accordance with Ammianus , almost all the Gauls were `` of tall stature , fair and ruddy '' . Celtic and Germanic peoples of the provinces , among the free subjects called peregrini , served in Rome 's armies as auxilia , such as the cavalry contingents in the army of Julius Caesar . Some became Roman citizens as far back as the 1st century BC , following a policy of Romanization of Gaul and Lesser Germania . For instance , Gaius Julius Civilis , a prince of the Batavii , was a Roman citizen either by birth or naturalization ( as indicated by his name ) . Before the Constitutio Antoniniana , which granted citizenship to all free men of the empire in 212 AD , entire auxiliary cohorts were occasionally granted citizenship for their performance in battle . Sometimes entire Celtic and Germanic tribes were granted citizenship , such as when emperor Otho granted citizenship to all of the Lingones in 69 AD . By the 1st century BC , the Roman Republic had expanded its control into parts of western Germany , and by 85 AD the provinces of Germania Inferior and Germania Superior were formally established there . Yet as late as the 4th century AD , Ausonius , a poet and tutor from Burdigala , wrote a poem about an Alemanni slave girl named Bissula , who he had recently freed after she 'd been taken as a prisoner of war in the campaigns of Valentinian I , noting that her adopted Latin language marked her as a woman of Latium yet her blond - haired , blue - eyed appearance ultimately signified her true origins from the Rhine . Further south , the Iberian peninsula was originally inhabited by Celtiberians outside of Roman control . The gradual Roman conquest of Iberia was completed by the early 1st century AD . The Romans established provinces such as Hispania Terraconensis that were inhabited largely by Gallaeci , whose red and blond - haired descendants ( which also include those of Visigothic origins ) have continued to inhabit northern areas of Spain such as Galicia and Portugal into the modern era . During the medieval period Spanish ladies preferred to dye their hair black , yet by the time of the Renaissance in the 16th century the fashion ( imported from Italy ) was to dye their hair blond or red . Roman fresco from Pompeii showing a Maenad in silk dress , 1st century AD Ancient Roman fresco ( detail ) featuring Perseus and the head of Medusa , Stabiae , Italy , 1st century AD . Fresco depicting a seated woman , from the Villa Arianna at Stabiae , 1st century AD Heracles and Omphale , Pompeian Fourth Style ( 45 -- 79 AD ) Roman fresco of a blond woman reading a text , Pompeian Fourth Style ( 60 - 79 AD ) , Pompeii Mosaic of Aphrodite from Pompeii A maenad holding a cupid , Pompeii , 1st century AD Ancient Roman bust of Antinous , made during the reign of Hadrian ( 117 -- 138 AD ) , National Archaeological Museum in Athens . Remnants of a Roman bust of a youth with a blond beard , perhaps depicting Roman emperor Commodus ( r . 177 -- 192 ) , National Archaeological Museum , Athens Polychrome marble statue depicting the goddess Tyche holding the infant Plutus in her arms , 2nd century AD , Istanbul Archaeological Museum Bust of Tiberius Julius Sauromates II ( d . 210 AD ) , ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom in Roman Crimea , one of Rome 's client states A blond man in a Roman fresco from Klagenfurt , Austria , Landesmuseum für Kärnten A mosaic from Tusculum depicting Athena , 3rd century AD Roman mosaic depicting a feminine personification , from the Boathouse of Psyche in Daphne ( suburb of Antioch ) , beginning of 3rd century AD , Louvre Museum A boy holding a platter of fruits and what may be a bucket of crabs , in a kitchen with fish and squid , on the June panel from a mosaic depicting the months ( 3rd century ) A mosaic of young boys hunting from the Villa Romana del Casale , Roman Sicily , 4th century AD A Roman fresco depicting the goddess Diana hunting , 4th century AD , from the Via Livenza hypogeum in Rome Mosaic depicting Odysseus , from La Olmeda , Spain , late 4th -- 5th centuries AD Mosaic of a princess of Skyros ( detail from a larger scene of the Iliad showing Achilles and Odysseus ) from the villa of La Olmeda , Spain , late 4th -- 5th centuries AD Achilles being adored by princesses of Skyros , a scene from the Iliad where Odysseus ( Ulysses ) discovers him dressed as a woman and hiding among the princesses at the royal court of Skyros . A late Roman mosaic from La Olmeda , Spain , 4th -- 5th centuries AD Medieval Europe Mary Magdalene ( c. 1480 - 1487 ) , altarpiece in International Gothic style by Carlo Crivelli showing her with long , blond hair Medieval Scadinavian art and literature often places emphasis on the length and color of a woman 's hair , considering long , blonde hair to be the ideal . In Norse mythology , the goddess Sif has famously blonde hair , which some scholars have identified as representing golden wheat . In the Old Norse Gunnlaug Saga , Helga the Beautiful , described as `` the most beautiful woman in the world '' , is said to have hair that is `` as fair as beaten gold '' and so long that it can `` envelope her entirely '' . In the Poetic Edda poem Rígsþula , the blond man Jarl is considered to be the ancestor of the dominant warrior class . In Northern European folklore , supernatural beings value blonde hair in humans . Blonde babies are more likely to be stolen and replaced with changelings , and young blonde women are more likely to be lured away to the land of the beings . The Scandinavians were not the only ones to place strong emphasis on the beauty of blonde hair ; the French writer Christine de Pisan writes in her book The Treasure of the City of Ladies ( 1404 ) that `` there is nothing in the world lovelier on a woman 's head than beautiful blond hair . '' In medieval artwork , female saints are often shown with long , shimmering blonde hair , which emphasizes their holiness and virginity . At the same time , however , Eve is often shown with long , blonde hair , which frames her nude body and draws attention to her sexual attractiveness . In medieval Gothic paintings of the crucifixion of Jesus , the figure of Mary Magdalene is shown with long , blond hair , which flows down her back unbound in contrast to most of the women in the scenes , who are shown with dark hair , normally covered by a scarf . In the older versions of the story of Tristan and Iseult , Tristan falls in love with Iseult after seeing only a single lock of her long , blonde hair . In fact , Iseult was so closely associated with blondness that , in the poems of Chrétien de Troyes , she is called `` Iseult le Blonde '' . In Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales ( written from 1387 until 1400 ) , the knight describes the beautiful princess Emily in his tale , stating , `` yclothed was she fressh , for to devyse : / Hir yellow heer was broided in a tresse / Behinde hir bak , a yerde long , I gesse '' ( lines 1048 - 1050 ) . Because of blond hair 's relative commonness in northern Europe , especially among children , folk tales from these regions tend to feature large numbers of blond protagonists . Although these stories may not have been seen by their original tellers as idealizing blond hair , when they are read in cultures outside of northern Europe where blond hair `` has rarity value '' , they may seem to connote that blond hair is a sign of special purity . Fourteenth - century painting by Giusto de ' Menabuoi of Adam and Eve being expelled from Eden by an angel , showing all three as blond International Gothic showing Mary Magdalene covered by her long , blond hair as she is lifted by angels in SS . Johns ' Cathedral in Toruń Detail of the blond Virgin Mary from Leonardo da Vinci 's Annunciation ( c. 1472 - 1475 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) by Albrecht Dürer , showing Eve with blond hair The Creation of Eve ( 1508 - 1512 ) by Michelangelo , showing Eve as blond The End of the Song ( 1902 ) by Edmund Leighton , showing Iseult from medieval legend with long , blond hair Loki cuts the hair of the goddess Sif in an illustration ( 1920 ) by Willy Pogany Early twentieth - century racism In the early twentieth century , blonde hair was considered a hallmark trait of the supposedly supreme `` Nordic race '' , as shown by these Nazi propaganda photographs , which were originally intended to demonstrate what pure Nordic Aryans were supposed to look like . In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , blond hair , white skin , blue eyes , a tall stature , a long head , and an angled nose were deemed by scientific racists as hallmarks of the so - called `` master race '' . In the nineteenth century , this race was usually referred to as the `` Germanic race '' , but after the turn of the twentieth century , it came to be more commonly known as the `` Nordic race '' . German and Scandinavian scientists and academics throughout the early part of the twentieth century studied racial typology to the point of obsession and debated the features of the Nordic race extensively . In the 1920s , the eugenicist Eugen Fischer invented the Fischer hair color table ( Fischer Haarfarbentafel ) to scientifically document hair color , which consisted of twenty - six bundles of cellulose fiber coated in non-fading colors attached to a palette and labeled with numbers . Lighter colors were given higher numbers and darker ones were given lower numbers , with the distinction between `` blond '' and `` brown '' being set between seven and eight . Fischer was a passionate supporter of Nazi eugenics and warned that the interbreeding of different races would result in the deterioration of modern civilization . Dispute over the exact distinction between blond and brown hair was a heated debate among Norwegian anthropologists during this period , with Halfdan Bryn arguing that the distinction should instead be set between six and seven . By the end of the 1920s , the International Federation of Eugenics Organizations ( IFEO ) , the leading international eugenics organization , became increasingly dominated by proponents of the racial hygiene movement , who sought to turn the organization into `` Blond International '' , which would be `` aimed at the purification and propagation of the Nordic race . '' After the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933 , racial anthropology based on the ideas of genetic superiority and racial psychology `` became increasingly hegemonic in Germany . '' The Nazis revered blond hair as a quality of the herrenrasse ( `` master race '' ) . The idea of racial superiority , which once dominated the field of anthropology , has now been completely and unanimously rejected by modern scientists . Modern scientists have also rejected the assertions and beliefs of pre-World War II racialists . Classification of race based on physical characteristics such as hair color is seen as a `` flawed , pseudo-scientific relic of the past . '' Many modern scientists dispute whether the concept of `` race '' is even a useful classification for human beings at all . Modern cultural associations Sexuality Portrait of a Woman by Bartolomeo Veneto , traditionally assumed to be Lucrezia Borgia In contemporary popular culture , blonde women are stereotyped as being more sexually attractive to men than women with other hair colors . For example , Anita Loos popularized this idea in her 1925 novel Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . Some women have reported they feel other people expect them to be more fun - loving after having lightened their hair . The American novelist and screenwriter Raymond Chandler offers an appraisal of the blonde as social criticism in his novel The Long Goodbye ( 1953 ) : There are blondes and blondes and it is almost a joke word nowadays . All blondes have their points , except perhaps the metallic ones who are as blond as a Zulu under the bleach and as to disposition as soft as a sidewalk . There is the small cute blonde who cheeps and twitters , and the big statuesque blonde who straight - arms you with an ice - blue glare . There is the blonde who gives you the up - from - under look and smells lovely and shimmers and hangs on your arm and is always very tired when you take her home . She makes that helpless gesture and has that goddamned headache and you would like to slug her except that you are glad you found out about the headache before you invested too much time and money and hope in her . Because the headache will always be there , a weapon that never wears out and is as deadly as the bravo 's rapier or Lucrezia 's poison vial . There is the soft and willing and alcoholic blonde who does n't care what she wears as long as it is mink or where she goes as long as it is the Starlight Roof and there is plenty of dry champagne . There is the small perky blonde who is a little pal and wants to pay her own way and is full of sunshine and common sense and knows judo from the ground up and can toss a truck driver over her shoulder without missing more than one sentence out of the editorial in the Saturday Review . There is the pale , pale blonde with anemia of some non-fatal but incurable type . She is very languid and very shadowy and she speaks softly out of nowhere and you ca n't lay a finger on her because in the first place you do n't want to and in the second place she is reading The Waste Land or Dante in the original , or Kafka or Kierkegaard or studying Provençal . She adores music and when the New York Philharmonic is playing Hindemith she can tell you which one of the six bass viols came in a quarter of a beat too late . I hear Toscanini can also . That makes two of them . And lastly there is the gorgeous show piece who will outlast three kingpin racketeers and then marry a couple of millionaires at a million a head and end up with a pale rose villa at Cap Antibes , an Alfa - Romeo town car complete with pilot and co-pilot , and a stable of shopworn aristocrats , all of whom she will treat with the affectionate absent - mindedness of an elderly duke saying goodnight to his butler . The Saturday Evening Post ( 1910 ) . Fitzgerald was a frequent contributor in the 1920s . American novelist and short story writer F. Scott Fitzgerald , and chronicler of the Jazz Age , describes a blonde salesclerk working in Minneapolis , Minnesota in his short story `` At Your Age '' ( 1929 ) : Then looking up , he saw the blonde girl . She was a rare blonde , even in the Promised Land of Scandinavians , where pretty blondes were not rare . There was a warm color in her cheeks , lips and pink little hands that folded the powders into papers ; her hair , in long braids twisted about her head , was shining and alive . She seemed to Tom suddenly the cleanest person he knew of , and he caught his breath as he stepped forward and looked into her gray eyes . `` A can of talcum . '' `` What kind ? '' `` Any kind ... that 's fine . '' She looked back at him apparently without self - consciousness , ( and ) his heart raced with it wildly . '' Madonna popularized the short bleached blond haircut after the release of her third studio album True Blue and influenced both the 1980s fashion scene as well as many future female musicians like Christina Aguilera , Lady Gaga and Miley Cyrus . Lack of intelligence In Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1953 ) , one of the films in which Monroe portrayed a sexually attractive and naïve `` dumb blonde '' Originating in Europe , the `` blonde stereotype '' is also associated with being less serious or less intelligent . Blonde jokes are a class of jokes based on the stereotype of blonde women as unintelligent . In Brazil , this extends to blonde women being looked down , as reflected in sexist jokes , as also sexually licentious . It is believed the originator of the `` dumb blonde '' was an eighteenth - century blonde French prostitute named Rosalie Duthé whose reputation of being beautiful but dumb inspired a play about her called Les Curiosites de la Foire ( Paris 1775 ) . Blonde actresses have contributed to this perception ; some of them include Marilyn Monroe , Judy Holliday , Jayne Mansfield , and Goldie Hawn during her time at Laugh - In . The British filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock preferred to cast blonde women for major roles in his films as he believed that the audience would suspect them the least , comparing them to `` virgin snow that shows up the bloody footprints '' , hence the term `` Hitchcock blonde '' . This stereotype has become so ingrained it has spawned counter-narratives , such as in the 2001 film Legally Blonde in which Elle Woods , played by Reese Witherspoon , succeeds at Harvard despite biases against her beauty and blonde hair . In the 1950s , the American actress Marilyn Monroe 's screen persona centered on her blonde hair and the stereotypes associated with it , especially dumbness , naïveté , sexual availability and artificiality . She often used a breathy , childish voice in her films , and in interviews gave the impression that everything she said was `` utterly innocent and uncalculated '' , parodying herself with double entendres that came to be known as `` Monroeisms '' . For example , when she was asked what she had on in the 1949 nude photo shoot , she replied , `` I had the radio on '' . Monroe often wore white to emphasize her blondness , and drew attention by wearing revealing outfits that showed off her figure . Although Monroe 's typecast screen persona as a dim - witted but sexually attractive blonde was a carefully crafted act , audiences and film critics believed it to be her real personality and did not realize that she was only acting . See also Science Disappearing blonde gene Human hair color Auburn hair Black hair Brown hair Red hair Society Blonde vs. brunette rivalry Blonde stereotype Ganguro Go Blonde Festival References Jump up ^ `` blonde blond , adj. and n . '' . OED Online . March 2012 . Oxford University Press . Web . 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Blond ( Adj . ) . '' Online Etymology Dictionary . Web . Archived 2014 - 08 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Origin of `` blonde '' Archived 2008 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , from Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` 5 . Gender : Sexist Language and Assumptions § 2 . blond / brunet '' . The American Heritage Book of English Usage . A Practical and Authoritative Guide to Contemporary English . Bartleby.com. 1996 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` blonde , blond , a . and n . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989 . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 5 Aug. 2010 . Jump up ^ Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge , s.v. Albinos . Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge ( Great Britain , 1833 ) . Jump up ^ `` blonde , blond , a . and n . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . June 2006 ( draft editions ) . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 5 Aug. 2010 Jump up ^ `` brunet , a . and n . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . June 2006 ( draft editions ) . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 5 Aug. 2010 Jump up ^ `` brunette , n . and a . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . June 2006 ( draft editions ) . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 5 Aug. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` blonde , blond , a . and n . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . Additions Series 1997 . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 5 Aug. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ash - blond '' . Merriam - Webster . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Peroxide blond '' . Dictionary.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Flaxen '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . Yahoo ! Education . 2000 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flaxen '' . Merriam - Webster . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty blond '' . Dictionary.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dishwater blonde '' . Encarta . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Platinum blonde '' . Merriam - Webster . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Towhead '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . Yahoo ! Education . 2000 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Towhead '' . Merriam - Webster . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . Yahoo ! Education . 2000 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy '' . Merriam - Webster . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Strawberry blond '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . Yahoo ! Education . 2000 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nenarokoff - Van Burek , Anne ( 2013 ) . Ariadne 's Thread : The Women in My Family . FriesenPress . ISBN 9781460207192 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davydov , Denis Vasilʹevič ( 1999 ) . Troubetzkoy , Gregory , ed . In the Service of the Tsar Against Napoleon : The Memoirs of Denis Davidov , 1806 - 1814 . Greenhill Books / Lionel Leventhal , Limited . ISBN 9781853673733 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Daniel E. ( March 1 , 2000 ) . The Expansion of Everyday Life , 1860 - 1876 . University of Arkansas Press . ISBN 9781610751452 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ray Broadus ; Kreiser , Lawrence A. ( January 1 , 2003 ) . The Civil War and Reconstruction . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313313257 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ France , Anatole ( 2010 ) . Works of Anatole France . MobileReference . ISBN 9781607785422 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cavegirls were first blondes to have fun '' Archived 2006 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , from The Times . Note , the end of the Times article reiterates the disappearing blonde gene hoax ; the online version replaced it with a rebuttal . Jump up ^ Dobson , Roger ; Taher , Abul ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) . `` A corrected version of `` Cavegirls were first blondes to have fun '' `` . The Times . London . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Robins , Ashley H. Biological Perspectives on Human Pigmentation . Cambridge University Press , 1991 , pp. 195 -- 208 . ^ Jump up to : Abstract : `` European hair and eye colour : A case of frequency - dependent sexual selection ? '' from Evolution and Human Behavior , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , Pages 85 - 103 ( March 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Frost : Why Do Europeans Have So Many Hair and Eye Colors ? '' . cogweb.ucla.edu . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Skoglund , P. ; Malmström , H. `` Genomic diversity and admixture differs for Stone - Age Scandinavian foragers and farmers '' . Science . 344 : 747 -- 750 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1253448 . ^ Jump up to : Haak , W. ; Lazaridis , I. `` Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo - European languages in Europe '' . Nature . 522 : 207 -- 211 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 522 ... 207H . doi : 10.1038 / nature14317 . PMC 5048219 . PMID 25731166 . ^ Jump up to : Wilde , Sandra ; Timpson , Adrian . `` Direct evidence for positive selection of skin , hair , and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 years '' . PNAS. 111 : 4832 -- 4837 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1316513111 . ^ Jump up to : Kenny , Eimear E. ; Timpson , Nicholas J. ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Melanesian Blond Hair Is Caused by an Amino Acid Change in TYRP1 '' . Science . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Corbyn , Zoë ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` Blonde hair evolved more than once '' . Nature.com . Archived from the original on 5 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ridley , Matt . Red Queen : Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature . Published by HarperCollins , 2nd ed. 2003 , pp. 293 -- 294 . ^ Jump up to : Davies 2011 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Russell - Cole , Wilson & Hall 2013 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Russell - Cole , Wilson & Hall 2013 , pp. 51 - 53 . Jump up ^ `` Distribution of light hair and eyes in Europe '' . wordpress.com. 19 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2018 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Cavalli - Sforza , L. , Menozzi , P. and Piazza , A. ( 1994 ) . The History and Geography of Human Genes . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Coon , Carleton S . The Races of Europe . France as a whole finds but 4 per cent of black and near - black hair color , 23 per cent of dark brown , 43 per cent of medium brown , 14 per cent of light brown , 12 per cent of various degrees of blond , and some 4 per cent of reddish - brown and red . ( ... ) The regional distribution of hair color in France follows closely that of stature . Although the position of the French in regard to hair pigmentation is intermediate between blond and black , the diagonal line from Mont St. Michel to Orleans , Lyons , and the Italian border divides the country into a northeastern quadrant , in which the hair is somewhat lighter than medium , and a southwestern , in which it is somewhat darker . High ratios of black and very dark brown hair are found not in the typically Alpine country , but along the slope of the Pyrenees , in Catalan - speaking country , and on the Mediterranean seacoast . Blond hair is commonest along the Channel , in regions settled by Saxons and Normans , in Burgundy and the country bordering Switzerland , and down the course of the Rhône . In northern France it seems to follow upstream the rivers which empty into the Channel . The hair color of the departments occupied by Flemish speakers , and of others directly across the Channel from England in Normandy , seems to be nearly as light as that in the southern English counties ; the coastal cantons of Brittany are lighter than the inland ones , and approximate a Cornish condition . In the same way , the northeastern French departments are probably as light - haired as some of the provinces of southern Germany . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 5 millions de blondes en France , dont 50 % de fausses '' . ladepeche.fr . Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Tamagnini Eusebio : `` A Pigmentacao dos Portugueses '' . Coimbra : Universidade de Coimbra . Instituto de Antropologia Portuguesa , 1936 . Contribuicoes para o Estudo da Antropologia Portuguesa . Vol . VI , no . 2 , 1936 pp. 121 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Mendes Correa : American Journal of Physical Anthropology , Vol 2 , 1919 . Jump up ^ Coon , Carleton S . The Races of Europe . Archived from the original on 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . In Spain , as a whole , some 29 per cent of the male population has black hair , some 68 per cent dark brown , while traces of blondism are visible in 17 per cent . ( ... ) As in southern Spain , the skin color is evenly divided between a light brown , 45 per cent , and brunet - white , 45 per cent , while pinkish - white skins are found in only one - tenth of the population . Again as in Spain , the prevailing hair color is dark brown , which amounts to 68 per cent of the total ; blond and red hair is limited to 2 per cent . Jump up ^ Livi , Ridolfo ( 1921 ) . Antropometria Militare . Risultati Ottenuti Dallo Spoglio Dei Fogli Sanitarii Dei Militari Dello Classi 1859 - 63 . Turin : Nabu Press . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Biasutti , Renato ( 1941 ) . Razze e popoli della Terra . Turin : Union Tipografico - Editrice . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ( Chapter XI , section 13 ) Eastern Barbary , Algeria and Tunisia '' . SNPA . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ C. Wilfred Griggs , `` Excavating a Christian Cemetery Near Selia , in the Fayum Region of Egypt '' Archived 2015 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , in Excavations at Seila , Egypt , ed. C. Wilfred Griggs , ( Provo , Utah : Religious Studies Center , Brigham Young University , 1988 ) , 74 -- 84 . Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Cemetery May Contain a Million Mummies History '' Archived 2015 - 03 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , December 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gray , John ( 1977 ) , The World of Hair , A Scientific Companion . Macmillan Press Limited ^ Jump up to : Wilde 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Allentoft 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Haak 2015 . Jump up ^ Keyser , Christine ; Sikora , Caroline . `` Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people '' . Springer ( journal ) . 522 : 167 -- 172 . doi : 10.1038 / nature14507 . Jump up ^ Shoumatoff , Nicholas ; Shoumatoff , Nina ( 2000 ) . Around the Roof of the World . University of Michigan Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08669 - 3 . Jump up ^ Vishnevsky , Anatoly. ( 15 August 2000 ) . `` Replacement Migration : Is it a solution for Russia ? '' ( PDF ) . Expert Group Meeting on Policy Responses to Population Ageing and Population Decline / UN / POP / PRA / 2000 / 14 . United Nations Population Division , Department of Economic and Social Affairs . pp. 6 , 10 . Jump up ^ Gene Pool and Gene Geography of Population : Vol. 1 . Nauka. 2000 . ISBN 5020258237 . Jump up ^ Balaresque , Patricia ; Bowden , Georgina R. ; Adams , Susan M. ; Leung , Ho - Yee ; King , Turi E. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . Penny , David , ed . `` A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for European Paternal Lineages '' . PLOS Biology . Public Library of Science . 8 ( 1 ) : e1000285 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1000285 . PMC 2799514 . PMID 20087410 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The results of the national population census in 2009 '' . Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Moya ( 1994 ) . Migrant resettlement in the Russian Federation : Reconstructing homes and homelands . ISBN 1843311178 . Jump up ^ Ramet , S. Petra ( 1993 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521416436 . Jump up ^ Robert Greenall , `` Russians left behind in Central Asia '' Archived 2013 - 09 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC News , 23 November 2005 Jump up ^ Quinonez , Ernesto ( 2003 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Y Tu Black Mama Tambien '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Post : Breaking News , World , US , DC News & Analysis '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LatinoLA - Forum : : Blonde , Blue - Eyed , Euro - Cute Latinos on Spanish TV '' . LatinoLA . 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ISBN 9780198152873 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Sherrow 2006 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Sherrow 2006 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Victoria Sherrow , For Appearance ' Sake : The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks , Beauty , and Grooming , Greenwood Publishing Group , p. 136 , Google Books Jump up ^ `` ( Francis Owen , The Germanic people ; their Origin Expansion & Culture '' , 1993 Barnes & Noble Books ISBN 0 - 88029 - 579 - 1 , page 49 . ) Jump up ^ `` Juvenal , Satires , book 2 , Satura VI '' . www.perseus.tufts.edu . Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maurus Servius Honoratus , Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil , SERVII GRAMMATICI IN VERGILII AENEIDOS LIBRVM QUARTVM COMMENTARIVS , line 698 '' . www.perseus.tufts.edu . Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Grant ( 1994 ) . The Antonines : The Roman Empire in Transition . London & New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10754 - 7 , pp 27 - 28 . Jump up ^ Colin Wells ( 2004 ) ( 1984 , 1992 ) . The Roman Empire . Second Edition ( sixth reprint edition ) . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 77770 - 0 , p 255 . Jump up ^ `` P. Vergilius Maro , Aeneid , Book 8 , line 630 '' . www.perseus.tufts.edu . Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cornelius Tacitus , Germany and its Tribes , chapter 4 '' . www.perseus.tufts.edu . Archived from the original on 27 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ammianus Marcellinus , Rerum Gestarum , Book XV , chapter 12 , section 1 '' . www.perseus.tufts.edu . Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2000 ) . Roman Warfare . Edited by John Keegan . Cassell , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Rüger , C. ( 2004 ) ( 1996 ) . `` Germany '' . In Alan K. Bowman ; Edward Champlin ; Andrew Lintott . The Cambridge Ancient History : X , The Augustan Empire , 43 B.C. - A.D. 69 . 10 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 523 -- 526 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26430 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales IV. 12 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2005 ) The Complete Roman Army . Thames & Hudson , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales I. 78 Jump up ^ Rüger , C. ( 2004 ) ( 1996 ) . `` Germany '' . In Alan K. Bowman ; Edward Champlin ; Andrew Lintott . The Cambridge Ancient History : X , The Augustan Empire , 43 B.C. - A.D. 69 . 10 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 527 -- 528 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26430 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wolfram , Herwig ( 1997 ) ( 1990 ) . The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples . Translated by Thomas Dunlap . Berkeley , Los Angeles , London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08511 - 6 . p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : James B. Minahan ( 2000 ) . One Europe , Many Nations : a Historical Dictionary of European National Groups . Westport and London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30984 - 1 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Eric V. Alvarez ( 2002 ) . `` Cosmetics in Medieval and Renaissance Spain '' , in Janet Pérez and Maureen Ihrie ( eds ) , The Feminist Encyclopedia of Spanish Literature , A-M. 153 - 155 . Westport and London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29346 - 5 , p. 154 Jump up ^ J. Carson Webster , The Labors of the Months in Antique and Mediaeval Art to the End of the Twelfth Century , Studies in the Humanities 4 ( Northwestern University Press , 1938 ) , p. 128 . In the collections of the Hermitage Museum . ^ Jump up to : Milliken 2012 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Ellis Davidson , H.R. ( 1965 ) . Gods and Myths of Northern Europe , page 84 . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 013627 - 4 Jump up ^ Katharine Briggs , An Encyclopedia of Fairies , Hobgoblins , Brownies , Boogies , and Other Supernatural Creatures , `` Golden Hair '' , p194 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 73467 - X Jump up ^ Milliken 2012 , pp. 41 - 43 . Jump up ^ Milliken 2012 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Schiller 1971 , pp. 154 -- 158 . ^ Jump up to : Milliken 2012 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Six 2014 , pp. 75 - 76 . ^ Jump up to : Kyllingstad 2014 , p. xiii . ^ Jump up to : Lichtman 2012 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Kyllingstad 2014 , pp. xiii - xiv . Jump up ^ Lichtman 2012 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Lichtman 2012 , pp. 176 - 177 . Jump up ^ Lichtman 2012 , pp. 111 - 112 . Jump up ^ Lichtman 2012 , pp. 177 - 178 . Jump up ^ Lichtman 2012 , p. 177 . ^ Jump up to : Kyllingstad 2014 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Kyllingstad 2014 , p. xiv . ^ Jump up to : Kyllingstad 2014 , pp. xiv - xv . Jump up ^ Chandler , Raymond T. 1953 . The Long Goodbye , originally published by Houghton Mifflin in 1953 . Republished in Raymond Chandler : Later Novels and Writing . 1995 . Library of America Series , USA pp. 490 -- 491 . ISBN 9781883011086 Goodreads : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Francis , S. 1929 . `` At Your Age '' . in The Price Was High : 50 Uncollected Stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald . Ed . Matthew J. Bruccoli . MJF Books , New York . ISBN 1 - 56731 - 106 - 7 Jump up ^ Short Stories , by F. Scott Fitzgerald , Saturday Evening Post , ( 17 August 1929 ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna 's Influence on Fashion '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Thomas 1997 , pp. 277 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Revista Anagrama , Universidade de São Paulo , Stereotypes of women in blonde jokes pp. 6 - 8 Archived 2015 - 11 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , version 1 , edition 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Allen , Richard ( 2007 ) . Hitchcock 's Romantic Irony . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13574 - 0 . Jump up ^ Churchwell 2004 , pp. 21 -- 26 , 181 -- 185 . 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Bibliography Banner , Lois ( 2012 ) , Marilyn : The Passion and the Paradox , Bloomsbury , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4088 - 3133 - 5 Churchwell , Sarah ( 2004 ) , The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe , Granta Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42565 - 4 Davies , Christie ( 2011 ) , Jokes and Targets , Bloomington and Indianapolis , Indiana : Indiana University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 22302 - 9 Dyer , Richard ( 1986 ) , Heavenly Bodies : Film Stars and Society , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 31026 - 1 Eddy , Samuel ( 1977 ) , `` The Gold in the Athena Parthenos '' , American Journal of Archaeology , 81 ( 1 ) : 107 -- 11 , doi : 10.2307 / 503656 , JSTOR 503656 Fletcher , Joann ( 2008 ) , Cleopatra the Great : The Woman Behind the Legend , New York : Harper , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 058558 - 7 . Grant , Michael ( 1992 ) ( 1972 ) , Cleopatra , Edison , NJ : Barnes and Noble Books , ISBN 978 - 0880297257 . Hall , Susan G. ( 2006 ) , American Icons : An Encyclopedia of the People , Places , and Things that Have Shaped Our Culture , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98429 - 8 Kyllingstad , Jon Røyne ( 2014 ) , Measuring the Master Race : Physical Anthropology in Norway , 1890 - 1945 , Cambridge , England : Open Book Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 909254 - 57 - 2 Lichtman , Loy ( 2012 ) , `` Reflection 10 : Pamela Anderson , Durer and Herrenvolk '' , in Ryan , Maureen , Reflections on Learning , Life and Work : Completing Doctoral Studies in Mid and Later Life and Career , Rotterdam , The Netherlands , Boston , Massachusetts , and Tapei , Taiwan : Sense Publishers , ISBN 978 - 94 - 6209 - 025 - 5 Marshall , C.W. ( 2006 ) , The Stagecraft and Performance of Roman Comedy , Cambridge , England : Cambirdge Unviversity Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86161 - 8 Milliken , Roberta ( 2012 ) , Ambiguous Locks : An Iconology of Hair in Medieval Art and Literature , Jefferson , North Carolina and London , England : MacFarlane & Company , Inc. , Publishers , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4870 - 8 Olson , S. Douglas ( January 1992 ) , `` Names and Naming in Aristophanic Comedy '' , The Classical Quarterly , The Classical Association , 42 ( 2 ) : 304 -- 319 , JSTOR 639409 Pitman , Joanna ( 2003 ) , On Blondes , New York City , New York and London , England : Bloomsbury , ISBN 1 - 58234 - 402 - 7 Russell - Cole , Kathy ; Wilson , Midge ; Hall , Ronald E. ( 2013 ) ( 1992 ) , The Color Complex : The Politics of Skin Color in a New Millennium , New York City , New York : Anchor Books , A Division of Random House , Inc. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74423 - 4 Schiller , Gertud ( 1971 ) , Iconography of Christian Art , I , London , England : Lund Humphries , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 Sherrow , Victoria ( 2006 ) , `` Hair color '' , Encyclopedia of Hair : A Cultural History , Westport , Connecticut and London , England , ISBN 0 - 313 - 33145 - 6 Six , Abigail Lee ( 2014 ) , `` Chapter Five : Spinning Straw into Gold : Blond Hair and the Autobiographical Illusion in the Fiction of Esther Tusquets '' , in Molinaro , Nina L. ; Pertusa - Seva , Inmaculada , Esther Tusquets : Scholarly Correspondences , Cambridge , England : Cambridge Scholars Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 5908 - 0 Stieber , Mary ( 2004 ) , The Poetics of Appearance in the Attic Korai , Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press , ISBN 9780292701809 Thomas , Jeannie B. ( 1997 ) . `` Dumb Blondes , Dan Quayle , and Hillary Clinton : Gender , Sexuality , and Stupidity in Jokes '' . The Journal of American Folklore. 110 ( 437 ) : 277 -- 313 . doi : 10.2307 / 541162 . External links Look up blond in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blond hair . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blond hair in art . ( hide ) Human hair color Hair color Black Blond Brown ( varieties : Chestnut Auburn ) Red ( varieties : Auburn Titian ) White / Grey Hair coloring Blue rinse Grecian Formula Hair dye stripping Hair highlighting Henna Hydrogen peroxide Blue hair Other Disappearing blonde gene Fischer -- Saller scale Fischer scale Melanocortin 1 receptor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blond&oldid=839351861 '' Categories : Blond hair Hair color Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Aymar aru Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lumbaart Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 21 : 37 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blond
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who played rolf in the sound of music
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Daniel Lee Truhitte ( born September 10 , 1943 in Sacramento , California ) is an American actor , best known for his portrayal of Rolfe Gruber , the young Austrian telegraph delivery boy who performed `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' , in the film The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) . Truhitte is a singer , actor , dancer , and teacher of young performers .
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Daniel Lee Truhitte
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Daniel Truhitte
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daniel truhitte
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Daniel Lee Truhitte ( born September 10 , 1943 in Sacramento , California ) is an American actor , best known for his portrayal of Rolfe Gruber , the young Austrian telegraph delivery boy who performed `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' , in the film The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) . Truhitte is a singer , actor , dancer , and teacher of young performers .
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Career ( edit ) Daniel Truhitte began dance training at the age of 6 and began taking voice lessons at the age of 10 . When he was 15 years old , he received a scholarship to The Sacramento Ballet . After high school , Truhitte received a scholarship to the Pasadena Playhouse . He also attended Ambassador College in Pasadena , California . After filming The Sound of Music , he joined the Marine Corps . In 1989 , Truhitte moved to Weddington , North Carolina , and then finally to Concord , North Carolina and began teaching young performers . He appeared in an episode of Entertainment Tonight titled `` A Day in the Life of Dan Truhitte '' on September 10 , 1993 , after The Old Courthouse Theatre of Concord , North Carolina asked him to play Captain Von Trapp in their production of The Sound of Music . Truhitte portrayed Captain von Trapp once again in the Hudson , North Carolina Dinner Theatre Production of The Sound of Music in October 2013 . References ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) External links ( edit ) Daniel Truhitte on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0000 4546 1370 MusicBrainz : c13648d2 - fb61 - 48f7 - 8404 - 846ad74f34ff VIAF : 12141406 This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1940s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Truhitte&oldid=814315838 '' Categories : American male film actors 1943 births Living people Male actors from Sacramento , California 20th - century American male actors American film actor , 1940s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from August 2014 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from August 2014 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced by IMDb from August 2014 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Articles to be expanded from January 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2012 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 02 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Truhitte
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which aspect of management relates to an individual's creative power and personal skills
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Impression management
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impression management
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Impression management is a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person , object or event . They do so by regulating and controlling information in social interaction . It was first conceptualized by Erving Goffman in 1959 , and then was expanded upon in 1967 . An example of impression management theory in play is in sports such as soccer . At an important game , a player would want to showcase themselves in the best light possible , because there are college recruiters watching . This person would have the flashiest pair of cleats and try and perform their best to show off their skills . Their main goal may be to impress the college recruiters in a way that maximizes their chances of being chosen for a college team rather than winning the game .
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Impression management is usually used synonymously with self - presentation , in which a person tries to influence the perception of their image . The notion of impression management was first applied to face - to - face communication , but then was expanded to apply to computer - mediated communication . The concept of impression management is applicable to academic fields of study such as psychology and sociology as well as practical fields such as corporate communication and media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Theory 2.1 Motives 2.2 Self - presentation 2.3 Social interaction 2.4 Dramaturgical analogy 2.5 Manipulation and ethics 3 Application 3.1 Face - to - face communication 3.1. 1 Self , social identity and social interaction 3.1. 2 Cross-cultural communication 3.1. 3 Team - working in hospital wards 3.2 Computer - mediated communication 3.2. 1 Corporate brand 3.2. 1.1 Corporate storytelling 3.2. 1.2 Corporate document 3.2. 2 Media 3.2. 2.1 Profiles on social networking sites 3.2. 2.2 Political impression management 4 Implications 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References Background ( edit ) The foundation and the defining principles of impression management were created by Erving Goffman in The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life . Impression management theory states that one tries to alter one 's perception according to one 's goals . In other words , the theory is about how individuals wish to present themselves , but in a way that satisfies their needs and goals . Goffman `` proposed to focus on how people in daily work situations present themselves and , in so doing , what they are doing to others '' , and he was `` particularly interested in how a person guides and control how others form an impression of them and what a person may or may not do while performing before them '' . Theory ( edit ) Motives ( edit ) A range of factors that govern impression management can be identified . It can be stated that impression management becomes necessary whenever there exists a kind of social situation , whether real or imaginary . Logically , the awareness of being a potential subject of monitoring is also crucial . Furthermore , the characteristics of a given social situation are important . Specifically , the surrounding cultural norms determine the appropriateness of particular nonverbal behaviours . The actions have to be appropriate to the targets , and within that culture , so that the kind of audience as well as the relation to the audience influences the way impression management is realized . A person 's goals are another factor governing the ways and strategies of impression management . This refers to the content of an assertion , which also leads to distinct ways of presentation of aspects of the self . The degree of self - efficacy describes whether a person is convinced that it is possible to convey the intended impression . A new study finds that , all other things being equal , people are more likely to pay attention to faces that have been associated with negative gossip than those with neutral or positive associations . The study contributes to a body of work showing that far from being objective , human perceptions are shaped by unconscious brain processes that determine what they `` choose '' to see or ignore -- even before they become aware of it . The findings also add to the idea that the brain evolved to be particularly sensitive to `` bad guys '' or cheaters -- fellow humans who undermine social life by deception , theft or other non-cooperative behavior . There are many methods behind self - presentation , including self disclosure ( identifying what makes you `` you '' to another person ) , managing appearances ( trying to fit in ) , ingratiation , aligning actions ( making one 's actions seem appealing or understandable ) , and alter - casting ( imposing identities on other people ) . These self - presentation methods can also be used on the corporate level as impression management . Self - presentation ( edit ) Self - presentation is conveying information about oneself -- or an image of oneself -- to others . There are two types and motivations of self - presentation : presentation meant to match one 's own self - image , and presentation meant to match audience expectations and preferences . Self - presentation is expressive . Individuals construct an image of themselves to claim personal identity , and present themselves in a manner that is consistent with that image . If they feel like it is restricted , they often exhibit reactance or become defiant -- try to assert their freedom against those who would seek to curtail self - presentation expressiveness . An example of this dynamic is the `` preacher 's daughter '' , whose suppressed personal identity and emotions cause an eventual backlash at her family and community . Boasting -- Millon notes that in self - presentation individuals are challenged to balance boasting against discrediting themselves via excessive self - promotion or being caught and being proven wrong . Individuals often have limited ability to perceive how their efforts impact their acceptance and likeability by others . Flattery -- Flattery or praise to increase social attractiveness Intimidation aggressively showing anger to get others to hear and obey one 's demands . Self - presentation can be either defensive or assertive strategies . Whereas defensive strategies include behaviours like avoidance of threatening situations or means of self - handicapping , assertive strategies refer to more active behaviour like the verbal idealisation of the self , the use of status symbols or similar practices . These strategies play important roles in one 's maintenance of self - esteem . One 's self - esteem is affected by their evaluation of their own performance and their perception of how others react to their performance . As a result , people actively portray impressions that will elicit self - esteem enhancing reactions from others . Social interaction ( edit ) Goffman argued in his 1967 book , Interaction ritual , that people participate in social interactions by performing a `` line '' , or `` pattern of verbal and nonverbal acts '' , which is created and maintained by both the performer and the audience . By enacting a line effectively , the person gains positive social value , which is also called `` face '' . The success of a social interaction will depend on whether the performer has the ability to maintain face . As a result , a person is required to display a kind of character by becoming `` someone who can be relied upon to maintain himself as an interactant , poised for communication , and to act so that others do not endanger themselves by presenting themselves as interactants to him '' . When Goffman turned to focus on people physically presented in a social interaction , the `` social dimension of impression management certainly extends beyond the specific place and time of engagement in the organization '' . Impression management is `` a social activity that has individual and community implications '' . We call it `` pride '' when a person displays a good showing from duty to himself , while we call it `` honor '' when he `` does so because of duty to wider social units , and receives support from these duties in doing so '' . Another approach to moral standards that Goffman pursues is the notion of `` rules of conduct '' , which `` can be partially understood as obligations or moral constraints '' . These rules may be substantive ( involving laws , morality , and ethics ) or ceremonial ( involving etiquette ) . Rules of conduct play an important role when a relationship `` is asymmetrical and the expectations of one person toward another are hierarchical . '' Dramaturgical analogy ( edit ) Goffman presented impression management dramaturgically , explaining the motivations behind complex human performances within a social setting based on a play metaphor . Goffman 's work incorporates aspects of a symbolic interactionist perspective , emphasizing a qualitative analysis of the interactive nature of the communication process . Impression management requires the physical presence of others . Performers who seek certain ends in their interest , must `` work to adapt their behavior in such a way as to give off the correct impression to a particular audience '' and `` implicitly ask that the audience take their performance seriously '' . The actor , shaped by the environment and target audience , sees interaction as a performance . The objective of the performance is to provide the audience with an impression consistent with the desired goals of the actor . Thus , impression management is also highly dependent on the situation . In addition to these goals , individuals differ in responses from the interactive environment , some may be non-responsive to an audience 's reactions while others actively respond to audience reactions in order to elicit positive results . These differences in response towards the environment and target audience are called self - monitoring . Another factor in impression management is self - verification , the act of conforming the audience to the person 's self - concept . The audience can be real or imaginary . IM style norms , part of the mental programming received through socialization , are so fundamental that we usually do not notice our expectations of them . While an actor ( speaker ) tries to project a desired image , an audience ( listener ) might attribute a resonant or discordant image . An example is provided by situations in which embarrassment occurs and threatens the image of a participant . Goffman proposes that performers `` can use dramaturgical discipline as a defense to ensure that the ' show ' goes on without interruption . '' Goffman contends that dramaturgical discipline includes : coping with dramaturgical contingencies ; demonstrating intellectual and emotional involvement ; remembering one 's part and not committing unmeant gestures or faux pas ; not giving away secrets involuntarily ; covering up inappropriate behavior on the part of teammates on the spur of the moment ; offering plausible reasons or deep apologies for disruptive events ; maintaining self - control ( for example , speaking briefly and modestly ) ; suppressing emotions to private problems ; and suppressing spontaneous feelings . Manipulation and ethics ( edit ) In business , `` managing impressions '' normally `` involves someone trying to control the image that a significant stakeholder has of them '' . The ethics of impression management has been hotly debated on whether we should see it as an effective self - revelation or as cynical manipulation . Some people insist that impression management can reveal a truer version of the self by adopting the strategy of being transparent , which is a kind of openness . Because transparency `` can be provided so easily and because it produces information of value to the audience , it changes the nature of impression management from being cynically manipulative to being a kind of useful adaptation '' . Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the behavior or perception of others through abusive , deceptive , or underhanded tactics . By advancing the interests of the manipulator , often at another 's expense , such methods could be considered exploitative , abusive , devious , and deceptive . The process of manipulation involves bringing an unknowing victim under the domination of the manipulator , often using deception , and using the victim to serve their own purposes . Machiavellianism is a term that some social and personality psychologists use to describe a person 's tendency to be unemotional , and therefore able to detach him or herself from conventional morality and hence to deceive and manipulate others . ( See also Machiavellianism in the workplace . ) In modern usage , sophism , sophist and sophistry are redefined and used disparagingly . A sophism is a specious argument for displaying ingenuity in reasoning or for deceiving someone . A sophist is a person who reasons with clever but fallacious and deceptive arguments . Application ( edit ) Face - to - face communication ( edit ) Self , social identity and social interaction ( edit ) The social psychologist , Edward E. Jones , brought the study of impression management to the field of psychology during the 1960s and extended it to include people 's attempts to control others ' impression of their personal characteristics . His work sparked an increased attention towards impression management as a fundamental interpersonal process . The concept of self is important to the theory of impression management as the images people have of themselves shape and are shaped by social interactions Our self - concept develops from social experience early in life . Schlenker ( 1980 ) further suggests that children anticipate the effect that their behaviours will have on others and how others will evaluate them . They control the impressions they might form on others , and in doing so they control the outcomes they obtain from social interactions . Social identity refers to how people are defined and regarded in social interactions . Individuals use impression management strategies to influence the social identity they project to others . The identity that people establish influences their behaviour in front of others , others ' treatment of them and the outcomes they receive . Therefore , in their attempts to influence the impressions others form of themselves , a person plays an important role in affecting his social outcomes . Social interaction is the process by which we act and react to those around us . In a nutshell , social interaction includes those acts people perform toward each other and the responses they give in return . The most basic function of self - presentation is to define the nature of a social situation ( Goffman , 1959 ) . Most social interactions are very role governed . Each person has a role to play , and the interaction proceeds smoothly when these roles are enacted effectively . People also strive to create impressions of themselves in the minds of others in order to gain material and social rewards ( or avoid material and social punishments ) . Cross-cultural communication ( edit ) Understanding how one 's impression management behavior might be interpreted by others can also serve as the basis for smoother interactions and as a means for solving some of the most insidious communication problems among individuals of different racial / ethnic and gender backgrounds . `` People are sensitive to how they are seen by others and use many forms of impression management to compel others to react to them in the ways they wish '' ( Giddens , 2005 , p. 142 ) . An example of this concept is easily illustrated through cultural differences . Different cultures have diverse thoughts and opinions on what is considered beautiful or attractive . For example , Americans tend to find tan skin attractive , but in Indonesian culture , pale skin is more desirable . Another illustration of how people attempt to control how others perceive them is portrayed through the clothing they wear . A person who is in a leadership position strives to be respected and in order to control and maintain the impression . This illustration can also be adapted for a cultural scenario . The clothing people choose to wear says a great deal about the person and the culture they represent . For example , most Americans are not overly concerned with conservative clothing . Most Americans are content with tee shirts , shorts , and showing skin . The exact opposite is true on the other side of the world . `` Indonesians are both modest and conservative in their attire '' ( Cole , 1997 , p. 77 ) . Companies use cross-cultural training ( CCT ) to facilitate effective cross-cultural interaction . CCT can be defined as any procedure used to increase an individual 's ability to cope with and work in a foreign environment . Training employees in culturally consistent and specific impression management ( IM ) techniques provide the avenue for the employee to consciously switch from an automatic , home culture IM mode to an IM mode that is culturally appropriate and acceptable . Second , training in IM reduces the uncertainty of interaction with FNs and increases employee 's ability to cope by reducing unexpected events . Team - working in hospital wards ( edit ) Impression management theory can also be used in health communication . It can be used to explore how professionals ' present ' themselves when interacting on hospital wards and also how they employ front stage and backstage settings in their collaborative work . In the hospital wards , Goffman 's front stage and backstage performances are divided into ' planned ' and ' ad hoc ' rather than ' official ' and ' unofficial ' interactions . Planned front stage is the structured collaborative activities such as ward rounds and care conferences which took place in the presence of patients and / or carers . Ad hoc front stage is the unstructured or unplanned interprofessional interactions that took place in front of patients / carers or directly involved patients / carers . Planned backstage is the structured MDT meetings in which professionals gathered in a private area of the ward , in the absence of patients , to discuss management plans for patients under their care . Ad hoc backstage is the use of corridors and other ward spaces for quick conversations between professionals in the absence of patients / carers . Offstage is the social activities between and among professional groups / individuals outside of the hospital context . Results show that interprofessional interactions in this setting are often based less on planned front stage activities than on ad hoc backstage activities . While the former may , at times , help create and maintain an appearance of collaborative interprofessional ' teamwork ' , conveying a sense of professional togetherness in front of patients and their families , they often serve little functional practice . These findings have implications for designing ways to improve interprofessional practice on acute hospital wards where there is no clearly defined interprofessional team , but rather a loose configuration of professionals working together in a collaborative manner around a particular patient . In such settings , interventions that aim to improve both ad hoc as well as planned forms of communication may be more successful than those intended to only improve planned communication . Computer - mediated communication ( edit ) The hyperpersonal model of computer - mediated communication ( CMC ) posits that users exploit the technological aspects of CMC in order to enhance the messages they construct to manage impressions and facilitate desired relationships . The most interesting aspect of the advent of CMC is how it reveals basic elements of interpersonal communication , bringing into focus fundamental processes that occur as people meet and develop relationships relying on typed messages as the primary mechanism of expression . `` Physical features such as one 's appearance and voice provide much of the information on which people base first impressions face - to - face , but such features are often unavailable in CMC . Various perspectives on CMC have suggested that the lack of nonverbal cues diminishes CMC 's ability to foster impression formation and management , or argued impressions develop nevertheless , relying on language and content cues . One approach that describes the way that CMC 's technical capacities work in concert with users ' impression development intentions is the hyperpersonal model of CMC ( Walther , 1996 ) . As receivers , CMC users idealize partners based on the circumstances or message elements that suggest minimal similarity or desirability . As senders , CMC users selectively self - present , revealing attitudes and aspects of the self in a controlled and socially desirable fashion . The CMC channel facilitates editing , discretion , and convenience , and the ability to tune out environmental distractions and re-allocate cognitive resources in order to further enhance one 's message composition . Finally , CMC may create dynamic feedback loops wherein the exaggerated expectancies are confirmed and reciprocated through mutual interaction via the bias - prone communication processes identified above . '' According to O'Sullivan's ( 2000 ) impression management model of communication channels , individuals will prefer to use mediated channels rather than face - to - face conversation in face - threatening situations . Within his model , this trend is due to the channel features that allow for control over exchanged social information . The present paper extends O'Sullivan's model by explicating information control as a media affordance , arising from channel features and social skills , that enables an individual to regulate and restrict the flow of social information in an interaction , and present a scale to measure it . One dimension of the information control scale , expressive information control , positively predicted channel preference for recalled face - threatening situations . This effect remained after controlling for social anxiousness and power relations in relationships . O'Sullivan's model argues that some communication channels may help individuals manage this struggle and therefore be more preferred as those situations arise . It was based on an assumption that channels with features that allow fewer social cues , such as reduced nonverbal information or slower exchange of messages , invariably afford an individual with an ability to better manage the flow of a complex , ambiguous , or potentially difficult conversations . Individuals manage what information about them is known , or is n't known , to control other 's impression of them . Anyone who has given the bathroom a quick cleaning when they anticipate the arrival of their mother - in - law ( or date ) has managed their impression . For an example from information and communication technology use , inviting someone to view a person 's Webpage before a face - to - face meeting may predispose them to view the person a certain way when they actually meet . Corporate brand ( edit ) The impression management perspective offers potential insight into how corporate stories could build the corporate brand , by influencing the impressions that stakeholders form of the organization . The link between themes and elements of corporate stories and IM strategies / behaviours indicates that these elements will influence audiences ' perceptions of the corporate brand . Corporate storytelling ( edit ) Corporate storytelling is suggested to help demonstrate the importance of the corporate brand to internal and external stakeholders , and create a position for the company against competitors , as well as help a firm to bond with its employees ( Roper and Fill , 2012 ) . The corporate reputation is defined as a stakeholder 's perception of the organization ( Brown et al. , 2006 ) , and Dowling ( 2006 ) suggests that if the story causes stakeholders to perceive the organization as more authentic , distinctive , expert , sincere , powerful , and likeable , then it is likely that this will enhance the overall corporate reputation . Impression management theory is a relevant perspective to explore the use of corporate stories in building the corporate brand . The corporate branding literature notes that interactions with brand communications enable stakeholders to form an impression of the organization ( Abratt and Keyn , 2012 ) , and this indicates that IM theory could also therefore bring insight into the use of corporate stories as a form of communication to build the corporate brand . Exploring the IM strategies / behaviors evident in corporate stories can indicate the potential for corporate stories to influence the impressions that audiences form of the corporate brand . Corporate document ( edit ) Firms use more subtle forms of influencing outsiders ' impressions of firm performance and prospects , namely by manipulating the content and presentation of information in corporate documents with the purpose of `` distort ( ing ) readers '' perceptions of corporate achievements '' ( Godfrey et al. , 2003 , p. 96 ) . In the accounting literature this is referred to as impression management . The opportunity for impression management in corporate reports is increasing . Narrative disclosures have become longer and more sophisticated over the last few years . This growing importance of descriptive sections in corporate documents provides firms with the opportunity to overcome information asymmetries by presenting more detailed information and explanation , thereby increasing their decision - usefulness . However , they also offer an opportunity for presenting financial performance and prospects in the best possible light , thus having the opposite effect . In addition to the increased opportunity for opportunistic discretionary disclosure choices , impression management is also facilitated in that corporate narratives are largely unregulated . Media ( edit ) The medium of communication influences the actions taken in impression management . Self - efficacy can differ according to the fact whether the trial to convince somebody is made through face - to - face - interaction or by means of an e-mail . Communication via devices like telephone , e-mail or chat is governed by technical restrictions , so that the way people express personal features etc. can be changed . This often shows how far people will go . Profiles on social networking sites ( edit ) Social networking users will employ protective self - presentations for image management . Users will use subtractive and repudiate strategies to maintain a desired image . Subtractive strategy is used to untag an undesirable photo on Social Networking Sites . In addition to un-tagging their name , some users will request the photo to be removed entirely . Repudiate strategy is used when a friend posts an undesirable comment about the user . In response to an undesired post , users may add another wall post as an innocence defense . Michael Stefanone states that `` self - esteem maintenance is an important motivation for strategic self - presentation online . '' Outside evaluations of their physical appearance , competence , and approval from others determines how social media users respond to pictures and wall posts . Unsuccessful self - presentation online can lead to rejection and criticism from social groups . Social networking sites like MySpace , Facebook , and StudiVZ are popular means of communicating personality . Recent theoretical and empirical considerations of homepages and Web 2.0 platforms show that impression management is a major motive for actively participating in social networking sites . According to Marwick , social profiles create implications such as `` context collapse '' for presenting oneself to the audience . The concept of ' ' context collapse , ' ' suggests that social technologies make it difficult to vary self - presentation based on environment or audience . `` Large sites such as Facebook and Twitter group friends , family members , coworkers , and acquaintances together under the umbrella term ' ' friends ' '' Political impression management ( edit ) One arena where impression management is essential is in politics . `` Political impression management '' was coined in 1972 by sociologist Peter M. Hall , who defined the term as the art of making a candidate look electable and capable ( Hall 1972 ) . This is due in part to the importance of `` presidential '' candidates -- appearance , image , and narrative are a key part of a campaign and thus impression management has always been a huge part of winning an election ( Katz 2016 ) . As social media becomes more and more a part of the political process , political impression management is becoming more challenging as the online image of the candidate often now lies in the hands of the voters themselves . Implications ( edit ) Impression management can distort the results of empirical research that relies on interviews and surveys , a phenomenon commonly referred to as `` social desirability bias '' . Impression management theory nevertheless constitutes a field of research on its own . When it comes to practical questions concerning public relations and the way organizations should handle their public image , the assumptions provided by impression management theory can also provide a framework . An examination of different impression management strategies acted out by individuals who were facing criminal trials where the trial outcomes could range from a death sentence , life in prison or acquittal has been reported in the forensic literature . The Perri and Lichtenwald article examined female psychopathic killers , whom as a group were highly motivated to manage the impression that attorneys , judges , mental health professions and ultimately , a jury had of the murderers and the murder they committed . It provides legal case illustrations of the murderers combining and / or switching from one impression management strategy such as ingratiation or supplication to another as they worked towards their goal of diminishing or eliminating any accountability for the murders they committed . Since the 1990s , researchers in the area of sport and exercise psychology have studied self - presentation . Concern about how one is perceived has been found to be relevant to the study of athletic performance . For example , anxiety may be produced when an athlete is in the presence of spectators . Self - presentational concerns have also been found to be relevant to exercise . For example , the concerns may elicit motivation to exercise . More recent research investigating the effects of impression management on social behaviour showed that social behaviours ( e.g. eating ) can serve to convey a desired impression to others and enhance one 's self - image . Research on eating has shown that people tend to eat less when they believe that they are being observed by others . See also ( edit ) Calculating Visions : Kennedy , Johnson , and Civil Rights ( book ) Character mask Charm offensive Dramaturgy ( sociology ) First impression ( psychology ) Ingratiation Online identity management On the Internet , nobody knows you 're a dog Personal branding Register ( sociolinguistics ) Reputation capital Reputation management Self - monitoring theory Self - verification theory Signalling ( economics ) Spin ( public relations ) Superficial charm Stigma management Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Piwinger , Manfred ; Ebert , Helmut ( 2001 ) . `` Impression Management : Wie aus Niemand Jemand wird '' . in : Bentele , Guenther et al. ( Ed . ) , Kommunikationsmanagement : Strategien , Wissen , Lösungen . Luchterhand , Neuwied . Jump up ^ `` Impression Management in Sociology : Theory , Definition & Examples '' . Study.com . ^ Jump up to : Browning , Larry D. ; Saetre , Alf Steinar ; Stephens , Keri ; Sornes , Jan - Oddvar ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) . Information and Communication Technologies in Action : Linking Theories and Narratives of Practice . Routledge . ISBN 9781135889432 . Jump up ^ Kamau , C. ( 2009 ) Strategising impression management in corporations : cultural knowledge as capital . In D. Harorimana ( Ed ) Cultural implications of knowledge sharing , management and transfer : identifying competitive advantage . Chapter 4 . Information Science Reference . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60566 - 790 - 4 Jump up ^ Doering 1999 , p. 261 - 2 . Jump up ^ Anderson , E ; Siegel , EH ; Bliss - Moreau , E ; Barrett , LF ( Jun 2011 ) . `` The visual impact of gossip '' . Science . 332 ( 6036 ) : 1446 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1201574 . PMC 3141574 . PMID 21596956 . Jump up ^ `` What is Impression Management ? '' . wiseGEEK . Jump up ^ Baumeister , Roy F. ( 1987 ) . `` Self - Presentation Theory : Self - Construction and Audience Pleasing '' . Springer Series in Social Psychology . Theories of Group Behavior . Jump up ^ Schlenker 1980 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Millon , Theodore ( 2003 ) . Handbook of Psychology , Personality and Social Psychology . John Wiley & Sons . p. 337 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 38404 - 5 . Jump up ^ Schlenker 1980 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Felson 1984 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Piwinger ; Ebert 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Leary ; Kowalski 1990 . Jump up ^ Hass 1981 ^ Jump up to : Goffman , E. ( 1967 ) . Interaction ritual : Essays on face - to - face behavior . Chicago : Aldine . Jump up ^ Dillard et al. , 2000 Jump up ^ Schlenker 1980 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Barnhart , 1994 Jump up ^ Goffman 2006 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Döring 1999 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Goffman 1956 Jump up ^ Braiker , Harriet B. ( 2004 ) . Who 's Pulling Your Strings ? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144672 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adrian Furnham ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Machiavellian Boss '' . Psychology Today . Jump up ^ Leary ; Kowalski 1990 Jump up ^ Schlenker 1980 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Schlenker 1980 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Schlenker 1980 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Schlenker 1980 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Moffitt , Kimberly . `` Social Interactions : Definition & Types '' . Jump up ^ Brown , Jonathon . `` CHAPTER 07 SELF - PRESENTATION '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld , Paul ; Giacalone , Robert A. ; Riordan , Catherine A. ( 1994 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Impression Management Theory and Diversity Lessons for Organizational Behavior '' . American Behavioral Scientist. 37 ( 5 ) : 601 -- 604 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002764294037005002 . ISSN 0002 - 7642 . ^ Jump up to : Norris , Ashley ( 2011 ) . `` Impression Management : Considering Cultural , Social , and Spiritual Factors '' . ^ Jump up to : Lewin , Simon ; Reeves , Scott ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Enacting ' team ' and ' teamwork ' : using Goffman 's theory of impression management to illuminate interprofessional practice on hospital wards '' . Social Science & Medicine ( 1982 ) . 72 ( 10 ) : 1595 -- 1602 . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2011.03. 037 . ISSN 1873 - 5347 . PMID 21549467 . Jump up ^ Walther , Joseph B. ( 2007 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Selective self - presentation in computer - mediated communication : Hyperpersonal dimensions of technology , language , and cognition '' ( PDF ) . Computers in Human Behavior . 23 ( 5 ) : 2538 -- 2557 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chb. 2006.05. 002 . Jump up ^ Feaster , John Christian ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Expanding the Impression Management Model of Communication Channels : An Information Control Scale '' . Journal of Computer - Mediated Communication . 16 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 138 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1083 - 6101.2010. 01535. x . ISSN 1083 - 6101 . ^ Jump up to : Sara Spear ; Stuart Roper ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Using corporate stories to build the corporate brand : an impression management perspective '' . Journal of Product & Brand Management . 22 ( 7 ) : 491 -- 501 . doi : 10.1108 / JPBM - 09 - 2013 - 0387 . ISSN 1061 - 0421 . Jump up ^ University , Bangor . `` Dr Doris Merkl - Davies Bangor Business School Bangor University '' . www.bangor.ac.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Rui , J. and M.A. Stefanone ( 2013 ) . Strategic Management of Other - Provided Information Online : Personality and Network Variables . System Sciences ( HICSS ) , 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on . Jump up ^ Krämer , Nicole C. ; Winter , Stephan ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Impression Management 2.0 '' . Journal of Media Psychology . 20 ( 3 ) : 106 -- 116 . doi : 10.1027 / 1864 - 1105.20. 3.106 . ISSN 1864 - 1105 . Jump up ^ Marwick , Alice E. ( 2013 ) . Online Identity . Blackwell . pp. 355 -- 364 . Jump up ^ Tedeschi 1984 Jump up ^ Piwinger ; Ebert 2001 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Perri , Frank S. and Lichtenwald , Terrance G. ( 2010 ) . `` The Last Frontier : Myths & The Female Psychopathic Killer '' . Forensic Examiner , Summer 2010 , 50 - 67 . Jump up ^ Martin Ginis , K.A. , Lindwall , M. , & Prapavessis , H. ( 2007 ) . Who cares what other people think ? Self - presentation in exercise and sport . In R. Eklund & G. Tenenbaum ( Eds . ) , Handbook of Sport Psychology ( pp. 136 -- 153 ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiles & Sons . Jump up ^ Herman ; Roth ; Polivy 2003 References ( edit ) Aronson , Elliot ; Wilson , Timothy D ; Akert , Robin M ( 2009 ) . Social Psychology ( Seventh Edition ) . New Jersey : Prentice Hall . Barnhart , Adam ( 1994 ) , Erving Goffman : The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Goffman , Erving ( 1959 ) . The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life . New York : Doubleday . Goffman , Erving ( 1956 ) . `` Embarrassment and Social Organization '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 62 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 71 . doi : 10.1086 / 222003 . Goffman , Erving ( 2006 ) , Wir alle spielen Theater : Die Selbstdarstellung im Alltag , Piper , Munich . Dillard , Courtney et al. ( 2000 ) , Impression Management and the use of procedures at the Ritz - Carlton : Moral standards and dramaturgical discipline , Communication Studies , 51 . Döring , Nicola ( 1999 ) , Sozialpsychologie des Internet : Die Bedeutung des Internet für Kommunikationsprozesse , Identitäten , soziale Beziehungen und Gruppen Hogrefe , Goettingen . Felson , Richard B ( 1984 ) : An Interactionist Approach to Aggression , in : Tedeschi , James T. ( Ed . ) , Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research Academic Press , New York . Hall , Peter ( 1972 ) . `` A Symbolic Interactionist Analysis of Politics . '' Sociological Inquiry 42.3 - 4 : 35 - 75 Hass , Glen R. ( 1981 ) , Presentational Strategies , and the Social Expression of Attitudes : Impression management within Limits , in : Tedeschi , James T. ( Ed . ) : Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research , Academic Press , New York . Herman , Peter C ; Roth , Deborah A ; Polivy , Janet ( 2003 ) . `` Effects of the Presence of Others on Food Intake : A Normative Interpretation '' . Psychological Bulletin . 129 ( 6 ) : 873 -- 86 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.129. 6.873 . PMID 14599286 . Katz , Nathan ( 2016 ) . `` Impression Management , Super PACs and the 2012 Republican Primary . '' Symbolic Interaction 39.2 : 175 - 95 . Leary , Mark R ; Kowalski , Robin M ( 1990 ) . `` Impression Management : A Literature Review and Two - Component Model '' . Psychological Bulletin . 107 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 47 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.107. 1.34 . Piwinger , Manfred ; Ebert , Helmut ( 2001 ) . `` Impression Management : Wie aus Niemand Jemand wird '' . in : Bentele , Guenther et al. ( Ed . ) , Kommunikationsmanagement : Strategien , Wissen , Lösungen . Luchterhand , Neuwied . Schlenker , Barry R. ( 1980 ) . Impression Management : The Self - Concept , Social Identity , and Interpersonal Relations . Monterey , California : Brooks / Cole . Tedeschi , James T. ; Riess , Marc ( 1984 ) , Identities , the Phenomenal Self , and Laboratory Research , in : Tedeschi , James T. ( Ed . ) : Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research , Academic Press , New York . Smith , Greg ( 2006 ) , Erving Goffman , Routledge , New York . Rui , J. and M.A. Stefanone ( 2013 ) . Strategic Management of Other - Provided Information Online : Personality and Network Variables . System Sciences ( HICSS ) , 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impression_management&oldid=815929226 '' Categories : Self Influence ( social and political ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Polski Русский Simple English Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 03 : 39 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression%20management
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who won an oscar in silence of the lambs
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Organization / Association Award Actor / Crew Outcome Remarks 64th Academy Awards Best Picture Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt , Ron Bozman Won Best Director Jonathan Demme Won Best Actor Anthony Hopkins Won Best Actress Jodie Foster Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Won Adapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris Best Film Editing Craig McKay Nominated Best Sound Tom Fleischman , Christopher Newman Nominated 49th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Jodie Foster Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Anthony Hopkins Nominated Best Director Jonathan Demme Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Drama Kenneth Utt Nominated Best Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated 45th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Anthony Hopkins Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Jodie Foster Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated Best Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Nominated Best Direction Jonathan Demme Nominated Best Editing Craig McKay Nominated Best Film Ron Bozman , Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt Nominated Best Film Music Howard Shore Nominated Best Sound Skip Lievsay , Christopher Newman , Tom Fleischman Nominated
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Edward Saxon|Kenneth Utt|Ron Bozman|Jonathan Demme|Anthony Hopkins|Jodie Foster|Ted Tally
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The Silence of the Lambs ( film )
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the silence of the lambs ( film )
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The Silence of the Lambs Theatrical release poster Directed by Jonathan Demme Produced by Kenneth Utt Edward Saxon Ron Bozman Screenplay by Ted Tally Based on The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris Starring Jodie Foster Anthony Hopkins Scott Glenn Ted Levine Anthony Heald Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Edited by Craig McKay Production company Strong Heart / Demme Production Distributed by Orion Pictures Release date January 30 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 30 ) ( New York City ) February 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $272.7 million The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American psychological horror - thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme from a screenplay written by Ted Tally , adapted from Thomas Harris 's 1988 novel of the same name . The film stars Jodie Foster , Anthony Hopkins , Scott Glenn , Ted Levine , and Anthony Heald . In the film , Clarice Starling , a young FBI trainee , seeks the advice of the imprisoned Dr. Hannibal Lecter , a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer to apprehend another serial killer , known only as `` Buffalo Bill '' , who skins his female victims ' corpses . The novel was Harris 's first and second respectively to feature the characters of Starling and Lecter , and was the second adaptation of a Harris novel to feature Lecter , preceded by the Michael Mann - directed Manhunter ( 1986 ) . The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14 , 1991 , and grossed $272.7 million worldwide against its $19 million budget , becoming the fifth - highest grossing film of 1991 worldwide . The film premiered at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival , where it competed for the Golden Bear , while Demme received the Silver Bear for Best Director . Critically acclaimed upon release , it became only the third film , ( the other two being It Happened One Night and One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ) , to win Academy Awards in all the top five categories : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Actress , and Best Adapted Screenplay . It is also the first ( and so far only ) Best Picture winner widely considered to be a horror film , and only the third such film to be nominated in the category , after The Exorcist ( 1973 ) and Jaws ( 1975 ) . It is regularly cited by critics , film directors , and audiences alike as one of the greatest and most influential films of all time . In 2018 , Empire ranked it 48th , on their list of 500 greatest movies of all time . The American Film Institute , ranked it as the 5th greatest and most influential thriller film of all time while the characters Clarice Starling and Hannibal Lecter were ranked as the greatest film heroine and villain respectively . The film is considered `` culturally , historically or aesthetically '' significant by the U.S. Library of Congress and was selected to be preserved in the National Film Registry in 2011 . A sequel titled Hannibal was released in 2001 , in which Hopkins reprised his role . It was followed by two prequels : Red Dragon ( 2002 ) and Hannibal Rising ( 2007 ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Accolades 5 Accusations of homophobia , transphobia and sexism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot FBI trainee Clarice Starling , is pulled from her training at the FBI Academy at Quantico , Virginia by Jack Crawford of the Bureau 's Behavioral Science Unit . He assigns her to interview Hannibal Lecter , a former psychiatrist and incarcerated cannibalistic serial killer , whose insight might prove useful in the pursuit of a serial killer nicknamed `` Buffalo Bill '' , who skins his female victims ' corpses . Starling travels to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane , where she is led by Frederick Chilton to Lecter 's solitary quarters . Although initially pleasant and courteous , Lecter grows impatient with Starling 's attempts at `` dissecting '' him and rebuffs her . As she is leaving , one of the prisoners flicks semen at her . Lecter , who considers this act `` unspeakably ugly '' , calls Starling back and tells her to seek out an old patient of his . This leads her to a storage shed , where she discovers a man 's severed head with a sphinx moth lodged in its throat . She returns to Lecter , who tells her that the man is linked to Buffalo Bill . He offers to profile Buffalo Bill on the condition that he may be transferred away from Chilton , whom he detests . Buffalo Bill abducts a Senator 's daughter , Catherine Martin . Crawford authorizes Starling to offer Lecter a fake deal , promising a prison transfer if he provides information that helps them find Buffalo Bill and rescue Catherine . Instead , Lecter demands a quid pro quo from Starling , offering clues about Buffalo Bill in exchange for personal information . Starling tells Lecter about the murder of her father when she was ten years old . Chilton secretly records the conversation and reveals Starling 's deceit before offering Lecter a deal of Chilton 's own making . Lecter agrees and is flown to Memphis , where he verbally torments Senator Ruth Martin , and gives her misleading information on Buffalo Bill , including the name `` Louis Friend '' . Starling notices that `` Louis Friend '' is an anagram of `` iron sulfide '' -- fool 's gold . She visits Lecter , who is now being held in a cage - like cell in a Tennessee courthouse , and asks for the truth . Lecter tells her that all the information she needs is contained in the case file . Rather than give her the real name , he insists that they continue their quid pro quo and she recounts a traumatic childhood incident where she was awakened by the sound of spring lambs being slaughtered on a relative 's farm in Montana . Starling admits that she still sometimes wakes thinking she can hear lambs screaming , and Lecter speculates that she is motivated to save Catherine in the hope that it will end the nightmares . Lecter gives her back the case files on Buffalo Bill after their conversation is interrupted by Chilton and the police , who escort her from the building . Later that evening , Lecter kills his guards , escapes from his cell , and disappears . Starling analyzes Lecter 's annotations to the case files and realizes that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim personally . Starling travels to the victim 's hometown and discovers that Buffalo Bill was a tailor , with dresses and dress patterns identical to the patches of skin removed from each of his victims . She telephones Crawford to inform him that Buffalo Bill is trying to form a `` woman suit '' out of real skin , but Crawford is already en route to make an arrest , having cross-referenced Lecter 's notes with hospital archives and finding a transsexual woman named Jame Gumb , who once applied unsuccessfully for a sex - change operation . Starling continues interviewing friends of Buffalo Bill 's first victim in Ohio , while Crawford leads an FBI HRT team to Gumb 's address in Illinois . The house in Illinois is empty , and Starling is led to the house of `` Jack Gordon '' , who she realizes is actually Jame Gumb , again by finding a sphinx moth . She pursues him into his multi-room basement , where she discovers that Catherine is still alive , but trapped in a dry well . After turning off the basement lights , Gumb stalks Starling in the dark with night - vision goggles , but gives his position away when he cocks his revolver . Starling reacts just in time and fires all of her rounds at Gumb , killing him . Sometime later , at the FBI Academy graduation party , Starling receives a phone call from Lecter , who is at an airport in Bimini . He assures her that he does not plan to pursue her and asks her to return the favor , which she says she can not do . Lecter then hangs up the phone , saying that he is `` having an old friend for dinner '' , and starts following a newly arrived Chilton before disappearing into the crowd . Cast Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling Masha Skorobogatov as young Clarice Anthony Hopkins as Dr. Hannibal Lecter Scott Glenn as Jack Crawford Ted Levine as Jame `` Buffalo Bill '' Gumb Anthony Heald as Dr. Frederick Chilton Brooke Smith as Catherine Martin Diane Baker as U.S. Senator Ruth Martin Kasi Lemmons as Ardelia Mapp Frankie Faison as Barney Matthews Tracey Walter as Lamar Charles Napier as Lt. Boyle Danny Darst as Sgt . Tate Alex Coleman as Sgt . Jim Pembry Dan Butler as Roden Paul Lazar as Pilcher Ron Vawter as Paul Krendler Roger Corman as FBI Director Hayden Burke Chris Isaak as SWAT Commander Harry Northup as Mr. Bimmel Production Development The Silence of the Lambs is based on Thomas Harris ' 1988 novel of the same name and is the second film to feature the character Hannibal Lecter following the 1986 film Manhunter . Prior to the novel 's release , Orion Pictures partnered with Gene Hackman to bring the novel to the big screen . With Hackman set to direct and possibly star in the role of Crawford , negotiations were made to split the $500,000 cost of rights between Hackman and the studio . In addition to securing the rights to the novel , producers also had to acquire the rights to the name `` Hannibal Lecter '' , which were owned by Manhunter producer Dino De Laurentiis . Owing to the financial failure of the earlier film , De Laurentiis lent the character rights to Orion Pictures for free . In November 1987 , Ted Tally was brought on to write the adaptation ; Tally had previously crossed paths with Harris many times , with his interest in adapting The Silence of the Lambs originating from receiving an advance copy of the book from Harris himself . When Tally was about halfway through with the first draft , Hackman withdrew from the project and financing fell through . However , Orion Pictures co-founder Mike Medavoy assured Tally to keep writing as the studio itself took care of financing and searched for a replacement director . As a result , Orion Pictures sought director Jonathan Demme to helm the project . With the screenplay not yet completed , Demme signed on after reading the novel . From there , the project quickly took off , as Tally explained , `` ( Demme ) read my first draft not long after it was finished , and we met , then I was just startled by the speed of things . We met in May 1989 and were shooting in November . I do n't remember any big revisions . '' Casting Jodie Foster was interested in playing the role of Clarice Starling immediately after reading the novel . However , in spite of the fact that Foster had just won an Academy Award for her performance in the 1988 film The Accused , Demme was not convinced that she was right for the part . Having just collaborated on Married to the Mob , Demme 's first choice for the role of Starling was Michelle Pfeiffer , who turned it down , later saying , `` It was a difficult decision , but I got nervous about the subject matter '' . Still not convinced , he went to Meg Ryan who rejected it as well for its gruesome themes and then to Laura Dern , of whom the studio was skeptical as not being a bankable choice . As a result , Foster was awarded the role due to her passion towards the character . For the role of Dr. Hannibal Lecter , Demme originally approached Sean Connery . After the actor turned it down , Anthony Hopkins was then offered the part based on his performance in The Elephant Man . Other actors considered for the role included Al Pacino , Robert De Niro , Dustin Hoffman , Derek Jacobi and Daniel Day - Lewis . Gene Hackman was originally going to play Jack Crawford , the Agent - in - Charge of the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI in Quantico , Virginia but he found the script `` too violent . '' Scott Glenn was then cast in the role . To prepare for the role , Glenn met with John E. Douglas , after whom the character is modeled . Douglas gave Glenn a tour of the Quantico facility and also played for him an audio tape containing various recordings that serial killers Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris had made of themselves raping and torturing a 16 - year - old girl . According to Douglas , Glenn wept as he experienced the recordings and even changed his liberal stance on the death penalty . Filming Principal photography for The Silence of the Lambs began on November 15 , 1989 and concluded on March 1 , 1990 . Filming primarily took place in and around Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , with some scenes shot in nearby northern West Virginia . The home of Buffalo Bill used for exterior scenes was in Layton , Pennsylvania . The exterior of the Western Center near Canonsburg , Pennsylvania served as the setting for Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane . In what was a rare act of cooperation at the time , the FBI allowed scenes to be filmed at the FBI Academy in Quantico ; some FBI staff members even acted in bit parts . Music The Silence of the Lambs : The Original Motion Picture Score Film score by Howard Shore Released February 5 , 1991 Recorded August , 1990 in Munich Length 57 : 09 Label MCA Records Producer Howard Shore Howard Shore chronology Big ( 1988 ) The Silence of the Lambs : The Original Motion Picture Score ( 1991 ) Naked Lunch ( 1991 ) Hannibal Lecter chronology Manhunter ( 1986 ) Manhunter 1986 The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Silence of the Lambs1991 Hannibal ( 2001 ) Hannibal 2001 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Filmtracks.com The musical score for The Silence of the Lambs was composed by Howard Shore , who would also go on to collaborate with Demme on Philadelphia . Recorded in Munich during the latter half of the summer of 1990 , the score was performed by the Munich Symphony Orchestra . `` I tried to write in a way that goes right into the fabric of the movie , '' explained Shore on his approach . `` I tried to make the music just fit in . When you watch the movie you are not aware of the music . You get your feelings from all elements simultaneously , lighting , cinematography , costumes , acting , music . Jonathan Demme was very specific about the music . '' A soundtrack album was released by MCA Records on February 5 , 1991 . Music from the film was later used in the trailers for its 2001 sequel , Hannibal . The Silence of the Lambs : The Original Motion Picture Score No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title '' 5 : 04 2 . `` The Asylum '' 3 : 53 3 . `` Clarice '' 3 : 03 4 . `` Return to the Asylum '' 2 : 35 5 . `` The Abduction '' 3 : 01 6 . `` Quid Pro Quo '' 4 : 41 7 . `` Lecter in Memphis '' 5 : 41 8 . `` Lambs Screaming '' 5 : 34 9 . `` Lecter Escapes '' 5 : 06 10 . `` Belvedere , Ohio '' 3 : 32 11 . `` The Moth '' 2 : 20 12 . `` The Cellar '' 7 : 02 13 . `` Finale '' 4 : 50 Total length : 57 : 09 Release The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14 , 1991 , grossing $14 million during its opening weekend . At the time it closed on October 10 , 1991 , the film had grossed $131 million domestically with a total worldwide gross of $273 million . It was the 5th - highest grossing film of 1991 worldwide . Critical reception The performances of Jodie Foster , Anthony Hopkins , Scott Glenn and Ted Levine received widespread praise . The Silence of the Lambs was a sleeper hit that gradually gained widespread success and critical acclaim . Foster , Hopkins , and Levine garnered much acclaim for their performances . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95 % of 86 film critics have given the film a positive review , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` Director Jonathan Demme 's smart , taut thriller teeters on the edge between psychological study and all - out horror , and benefits greatly from stellar performances by Anthony Hopkins and Jodie Foster . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 , based on 19 reviews from mainstream critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert , of Chicago Sun - Times , specifically mentioned the `` terrifying qualities '' of Hannibal Lecter . Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies , recognizing the film as a `` horror masterpiece '' alongside such classics as Nosferatu , Psycho , and Halloween . However , the film is also notable for being one of two multi-Academy Award winners ( the other being Unforgiven ) disapproved of by Ebert 's colleague , Gene Siskel . Writing for Chicago Tribune , Siskel said , `` Foster 's character , who is appealing , is dwarfed by the monsters she is after . I 'd rather see her work on another case . '' Accolades Academy Awards record Best Picture , Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt , Ronald M. Bozman Best Director , Jonathan Demme Best Actor , Anthony Hopkins Best Actress , Jodie Foster Best Adapted Screenplay , Ted Tally Golden Globe Awards record Best Actress , Jodie Foster British Academy Film Awards record Best Actor , Anthony Hopkins Best Actress , Jodie Foster The film won the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director ( Demme ) , Best Actor ( Hopkins ) , Best Actress ( Foster ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Ted Tally ) , making it only the third film in history to accomplish that feat . It was also nominated for Best Sound ( Tom Fleischman and Christopher Newman ) and Best Film Editing , but lost to Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and JFK , respectively . Other awards include being named Best Film by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures , CHI Awards and PEO Awards . Demme won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film was nominated for the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association . It was also nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best Film . Screenwriter Ted Tally received an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay . The film was awarded Best Horror Film of the Year during the 2nd Horror Hall of Fame telecast , with Vincent Price presenting the award to the film 's executive producer Gary Goetzman . In 1998 , the film was listed as one of the 100 greatest films in the past 100 years by the American Film Institute . In 2006 , at the Key Art Awards , the original poster for The Silence of the Lambs was named best film poster `` of the past 35 years '' . The Silence of the Lambs placed seventh on Bravo 's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments for Lecter 's escape scene . The American Film Institute named Hannibal Lecter ( as portrayed by Hopkins ) the number one film villain of all time and Clarice Starling ( as portrayed by Foster ) the sixth - greatest film hero of all time . In 2011 , ABC aired a prime - time special , Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , that counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People magazine . The Silence of the Lambs was selected as the No. 1 Best Suspense / Thriller and Dr. Hannibal Lecter was selected as the No. 4 Greatest Film Character . The film and its characters have appeared in the following AFI `` 100 Years '' lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 65 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 5 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Clarice Starling -- # 6 Hero Hannibal Lecter -- # 1 Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` A census taker once tried to test me . I ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice Chianti . '' -- # 21 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 74 In 2015 , Entertainment Weekly 's 25th anniversary year , it included The Silence of the Lambs in its list of the 25 best movies made since the magazine 's beginning . Organization / Association Award Actor / Crew Outcome Remarks 64th Academy Awards Best Picture Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt , Ron Bozman Won Best Director Jonathan Demme Won Best Actor Anthony Hopkins Won Best Actress Jodie Foster Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Won Adapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris Best Film Editing Craig McKay Nominated Best Sound Tom Fleischman , Christopher Newman Nominated 49th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Jodie Foster Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Anthony Hopkins Nominated Best Director Jonathan Demme Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Drama Kenneth Utt Nominated Best Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated 45th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Anthony Hopkins Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Jodie Foster Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated Best Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Nominated Best Direction Jonathan Demme Nominated Best Editing Craig McKay Nominated Best Film Ron Bozman , Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt Nominated Best Film Music Howard Shore Nominated Best Sound Skip Lievsay , Christopher Newman , Tom Fleischman Nominated Accusations of homophobia , transphobia and sexism Upon its release , The Silence of the Lambs was criticized by members of the LGBT community for its portrayal of Buffalo Bill as bisexual and transsexual . In response to the critiques , Demme replied that Buffalo Bill `` was n't a gay character . He was a tormented man who hated himself and wished he was a woman because that would have made him as far away from himself as he possibly could be . '' Demme added that he `` came to realize that there is a tremendous absence of positive gay characters in movies '' . Much of the criticism was directed towards Foster , whom the critics alleged was herself a lesbian . In a 1992 interview with Playboy magazine , notable feminist and women 's rights advocate Betty Friedan stated , `` I thought it was absolutely outrageous that The Silence of the Lambs won four ( sic ) Oscars . ( ... ) I 'm not saying that the movie should n't have been shown . I 'm not denying the movie was an artistic triumph , but it was about the evisceration , the skinning alive of women . That is what I find offensive . Not the Playboy centerfold . '' See also List of films based on crime books Silence ! The Musical , an unauthorized parody musical adaptation of the film . List of Academy Award records United States portal Crime portal Film portal References Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Psychological Horror Movies - Alternative Reel '' . Alternative Reel . Alternative Reel . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Facts About ' The Silence of the Lambs ' You Did n't Know '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time -- # 400 -- 301 empireonline.com ; Empire Online . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Silence of the Lambs added to U.S. film archive '' . BBC . 28 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Tiech , John ( June 20 , 2012 ) . Pittsburgh Film History : On Set in the Steel City . Stroud , Gloucestershire : The History Press . p. 63 . ISBN 1 - 60949 - 709 - 0 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jill ( February 8 , 2001 ) . `` How Ridley Scott 's Hannibal came to be made '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Medavoy , Mike ( June 25 , 2013 ) . You 're Only as Good as Your Next One : 100 Great Films , 100 Good Films , and 100 for Which I Should Be Shot ( Reprint ed . ) . New York City : Atria Books . p. 183 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Konow , David ( October 2 , 2012 ) . Reel Terror : The Scary , Bloody , Gory , Hundred - Year History of Classic Horror Films . London : St. Martin 's Press . p. 459 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 66883 - X . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Engel , Joel ( February 12 , 2013 ) . Screenwriters on Screen - Writing : The Best in the Business Discuss Their Craft ( Kindle ed . ) . New York City : Hyperion Books . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kapsis , Robert E. ( December 19 , 2008 ) . Jonathan Demme : Interviews ( Conversations With Filmmakers Series ) . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 71 -- 75 . ISBN 1 - 60473 - 118 - 4 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , Kevin Conroy ( April 28 , 2006 ) . Screenwriters ' Masterclass : Screenwriters Discuss their Greatest Films . New York City : HarperCollins . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Total Film Interview -- Jodie Foster '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . December 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Cindy ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Mindhole Blowers : 20 Facts About The Silence of the Lambs That Might Make You Crave a Nice Chianti '' . Pajiba . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Barbara Walters Special , American Broadcast Company , 1992 Jump up ^ Davis , Cindy ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Silence Of The Lambs ' director admits he did n't want to cast Jodie Foster '' . NME . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( February 19 , 1991 ) . `` How to Film a Gory Story With Restraint '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Odam , Matthew ( October 26 , 2013 ) . `` AFF panel wrap : Jonathan Demme in conversation with Paul Thomas Anderson '' . Austin American - Statesman . Cox Media Group . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : White , Peter ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Jodie Foster Lifts The Lid On ' The Silence Of The Lambs ' At BFI -- Q&A '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Derek Jacobi , Daniel Day - Lewis Almost Played Hannibal Lecter in ' Silence of the Lambs ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newton , Michael . `` Lawrence Bittaker & Roy Norris : Killing Time '' . Crime Library . TruTV . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( October 1 , 1993 ) . The FBI . New York City : Pocket Books . p. 258 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 78657 - 1 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , John E. ; Mark Olshaker ( October 31 , 1995 ) . Mindhunter : Inside the FBI 's Elite Serial Crime Unit . New York City : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80376 - 3 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) -- Miscellaneous Notes '' . Leonard Maltin 's Classic Movie Guide . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City lands good share of movies '' . The Vindicator. 10 December 1995 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Silence of the Lambs ' House Ca n't Find a Buyer '' . New York Times . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ The house used in the film sold in July 2016 for $195,000 , reported USA Today on July 12th , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Tom . `` Western Center -- Abandoned Photography '' . Opacity . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Carl N. ( January 2 , 2001 ) . Responsibilities and Dispensations : Behavior , Science , & American Justice . Dover , Massachusetts : Four Oaks Press . p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 9705128 - 8 - 0 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lurie , Rod ( June 1991 ) . `` Dr. Lecter Will See You Now '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Shore -- The Silence Of The Lambs ( The Original Motion Picture Score ) '' . Discogs . Zink Media , Inc . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Büdinger , Matthias ; Luc Van de Ven ( 1991 ) . `` Howard Shore on The Silence of the Lambs '' . Soundtrack Magazine . 10 ( 37 ) . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : The Silence of the Lambs ( Howard Shore ) '' . Filmtracks.com . November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trailer Music : Hannibal ( 2001 ) '' . Soundtrack.net . Autotelics , LLC . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Jim ( 1992 ) . Film Theory Goes to the Movies . Routledge . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90576 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 14 , 1991 ) . `` The Silence of the Lambs Movie Review ( 1991 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 18 , 2001 ) . `` The Silence of the Lambs Movie Review ( 1991 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( February 15 , 1991 ) . `` Jodie Foster Appealing , But Not ' Silence Of The Lambs ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pristin , Terry ( March 31 , 1992 ) . `` ' Silence of the Lambs ' Sweeps 5 Major Oscars '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 64th Academy Awards ( 1992 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Berlinale : 1991 Prize Winners '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ 2nd Annual Horror Hall of Fame Telecast , 1991 Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Accessed 14 March 2007 . Archived March 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' Sin City ' place to be at Key Art Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 9 October 2006 . Retrieved 7 October 2007 ^ Jump up to : AFI 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Accessed 14 March 2007 . Archived March 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` EW 's 25 Best Movies in 25 Years '' . ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmalz , Jeffrey ( 28 February 1993 ) . `` From Visions of Paradise to Hell on Earth '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hollinger 2012 , pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ `` Interview of Friedan '' by David Sheff , Playboy , September 1992 , pp. 51 -- 54 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 149 ; reprinted in full in Interviews with Betty Friedan , Janann Sherman , ed . Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 57806 - 480 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Silence of the Lambs The Silence of the Lambs on IMDb The Silence of the Lambs at the TCM Movie Database The Silence of the Lambs at Box Office Mojo The Silence of the Lambs at Rotten Tomatoes The Silence of the Lambs at Metacritic The Silence of the Lambs an essay by Amy Taubin at the Criterion Collection Thomas Harris ' Hannibal Lecter Characters Hannibal Lecter Will Graham Clarice Starling Jack Crawford Frederick Chilton Francis Dolarhyde Buffalo Bill Mason Verger Freddy Lounds Bedelia Du Maurier Novels Red Dragon ( 1981 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1988 ) Hannibal ( 1999 ) Hannibal Rising ( 2006 ) Films Manhunter ( 1986 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) Red Dragon ( 2002 ) Hannibal Rising ( 2007 ) Television Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) episodes `` Apéritif '' `` Amuse - Bouche '' `` Potage '' `` Oeuf '' Related productions The Silence of the Hams ( 1994 ) Silence ! The Musical ( 2005 ) Films directed by Jonathan Demme Caged Heat ( 1974 ) Crazy Mama ( 1975 ) Fighting Mad ( 1976 ) Handle with Care ( 1977 ) Last Embrace ( 1979 ) Melvin and Howard ( 1980 ) Who Am I This Time ? 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( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Horror Film Blacula ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 / 75 ) Burnt Offerings ( 1976 ) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane ( 1977 ) The Wicker Man ( 1978 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) The Howling ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) Fright Night ( 1985 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Arachnophobia ( 1989 / 90 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Army of Darkness ( 1993 ) Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1995 ) Scream ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Final Destination ( 2000 ) The Others ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Descent ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) Get Out ( 2017 ) WorldCat Identities GND : 4324289 - 3 LCCN : n93121265 VIAF : 215347338 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)&oldid=865959287 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films Crime horror films 1990s crime drama films 1990s crime thriller films 1990s horror thriller films 1990s serial killer films 1991 horror films American crime drama films American crime thriller films American films American horror thriller films American serial killer films BAFTA winners ( films ) Best Picture Academy Award winners Cannibalism in fiction Edgar Award - winning works Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Films scored by Howard Shore Films about abduction Films about psychopaths Films based on thriller novels Films directed by Jonathan Demme Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films set in Baltimore Films set in Illinois Films set in Memphis , Tennessee Films set in Ohio Films set in Virginia Films set in Washington , D.C. 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control character
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In computing and telecommunication , a control character or non-printing character is a code point ( a number ) in a character set , that does not represent a written symbol . They are used as in - band signaling to cause effects other than the addition of a symbol to the text . All other characters are mainly printing , printable , or graphic characters , except perhaps for the `` space '' character ( see ASCII printable characters ) .
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All entries in the ASCII table below code 32 ( technically the C0 control code set ) are of this kind , including CR and LF used to separate lines of text . The code 127 ( DEL ) is also a control character . Extended ASCII sets defined by ISO 8859 added the codes 128 through 159 as control characters , this was primarily done so that if the high bit was stripped it would not change a printing character to a C0 control code , but there have been some assignments here , in particular NEL . This second set is called the C1 set . These 65 control codes were carried over to Unicode . Unicode added more characters that could be considered controls , but it makes a distinction between these `` Formatting characters '' ( such as the Zero - width non-joiner ) , and the 65 Control characters . The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ( EBCDIC ) character set contains 65 control codes , including all of the ASCII control codes as well as additional codes which are mostly used to control IBM peripherals . 0x00 0x10 0x00 NUL DLE 0x01 SOH DC1 0x02 STX DC2 0x03 ETX DC3 0x04 EOT DC4 0x05 ENQ NAK 0x06 ACK SYN 0x07 BEL ETB 0x08 BS CAN 0x09 TAB EM 0x0A LF SUB 0x0B VT ESC 0x0C FF FS 0x0D CR GS 0x0E SO RS 0x0F SI US 0x7F DEL Contents 1 History 2 In ASCII 3 In Unicode 4 Display 5 How control characters map to keyboards 6 The design purpose 6.1 Printing and display control 6.2 Data structuring 6.3 Transmission control 6.4 Miscellaneous codes 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2009 ) Procedural signs in Morse code are a form of control character . A form of control characters were introduced in the 1870 Baudot code : NUL and DEL . The 1901 Murray code added the carriage return ( CR ) and line feed ( LF ) , and other versions of the Baudot code included other control characters . The bell character ( BEL ) , which rang a bell to alert operators , was also an early teletype control character . Control characters have also been called `` format effectors '' . In ASCII ( edit ) The control characters in ASCII still in common use include : 0 ( null , NUL , \ 0 , ^ @ ) , originally intended to be an ignored character , but now used by many programming languages including C to mark the end of a string . 7 ( bell , BEL , \ a , ^ G ) , which may cause the device receiving it to emit a warning of some kind ( usually audible ) . 8 ( backspace , BS , \ b , ^ H ) , may overprint the previous character . 9 ( horizontal tab , HT , \ t , ^ I ) , moves the printing position right to the next tab stop . 10 ( line feed , LF , \ n , ^ J ) , moves the print head down one line , or to the left edge and down . Used as the end of line marker in most UNIX systems and variants . 11 ( vertical tab , VT , \ v , ^ K ) , vertical tabulation . 12 ( form feed , FF , \ f , ^ L ) , to cause a printer to eject paper to the top of the next page , or a video terminal to clear the screen . 13 ( carriage return , CR , \ r , ^ M ) , moves the printing position to the start of the line , allowing overprinting . Used as the end of line marker in Classic Mac OS , OS - 9 , FLEX ( and variants ) . A CR + LF pair is used by CP / M - 80 and its derivatives including DOS and Windows , and by Application Layer protocols such as FTP , SMTP , and HTTP . 26 ( Control - Z , SUB , EOF , ^ Z ) . Acts as an end - of - file for the Windows text - mode file i / o . 27 ( escape , ESC , \ e ( GCC only ) , ^ ( ) . Introduces an escape sequence . You may often see control characters described as doing something when the user inputs them , such as code 3 ( End - of - Text character , ETX , ^ C ) to interrupt the running process , or code 4 ( End of transmission , EOT , ^ D ) , used to end text input or to exit a Unix shell . These uses usually have little to do with their use when they are in text being output , and on modern systems usually do not involve the transmission of the code number at all ( instead the program gets the fact that the user is holding down the Ctrl key and pushing the key marked with a ' C ' ) . There were quite a few control characters defined ( 33 in ASCII , and the ECMA - 48 standard adds 32 more ) . This was because early terminals had very primitive mechanical or electrical controls that made any kind of state - remembering api quite expensive to implement , thus a different code for each and every function looked like a requirement . It quickly became possible and inexpensive to interpret sequences of codes to perform a function , and device makers found a way to send hundreds of device instructions . Specifically , they used ASCII code 27 ( escape ) , followed by a series of characters called a `` control sequence '' or `` escape sequence '' . The mechanism was invented by Bob Bemer , the father of ASCII . For example , the sequence of code 27 , followed by the printable characters `` ( 2 ; 10H '' , would cause a DEC VT - 102 terminal to move its cursor to the 10th cell of the 2nd line of the screen . Several standards exist for these sequences , notably ANSI X3. 64 . But the number of non-standard variations in use is large , especially among printers , where technology has advanced far faster than any standards body can possibly keep up with . In Unicode ( edit ) Main article : Unicode control characters In Unicode , `` Control - characters '' are U + 0000 -- U + 001F ( C0 controls ) , U + 007F ( delete ) , and U + 0080 -- U + 009F ( C1 controls ) . Their General Category is `` Cc '' . Formatting codes are distinct , in General Category `` Cf '' . The Cc control characters have no Name in Unicode , but are given labels such as `` '' instead . Display ( edit ) There are a number of techniques to display non-printing characters , which may be illustrated with the bell character in ASCII encoding : Code point : decimal 7 , hexadecimal 0x07 An abbreviation , often three capital letters : BEL A special character condensing the abbreviation : Unicode U + 2407 ( ␇ ) , `` symbol for bell '' An ISO 2047 graphical representation : Unicode U + 237E ( ⍾ ) , `` graphic for bell '' Caret notation in ASCII , where code point 00xxxxx is represented as a caret followed by the capital letter at code point 10xxxxx : ^ G An escape sequence , as in C / C++ character string codes : \ a , \ 007 , \ x07 , etc . How control characters map to keyboards ( edit ) ASCII - based keyboards have a key labelled `` Control '' , `` Ctrl '' , or ( rarely ) `` Cntl '' which is used much like a shift key , being pressed in combination with another letter or symbol key . In one implementation , the control key generates the code 64 places below the code for the ( generally ) uppercase letter it is pressed in combination with ( i.e. , subtract 64 from ASCII code value in decimal of the ( generally ) uppercase letter ) . The other implementation is to take the ASCII code produced by the key and bitwise AND it with 31 , forcing bits 6 and 7 to zero . For example , pressing `` control '' and the letter `` g '' or `` G '' ( code 107 in octal or 71 in base 10 , which is 01000111 in binary , produces the code 7 ( Bell , 7 in base 10 , or 00000111 in binary ) . The NULL character ( code 0 ) is represented by Ctrl - @ , `` @ '' being the code immediately before `` A '' in the ASCII character set . For convenience , a lot of terminals accept Ctrl - Space as an alias for Ctrl - @ . In either case , this produces one of the 32 ASCII control codes between 0 and 31 . This approach is not able to represent the DEL character because of its value ( code 127 ) , but Ctrl - ? is often used for this character , as subtracting 64 from a ' ? ' gives − 1 , which if masked to 7 bits is 127 . When the control key is held down , letter keys produce the same control characters regardless of the state of the shift or caps lock keys . In other words , it does not matter whether the key would have produced an upper - case or a lower - case letter . The interpretation of the control key with the space , graphics character , and digit keys ( ASCII codes 32 to 63 ) vary between systems . Some will produce the same character code as if the control key were not held down . Other systems translate these keys into control characters when the control key is held down . The interpretation of the control key with non-ASCII ( `` foreign '' ) keys also varies between systems . Control characters are often rendered into a printable form known as caret notation by printing a caret ( ^ ) and then the ASCII character that has a value of the control character plus 64 . Control characters generated using letter keys are thus displayed with the upper - case form of the letter . For example , ^ G represents code 7 , which is generated by pressing the G key when the control key is held down . Keyboards also typically have a few single keys which produce control character codes . For example , the key labelled `` Backspace '' typically produces code 8 , `` Tab '' code 9 , `` Enter '' or `` Return '' code 13 ( though some keyboards might produce code 10 for `` Enter '' ) . Many keyboards include keys that do not correspond to any ASCII printable or control character , for example cursor control arrows and word processing functions . The associated keypresses are communicated to computer programs by one of four methods : appropriating otherwise unused control characters ; using some encoding other than ASCII ; using multi-character control sequences ; or using an additional mechanism outside of generating characters . `` Dumb '' computer terminals typically use control sequences . Keyboards attached to stand - alone personal computers made in the 1980s typically use one ( or both ) of the first two methods . Modern computer keyboards generate scancodes that identify the specific physical keys that are pressed ; computer software then determines how to handle the keys that are pressed , including any of the four methods described above . The design purpose ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The control characters were designed to fall into a few groups : printing and display control , data structuring , transmission control , and miscellaneous . Printing and display control ( edit ) Printing control characters were first used to control the physical mechanism of printers , the earliest output device . An early implementation of this idea was the out - of - band ASA carriage control characters . Later , control characters were integrated into the stream of data to be printed . The carriage return character ( CR ) , when sent to such a device , causes it to put the character at the edge of the paper at which writing begins ( it may , or may not , also move the printing position to the next line ) . The line feed character ( LF / NL ) causes the device to put the printing position on the next line . It may ( or may not ) , depending on the device and its configuration , also move the printing position to the start of the next line ( which would be the leftmost position for left - to - right scripts , such as the alphabets used for Western languages , and the rightmost position for right - to - left scripts such as the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets ) . The vertical and horizontal tab characters ( VT and HT / TAB ) cause the output device to move the printing position to the next tab stop in the direction of reading . The form feed character ( FF / NP ) starts a new sheet of paper , and may or may not move to the start of the first line . The backspace character ( BS ) moves the printing position one character space backwards . On printers , this is most often used so the printer can overprint characters to make other , not normally available , characters . On terminals and other electronic output devices , there are often software ( or hardware ) configuration choices which will allow a destruct backspace ( i.e. , a BS , SP , BS sequence ) which erases , or a non-destructive one which does not . The shift in and shift out characters ( SO and SI ) selected alternate character sets , fonts , underlining or other printing modes . Escape sequences were often used to do the same thing . With the advent of computer terminals that did not physically print on paper and so offered more flexibility regarding screen placement , erasure , and so forth , printing control codes were adapted . Form feeds , for example , usually cleared the screen , there being no new paper page to move to . More complex escape sequences were developed to take advantage of the flexibility of the new terminals , and indeed of newer printers . The concept of a control character had always been somewhat limiting , and was extremely so when used with new , much more flexible , hardware . Control sequences ( sometimes implemented as escape sequences ) could match the new flexibility and power and became the standard method . However , there were , and remain , a large variety of standard sequences to choose from . Data structuring ( edit ) The separators ( File , Group , Record , and Unit : FS , GS , RS and US ) were made to structure data , usually on a tape , in order to simulate punched cards . End of medium ( EM ) warns that the tape ( or other recording medium ) is ending . While many systems use CR / LF and TAB for structuring data , it is possible to encounter the separator control characters in data that needs to be structured . The separator control characters are not overloaded ; there is no general use of them except to separate data into structured groupings . Their numeric values are contiguous with the space character , which can be considered a member of the group , as a word separator . Transmission control ( edit ) The transmission control characters were intended to structure a data stream , and to manage re-transmission or graceful failure , as needed , in the face of transmission errors . The start of heading ( SOH ) character was to mark a non-data section of a data stream -- the part of a stream containing addresses and other housekeeping data . The start of text character ( STX ) marked the end of the header , and the start of the textual part of a stream . The end of text character ( ETX ) marked the end of the data of a message . A widely used convention is to make the two characters preceding ETX a checksum or CRC for error - detection purposes . The end of transmission block character ( ETB ) was used to indicate the end of a block of data , where data was divided into such blocks for transmission purposes . The escape character ( ESC ) was intended to `` quote '' the next character , if it was another control character it would print it instead of performing the control function . It is almost never used for this purpose today . The substitute character ( SUB ) was intended to request a translation of the next character from a printable character to another value , usually by setting bit 5 to zero . This is handy because some media ( such as sheets of paper produced by typewriters ) can transmit only printable characters . However , on MS - DOS systems with files opened in text mode , `` end of text '' or `` end of file '' is marked by this Ctrl - Z character , instead of the Ctrl - C or Ctrl - D , which are common on other operating systems . The cancel character ( CAN ) signalled that the previous element should be discarded . The negative acknowledge character ( NAK ) is a definite flag for , usually , noting that reception was a problem , and , often , that the current element should be sent again . The acknowledge character ( ACK ) is normally used as a flag to indicate no problem detected with current element . When a transmission medium is half duplex ( that is , it can transmit in only one direction at a time ) , there is usually a master station that can transmit at any time , and one or more slave stations that transmit when they have permission . The enquire character ( ENQ ) is generally used by a master station to ask a slave station to send its next message . A slave station indicates that it has completed its transmission by sending the end of transmission character ( EOT ) . The device control codes ( DC1 to DC4 ) were originally generic , to be implemented as necessary by each device . However , a universal need in data transmission is to request the sender to stop transmitting when a receiver is temporarily unable to accept any more data . Digital Equipment Corporation invented a convention which used 19 ( the device control 3 character ( DC3 ) , also known as control - S , or XOFF ) to `` S '' top transmission , and 17 ( the device control 1 character ( DC1 ) , a.k.a. control - Q , or XON ) to start transmission . It has become so widely used that most do n't realize it is not part of official ASCII . This technique , however implemented , avoids additional wires in the data cable devoted only to transmission management , which saves money . A sensible protocol for the use of such transmission flow control signals must be used , to avoid potential deadlock conditions , however . The data link escape character ( DLE ) was intended to be a signal to the other end of a data link that the following character is a control character such as STX or ETX . For example a packet may be structured in the following way ( DLE ) ( DLE ) . Miscellaneous codes ( edit ) Code 7 ( BEL ) is intended to cause an audible signal in the receiving terminal . Many of the ASCII control characters were designed for devices of the time that are not often seen today . For example , code 22 , `` synchronous idle '' ( SYN ) , was originally sent by synchronous modems ( which have to send data constantly ) when there was no actual data to send . ( Modern systems typically use a start bit to announce the beginning of a transmitted word -- this is a feature of asynchronous communication . Synchronous communication links were more often seen with mainframes , where they were typically run over corporate leased lines to connect a mainframe to another mainframe or perhaps a minicomputer . ) Code 0 ( ASCII code name NUL ) is a special case . In paper tape , it is the case when there are no holes . It is convenient to treat this as a fill character with no meaning otherwise . Since the position of a NUL character has no holes punched , it can be replaced with any other character at a later time , so it was typically used to reserve space , either for correcting errors or for inserting information that would be available at a later time or in another place . In computing it is often used for padding in fixed length records and more commonly , to mark the end of a string . Code 127 ( DEL , a.k.a. `` rubout '' ) is likewise a special case . Its 7 - bit code is all - bits - on in binary , which essentially erased a character cell on a paper tape when overpunched . Paper tape was a common storage medium when ASCII was developed , with a computing history dating back to WWII code breaking equipment at Biuro Szyfrów . Paper tape became obsolete in the 1970s , so this clever aspect of ASCII rarely saw any use after that . Some systems ( such as the original Apples ) converted it to a backspace . But because its code is in the range occupied by other printable characters , and because it had no official assigned glyph , many computer equipment vendors used it as an additional printable character ( often an all - black `` box '' character useful for erasing text by overprinting with ink ) . Non-erasable Programmable ROMs are typically implemented as arrays of fusible elements , each representing a bit , which can only be switched one way , usually from one to zero . In such PROMs , the DEL and NUL characters can be used in the same way that they were used on punched tape : one to reserve meaningless fill bytes that can be written later , and the other to convert written bytes to meaningless fill bytes . For PROMs that switch one to zero , the roles of NUL and DEL are reversed ; also , DEL will only work with 7 - bit characters , which are rarely used today ; for 8 - bit content , the character code 255 , commonly defined as a nonbreaking space character , can be used instead of DEL . Many file systems do not allow control characters in the filenames , as they may have reserved functions . See also ( edit ) C0 and C1 control codes Escape sequence In - band signaling Whitespace character Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ MS - DOS QBasic v1. 1 Documentation . Microsoft 1987 - 1991 . Jump up ^ `` 4.8 Name '' . The Unicode ® Standard Version 11.0 -- Core Specification ( PDF ) . Unicode , Inc . Jump up ^ `` ASCII Characters '' . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` RFC20 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 03 . An old RFC , which explains the structure and meaning of the control characters in chapters 4.1 and 5.2 External links ( edit ) Look up Appendix : Control characters in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up Control character or Control code in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . ISO IR 1 C0 Set of ISO 646 ( PDF ) Character encodings Early telecommunications ASCII ISO / IEC 646 ISO / IEC 6937 T. 61 BCDIC Baudot code Morse code Telegraph code Wabun code Special telegraphy codes Non-Latin Chinese Cyrillic Needle telegraph codes ISO / IEC 8859 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 Bibliographic use ANSEL ISO 5426 / 5426 - 2 / 5427 / 5428 / 6438 / 6861 / 6862 / 10585 / 10586 / 10754 / 11822 MARC - 8 National standards ArmSCII BraSCII CNS 11643 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 18030 HKSCS I.S. 434 ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI - 7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 PASCII SI 960 TIS - 620 TSCII VISCII VSCII YUSCII EUC CN JP KR TW ISO / IEC 2022 CN JP KR CCCII MacOS code pages ( `` scripts '' ) Armenian Arabic Barents Cyrillic Celtic CentEuro ChineseSimp / EUC - CN ChineseTrad / Big5 Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Dingbats Farsi ( Persian ) Gaelic Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Inuit Japanese / ShiftJIS Keyboard Korean / EUC - KR Latin ( Kermit ) Maltese / Esperanto Ogham / I.S. 434 Roman Romanian Sámi Symbol Thai / TIS - 620 Turkish Turkic Latin Turkic Cyrillic Ukrainian DOS code pages 100 111 112 113 151 152 161 162 163 164 165 166 210 220 301 437 449 489 620 667 668 707 708 709 710 711 714 715 720 721 737 768 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 790 850 851 852 853 854 855 / 872 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 / 17248 865 866 / 808 867 868 869 874 / 1161 / 1162 876 877 878 881 882 883 884 885 891 895 896 897 898 899 900 903 904 906 907 909 910 911 926 927 928 929 932 934 936 938 941 942 943 944 946 947 948 949 950 / 1370 951 966 991 1034 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1046 1086 1088 1092 1093 1098 1108 1109 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1125 / 848 1126 1127 1131 / 849 1139 1167 1168 1300 1351 1361 1362 1363 1372 1373 1374 1375 1380 1381 1385 1386 1391 1392 1393 1394 CWI - 2 Iran System Kamenický KOI8 Mazovia MIK IBM AIX code pages 367 371 806 813 819 895 896 912 913 914 915 916 919 920 921 / 901 922 / 902 923 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 963 964 965 970 971 1004 1006 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1029 1036 1089 1111 1124 1129 / 1163 1133 1350 1382 1383 IBM Apple MacIntosh emulations 1275 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 IBM Adobe emulations 1038 1276 1277 IBM DEC emulations 1020 1021 1023 1090 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1287 1288 IBM HP emulations 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 Windows code pages CER - GS 874 / 1162 ( TIS - 620 ) 932 / 943 ( Shift JIS ) 936 / 1386 ( GBK ) 950 / 1370 ( Big5 ) 949 / 1363 ( EUC - KR ) 1169 1174 Extended Latin - 8 1200 ( UTF - 16LE ) 1201 ( UTF - 16BE ) 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1261 1270 54936 ( GB18030 ) EBCDIC code pages 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 / 1140 37 - 2 38 39 40 251 252 254 256 257 258 259 260 264 273 / 1141 274 275 276 277 / 1142 278 / 1143 279 280 / 1144 281 282 283 284 / 1145 285 / 1146 286 287 288 289 290 293 297 / 1147 298 300 310 320 321 322 330 351 352 353 355 357 358 359 360 361 363 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 410 420 / 16804 421 423 424 / 8616 / 12712 425 435 500 / 1148 803 829 833 834 835 836 837 838 / 838 839 870 / 1110 / 1153 871 / 1149 875 / 4971 / 9067 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 892 893 905 918 924 930 / 1390 931 933 / 1364 935 / 1388 937 / 1371 939 / 1399 1001 1002 1003 1005 1007 1024 1025 / 1154 1026 / 1155 1027 1028 1030 1031 1032 1033 1037 1047 1068 1069 1070 1071 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1087 1091 1097 1112 / 1156 1113 1122 / 1157 1123 / 1158 1130 / 1164 1132 1136 1137 1150 1151 1152 1159 1165 1166 1278 1279 1303 1364 1376 1377 JEF KEIS Platform specific Acorn Adobe Standard Adobe Latin 1 Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC CPC DEC Radix - 50 DEC MCS / NRCS DG International ELWRO - Junior FIELDATA GEM GEOS GSM 03.38 HP Roman Extension HP Roman - 8 HP Roman - 9 HP FOCAL HP RPL LICS LMBCS Mattel Aquarius Minitel MSX NEC APC NeXT PCW PETSCII Sharp calculators Sinclair QL Teletext TI calculators TRS - 80 Ventura International Ventura Symbol WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum Unicode / ISO / IEC 10646 UTF - 1 UTF - 7 UTF - 8 UTF - 16 ( UTF - 16LE / UTF - 16BE ) / UCS - 2 UTF - 32 ( UTF - 32LE / UTF - 32BE ) / UCS - 4 UTF - EBCDIC GB 18030 BOCU - 1 CESU - 8 SCSU TeX typesetting system Cork LGR LY1 OML OMS OMX OT1 OT2 OT3 OT4 T2A T2B T2C T2D T3 T4 T5 TS1 TS3 U X2 Miscellaneous code pages ABICOMP APL ARIB STD - B24 HZ INIS INIS - 8 ISO - IR - 111 ISO - IR - 182 ISO - IR - 197 ISO - IR - 200 ISO - IR - 201 Johab SEASCII Stanford / ITS TACE16 TRON UTF - 5 UTF - 6 WTF - 8 Related topics Code page Control character ( C0 C1 ) CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware ISO 6429 / IEC 6429 / ANSI X3. 64 Mojibake Character sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_character&oldid=864962731 '' Categories : Control characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from January 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 吴语 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 19 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20character
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wellmark blue cross and blue shield des moines ia
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Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield
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wellmark blue cross blue shield
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Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield is a mutual insurance in the United States with more than two million members in Iowa and South Dakota . It is the dominant health insurance in Iowa . It is an independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association . Founded in 1939 , Wellmark offers dental and health insurance as well as life insurance . It will begin participating in the health care exchange for 2017 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Companies 3 Organization 4 Economic aspects 5 Rate increases 6 Criticism 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In 1939 , ' Hospital Service Incorporated of Iowa ' ( later known as Blue Cross of Iowa ) began business in Des Moines , Iowa . That same year , ' Associated Hospital Services Incorporated ' ( later known as Blue Cross of Western Iowa and South Dakota ) was established in Sioux City , Iowa . In 1945 , Iowa Medical Service ( later known as Blue Shield of Iowa ) was formed . In 1948 , Associated Hospital Services began doing business in South Dakota and marketing activities as Blue Cross . In 1956 ' South Dakota Medical Service ' began doing business in South Dakota as South Dakota Blue Shield . In 1986 , Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Iowa purchased Benefit Administrators of America , Inc. , a third - party administrator , which was the plans ' first for - profit venture . Benefit Administrators of America was renamed Wellmark Administrators , Inc. in 1997 . In 1989 , Blue Cross of Iowa , Blue Shield of Iowa and Blue Cross of Western Iowa and South Dakota merged to form ' IASD Health Services Corporation ' . In 1991 , IASD Health Services Corporation became a mutual insurance . In 1994 , Blue Cross Blue Shield ( BCBS ) allowed its licensees to be for - profit corporations , and the joint service agreement of Blue Cross of South Dakota and South Dakota Blue Shield expired , putting the two plans in competition with one another . In 1996 , Blue Shield of South Dakota merged into IASD to form a single company . Blue Cross of South Dakota and South Dakota Blue Shield merged into ' South Dakota Health Services Company ' doing business as Blue Cross Blue Shield of South Dakota . In 1997 , the companies were branded as Wellmark Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Iowa and Wellmark Blue Cross and Blue Shield of South Dakota . Companies ( edit ) Wellmark is headquartered in downtown Des Moines and Sioux Falls . It has 1707 employees in Iowa and 171 in South Dakota . It consists of Wellmark Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Iowa , Wellmark of South Dakota , Inc. ( doing business as Wellmark Blue Cross and Blue Shield of South Dakota ) and Wellmark Health Plan of Iowa , Inc . The Wellmark Foundation is a private foundation to support health improvement initiatives in Iowa and South Dakota . Wellmark insures almost 1.8 million Iowans and more than 300,000 South Dakotans . It is Iowa 's largest and dominant insurer but has not participated in the government 's health care exchange for two years in a row . During its open enrollment period from October 1 , 2013 to March 31 , 2014 more than 41,000 people in Iowa and South Dakota enrolled in 24,000 `` Affordable Care Act - compliant health plans '' by Wellmark . Cliff Gold , former Wellmark employee , then chief operating officer of Iowa 's CoOportunity , said that `` they have denied consistently , that they ( ... ) push bad risk into the exchanges . '' Organization ( edit ) As of 2016 the Board of Directors consists of 11 members , namely Thomas M. Cink , Melanie C. Dreher , John D. Forsyth , Daryl K. Henze , William C. ( Curt ) Hunter , Paul E. Larson , Angeline M. Lavin , Terrence J. Mulligan , Dave Neil , Timothy J. Theriault , Terri M. Vaughan . The CEO is John D. Forsyth . Economic aspects ( edit ) Wellmark 's credit rating from Standard and Poor 's was `` A + '' ( Strong ) . According to Wellmark 's 2013 balance sheet its assets were $2,357,637 , its liabilities $1,003,329 and its reserves were $1,354,308 . As of 2014 , Wellmark explains that premiums are spent as follows : 86.6 % on payment for health care services , 7.6 % for administrative services , 3.9 % on commissions , 1.3 % for earnings on premiums , and 0.4 % on premium tax . As of 2014 Wellmark Health Plan of Iowa had to rebate $651,895 to customers , because it did not meet specifications of the 80 / 20 rule in the Affordable Care Act , which requires insurers to spend at least 80 percent of premium dollars on patient care and quality improvement activities . Most rebates in Iowa ( $1.1 million ) were owed by Coventry Healthcare of Iowa Inc . Rate increases ( edit ) Wellmark raised premiums on individual policy holders by between 12 and 13 percent in 2013 , 9.4 percent in 2012 , 8.5 percent in 2011 and 18 percent in 2010 . As of June 2014 Wellmark is seeking to increase rates again , apparently by less than 5.9 percent for the majority of insured , and by 11.9 percent and 14.5 percent for people enrolled after the Affordable Care Act went into effect . Rate increases above average per CSA require a public hearing in front of the Iowa Commissioner of Insurance ; in 2013 the Commission received a total of 300 comments , 240 of which expressed rate increase weariness , and that some increases reached nearly 50 percent since 2010 . The second most common comment had to do with affordability , and the third highest reoccurring comment was Wellmark 's discretionary spending . Individual comments criticized the chairman 's salary of $3.1 million The Insurance Division 's actuary and an independent actuary reviewed Wellmark 's data and both found the rate request was not discriminatory , but was supported by the data . Criticism ( edit ) in 2010 , Wellmark opened its $250 million headquarters , and at the same time raising premiums by double - digit percentages annually . The CEO justified the reserves , or found them possibly even a bit too low , considering that Wellmark pays out more than $5 billion per year in claims . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.wellmark.com/AboutWellmark/CompanyInformation/FastFacts.aspx#Employees . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tony , Leys ( 10 / 5 / 15 ) . `` Wellmark to sell policies on Obamacare exchange for 2017 '' . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Wellmark. 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Coordinated Issue Paper -- Blue Cross Blue Shield / Health Insurance ; Life Insurance : Conversion of nonprofit corporations . 4 June 2008 ) Archived July 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Facts '' . Wellmark. 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Patane , Matthew ( 20 June 2014 ) . `` Wellmark wo n't join health insurance exchange in 2015 '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Chelsea Keenan , ( 19 May 2014 ) . `` Wellmark enrolls 41,000 in Iowa , South Dakota '' . The Gazette . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Deirdre Baker ( 24 July 2014 ) . `` Consumers due rebates now from health insurers '' . Quad City Times . Quad City Times . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Patane , Matthew ( 20 June 2014 ) . `` Wellmark seeks insurance rate increases '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Hearing Transcript '' ( PDF ) . Iowa Insurance Commission . 5 January 2013 . p. 90 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Leys , Tony ( 29 December 2013 ) . `` Forsyth responds to three criticisms of Wellmark '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wellmark_Blue_Cross_Blue_Shield&oldid=831840475 '' Categories : Organizations based in Des Moines , Iowa Health insurance in the United States Members of Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Medical and health organizations based in Iowa Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 12 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellmark%20Blue%20Cross%20Blue%20Shield
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when was i can only imagine movie made
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I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin , and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star .
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2018
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I Can Only Imagine ( film )
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i can only imagine ( film )
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I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin , and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star .
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I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 . It grossed $85 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million , and is the third highest - grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States . Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith - based films , while others called it flat and by - the - numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Coming from a home with an abusive father , 10 - year - old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother . While there , he meets Shannon . Upon his return from camp , Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings . This leads to a physical confrontation with his father , Arthur , who takes custody of him . Years later , Bart is in Lakeside high school and dating Shannon . Hoping to impress his father , he begins playing football . However , he is injured , breaking both ankles and ending his career . In order to make up the credits he would miss from football , he signs up for music class , the only available class left . Initially , Bart is assigned to be a sound technician . After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium of Lakeside high school , she casts him as Curly , the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma . He does n't tell his father of his role in the play , and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part , Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain , but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis . The following morning , Bart voices his frustrations with Arthur and it ends with Arthur smashing a plate over his head in anger . Shannon presses Bart to open up , but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation . He then connects with the band who would become MercyMe , and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell ( Trace Adkins ) , who coaches him and gets the band a showcase in Nashville . This leads to meetings with Amy Grant ( Nicole DuPort ) and Michael W. Smith ( Jake B. Miller ) . Bart has meanwhile been unable to reconcile with Shannon , who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase . While the band felt their performance was the best of their career , industry representatives reject them as not being good enough to sell records . In despair , Bart quits the band . After talking with Brickell , who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father , he rejoins the band but asks that they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again . Bart returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father , who prepares breakfast for him the next morning . His father claims to have become a Christian , but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father 's offer to start over . In anger , Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep , which he had hoped to repair with his son . As Bart prepares to leave , he finds out his father has terminal cancer . Bart reconciles with his father and the two form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness . After Arthur 's funeral , Bart rejoins the band and writes `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists , including Grant , who , deeply moved by the song , asks to record it herself as her next single . The band accepts Grant 's offer . Bart is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert . However , Grant decides that Bart should be the one to sing the song , and offers it back to him , calling him to the microphone to sing it before a large audience . Millard 's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon , who had also been in attendance at the concert . The band releases the song as their first single , achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio . Cast ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard Brody Rose as Young Bart Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard , Bart 's father Tanya Clarke as Adele Cloris Leachman as Meemaw , Bart 's grandmother Madeline Carroll as Shannon , Bart 's girlfriend Taegen Burns as Young Shannon Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell , MercyMe 's manager Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher , Bart 's teacher Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith Mark Furze as Nathan Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The film was announced in December 2016 . Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017 . Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard . The same month , it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018 . In August 2017 , Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of June 24 , 2018 , I Can Only Imagine has grossed $83.4 million in the United States , and Canada and $1.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $85.2 million , against a production budget of $7 million . It is the third - highest grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States , behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line . It is also the highest - grossing independent film of 2018 . I Can Only Imagine was released on March 16 , 2018 , alongside Tomb Raider and Love , Simon , and was originally projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $6.2 million on its first day ( including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend estimates were increased to $14 million . It ended up grossing $17.1 million , exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67 % of the opening weekend audience was female while 80 % was over the age of 35 . It was the fourth best - ever opening for a faith - based film , following The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) , Son of God ( $25.6 million ) and Heaven Is for Real ( $22.5 million ) . In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19 % to $13.8 million , again finishing third . It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend , making $10.4 million ( including $3 million on Easter Sunday ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 68 % based on 25 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Can Only Imagine 's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences , but overall , its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith - based cinema . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100 , based on 7 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . The Arizona Republic 's James Ward gave the film 4 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Too often faith - based films -- say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God 's Not Dead series -- tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience . The Erwins ' films -- I Can Only Imagine definitely among them -- are more inclusive , charitable of spirit and hopeful , all qualities that are always appreciated , be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C -- '' saying : `` There 's a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made ; why they all end with links to religious websites ; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart - brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window ... Art can be affirmation , but affirmation can not be art . '' Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on iTunes and Google Play on June 5 , 2018 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on June 12 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anita , Busch ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff Reports ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based Film ' I Can Only Imagine ' With Dennis Quaid , Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate , Roadside Acquire Faith - Based Drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate . `` The 20 Highest Grossing Indies of 2018 ( A Running List ) -- IndieWire '' . IndieWire . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ In Profit ; ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' I Can Only Imagine ' Revives Faith - Based Genre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Faith - based drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' does n't just preach to the choir '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I Can Only Imagine ' Review : A Christian Rock Biopic Shows Why Faith - Based Films Struggle to Convert Secular Audiences '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ June 5 Blu - ray , DVD , and Digital Releases Comingsoon.net , Retrieved June 22 , 2018 Jump up ^ I Can Only Imagine Blu - ray Blu-ray.com , June 22 , 2018 External links ( edit ) Official website I Can Only Imagine on IMDb I Can Only Imagine at the TCM Movie Database I Can Only Imagine at AllMovie I Can Only Imagine at Box Office Mojo I Can Only Imagine at History vs. Hollywood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(film)&oldid=853398909 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Drama films based on actual events Films based on actual events Roadside Attractions films Films shot in Oklahoma Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 14 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Can%20Only%20Imagine%20%28film%29
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where does the last name waite come from
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Waite ( name )
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waite ( name )
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The following are notable people associated with the name Waite .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Surname 2 Given name 3 Fictional characters 4 See also Surname ( edit ) Arthur Edward Waite , occultist and co-creator of the Rider - Waite tarot deck Arthur Waite ( racing driver ) , Australian racing driver Catharine Van Valkenburg Waite , United States author , lawyer and women 's suffrage activist . Charles Betts `` C.B. '' Waite , American photographer Charles Burlingame Waite , American jurist and author D.A. Waite , American preacher David Waite , Australian rugby league coach Davis Hanson Waite ( 1825 - 1901 ) , Populist governor of Colorado Edgar Ravenswood Waite , Australian zoologist Harold Roy Waite ( 1884 - 1978 ) , American aviator Jimmy Waite , ice hockey goaltender John Waite , British rock singer John Waite ( cricketer ) , South African wicketkeeper -- opening batsman John Musgrave Waite ( 1820 - 1884 ) , Victorian fencing master Joseph Waite ( alive in 1893 in England ) , a Latin and Greek scholar who edited the book Latin and Greek verse by Thomas Saunders Evans Mitchell Waite , author of books on electronics and computing Morrison Waite , U.S. Supreme Court Justice , 1874 -- 1888 Ralph Waite ( 1928 -- 2014 ) , American actor , best known for the role of John Walton on the TV series The Waltons Reginald Waite , Royal Air Force officer Terry Waite , British humanitarian and author Thomas Waite ( regicide ) , English Member of Parliament and one of the regicides of King Charles I Thomas Waite ( Under - Secretary for Ireland ) , 1747 -- 1774 Tommy Waite ( born 1972 ) , Northern Irish boxer of the 1990s and 2000s Given name ( edit ) Waite Hoyt , American baseball player Waite Phillips , American Petroleum Businessman , Philanthropist Fictional characters ( edit ) Asenath Waite , character in H.P. Lovecraft 's The Thing on the Doorstep Ephraim Waite , character in H.P. Lovecraft 's The Thing on the Doorstep See also ( edit ) Weight ( surname ) Waite ( disambiguation ) This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waite_(name)&oldid=806235093 '' Categories : Given names Surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 16 : 58 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waite%20%28name%29
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when was when you say nothing at all written
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`` When You Say Nothing at All '' is a country song written by Paul Overstreet and Don Schlitz . It is among the best - known hit songs for three different performers : Keith Whitley , who took it to the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart on December 24 , 1988 ; Alison Krauss , whose version was her first solo top - 10 country hit in 1995 ; and Irish pop singer Ronan Keating , whose version was his first solo single and a chart - topper in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1999 .
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1988
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When You Say Nothing at All
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when you say nothing at all
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`` When You Say Nothing at All '' is a country song written by Paul Overstreet and Don Schlitz . It is among the best - known hit songs for three different performers : Keith Whitley , who took it to the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart on December 24 , 1988 ; Alison Krauss , whose version was her first solo top - 10 country hit in 1995 ; and Irish pop singer Ronan Keating , whose version was his first solo single and a chart - topper in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1999 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Keith Whitley 2.1 Chart performance 3 Alison Krauss version 3.1 Track listing 3.2 Chart performance 3.3 Year - end charts 4 Ronan Keating version 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Charts and certifications 4.2. 1 Weekly charts 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 4.2. 3 Certifications 5 Other covers 6 References 7 External links Origin ( edit ) Overstreet and Schlitz came up with `` When You Say Nothing at All '' at the end of an otherwise unproductive day . Strumming a guitar , trying to write their next song , they were coming up empty . `` As we tried to find another way to say nothing , we came up with the song , '' Overstreet later told author Ace Collins . They thought the song was OK , but nothing special . When Keith Whitley heard it , he loved it , and was not going to let it get away . Earlier , he had recorded another Overstreet - Schlitz composition that became a No. 1 hit for another artist - Randy Travis ' `` On the Other Hand . '' Whitley did not plan to let `` When You Say Nothing at All '' meet the same fate . Keith Whitley ( edit ) RCA released `` When You Say Nothing at All '' as the follow - up single to the title song of Whitley 's Do n't Close Your Eyes album . The former song already had hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart , his first chart - topper after three prior singles made the top 10 . `` When You Say Nothing at All '' entered the Hot Country Singles chart on September 17 , 1988 , at No. 61 , and gradually rose to the top , where it stayed for two weeks at the end of the year . It was the second of five consecutive chart - topping singles for Whitley , who did not live to see the last two , as he died on May 9 , 1989 of alcohol poisoning . `` Keith did a great job singin ' that song , '' co-composer Schlitz told author Tom Roland . `` He truly sang it from the heart . '' In 2004 , Whitley 's original was ranked 12th among CMT 's 100 Greatest Love Songs . It was sung by Sara Evans on the show . As of February 2015 , the song has sold 599,000 digital copies in the US after it became available for download . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Alison Krauss version ( edit ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' Single by Alison Krauss & Union Station from the album Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album & Now That I 've Found You : A Collection B - side `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina '' by Keith Whitley Released 1995 Format 7 '' vinyl single Genre Country Length 4 : 20 Label BNA Songwriter ( s ) Paul Overstreet Don Schlitz Producer ( s ) Randy Scruggs Alison Krauss & Union Station singles chronology `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1995 ) `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1995 ) `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1995 ) `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1995 ) In 1995 , Alison Krauss covered the song with the group Union Station for a tribute album to Whitley titled Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album . The single release featured `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina , '' one of several previously - unreleased tracks sung by Whitley on the album , as the B - side . After Krauss 's cover began to receive unsolicited airplay , BNA Records , the label that had released the album , issued Krauss ' version to radio in January 1995 . That version , also featured on Krauss ' compilation Now That I 've Found You : A Collection , peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart , and a commercial single reached No. 2 on the same magazine 's Hot Country Singles Sales chart . The single 's B - side was a previously unreleased Whitley song titled `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina '' , which also appeared on the tribute album . Its success , as well as that of the album , caught Krauss by surprise . `` It 's a freak thing , '' she told a Los Angeles Times reporter in March 1995 . `` It 's kinda ticklin ' us all . We have n't had anything really chart before . At all . Is n't it funny though ? We do n't know what 's goin ' on ... The office said , ' Hey , it 's charting , ' and we 're like , ' Huh ? ' '' While Krauss ' version was on the charts , Mike Cromwell , then the production director at WMIL - FM in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , concocted a duet merging elements of Krauss ' version with Whitley 's original hit version . The `` duet '' garnered national attention , and it spread from at least Philadelphia to Albuquerque , and has been heard on radio stations in California as well . This `` duet '' was however never officially serviced to radio and has never been available commercially . Krauss ' recording won the 1995 CMA award for `` Single of the Year '' . The song has been featured a couple of times in the soap opera The Young and the Restless . Krauss ' version was also used in the 1999 motion picture `` The Other Sister '' . The song has sold 468,000 digital downloads as of May 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Charlotte 's In North Carolina '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 91 US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 99 Ronan Keating version ( edit ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' Single by Ronan Keating from the album Ronan , Notting Hill and By Request Released July 26 , 1999 Format CD single , cassette single Recorded 1999 ; Metropolis and the Aquarium ( London , United Kingdom ) Genre Pop adult contemporary Length 4 : 18 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Paul Overstreet Don Schlitz Producer ( s ) Stephen Lipson Ronan Keating singles chronology `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1999 ) `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' ( 2000 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1999 ) `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' ( 2000 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' was released as the debut solo single by Irish singer - songwriter Ronan Keating . The song was recorded in 1999 for the soundtrack to the film Notting Hill and also appeared on Keating 's debut solo album , Ronan . The song was released on July 26 , 1999 , in the United Kingdom . It peaked at number one in the UK , Ireland , and New Zealand . In the UK , the single was certified gold . In 2003 , Keating re-recorded the song as a duet with Mexican singer Paulina Rubio , which was released in Mexico and Latin America ( excluding Brazil ) to promote Keating 's second studio album , Destination . In Brazil , Ronan chose the Brazilian singer Deborah Blando to re-record the song for the 10 Years Of Hits album exclusive for that country ( an exclusive music video was recorded for this version with Deborah ) . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD single # 1 `` When You Say Nothing at All '' -- 4 : 18 `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( acoustic version ) -- 3 : 30 `` This Is Your Song '' -- 4 : 03 `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( music video ) -- 4 : 25 UK CD single # 2 `` When You Say Nothing At All '' -- 4 : 18 `` At The End Of A Perfect Day '' -- 4 : 37 `` I Will Miss You '' -- 3 : 05 UK Cassette single `` When You Say Nothing at All '' -- 4 : 18 `` This Is Your Song '' -- 4 : 03 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 38 Denmark ( IFPI ) 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 5 France ( SNEP ) 41 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certifications Australia Platinum Norway Gold United Kingdom Platinum Other covers ( edit ) The Italian - Ukrainian - Brazilian singer Deborah Blando recorded `` When You Say Nothing at All '' in English and Portuguese for the Brazilian version of the song , which featured on the Brazilian version of Destination . The single reached the top 10 in the Latin charts . Burmese singer Zaw Paing also made a Burmese version cover . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Collins , Ace ( 1996 ) . The Stories Behind Country Music 's All - Time Greatest 100 Songs . New York : Boulevard . p. 268 . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 072 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Roland , Tom ( 1991 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits . New York : Billboard . p. 539 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7553 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2005 ) . Top Country Songs 1944 - 2005 . Menomonee Falls , Wis. : Record Research . p. 416 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 165 - 9 . Jump up ^ CMT. `` 100 Greatest Love Songs '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Country Music 's Top 30 Digital Singles : Week of February 19 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Keith Whitley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Horak , Terri ( 1995 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Rounder Goes All Out for Grammy - Nominated Krauss '' . Billboard . Accessed via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard ( 1995 - 03 - 25 ) . `` A Hit from Country 's Kinfolk / Bluegrass 's most prominent figure makes her way into country music 's Top 10 . Even Alison Krauss ca n't explain it '' . Los Angeles Times . p . F1 . Accessed via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Cave , Kathy ( 1995 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Whitley , Krauss blend grabs national attention '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . p . B8 . Accessed via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : May 3 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 9199 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . June 19 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Billboard September 25 , 1999 . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ronan Keating : When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- KEATING , RONAN Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Ronan Keating '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . 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External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` A Tender Lie '' by Restless Heart Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Keith Whitley ) December 24 , 1988 -- December 31 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Hold Me '' by K.T. Oslin Preceded by `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' by Ricky Martin UK Singles Chart number one single ( Ronan Keating ) August 1 , 1999 -- August 14 , 1999 Succeeded by `` If I Let You Go '' by Westlife Keith Whitley Studio albums A Hard Act to Follow L.A. to Miami Do n't Close Your Eyes I Wonder Do You Think of Me Kentucky Bluebird Wherever You Are Tonight Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Miami , My Amy '' `` Ten Feet Away '' `` Homecoming ' 63 '' `` Hard Livin ' '' `` Some Old Side Road '' `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` I 'm No Stranger to the Rain '' `` I Wonder Do You Think of Me '' `` It Ai n't Nothin ' '' `` I 'm Over You '' `` ' Til a Tear Becomes a Rose '' ( with Lorrie Morgan ) `` Brotherly Love '' ( with Earl Thomas Conley ) `` Somebody 's Doin ' Me Right '' Related articles `` Hopelessly Yours '' Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album Alison Krauss & Union Station Alison Krauss Barry Bales Ron Block Jerry Douglas Dan Tyminski John Pennell Jeff White Brent Truitt Mike Harman Adam Steffey Tim Stafford Studio albums Different Strokes Too Late to Cry Two Highways I 've Got That Old Feeling Every Time You Say Goodbye I Know Who Holds Tomorrow So Long So Wrong Forget About It New Favorite Lonely Runs Both Ways Paper Airplane Windy City Compilation albums Now That I 've Found You : A Collection Live A Hundred Miles or More : A Collection Essential Alison Krauss With Robert Plant Raising Sand Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' `` Baby Mine '' `` The Lucky One '' `` Missing You '' `` Please Read the Letter '' `` Rich Woman '' Featured singles `` Teach Your Children '' `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' `` Whiskey Lullaby '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Alison Brown Robert Plant Viktor Krauss Up ! Close and Personal Ronan Keating Discography Studio albums Ronan ( 2000 ) Destination ( 2002 ) Turn It On ( 2003 ) Bring You Home ( 2006 ) Fires ( 2012 ) Time of My Life ( 2016 ) Cover albums Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) Winter Songs ( 2009 ) Duet ( 2010 ) When Ronan Met Burt ( 2011 ) Compilation albums 10 Years of Hits ( 2004 ) Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` In This Life '' `` Lovin ' Each Day '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` I Love It When We Do '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' `` The Long Goodbye '' `` Lost for Words '' `` She Believes ( In Me ) '' `` Last Thing on My Mind '' `` I Hope You Dance '' `` Father and Son '' `` Baby Can I Hold You '' `` All Over Again '' `` Iris '' `` Time After Time '' `` This Is Your Song '' `` Stay '' `` It 's Only Christmas '' `` Believe Again '' `` What The World Needs Now '' `` Fires '' `` Wasted Light '' Related articles Boyzone Paulina Rubio Studio albums La Chica Dorada 24 Kilates El Tiempo Es Oro Planeta Paulina Paulina Border Girl Pau - Latina Ananda Gran City Pop Brava ! 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World Tour PauRubio Tour Related articles Discography Awards Timbiriche Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_You_Say_Nothing_at_All&oldid=832988807 '' Categories : 1988 singles 1995 singles 1999 singles Alison Krauss & Union Station songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles 1988 songs Keith Whitley songs Number - one singles in Italy Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles Paulina Rubio songs Ronan Keating songs Songs written by Don Schlitz Songs written by Paul Overstreet Boyzone songs Song recordings produced by Garth Fundis Song recordings produced by Stephen Lipson RCA Records singles Polydor Records singles Pop ballads Music videos directed by Xavier Gens Country ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart used with UKchartstats that can not be substituted Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Kiswahili Nederlands Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 01 : 59 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20You%20Say%20Nothing%20at%20All
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where does sponge live and what is it like there
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Sponge
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sponge
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Sponges , the members of the phylum Porifera ( / pɒˈrɪfərə / ; meaning `` pore bearer '' ) , are a basal Metazoa clade as sister of the Diploblasts . They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them , consisting of jelly - like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells .
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Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process . Sponges do not have nervous , digestive or circulatory systems . Instead , most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes . Sponges were first to branch off the evolutionary tree from the common ancestor of all animals , making them the sister group of all other animals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Overview 3 Distinguishing features 4 Basic structure 4.1 Cell types 4.2 Glass sponges ' syncytia 4.3 Water flow and body structures 4.4 Skeleton 5 Vital functions 5.1 Movement 5.2 Respiration , feeding and excretion 5.3 Carnivorous sponges 5.4 Endosymbionts 5.5 `` Immune '' system 5.6 Reproduction 5.6. 1 Asexual 5.6. 2 Sexual 5.6. 3 Life cycle 5.7 Coordination of activities 6 Ecology 6.1 Habitats 6.2 As primary producers 6.3 Defenses 6.4 Predation 6.5 Bioerosion 6.6 Diseases 6.7 Collaboration with other organisms 7 Systematics and evolutionary history 7.1 Taxonomy 7.2 Classes 7.3 Fossil record 7.4 Relationships to other animal groups 8 Use 8.1 By dolphins 8.2 By humans 8.2. 1 Skeleton 8.2. 2 Antibiotic compounds 8.2. 3 Other biologically active compounds 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology The term sponge derives from the ancient greek word σπόγγος ( spóngos ) . Overview Sponge biodiversity and morphotypes at the lip of a wall site in 60 feet ( 20 m ) of water . Included are the yellow tube sponge , Aplysina fistularis , the purple vase sponge , Niphates digitalis , the red encrusting sponge , Spiratrella coccinea , and the gray rope sponge , Callyspongia sp . Sponges are similar to other animals in that they are multicellular , heterotrophic , lack cell walls and produce sperm cells . Unlike other animals , they lack true tissues and organs , and have no body symmetry . The shapes of their bodies are adapted for maximal efficiency of water flow through the central cavity , where it deposits nutrients , and leaves through a hole called the osculum . Many sponges have internal skeletons of spongin and / or spicules of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide . All sponges are sessile aquatic animals . Although there are freshwater species , the great majority are marine ( salt water ) species , ranging from tidal zones to depths exceeding 8,800 m ( 5.5 mi ) . While most of the approximately 5,000 -- 10,000 known species feed on bacteria and other food particles in the water , some host photosynthesizing microorganisms as endosymbionts and these alliances often produce more food and oxygen than they consume . A few species of sponge that live in food - poor environments have become carnivores that prey mainly on small crustaceans . Most species use sexual reproduction , releasing sperm cells into the water to fertilize ova that in some species are released and in others are retained by the `` mother '' . The fertilized eggs form larvae which swim off in search of places to settle . Sponges are known for regenerating from fragments that are broken off , although this only works if the fragments include the right types of cells . A few species reproduce by budding . When conditions deteriorate , for example as temperatures drop , many freshwater species and a few marine ones produce gemmules , `` survival pods '' of unspecialized cells that remain dormant until conditions improve and then either form completely new sponges or recolonize the skeletons of their parents . The mesohyl functions as an endoskeleton in most sponges , and is the only skeleton in soft sponges that encrust hard surfaces such as rocks . More commonly , the mesohyl is stiffened by mineral spicules , by spongin fibers or both . Demosponges use spongin , and in many species , silica spicules and in some species , calcium carbonate exoskeletons . Demosponges constitute about 90 % of all known sponge species , including all freshwater ones , and have the widest range of habitats . Calcareous sponges , which have calcium carbonate spicules and , in some species , calcium carbonate exoskeletons , are restricted to relatively shallow marine waters where production of calcium carbonate is easiest . The fragile glass sponges , with `` scaffolding '' of silica spicules , are restricted to polar regions and the ocean depths where predators are rare . Fossils of all of these types have been found in rocks dated from 580 million years ago . In addition Archaeocyathids , whose fossils are common in rocks from 530 to 490 million years ago , are now regarded as a type of sponge . The single - celled choanoflagellates resemble the choanocyte cells of sponges which are used to drive their water flow systems and capture most of their food . This along with phylogenetic studies of ribosomal molecules have been used as morphological evidence to suggest sponges are the sister group to the rest of animals . Some studies have shown that sponges do not form a monophyletic group , in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a common ancestor . Recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that comb jellies rather than sponges are the sister group to the rest of animals . The few species of demosponge that have entirely soft fibrous skeletons with no hard elements have been used by humans over thousands of years for several purposes , including as padding and as cleaning tools . By the 1950s , though , these had been overfished so heavily that the industry almost collapsed , and most sponge - like materials are now synthetic . Sponges and their microscopic endosymbionts are now being researched as possible sources of medicines for treating a wide range of diseases . Dolphins have been observed using sponges as tools while foraging . Distinguishing features Further information : Cnidaria and Ctenophore Sponges constitute the phylum Porifera , and have been defined as sessile metazoans ( multicelled immobile animals ) that have water intake and outlet openings connected by chambers lined with choanocytes , cells with whip - like flagella . However , a few carnivorous sponges have lost these water flow systems and the choanocytes . All known living sponges can remold their bodies , as most types of their cells can move within their bodies and a few can change from one type to another . Like cnidarians ( jellyfish , etc . ) and ctenophores ( comb jellies ) , and unlike all other known metazoans , sponges ' bodies consist of a non-living jelly - like mass ( mesoglea ) sandwiched between two main layers of cells . Cnidarians and ctenophores have simple nervous systems , and their cell layers are bound by internal connections and by being mounted on a basement membrane ( thin fibrous mat , also known as `` basal lamina '' ) . Sponges have no nervous systems , their middle jelly - like layers have large and varied populations of cells , and some types of cells in their outer layers may move into the middle layer and change their functions . Sponges Cnidarians and ctenophores Nervous system No Yes , simple Cells in each layer bound together No , except that Homoscleromorpha have basement membranes . Yes : inter-cell connections ; basement membranes Number of cells in middle `` jelly '' layer Many Few Cells in outer layers can move inwards and change functions Yes No Basic structure Cell types Mesohyl Pinacocyte Choanocyte Lophocyte Porocyte Oocyte Archeocyte Sclerocyte Spicule Water flow Main cell types of Porifera A sponge 's body is hollow and is held in shape by the mesohyl , a jelly - like substance made mainly of collagen and reinforced by a dense network of fibers also made of collagen . The inner surface is covered with choanocytes , cells with cylindrical or conical collars surrounding one flagellum per choanocyte . The wave - like motion of the whip - like flagella drives water through the sponge 's body . All sponges have ostia , channels leading to the interior through the mesohyl , and in most sponges these are controlled by tube - like porocytes that form closable inlet valves . Pinacocytes , plate - like cells , form a single - layered external skin over all other parts of the mesohyl that are not covered by choanocytes , and the pinacocytes also digest food particles that are too large to enter the ostia , while those at the base of the animal are responsible for anchoring it . Other types of cell live and move within the mesohyl : Lophocytes are amoeba - like cells that move slowly through the mesohyl and secrete collagen fibres . Collencytes are another type of collagen - producing cell . Rhabdiferous cells secrete polysaccharides that also form part of the mesohyl . Oocytes and spermatocytes are reproductive cells . Sclerocytes secrete the mineralized spicules ( `` little spines '' ) that form the skeletons of many sponges and in some species provide some defense against predators . In addition to or instead of sclerocytes , demosponges have spongocytes that secrete a form of collagen that polymerizes into spongin , a thick fibrous material that stiffens the mesohyl . Myocytes ( `` muscle cells '' ) conduct signals and cause parts of the animal to contract . `` Grey cells '' act as sponges ' equivalent of an immune system . Archaeocytes ( or amoebocytes ) are amoeba - like cells that are totipotent , in other words each is capable of transformation into any other type of cell . They also have important roles in feeding and in clearing debris that block the ostia . Glass sponges ' syncytia Water flow Main syncitium Spicules Choanosyncitium and collar bodies showing interior The glass sponge Euplectella Glass sponges present a distinctive variation on this basic plan . Their spicules , which are made of silica , form a scaffolding - like framework between whose rods the living tissue is suspended like a cobweb that contains most of the cell types . This tissue is a syncytium that in some ways behaves like many cells that share a single external membrane , and in others like a single cell with multiple nuclei . The mesohyl is absent or minimal . The syncytium 's cytoplasm , the soupy fluid that fills the interiors of cells , is organized into `` rivers '' that transport nuclei , organelles ( `` organs '' within cells ) and other substances . Instead of choanocytes , they have further syncytia , known as choanosyncytia , which form bell - shaped chambers where water enters via perforations . The insides of these chambers are lined with `` collar bodies '' , each consisting of a collar and flagellum but without a nucleus of its own . The motion of the flagella sucks water through passages in the `` cobweb '' and expels it via the open ends of the bell - shaped chambers . Some types of cells have a single nucleus and membrane each , but are connected to other single - nucleus cells and to the main syncytium by `` bridges '' made of cytoplasm . The sclerocytes that build spicules have multiple nuclei , and in glass sponge larvae they are connected to other tissues by cytoplasm bridges ; such connections between sclerocytes have not so far been found in adults , but this may simply reflect the difficulty of investigating such small - scale features . The bridges are controlled by `` plugged junctions '' that apparently permit some substances to pass while blocking others . Water flow and body structures Asconoid Syconoid Leuconoid Pinacocytes Choanocytes Mesohyl Water flow Porifera body structures Most sponges work rather like chimneys : they take in water at the bottom and eject it from the osculum ( `` little mouth '' ) at the top . Since ambient currents are faster at the top , the suction effect that they produce by Bernoulli 's principle does some of the work for free . Sponges can control the water flow by various combinations of wholly or partially closing the osculum and ostia ( the intake pores ) and varying the beat of the flagella , and may shut it down if there is a lot of sand or silt in the water . Although the layers of pinacocytes and choanocytes resemble the epithelia of more complex animals , they are not bound tightly by cell - to - cell connections or a basal lamina ( thin fibrous sheet underneath ) . The flexibility of these layers and re-modeling of the mesohyl by lophocytes allow the animals to adjust their shapes throughout their lives to take maximum advantage of local water currents . The simplest body structure in sponges is a tube or vase shape known as `` asconoid '' , but this severely limits the size of the animal . The body structure is characterized by a stalk - like spongocoel surrounded by a single layer of choanocytes . If it is simply scaled up , the ratio of its volume to surface area increases , because surface increases as the square of length or width while volume increases proportionally to the cube . The amount of tissue that needs food and oxygen is determined by the volume , but the pumping capacity that supplies food and oxygen depends on the area covered by choanocytes . Asconoid sponges seldom exceed 1 mm ( 0.039 in ) in diameter . Diagram of a syconoid sponge Some sponges overcome this limitation by adopting the `` syconoid '' structure , in which the body wall is pleated . The inner pockets of the pleats are lined with choanocytes , which connect to the outer pockets of the pleats by ostia . This increase in the number of choanocytes and hence in pumping capacity enables syconoid sponges to grow up to a few centimeters in diameter . The `` leuconoid '' pattern boosts pumping capacity further by filling the interior almost completely with mesohyl that contains a network of chambers lined with choanocytes and connected to each other and to the water intakes and outlet by tubes . Leuconid sponges grow to over 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) in diameter , and the fact that growth in any direction increases the number of choanocyte chambers enables them to take a wider range of forms , for example `` encrusting '' sponges whose shapes follow those of the surfaces to which they attach . All freshwater and most shallow - water marine sponges have leuconid bodies . The networks of water passages in glass sponges are similar to the leuconid structure . In all three types of structure the cross-section area of the choanocyte - lined regions is much greater than that of the intake and outlet channels . This makes the flow slower near the choanocytes and thus makes it easier for them to trap food particles . For example , in Leuconia , a small leuconoid sponge about 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) tall and 1 centimetre ( 0.39 in ) in diameter , water enters each of more than 80,000 intake canals at 6 cm per minute . However , because Leuconia has more than 2 million flagellated chambers whose combined diameter is much greater than that of the canals , water flow through chambers slows to 3.6 cm per hour , making it easy for choanocytes to capture food . All the water is expelled through a single osculum at about 8.5 cm per second , fast enough to carry waste products some distance away . Pinacocyte Choanocyte Archeocytes and other cells in mesohyl Mesohyl Spicules Calcium carbonate Seabed / rock Water flow Sponge with calcium carbonate skeleton Skeleton In zoology a skeleton is any fairly rigid structure of an animal , irrespective of whether it has joints and irrespective of whether it is biomineralized . The mesohyl functions as an endoskeleton in most sponges , and is the only skeleton in soft sponges that encrust hard surfaces such as rocks . More commonly the mesohyl is stiffened by mineral spicules , by spongin fibers or both . Spicules may be made of silica or calcium carbonate , and vary in shape from simple rods to three - dimensional `` stars '' with up to six rays . Spicules are produced by sclerocyte cells , and may be separate , connected by joints , or fused . Some sponges also secrete exoskeletons that lie completely outside their organic components . For example , sclerosponges ( `` hard sponges '' ) have massive calcium carbonate exoskeletons over which the organic matter forms a thin layer with choanocyte chambers in pits in the mineral . These exoskeletons are secreted by the pinacocytes that form the animals ' skins . Vital functions Spongia officinalis , `` the kitchen sponge '' , is dark grey when alive . Movement Although adult sponges are fundamentally sessile animals , some marine and freshwater species can move across the sea bed at speeds of 1 -- 4 mm ( 0.039 -- 0.157 in ) per day , as a result of amoeba - like movements of pinacocytes and other cells . A few species can contract their whole bodies , and many can close their oscula and ostia . Juveniles drift or swim freely , while adults are stationary . Respiration , feeding and excretion Sponges do not have distinct circulatory , respiratory , digestive , and excretory systems -- instead the water flow system supports all these functions . They filter food particles out of the water flowing through them . Particles larger than 50 micrometers can not enter the ostia and pinacocytes consume them by phagocytosis ( engulfing and internal digestion ) . Particles from 0.5 μm to 50 μm are trapped in the ostia , which taper from the outer to inner ends . These particles are consumed by pinacocytes or by archaeocytes which partially extrude themselves through the walls of the ostia . Bacteria - sized particles , below 0.5 micrometers , pass through the ostia and are caught and consumed by choanocytes . Since the smallest particles are by far the most common , choanocytes typically capture 80 % of a sponge 's food supply . Archaeocytes transport food packaged in vesicles from cells that directly digest food to those that do not . At least one species of sponge has internal fibers that function as tracks for use by nutrient - carrying archaeocytes , and these tracks also move inert objects . Euplectella aspergillum , a glass sponge known as `` Venus ' flower basket '' It used to be claimed that glass sponges could live on nutrients dissolved in sea water and were very averse to silt . However a study in 2007 found no evidence of this and concluded that they extract bacteria and other micro-organisms from water very efficiently ( about 79 % ) and process suspended sediment grains to extract such prey . Collar bodies digest food and distribute it wrapped in vesicles that are transported by dynein `` motor '' molecules along bundles of microtubules that run throughout the syncytium . Sponges ' cells absorb oxygen by diffusion from water into cells as water flows through body , into which carbon dioxide and other soluble waste products such as ammonia also diffuse . Archeocytes remove mineral particles that threaten to block the ostia , transport them through the mesohyl and generally dump them into the outgoing water current , although some species incorporate them into their skeletons . Carnivorous sponges A few species that live in waters where the supply of food particles is very poor prey on crustaceans and other small animals . So far only 137 species have been discovered . Most belong to the family Cladorhizidae , but a few members of the Guitarridae and Esperiopsidae are also carnivores . In most cases little is known about how they actually capture prey , although some species are thought to use either sticky threads or hooked spicules . Most carnivorous sponges live in deep waters , up to 8,840 m ( 5.49 mi ) , and the development of deep - ocean exploration techniques is expected to lead to the discovery of several more . However one species has been found in Mediterranean caves at depths of 17 -- 23 m ( 56 -- 75 ft ) , alongside the more usual filter feeding sponges . The cave - dwelling predators capture crustaceans under 1 mm ( 0.039 in ) long by entangling them with fine threads , digest them by enveloping them with further threads over the course of a few days , and then return to their normal shape ; there is no evidence that they use venom . Most known carnivorous sponges have completely lost the water flow system and choanocytes . However the genus Chondrocladia uses a highly modified water flow system to inflate balloon - like structures that are used for capturing prey . Endosymbionts Freshwater sponges often host green algae as endosymbionts within archaeocytes and other cells , and benefit from nutrients produced by the algae . Many marine species host other photosynthesizing organisms , most commonly cyanobacteria but in some cases dinoflagellates . Symbiotic cyanobacteria may form a third of the total mass of living tissue in some sponges , and some sponges gain 48 % to 80 % of their energy supply from these micro-organisms . In 2008 a University of Stuttgart team reported that spicules made of silica conduct light into the mesohyl , where the photosynthesizing endosymbionts live . Sponges that host photosynthesizing organisms are most common in waters with relatively poor supplies of food particles , and often have leafy shapes that maximize the amount of sunlight they collect . A recently discovered carnivorous sponge that lives near hydrothermal vents hosts methane - eating bacteria , and digests some of them . `` Immune '' system Sponges do not have the complex immune systems of most other animals . However they reject grafts from other species but accept them from other members of their own species . In a few marine species , gray cells play the leading role in rejection of foreign material . When invaded , they produce a chemical that stops movement of other cells in the affected area , thus preventing the intruder from using the sponge 's internal transport systems . If the intrusion persists , the grey cells concentrate in the area and release toxins that kill all cells in the area . The `` immune '' system can stay in this activated state for up to three weeks . Reproduction Asexual The freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris Sponges have three asexual methods of reproduction : after fragmentation ; by budding ; and by producing gemmules . Fragments of sponges may be detached by currents or waves . They use the mobility of their pinacocytes and choanocytes and reshaping of the mesohyl to re-attach themselves to a suitable surface and then rebuild themselves as small but functional sponges over the course of several days . The same capabilities enable sponges that have been squeezed through a fine cloth to regenerate . A sponge fragment can only regenerate if it contains both collencytes to produce mesohyl and archeocytes to produce all the other cell types . A very few species reproduce by budding . Gemmules are `` survival pods '' which a few marine sponges and many freshwater species produce by the thousands when dying and which some , mainly freshwater species , regularly produce in autumn . Spongocytes make gemmules by wrapping shells of spongin , often reinforced with spicules , round clusters of archeocytes that are full of nutrients . Freshwater gemmules may also include phytosynthesizing symbionts . The gemmules then become dormant , and in this state can survive cold , drying out , lack of oxygen and extreme variations in salinity . Freshwater gemmules often do not revive until the temperature drops , stays cold for a few months and then reaches a near - `` normal '' level . When a gemmule germinates , the archeocytes round the outside of the cluster transform into pinacocytes , a membrane over a pore in the shell bursts , the cluster of cells slowly emerges , and most of the remaining archeocytes transform into other cell types needed to make a functioning sponge . Gemmules from the same species but different individuals can join forces to form one sponge . Some gemmules are retained within the parent sponge , and in spring it can be difficult to tell whether an old sponge has revived or been `` recolonized '' by its own gemmules . Sexual Most sponges are hermaphrodites ( function as both sexes simultaneously ) , although sponges have no gonads ( reproductive organs ) . Sperm are produced by choanocytes or entire choanocyte chambers that sink into the mesohyl and form spermatic cysts while eggs are formed by transformation of archeocytes , or of choanocytes in some species . Each egg generally acquires a yolk by consuming `` nurse cells '' . During spawning , sperm burst out of their cysts and are expelled via the osculum . If they contact another sponge of the same species , the water flow carries them to choanocytes that engulf them but , instead of digesting them , metamorphose to an ameboid form and carry the sperm through the mesohyl to eggs , which in most cases engulf the carrier and its cargo . A few species release fertilized eggs into the water , but most retain the eggs until they hatch . There are four types of larvae , but all are balls of cells with an outer layer of cells whose flagellae or cilia enable the larvae to move . After swimming for a few days the larvae sink and crawl until they find a place to settle . Most of the cells transform into archeocytes and then into the types appropriate for their locations in a miniature adult sponge . Glass sponge embryos start by dividing into separate cells , but once 32 cells have formed they rapidly transform into larvae that externally are ovoid with a band of cilia round the middle that they use for movement , but internally have the typical glass sponge structure of spicules with a cobweb - like main syncitium draped around and between them and choanosyncytia with multiple collar bodies in the center . The larvae then leave their parents ' bodies . Life cycle Sponges in temperate regions live for at most a few years , but some tropical species and perhaps some deep - ocean ones may live for 200 years or more . Some calcified demosponges grow by only 0.2 mm ( 0.0079 in ) per year and , if that rate is constant , specimens 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) wide must be about 5,000 years old . Some sponges start sexual reproduction when only a few weeks old , while others wait until they are several years old . Coordination of activities Adult sponges lack neurons or any other kind of nervous tissue . However most species have the ability to perform movements that are coordinated all over their bodies , mainly contractions of the pinacocytes , squeezing the water channels and thus expelling excess sediment and other substances that may cause blockages . Some species can contract the osculum independently of the rest of the body . Sponges may also contract in order to reduce the area that is vulnerable to attack by predators . In cases where two sponges are fused , for example if there is a large but still unseparated bud , these contraction waves slowly become coordinated in both of the `` Siamese twins '' . The coordinating mechanism is unknown , but may involve chemicals similar to neurotransmitters . However glass sponges rapidly transmit electrical impulses through all parts of the syncytium , and use this to halt the motion of their flagella if the incoming water contains toxins or excessive sediment . Myocytes are thought to be responsible for closing the osculum and for transmitting signals between different parts of the body . Sponges contain genes very similar to those that contain the `` recipe '' for the post-synaptic density , an important signal - receiving structure in the neurons of all other animals . However , in sponges these genes are only activated in `` flask cells '' that appear only in larvae and may provide some sensory capability while the larvae are swimming . This raises questions about whether flask cells represent the predecessors of true neurons or are evidence that sponges ' ancestors had true neurons but lost them as they adapted to a sessile lifestyle . Ecology Euplectella aspergillum is a deep ocean glass sponge ; seen here at a depth of 2,572 metres ( 8,438 ft ) off the coast of California . Habitats See also : sponge ground and sponge reef Sponges are worldwide in their distribution , living in a wide range of ocean habitats , from the polar regions to the tropics . Most live in quiet , clear waters , because sediment stirred up by waves or currents would block their pores , making it difficult for them to feed and breathe . The greatest numbers of sponges are usually found on firm surfaces such as rocks , but some sponges can attach themselves to soft sediment by means of a root - like base . Sponges are more abundant but less diverse in temperate waters than in tropical waters , possibly because organisms that prey on sponges are more abundant in tropical waters . Glass sponges are the most common in polar waters and in the depths of temperate and tropical seas , as their very porous construction enables them to extract food from these resource - poor waters with the minimum of effort . Demosponges and calcareous sponges are abundant and diverse in shallower non-polar waters . The different classes of sponge live in different ranges of habitat : Water type Depth Type of surface Calcarea Marine less than 100 m ( 330 ft ) Hard Glass sponges Marine Deep Soft or firm sediment Demosponges Marine , brackish ; and about 150 freshwater species Inter-tidal to abyssal ; a carnivorous demosponge has been found at 8,840 m ( 5.49 mi ) Any As primary producers Sponges with photosynthesizing endosymbionts produce up to three times more oxygen than they consume , as well as more organic matter than they consume . Such contributions to their habitats ' resources are significant along Australia 's Great Barrier Reef but relatively minor in the Caribbean . Defenses Holes made by clionaid sponge ( producing the trace Entobia ) after the death of a modern bivalve shell of species Mercenaria mercenaria , from North Carolina Close - up of the sponge boring Entobia in a modern oyster valve . Note the chambers which are connected by short tunnels . Many sponges shed Sponge spicules , forming a dense carpet several meters deep that keeps away echinoderms which would otherwise prey on the sponges . They also produce toxins that prevent other sessile organisms such as bryozoans or sea squirts from growing on or near them , making sponges very effective competitors for living space . One of many examples includes ageliferin . A few species , the Caribbean fire sponge Tedania ignis , cause a severe rash in humans who handle them . Turtles and some fish feed mainly on sponges . It is often said that sponges produce chemical defenses against such predators . However an experiment showed that there is no relationship between the toxicity of chemicals produced by sponges and how they taste to fish , which would diminish the usefulness of chemical defenses as deterrents . Predation by fish may even help to spread sponges by detaching fragments . Glass sponges produce no toxic chemicals , and live in very deep water where predators are rare . Predation Sponge flies , also known as spongilla - flies ( Neuroptera , Sisyridae ) , are specialist predators of freshwater sponges . The female lays her eggs on vegetation overhanging water . The larvae hatch and drop into the water where they seek out sponges to feed on . They use their elongated mouthparts to pierce the sponge and suck the fluids within . The larvae of some species cling to the surface of the sponge while others take refuge in the sponge 's internal cavities . The fully grown larvae leave the water and spin a cocoon in which to pupate . Bioerosion The Caribbean chicken - liver sponge Chondrilla nucula secretes toxins that kill coral polyps , allowing the sponges to grow over the coral skeletons . Others , especially in the family Clionaidae , use corrosive substances secreted by their archeocytes to tunnel into rocks , corals and the shells of dead mollusks . Sponges may remove up to 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) per year from reefs , creating visible notches just below low - tide level . Diseases Caribbean sponges of the genus Aplysina suffer from Aplysina red band syndrome . This causes Aplysina to develop one or more rust - colored bands , sometimes with adjacent bands of necrotic tissue . These lesions may completely encircle branches of the sponge . The disease appears to be contagious and impacts approximately 10 percent of A. cauliformis on Bahamian reefs . The rust - colored bands are caused by a cyanobacterium , but it is unknown whether this organism actually causes the disease . Collaboration with other organisms In addition to hosting photosynthesizing endosymbionts , sponges are noted for their wide range of collaborations with other organisms . The relatively large encrusting sponge Lissodendoryx colombiensis is most common on rocky surfaces , but has extended its range into seagrass meadows by letting itself be surrounded or overgrown by seagrass sponges , which are distasteful to the local starfish and therefore protect Lissodendoryx against them ; in return the seagrass sponges get higher positions away from the sea - floor sediment . Shrimps of the genus Synalpheus form colonies in sponges , and each shrimp species inhabits a different sponge species , making Synalpheus one of the most diverse crustacean genera . Specifically , Synalpheus regalis utilizes the sponge not only as a food source , but also as a defense against other shrimp and predators . As many as 16,000 individuals inhabit a single loggerhead sponge , feeding off the larger particles that collect on the sponge as it filters the ocean to feed itself . Systematics and evolutionary History Taxonomy Linnaeus , who classified most kinds of sessile animals as belonging to the order Zoophyta in the class Vermes , mistakenly identified the genus Spongia as plants in the order Algae . For a long time thereafter sponges were assigned to a separate subkingdom , Parazoa ( `` beside the animals '' ) , separate from the Eumetazoa which formed the rest of the kingdom Animalia . They have been regarded as a paraphyletic phylum , from which the higher animals have evolved . Other research indicates Porifera is monophyletic . The phylum Porifera is further divided into classes mainly according to the composition of their skeletons : Hexactinellida ( glass sponges ) have silicate spicules , the largest of which have six rays and may be individual or fused . The main components of their bodies are syncytia in which large numbers of cell share a single external membrane . Calcarea have skeletons made of calcite , a form of calcium carbonate , which may form separate spicules or large masses . All the cells have a single nucleus and membrane . Most Demospongiae have silicate spicules or spongin fibers or both within their soft tissues . However a few also have massive external skeletons made of aragonite , another form of calcium carbonate . All the cells have a single nucleus and membrane . Archeocyatha are known only as fossils from the Cambrian period . In the 1970s , sponges with massive calcium carbonate skeletons were assigned to a separate class , Sclerospongiae , otherwise known as `` coralline sponges '' . However , in the 1980s it was found that these were all members of either the Calcarea or the Demospongiae . So far scientific publications have identified about 9,000 poriferan species , of which : about 400 are glass sponges ; about 500 are calcareous species ; and the rest are demosponges . However some types of habitat , vertical rock and cave walls and galleries in rock and coral boulders , have been investigated very little , even in shallow seas . Classes Sponges were traditionally distributed in three classes : calcareous sponges ( Calcarea ) , glass sponges ( Hexactinellida ) and demosponges ( Demospongiae ) . However , studies have shown that the Homoscleromorpha , a group thought to belong to the Demospongiae , is actually phylogenetically well separated . Therefore , they have recently been recognized as the fourth class of sponges . Sponges are divided into classes mainly according to the composition of their skeletons : Type of cells Spicules Spongin fibers Massive exoskeleton Body form Calcarea Single nucleus , single external membrane Calcite May be individual or large masses Never Common . Made of calcite if present . Asconoid , syconoid , leuconoid or solenoid Hexactinellida Mostly syncytia in all species Silica May be individual or fused Never Never Leuconoid Demospongiae Single nucleus , single external membrane Silica In many species In some species . Made of aragonite if present . Leuconoid Homoscleromorpha Single nucleus , single external membrane Silica In many species Never Sylleibid or leuconoid Fossil record Raphidonema faringdonense , a fossil sponge from the Cretaceous of England 5 6 7 1 : Gap 2 : Central cavity 3 Internal wall 4 : Pore ( all walls have pores ) 5 Septum 6 Outer wall 7 Holdfast Archaeocyathid structure Although molecular clocks and biomarkers suggest sponges existed well before the Cambrian explosion of life , silica spicules like those of demosponges are absent from the fossil record until the Cambrian . One unsubstantiated report exists of spicules in rocks dated around 750 million years ago . Well - preserved fossil sponges from about 580 million years ago in the Ediacaran period have been found in the Doushantuo Formation . These fossils , which include spicules , pinacocytes , porocytes , archeocytes , sclerocytes and the internal cavity , have been classified as demosponges . Fossils of glass sponges have been found from around 540 million years ago in rocks in Australia , China and Mongolia . Early Cambrian sponges from Mexico belonging to the genus Kiwetinokia show evidence of fusion of several smaller spicules to form a single large spicule . Calcium carbonate spicules of calcareous sponges have been found in Early Cambrian rocks from about 530 to 523 million years ago in Australia . Other probable demosponges have been found in the Early Cambrian Chengjiang fauna , from 525 to 520 million years ago . Freshwater sponges appear to be much younger , as the earliest known fossils date from the Mid-Eocene period about 48 to 40 million years ago . Although about 90 % of modern sponges are demosponges , fossilized remains of this type are less common than those of other types because their skeletons are composed of relatively soft spongin that does not fossilize well . Earliest sponge symbionts are known from the early Silurian . A chemical tracer is 24 - isopropyl cholestane , which is a stable derivative of 24 - isopropyl cholesterol , which is said to be produced by demosponges but not by eumetazoans ( `` true animals '' , i.e. cnidarians and bilaterians ) . Since choanoflagellates are thought to be animals ' closest single - celled relatives , a team of scientists examined the biochemistry and genes of one choanoflagellate species . They concluded that this species could not produce 24 - isopropylcholesterol but that investigation of a wider range of choanoflagellates would be necessary in order to prove that the fossil 24 - isopropylcholestane could only have been produced by demosponges . Although a previous publication reported traces of the chemical 24 - isopropyl cholestane in ancient rocks dating to 1,800 million years ago , recent research using a much more accurately dated rock series has revealed that these biomarkers only appear before the end of the Marinoan glaciation approximately 635 million years ago , and that `` Biomarker analysis has yet to reveal any convincing evidence for ancient sponges pre-dating the first globally extensive Neoproterozoic glacial episode ( the Sturtian , ~ 713 million years ago in Oman ) '' . Nevertheless , this ' sponge biomarker ' could have other sources -- such as marine algae -- so may not constrain the origin of Porifera . Archaeocyathids , which some classify as a type of coralline sponge , are very common fossils in rocks from the Early Cambrian about 530 to 520 million years ago , but apparently died out by the end of the Cambrian 490 million years ago . It has been suggested that they were produced by : sponges ; cnidarians ; algae ; foraminiferans ; a completely separate phylum of animals , Archaeocyatha ; or even a completely separate kingdom of life , labeled Archaeata or Inferibionta . Since the 1990s archaeocyathids have been regarded as a distinctive group of sponges . = skin = aragonite = flesh Halkieriid sclerite structure It is difficult to fit chancelloriids into classifications of sponges or more complex animals . An analysis in 1996 concluded that they were closely related to sponges on the grounds that the detailed structure of chancellorid sclerites ( `` armor plates '' ) is similar to that of fibers of spongin , a collagen protein , in modern keratose ( horny ) demosponges such as Darwinella . However another analysis in 2002 concluded that chancelloriids are not sponges and may be intermediate between sponges and more complex animals , among other reasons because their skins were thicker and more tightly connected than those of sponges . In 2008 a detailed analysis of chancelloriids ' sclerites concluded that they were very similar to those of halkieriids , mobile bilaterian animals that looked like slugs in chain mail and whose fossils are found in rocks from the very Early Cambrian to the Mid Cambrian . If this is correct , it would create a dilemma , as it is extremely unlikely that totally unrelated organisms could have developed such similar sclerites independently , but the huge difference in the structures of their bodies makes it hard to see how they could be closely related . Relationships to other animal groups A choanoflagellate Fungi Choanoflagellates Metazoa Glass sponges Demosponges Calcareous sponges Eumetazoa Comb jellies Placozoa Cnidaria ( jellyfish , etc . ) Simplified family tree showing calcareous sponges as closest to more complex animals Plants Fungi Metazoa Most demosponges Calcareous sponges Homoscleromorpha Eumetazoa Cnidaria ( jellyfish , etc . ) Other metazoans Simplified family tree showing Homoscleromorpha as closest to more complex animals In the 1990s sponges were widely regarded as a monophyletic group , all of them having descended from a common ancestor that was itself a sponge , and as the `` sister - group '' to all other metazoans ( multi-celled animals ) , which themselves form a monophyletic group . On the other hand , some 1990s analyses also revived the idea that animals ' nearest evolutionary relatives are choanoflagellates , single - celled organisms very similar to sponges ' choanocytes -- which would imply that most Metazoa evolved from very sponge - like ancestors and therefore that sponges may not be monophyletic , as the same sponge - like ancestors may have given rise both to modern sponges and to non-sponge members of Metazoa . Analyses since 2001 have concluded that Eumetazoa ( more complex than sponges ) are more closely related to particular groups of sponges than to the rest of the sponges . Such conclusions imply that sponges are not monophyletic , because the last common ancestor of all sponges would also be a direct ancestor of the Eumetazoa , which are not sponges . A study in 2001 based on comparisons of ribosome DNA concluded that the most fundamental division within sponges was between glass sponges and the rest , and that Eumetazoa are more closely related to calcareous sponges , those with calcium carbonate spicules , than to other types of sponge . In 2007 one analysis based on comparisons of RNA and another based mainly on comparison of spicules concluded that demosponges and glass sponges are more closely related to each other than either is to calcareous sponges , which in turn are more closely related to Eumetazoa . Other anatomical and biochemical evidence links the Eumetazoa with Homoscleromorpha , a sub-group of demosponges . A comparison in 2007 of nuclear DNA , excluding glass sponges and comb jellies , concluded that : Homoscleromorpha are most closely related to Eumetazoa ; calcareous sponges are the next closest ; the other demosponges are evolutionary `` aunts '' of these groups ; and the chancelloriids , bag - like animals whose fossils are found in Cambrian rocks , may be sponges . The sperm of Homoscleromorpha share with those of Eumetazoa features that those of other sponges lack . In both Homoscleromorpha and Eumetazoa layers of cells are bound together by attachment to a carpet - like basal membrane composed mainly of `` type IV '' collagen , a form of collagen not found in other sponges -- although the spongin fibers that reinforce the mesohyl of all demosponges is similar to `` type IV '' collagen . A comb jelly The analyses described above concluded that sponges are closest to the ancestors of all Metazoa , of all multi-celled animals including both sponges and more complex groups . However , another comparison in 2008 of 150 genes in each of 21 genera , ranging from fungi to humans but including only two species of sponge , suggested that comb jellies ( ctenophora ) are the most basal lineage of the Metazoa included in the sample . If this is correct , either modern comb jellies developed their complex structures independently of other Metazoa , or sponges ' ancestors were more complex and all known sponges are drastically simplified forms . The study recommended further analyses using a wider range of sponges and other simple Metazoa such as Placozoa . The results of such an analysis , published in 2009 , suggest that a return to the previous view may be warranted . ' Family trees ' constructed using a combination of all available data -- morphological , developmental and molecular -- concluded that the sponges are in fact a monophyletic group , and with the cnidarians form the sister group to the bilaterians . A very large and internally consistent alignment of 1,719 proteins at the metazoan scale , published in 2017 , showed that ( i ) sponges -- represented by Homoscleromorpha , Calcarea , Hexactinellida , and Demospongiae -- are monophyletic , ( ii ) sponges are sister - group to all other multicellular animals , ( iii ) ctenophores emerge as the second - earliest branching animal lineage , and ( iv ) placozoans emerge as the third animal lineage , followed by cnidarians sister - group to bilaterians . Use By dolphins A report in 1997 described use of sponges as a tool by bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay in Western Australia . A dolphin will attach a marine sponge to its rostrum , which is presumably then used to protect it when searching for food in the sandy sea bottom . The behavior , known as sponging , has only been observed in this bay , and is almost exclusively shown by females . A study in 2005 concluded that mothers teach the behavior to their daughters , and that all the sponge - users are closely related , suggesting that it is a fairly recent innovation . By humans Main article : Sea sponge aquaculture Natural sponges in Tarpon Springs , Florida Display of natural sponges for sale on Kalymnos in Greece Skeleton Main article : Sponge ( material ) The calcium carbonate or silica spicules of most sponge genera make them too rough for most uses , but two genera , Hippospongia and Spongia , have soft , entirely fibrous skeletons . Early Europeans used soft sponges for many purposes , including padding for helmets , portable drinking utensils and municipal water filters . Until the invention of synthetic sponges , they were used as cleaning tools , applicators for paints and ceramic glazes and discreet contraceptives . However , by the mid-20th century , over-fishing brought both the animals and the industry close to extinction . See also sponge diving . Many objects with sponge - like textures are now made of substances not derived from poriferans . Synthetic sponges include personal and household cleaning tools , breast implants , and contraceptive sponges . Typical materials used are cellulose foam , polyurethane foam , and less frequently , silicone foam . The luffa `` sponge '' , also spelled loofah , which is commonly sold for use in the kitchen or the shower , is not derived from an animal but mainly from the fibrous `` skeleton '' of the sponge gourd ( Luffa aegyptiaca , Cucurbitaceae ) . Antibiotic compounds Sponges have medicinal potential due to the presence in sponges themselves or their microbial symbionts of chemicals that may be used to control viruses , bacteria , tumors and fungi . Other biologically active compounds Main article : Sponge isolates Halichondria produces the eribulin precursor halichondrin B Lacking any protective shell or means of escape , sponges have evolved to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds . One such class is the oxidized fatty acid derivatives called oxylipins . Members of this family have been found to have anti-cancer , anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties . One example isolated from the Okinawan plakortis sponges , plakoridine A , has shown potential as a cytotoxin to murine lymphoma cells . See also Marine Life portal Animals portal Sponge Reef Project References Jump up ^ Feuda , Roberto ; Dohrmann , Martin ; Pett , Walker ; Philippe , Hervé ; Rota - Stabelli , Omar ; Lartillot , Nicolas ; Wörheide , Gert ; Pisani , Davide ( 2017 ) . `` Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals '' . Current Biology . 27 ( 24 ) : 3864 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2017.11. 008 . PMID 29199080 . Jump up ^ Pisani , Davide ; Pett , Walker ; Dohrmann , Martin ; Feuda , Roberto ; Rota - Stabelli , Omar ; Philippe , Hervé ; Lartillot , Nicolas ; Wörheide , Gert ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 112 ( 50 ) : 15402 -- 15407 . Bibcode : 2015PNAS ... 11215402P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1518127112 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 4687580 . PMID 26621703 . Jump up ^ Simion , Paul ; Philippe , Hervé ; Baurain , Denis ; Jager , Muriel ; Richter , Daniel J. ; Franco , Arnaud Di ; Roure , Béatrice ; Satoh , Nori ; Quéinnec , Éric ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals '' . Current Biology . 27 ( 7 ) : 958 -- 967 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2017.02. 031 . ISSN 0960 - 9822 . PMID 28318975 . 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( 2007 ) . `` The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges ( Porifera ; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae ) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic : a review '' . Biogeosciences. 4 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 232 . doi : 10.5194 / bg - 4 - 219 - 2007 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McMenamin , M.A.S. ( 2008 ) . `` Early Cambrian sponge spicules from the Cerro Clemente and Cerro Rajón , Sonora , México '' . Geologica Acta. 6 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 367 . ^ Jump up to : Li , C-W. , Chen , J-Y. , and Hua , T-E. ( 1998 ) . `` Precambrian Sponges with Cellular Structures '' . Science . 279 ( 5352 ) : 879 -- 882 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 279.5352. 879 . PMID 9452391 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Demospongia '' . University of California Museum of Paleontology . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Vinn , O ; Wilson , M.A. ; Toom , U. ; Mõtus , M. - A. 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Jump up ^ Love , G.D. , Grosjean , E. , Stalvies , C. , Fike , D.A. , Grotzinger , J.P. , Bradley , A.S. , Kelly , A.E. , Bhatia , M. , Meredith , W. , Snape , C.E. , Bowring , S.A. , Condon , D.J. , and Summons , R.E. ( 5 February 2009 ) . `` Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period '' . Nature . 457 ( 7230 ) : 718 -- 721 . doi : 10.1038 / nature07673 . PMID 19194449 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Antcliffe , J.B. ( 2013 ) . Stouge , Svend , ed . `` Questioning the evidence of organic compounds called sponge biomarkers '' . Palaeontology. 56 : 917 -- 925 . doi : 10.1111 / pala. 12030 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , S. M ( 2008 ) . `` Skeletal microstructure indicates Chancelloriids and Halkieriids are closely related '' . Palaeontology. 51 ( 4 ) : 865 -- 879 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2008. 00792. x . Jump up ^ Butterfield , N.J. & C.J. Nicholas ( 1996 ) . `` Burgess Shale - type preservation of both non-mineralizing and `` shelly '' Cambrian organisms from the Mackenzie Mountains , northwestern Canada `` . Journal of Paleontology. 70 ( 6 ) : 893 -- 899 . doi : 10.2307 / 1306492 ( inactive 2018 - 04 - 02 ) . Jump up ^ Janussen , D. , Steiner , M. , and Zhu , M-Y. ( 2002 ) . `` New Well - preserved Scleritomes of Chancelloridae from the Early Cambrian Yuanshan Formation ( Chengjiang , China ) and the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Shale ( Utah , USA ) and paleobiological implications '' . Journal of Paleontology. 76 ( 4 ) : 596 -- 606 . doi : 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 ( 2002 ) 076 2.0.CO ; 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Free full text without images at Janussen , Dorte ( 2002 ) . `` ( as above ) '' . Journal of Paleontology . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . 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Penny , David , ed . `` Concatenated Analysis Sheds Light on Early Metazoan Evolution and Fuels a Modern `` Urmetazoon '' Hypothesis '' ( Free full text ) . PLoS Biology . 7 ( 1 ) : e20 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1000020 . ISSN 1544 - 9173 . PMC 2631068 . PMID 19175291 . Jump up ^ Simion , Paul ; Philippe , Hervé ; Baurain , Denis ; Jager , Muriel ; Richter , Daniel J. ; DiFranco , Arnaud ; Roure , Béatrice ; Satoh , Nori ; Quéinnec , Éric ; Ereskovsky , Alexander ; Lapébie , Pascal ; Corre , Erwan ; Delsuc , Frédéric ; King , Nicole ; Wörheide , Gert ; Manuel , Michaël ( 2017 ) . `` A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals '' . Current Biology . 27 ( 7 ) : 958 -- 967 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2017.02. 031 . PMID 28318975 . Jump up ^ Smolker ; R.A. ; Connor , Richard ; Mann , Janet ; Berggren , Per ( 1997 ) . `` Sponge - carrying by Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins : Possible tool - use by a delphinid '' . Ethology. 103 ( 6 ) : 454 -- 465 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1997. tb00160. x . Jump up ^ Bergquist 1978 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ McClenachan , L. ( 2008 ) . `` Social conflict , Over-fishing and Disease in the Florida Sponge Fishery , 1849 -- 1939 '' . In Starkey , D.J. ; Holm , P. ; Barnard , M. Oceans Past : Management Insights from the History of Marine Animal Populations . Earthscan . pp. 25 -- 27 . ISBN 1 - 84407 - 527 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , N. ( 2000 ) . Cleavage . Rutgers University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2715 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Sponges '' . Cervical Barrier Advancement Society . 2004 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Porterfield , W.M. ( 1955 ) . `` Loofah -- The sponge gourd '' . Economic Botany. 9 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 223 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02859814 . Jump up ^ Imhoff , J.F. & Stöhr , R. ( 2003 ) . `` Sponge - Associated Bacteria '' . In Müller , W.E.G. Sponges ( Porifera ) : Porifera . Springer . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 00968 - X . Jump up ^ Teeyapant , R. , Woerdenbag , H.J. , Kreis , P. , Hacker , J. , Wray , V. , Witte , L. , and Proksch P. ( 1993 ) . `` Antibiotic and cytotoxic activity of brominated compounds from the marine sponge Verongia aerophoba '' . Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 48 : 939 -- 45 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Shinji ; Ishibashi , Masami ; Kobayashi , Junichi ( 1994 ) . `` Plakoridine A , a new tyramine - containing pyrrolidine alkaloid from the Okinawan marine sponge Plakortis sp '' . Journal of Organic Chemistry . 59 ( 13 ) : 3712 -- 3713 . doi : 10.1021 / jo00092a039 . Jump up ^ Etchells , L ; Sardarian A. ; Whitehead R.C. ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` A synthetic approach to the plakoridines modeled on a biogenetic theory '' . Tetrahedron Letters. 46 ( 16 ) : 2803 -- 2807 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tetlet. 2005.02. 124 . Further reading Bergquist , Patricia R. ( 1978 ) . Sponges . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03658 - 1 . Hickman , C. , Jr. ; Roberts , L. & Larson , A. ( 2003 ) . Animal Diversity ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 234903 - 4 . Ereskovsky , Alexander V. ( 2010 ) . The Comparative Embryology of Sponges . Russia : Springer Science + Business Media . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 8575 - 7 . Piper , Ross ( 2007 ) . Extraordinary Animals : An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33922 - 6 . Ruppert , Edward E. ; Fox , Richard S. ; Barnes , Robert D. ( 2004 ) . Invertebrate Zoology ( 7 ed . ) . Brooks / COLE Publishing . ISBN 0 - 03 - 025982 - 7 . Murphy , Richard C. ( 2002 ) . Coral Reefs : Cities Under The Seas . The Darwin Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 87850 - 138 - X . Gage , John D. ; Tyler , Paul A. ( 1996 ) . Deep - sea Biology : A Natural History of Organisms at the Deep - Sea Floor . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 33665 - 1 . Vacelet , J. ; Duport , E. ( 2004 ) . `` Prey capture and digestion in the carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma hypogea ( Porifera : Demospongiae ) '' . Zoomorphology. 123 ( 4 ) : 179 -- 190 . doi : 10.1007 / s00435 - 004 - 0100 - 0 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Porifera . Wikispecies has information related to Porifera The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of : Porifera Water flow and feeding in the phylum Porifera ( sponges ) -- Flash animations of sponge body structures , water flow and feeding Carsten 's Spongepage , Information on the ecology and the biotechnological potential of sponges and their associated bacteria . History of Tarpon Springs , Florida sponge industry Nature 's ' fibre optics ' experts The Sponge Reef Project Queensland Museum information about sponges Queensland Museum Sessile marine invertebrates collections Queensland Museum Sessile marine invertebrates research Sponge Guide for Britain and Ireland , Bernard Picton , Christine Morrow & Rob van Soest World Porifera database , the world list of extant sponges , includes a searchable database . Extant Porifera classes Hexactinellida ( glass sponges ) Calcarea ( calcareous sponges ) Demospongiae ( demosponges ) Homoscleromorpha Extant Animal phyla Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) n i m l i Porifera ( sponges ) Diploblasts ( Eumetazoa ) Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) ParaHoxozoa Placozoa ( Trichoplax ) Planulozoa Cnidaria ( jellyfish and relatives ) Bilateria ( Triploblasts ) ( see below ↓ ) ( hide ) Bilateria Xenacoelomorpha Xenoturbellida ( Xenoturbella ) Acoelomorpha acoels nemertodermatids p h r o z o Deuterostomia Chordata lancelets tunicates craniates / vertebrates Ambulacraria Echinodermata ( starfish and relatives ) Hemichordata acorn worms pterobranchs r o o s o m i Ecdysozoa Scalidophora Kinorhyncha ( mud dragons ) Priapulida ( penis worms ) N + L + P Nematoida Nematoda ( roundworms ) Nematomorpha ( horsehair worms ) L + P Loricifera Panarthropoda Arthropoda ( arthropods ) Tardigrada ( waterbears ) Onychophora ( velvet worms ) p i r l i Gnathifera 1 Chaetognatha ( arrow worms ) Gnathostomulida ( jaw worms ) Micrognathozoa ( Limnognathia ) Syndermata Rotifera Acanthocephala Platytrochozoa R + M Mesozoa Orthonectida Dicyemida or Rhombozoa Rouphozoa 1 Platyhelminthes ( flatworms ) Gastrotricha ( hairybacks ) Lophotrochozoa Cycliophora ( Symbion ) Mollusca ( molluscs ) A + N Annelida ( ringed worms ) Nemertea ( ribbon worms ) Lophophorata Bryozoa Entoprocta or Kamptozoa Ectoprocta ( moss animals ) Brachiozoa Brachiopoda ( lamp shells ) Phoronida ( horseshoe worms ) Major groups within phyla Sponges Calcareous Hexactinellid Demosponge Homoscleromorpha Cnidarians Anthozoa inc . corals Medusozoa inc . jellyfish Myxozoa Vertebrates Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles / Birds Mammals Echinoderms Sea lilies Asterozoa inc . starfish Echinozoa Nematodes Chromadorea Enoplea Secernentea Arthropods Chelicerates / Arachnids Myriapods Crustaceans Hexapods / Insects Platyhelminths Turbellaria Trematoda Monogenea Cestoda Bryozoans Phylactolaemata Stenolaemata Gymnolaemata Annelids Polychaetes Clitellata Echiura Molluscs Gastropods Cephalopods Bivalves Chitons Tusk shells Phyla with ≥ 5000 extant species bolded See also Diploblasts Monoblastozoa ( nomen dubium ) 1 Platyzoa Taxon identifiers Wd : Q18960 ADW : Porifera EoL : 3142 EPPO : 1PORIP Fauna Europaea : 15402 Fossilworks : 2894 ITIS : 46861 NCBI : 6040 WoRMS : 558 GND : 4053694 - 4 NDL : 00564603 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sponge&oldid=833764905 '' Categories : Poriferans Aquatic animals Freshwater animals Marine animals Ediacaran first appearances Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles using Template : Background color with invalid colour combination Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 中文 79 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 09 : 42 . 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study and identification of standard desktop personal computer
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Desktop computer
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desktop computer
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A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its size and power requirements . The most common configuration has a case that houses the power supply , motherboard ( a printed circuit board with a microprocessor as the central processing unit ( CPU ) , memory , bus , and other electronic components ) , disk storage ( usually one or more hard disk drives , optical disc drives , and in early models a floppy disk drive ) ; a keyboard and mouse for input ; and a computer monitor , speakers , and , often , a printer for output . The case may be oriented horizontally or vertically and placed either underneath , beside , or on top of a desk .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Growth and development 1.3 Decline 2 Types 2.1 All - in - one 2.2 Mainstream 2.3 Full - Sized 2.4 Home Theater 2.5 Compact 3 Comparison with laptops 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Apple II computer on display at the private Musée Bolo . Prior to the widespread use of microprocessors , a computer that could fit on a desk was considered remarkably small ; the type of computers most commonly used were minicomputers , which were themselves desk - sized . Early computers took up the space of a whole room . Minicomputers generally fit into one or a few refrigerator - sized racks . The very first `` programmable calculator / computer '' was marketed in the second half of the 1960s , starting with the Italian machinery Olivetti Programma 101 ( 1965 ) computer at typewriter size . More desktop models were introduced in 1971 , leading to a model programmable in BASIC in 1972 , from Olivetti itself , followed by Hewlett - Packard . This kind of computers used a smaller version of a minicomputer design based on read - only memory ( ROM ) and had small one - line LED alphanumeric displays . They could draw computer graphics with a plotter . Growth and development ( edit ) Apple II , TRS - 80 and Commodore PET were first generation personal home computers launched in 1977 , which were aimed at a consumer market -- rather than businessmen or computer hobbyists . Byte magazine referred to these three as the `` 1977 Trinity '' of personal computing . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , desktop computers became the predominant type , the most popular being the IBM PC and its clones , followed by the Apple Macintosh , with the third - placed Commodore Amiga having some success in the mid-1980s but declining by the early 1990s . IBM 5150 Personal Computer Early personal computers , like the original IBM Personal Computer , were enclosed in a `` desktop case '' , horizontally oriented to have the display screen placed on top , thus saving space on the user 's actual desk , although these cases had to be sturdy enough to support the weight of CRT displays that were widespread at the time . Over the course of the 1990s , desktop cases gradually became less common than the more - accessible tower cases ( Tower was a trademark of NCR created by ad agency Reiser Williams deYong ) that may be located on the floor under or beside a desk rather than on a desk . Not only do these tower cases have more room for expansion , they have also freed up desk space for monitors which were becoming larger every year . Desktop cases , particularly the compact form factors , remain popular for corporate computing environments and kiosks . Some computer cases can be interchangeably positioned either horizontally ( desktop ) or upright ( mini-tower ) . Influential games such as Doom and Quake during the 1990s had pushed gamers and enthusiasts to frequently upgrade to the latest CPUs and graphics cards ( 3dfx , ATI , and Nvidia ) for their desktops ( usually a tower case ) in order to run these applications , though this has slowed since the late 2000s as the growing popularity of Intel integrated graphics forced game developers to scale back . Creative Technology 's Sound Blaster series were a de facto standard for sound cards in desktop PCs during the 1990s until the early 2000s , when they were reduced to a niche product , as OEM desktop PCs came with sound boards integrated directly onto the motherboard . Decline ( edit ) While desktops have long been the most common configuration for PCs , by the mid-2000s the growth shifted from desktops to laptops . Notably , while desktops were mainly produced in the United States , laptops had long been produced by contract manufacturers based in Asia , such as Foxconn . This shift led to the closure of the many desktop assembly plants in the United States by 2010 . Another trend around this time was the increasing proportion of inexpensive base - configuration desktops being sold , hurting PC manufacturers such as Dell whose build - to - order customization of desktops relied on upselling added features to buyers . Battery - powered portable computers had just 2 % worldwide market share in 1986 . However , laptops have become increasingly popular , both for business and personal use . Around 109 million notebook PCs shipped worldwide in 2007 , a growth of 33 % compared to 2006 . In 2008 , it was estimated that 145.9 million notebooks were sold , and that the number would grow in 2009 to 177.7 million . The third quarter of 2008 was the first time when worldwide notebook PC shipments exceeded desktops , with 38.6 million units versus 38.5 million units . The sales breakdown of the Apple Macintosh have seen sales of desktop Macs staying mostly constant while being surpassed by that of Mac notebooks whose sales rate has grown considerably ; seven out of ten Macs sold were laptops in 2009 , a ratio projected to rise to three out of four by 2010 . The change in sales of form factors is due to the desktop iMac moving from affordable ( iMac G3 ) to upscale ( iMac G4 ) and subsequent releases are considered premium all - in - ones . By contrast , the MSRP of the MacBook laptop lines have dropped through successive generations such that the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro constitute the lowest price of entry to a Mac , with the exception of the even more inexpensive Mac Mini ( albeit without a monitor and keyboard ) , not surprisingly the MacBooks are the top - selling form factors of the Macintosh platform today . The decades of development means that most people already own desktop computers that meet their needs and have no need of buying a new one merely to keep pace with advancing technology . Notably the successive release of new versions of Windows ( Windows 95 , 98 , XP , Vista , 7 , 8 , 10 and so on ) had been drivers for the replacement of PCs in the 1990s , but this slowed down in the 2000s due to the poor reception of Windows Vista over Windows XP . Recently , some analysts have suggested that Windows 8 has actually hurt sales of PCs in 2012 , as businesses have decided to stick with Windows 7 rather than upgrade . Some suggested that Microsoft has acknowledged `` implicitly ringing the desktop PC death knell '' as Windows 8 offers little upgrade in desktop PC functionality over Windows 7 ; instead , Windows 8 's innovations are mostly on the mobile side . The post-PC trend has seen a decline in the sales of desktop and laptop PCs . The decline has been attributed to increased power and applications of alternative computing devices , namely smartphones and tablet computers . Although most people exclusively use their smartphones and tablets for more basic tasks such as social media and casual gaming , these devices have in many instances replaced a second or third PC in the household that would have performed these tasks , though most families still retain a powerful PC for serious work . Among PC form factors , desktops remain a staple in the enterprise market but have lost popularity among home buyers . PC makers and electronics retailers have responded by investing their engineering and marketing resources towards laptops ( initially netbooks in the late 2000s , and then the higher - performance Ultrabooks from 2011 onwards ) , which manufacturers believe have more potential to revive the PC market than desktops . In April 2017 , StatCounter declared a `` Milestone in technology history and end of an era '' with Android operating system more popular than Windows ( the operating system that made desktops dominant over mainframe computers ) . Windows is still most popular on desktops ( and laptops ) , while smartphones ( and tablets ) use Android , iOS ( Apple products ) or Windows 10 Mobile . Types ( edit ) All - in - one ( edit ) Apple 20 '' iMac Intel Core Duo Dell Inspiron One 23 Touch AIO Desktop PC An all - in - one desktop computer integrates the system 's internal components into the same case as the display , thus occupying a smaller footprint ( with fewer cables ) than desktops that incorporate a tower . The all - in - one form factor was popular during the early 1980s for personal computers intended for professional use such as the Kaypro II , Osborne 1 , TRS - 80 Model II and Compaq Portable . Many manufacturers of home computers like Commodore and Atari included the computer 's motherboard into the same enclosure as the keyboard ; these systems were most often connected to a television set for display . Apple has manufactured several popular examples of all - in - one computers , such as the original Macintosh of the mid-1980s and the iMac of the late 1990s and 2000s . Some all - in - one desktops , such as the iMac G4 , have used laptop components in order to reduce the size of the system case . By the mid 2000s , many all - in - one designs have used flat panel displays , and later models have incorporated touchscreen displays , allowing them to be used similarly to a mobile tablet . Like most laptops , some all - in - one desktop computers are characterized by an inability to customize or upgrade internal components , as the systems ' cases do not provide convenient access to upgradable components , and faults in certain aspects of the hardware may require the entire computer to be replaced , regardless of the health of its remaining components . There have been exceptions to this ; the monitor portion of HP 's Z1 workstation can be angled flat , and opened like a vehicle hood for access to internal hardware . Mainstream ( edit ) These desktops are used as home PCs but have a heavy price tag . They are equipped with powerful processors , graphic cards and huge RAM capacity over and above having many complex factors . It is very common for them to have multiple hard drives as they are mostly used for gaming . Full - sized ( edit ) These desktops are very common and quite budget friendly compared to others in the market . It comes with separate display component and processing component . The components are connected by cables or wireless connection to execute command from each other . These computers are easy to customize and upgrade as per our requirement . Home theater ( edit ) These desktops are connected to home entertainment systems and typically used for amusement purpose . They come with high definition display , video graphics , surround sound and TV tuner systems to compliment typical PC features . Compact ( edit ) These desktops are same as Full - Sized desktops but the only different is its size . These are almost half of them and cost , performance same as Full - Sized desktops . Compact desktops are very difficult to customize and upgrade . Comparison with laptops ( edit ) Main article : Laptop § Disadvantages Desktops have an advantage over laptops in that the spare parts and extensions tend to be standardized , resulting in lower prices and greater availability . For example , the size and mounting of the motherboard is standardized into ATX , microATX , BTX or other form factors . Desktops have several standardized expansion slots , like conventional PCI or PCI express , while laptops only tend to have one mini-PCI slot and one PC Card slot ( or ExpressCard slot ) . Procedures for assembly and disassembly of desktops tend to be simple and standardized as well . This tends not to be the case for laptops , though adding or replacing some parts , like the optical drive , hard disk , or adding an extra memory module is often quite simple . This means that a desktop computer configuration , usually a tower case , can be customized and upgraded to a greater extent than laptops . This customization has kept tower cases popular among gamers and enthusiasts . Another advantage of the desktop is that ( apart from environmental concerns ) power consumption is not as critical as in laptop computers because the desktop is exclusively powered from the wall socket . Desktop computers also provide more space for cooling fans and vents to dissipate heat , allowing enthusiasts to overclock with less risk . The two large microprocessor manufacturers , Intel and AMD , have developed special CPUs for mobile computers ( i.e. laptops ) that consume less power and lower heat , but with lower performance levels . Laptop computers , conversely , offer portability that desktop systems ( including small form factor and all - in - one desktops ) can not due to their compact size and clamshell design . The laptop 's all - in - one design provides a built - in keyboard and a pointing device ( such as a trackpad ) for its user , and can draw on power supplied by a rechargeable battery . Laptops also commonly integrate wireless technologies like WiFi , Bluetooth and 3G , giving them a broader range of options for connecting to the internet , though this trend is changing as newer desktop computers come integrated with one or more of these technologies . A desktop computer needs a UPS to handle electrical disturbances like short interruptions , blackouts and spikes ; achieving an on - battery time of more than 20 -- 30 minutes for a desktop PC requires a large and expensive UPS . A laptop with sufficiently charged battery can continue to be used for hours in case of a power outage and is not affected by short power interruptions and blackouts . A desktop computer has an advantage over a laptop when you need to minimize power consumption and heat output . This means that you will never be able to overclock it to the sort of performance levels achieved by Cyberpower 's Gamer Infinity PC , nor will you be able to fit a laptop with the kind of graphic cards found in most of these desktop systems . You may find a laptop with high - definition Blu - ray drives , but you may not get much benefit if you 're watching a Blu - ray film on a screen that 's 17in or smaller . In contrast , the smallest monitor supplied with these £ 1,299 PCs was 19in , with more than one 24in monitor included as well . These monitors are great for watching films , as well as for performing tasks such as video editing or multi-track music recording. If you are looking for a really powerful PC , then these desktop computer still hold an edge over the modern laptops . See also ( edit ) x86 Desktop replacement computer Legacy ports Operating system Software Single board computer Home computer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The incredible story of the first PC , from 1965 '' . Pingdom . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Computer History '' . Computer History Museum . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most Important Companies '' . Byte . September 1995 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty years of Mac : 1984 - The Macintosh '' . Apple . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` PC sales are in decline , and in an alarming way for the first time '' . ExtremeTech . Jump up ^ Darlin , Damon ( 2006 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Falling Short of A+ - New York Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Dell back as CEO ; Rollins resigns - CNET News '' . CNET. 2007 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lap - top computers gain stature as power grows '' . Daily News of Los Angeles ( CA ) . 12 April 1987 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Falling Costs of Mobile Computing '' . Falling Costs of Mobile Computing Drive Corporate Adoption . Computer Economics , Inc . December 2005 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Worldwide notebook shipments grow 33 % on year in 2007 , says IDC , 31 January 2008 , Yen Ting Chen , DigiTimes , retrieved at 12 September 2011 Jump up ^ Analysis : Did Intel underestimate netbook success ? , Accessed at 10 January 2009 Jump up ^ Notebook PC Shipments Exceed Desktops for First Time in Q3 , isuppli.com , accessed at 13 January 2009 Jump up ^ Randall Stross ( 18 April 2008 ) . `` The PC Does n't Have to Be an Anchor '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Intel : laptop / desktop crossover coming sooner than expected '' . The Register , UK . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Charles Jade . `` Decline of the Desktop Mac '' . gigaom.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Computer Sales in Free Fall '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft quietly kills off the desktop PC '' . ExtremeTech . Jump up ^ 2013 PC Sales Decline Jump up ^ Why sales declined in 2013 Jump up ^ `` Can a $50 mini PC replace your desktop ? '' . Yes , the hardware is technically much slower than anything in a modern Windows desktop , but it did n't feel that way . Instead , the interface was snappy , Web browsing was smooth , and load times were short . Jump up ^ `` Android overtakes Windows for first time : `` Milestone in technology history and end of an era '' as Microsoft no longer owns dominant OS '' ( Press release ) . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Buy an All - in - One PC '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Gateway Profile 4 vs. Apple iMac '' . BetaNews . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Jack . `` Should I buy an all - in - one PC for my small business ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HP Z1 G2 review '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The different type of desktop computers '' . Types List . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ APC BackUPs UPS Specs Jump up ^ Cost of APC Back - ups - 1500VA - 230V Jump up ^ Cliff , J. `` Laptops vs desktops . Personal Computer World '' . Incisive Media Limited . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : How To Assemble A Desktop PC Computer Tour -- of major components of a desktop computers at HowStuffWorks Computer sizes Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desktop_computer&oldid=835741675 '' Categories : Classes of computers Personal computers Personal computing Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 14 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop%20computer
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who built the wall in into the badlands
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Into the Badlands ( TV series )
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into the badlands ( tv series )
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Into the Badlands Genre Action Adventure Drama Wuxia Created by Alfred Gough Miles Millar Starring Daniel Wu Orla Brady Sarah Bolger Aramis Knight Emily Beecham Oliver Stark Madeleine Mantock Ally Ioannides Marton Csokas Nick Frost Lorraine Toussaint Babou Ceesay Ella - Rae Smith Sherman Augustus Theme music composer Mike Shinoda Composer ( s ) Dave Shephard Trevor Yuile ( season 2 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 24 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Daniel Wu Stephen Fung David Dobkin Stacey Sher Michael Shamberg Alfred Gough Miles Millar Michael Taylor Producer ( s ) Dee Dee Ku Dany Wolf Morgan O'Sillivan James Flynn Kari Hobson Production location ( s ) New Orleans ( season 1 ) Ireland ( seasons 2 -- ) Cinematography Shane Hurlbut Owen McPolin ( season 2 ) Editor ( s ) Vikash Patel Bridget Durnford Ben Wilkinson Anthony Pinker Erin Deck Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Millar / Gough Ink Big Kid Pictures Diversion Pictures Double Feature Films AMC Studios Release Original network AMC Original release November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) -- present External links Website Into the Badlands is an American television series that premiered on AMC November 15 , 2015 . the series features a story about a warrior and a young boy who journey through a dangerous feudal land together seeking enlightenment . AMC renewed the show for a 10 - episode second season , which premiered on March 19 , 2017 . On April 25 , 2017 , AMC renewed the series for a 16 - episode third season , which premiered on April 22 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Ratings 7.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 7.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 7.2. 3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 7.3 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Opening introduction , narrated by M.K. ( Aramis Knight ) : `` The wars were so long ago nobody even remembers . Darkness and fear ruled until the time of the barons , seven men and women who forged order out of chaos . People flocked to them for protection . That protection became servitude . They banished guns and trained armies of lethal fighters they called Clippers . This world is built on blood . Nobody is innocent here . Welcome to the Badlands . '' The series is set in a post-apocalyptic world approximately 500 years after a war that left civilization in ruins . Many elements of technology , such as electricity and ground vehicles , have survived the apocalypse but society now shuns guns , leading to a reliance on melee weaponry and cross-bows . In a territory known as the Badlands , the former state of Oklahoma , a feudal society has developed to fill the power vacuum left by the war . Barons control land and monopolies over commodities like opium and fuel , trading amongst themselves to maintain the peace . Each baron is served by a massive workforce of slaves called cogs , as well as a prostitute class called dolls . A baron maintains power through a corps of young men and women called clippers : highly trained and loyal warriors , clippers are forbidden from marrying and having children lest their loyalties be divided . Each clipper force is captained by a regent . Several groups exist outside the strict hierarchy of the barons . Nomads are the most common , mostly lawless homicidal bandits who subsist on stealing from trade convoys between the baronies but some live in organized clans . The River King and his men control water trade in the Badlands and beyond , and is considered a neutral party in the barons ' power struggles . An ascetic religious movement called the Totemists is also shown to exist on the fringes of society , living in isolated communities and practicing a form of idol worship . The Widow leads a revolutionary group of anti-feudal fighters from her late husband 's barony ; although nominally recognized as a baron by her peers , they do not respect her , and the contempt is mutual . Little is known of the world beyond the Badlands , but it is implied that it is far less politically stable and environmentally sound than the Badlands . The mythical utopian city of Azra is believed to exist outside the Badlands but most dismiss it as a legend . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Daniel Wu as Sunny , regent ( head clipper ) to the Badlands ' most powerful baron , Quinn . Despite being a man of conviction , he is very loyal to Quinn . Very skilled and proficient in various styles and weapons , he is considered to be one of the deadliest clippers in the Badlands . Based on Sun Wukong , the Monkey King . Orla Brady as Lydia , Quinn 's first wife , who is both his fiercest critic and most devoted follower . She partners with The Widow and becomes her Viceroy and takes over Quinn 's mansion . She adopts a horse for her Baronial symbol , shown in white on a green banner , and continues to produce poppies . Sarah Bolger as Jade , Quinn 's new wife - to - be , whose beguiling demeanor hides a core of ambition and tenacity which she uses to manipulate others . She later marries her step - son , Ryder , after Quinn 's presumed death . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Aramis Knight as M.K. , a seemingly average teenage boy who is anything but . Lurking inside him is a dark energy that the Widow wants to harness into a weapon . Based on Tripitaka , or Tang Sanzang . Emily Beecham as Minerva , better known as The Widow , the Badlands ' newest baron ; a brilliant martial artist . She has adopted a blue - winged butterfly as her baronial symbol , shown in yellow on a light blue banner . It represents a transformation from insignificance to beauty and power . Her territory produces crude oil . Oliver Stark as Ryder , Quinn 's only son and presumed heir who later takes over as baron after his father 's presumed death along with marrying his step - mother , Jade . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Madeleine Mantock as Veil , a doctor who is in a secret relationship with Sunny ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) . Ally Ioannides as Tilda , a teenage assassin well - trained in the martial arts , she is the Widow 's adopted daughter and later becomes her regent . Marton Csokas as Quinn , the Badlands ' preeminent baron and a former clipper . His baronial symbol is an armadillo shown in white on a maroon banner . His territory produces poppy flowers , which are harvested for opium . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Nick Frost as Bajie , a schemer with questionable morals who finds himself allied with Sunny . Based on Zhu Bajie ( season 2 -- present ) Babou Ceesay as Pilgrim , a self - described `` Son of Azra '' . He is the leader of the Totemists , worshipers who are with him to recreate Azra in the Badlands . Can control those with the Gift , including Nix , Castor and M.K. ( season 3 ) . Lorraine Toussaint as Cressida , high priestess of Pilgrim and his followers ( season 3 ) . Ella - Rae Smith as Nix , a member of Pilgrim 's followers who has the Gift . She is close friends with Castor ( season 3 ) . Sherman Augustus as Nathaniel Moon , a former clipper who fights with honor , looking for his 1,000 th Clip . Battled Sonny ; after he lost , wanted to be killed but lost his hand instead . The Widow 's regent , he is tasked with tracking down Sunny ( guest season 2 ; main season 3 ) . Recurring ( edit ) Yohance Myles as Ringo , the tattoo artist of the clippers who inks their kill marks on their bodies . ( Season 1 ) . Benjamin Papac as Bale , a Colt ( a Clipper - in - training ) and a seemingly benevolent boy who befriends M.K. ( Season 1 ) . Mike Seal as Petri , one of Quinn 's clippers . ( Season 1 ) Stephen Lang as Waldo , a paraplegic former regent serving under Quinn ( Season 1 ) and the Widow ( season 2 ) . Teressa Liane as Angelica , a prostitute / spy loyal to The Widow . ( Season 1 ) . Ellen Hollman as Zypher , a regent of Baron Jacobee who has a history with Sunny . ( Season 1 ) . Edi Gathegi as Baron Jacobee , who has an alliance with Quinn . His baronial colors are a pattern of blue and green plaid . ( Season 1 ) . Lance E. Nichols as the River King , an importer and exporter of goods and cogs ( indentured servants ) up and down the river through the Badlands . ( Season 2 -- 3 ) Lance Henriksen as Penrith , Lydia 's father and the leader of a Totemist religious commune . ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) . Cung Le as Cyan , head Abbott who journeys with his fellow Abbotts , Ramona and Dury , searching for those who have abilities . ( Season 2 ) . Eve Connolly as Ava , an fighting instructor who works with M.K. ( Season 2 ) . Stephen Walters as the Engineer , boss of the pickers ( miners ) in the Bordeaux Mines . ( Season 2 ) . Chipo Chung as the Master , leader of the Abbott who trains M.K. , teaching him how to control his abilities ( Season 2 -- present ) . Maddison Jaizani as Odessa , a former Doll who becomes one of The Widow 's Butterflies , and later is Tilda 's lover . ( Season 2 -- present ) . Eleanor Matsuura as Baron Juliet Chau , who wants Quinn dead . She has adopted a fox as her baronial symbol , shown in black on a cream colored banner . Her baronial color is mostly white . ( Season 2 -- present ) . Alan Wai as Baron Hassan , who voted against The Widow 's barony at the conclave . For his baronial symbol , he adopted a peacock shown in yellow gold on a purple banner . His territory produces silk . ( Season 2 ) . Jonathan Ryan as Baron Broadmore , who also voted to exile The Widow during the conclave . His baronial symbol is two narwhals with their tusks crossed shown in white on a navy blue banner . ( Season 2 ) . Ivo Canelas as Baron Rojas , who voted against The Widow 's exile at the conclave . For his baronial symbol , he adopted a grasshopper shown in green on a black banner . ( Season 2 ) . Dean - Charles Chapman as Castor , a member of Pilgrim 's followers who has the Gift . Is friends with Nix . ( Season 3 ) . Lewis Tan as Gaius Chau , brother of Juliet Chau who has childhood history with Minerva . ( Season 3 ) . Wayne Gordon as Otto , a regent for Baron Chau . ( Season 3 ) . Sophia Di Martino as Lily , a smuggler and Bajie 's ex-wife . ( Season 3 ) . Tamsin Topolski as Wren , a former Butterfly of The Widow 's army who , after losing her leg , takes charge of other turncoats wanting to end the war between The Widow and Chau . ( Season 3 ) . George Sear as Arthur , a former Bowler of The Widow 's soldiers who takes sides with Wren and the turncoats . ( Season 3 ) . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) 10 March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 16 April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) TBA Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Fort '' David Dobkin Alfred Gough & Miles Millar November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 6.39 Regent Sunny , a highly - skilled fighter and the deadliest `` Head Clipper '' for Baron Quinn battles the Nomads to rescue a mysterious boy named M.K. who harbors a dark secret about his past . But when he brings him back to The Fort to train as a `` Colt '' , a Clipper - in - training , things quickly get out of hand with another trainee . When first blood is drawn , M.K. loses control of himself as if something takes over his body , making the boy valuable to an opposing baron , The Widow . Meanwhile , Sunny discovers M.K. 's pendant has the same image as the one on his childhood compass of a place called Azra , the boy 's home . In order to seek out the truth about his own past , Sunny wants to know more of this city beyond the Badlands , and must find a way out , especially now that his lover Veil is illegally pregnant with his child . `` Fist Like a Bullet '' David Dobkin Alfred Gough & Miles Millar November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 4.83 After wandering into The Widow 's territory , M.K. meets the Widow 's daughter Tilda , whom he follows for refuge in her mother 's mansion . But it turns out to be a dangerous place since she wants to use his dark power to overthrow the other barons . Meanwhile , after Quinn 's headaches are diagnosed by his long - time doctor as a tumor , he does n't have long to live . He wants to keep the news a secret , so he orders Sunny to `` clip '' the doctor and his wife , Veil 's parents , who know about their unborn baby . However , Sunny refuses and Quinn has to murder them himself , and gives him a second chance to test his loyalty . Later , when Sunny and Ryder are attacked by The Widow 's nomads , M.K. saves Sunny 's life and agrees to show him the way out of the Badlands . But Sunny has a condition ; he will bring M.K. back to The Fort for training so he can be strong enough to smuggle Veil and the baby out . `` White Stork Spreads Wings '' David Dobkin Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Justine Juel Gillmer November 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) 5.17 Quinn seeks retribution against The Widow and pays the price with losing many Clippers in his surprise attack . M.K. breaks away from the Colts to steal the book about Azra in The Widow 's study , where Tilda sees him . Sunny begins to train M.K. , but he must first learn discipline , especially when he underestimates Waldo during their fight because Waldo uses a wheelchair . As Ryder 's life slowly fades , Jade desperately seeks help from Veil who reluctantly yet successfully treats him . But it results in Quinn knowing about her and Sunny 's relationship . In order for Quinn to form an alliance with Jacobee , the one baron who does n't hate him as much , Sunny must reunite with Zypher , Jacobee 's regent to arrange a meeting . M.K. brings the book to Veil to be translated , but it 's in a language she does n't recognize . As M.K. hides , Veil is interrupted by Quinn who wants her to save him from his deadly illness . `` Two Tigers Subdue Dragons '' Guy Ferland Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Michael Jones - Morales December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 2.42 Sunny has to figure out how to control M.K. 's power , especially when he gets knocked out by a single punch . Jade prepares for her wedding , and taking Lydia 's advice , she stops her relationship with Ryder , who feels broken and betrayed . Sunny finds out Veil has been helping M.K. translate the Azra book and treating Quinn for his tumor . Later , Quinn sets a parlay with Baron Jacobee to help him defeat The Widow after she beheads one of his Clippers . Both barons meet in the City of the Dead at Cross Bend where problems arise . M.K. spies a disguised Tilda and gives pursuit and they fight . Tilda cuts him , unleashing his darkness that only she can stop . Ryder is enlisted by Zypher who is secretly working for The Widow to join their cause to start a war . Waldo grants Sunny an audience with the River King , importer of goods and cogs , to reserve a passage out of the Badlands . However , the River King demands M.K. 's head as payment due to M.K. having previously killed some of his Cogs . 5 5 `` Snake Creeps Down '' Guy Ferland Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Justin Doble December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) 2.21 Sunny finds a direction when he uses his broken compass in the Azra book 's cutout . After the poppy fields are abandoned , Quinn has a migraine and puts Jade in charge to train Clippers how to harvest . In order to look for `` the boy at the Fort '' , The Widow takes in Quinn 's cogs , promising them freedom in return for loyalty . Waldo tells Ryder to take M.K. 's pendant to Ryder 's grandfather Penrith , a preacher , who says Azra is just a made - up story . Veil asks Quinn if he killed her parents and says it was Sunny 's blade that ended their lives , not his . When Sunny brings Petri and his Colt , Bale , to track The Widow and her Butterflies , Tilda warns M.K. every time he is cut , his life force gets weaker , and gets captured . A fight ensues between her mother and Sunny , while Bale , wanting to make his first kill , fights Tilda , but meets a deadly end when M.K. cuts himself to save her . 6 6 `` Hand of Five Poisons '' Guy Ferland Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Michael R. Perry December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) 2.16 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After his failure to finish off The Widow , Quinn suspects that Sunny is a traitor and imprisons him . Meanwhile , Jade frames Lydia for trying to poison her , resulting in Quinn exiling her . With no other choice , Lydia returns to Penrith and rejoins her father 's congregation . Later , Tilda kidnaps Veil , asking her to treat The Widow 's wounds . Veil warns Tilda that her mother does not truly love her . She leaves two bottles of poison and the tincture , making it Tilda 's choice whether to kill her or not . Instead , Tilda confronts The Widow who insists she 's trying to save M.K. and explains she was once special like him . When M.K. escapes , Quinn convinces him to join his ranks in return for sparing Tilda and Sunny 's lives ; he agrees . Sunny is freed by Waldo , who reveals himself as the true traitor , and urges him to leave the Badlands , but he goes in search of M.K. At the Dollhouse , Quinn is ambushed by Ryder who teamed up with Jacobee and Zypher . Quinn triggers M.K. 's abilities and he quickly disposes of them all . Sunny shows up , impales Quinn with his sword , and attempts to subdue M.K. However , three Abbotts arrive and easily defeat them , revealing they have the same abilities as M.K. , and take him away . In order to secure transportation out of the Badlands , Sunny had presented Bale 's head to the River King , to pass off as M.K. 's . But the River King finds out and knows Sunny tried to cheat him . The River King captures him , intending to sell Sunny to the highest bidder . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 7 `` Tiger Pushes Mountain '' Nick Copus Alfred Gough & Miles Millar March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 3.44 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Six months later , Sunny , now a `` Picker '' , a miner used for slave labor , excavates coal in the Bordeaux Mines far from the Badlands . He befriends Bajie , a smuggler who is shackled to him . After watching an arena fight in which under - performing Pickers are executed for not making their quota , Sunny plans to escape . Bajie acquires a map and wants to go with him . When Sunny refuses , Bajie betrays his true identity to the mine boss , The Engineer . Meanwhile , M.K. undergoes training from the Abbotts under the tutelage of Ava . Later , M.K. meets The Master , who promises his freedom if he can learn to control his abilities , and oversees his training . In the Badlands , Ryder , who as Baron following his father 's presumed death controls Quinn , Jacobee , and The Widow 's territories , alongside his love , Jade . During an inspection of the oil fields , The Widow and Tilda , now a regent , return . In a surprise attack they reclaim them , kill most of Ryder 's Clippers and force him to retreat . They preside over a growing army of former Cogs and Dolls , promising to end the Badlands feudal system and replace it with a democratic society . Tilda recruits Odessa , a former doll , and has the clippers who abused the dolls killed . While stationed in an abandoned train station , Veil gives birth to a boy and is in the company of Quinn , who survived his impalement . 8 `` Force of Eagle 's Claw '' Nick Copus Matt Lambert March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 3.41 After Bajie betrays Sunny , The Engineer decides he does n't like a `` rat '' for a Picker so he sends them to the fighting pit to battle his champion Mouse . Fortunately , the arena is unguarded . They defeat their foe , make it to the exit and escape through the mine 's ventilation system . They find themselves in the Outlying Territories with a wall separating them from the Badlands . Meanwhile , Tilda learns how to be a proper Regent from Waldo who is working for The Widow . Lydia is living with Penrith and his Totemists . All is peaceful until Nomads interrupt a wedding , looking for goods . Lydia takes it upon herself to save the religious group by killing all the bandits herself , resulting in her father 's disapproval due to his non-violent beliefs . She is once again cast out and returns to Ryder , who does n't receive her kindly . Also , The Master sends M.K. to her room of mirrors in order to conquer his inner demon ; himself . Later , while hiding out in the abandoned West Avalon transit station , Quinn performs a bloody baptism on Veil 's son , Henry , who he proclaims is the Badlands newest heir . 9 `` Red Sun , Silver Moon '' Toa Fraser Michael Taylor April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 3.11 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While wandering the Outlying Territories , Sunny and Bajie find a bridge that leads into the Badlands , but it is guarded by a stranger and they 've been followed by bounty hunters . The stranger lends them a helping hand defeating the bounty hunters and gives them shelter . They learn that he 's the legendary Clipper Regent Nathaniel Moon , `` Silver Moon '' who , like Sunny , left the Badlands to live a violence - free life . After he fell in love with a warlord 's daughter , he started a family , but they were murdered . Now he hunts fugitives , returning to his violent ways . He tries to convince Sunny that men like them never change . Meanwhile , The Widow asks Waldo to be her Second at the Baron conclave instead of Tilda , but she is in charge if she does n't return . Veil lies to Quinn about his prognoses by switching out his x-rays with healthy ones . M.K. discovers that the Abbotts are up to something when his friend Tate is experimented on , draining his abilities . Later Silver Moon , still searching for his 1,000 th kill mark , sees Sunny as a worthy opponent . He challenges Sunny to a fight to the death or to put him out of his misery by ending his life . Sunny continues on his quest to find his family and does not want to be his executioner ; Bajie comes to his aid . 10 `` Palm of the Iron Fox '' Toa Fraser Daniel C. Connolly April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 1.57 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Quinn puts his plan in motion to start anew and sets off with his Clippers . Meanwhile before the conclave voting ceremony , The Widow tries to get Baron Chau on her side and thinks about her condition of pledging not to shelter any more runaway Cogs at her Sanctuary . Later , M.K. takes one of The Master 's opium - infused origami and returns to the room of mirrors , this time to find out what happened to his mother , but learns that her blood is on his hands . When Quinn is off on his mission , Veil , trapped at the transit station with lone Clipper Edgar , tries to escape with Henry in her arms by drugging him , however he blocks her only way out . During the conclave , the five remaining Barons vote The Widow in breach of the Foundation Treaty , stripped of her baron title , and her lands and privileges are revoked . They give her 48 hours to vacate the Badlands , but she has no intention of giving it up and a baronial showdown is about to begin . Just then , Quinn makes a dramatic entrance first and goes after Ryder , killing his son in the middle of his hedge maze . In the end , Tilda shows up at the melee and helps Waldo and her mother in their fight for a Cog - free world . 11 5 `` Monkey Leaps Through Mist '' Paco Cabezas LaToya Morgan April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 1.42 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With Ryder dead , the other surviving Barons have fled , going to ground . Jade , the only successor , is sworn in as Baron by her Regent , Merrick , and declares war . She then turns to Lydia for help in finding Quinn . However , Lydia has one condition ; she gets to kill Quinn herself . Meanwhile , Bajie takes Sunny to Nos , the Commandant of the Mechs , or metal traders , to trade Silver Moon 's sword for a shortcut back into the Badlands . Sunny learns from the leader that Quinn 's still alive . During their overnight stay , a Doll named Portia visits Sunny asking him to kill Nos so her young daughter Amelia will not lead a life of prostitution . He refuses at first , but after seeing Portia 's face mutilated and her stabbed , he and Bajie steal their ride , bringing mother and daughter with them . Also , while training , M.K. escapes the Abbotts and disguises himself with clothes from a corpse that was hanged nearby . Later , The Widow ignores Waldo 's advice , to either align with the other Barons who tried to kill her or lose everything she built , instead aligning herself with Quinn . Lydia and the Clippers seek out Quinn , but the bunker doors are booby trapped , and she loses most of her men . In the commotion , Veil finds her way out of the transit station and flees from Quinn , who is having hallucinations of his dead son . 12 6 `` Leopard Stalks in Snow '' Paco Cabezas Matt Lambert April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 1.31 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the aftermath of the transit station explosion , Lydia loses all her men and is captured by Quinn who offers her a chance to avenge their son with a dagger to his heart . Unlike Ryder , she does n't hesitate , but Quinn stops her hand from the killing blow , then has an intimate moment . Meanwhile , after their escape from the Mechs ; Bajie and Sunny go to Portia 's healer friend , located in a Gasper addicts opium den . Veil finds temporary solace at the Widow 's Sanctuary , but the Widow makes an unholy alliance with Quinn and hands her and baby Henry over to him . Also , Tilda gets closer to Odessa by telling her why she calls Minerva `` mother '' and they share an intimate moment witnessed by Waldo . Later , Ava finds M.K. , who seemed to have lost his power after a skirmish with a Nomad , leaving him bloody . They make camp at an Old World hotel left abandoned during Christmas 2024 . Sunny and M.K. reunite , but he 's followed by the three Abbotts ; Cyan , Ramona , and Dury , seeking out M.K 's darkness with an Azraian device . A melee ensues and they 're quickly defeated until Bajie shows up , revealing his secret of being an Abbott in another life . Ava dies from her injuries after saving M.K. while Sunny suddenly collapses from a mysterious blow to the chest . 13 7 `` Black Heart , White Mountain '' Stephen Fung Michael Taylor April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 1.42 After a dying Cyan attacked him with the hand of the Five Poisons , a poisoned and comatose Sunny is trapped in a nightmare in which he must confront his inner demons . In the dream , he is living a simple life as a farmer with Veil and Henry who has grown into a boy . Things quickly escalate as the poison seeps through his body , causing all the victims he clipped , including a girl named Artemis , to kill him . Bajie and M.K. infiltrate the Abbott monastery to gather medical supplies and special needles in order to revive Sunny , along with Sunny 's Azra compass that Bajie secretly steals . Later , Bajie explains his departure from the monastery . He had a loving relationship with his novice Flea , who had dark abilities similar to M.K. and wishes to find her . Meanwhile , Quinn and the Widow assault Jade 's palace in order to exile her from the Badlands . 14 8 `` Sting of the Scorpion 's Tail '' Stephen Fung LaToya Morgan May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 1.29 Quinn and the Widow prove their alliance by presenting their gifts : Baron Hassan and Baron Broadmore 's heads . Meanwhile , Bajie gets Sunny and M.K. out of the Outlying Territories and through the wall into the Badlands . But it comes at a price when they 're captured by Baron Chau 's Clippers . However , Sunny devises a plan to get them out by proposing to Chau he knows how to lure The Widow out . He becomes Chau 's Regent , slips Bajie the cell key to his freedom , and delivers M.K. to The Widow in order to find Quinn 's hideout . Sunny and The Widow 's reunion is a bloody one as they work together , alongside M.K. and Tilda , fighting the Clippers . Later , Veil is forced to marry Quinn so he can help raise Henry , grooming him as his heir to the baroncy . Their consummation is interrupted by a report that Sunny is alive , and has joined forces with the Widow and is coming to find Quinn . 15 9 `` Nightingale Sings No More '' Paco Cabezas Justin Britt - Gibson May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 1.56 Twenty years ago , Bajie , an Abbott is tasked with training a new novice who , due to her powerful `` Gift '' , is brought to the monastery in a large chest . She breaks free and Bajie has to subdue her , and because of her small size , he nicknames her Flea . However , her name is Minerva and she carries the book of Azra that 's been in her family for generations . Back to the present , Sunny aligns with the Widow who offers him and M.K. , now without his abilities , sanctuary . The Widow plans to attack Quinn 's bunker , but Quinn sends his young Clipper Gabriel strapped with a suicide bomb to deliver Sunny a message about Veil , and learns that the Widow traded her to Quinn . In the chaos of the explosion , Sunny escapes and runs into Bajie , telling him to get M.K. out and meet him at the bunker . Bajie reunites with Minerva , but it 's not the reunion he wanted , as he and M.K. are captured trying to steal the Azra book . Later , Tilda confronts the Widow about how she 's become like the rest of the barons : power - hungry and sacrificing innocent lives . The two fight , and Tilda is defeated . 16 10 `` Wolf 's Breath , Dragon Fire '' Paco Cabezas Alfred Gough , Miles Millar & Matt Lambert May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 1.37 While M.K. remains in the Widow 's clutches forcing him to get his Gift back , Odessa frees Bajie and a crippled Tilda from captivity with the aid of Waldo . Bajie helps Sunny in his assault on Quinn 's bunker . During the assault , Bajie is wounded by one of Quinn 's lieutenants before disappearing , and Lydia is saved from execution . Meanwhile , Sunny is reunited with Veil and fights a final battle with Quinn . Badly wounded , Quinn grabs Veil and tries to take her hostage and gives him an ultimatum ; either Sunny gives him Henry or he will kill Veil . Refusing to let Quinn have the upper hand , Veil fatally impales both herself and Quinn with his own sai . With her dying breath , Veil implores Sunny to raise their son to be good . Later , an injured Bajie rides Sunny 's motorcycle to a derelict communications tower and reactivates it with the Azra compass , sending out a Morse code before collapsing from his stab wound . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 17 `` Enter the Phoenix '' Paco Cabezas Matt Lambert April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 1.35 It 's been six months since Sunny returned to the Badlands , which is now ravaged by a civil war between the only two barons left : The Widow and Chau . He reunites with Bajie to seek a cure for his infant son Henry , who has The Gift . Tilda , known as the `` Iron Rabbit '' , and her band of thieves are stealing from The Widow and protecting Lydia in a Totemist camp . Meanwhile , M.K. is being held captive by The Widow who is trying to help him get back his power . She also recuits Moon who is in hiding after his fight with Sunny left him with one hand . Later , a new threat emerges . 18 `` Moon Rises , Raven Seeks '' Paco Gonzalez Matt Lambert April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 1.27 After receiving Bajie 's signal , Pilgrim , the son of Azra , along with his Acolytes travel a long way in search for a new kingdom in the Badlands . They find one in a ruined castle on an island , once a natural history museum . Moon joins The Widow as her Regent . He 's tasked with finding Bajie , who is vital in the war effort . Sunny learns he passed The Gift to Henry . He and Bajie seek help from Lydia who tell them about Ankara , the Mad Witch who processes knowledge about The Dark Ones . Wanting answers , they set out north to Vulture 's Peak where she can be found . Later , The Widow struggles to control M.K. who tries to kill himself with opium . She wants the Iron Rabbit 's head , unbeknownst the thief is Tilda . 19 `` Leopard Snares Rabbit '' Toa Fraser Michael Taylor May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 0.97 On orders to capture the Iron Rabbit , Moon raids Tilda 's refugee camp and takes Odessa to lure her out . Lydia decides to play both sides and partners with The Widow as her Viceroy and she takes over Quinn 's mansion . Disguised as The Widow 's Clippers , Sunny and Bajie make their way to the frontlines and leave Henry with a healer while they find a way out of the war zone for a cure . Tilda confronts her mother and makes a deal that she 'll come back for M.K. 's freedom . M.K. gets his Gift back . 20 `` Blind Cannibal Assassins '' Toa Fraser Michael Taylor May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 1.20 While traveling through the Wasteland , Sunny and Bajie face - off against a band of blind cannibals who were once renegade Clippers tracked down and blinded by Quinn 's forces , including Sunny when he was a Colt . They join forces with Moon who was also captured by the assassins , and his honor is satisfied after sparing Henry a father . Baron Chau enlists her imprisoned brother , Gaius to clip Pilgrim who is recruiting Cogs from her territory , while The Widow and Lydia try to befriend Pilgrim , and save his life in the process during Chau 's attack . Later , M.K. is on the run , deciding he must find Sunny and kill him , believing he murdered his mother . 21 5 `` Carry Tiger to Mountain '' James Marshall LaToya Morgan May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 1.08 Sunny and Bajie reach Vulture 's Peak and seeks help from Ankara , a reclusive witch , who temporally heals Henry 's darkness . She tells Sunny someone powerful dispelled his Gift as a child , and in doing so , made him a Catalyst , from where the dark gift flows through him . She also declared that Sunny may be the most powerful of them all . After Nix saves him in the forest , M.K. meets Pilgrim , who wants to use his powers for his cause in ushering in a new era of blood and chaos in the name of Azra . The Widow confronts Gaius , Chau 's brother and a ghost from her past from when she served his father as Chau 's Cog . He agrees to help fight his sister 's Clippers who , along with Castor , ransacked Tilda 's refugee camp . 22 6 `` Black Wind Howls '' James Marshall Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) 0.92 While making their way through an unsavory part of the Badlands full of pirates and thieves , Sunny and Bajie asks a favor from Lily , Bajie 's ex-wife turned smuggler . With her boat , she decides to help them find the new Azra . However , Sunny has visions of himself as a boy on board Lily 's boat which once belonged to the River King . And its not long he comes seeking out their bounties . Later , Tilda forms an alliance with her mother after Chau took some refugees . The two meet up with Pilgrim and The Widow brings an injured Castor who was her captive , not wanting to break the peace with him . But Pilgrim has M.K. on his side and kills Castor . 23 7 `` Dragonfly 's Last Dance '' Paco Cabezas LaToya Morgan June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) 1.06 Sunny and Bajie work with the River King to secure passage to Pilgrim 's Fortress . However , Sunny learns that as a child he was on a boat that was attacked by the Black Lotus , a group of fearsome warriors looking for him . Sunny seeks out Captain Udo , the last survivor who tells him more about the massacre and that he had a sister who protected him . The Widow faces a mutiny from her Butterflies and Bowlers who are sick losing life and limb from the war with Baron Chau . Under the leadership of Wren , a former fighter , they hold her and Gaius captive . However , Lydia negotiates an armistice with the turncoats and flees to Moon and Tilda to rescue them . With the River King dead , Lily takes over to become the River Queen . 24 8 `` Leopard Catches Cloud '' Paco Cabezas Matt Lambert June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 0.89 Sunny and Bajie arrive at Pilgrim 's Fortress , but they do not receive a warm welcome . Sunny fights an angry M.K. who makes him remember he killed his mother as a Clipper . After surviving the melee , Sunny meets Pilgrim and learns that his real name is Sanzo and in order to cure his son , they must open the Meridian Chamber , an ancient underground vault from the Old World Pilgrim 's acolytes recently unearthed . Bajie discovers they want to make an army of Dark Ones for a new Azra . But Sunny has no choice as long as Henry is cured . Pilgrim tells Sunny that Sunny is the key and Pilgrim is the focus to cure Henry and transfers Henry 's gift to himself . Later , The Widow , Gaius and Tilda storm White Bone , Chau 's mansion while Moon battles her troops and Lydia holds the line . Episode eleven is written by Stephanie Hicks & Matt Lambert , and directed by Tricia Brock . Production ( edit ) Described as a `` genre - bending martial arts series '' . AMC ordered 6 one - hour - long episodes of the action - drama developed by AMC Studios for a premiere in late 2015 . Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park composed the title theme . Executive producer Stephen Fung also serves as the series ' action director alongside veteran Hong Kong choreographer , Ku Huen - chiu . Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on November 17 , 2015 , on Showcase . In Germany , Austria , Italy , and the UK , the series is available through Amazon Prime Instant Video with each episode accessible the day after the U.S. air date . BBC America began airing double episodes on August 20 , 2016 , at 10pm ET . Home media ( edit ) Complete Season DVD / Blu - ray Release dates Additional info Region 1 / A Region 2 / B Region 4 / C November 8 , 2016 n / a n / a The Blu - ray / DVD box - sets include featurettes , making of the fight scenes , the characters of the series , and digital comic . March 13 , 2018 n / a n / a Deleted scenes . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season received mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 54 % approval rating with an average rating of 4.72 / 10 based on 39 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Into the Badlands is loaded with off - kilter potential that 's left largely unfulfilled -- although its well - choreographed action sequences should satisfy martial arts fans . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 54 out of 100 based on 29 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The second season received positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.53 / 10 based on 5 reviews . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter gave a generally positive review and wrote , `` AMC finds a bloody , fun and entertaining non-zombie counterpart to The Walking Dead and turns Sundays into an escapist red zone . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote , `` The action scenes scattered throughout Into the Badlands are not just stirringly presented , they represent a test passed with flying , and bloody , colors . This efficient AMC series is an homage to classic Samurai films and kinetic action fare churned out by Hong Kong maestros of furious fists , and if the TV drama had failed to meet the standards set by the sturdiest examples of those genres , it would have seemed superfluous at best . Fortunately , star Daniel Wu is more than up to the task of occupying the center of this streamlined story of vengeance , tyranny and roundhouse kicks . '' Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Fort '' November 15 , 2015 3.2 6.39 0.8 1.83 4.0 8.22 `` Fist Like a Bullet '' November 22 , 2015 2.3 4.83 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` White Stork Spreads Wings '' November 29 , 2015 2.5 5.17 0.7 1.52 3.2 6.69 `` Two Tigers Subdue Dragons '' December 6 , 2015 1.1 2.42 0.6 N / A 1.7 N / A 5 `` Snake Creeps Down '' December 13 , 2015 1.0 2.21 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Hand of Five Poisons '' December 20 , 2015 1.0 2.16 N / A N / A N / A N / A Notes Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Tiger Pushes Mountain '' March 19 , 2017 1.4 3.44 0.6 1.28 2.0 4.71 `` Force of Eagle 's Claw '' March 26 , 2017 1.5 3.41 N / A 1.23 N / A 4.64 `` Red Sun , Silver Moon '' April 2 , 2017 1.4 3.11 0.6 1.38 2.0 4.50 `` Palm of the Iron Fox '' April 9 , 2017 0.6 1.57 0.5 1.12 1.1 2.69 5 `` Monkey Leaps Through Mist '' April 16 , 2017 0.5 1.42 0.6 1.25 1.1 2.67 6 `` Leopard Stalks in Snow '' April 23 , 2017 0.5 1.31 0.5 1.22 1.0 2.53 7 `` Black Heart , White Mountain '' April 30 , 2017 0.5 1.42 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 8 `` Sting of the Scorpion 's Tail '' May 7 , 2017 0.5 1.29 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Nightingale Sings No More '' May 14 , 2017 0.6 1.56 0.4 1.15 1.0 2.71 10 `` Wolf 's Breath , Dragon Fire '' May 21 , 2017 0.5 1.37 0.4 1.07 0.9 2.44 Notes Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Enter the Phoenix '' April 22 , 2018 0.5 1.35 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Moon Rises , Raven Seeks '' April 29 , 2018 0.4 1.27 0.3 N / A 0.7 N / A `` Leopard Snares Rabbit '' May 6 , 2018 0.3 0.97 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Blind Cannibal Assassins '' May 13 , 2018 0.4 1.20 0.3 0.82 0.7 2.02 5 `` Carry Tiger to Mountain '' May 20 , 2018 0.4 1.08 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Black Wind Howls '' June 3 , 2018 0.3 0.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Dragonfly 's Last Dance '' June 10 , 2018 0.3 1.06 0.4 0.87 0.7 1.93 8 `` Leopard Catches Cloud '' June 17 , 2018 0.3 0.89 TBD TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Into the Badlands Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` How Martial Arts Series ' Into the Badlands ' Kicked Its Way Onto AMC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look at Daniel Wu in AMC 's Into the Badlands '' . ComingSoon.net . March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` AMC Sets Premiere Dates for ' Better Call Saul , ' ' Into the Badlands ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Into the Badlands renewed for a bigger third season on AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` AMC Sets ' McMafia ' Premiere , Season Starts For ' Fear , ' ' Badlands , ' and ' James Cameron 's Sci - Fi Story ' -- TCA '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Into the Badlands Season 3 Premiere Date Revealed '' . AMC ( blog ) . January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Map shown in S03E03 Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Marton Csokas Joins ' Into The Badlands ' On AMC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ ' Into The Badlands ' Casts Nick Frost As Series Regular ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Into The Badlands : Sherman Augustus , Babou Ceesay & Ella Rae - Smith Join Season 3 as Series Regulars '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Into The Badlands : Lorraine Toussaint Joins as New Regular for Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - into the badlands on amc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' starts well for AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' rises with Glenn 's fate revealed , ' Into the Badlands ' down in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' gets a ' Walking Dead ' bump '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Leftovers ' finale rises , ' Into the Badlands ' takes a hit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' on top , plus ' Jill & Jessa ' premiere , ' Kardashians ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Homeland ' rises with finale , ' Into the Badlands ' hits season low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday cable originals - network finals 4 2 2017 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steph Hicks ( @ Sticks919 ) ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Spent my holidays holed up working on this script with the awesome @ MattTheLambert . It starts shooting tomorrow in Ireland directed by the talented Tricia Brock . Very excited and proud ! # IntoTheBadlands # femalefilmmakers '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` AMC Orders Martial Arts Drama ' Badlands ' Straight to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video -- Opening Credits Featuring the Series Theme Song for Into the Badlands '' . AMC . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There 's ' Kung Fu , ' and , in ' Into the Badlands , ' There 's Hong Kong Kung Fu '' . The New York Times . November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` New This Week ( Nov 16 ) : Into The Badlands , Jane The Virgin , Kardashians , V8s and live sports '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon snaps up AMC 's genre - bending martial arts series INTO THE BADLANDS from Entertainment One , exclusively for Amazon Prime members in the UK '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbcamerica.com/schedule Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : The Complete First Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tim Goodman . `` ' Into the Badlands ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan . `` ' Into the Badlands ' Review : Daniel Wu brings charisma to action drama -- Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Nov. 9 - 15 : ' Into the Badlands ' scores another big premiere for AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Nov. 23 - 29 : ' Unforgettable ' makes an unmemorable return on A&E '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 3 ratings : ' Empire , ' ' You 're the Worst ' and ' Star Wars Rebels ' post big gains for Nov. 30 - Dec. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes up for losses in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Major Crimes ' makes major gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Underground ' makes a big leap in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 27 - April 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Archer ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' makes big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Draft leads , ' Better Call Saul ' jumps : Cable Live + 3 ratings for April 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Brockmire ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 8 -- 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' tops the charts in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 15 -- 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' finale gets solid bump in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 23 -- 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' finale gets a good boost in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 7 -- 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Cloak & Dagger ' premiere makes good gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Into the Badlands on IMDb Into the Badlands at TV Guide Into the Badlands on TV.com AMC original programming Current Better Call Saul ( since 2015 ) Dietland ( since 2018 ) Fear the Walking Dead ( since 2015 ) Geeking Out ( since 2016 ) Humans ( since 2015 ) Into the Badlands ( since 2015 ) Lodge 49 ( since 2018 ) McMafia ( since 2018 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Ride with Norman Reedus ( since 2016 ) The Son ( since 2017 ) Talking Dead ( since 2011 ) Talking Preacher ( since 2016 ) Talking Saul ( since 2016 ) Talking with Chris Hardwick ( since 2017 ) The Terror ( since 2018 ) The Walking Dead ( since 2010 ) Former 1980s debuts The Movie Masters ( 1989 -- 90 ) 1990s debuts The Lot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Remember WENN ( 1996 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) Broken Trail ( 2006 ) Celebrity Charades ( 2005 ) DVD TV ( 2002 -- 08 ) Mad Men ( 2007 -- 15 ) Movies That Shook the World ( 2005 ) The Prisoner ( 2009 ) Shootout ( 2003 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 4th and Loud ( 2014 ) The American West ( 2016 ) Comic Book Men ( 2012 -- 18 ) Feed the Beast ( 2016 ) Freakshow ( 2013 -- 14 ) Game of Arms ( 2014 ) Halt and Catch Fire ( 2014 -- 17 ) Hell on Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) The Killing ( 2011 -- 13 ) Low Winter Sun ( 2013 ) The Making of the Mob ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Night Manager ( 2016 ) Owner 's Manual ( 2013 ) The Pitch ( 2012 -- 13 ) Rubicon ( 2010 ) Small Town Security ( 2012 -- 14 ) Talking Bad ( 2013 ) TURN : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 -- 17 ) Upcoming NOS4A2 ( 2019 ) Dispatches From Elsewhere ( TBA ) The Little Drummer Girl The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Badlands_(TV_series)&oldid=848989480 '' Categories : 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series AMC ( TV channel ) network shows English - language television programs American action television series Dystopian television series Martial arts television series Post-apocalyptic television series Television series by Entertainment One Wuxia television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Kiswahili Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 18 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into%20the%20Badlands%20%28TV%20series%29
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which big five trait is least likely to appear in other cultures and languages
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Big Five personality traits and culture
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big five personality traits and culture
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Cross-cultural psychology as a discipline examines the way that human behavior is different and / or similar across different cultures . One important and widely studied area in this subfield of psychology is personality , particularly the study of Big Five . The Big Five personality traits are Openness , Conscientiousness , Extraversion , Agreeableness , and Neuroticism . The Big Five model of personality ( also known as the Five Factor Model ) has become the most extensively studied model of personality and has broad support , starting in the United States and later in many different cultures . However , there is also some evidence which suggests that the Big Five traits may not be sufficient to completely explain personality in other cultures .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Support for the Big Five across cultures 2 Comparisons in the Big Five across cultures 2.1 Similarities 2.2 Differences 3 Controversy 3.1 HEXACO model of personality 3.2 Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory 3.3 Other possible models 4 References Support for the Big Five across cultures ( edit ) Research suggests that the same five - factor structure of personality can be found in multiple other countries , based on a translated version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory . Over the past decade , studies on the validity of the Five - Factor Model using translations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory have found broad support across many different studies and in many different countries ; in earlier studies , Extraversion and Neuroticism were reported as stable personality scales across several cultures , including German , Dutch , French , Japanese , Chinese , and Filipino samples . Further research found support for the entire Five - Factor Model in Chinese , Dutch , Italian , Hungarian , German , Australian , South African , Canadian , Finnish , Polish , Portuguese , Israeli , Korean , Japanese , and Filipino samples , in addition to other samples . Across multiple studies , factor analyses of translations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory in languages from different language families consistently load on five factors that largely correspond to the Big Five personality traits . Additionally , the Big Five traits have been found in the personality ratings of observers in over 50 cultures , indicating that the previous findings were not dependent merely on ratings of the self . Overall , this body of work has established the validity of the Five - Factor model cross-culturally , potentially providing evidence for the Five - Factor Model as a universal taxonomy of personality structure . Comparisons in the Big Five across cultures ( edit ) One approach psychologists have taken when examining Big Five traits in different cultures has been to examine either similarities or differences between cultures . Generally , researchers examine the average levels of a trait ( or multiple traits ) across an entire culture to make comparisons cross-culturally . Similarities ( edit ) There are many similarities in Big Five trait expression across cultures . For example , differences between men and women in Big Five traits , although small compared to variation within gender , do seem to exist consistently across a number of cultures . In general , women tend to score higher on neuroticism and agreeableness . Additionally , longitudinal studies have found consistency in personality changes that occur across the lifetime , in both adults and adolescents . Research in Big Five traits in American and Flemish teens showed similar changes in personality from ages 12 to 18 . In addition , the period from young adulthood to middle adulthood is associated with increases in Conscientiousness and Agreeableness and decreases in Neuroticism , Openness , and Extraversion in several countries , including the United States , Germany , Italy , Portugal , Croatia , and South Korea . Differences ( edit ) It is also important to note that when examining the average personality traits of individuals in cultural groups , differences between cultures seem to exist . Some research compares one culture against another culture on a specific Big Five personality trait ; Filipinos , for example , score relatively low on Neuroticism on average , compared to other cultures measured , while scoring in the middle of the scale on Extraversion . Americans , New Zealanders , and Canadians score higher on Extraversion , while scoring moderately on Neuroticism . These differences , however , exist on average , and there is still a large amount of variability in Big Five personality traits that exists within a particular culture . Gender differences in personality tend to be larger in developed societies ( such as France and the United States ) compared to less - developed cultures ( such as Zimbabwe and Malaysia ) . However , although these findings are quite robust , one consideration is that these differences between cultures might be the result of translation errors , differences in self - presentation styles , or even genetic differences . Furthermore , although broad evidence suggests that the Big Five traits do measure meaningful constructs across a great deal of cultures , it is also true that expressions of mean levels of personality are necessarily influenced by culture . That is to say , all individuals scoring high on a certain Big Five personality trait such as Extraversion are likely to enjoy socialization with others , but where , when , and with whom they socialize is necessarily influenced by their cultural milieu . Thus , it may be most productive to think of the Five Factor Model as a framework for beginning to explore systematically individual differences in behavior within a particular culture . Controversy ( edit ) Some controversy exists over whether or not the Big Five are relevant to all other cultures , especially given that the Big Five were developed via factor analysis from English words . Although support for the Big Five across cultures is quite robust , it is unclear whether or not the Big Five personality traits are the best possible measure of personality across all cultures . Some researchers suggest that important aspects of certain cultures are not captured by the Five Factor Model . HEXACO model of personality ( edit ) One proposed alternative to the Big Five that has been developed via cross-cultural research is the HEXACO model . This model builds on the research of the Big Five traits , with the novel addition of a trait named Honesty - Humility . Individuals high in the trait of honesty - humility are associated with the characteristics of straightforwardness , modesty , and fairness . In addition , the HEXACO model contains slightly rotated versions of two of the Big Five traits ( Agreeableness and Neuroticism ) such that sentimentality / toughness becomes part of the old Neuroticism trait ( and renamed Emotionality ) and anger / even - temper becomes associated with the new Agreeableness trait . This rotation creates less overlap among the six personality traits of the HEXACO , and allows for better prediction of behaviors such as deceit without hostility ( e.g. social monitoring ) . Support for the HEXACO model has been found in multiple countries , including Dutch , French , German , Italian , Korean , Polish , and English samples . Chinese personality Assessment Inventory ( edit ) Chinese psychologists have attempted to develop an indigenous measure of personality , named the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory ( CPAI ) . Traits in the CPAI model have also collectively been referred to as `` Interpersonal Relatedness , '' and include : Harmony ( one 's inner peace of mind , interpersonal harmony , etc . ) Ren Qing ( relationship orientation , which covers adherence to cultural norms of interaction such as those based on reciprocity ) Modernization ( contrasted with attitudes toward traditional Chinese beliefs ) Thrift vs. Extravagance Ah - Q Mentality ( defensiveness , externalization of blame ) Face ( social behaviors done in order to enhance or avoid damaging one 's reputation and honor ) Support for this model of personality was originally developed in studies in mainland and Hong Kong , China , but the existence of the Interpersonal Relatedness dimension of personality has also been found in samples from Singapore , Hawaii , and the Midwestern United States . Other possible models ( edit ) Other researchers have found different personality dimensions that may exists in different cultural contexts . For example , one study of a Filipino sample used both indigenous Filipino personality scales and the NEO-PI - R , and although there was overlap between the Filipino scales and the Five Factor Model , researchers also found indigenous factors such as Pagkamadaldal ( Social Curiosity ) and Pagkamapagsapalaran ( Risk - Taking ) that had predictive power greater than the Five Factor Model alone . Other research using indigenous approaches to traits has taken place in countries such as India , Korea , and Greece . A Chinese factor analysis of traits in 2009 found seven factors ( three or four of which resembled Big Five traits ) . A similar study in Spain in 1997 found seven Spanish personality factors . However , the seven factors were not the same across the two countries . Thus , it is clear that although there is strong support for the Big Five across cultures , some research suggests the existence of other traits besides simply the Big Five , which may ultimately improve our understanding of personality across different cultures . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gosling , S.D. ; Rentfrow , P.J. ; Swann , W.B. ( June 2003 ) . `` A very brief measure of the Big - Five personality domains '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 37 ( 6 ) : 504 -- 528 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 6566 ( 03 ) 00046 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Funder , David ( 2010 ) . The Personality Puzzle . NY : WW Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93348 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : McCrae , R.R. & Costa , P.T. ( May 1997 ) . `` Personality trait structure as a human universal '' . American Psychologist. 52 ( 2 ) : 509 -- 516 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 52.5. 509 . ^ Jump up to : McCrae , R.R. ; Costa , P.T. ; Del Pilar , G.H. ; Rolland , J.P. ; Parker , W.D. ( January 1998 ) . `` Cross-cultural assessment of the five - factor model : The revised NEO personality inventory '' . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology . 29 ( 1 ) : 171 -- 188 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022022198291009 . Jump up ^ McCrae , R.R. , Terracciano , A. , & 78 members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project ( March 2005 ) . `` Universal features of personality trait terms from the observer 's perspective : Data from 50 cultures '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 88 ( 3 ) : 29 -- 44 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.88. 3.547 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Matsumoto , David ; Linda Juang ( 2008 ) . Culture & Psychology . CA : Thomson & Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 09787 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Costa , P.T. ; Terracciano , A. ; McCrae , R.R. ( August 2001 ) . `` Gender differences in personality traits across cultures : Robust and surprising findings '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 81 ( 2 ) : 322 -- 331 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.81. 2.322 . PMID 11519935 . ^ Jump up to : McCrae , R.R. , Costa , P.T. , de Lima , M.P. , Simões , A. , Ostendorf , F. , Angleitner , A. , Marušić , I. , Bratko , D. , Caprara , G.V. , Barbaranelli , C. , Chae , J. & Piedmont , R.L. ( March 1999 ) . `` Age differences in personality across the adult life span : Parallels in five cultures '' . Developmental Psychology . 35 ( 2 ) : 466 -- 477 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.35. 2.466 . PMID 10082017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : McCrae , R.R. , Costa , P.T. , de Lima , M.P. , Simões , A. , Ostendorf , F. , Angleitner , A. , Marušić , I. , Bratko , D. , Caprara , G.V. , Barbaranelli , C. , Chae , J. & Piedmont , R.L. ( December 2002 ) . `` Personality trait development from age 12 to age 18 : Longitudinal , cross-sectional and cross-cultural analyses '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 83 ( 6 ) : 1456 -- 1468 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.83. 6.1456 . PMID 12500824 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : McCrae , R.R. , Terracciano , A. , & 78 members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project ( September 2005 ) . `` Personality profiles of cultures : Aggregate personality traits '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 89 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 425 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.89. 3.407 . PMID 16248722 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Ashton , M.C. ; Lee , K. ; Perugini , M. ; Szarota , P. ; de Vries , R.E. ; Di Blas , L. ; Boies , K. ; De Raad , B. ( February 2004 ) . `` A Six - Factor Structure of Personality - Descriptive Adjectives : Solutions From Psycholexical Studies in Seven Languages '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 86 ( 2 ) : 356 -- 366 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.86. 2.356 . PMID 14769090 . ^ Jump up to : Ashton , M.C. & Lee , K. ( October 2005 ) . `` Honesty - Humility , the Big Five , and the Five - Factor Model '' . Journal of Personality . 73 ( 5 ) : 1321 -- 1354 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.2005. 00351. x . PMID 16138875 . Jump up ^ Cheung , F.M. ; Leung , K. ; Fan , R.M. ; Song , W.S. ; Zhang , J.X. ; Zhang , H.P. ( March 1996 ) . `` Development of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory '' . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology . 27 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 199 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022022196272003 . Jump up ^ Katigbak , M.S. ; Church , A.T. ; Guanzon - Lapeña , M.A. ; Carlota , A.J. ; del Pilar , G.H. ( January 2002 ) . `` Are indigenous personality dimensions culture specific ? Philippine inventories and the five - factor model '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 82 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 101 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.82. 1.89 . PMID 11811638 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Five_personality_traits_and_culture&oldid=782697167 '' Categories : Personality traits Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Five%20personality%20traits%20and%20culture
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when was the first wind turbine for generating current built
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Wind turbine
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wind turbine
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A wind turbine is a device that converts the wind 's kinetic energy into electrical energy .
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Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis types . The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs . Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid . Arrays of large turbines , known as wind farms , are becoming an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Resources 3 Efficiency 4 Types 4.1 Horizontal axis 4.2 Vertical axis 5 Design and construction 5.1 Unconventional designs 5.2 Turbine monitoring and diagnostics 6 Materials and durability 7 Wind turbines on public display 8 Small wind turbines 9 Wind turbine spacing 10 Operability 10.1 Maintenance 10.2 Repowering 10.3 Demolition 11 Advantages and Disadvantages 11.1 Advantages 11.2 Disadvantages 12 Records 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of wind power James Blyth 's electricity - generating wind turbine , photographed in 1891 Wind power was probably used in Persia ( present - day Iran ) about 500 -- 900 AD . The windwheel of Hero of Alexandria marks one of the first recorded instances of wind powering a machine in history . However , the first known practical wind power plants were built in Sistan , an Eastern province of Iran , from the 7th century . These `` Panemone '' were vertical axle windmills , which had long vertical drive shafts with rectangular blades . Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material , these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water , and were used in the gristmilling and sugarcane industries . Wind power first appeared in Europe during the Middle Ages . The first historical records of their use in England date to the 11th or 12th centuries and there are reports of German crusaders taking their windmill - making skills to Syria around 1190 . By the 14th century , Dutch windmills were in use to drain areas of the Rhine delta . Advanced wind turbines were described by Croatian inventor Fausto Veranzio . In his book Machinae Novae ( 1595 ) he described vertical axis wind turbines with curved or V - shaped blades . The first electricity - generating wind turbine was a battery charging machine installed in July 1887 by Scottish academic James Blyth to light his holiday home in Marykirk , Scotland . Some months later American inventor Charles F. Brush was able to build the first automatically operated wind turbine after consulting local University professors and colleagues Jacob S. Gibbs and Brinsley Coleberd and successfully getting the blueprints peer - reviewed for electricity production in Cleveland , Ohio . Although Blyth 's turbine was considered uneconomical in the United Kingdom electricity generation by wind turbines was more cost effective in countries with widely scattered populations . The first automatically operated wind turbine , built in Cleveland in 1887 by Charles F. Brush . It was 60 feet ( 18 m ) tall , weighed 4 tons ( 3.6 metric tonnes ) and powered a 12 kW generator . In Denmark by 1900 , there were about 2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills , producing an estimated combined peak power of about 30 MW . The largest machines were on 24 - meter ( 79 ft ) towers with four - bladed 23 - meter ( 75 ft ) diameter rotors . By 1908 there were 72 wind - driven electric generators operating in the United States from 5 kW to 25 kW . Around the time of World War I , American windmill makers were producing 100,000 farm windmills each year , mostly for water - pumping . By the 1930s , wind generators for electricity were common on farms , mostly in the United States where distribution systems had not yet been installed . In this period , high - tensile steel was cheap , and the generators were placed atop prefabricated open steel lattice towers . A forerunner of modern horizontal - axis wind generators was in service at Yalta , USSR in 1931 . This was a 100 kW generator on a 30 - meter ( 98 ft ) tower , connected to the local 6.3 kV distribution system . It was reported to have an annual capacity factor of 32 percent , not much different from current wind machines . In the autumn of 1941 , the first megawatt - class wind turbine was synchronized to a utility grid in Vermont . The Smith - Putnam wind turbine only ran for 1,100 hours before suffering a critical failure . The unit was not repaired , because of shortage of materials during the war . The first utility grid - connected wind turbine to operate in the UK was built by John Brown & Company in 1951 in the Orkney Islands . Despite these diverse developments , developments in fossil fuel systems almost entirely eliminated any wind turbine systems larger than supermicro size . In the early 1970s , however , anti-nuclear protests in Denmark spurred artisan mechanics to develop microturbines of 22 kW . Organizing owners into associations and co-operatives lead to the lobbying of the government and utilities and provided incentives for larger turbines throughout the 1980s and later . Local activists in Germany , nascent turbine manufacturers in Spain , and large investors in the United States in the early 1990s then lobbied for policies that stimulated the industry in those countries . Later companies formed in India and China . As of 2012 , Danish company Vestas is the world 's biggest wind - turbine manufacturer . Resources ( edit ) Main article : Wind power Wind turbine in Germany A quantitative measure of wind energy available at any location is called the Wind Power Density ( WPD ) . It is a calculation of the mean annual power available per square meter of swept area of a turbine , and is tabulated for different heights above ground . Calculation of wind power density includes the effect of wind velocity and air density . Color - coded maps are prepared for a particular area described , for example , as `` Mean Annual Power Density at 50 Metres '' . In the United States , the results of the above calculation are included in an index developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and referred to as `` NREL CLASS '' . The larger the WPD , the higher it is rated by class . Classes range from Class 1 ( 200 watts per square meter or less at 50 m altitude ) to Class 7 ( 800 to 2000 watts per square m ) . Commercial wind farms generally are sited in Class 3 or higher areas , although isolated points in an otherwise Class 1 area may be practical to exploit . Wind turbines are classified by the wind speed they are designed for , from class I to class IV , with A or B referring to the turbulence . Class Avg Wind Speed ( m / s ) Turbulence IA 10 18 % IB 10 16 % IIA 8.5 18 % IIB 8.5 16 % IIIA 7.5 18 % IIIB 7.5 16 % IVA 6 18 % IVB 6 16 % Efficiency ( edit ) Not all the energy of blowing wind can be used , but some small wind turbines are designed to work at low wind speeds . Conservation of mass requires that the amount of air entering and exiting a turbine must be equal . Accordingly , Betz 's law gives the maximal achievable extraction of wind power by a wind turbine as 16 / 27 ( 59.3 % ) of the total kinetic energy of the air flowing through the turbine . The maximum theoretical power output of a wind machine is thus 16 / 27 times the kinetic energy of the air passing through the effective disk area of the machine . If the effective area of the disk is A , and the wind velocity v , the maximum theoretical power output P is : P = 16 27 1 2 ρ v 3 A = 8 27 ρ v 3 A ( \ displaystyle P = ( \ frac ( 16 ) ( 27 ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ rho v ^ ( 3 ) A = ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 27 ) ) \ rho v ^ ( 3 ) A ) , where ρ is the air density . As wind is free ( no fuel cost ) , wind - to - rotor efficiency ( including rotor blade friction and drag ) is one of many aspects impacting the final price of wind power . Further inefficiencies , such as gearbox losses , generator and converter losses , reduce the power delivered by a wind turbine . To protect components from undue wear , extracted power is held constant above the rated operating speed as theoretical power increases at the cube of wind speed , further reducing theoretical efficiency . In 2001 , commercial utility - connected turbines deliver 75 % to 80 % of the Betz limit of power extractable from the wind , at rated operating speed . Efficiency can decrease slightly over time due to wear . Analysis of 3128 wind turbines older than 10 years in Denmark showed that half of the turbines had no decrease , while the other half saw a production decrease of 1.2 % per year . Vertical turbine designs have much lower efficiency than standard horizontal designs . Types ( edit ) The three primary types : VAWT Savonius , HAWT towered ; VAWT Darrieus as they appear in operation Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis , the former being both older and more common . They can also include blades ( transparent or not ) or be bladeless . Vertical designs produce less power and are less common . Horizontal axis ( edit ) Components of a horizontal axis wind turbine ( gearbox , rotor shaft and brake assembly ) being lifted into position A turbine blade convoy passing through Edenfield , UK Horizontal - axis wind turbines ( HAWT ) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower , and must be pointed into the wind . Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane , while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servomotor . Most have a gearbox , which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator . Any solid object produces a wake behind it , leading to fatigue failures , so the turbine is usually positioned upwind of its supporting tower . Downwind machines have been built , because they do n't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind . In high winds , the blades can also be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance . In upwind designs , turbine blades must be made stiff to prevent the blades from being pushed into the tower by high winds . Additionally , the blades are placed a considerable distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted forward into the wind a small amount . Turbines used in wind farms for commercial production of electric power are usually three - bladed . These have low torque ripple , which contributes to good reliability . The blades are usually colored white for daytime visibility by aircraft and range in length from 20 to 80 meters ( 66 to 262 ft ) . The size and height of turbines increase year by year . Offshore wind turbines are built up to 8MW today and have a blade length up to 80m . Usual tubular steel towers of multi megawatt turbines have a height of 70 m to 120 m and in extremes up to 160 m . The blades rotate at 10 to 22 revolutions per minute . At 22 rotations per minute the tip speed exceeds 90 meters per second ( 300 ft / s ) . Higher tip speeds means more noise and blade erosion . A gear box is commonly used for stepping up the speed of the generator , although designs may also use direct drive of an annular generator . Some models operate at constant speed , but more energy can be collected by variable - speed turbines which use a solid - state power converter to interface to the transmission system . All turbines are equipped with protective features to avoid damage at high wind speeds , by feathering the blades into the wind which ceases their rotation , supplemented by brakes . Vertical axis ( edit ) A vertical axis Twisted Savonius type turbine . Vertical - axis wind turbines ( or VAWTs ) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically . One advantage of this arrangement is that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be effective , which is an advantage on a site where the wind direction is highly variable . It is also an advantage when the turbine is integrated into a building because it is inherently less steerable . Also , the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground , using a direct drive from the rotor assembly to the ground - based gearbox , improving accessibility for maintenance . However , these designs produce much less energy averaged over time , which is a major drawback . The key disadvantages include the relatively low rotational speed with the consequential higher torque and hence higher cost of the drive train , the inherently lower power coefficient , the 360 - degree rotation of the aerofoil within the wind flow during each cycle and hence the highly dynamic loading on the blade , the pulsating torque generated by some rotor designs on the drive train , and the difficulty of modelling the wind flow accurately and hence the challenges of analysing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype . When a turbine is mounted on a rooftop the building generally redirects wind over the roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine . If the height of a rooftop mounted turbine tower is approximately 50 % of the building height it is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence . Wind speeds within the built environment are generally much lower than at exposed rural sites , noise may be a concern and an existing structure may not adequately resist the additional stress . Subtypes of the vertical axis design include : Offshore Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines ( HAWTs ) at Scroby Sands Wind Farm , UK Onshore Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines in Zhangjiakou , China Darrieus wind turbine `` Eggbeater '' turbines , or Darrieus turbines , were named after the French inventor , Georges Darrieus . They have good efficiency , but produce large torque ripple and cyclical stress on the tower , which contributes to poor reliability . They also generally require some external power source , or an additional Savonius rotor to start turning , because the starting torque is very low . The torque ripple is reduced by using three or more blades which results in greater solidity of the rotor . Solidity is measured by blade area divided by the rotor area . Newer Darrieus type turbines are not held up by guy - wires but have an external superstructure connected to the top bearing . Giromill A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight , as opposed to curved , blades . The cycloturbine variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self - starting . The advantages of variable pitch are : high starting torque ; a wide , relatively flat torque curve ; a higher coefficient of performance ; more efficient operation in turbulent winds ; and a lower blade speed ratio which lowers blade bending stresses . Straight , V , or curved blades may be used . Savonius wind turbine These are drag - type devices with two ( or more ) scoops that are used in anemometers , Flettner vents ( commonly seen on bus and van roofs ) , and in some high - reliability low - efficiency power turbines . They are always self - starting if there are at least three scoops . Twisted Savonius Twisted Savonius is a modified savonius , with long helical scoops to provide smooth torque . This is often used as a rooftop windturbine and has even been adapted for ships . Another type of vertical axis is the Parallel turbine , which is similar to the crossflow fan or centrifugal fan . It uses the ground effect . Vertical axis turbines of this type have been tried for many years : a unit producing 10 kW was built by Israeli wind pioneer Bruce Brill in the 1980s . Floating wind turbines In July 2017 work installing an experimental floating wind farm known as Hywind at Peterhead began . The turbines float on a sealed vase - like tube 78 metres deep which are filled with iron ore to weight the structures and keep them upright in the water . The wind farm is expected to supply power to 20,000 homes . Manufactured by Statoil , the floating turbines can be located in water up to a kilometre deep . Design and construction ( edit ) Main article : Wind turbine design Components of a horizontal - axis wind turbine Inside view of a wind turbine tower , showing the tendon cables . Wind turbines are designed , using a range of computer modelling techniques , to exploit the wind energy that exists at a location . For example , Aerodynamic modeling is used to determine the optimum tower height , control systems , number of blades and blade shape . Wind turbines convert wind energy to electricity for distribution . Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three components : The rotor component , which is approximately 20 % of the wind turbine cost , includes the blades for converting wind energy to low speed rotational energy . The generator component , which is approximately 34 % of the wind turbine cost , includes the electrical generator , the control electronics , and most likely a gearbox ( e.g. planetary gearbox ) , adjustable - speed drive or continuously variable transmission component for converting the low speed incoming rotation to high speed rotation suitable for generating electricity . The structural support component , which is approximately 15 % of the wind turbine cost , includes the tower and rotor yaw mechanism . A 1.5 MW wind turbine of a type frequently seen in the United States has a tower 80 meters ( 260 ft ) high . The rotor assembly ( blades and hub ) weighs 22,000 kilograms ( 48,000 lb ) . The nacelle , which contains the generator component , weighs 52,000 kilograms ( 115,000 lb ) . The concrete base for the tower is constructed using 26,000 kilograms ( 58,000 lb ) of reinforcing steel and contains 190 cubic meters ( 250 cu yd ) of concrete . The base is 15 meters ( 50 ft ) in diameter and 2.4 meters ( 8 ft ) thick near the center . Among all renewable energy systems wind turbines have the highest effective intensity of power - harvesting surface because turbine blades not only harvest wind power , but also concentrate it . Unconventional designs ( edit ) Main article : Unconventional wind turbines Counter rotating wind turbine ( dual rotor ) The corkscrew shaped wind turbine at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio An E-66 wind turbine in the Windpark Holtriem , Germany , has an observation deck for visitors . Another turbine of the same type with an observation deck is located in Swaffham , England . Airborne wind turbine designs have been proposed and developed for many years but have yet to produce significant amounts of energy . In principle , wind turbines may also be used in conjunction with a large vertical solar updraft tower to extract the energy due to air heated by the sun . Wind turbines which utilise the Magnus effect have been developed . A ram air turbine ( RAT ) is a special kind of small turbine that is fitted to some aircraft . When deployed , the RAT is spun by the airstream going past the aircraft and can provide power for the most essential systems if there is a loss of all on - board electrical power , as in the case of the `` Gimli Glider '' . The two - bladed SCD 6MW offshore turbine designed by aerodyn Energiesysteme and built by MingYang Wind Power has a helideck for helicopters on top of its nacelle . The prototype was erected in 2014 in Rudong , China . Turbine monitoring and diagnostics ( edit ) See also : Wind turbine prognostics Due to data transmission problems , structural health monitoring of wind turbines is usually performed using several accelerometers and strain gages attached to the nacelle to monitor the gearbox and equipments . Currently , digital image correlation and stereophotogrammetry are used to measure dynamics of wind turbine blades . These methods usually measure displacement and strain to identify location of defects . Dynamic characteristics of non-rotating wind turbines have been measured using digital image correlation and photogrammetry . Three dimensional point tracking has also been used to measure rotating dynamics of wind turbines . Materials and durability ( edit ) Materials that are typically used for the rotor blades in wind turbines are composites , as they tend to have a high stiffness , high strength , high fatigue resistance , and low weight . Typical resins used for these composites include polyester and epoxy , while glass and carbon fibers have been used for the reinforcing material . Construction may use manual layup techniques or composite resin injection molding . As the price of glass fibers is only about one tenth the price of carbon fiber , glass fiber is still dominant . As competition in the wind market increases , companies are seeking ways to draw greater efficiency from their designs . One of the predominant ways wind turbines have gained performance is by increasing rotor diameters , and thus blade length . Retrofitting current turbines with larger blades mitigates the need and risks associated with a system - level redesign . By incorporating carbon fiber into parts of existing blade systems , manufacturers may increase the length of the blades without increasing their overall weight . For instance , the spar cap , a structural element of a turbine blade , commonly experiences high tensile loading , making it an ideal candidate to utilize the enhanced tensile properties of carbon fiber in comparison to glass fiber . Higher stiffness and lower density translates to thinner , lighter blades offering equivalent performance . In a 10 - MW turbine -- which will become more common in offshore systems by 2021 -- blade lengths may reach over 100 m and weigh up to 50 metric tons when fabricated out of glass fiber . A switch to carbon fiber in the structural spar of the blade yields weight savings of 20 to 30 percent , or approximately 15 metric tons . The compressive properties of carbon fiber do not differ significantly from those of glass fiber . It is therefore economical to replace glass fiber components under compression with carbon fiber components . While the material cost is significantly higher for all - glass fiber blades than for hybrid glass / carbon fiber blades , there is a potential for tremendous savings in manufacturing costs when labor price is considered . Utilizing carbon fiber enables for simpler designs that use less raw material . The chief manufacturing process in blade fabrication is the layering of plies . By reducing the number of layers of plies , as is enabled by thinner blade design , the cost of labor may be decreased , and in some cases , equate to the cost of labor for glass fiber blades . Materials for wind turbine parts other than the rotor blades ( including the rotor hub , gearbox , frame , and tower ) are largely composed of steel . Modern turbines uses a couple of tonnes of copper for generators , cables and such . Smaller wind turbines have begun incorporating more aluminum based alloys into these components in an effort to make the turbines more lightweight and efficient , and may continue to be used increasingly if fatigue and strength properties can be improved . Prestressed concrete has been increasingly used for the material of the tower , but still , requires much reinforcing steel to meet the strength requirement of the turbine . Additionally , step - up gearboxes are being increasingly replaced with variable speed generators , increasing the demand for magnetic materials in wind turbines. , In particular , this would require an increased supply of the rare earth metal neodymium . Reliance on rare earth minerals for components has risked expense and price volatility as China has been main producer of rare earth minerals ( 96 % in 2009 ) and had been reducing its export quotas of these materials . In recent years , however , other producers have increased production of rare earth minerals and China has removed its reduced export quota on rare earths leading to an increased supply and decreased cost of rare earth minerals , increasing the viability of the implementation of variable speed generators in wind turbines on a large scale . Wind turbines on public display ( edit ) Main article : Wind turbines on public display The Nordex N50 wind turbine and visitor centre of Lamma Winds in Hong Kong , China A few localities have exploited the attention - getting nature of wind turbines by placing them on public display , either with visitor centers around their bases , or with viewing areas farther away . The wind turbines are generally of conventional horizontal - axis , three - bladed design , and generate power to feed electrical grids , but they also serve the unconventional roles of technology demonstration , public relations , and education . Small wind turbines ( edit ) Main article : Small wind turbine A small Quietrevolution QR5 Gorlov type vertical axis wind turbine in Bristol , England . Measuring 3 m in diameter and 5 m high , it has a nameplate rating of 6.5 kW to the grid . Small wind turbines may be used for a variety of applications including on - or off - grid residences , telecom towers , offshore platforms , rural schools and clinics , remote monitoring and other purposes that require energy where there is no electric grid , or where the grid is unstable . Small wind turbines may be as small as a fifty - watt generator for boat or caravan use . Hybrid solar and wind powered units are increasingly being used for traffic signage , particularly in rural locations , as they avoid the need to lay long cables from the nearest mains connection point . The U.S. Department of Energy 's National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ) defines small wind turbines as those smaller than or equal to 100 kilowatts . Small units often have direct drive generators , direct current output , aeroelastic blades , lifetime bearings and use a vane to point into the wind . Larger , more costly turbines generally have geared power trains , alternating current output , flaps and are actively pointed into the wind . Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched . Wind turbine spacing ( edit ) On most horizontal windturbine farms , a spacing of about 6 -- 10 times the rotor diameter is often upheld . However , for large wind farms distances of about 15 rotor diameters should be more economically optimal , taking into account typical wind turbine and land costs . This conclusion has been reached by research conducted by Charles Meneveau of the Johns Hopkins University , and Johan Meyers of Leuven University in Belgium , based on computer simulations that take into account the detailed interactions among wind turbines ( wakes ) as well as with the entire turbulent atmospheric boundary layer . Moreover , recent research by John Dabiri of Caltech suggests that vertical wind turbines may be placed much more closely together so long as an alternating pattern of rotation is created allowing blades of neighbouring turbines to move in the same direction as they approach one another . Operability ( edit ) Maintenance ( edit ) Wind turbines need regular maintenance to stay reliable and available , reaching 98 % . Modern turbines usually have a small onboard crane for hoisting maintenance tools and minor components . However , large heavy components like generator , gearbox , blades and so on are rarely replaced and a heavy lift external crane is needed in those cases . If the turbine has a difficult access road , a containerized crane can be lifted up by the internal crane to provide heavier lifting . Repowering ( edit ) Main article : Repowering Installation of new wind turbines can be controversial . An alternative is repowering , where existing wind turbines are replaced with bigger , more powerful ones , sometimes in smaller numbers while keeping or increasing capacity . Demolition ( edit ) Older turbines were in some early cases not required to be removed when reaching the end of their life . Some still stand , waiting to be recycled or repowered . A demolition industry develops to recycle offshore turbines at a cost of DKK 2 -- 4 million per MW , to be guaranteed by the owner . Advantages and disadvantages ( edit ) Advantages ( edit ) Wind turbines are generally inexpensive . They will cost between two and six cents per kilowatt hour , which is one of the lowest - priced renewable energy sources in today 's world . And as technology needed for wind turbines continues to improve , the prices will decrease as well . In addition , there is no competitive market for wind energy , as it does not cost money to get ahold of wind . The main cost of wind turbines are the installation process . The average cost is between $48,000 and $65,000 to install . However , the energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost , as well as provide virtually free energy for years after . Wind turbines provide a clean energy source , emitting no greenhouse gases and no waste product . Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel . Being environmentally friendly and green is a large advantage of wind turbines . Wind turbines are also quite efficient . Wind farms can generate between 17 and 39 times as much power as they consume , and in the United States alone , wind turbines have produced about 16 billion kilowatt - hours of energy per year . Disadvantages ( edit ) Wind turbines can be very large , reaching over 400 feet tall and with blades 50 yards long , and people have often complained about their visual impact . Environmental impact of wind power includes effect on wildlife . Thousands of birds , including rare species , have been killed by the blades of wind turbines , though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality . For every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US , nearly 500,000 are killed by each of feral cats and buildings. . In comparison , conventional coal fired generators contribute significantly more to bird mortality , by incineration when caught in updrafts of smoke stacks and by poisoning with emissions byproducts ( including particulates and heavy metals downwind of flue gases ) . Further , marine life is affected by water intakes of steam turbine cooling towers ( heat exchangers ) for nuclear and fossil fuel generators , by coal dust deposits in marine ecosystems ( e.g. damaging Australia 's Great Barrier Reef ) and by water acidification from combustion monoxides . Energy harnessed by wind turbines is intermittent , and is not a `` dispatchable '' source of power ; it 's availability is based on whether the wind is blowing , not whether electricity is needed . Turbines can be placed on ridges or bluffs to maximize the access of wind they have , but this also limits the locations where they can be placed . In this way , wind energy is not a particularly reliable source of energy . However , it can form part of the energy mix , which also includes power from other sources . Notably , the relative available output from wind and solar sources is often inversely proportional ( balancing ) . Technology is also being developed to store excess energy , which can then make up for any deficits in supplies . Records ( edit ) Fuhrländer Wind Turbine Laasow , in Brandenburg , Germany , among the world 's tallest wind turbines Éole , the largest vertical axis wind turbine , in Cap - Chat , Quebec , Canada Largest capacity conventional drive The Vestas V164 has a rated capacity of 8 MW , later upgraded to 9 MW . The wind turbine has an overall height of 220 m ( 722 ft ) , a diameter of 164 m ( 538 ft ) , is for offshore use , and is the world 's largest - capacity wind turbine since its introduction in 2014 . The conventional drive train consist of a main gearbox and a medium speed PM generator . Prototype installed in 2014 at the National Test Center Denmark nearby Østerild . Series production began end of 2015 . Largest capacity direct drive The Enercon E-126 with 7.58 MW and 127 m rotor diameter is the largest direct drive turbine . It 's only for onshore use . The turbine has parted rotor blades with 2 sections for transport . In July 2016 , Siemens upgraded its 7 to 8 MW . Largest vertical - axis Le Nordais wind farm in Cap - Chat , Quebec has a vertical axis wind turbine ( VAWT ) named Éole , which is the world 's largest at 110 m . It has a nameplate capacity of 3.8 MW . Largest 1 - bladed turbine Riva Calzoni M33 was a single - bladed wind turbine with 350 kW , designed and built In Bologna in 1993 . Largest 2 - bladed turbine The biggest 2 - bladed turbine is built by Mingyang Wind Power in 2013 . It is a SCD6. 5MW offshore downwind turbine , designed by aerodyn Energiesysteme . Largest swept area The turbine with the largest swept area is the Samsung S7. 0 -- 171 , with a diameter of 171 m , giving a total sweep of 22966 m . Tallest A Nordex 3.3 MW was installed in July 2016 . It has a total height of 230m , and a hub height of 164m on 100m concrete tower bottom with steel tubes on top ( hybrid tower ) . Vestas V164 was the tallest wind turbine , standing in Østerild , Denmark , 220 meters tall , constructed in 2014 . It has a steel tube tower . Highest tower Fuhrländer installed a 2.5 MW turbine on a 160m lattice tower in 2003 ( see Fuhrländer Wind Turbine Laasow and Nowy Tomyśl Wind Turbines ) . Most rotors Lagerwey has build Four - in - One , a multi rotor wind turbine with one tower and four rotors near Maasvlakte . In April 2016 , Vestas installed a 900 kW quadrotor test wind turbine at Risø , made from 4 recycled 225 kW V29 turbines . Most productive Four turbines at Rønland Offshore Wind Farm in Denmark share the record for the most productive wind turbines , with each having generated 63.2 GWh by June 2010 . Highest - situated Since 2013 the world 's highest - situated wind turbine was made and installed by WindAid and is located at the base of the Pastoruri Glacier in Peru at 4,877 meters ( 16,001 ft ) above sea level . The site uses the WindAid 2.5 kW wind generator to supply power to a small rural community of micro entrepreneurs who cater to the tourists who come to the Pastoruri glacier . Largest floating wind turbine The world 's largest -- and also the first operational deep - water large - capacity -- floating wind turbine is the 2.3 MW Hywind currently operating 10 kilometers ( 6.2 mi ) offshore in 220 - meter - deep water , southwest of Karmøy , Norway . The turbine began operating in September 2009 and utilizes a Siemens 2.3 MW turbine . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Sustainable development portal Airborne wind turbine Compact wind acceleration turbine Éolienne Bollée Renewable energy Tidal stream generator Wind lens Windbelt Windpump References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Part 1 -- Early History Through 1875 '' . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Drachmann , A.G. ( 1961 ) . `` Heron 's Windmill '' . Centaurus. 7 : 145 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Dietrich Lohrmann , `` Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle '' , Archiv für Kulturgeschichte , Vol. 77 , Issue 1 ( 1995 ) , pp. 1 -- 30 ( 10f . ) Jump up ^ Ahmad Y Hassan , Donald Routledge Hill ( 1986 ) . Islamic Technology : An illustrated history , p. 54 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42239 - 6 . Jump up ^ Donald Routledge Hill , `` Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East '' , Scientific American , May 1991 , p. 64 - 69 . ( cf . Donald Routledge Hill , Mechanical Engineering ) ^ Jump up to : Morthorst , Poul Erik ; Redlinger , Robert Y. ; Andersen , Per ( 2002 ) . Wind energy in the 21st century : economics , policy , technology and the changing electricity industry . Houndmills , Basingstoke , Hampshire : Palgrave / UNEP . ISBN 0 - 333 - 79248 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Trevor J. ( 2004 ) . `` Blyth , James ( 1839 -- 1906 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 100957 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ A Wind Energy Pioneer : Charles F. Brush . Danish Wind Industry Association . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Quirky old - style contraptions make water from wind on the mesas of West Texas Archived 3 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Alan Wyatt : Electric Power : Challenges and Choices . Book Press Ltd. , Toronto 1986 , ISBN 0 - 920650 - 00 - 7 Jump up ^ Anon . `` Costa Head Experimental Wind Turbine '' . Orkney Sustainable Energy Website . Orkney Sustainable Energy Ltd . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NREL : Dynamic Maps , GIS Data , and Analysis Tools -- Wind Maps '' . Nrel.gov. 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ IEC Wind Turbine Classes 7 June 2006 Jump up ^ Small - Scale `` Dragonfly '' Wind Turbine Works at Low Wind Speeds Jump up ^ `` The Physics of Wind Turbines Kira Grogg Carleton College , 2005 , p. 8 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wind Energy Basics '' . Bureau of Land Management . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Enercon E-family , 330 Kw to 7.5 Mw , Wind Turbine Specification '' Archived 16 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tony Burton et al. , ( ed ) , Wind Energy Handbook , John Wiley and Sons 2001 ISBN 0471489972 page 65 Jump up ^ Sanne Wittrup. `` 11 years of wind data shows surprising production decrease '' ( in Danish ) Ingeniøren , 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ E. Hau. , Wind Turbines : Fundamentals , Technologies , Application , Economics . Springer . Germany . 2006 Jump up ^ `` Wind Energy Basics '' . American Wind Energy Association . Archived from the original on 23 September 2010 . Retrieved 24 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Transparent plexiglass blades Jump up ^ No blades ^ Jump up to : http://www.wind-works.org/cms/index.php?id=64&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=3103&cHash=be80a2ca690fe1bcec1c0dc0af1e795b Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 7 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Products & Services '' . Gepower.com . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Technical Specs of Common Wind Turbine Models '' . Aweo.org . Jump up ^ http://cleantechnica.com/2014/04/07/vertical-axis-wind-turbines-great-1890-also-rans-2014/ Jump up ^ http://www.awsopenwind.org/downloads/documentation/ModelingUncertaintyPublic.pdf Jump up ^ Hugh Piggott ( 6 January 2007 ) . `` Windspeed in the city -- reality versus the DTI database '' . Scoraigwind.com . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.urbanwind.net/pdf/technological_analysis.pdf Jump up ^ `` Vertical - Axis Wind Turbines '' . Symscape. 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Exploit Nature - Renewable Energy Technologies by Gurmit Singh , Aditya Books , pp 378 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 3 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Experimental Mechanics , Volume 18 , Number 1 -- SpringerLink '' ( PDF ) . Springerlink.com. 1 January 1978 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Rob Varnon . Derecktor converting boat into hybrid passenger ferry , Connecticut Post website , 2 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Modular wind energy device -- Brill , Bruce I '' . Freepatentsonline.com. 19 November 2002 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrabin , Roger ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) . `` World 's first floating wind farm emerges off coast of Scotland '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Sam ; Margetts , Lee & Revell , Alistair ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Building a digital wind farm '' . Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering . doi : 10.1007 / s11831 - 017 - 9222 - 7 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Navid Goudarzi ( June 2013 ) . `` A Review on the Development of the Wind Turbine Generators across the World '' . International Journal of Dynamics and Control . Springer . 1 ( 2 ) : 192 -- 202 . doi : 10.1007 / s40435 - 013 - 0016 - y . Jump up ^ Navid Goudarzi ; Weidong Zhu ( November 2012 ) . `` A Review of the Development of Wind Turbine Generators Across the World '' . ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition . ASME. 4 -- Paper No : IMECE2012 - 88615 : 1257 -- 1265 . Jump up ^ `` Hansen W4 series '' . Hansentransmissions.com . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ John Gardner , Nathaniel Haro & Todd Haynes ( October 2011 ) . `` Active Drivetrain Control to Improve Energy Capture of Wind Turbines '' ( PDF ) . Boise State University . Retrieved 28 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` '' Wind Turbine Design Cost and Scaling Model `` , Technical Report NREL / TP - 500 - 40566 , December , 2006 , page 35 , 36 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ See Erich Hau : Windkraftanlagen : Grundlagen , Technik , Einsatz , Wirtschaftlichkeit . Berlin / Heidelberg 2008 , pp. 621 . ( German ) . ( For the english Edition see Erich Hau , Wind Turbines : Fundamentals , Technologies , Application , Economics , Springer 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Innovation in Wind Turbine Design '' ( 2011 ) , Peter Jamieson Jump up ^ `` Spiral Magnus MECARO Introducuction to Magnus '' . Mecaro.jp . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Air Turbine Electrical Systems '' . UTC Aerospace Systems . UTC Aerospace Systems . 2016 . Jump up ^ Baqersad , Javad ; Niezrecki , Christopher ; Avitabile , Peter ( 2015 ) . `` Full - field dynamic strain prediction on a wind turbine using displacements of optical targets measured by stereophotogrammetry '' . Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing . 62 - 63 : 284 -- 295 . Bibcode : 2015MSSP ... 62 ... 284B . doi : 10.1016 / j. ymssp. 2015.03. 021 . Jump up ^ Using Stereophotogrammetry to Measure Vibrations of a Rotating Wind Turbine ^ Jump up to : Ancona , Dan ; Jim , McVeigh . `` Wind Turbine -- Materials and Manufacturing Fact Sheet '' . psu.edu . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Watson , James ; Serrano , Juan . `` Composite Materials for Wind Blades '' . windsystemsmag.com . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , imphatic Labs , Garrett . `` Composite Materials for Wind Blades -- Wind Systems Magazine '' . www.windsystemsmag.com . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind turbine blades : Glass vs. carbon fiber '' . www.compositesworld.com . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ong & Tsai , Cheng - Huat & Stephen W. ( 2000 ) . `` The Use of Carbon Fibers in Wind Turbine Blade Design '' ( PDF ) . http://energy.sandia.gov/ . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Frost and Sullivan , 2009 , cited in Wind Generator Technology , by Eclareon S.L. , Madrid , May 2012 ; www.eclareon.com ; Available at Leonardo Energy -- Ask an Expert ; http://www.leonardo-energy.org/ask-expert Jump up ^ Wilburn , David . `` Wind Energy in the United States and Materials Required for the Land - Based Wind Turbine Industry From 2010 Through 2030 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of the Interior . Jump up ^ Yap , Chui - Wei . `` China Ends Rare - Earth Minerals Export Quotas '' . wsg.com . Jump up ^ Young , Kathryn ( 3 August 2007 ) . `` Canada wind farms blow away turbine tourists '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Anon . `` Solar & Wind Powered Sign Lighting '' . Energy Development Cooperative Ltd . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Small Wind , U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory website Jump up ^ Meyers , Johan ( 2011 ) . `` Optimal turbine spacing in fully developed wind farm boundary layers '' . Wind Energy . 15 : 305 -- 317 . Bibcode : 2012WiEn ... 15 ... 305M . doi : 10.1002 / we. 469 . Jump up ^ Print version ( 18 January 2011 ) . `` Optimal spacing for wind turbines '' . Gazette.jhu.edu . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` M. Calaf , C. Meneveau and J. Meyers , `` Large Eddy Simulation study of fully developed wind - turbine array boundary layers '' ( 2010 ) , Phys . Fluids 22 , 015110 `` . Link.aip.org . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Dabiri , J. Potential order - of - magnitude enhancement of wind farm power density via counter-rotating vertical - axis wind turbine arrays ( 2011 ) , J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 3 , 043104 Jump up ^ G.J.W. van Bussel , PhD ; M.B. Zaaijer , MSc Reliability , Availability and Maintenance aspects of large - scale offshore wind farms page 2 Delft University of Technology , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Iberwind builds on 98 % availability with fresh yaw , blade gains '' . 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Morten Lund ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` Dansk firma sætter prisbelønnet selvhejsende kran i serieproduktion '' . Ingeniøren . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Fugleberg ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Abandoned Dreams of Wind and Light '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Gray ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` Fact check : About those ' abandoned ' turbines ... '' . American Wind Energy Association . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aldrende havmølleparker åbner marked for klog nedrivning '' . Ingeniøren . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy - Clean Energy Ideas '' . Clean Energy Ideas. 2013 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Residential Wind Energy Systems - Bergey Wind PowerBergey Wind Power '' . bergey.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Wind Energy : Factsheets and Statistics '' . www.pawindenergynow.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hosansky , David ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Wind Power : Is wind energy good for the environment ? '' . CQ Researcher . Jump up ^ Sovacool , B.K. ( 2013 ) . The avian benefits of wind energy : A 2009 update . Renewable Energy , 49 , 19 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wittrup , Sanne. `` Power from Vestas ' giant turbine '' ( in Danish . English translation ) . Ingeniøren , 28 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.mhivestasoffshore.com : `` ( 4 ) '' , retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1401293/siemens-confirms-8mw-turbine Jump up ^ `` Visits : Big wind turbine '' . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wind Energy Power Plants in Canada -- other provinces '' . 5 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.windpoweroffshore.com/article/1207686/close---aerodyns-6mw-offshore-turbine-design Jump up ^ http://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1188373/ming-yang-install-65mw-offshore-turbine Jump up ^ David Weston . `` Aerodyn 6MW connected to grid '' 12 March 2015 . Archive Jump up ^ http://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1400374/nordex-installs-230-metre-onshore-turbine Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Vestas tests four - rotor concept turbine '' . Windpower Monthly . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanne Wittrup . `` Vestas rejser usædvanlig ny multirotor - vindmølle '' . Ingeniøren . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Video of quadrotor on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Surpassing Matilda : record - breaking Danish wind turbines '' . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-altitude-wind-generator Jump up ^ http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/bethlehem/index.ssf/2013/08/northampton_community_college_53.html Jump up ^ Patel , Prachi ( 22 June 2009 ) . `` Floating Wind Turbines to Be Tested '' . IEEE Spectrum . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . will test how the 2.3 - megawatt turbine holds up in 220 - meter - deep water . Jump up ^ Madslien , Jorn ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Floating challenge for offshore wind turbine '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . world 's first full - scale floating wind turbine Further reading ( edit ) Tony Burton , David Sharpe , Nick Jenkins , Ervin Bossanyi : Wind Energy Handbook , John Wiley & Sons , 2nd edition ( 2011 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 69975 - 1 Darrell , Dodge , Early History Through 1875 , TeloNet Web Development , Copyright 1996 -- 2001 Ersen Erdem , Wind Turbine Industrial Applications Robert Gasch , Jochen Twele ( ed . ) , Wind power plants . Fundamentals , design , construction and operation , Springer 2012 ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 22937 - 4 . Erich Hau , Wind turbines : fundamentals , technologies , application , economics Springer , 2013 ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27150 - 2 ( preview on Google Books ) Siegfried Heier , Grid integration of wind energy conversion systems John Wiley & Sons , 3rd edition ( 2014 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 96294 - 6 Peter Jamieson , Innovation in Wind Turbine Design . Wiley & Sons 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 69981 - 2 J.F. Manwell , J.G. McGowan , A.L. Roberts , Wind Energy Explained : Theory , Design and Application , John Wiley & Sons , 2nd edition ( 2012 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 47001 - 500 - 1 David Spera ( ed , ) Wind Turbine Technology : Fundamental Concepts in Wind Turbine Engineering , Second Edition ( 2009 ) , ASME Press , ISBN 9780791802601 Alois Schaffarczyk ( ed . ) , Understanding wind power technology , John Wiley & Sons , ( 2014 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 64751 - 6 Hermann - Josef Wagner , Jyotirmay Mathur , Introduction to wind energy systems . Basics , technology and operation . Springer ( 2013 ) , ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 32975 - 3 GA Mansoori , N Enayati , LB Agyarko ( 2016 ) , Energy : Sources , Utilization , Legislation , Sustainability , Illinois as Model State External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wind turbine . Harvesting the Wind ( 45 lectures about wind turbines by professor Magdi Ragheb Wind Projects Make small wind turbine at home Complete video and image Guide by Newphysicist Guided tour on wind energy U.S. Wind Turbine Manufacturing : Federal Support for an Emerging Industry Congressional Research Service Wind Energy Technology World Wind Energy Association Wind turbine simulation , National Geographic Airborne Wind Industry Association international Top 10 biggest wind turbines in the world The Tethys database seeks to gather , organize and make available information on potential environmental effects of offshore wind energy development Wind Turbine production . How It 's Made . 2013 . ( hide ) Wind power Wind power Environmental impact High - altitude History Land vehicles Offshore Turbines on public display Windmill Wind turbines Aerodynamics Airborne Crosswind kite Darrieus Design Floating Savonius Small Unconventional Vertical axis Wind power industry Consulting companies Farm management Manufacturers Software Windmade Wind farms Community - owned Farms by country Offshore farms by country Onshore farms Concepts Betz 's law Capacity factor EROEI Forecasting Grid energy storage HVDC Intermittency Variability Laddermill Net energy gain Resource assessment Storage Subsidies Virtual power plant Wind hybrid power systems Wind profile power law GND : 4128839 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_turbine&oldid=802317762 '' Categories : Aerodynamics Electric power Electrical generators Electromechanical engineering Energy conversion Wind turbines Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 11 : 58 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind%20turbine
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vector two body orbital mechanics equation of motion and it's closed form solution
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Two - body problem
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two - body problem
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In classical mechanics , the two - body problem is to determine the motion of two point particles that interact only with each other . Common examples include a satellite orbiting a planet , a planet orbiting a star , two stars orbiting each other ( a binary star ) , and a classical electron orbiting an atomic nucleus ( although to solve the electron / nucleus 2 - body system correctly a quantum mechanical approach must be used ) .
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The two - body problem can be re-formulated as two one - body problems , a trivial one and one that involves solving for the motion of one particle in an external potential . Since many one - body problems can be solved exactly , the corresponding two - body problem can also be solved . By contrast , the three - body problem ( and , more generally , the n - body problem for n ≥ 3 ) can not be solved in terms of first integrals , except in special cases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reduction to two independent , one - body problems 1.1 Center of mass motion ( 1st one - body problem ) 2 Two - body motion is planar 3 Energy of the two - body system 4 Central forces 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Reduction to two independent , one - body problems ( edit ) Jacobi coordinates for two - body problem ; Jacobi coordinates are R = m 1 M x 1 + m 2 M x 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( R ) ) = ( \ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) ) ( M ) ) ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) _ ( 1 ) + ( \ frac ( m_ ( 2 ) ) ( M ) ) ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) and r = x 1 − x 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( r ) ) = ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) _ ( 1 ) - ( \ boldsymbol ( x ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) with M = m 1 + m 2 ( \ displaystyle M = m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) \ ) . Let x and x be the vector positions of the two bodies , and m and m be their masses . The goal is to determine the trajectories x ( t ) and x ( t ) for all times t , given the initial positions x ( t = 0 ) and x ( t = 0 ) and the initial velocities v ( t = 0 ) and v ( t = 0 ) . When applied to the two masses , Newton 's second law states that F 12 ( x 1 , x 2 ) = m 1 x _̈ 1 ( E q u a t i o n 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( 12 ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 1 ) , \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 2 ) ) = m_ ( 1 ) ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) \ quad \ quad \ quad ( \ mathrm ( Equation ) \ 1 ) ) F 21 ( x 1 , x 2 ) = m 2 x _̈ 2 ( E q u a t i o n 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( 21 ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 1 ) , \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 2 ) ) = m_ ( 2 ) ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) \ quad \ quad \ quad ( \ mathrm ( Equation ) \ 2 ) ) where F is the force on mass 1 due to its interactions with mass 2 , and F is the force on mass 2 due to its interactions with mass 1 . The two dots on top of the x position vectors denote their second derivative with respect to time , or their acceleration vectors . Adding and subtracting these two equations decouples them into two one - body problems , which can be solved independently . Adding equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) results in an equation describing the center of mass ( barycenter ) motion . By contrast , subtracting equation ( 2 ) from equation ( 1 ) results in an equation that describes how the vector r = x − x between the masses changes with time . The solutions of these independent one - body problems can be combined to obtain the solutions for the trajectories x ( t ) and x ( t ) . Center of mass motion ( 1st one - body problem ) ( edit ) Addition of the force equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) yields m 1 x _̈ 1 + m 2 x _̈ 2 = ( m 1 + m 2 ) R _̈ = F 12 + F 21 = 0 ( \ displaystyle m_ ( 1 ) ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) = ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( R ) ) ) = \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( 12 ) + \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( 21 ) = 0 ) where we have used Newton 's third law F = − F and where R _̈ ≡ m 1 x _̈ 1 + m 2 x _̈ 2 m 1 + m 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( R ) ) ) \ equiv ( \ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( R ) ) is the position of the center of mass ( barycenter ) of the system . The resulting equation : R _̈ = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( R ) ) ) = 0 ) shows that the velocity V = dR / dt of the center of mass is constant , from which follows that the total momentum m v + m v is also constant ( conservation of momentum ) . Hence , the position R ( t ) of the center of mass can be determined at all times from the initial positions and velocities . Two - body motion is planar ( edit ) The motion of two bodies with respect to each other always lies in a plane ( in the center of mass frame ) . Defining the linear momentum p and the angular momentum L by the equations ( where μ is the reduced mass ) L = r × p = r × μ d r d t ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( L ) = \ mathbf ( r ) \ times \ mathbf ( p ) = \ mathbf ( r ) \ times \ mu ( \ frac ( d \ mathbf ( r ) ) ( dt ) ) ) the rate of change of the angular momentum L equals the net torque N N = d L d t = r _̇ × μ r _̇ + r × μ r _̈ , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( N ) = ( \ frac ( d \ mathbf ( L ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) \ times \ mu ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) + \ mathbf ( r ) \ times \ mu ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) \ , ) and using the property of the vector cross product that v × w = 0 for any vectors v and w pointing in the same direction , N = d L d t = r × F , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( N ) \ =\ ( \ frac ( d \ mathbf ( L ) ) ( dt ) ) = \ mathbf ( r ) \ times \ mathbf ( F ) \ , ) with F = μ d r / dt . Introducing the assumption ( true of most physical forces , as they obey Newton 's strong third law of motion ) that the force between two particles acts along the line between their positions , it follows that r × F = 0 and the angular momentum vector L is constant ( conserved ) . Therefore , the displacement vector r and its velocity v are always in the plane perpendicular to the constant vector L . Energy of the two - body system ( edit ) If the force F ( r ) is conservative then the system has a potential energy U ( r ) , so the total energy can be written as E t o t = 1 2 m 1 x _̇ 1 2 + 1 2 m 2 x _̇ 2 2 + U ( r ) = 1 2 ( m 1 + m 2 ) R _̇ 2 + 1 2 μ r _̇ 2 + U ( r ) ( \ displaystyle E_ ( tot ) = ( 1 \ over 2 ) m_ ( 1 ) ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( 1 \ over 2 ) m_ ( 2 ) ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) + U ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( 1 \ over 2 ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( R ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( 1 \ over 2 ) \ mu ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + U ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) In the center of mass frame the kinetic energy is the lowest and the total energy becomes E = 1 2 μ r _̇ 2 + U ( r ) ( \ displaystyle E = ( 1 \ over 2 ) \ mu ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + U ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) The coordinates x and x can be expressed as x 1 = μ m 1 r ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( \ mu ) ( m_ ( 1 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) ) x 2 = − μ m 2 r ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( 2 ) = - ( \ frac ( \ mu ) ( m_ ( 2 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) ) and in a similar way the energy E is related to the energies E and E that separately contain the kinetic energy of each body : E 1 = μ m 1 E = 1 2 m 1 x _̇ 1 2 + μ m 1 U ( r ) ( \ displaystyle ~ E_ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( \ mu ) ( m_ ( 1 ) ) ) E = ( 1 \ over 2 ) m_ ( 1 ) ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( \ mu ) ( m_ ( 1 ) ) ) U ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) E 2 = μ m 2 E = 1 2 m 2 x _̇ 2 2 + μ m 2 U ( r ) ( \ displaystyle ~ E_ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( \ mu ) ( m_ ( 2 ) ) ) E = ( 1 \ over 2 ) m_ ( 2 ) ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( \ mu ) ( m_ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) E = E 1 + E 2 ( \ displaystyle E = E_ ( 1 ) + E_ ( 2 ) ) Central forces ( edit ) Main article : Classical central - force problem For many physical problems , the force F ( r ) is a central force , i.e. , it is of the form F ( r ) = F ( r ) r ^ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) = F ( r ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) where r = r and r̂ = r / r is the corresponding unit vector . We now have : μ r _̈ = F ( r ) r ^ , ( \ displaystyle \ mu ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) = ( F ) ( r ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) \ , ) where F ( r ) is negative in the case of an attractive force . See also ( edit ) Kepler orbit Energy drift Equation of the center Euler 's three - body problem Gravitational two - body problem Kepler problem n - body problem Virial theorem Two - body problem ( career ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Betounes ( 2001 ) . Differential Equations . Springer . p. 58 ; Figure 2.15 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 95140 - 7 . Bibliography ( edit ) Landau LD ; Lifshitz EM ( 1976 ) . Mechanics ( 3rd . ed . ) . New York : Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 029141 - 4 . Goldstein H ( 1980 ) . Classical Mechanics ( 2nd . ed . ) . New York : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 02918 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Two - body problem at Eric Weisstein 's World of Physics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-body_problem&oldid=811887086 '' Categories : Concepts in physics Orbits Classical mechanics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 17 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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prison break season 5 how many episodes are there
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The fifth season of Prison Break ( also known as Prison Break : Resurrection ) is a limited event television series and the continuation of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009 . The season is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Adelstein / Parouse Productions and Original Film . Paul Scheuring serves as showrunner , with himself , Marty Adelstein , Neal H. Moritz and Dawn Olmstead , Vaun Wilmott , Michael Horowitz and Nelson McCormick serving as executive producers . McCormick also serves as director . The season premiered on April 4 , 2017 , and concluded on May 30 , 2017 , consisting of 9 episodes .
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Prison Break ( season 5 )
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prison break ( season 5 )
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The fifth season of Prison Break ( also known as Prison Break : Resurrection ) is a limited event television series and the continuation of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009 . The season is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Adelstein / Parouse Productions and Original Film . Paul Scheuring serves as showrunner , with himself , Marty Adelstein , Neal H. Moritz and Dawn Olmstead , Vaun Wilmott , Michael Horowitz and Nelson McCormick serving as executive producers . McCormick also serves as director . The season premiered on April 4 , 2017 , and concluded on May 30 , 2017 , consisting of 9 episodes .
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Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprise their respective roles as Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows , while Sarah Wayne Callies , Amaury Nolasco , Paul Adelstein , Robert Knepper and Rockmond Dunbar also return from the original series . New cast additions include Mark Feuerstein , Inbar Lavi , Augustus Prew , Marina Benedict , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis . A pilot was ordered in August 2015 and the series was greenlit in January 2016 . Production on the series began in April 2016 and filming took place in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat , Casablanca , and Ouarzazate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Seven years after his apparent death , Michael Scofield resurfaces in the notorious Ogygia Prison in Sana'a , Yemen , under the name Kaniel Outis . As the country is engulfed by war , two of Michael 's old friends , his brother Lincoln Burrows and fellow Fox River escapee Benjamin `` C - Note '' Franklin , risk their lives by traveling to Yemen to bring Michael home . Back in the United States , Michael 's wife Sara , now remarried , is hunted by agents of an operative known as Poseidon , the one responsible for Michael 's disappearance . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Prison Break characters and List of Prison Break minor characters Main ( edit ) Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield / Kaniel Outis Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi - Scofield Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Robert Knepper as Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre Mark Feuerstein as Jacob Anton Ness / Poseidon Inbar Lavi as Sheba Augustus Prew as David `` Whip '' Martin Recurring ( edit ) Rick Yune as Ja Marina Benedict as Emily `` A&W '' Blake Steve Mouzakis as Van Gogh Amin El Gamal as Cyclops Kunal Sharma as Sid Numan Acar as Abu Ramal Curtis Lum as Agent Kishida Crystal Balint as Heather Waleed Zuaiter as Mohammad al - Tunis TJ Ramini as Cross Akin Gazi as Omar Christian Michael Cooper as Mike Scofield Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Prison Break episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Ogygia '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1AZM01 3.83 T - Bag is released from incarceration just as he receives a picture of Michael in a new prison . T - Bag shows it to Lincoln , who finds the hidden word `` Ogygia '' , which is a prison in Sana'a , Yemen . Lincoln informs Sara , who has been raising her and Michael 's son , Mike , along with her husband , Jacob . She refuses to believe the news . However , Lincoln determines to travel to Yemen to be certain , asking help from C - Note , who has converted to Islam . Sucre offers to accompany Lincoln , who takes C - Note instead . The mysterious mercenaries who have been following and harassing Lincoln and Sara send Lincoln and C - Note 's pictures to their contacts in Sana'a , where the duo overpowers the attackers and meets a contact , who trades their visit to Ogygia for Lincoln 's United States passport . Lincoln learns that Michael 's fake identity is Kaniel Outis , a dangerous terrorist affiliated with ISIL . Michael ignores Lincoln , claiming not to know him . Meanwhile , T - Bag is contacted by a physician offering him a prosthetic hand as functional as a natural one . The procedure works ; and T - Bag learns that an anonymous person known only as Outis ( Greek for `` Nobody '' ) funded the operation and insisted on him being the patient . 83 `` Kaniel Outis '' Maja Vrvilo Paul Scheuring April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 1AZM02 3.18 Lincoln receives a message from Michael asking them to find the `` Sheik of Light . '' Sheba , the contact , agrees to help decode the message in exchange for money . Sara receives the video recording of Michael and meets up with Kellerman at the State Department . He deduces that Michael was the mastermind of changing his identity . Later , he sends Sara footage of Michael killing a CIA official . Michael acquires pills to give to his cellmate , Ja , who is suffering from withdrawals in exchange for a cell phone and credit card , using them to send a message to Sara . Lincoln 's team discovers that Mohammad El - Tunis , the Sheik , is a local electrical engineer trapped in an ISIL - controlled suburb with his daughter . They rescue the duo ; and Mohammad is revealed to be the father of Sid , Michael 's cellmate incarcerated for homosexuality . Mohammad gives Michael 's team a signal to reveal that the escape plan is on . Sara receives Michael 's message to get everyone to safety because `` a storm is coming '' . The solitary inmates , including Abu Ramal , the local ISIL leader , are released into the general sector . Ramal and Michael are revealed to be close friends . 84 `` The Liar '' Maja Vrvilo Josh Goldin & Rachel Abramowitz April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1AZM03 2.44 Lincoln prepares for the escape by ordering forged passports . However , he and Sheba are caught by ISIL and Cyclops , who attempts to rape her until Lincoln frees himself and saves her . T - Bag runs into Sara , and tries to warn her about A&W and Van Gogh , two of Poseidon 's henchmen , who may be following her trail . A&W and Van Gogh hack into her phone , later discovered by Sara , who deduces Kellerman 's involvement . She asks T - Bag to investigate Kellerman . Cross , an inmate who refused to leave his brother , Muza , and participate in Michael 's escape , warns Whip that Michael can not be trusted . Michael obtains a gold watch from one of the guards , planting it on Ramal , so that he will be detained during the escape . Michael and Whip are revealed to have been working undercover for the CIA as Whip worries the line between Michael and Outis will be blurred . During the escape however , Ramal 's party , Cross and Muza race to Michael 's cell and are caught by the guards , leading to Muza 's death and the recapture of Michael 's team . Ramal vows to kill Michael in solitary while Michael uses the last remaining battery life on his cell phone to record a goodbye to Sara . 85 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Guy Ferland Michael Horowitz April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 1AZM04 2.75 ISIL continues advancing in Sana'a . Cross rallies the other prisoners to capture Ramal and use him as a bargaining chip . Michael convinces a reluctant Ramal to help them out as he is the one inside of the solitary cell with escape tools . Ramal , Michael , Ja and Whip are able to escape just as Cross and his followers break into solitary . Sid stabs Cross in the chest , joining Michael 's party , which heads outside . They are all captured by ISIL . Ramal plans to behead Michael ; but Lincoln intervenes and kills the jihadists while Whip kills Ramal . Michael and Lincoln share an emotional reunion as a news report on Ramal 's death plays . Sid informs them that ISIL is now declaring war on them for Ramal 's death . Meanwhile , T - Bag confronts Kellerman , who denies being Poseidon , an unknown rogue CIA agent criticizing the U.S. foreign policy . They are attacked by Poseidon operatives . T - Bag manages to escape ; but Kellerman is killed by Van Gogh , who starts doubting Poseidon 's cause . T - Bag pursues A&W and Van Gogh and takes photos of them meeting with Jacob . 86 5 `` Contingency '' Guy Ferland Vaun Wilmott May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1AZM05 2.35 Lincoln forces Michael to reveal the truth : Michael was contacted by Poseidon before his wedding with Sara ; Poseidon revealed that Kellerman did not have any authority to exonerate Michael 's team , offering legitimate exonerations in exchange for Michael faking his death , keeping the truth hidden from everyone and working for Poseidon , accepted by Michael . While Lincoln offers going to the airport and rendezvousing with C - Note 's party , Michael decides to use the train station to leave Yemen . Cyclops deduces Michael 's plan and takes ISIL , intercepting Michael 's party , who escape to a facility where Ja ambushes ISIL . They escape the building ; but Sid is killed by Cyclops , whom the team handcuffs to his corpse before proceeding to the airport . Meanwhile , C - Note 's party arrives at the airport before ISIL attacks . C - Note and Sheba save a pilot , who agrees to fly them abroad . They board a plane ; but the pilot decides to fly before Michael 's party arrives , which Lincoln approves of on the phone . C - Note 's party takes off while Michael 's is chased by ISIL . In the meantime , T - Bag shows the pictures to Sara , who confronts Jacob , who later apparently proves his benevolence to her by having A&W and Van Gogh arrested . 87 6 `` Phaecia '' Kevin Tancharoen Michael Horowitz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1AZM06 2.37 Michael 's party confronts Omar , who alerts ISIL ; but they overpower ISIL and force Omar 's compliance , heading to Phaecia , a human settlement in the desert capable of sending Michael 's party abroad . A&W and Van Gogh are released on bail and convince a NSA insider to help track down Michael , whose party stops at a gas station , where Michael uses the internet to contact an unknown person in Portland , Maine , sending him a picture of his tattoos on his palms . Van Gogh alerts ISIL , who attack the gas station and kill Omar . Whip kills the ISIL operatives . Michael 's party continues in the desert before learning about Cyclops chasing them . Michael takes one of the cars and lures Cyclops to a trap , where Michael blinds Cyclops ' remaining eye but he is able to wound Michael with a poisoned blade . Ja helps the others find Phaecia , where they use fireworks to lead Michael to them , who falls unconscious after arriving . A&W and Van Gogh find Michael 's contact , revealed to be an Elvis impersonator . Meanwhile , Agent Kishida replaces Kellerman 's position , assigned to investigate his death . 88 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' Kevin Tancharoen Vaun Wilmott May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 1AZM07 2.41 Ja decides to stay in Phaecia while the others leave on a boat to Crete , Greece . Lincoln calls Sara and tells her about Michael 's condition . She informs Jacob and goes to Crete by plane . She reunites with Michael and heals him . He reveals that Jacob is Poseidon , having framed the former for the murder of the CIA official . Sara returns to the U.S. to secure Mike , whom she entrusts to her friend ; but they are captured by Jacob and his operatives . Michael reunites with Sucre on board the commercial ship upon which he is working . The captain learns about Outis and alerts the authorities . Navy SEALs are dispatched to kill Michael . Sucre formulates a plan to force the SEALs away , which causes a frustrated Jacob to have a missile fired at the ship , which explodes just after Michael 's party jumps overboard . Meanwhile , Kellerman 's successor , Kishida , confronts A&W and Van Gogh for their clandestine operation , leading to the former 's murder . 89 8 `` Progeny '' Nelson McCormick Michael Horowitz May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 1AZM08 1.90 Michael 's party is rescued by a fishing boat that takes them to Marseille , France , where Michael contacts Sara , deduces their situation , and decides to go to the U.S. , using Lincoln 's conflict with Luca Abruzzi , John Abruzzi 's son , over a botched smuggling operation to their advantage . Michael and Lincoln enlist C - Note and Sheba 's help in disposing of Luca and his gang , then convincing C - Note and later Sheba to leave the conflict . They proceed with the plan of taking down 21 - Void and rescuing Sara and Mike , culminating in a lake house in Michigan , where Michael reunites with Mike but realizes that it was a ruse used by Jacob to lure him , and A&W confronts them , with an unknown person getting shot . Lincoln is found by Luca outside the house , and is shot . Meanwhile , Whip , whose real identity is David Martin , is sent to Chicago by Michael , meeting T - Bag , revealed to be his father . The analyst Theroux is revealed to be a 21 - Void agent , and Van Gogh expresses disdain for Jacob 's methods and vows to leave 21 - Void when the job with Michael is done . 90 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 1AZM09 2.30 Van Gogh is revealed to be the one shot by A&W , having become skeptical of Michael 's involvement in Gaines ' murder . Mortally wounded , Van Gogh gives up Mike 's location to Sara . As Jacob works to brainwash Mike , Michael gathers his allies , including Blue Hawaii , to bring down Jacob . A wounded Lincoln escapes the hospital and ensures Luca 's arrest by the FBI . Michael enacts a plan where he lures Jacob and A&W to a warehouse to recreate Gaines ' murder and prove Jacob 's involvement . During the attempt , Whip is shot by A&W and dies before T - Bag kills her and is arrested . Michael succeeds in proving Jacob 's involvement and both are arrested . At the same time , Lincoln and Sara rescue Mike and capture Theroux . With the evidence planted by Michael and Theroux 's testimony , Michael is exonerated and his identity as Michael Scofield is restored . He refuses an offer to join the CIA and returns to a normal life with Sara and Mike . Jacob is sent to Fox River State Penitentiary , where he ends up with T - Bag as his cellmate , as requested by Michael . The other inmates cheer T - Bag on as he attacks Jacob . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , at the 2015 Winter TCA Press Tour , Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell revealed the possibility that Fox was interested in bringing back Prison Break , with Miller stating : `` We actually floated the idea to Fox very casually and they seemed very not casual about this interest . They seemed to think there was something there . '' Purcell concluded by adding , `` It 's something that Fox is , as Wentworth said , potentially excited about . '' On January 17 , 2015 , Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman made it clear that they would love to bring Prison Break back for another run , although Fox had nothing to report . Newman himself stated , `` There 's some speculation in the press at Prison Break and we 've made it clear at the studio that we 'd bring Prison Break back at the studio ( ... ) It 's the perfect event series . But at the moment , we have nothing else to report . '' On June 2 , 2015 , it was reported that a limited series revival of Paul Scheuring 's Prison Break was in development at Fox . On August 6 , 2015 , Fox confirmed a 10 - episode order for the revival . The limited series is a sequel to the original series , taking place several years later , and features Miller and Purcell reprising their roles as well as the return of other original characters . Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Dana Walden herself stated that Prison Break has performed particularly well internationally and on SVOD platforms such as Netflix . Walden added that : `` a logical and believable explanation to why the characters are alive and still moving around the world ( ... ) '' Walden said . `` The brothers and some of the iconic characters will be back , and it will address some questions that were set up at the end of the series for a new audience . '' On January 15 , 2016 , Fox officially ordered the revival to series , with the episode order revised to nine episodes , though Fox declined to announce how many episodes the series will run . The original producing team of creator Paul Scheuring , Neal Moritz , Marty Adelstein and Dawn Olmstead were all confirmed as to return for the event series as executive producers , with Scheuring writing and serving as showrunner . Writing ( edit ) On August 7 , 2015 , it was announced that creator and executive producer Paul Scheuring would be writing the first episode as well as a style / tone bible for other writers to follow . Casting ( edit ) On January 15 , 2016 , stars Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell were confirmed to be reprising their roles as brothers Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows . On February 22 , 2016 , it was reported that Mark Feuerstein would play Scott Ness ( later changed to Jacob Ness ) , the husband of Dr. Sara Tancredi , a Professor of Economics ( game theory ) at Cornell who has been described as , `` dubious of the government but still has a bit of fight in him when it comes to taking them on . '' Additionally , on February 22 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Sarah Wayne Callies was in talks to reprise her role in the follow - up along with Robert Knepper , Rockmond Dunbar and Amaury Nolasco , although there were no deals in place with any of them at that time . On March 9 , 2016 , Augustus Prew , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis were cast for `` heavily recurring roles '' . Prew plays `` funny , crazy and pretty damn sharp '' Whip ; Yune plays Ja , who is described as a `` Korean identity thief , who disheveled appearance belies his genius '' ; and Mouzakis plays Van Gogh , `` a bad - ass nut - job '' . On March 9 , 2016 , Sarah Wayne Callies was confirmed to be returning as Sara Tancredi . On March 16 , 2016 , Amin El Gamal was cast in a recurring role , playing Cyclops . On March 17 , 2016 , it was announced that original stars Robert Knepper , Amaury Nolasco and Rockmond Dunbar would be reprising their respective roles as T - Bag , Sucre and C - Note , respectively . On March 21 , 2016 , Paul Adelstein was confirmed to be reprising his role as Paul Kellerman . On March 21 , 2016 , Inbar Lavi , Marina Benedict and Kunal Sharma were cast in major recurring roles . Lavi plays Sheba , an operator / fixer / activist who becomes involved with Burrows . Benedict is A&W , `` a crazed and fearless villainess who is unconcerned about her physical well - being but ruthless and efficient in completing her deadly goals '' , and Sharma plays Sid , a man in prison . On April 22 , 2016 , it was announced that Faran Tahir would play Jamil , whom Tahir describes as `` a man who has an inner conflict which again is something I love experimenting with . '' In July 2016 , it was revealed that William Fichtner would not be reprising his role as Alexander Mahone . Robert Knepper told Digital Spy that `` ( writer ) Paul Scheuring loves Bill Fichtner and I love Bill Fichtner . He 's a brilliant actor -- but Paul honestly said to me , ' I do n't know what to do with that character ' . He did n't want to just bring everybody back , so that the audience go , ' Oh , look , it 's Bill Fichtner again ! ' -- he honestly thought , ' I 'm not sure where to do that in the plot . ' So if someday there 's another chapter of this , maybe then Bill will be back . But I think the characters that are there , each of our moments that we have , are key to the storytelling , which is how it should be . '' Filming ( edit ) Production on the season began in April 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver , once Miller and Purcell completed filming for Legends of Tomorrow . Filming concluded in Vancouver on July 11 , 2016 . On June 1 , 2016 , Dominic Purcell was almost killed on set in Morocco , after an iron bar used as a set piece had fallen onto his head , which caused a broken nose and a head injury . Purcell was immediately airlifted from Marrakesh to Casablanca for treatment where he recovered . Filming of the series was not substantially disrupted due to the accident . Music ( edit ) Composer Ramin Djawadi stated that he would definitely like to return and work on the new season of Prison Break , after learning of the news of the possible revival , to which further stated , `` I literally just heard it , so it 's news for me . It 's very exciting because the show was such a good show but nobody has contacted me at this point . '' Djawadi later added , `` Most likely , if my schedule allows - that show was very close to me . I loved all the people involved . I thought it was an incredible show . Absolutely . '' In June 2016 , it was confirmed that Djawadi would return as composer for season five . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 55 % based on 29 reviews , with an average score of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Prison Break recaptures some of its old urgency in its return , but familiar faces and frenetic action are n't enough to make up for a plot that manages to bore while beggaring belief . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Ogygia '' April 4 , 2017 1.5 / 5 3.83 0.8 1.86 2.3 5.68 `` Kaniel Outis '' April 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.18 0.9 1.84 2.0 5.01 `` The Liar '' April 18 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.8 1.76 1.7 4.20 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' April 25 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Contingency '' May 2 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.35 0.7 1.51 1.5 3.86 6 `` Phaecia '' May 9 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.37 0.6 1.33 1.5 3.70 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.41 0.7 1.41 1.6 3.81 8 `` Progeny '' May 23 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.90 0.7 1.60 1.4 3.50 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' May 30 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.30 0.7 1.54 1.6 3.83 Home media Release ( edit ) The event series was released on Blu - ray and DVD on June 27 , 2017 . Special features include a behind - the - scenes featurette , `` A Return Home : The Making of Prison Break Event Series '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Prison Break revival officially has a title -- as show writers reveal why there are only nine episodes in the new series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBERT KNEPPER , ROCKMOND DUNBAR AND AMAURY NOLASCO RETURN TO PRISON BREAK '' . 20th Century Fox . March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break , Making History Premiere Dates Announced by Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calcuttawala , Zainab ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` American Show `` Prison Break '' to Film in Rabat , Casablanca , Ouarzazate `` . Morocco World News . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Sarah Wayne Callies To Reprise ' Prison Break ' Role In Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Fox `` Definitely '' Interested in Prison Break 's Return , Wentworth Miller Reveals `` . E !. Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Robert Knepper , Rockmond Dunbar Returning for Revival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break Limited Series In Development at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Chiefs on ' Prison Break ' Revival , ' Empire ' Impact and Planned Turnaround '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Sequel Limited Series A Go At Fox '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Greenlights ' Prison Break ' Event Series , Orders ' 24 ' Spinoff Pilot ' Legacy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival Is Officially a Go : Updates on Cast , International Setting '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break Sequel Series Confirmed By Fox '' . Empire . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Event Series with Original Cast & Producers Officially Greenlit at Fox '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` TV News Roundup : Michael Raymond - James Back on ' Once Upon a Time ' ; Mark Feuerstein Joins ' Prison Break ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Mark Feuerstein Joins Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival : Augustus Prew , Rick Yune Join Cast '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Wayne Callies Joins Fox 's ' Prison Break ' Revival '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ray Donovan ' Casts Richard Brake ; ' Prison Break ' Adds Amin El Gamal '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Revival Bringing Back More Original Stars '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Adelstein Returning to Fox 's ' Prison Break ' Revival '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Inbar Lavi , Marina Benedict & Kunal Sharma Join Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival : The Last Ship 's Inbar Lavi to Recur on Fox Event Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faran Tahir cast as newest member of TV serial ' Prison Break ' '' . The Express Tribune . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break : Here 's the REAL reason that Mahone is n't back for the revival '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Prison Break 's ' Dominic Purcell Vows Reboot Will Be `` Amazing '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current Productions : April 29 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada , BC District Council . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Dominic ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell : I 'm good '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell Injured On Set Of Fox 's Prison Break , Production Not Impacted '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break star Dominic Purcell almost killed on set after iron bar falls on his head '' . News.com.au . June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break season 5 : Ramin Djawadi says he would ' absolutely ' return to the show '' . Daily Express . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ @ PBWritersRoom ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Yes ! Ramin is back , so expect some cool new music . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' and ' Prison Break ' finales get good bumps : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break - Fox Official Press Release : ' The Event Series ' and Blu ' Collector 's Set ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Prison Break on IMDb Prison Break at TV.com ( hide ) Prison Break Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Allen '' `` Cute Poison '' `` English , Fitz or Percy '' `` Riots , Drills and the Devil '' `` Manhunt '' `` Rendezvous '' `` Bolshoi Booze '' `` Disconnect '' `` The Killing Box '' `` John Doe '' `` The Message '' `` Chicago '' `` Panama '' `` Fin Del Camino '' `` Scylla '' `` Breaking & Entering '' `` Shut Down '' `` Eagles & Angels '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Blow Out '' `` Five the Hard Way '' `` The Price '' `` Greatness Achieved '' `` The Legend '' `` Quiet Riot '' `` Selfless '' `` Ogygia '' `` Kaniel Outis '' `` The Liar '' `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma Characters Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Brad Bellick Lincoln Burrows Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Paul Kellerman Alexander Mahone Michael Scofield Fernando Sucre Sara Tancredi Minor characters Cast members Universe Fox River State Penitentiary Penitenciaría Federal de Sona The Company Other media The Final Break ( movie ) Proof of Innocence The Conspiracy Soundtracks Seasons 1 & 2 Seasons 3 & 4 Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_Break_(season_5)&oldid=803385578 '' Categories : Prison Break Prison Break episodes 2017 American television seasons Terrorism in fiction Yemen in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Magyar Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 05 : 44 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison%20Break%20%28season%205%29
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where is the nearest amazon warehouse to me
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List of Amazon locations
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list of amazon locations
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This is a list of locations in which American corporation Amazon.com does business .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Headquarters 2 Software development centers 3 Customer service centers 4 Fulfillment and warehousing 5 Other 6 Closed fulfillment , warehousing and customer service locations 7 References Headquarters ( edit ) Amazon 's former headquarters in the Pacific Medical Center building in Beacon Hill , Seattle Amazon 's global headquarters are in 14 buildings in Seattle 's South Lake Union neighborhood , developed primarily by Vulcan , Inc. from 2008 onward . The first 11 buildings were acquired from Vulcan in 2012 at a cost of $1.16 billion . The company was previously headquartered in rented space within the Pacific Medical Center , located in the city 's Beacon Hill neighborhood , from 1998 to 2011 . Amazon is currently building a new three - tower complex in Seattle 's Denny Triangle neighborhood to serve as its new headquarters . The plan , designed by NBBJ and named `` Rufus 2.0 '' after a dog who was part of the company in its early days , was approved by the city of Seattle in 2012 and construction began the year after . The first of the towers , nicknamed Doppler , opened on December 14 , 2015 . The European headquarters are in Luxembourg 's capital , Luxembourg City . Software development centers ( edit ) While much of Amazon 's software development occurs in Seattle , the company employs software developers in centers across the globe . Some of these sites are run by an Amazon subsidiary called A2Z Development . North America United States : Austin , Texas ; Cambridge , Massachusetts ; Herndon , Virginia ; Irvine , California ; Cupertino , California ; Orange County , California ; Pittsburgh , PA ; San Francisco ; San Luis Obispo , California ; Minneapolis ; Seattle ; New York ; Tempe , Arizona ; Detroit , Michigan Europe Austria : Graz Germany : Berlin and Dresden Ireland : Dublin Poland : Gdańsk Spain : Madrid Customer service centers ( edit ) South Africa : Cape Town Fulfillment and warehousing ( edit ) Fulfillment centers are located in the following cities , often named after an International Air Transport Association airport code . Amazon Fulfillment centers can also provide warehousing and order - fulfillment for third - party sellers , for an extra fee . Third - party sellers can use Fulfillment by Amazon ( FBA ) to sell on other platforms as well , such as eBay or their own websites . Warehouses are large and each has hundreds of employees . Employees are responsible for five basic tasks : unpacking and inspecting incoming goods ; placing goods in storage and recording their location ; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment ; sorting and packing orders : and shipping . A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role : employees carry hand - held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress . A picker may walk 10 or more miles a day . In the newer fulfillment centers , items are stored on pods and brought to pickers by robots ( Kiva Systems ) . In the United Kingdom initial staffing was provided by Randstad Holding and other temporary employment agencies . In the United States , many workers are hired as Amazon employees and granted shares of stock , while others are offered temporary seasonal positions . `` When we have permanent positions available , we look to the top performing temporary associates to fill them . '' Development of a high level of automation is anticipated in the future following Amazon 's 2012 acquisition of Kiva Systems , a warehouse automation company . Customer Service Center in Huntington , West Virginia Amazon.es warehouse in San Fernando de Henares , Madrid , Spain ) North America United States ( Fulfillment Center Codes ) Arizona Phoenix ( PHX3 , PHX6 , PHX7 ) Goodyear ( PHX5 ) Tolleson ( PHX9 ) California Patterson ( OAK3 ) Tracy ( OAK4 , SJC7 , OAK6 ) Newark ( OAK5 ) San Bernardino ( ONT2 , ONT5 , SNA7 , SNA8 ) Moreno Valley ( ONT6 , ONT8 ) Redlands ( ONT9 ) Rialto ( SNA4 , LGB8 ) Eastvale ( SNA6 , SNA9 ) Sacramento ( SMF1 ) Stockton ( XUSD ) Colorado Aurora ( DEN2 ) Thornton ( DEN6 ) Connecticut Windsor Locks ( BDL1 ) Delaware New Castle ( PHL1 ) Middletown , Delaware ( PHL7 ) Florida Davenport ( MCO5 ) Doral ( Miami ) ( MIA5 ) Ruskin ( TPA1 ) Lakeland ( TPA2 ) Jacksonville ( JAX2 , JAX3 , JAX5 ) Georgia East Point ( ATL6 ) Lithia Springs ( ATL8 ) Union City ( ATL7 ) Indiana Whitestown ( IND1 , XUSE ) Plainfield ( IND2 , IND3 , IND5 ) Indianapolis ( IND4 ) Jeffersonville ( SDF8 ) Illinois Joliet ( MDW2 , MDW4 ) Romeoville ( MDW5 ) Edwardsville ( STL4 , STL6 , STL7 ) Monee ( MDW7 ) Kansas Kansas City ( MKC6 ) Lenexa ( MCI5 ) Edgerton ( MKC4 ) Kentucky Campbellsville ( SDF1 ) Louisville ( SDF2 ) Shepherdsville ( SDF4 , SDF6 , SDF7 , SDF9 ) Hebron ( CVG1 , CVG2 , CVG3 , CVG5 , CVG7 ) Lexington ( LEX1 , LEX2 ) Maryland Baltimore ( BWI2 , BWI5 ) North East ( MDT2 ) Massachusetts Fall River ( BOS7 ) Stoughton ( BOS5 ) Michigan Livonia ( DET1 ) Brownstown Township ( DTW5 ) Minnesota Shakopee ( MSP1 , MSP5 ) Nevada North Las Vegas ( LAS2 ) Fernley ( closed ) ( RNO1 ) Reno ( RNO2 ) New Hampshire Nashua ( BOS1 ) New Jersey Florence ( ABE8 ) Swedesboro ( ACY5 ) Robbinsville ( EWR4 ) Avenel ( EWR5 , EWR6 / 7 ) Carteret ( EWR9 , LGA7 / 8 ) Teterboro ( EWR8 ) Edison ( LGA9 ) New York Lancaster ( BUF5 ) North Carolina Charlotte ( CLT2 ) Concord ( CLT5 ) Durham ( RDU5 ) Ohio Columbus ( CMH1 , CMH2 ) Oregon Hillsboro ( PDX5 ) Pennsylvania Breinigsville ( ABE2 , ABE3 ) Easton ( ABE4 ) Harrisburg ( ABE5 ) Hazleton ( AVP1 ) Gouldsboro ( AVP2 / 3 ) Carlisle ( MDT1 , PHL4 , PHL6 , PHL9 , XUSC ) Lewisberry ( PHL5 ) Pittsburgh ( PIT1 ) South Carolina West Columbia ( CAE1 ) Spartanburg ( GSP1 ) Tennessee Chattanooga ( CHA1 ) Charleston ( CHA2 ) Lebanon ( BNA1 , BNA2 ) Murfreesboro ( BNA3 ) Nashville ( BNA5 ) Texas Coppell ( DFW6 , FTW2 ) Fort Worth ( DFW7 ) Humble ( HOU1 ) Schertz ( SAT1 ) San Marcos ( SAT2 ) Virginia Petersburg ( RIC1 ) Chester ( RIC2 , RIC3 ) Washington Sumner ( BFI1 , BFI7 ) DuPont ( BFI3 ) Kent ( BFI4 , BFI5 , BFI6 ) Bellevue ( SEA8 ) Wisconsin Kenosha ( MKE1 , MKE5 ) Canada Calgary ( Balzac ) , Alberta ( Construction is expected to be done fall 2018 ) ( YYC1 ) Mississauga , Ontario ( YYZ1 ) Milton , Ontario ( YYZ2 ) Brampton , Ontario ( YYZ3 , YYZ4 ) Annacis Island a part of Delta , British Columbia ( YVR2 ) New Westminster , British Columbia ( YVR3 ) Mexico Cuautitlán Izcalli , State of Mexico ( MEX1 ) Europe United Kingdom , as of 2018 , 15 in operation England Coalville ( BHX2 ) Daventry ( BHX3 ) Doncaster ( LBA1 ) Dunstable ( LTN4 ) Hemel Hempstead ( LTN2 ) Manchester ( MAN1 ) Ridgmont , Milton Keynes ( LTN1 ) Peterborough ( DPE1 , EUK5 ) Rugby ( Opens 2018 ) Rugeley ( BHX1 ) Tilbury ( LCY2 ) Warrington ( MAN2 ) Scotland Dunfermline ( Fife ) ( EDI4 ) Gourock ( Inverclyde ) ( GLA1 ) Wales Crymlyn Burrows , Swansea ( CWL1 ) France Boigny - sur - Bionne ( 2000 ) Saran ( 2007 ) ( ORY1 ) Montélimar ( 2010 ) ( MRS1 ) Sevrey ( 2012 ) ( LYS1 ) Lauwin - Planque ( 2013 ) ( LIL1 ) Germany Bad Hersfeld ( 1996 and 2010 ) ( FRA1 , FRA3 ) ( Hessen ) Leipzig ( 2006 ) ( LEJ1 ) ( Saxony ) Werne ( 2010 and 2017 ) ( EDE4 , EDE5 , DTM1 ) ( North Rhine - Westphalia ) Rheinberg ( 2011 ) ( North Rhine - Westphalia ) Graben ( 2011 ) ( Bavaria ) Koblenz ( 2012 ) ( CGN1 ) ( Rhineland - Palatinate ) Pforzheim ( 2012 ) ( STR1 ) ( Baden - Württemberg ) Brieselang ( 2013 ) ( BER3 ) ( Brandenburg ) Dortmund ( 2017 ) ( DTM2 ) ( North Rhine - Westphalia ) Poland Poznan ( 2014 ) ( POZ1 ) Wroclaw ( 2014 and 2015 ) ( WRO1 , WRO2 , WRO3 , WRO4 ) Szczecin - Kołbaskowo ( 2017 ) ( SZZ1 ) Katowice - Sosnowiec ( 2017 ) ( KTW1 ) Italy Castel San Giovanni ( 2011 and 2013 ) ( Emilia - Romagna ) ( MXP5 ) Avigliana ( 2016 ) ( Piemonte ) Passo Corese ( 2017 ) ( Lazio ) ( FCO1 ) Vercelli ( 2017 ) ( Piemonte ) ( MXP3 ) Milano ( 2017 ) ( Lombardia ) Origgio ( 2017 ) ( Lombardia ) Casirate d'Adda ( 2018 ) ( Lombardia ) ( under construction ) Slovakia : Bratislava ( 2011 ) Spain San Fernando de Henares ( Madrid ) ( MAD4 ) Getafe ( Madrid ) Illescas ( Toledo , Castilla - La Mancha ) El Prat ( Barcelona , Catalonia ) Martorelles ( Barcelona , Catalonia ) Paterna ( Valencia , Valencian Community ) Asia Japan Ichikawa Yachiyo Chiba Sakai Daito Osaka Kawagoe Saitama China Guangzhou Suzhou Beijing Chengdu Tianjin Shanghai Haerbin Shenyang Jinan Nanning Xi'an Xiamen India Mumbai Bangalore ( 2014 ) Hyderabad Chennai ( MAA4 ) ( MAA5 ) Ahmedabad Jaipur Gurgaon Pune ( 2015 ) Delhi Kolkata Israel Modi'in ( 2018 ) Oceania Australia Dandenong South ( MEL1 ) Other ( edit ) Audible.com ( subsidiary ) Headquarters at 1 Washington Park in Newark , New Jersey . Zappos.com Headquarters in Las Vegas . Woot Headquarters in Carrollton , Texas . Closed fulfillment , warehousing and customer service locations ( edit ) These US distribution centers have been closed : SDC Seattle Distribution Center , located in Georgetown , just south of downtown Seattle ; Red Rock , Nevada ; Chambersburg , Pennsylvania ; Munster , Indiana ; and McDonough , Georgia . From 2000 until February 2001 , there was an Amazon customer service based in The Hague , Netherlands . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martinez , Amy ; Pryne , Eric ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon gobbles up campus for $1 billion '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pryne , Eric ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon 's billion - dollar South Lake Union deal closes '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pryne , Eric ( December 22 , 2007 ) . `` Amazon to make giant move to South Lake Union '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pryne , Eric ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` PacMed Center lease bites dust '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pryne , Eric ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon 's 3 - block complex has a timetable -- and a name '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon at Denny Triangle : Work Global , Live Local '' . NBBJ . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirk Johnson ; Nick Wingfield ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` As Amazon Stretches , Seattle 's Downtown Is Reshaped '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Aubrey ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Seattle OKs Amazon towers '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greene , Jay ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Workers move in to the first of Amazon 's downtown towers '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Demmitt , Jacob ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon launches new era with opening of first tower at new Seattle campus '' . GeekWire . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roland , Denise ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's why the EU thinks Luxembourg is helping Amazon avoid tax '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Woo , Stu ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` California Online Tax Law Pressures Amazon '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Novak , Shonda ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Sources : Amazon.com to bring 200 - plus tech jobs to Austin '' . Austin - American Statesman . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirsner , Scott ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon plans Cambridge office '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Neibauer , Michael . `` Amazon 's Herndon employees will earn $114 K on average '' . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirsner , Scott . `` Amazon plans Irvine development center '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Obispo '' . a2z.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Minneapolis '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon expanding Detroit presence '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Austria '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon taps germany for engineers '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.idaireland.in/newsroom/amazon-to-move-dublin-dev > Jump up ^ `` Amazon launches technology development centre in Gdansk '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ González , Ángel . `` Amazon opens new development center in Madrid '' . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amazon chooses 1stream call center solutions for South Africa Archived 2012 - 05 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved , February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fulfillment by Amazon Archived 2010 - 08 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . from the company 's website Jump up ^ ( FBA - Multi-Channel Fulfillment FBM or FBA ) Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarah O'Connor ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Amazon unpacked : The online giant is creating thousands of UK jobs , so why are some employees less than happy ? '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon Distribution Network '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Manahan , Kim . `` Construction on Amazon warehouse to start by next month - Middletown , DE '' . Middletown Transcript . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon fulfillment center to bring 1,000 jobs to Edgerton '' . Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com To Open Baltimore Distribution Center , Giving Area 1,000 + Jobs '' . Baltimore.cbslocal.com . October 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amazon to start collecting sales tax from Maryland shoppers Archived 2017 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved December 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Amazon Plans fulfillment Center In North East , Maryland '' . Area Development . Area Development . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mike Davis / The Times of Trenton . `` Amazon 's new mega-warehouse in Robbinsville ships first order - A sonic water jet system '' . NJ.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Swiatecki , Chad ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` E-commerce giant to hire 1,000 in new San Marcos facility '' . Austin Business Journal . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James , Andrea ( August 19 , 2008 ) . `` A peek at the quietly expanding AmazonFresh '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gillie , John ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon to open Sumner warehouse , hire several hundred '' . The News Tribune . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com preps to move into first Kenosha building - Milwaukee - Milwaukee Business Journal '' . Milwaukee Business Journal . October 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Amazon distribution centre near Calgary to create 750 jobs '' . CBC News . 26 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to locate centre on Delta 's Annacis Island '' . delta-optimist.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warehouse Deals address '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call for jobs to go to locals '' . Wales Online . May 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jobs boost as web warehouse opens '' . BBC News . April 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Giacomo Dotta ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon mette radici in Italia '' . Webnews.it . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon otvára v Bratislave centrum podpory predaja , hľadá 200 ľudí '' . profimedia.sk . June 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon abrirá en Toledo su mayor centro logístico de España '' . Economiadigital.es . August 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Plans to Open A Logistic Center In Israel '' . Bizisrael.com . November 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flach , Tim ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` McClatchy , Thursday , April 28 , 2011 '' . Mcclatchydc.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ amazon.com shuttering 3 US distribution centers Archived 2007 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , a March 2009 Computer World article Jump up ^ Recent Layoffs at Area Technology Companies , a January 2001 SeattlePI article Archived December 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wolverton , Troy ( January 13 , 2000 ) . `` Amazon adds East Coast customer service center '' . CNET . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com Releases 2001 Second Quarter Results '' . thefreelibrary.com . July 23 , 2001 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spector , Robert ( 2002 ) . Amazon.com : Get Big Fast . HarperCollins . p. 243 . ISBN 0066620422 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . ( hide ) Amazon People Current Jeff Bezos Tony Hsieh Werner Vogels Gregg Zehr Former Rick Dalzell Paul Davis Brian McBride Ram Shriram Tom Szkutak Brian Valentine Christopher North Facilities Doppler Day 1 Spheres HQ2 Products and services Websites A9.com AbeBooks Amazon.com Alexa Internet Book Depository BookFinder China Curse Digital Photography Review Fresh Goodreads IMDb Box Office Mojo Withoutabox Junglee.com Local Marketplace Payments Shopbop Twitch.tv Wireless Woot.com Zappos Souq.com Web services AMI CloudFront DynamoDB EBS EC2 MTurk Neptune Product Advertising API RDS S3 SES SimpleDB SQS VPC Silk Glacier Storywriter Digital Alexa Appstore Audible ComiXology Amazon Drive Video Prime Key Prime Music Prime Now Prime Pantry Prime Video Kindle Store Music Reflexive Entertainment Fire OS Amazon Digital Game Store Devices Blink Home Cloud Cam Dash buttons Dash wand Echo Show Kindle Kindle Fire Fire HD Fire HDX Fire TV Stick Fire Phone Ring Technology 1 - Click Amazon Game Studios Amazon Robotics Carbonado Dynamo Graphiq Gurupa Lab126 Double Helix Games Obidos Liquavista Publishing Amazon Publishing Amazon Studios Breakthrough Novel Award Best Books of the Year Kindle Direct Publishing Retail Amazon Books Amazon Go Treasure Truck Whole Foods Market Logistics Amazon Air Amazon Prime Air Former 43 Things Askville Amapedia Amie Street ( Songza ) CDNow Diapers.com Endless.com Lexcycle LivingSocial LoveFilm Mobipocket PlanetAll Sellaband Shelfari Other Amazon Light ASIN Controversies ( tax ) Fishbowl Locker Perfect 10 , Inc. v. Amazon.com , Inc . Statistically improbable phrase Vine List of Amazon brands List of Amazon locations List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon List of Amazon products and services LibraryThing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Amazon_locations&oldid=837223595 '' Categories : Amazon ( company ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 14 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who sang all aboard the choo choo train
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Choo Choo Soul
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choo choo soul
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Not to be confused with Soul Train . Choo Choo Soul Choo Choo Soul at Kidaroo Music Festival in San Francisco , September 2010 Background information Years active 2004 ( 2004 ) -- present Members Genevieve Goings , Constantine `` DC '' Abramson Choo Choo Soul is a children 's entertainment act composed of Genevieve Goings and her partner Constantine `` DC '' Abramson , a dancer and beat boxer dressed as a railroad engineer . Contents 1 History and recordings 2 Disney Channel series 3 Live concerts 4 References 5 External links History and recordings ( edit ) Choo Choo Soul began as a collaboration between video game developer Greg Johnson , recording engineer and sound designer Burke Trieschmann , and vocalist Genevieve Goings during dialogue recordings for ToeJam & Earl III : Mission to Earth , the first Xbox installment of the ToeJam & Earl video game franchise . Johnson created the concept and recorded melodies and accompaniment tracks onto his cellphone and e-mailed them to Treischmann to develop . Once in the studio , Goings provided vocals . The act debuted in 2004 as a 16 - track CD Baby studio album that described itself as `` kids ' music that wo n't drive parents crazy . '' It is now out of print . On October 31 , 2006 , Walt Disney Records released Choo Choo Soul , a 12 - track album available through the iTunes Store and other online music outlets . It features most of the same songs as the 2004 release . In 2007 , `` Choo Choo Soul with Beautiful Genevieve ! '' was honored with a Parents ' Choice Award for children 's television . In May 2008 , Disney released featured a two - disc set which consisted of the Choo Choo Soul album on CD , and a DVD featuring ten music videos . Disney Channel series ( edit ) Beginning in May 2006 , a series of Choo Choo Soul interstitial programs began airing in the United States during the Playhouse Disney programming block on the Disney Channel . The music video -- style shorts feature Goings and D.C. performing Choo Choo Soul songs with a group of young children in a blend of live action and computer animation . In July 2011 , Choo Choo Soul filmed 8 new video shorts , re-making Disney `` classic '' songs in their urban style for the new network `` Disney Junior . '' Genevieve also sings the network 's theme song `` I Wanna Go '' along with 16 other short songs for the network . Live concerts ( edit ) Choo Choo Soul tours regularly across the U.S. and Canada . Choo Choo Soul has performed live on several occasions in 2007 , including September and October shows at the Disney - MGM Studios theme park at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida , a performance at the Boston Globe Children 's Book Festival in Boston , Massachusetts on September 15 and several shows in June 2009 at Sesame Place located near Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . They have performed at Sea World Orlando in 2012 and 2013 at the `` Just for Kids '' Event in January . Choo Choo Soul has been touring the U.S. and Canada from 2007 , and was the opening act for the Imagination Movers during their Big Warehouse Tour in 2011 . They toured 56 cities . Choo Choo Soul also performed at the 2011 California State Fair in Sacramento . Choo Choo Soul read two stories at the 2016 White House Easter Egg Roll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Interview Constantine `` DC '' Abramson `` . celebrityparentsmag.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul Official Facebook Page '' . facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Sega ToeJam & Earl III User Manual Page 40 '' . manualslib.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Juniors Genevieve Goings Talks About Choo Choo Soul '' . mediamikes.com . February 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul '' . Parents-choice.org . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul ( CD + DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul to Join the Movers ! '' . Imagination Movers . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Carla ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Things to do in Sacramento and Beyond : Reserve tickets available for state fair concerts '' . Blogs.sacbee.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Playhouse Disney site Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins Fancy Nancy The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Mickey and the Roadster Racers Muppet Babies Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Goldie & Bear Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates Jungle Junction My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Rolie Polie Olie Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Special Agent Oso Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming T.O.T.S. The Rocketeer See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! 25 Days of Christmas Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Disney Junior Dance Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choo_Choo_Soul&oldid=852589924 '' Categories : Preschool education television series American children 's musical television series American children 's musical groups American television series with live action and animation Trains in fiction Disney Channel shows 2006 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American children 's adventure television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 01 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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why did anton chekhov write the three sisters
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Three sisters ( play )
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three sisters ( play )
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Prozorov family :
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Olga Sergeyevna Prozorova Maria Sergeyevna Kulygina Irina Sergeyevna Prozorova Andrei Sergeyevich Prozorov Date premiered 1901 ( 1901 ) , Moscow Original language Russian Genre Drama Setting A provincial Russian garrison town Chekhov in a 1905 illustration . Three Sisters ( Russian : Три сeстры́ , translit . Tri sestry ) is a play by the Russian author and playwright Anton Chekhov . It was written in 1900 and first performed in 1901 at the Moscow Art Theatre . The play is sometimes included on the short list of Chekhov 's outstanding plays , along with The Cherry Orchard , The Seagull and Uncle Vanya . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 The Prozorovs 1.2 The soldiers 1.3 Others 1.4 Unseen characters 2 Synopsis 3 Premiere 4 Notable productions 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Characters ( edit ) The prozorovs ( edit ) Olga Sergeyevna Prozorova ( Olga ) -- The eldest of the three sisters , she is the matriarchal figure of the Prozorov family though at the beginning of the play she is only 28 years old . Olga is a teacher at the high school , where she frequently fills in for the headmistress whenever the latter is absent . Olga is a spinster and at one point tells Irina that she would have married `` any man , even an old man if he had asked '' her . Olga is very motherly even to the elderly servants , keeping on the elderly nurse / retainer Anfisa , long after she has ceased to be useful . When Olga reluctantly takes the role of headmistress permanently , she takes Anfisa with her to escape the clutches of the heartless Natasha . Maria Sergeyevna Kulygina ( Masha ) -- The middle sister , she is 23 at the beginning of the play . She married her husband , Kulygin , when she was 18 and just out of school . When the play opens she has been disappointed in the marriage and falls completely in love with the idealistic Lieutenant - Colonel Vershinin . They begin a clandestine affair . When he is transferred away , she is crushed , but returns to life with her husband , who accepts her back despite knowing what she has done . She has a short temper , which is seen frequently throughout the play , and is the sister who disapproves the most of Natasha . Onstage , her directness often serves as a tonic to the melodrama , and her wit comes across as heroic . Her vitality provides most of the play 's surprisingly plentiful humour . She was trained as a concert pianist . Irina Sergeyevna Prozorova -- The youngest sister , she is 20 at the beginning of the play . It is her `` name day '' at the beginning of the play and though she insists she is grown - up she is still enchanted by things such as a spinning top brought to her by Fedotik . Her only desire is to go back to Moscow , which they left eleven years before the play begins . She believes she will find her true love in Moscow , but when it becomes clear that they are not going to Moscow , she agrees to marry the Baron Tuzenbach , whom she admires but does not love . She gets her teaching degree and plans to leave with the Baron , but he is shot by Solyony in a pointless duel . She decides to leave anyway and dedicate her life to work and service . Andrei Sergeyevich Prozorov ( Andrey ) -- The brother of the three sisters . In Act I , he is a young man on the fast track to being a Professor in Moscow . In Act II , Andrei still longs for his old days as a bachelor dreaming of life in Moscow , but is now , due to his ill - conceived wedding to Natasha , stuck in a provincial town with a baby and a job as secretary to the County Council . In Act III , his debts have grown to 35,000 rubles and he is forced to mortgage the house , but does not tell his sisters or give them any shares in the family home . Act IV finds Andrei a pathetic shell of his former self , now the father of two . He acknowledges he is a failure and laughed at in town for being a member of the village council whose president , Protopopov , is cuckolding him . Natalia Ivanovna ( Natasha ) -- Andrei 's love interest at the start of the play , later his wife . She begins the play as an awkward young woman who dresses poorly and hides her true nature . Much fun is made of her ill - becoming green sash by the sisters , and she bursts into tears . She apparently has no family of her own and the reader never learns her maiden name . Act II finds a very different Natasha . She has grown bossy and uses her relationship with Andrei as a way of manipulating the sisters into doing what she wants . She has begun an affair with Protopopov , the head of the local council ( who is never seen ) , and cuckolds Andrei almost flagrantly . In Act III , she has become even more controlling , confronting Olga head on about keeping on Anfisa , the elderly , loyal retainer , whom she orders to stand in her presence , and throwing temper tantrums when she does n't get her way . Act IV finds that she has inherited control of the house from her weak , vacillating husband , leaving the sisters dependent on her , and , as the châtelaine , planning to radically change the grounds to her liking . It is arguable that the vicious , manipulative , self - absorbed Natasha , who cares for no one besides her own children , Bobik and Sofia , upon whom she dotes fatuously , is the complete victor by the end of the play . Fyodor Ilyich Kulygin -- Masha 's older husband and the Latin teacher at the high school . Kulygin is a jovial , kindly man , who truly loves his wife , and her sisters , although he is very much aware of her infidelity . In the first act he seems almost foolish , giving Irina a gift he has already given her , and joking around with the doctor to make fun of Natasha , but begins to grow more and more sympathetic as Masha 's affair progresses . During the fire in Act 3 , he confesses to Olga that he might have married her -- the fact that the two would probably be very happy together is hinted at many times throughout the show . Throughout the show , often at the most serious moments , he often tries to make the other characters laugh in order to relieve tension , and while that does n't always work , he is able to give his wife comfort through humor in her darkest hour at the show 's climax . At the end of the play , although knowing what Masha had been doing , he takes her back and accepts her failings . The soldiers ( edit ) Konstantin Stanislavski as Vershinin Aleksandr Ignatyevich Vershinin -- Lieutenant colonel commanding the artillery battery , Vershinin is a true philosopher . He knew the girls ' father in Moscow and they talk about how when they were little they called him the `` Lovesick Major '' . In the course of the play , despite being married , he enters into an affair with Masha but must end it when the battery is transferred . He frequently mentions how his wife regularly attempts suicide ( and he has two daughters ) , but he seems to have become inured to his domestic suffering . His first act speech about the hope he has for civilization speaks directly to Masha 's melancholic heart , and , upon hearing it , she declares `` I 'm staying for lunch . '' Baron Nikolaj Lvovich Tuzenbach -- A lieutenant in the army and not deemed handsome , Tuzenbach often tries to impress Irina , whom he has loved for five years . He quits the Army to go to work in an attempt to impress her . He is repeatedly taunted by Solyony and between Acts III and IV , he retaliates and prompts Solyony to declare a duel . He is killed in the duel , thus his and Irina 's union is forlorn . Staff Captain Vassily Vasilyevich Solyony -- A captain in the army , Solyony is a social misfit and a rather modern type of antihero . He is in love with Irina and tries to put down the Baron to make himself look better , but Irina finds him crude and unappealing . He spends much of his time mocking the Baron , who is the closest thing he has to a friend , and ends up killing him in a pointless duel . He is said to have a remarkable resemblance to the poet Lermontov in both face and personality , often quoting him . He always carries a small perfume bottle which he frequently ( almost pathologically ) sprinkles his hands and body with ; it is later revealed that he does it to mask the smell of corpses on him . Ivan Romanovich Chebutykin -- Sixty years old and an army doctor , Chebutykin starts off as a fun , eccentric old man who exults in his place as family friend and lavishes upon Irina the expensive gift of a samovar . Later on in Act III , while drunk , he suffers an existential crisis and reveals to all about Natasha 's and Protopopov 's affair . In Act IV however , he seems to have come to terms with his crisis or perhaps been broken by it . He loved the mother of the sisters ( whose name is never mentioned ) but she was married . Aleksej Petrovich Fedotik -- A sub-lieutenant , Fedotik hangs around the house and tries to express his love to Irina by buying her many gifts . He also is an amateur photographer , and takes photos of the group and Irina . In Act III , he loses all his belongings in the fire , but retains his cheerful nature . Vladimir Karlovich Rode -- Another sub-lieutenant , Rode is a drill coach at the high school . Others ( edit ) Ferapont -- Door - keeper at the local council offices , Ferapont is an old man with a partial hearing loss . He repeatedly blurts out random facts , usually relating to Moscow . Anfisa -- An elderly family retainer and former nurse , Anfisa is 81 years old and has worked forever for the Prozorov family . Natasha begins to despise her for her feebleness and threatens to throw her out but Olga rescues her , taking her to live at Olga 's teacher 's flat . Unseen characters ( edit ) The play has several important characters who are talked about frequently , but never seen onstage . These include Protopopov , head of the local Council and Natasha 's lover ; Vershinin 's suicidal wife and two daughters ; and Andrey and Natasha 's children Bobik and Sofia . JL Styan contends in his The Elements of Drama that in the last act Chekhov revised the text to show that Protopopov is the real father of Sofia : `` The children are to be tended by their respective fathers '' -- Andrey pushes Bobik in his pram , and Protopopov sits with Sofia . Synopsis ( edit ) Act one begins with Olga ( the eldest sister ) working as a teacher in a school , but at the end of the play she is made Headmistress , a promotion in which she had little interest . Masha , the middle sister and the artist of the family ( she was trained as a concert pianist ) , is married to Feodor Ilyich Kulygin , a schoolteacher . At the time of their marriage , Masha , younger than he , was enchanted by what she took to be wisdom , but seven years later , she sees through his pedantry and his clownish attempts to compensate for the emptiness between them . Irina , the youngest sister , is still full of expectation . She speaks of her dream of going to Moscow and meeting her true love . It was in Moscow that the sisters grew up , and they all long to return to the sophistication and happiness of that time . Andrei is the only boy in the family and the sisters idolize him . He is in love with Natalia Ivanovna ( Natasha ) , who is somewhat common in relation to the sisters and suffers under their glance . The play begins on the first anniversary of their father 's death , but it is also Irina 's name - day , and everyone , including the soldiers ( led by the gallant Vershinin ) bringing with them a sense of noble idealism , comes together to celebrate it . At the very close of the act , Andrei exultantly confesses his feelings to Natasha in private and fatefully asks her to marry him . Act two begins almost a year later with Andrei and Natasha married with their first child ( offstage ) , a baby boy named Bobik . Natasha is having an affair with Protopopov , Andrei 's superior , a character who is mentioned but never seen onstage . Masha comes home flushed from a night out , and it is clear that she and her companion , Lieutenant - Colonel Vershinin , are giddy with the secret of their mutual love for one another . Little seems to happen but that Natasha manipulatively quashes the plans for a party in the home , but the resultant quiet suggests that all gaiety is being quashed as well . Tuzenbach and Solyony both declare their love for Irina . Act three takes place about a year later in Olga and Irina 's room ( a clear sign that Natasha is taking over the household as she asked them to share rooms so that her child could have a different room ) . There has been a fire in the town , and , in the crisis , people are passing in and out of the room , carrying blankets and clothes to give aid . Olga , Masha and Irina are angry with their brother , Andrei , for mortgaging their home , keeping the money to pay off his gambling debts and conceding all his power to his wife . However , when faced with Natasha 's cruelty to their aged family retainer , Anfisa , Olga 's own best efforts to stand up to Natasha come to naught . Masha , alone with her sisters , confides in them her romance with Vershinin ( `` I love , love , love that man '' ) . At one point , Kulygin ( her husband ) blunders into the room , doting ever more foolishly on her , and she stalks out . Irina despairs at the common turn her life has taken , the life of a municipal worker , even as she rails at the folly of her aspirations and her education ( `` I ca n't remember the Italian for ' window ' '' ) . Out of her resignation , supported in this by Olga 's realistic outlook , Irina decides to accept Tuzenbach 's offer of marriage even though she does not love him . Chebutykin drunkenly stumbles and smashes a clock which had belonged to the Prozorov siblings ' late mother , whom he loved . Andrei then vents his self - hatred , acknowledges his own awareness of life 's folly and his disappointment in Natasha , and begs his sisters ' forgiveness for everything . In the fourth and final act , outdoors behind the home , the soldiers , who by now are friends of the family , are preparing to leave the area . A flash - photograph is taken . There is an undercurrent of tension because Solyony has challenged the Baron ( Tuzenbach ) to a duel , but Tuzenbach is intent on hiding it from Irina . He and Irina share a heartbreaking delicate scene in which she confesses that she can not love him , likening her heart to a piano whose key has been lost . Just as the soldiers are leaving , a shot is heard , and Tuzenbach 's death in the duel is announced shortly before the end of the play . Masha has to be pulled , sobbing , from Vershinin 's arms , but her husband willingly , compassionately and all too generously accepts her back , no questions asked . Olga has reluctantly accepted the position of permanent headmistress of the school where she teaches and is moving out . She is taking Anfisa with her , thus rescuing the elderly woman from Natasha . Irina 's fate is uncertain but , even in her grief at Tuzenbach 's death , she wants to persevere in her work as a teacher . Natasha remains as the chatelaine , in charge and in control of everything . Andrei is stuck in his marriage with two children , the only people that Natasha cares about , besides herself . As the play closes , the three sisters stand in a desperate embrace , gazing off as the soldiers depart to the sound of a band 's gay march . As Chebutykin sings Ta - ra - ra - boom - di - ay to himself , Olga 's final lines call out for an end to the confusion all three feel at life 's sufferings and joy : `` If we only knew ... If we only knew '' . Premiere ( edit ) The play was written for the Moscow Art Theatre and it opened on 31 January 1901 , under the direction of Konstantin Stanislavski and Vladimir Nemirovich - Danchenko . Stanislavski played Vershinin and the sisters were Olga Knipper ( for whom Chekhov wrote the part of Masha ) , Margarita Savitskaya as Olga and Maria Andreyeva as Irina . Maria Lilina ( Stanislavski 's wife ) was Natasha , Vsevolod Meyerhold appeared as Tusenbach , Mikhail Gromov as Solyony , Alexander Artyom as Artem Chebutykin , Ioasaf Tikhomirov as Fedotik , Ivan Moskvin as Rode , Vladimir Gribunin as Ferapont , and Maria Samarova as Anfisa . Reception was mixed . Chekhov felt that Stanislavski 's `` exuberant '' direction had masked the subtleties of the work and that only Knipper had shown her character developing in the manner the playwright had intended . In the directors ' view , the point was to show the hopes , aspirations and dreams of the characters , but audiences were affected by the pathos of the sisters ' loneliness and desperation and by their eventual , uncomplaining acceptance of their situation . Nonetheless the piece proved popular and soon it became established in the company 's repertoire . Notable productions ( edit ) Dates Production Director Notes 24 May 1965 BBC Home Service John Tydeman English translation by Elisaveta Fen ; adapted for radio by Peter Watts ; cast included Paul Scofield , Lynn Redgrave , Ian McKellen , Jill Bennett , among others 29 September 1979 The Other Place , Stratford - upon - Avon Trevor Nunn Version by Richard Cottrell 30 August -- 13 October 2007 Soulpepper Theatre , Toronto László Marton Version by Nicolas Billon with László Marton 29 July -- 3 August 2008 Playhouse , QPAC , Brisbane Declan Donnellan Chekhov International Theatre Festival ( Moscow ) , part of Brisbane Festival 2008 5 May 2009 -- 14 June 2009 Artists Repertory Theatre , Portland Jon Kretzu Adapted by Tracy Letts 12 January -- 6 March 2011 Classic Stage Company , NYC Austin Pendleton Real - life husband and wife actors Maggie Gyllenhaal and Peter Sarsgaard starred . John Gielgud 's 1936 -- 37 landmark season at the Queen 's Theatre included a well - received production with Peggy Ashcroft as Irina and Michael Redgrave as Tusenbach . In 1942 , Judith Anderson portrayed Olga , Katharine Cornell portrayed Masha , Gertrude Musgrove portrayed Irina , and Ruth Gordon portrayed Natasha on Broadway . The production was significant enough to land the cast on the cover of Time on 21 December 1942 , which proclaimed it `` a dream production by anybody 's reckoning -- the most glittering cast the theatre has seen , commercially , in this generation '' . The 1963 inaugural season of the Guthrie Theater included a production with Jessica Tandy as Olga . There is a filmed record of a mid-1960s production by The Actors Studio with Kim Stanley and Geraldine Page as Masha and Olga , respectively , supported by Sandy Dennis 's Irina and Shelley Winters as Natasha . American Film Theatre in 1970 filmed a version with a witty Masha from Joan Plowright opposite Alan Bates as Vershinin , with Ronald Pickup as Tusenbach and Laurence Olivier , who co-directed , playing Chebutykin . The film was based on a theatre production that Olivier directed at the Royal National Theatre in 1967 . Rosemary Harris , Ellen Burstyn and Tovah Feldshuh played , respectively , Olga , Masha and Irina at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in the 1970s with René Auberjonois as Solyony . A 1982 production at Manhattan Theatre Club , had Dianne Wiest as Masha , Lisa Banes as Olga , Mia Dillon as Irina , Christine Ebersole as Natasha , Sam Waterston as Vershinin , Jeff Daniels as Andrei , Bob Balaban as Tusenbach , and Jack Gilford as Chebutykin . Chicago 's Steppenwolf Theatre Company put one together under the direction of Austin Pendleton , with Molly Regan as Olga , Joan Allen as Masha , Rondi Reed as Natasha , and Kevin Anderson as Solyony . The Roundabout Theatre in New York had Jerry Stiller as Chebutykin , Billy Crudup as Solyony , Eric Stoltz as Tuzenbach , Lili Taylor as Irina , Paul Giamatti as Andrei , Amy Irving as Olga , Jeanne Tripplehorn as Masha , Calista Flockhart as Natasha , and David Strathairn as Vershinin . In 1990 , the play opened at the Gate Theatre in Dublin with locally - born sisters Sinéad , Sorcha and Niamh Cusack in the title rôles and their father Cyril Cusack as Dr. Chebutykin . In 1991 , sisters Vanessa Redgrave ( Olga ) and Lynn Redgrave ( Masha ) made their first and only appearance together onstage in this , with niece Jemma Redgrave as Irina at the Queen 's Theatre , London . The play was produced in 2010 at the Lyric Hammersmith by Filter with a cast including Poppy Miller , Romola Garai and Clare Dunne . In 2010 , the play was adapted by for Theatre Na Fidlovačce , Prague as Tři sestry . The sisters played Andrea Černá , Zuzana Vejvodová and Martina Randová and other actors were Otakar Brousek ml . as Vershinin , Tomáš Töpfer as Doctor Chebutykin In 2011 , the play was adapted by Blake Morrison for Northern Broadsides as We Are Three Sisters , drawing out parallels with the lives of the Brontë sisters . In 2012 , the play was staged at the Young Vic , directed by Benedict Andrews in his own new version . The cast included Vanessa Kirby , Mariah Gale and Sam Troughton . In 2014 , the play was staged at the Southwark Playhouse , directed by Russell Bolam . The cast included Olivia Hallinan , Holliday Grainger and Paul McGann . In 2017 , the play was staged at the Studio Theatre directed by Jackson Gay in conjunction with a modern adaption called No Sisters directed by Aaron Posner . In 2017 , the play was staged by Sydney Theatre Company at the Drama Theatre , Sydney Opera House from 6 November -- 16 December . The new adaptation was by Andrew Upton and the cast included Alison Bell as Olga , Miranda Daughtry as Irina and Harry Greenwood as Tusenbach . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Contemporary audiences would have recognised this song , from 1892 , as Chebutykin 's ironic reference to the doomed affair between Masha and Vershinin -- Rayfield , Donald ( 2005 ) . Gottlieb , Vera , ed . The Cambridge Companion to Chekhov . London : Routledge . p. 210 . ISBN 9780521589178 . Jump up ^ According to N. Efros Leonid Leonidov played Solyony . He took up this part indeed , but only after 1903 , when he joined Moscow Art Theatre . Coincidentally , Leonidov did play Solyony during the 1900 / 1901 season too , but as part of the Odessa - based Solovtsov Troupe . - Leonodov 's biography at the Moscow Art Theatre site . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harold Bloom , Genius . Jump up ^ Styan , John L. ( 1960 ) . The Elements of Drama . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09201 - 9 . Jump up ^ Three Sisters Act 4 , Julius West 's translation : `` NATASHA : Mihail Ivanitch Protopopov will sit with little Sophie , and Andrei Sergeyevitch can take little Bobby out ... ( Stage direction ) ANDREY wheels out the perambulator in which BOBBY is sitting . '' Jump up ^ Efros , Nikolai ( 2005 ) . Gottlieb , Vera , ed . Anton Chekhov at the Moscow Art Theatre . London : Routledge . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 4153 - 4440 - 1 . Jump up ^ Commentaries to Three Sisters ( Russian ) / / Чехов А . П . Полное собрание сочинений и писем : В 30 т . Сочинения : В 18 т . / АН СССР . Ин - т мировой лит . им . А . М . Горького . -- М. : Наука , 1974 -- 1982 . / Т. 13 . Пьесы. 1895 -- 1904 . -- М. : Наука , 1978 . -- С. 117 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Allen , David ( 2000 ) . Performing Chekhov . London , UK : Routledge . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 4151 - 8934 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hingley , Ronald ( 1998 ) . Five Plays . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. xix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 192 - 83412 - 6 . Jump up ^ Paul Scofield : Radio and Spoken Word 1960s -- 1970s from scofieldsperformances.com Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Vera . `` Select stage productions '' . The Cambridge Companion to Chekhov . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 58117 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Three Sisters by Anton Chekhov , adapted by Tracy Letts '' . Artists Repertory Theatre . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . This adaptation of the Russian masterpiece was commissioned by Artists Rep as part three of its four - part Chekhov project . Letts gives us a fresh , new look at the decay of the privileged class and the search for meaning in the modern world , through the eyes of three dissatisfied sisters who desperately long for their treasured past . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 3 February 2011 ) . `` ' Three Sisters ' , Classic Stage Company -- Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ 1942 play review , time.com ; accessed 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt ( 27 May 1990 ) . `` Theater : Novel Casting for ' Three Sisters ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( 27 January 2010 ) . `` Three Sisters , Lyric , Hammersmith , London '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Brennan , Clare ( 18 September 2011 ) . `` We Are Three Sisters -- review '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Stoltenberg , John ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` Review : ' No Sisters ' at The Studio Theatre '' . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Three Sisters '' . Sydney Theatre Company . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Three Sisters Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Three Sisters . Three Sisters at the Internet Broadway Database Oxquarry Books , an English translation of Three Sisters Project Gutenberg , English translations of several Chekhov plays , including Three Sisters Full text of Three Sisters ( in Russian ) The Three Sisters public domain audiobook at LibriVox Three Sisters from Czech theatre ' Divadlo na Fidlovačce ' , Prague Anton Chekhov ( works ) Plays Platonov ( 1881 ) On the Harmful Effects of Tobacco ( 1886 , 1902 ) Swansong ( 1887 ) Ivanov ( 1887 ) The Bear ( 1888 ) A Tragedian in Spite of Himself ( 1889 ) The Wedding ( 1889 ) Tatiana Repina ( 1889 ) The Wood Demon ( 1889 ) A Marriage Proposal ( 1890 ) The Festivities ( 1891 ) The Seagull ( 1896 ) Uncle Vanya ( 1897 ) Three Sisters ( 1901 ) The Cherry Orchard ( 1904 ) Novel The Shooting Party ( 1884 ) Novellas The Steppe ( 1888 ) A Dreary Story ( 1889 ) The Duel ( 1891 ) The Story of an Unknown Man ( 1893 ) Three Years ( 1895 ) My Life ( 1896 ) Peasants ( 1897 ) Short stories `` An Enigmatic Nature '' ( 1883 ) `` The Death of a Government Clerk '' ( 1883 ) `` Fat and Thin '' ( 1883 ) `` The Complaints Book '' ( 1884 ) `` Surgery '' ( 1884 ) `` The Chameleon ( 1884 ) `` Oysters '' ( 1884 ) `` A Living Chronology '' ( 1885 ) `` Small Fry '' ( 1885 ) `` The Fish '' ( 1885 ) `` A Horsey Name '' ( 1885 ) `` The Huntsman '' ( 1885 ) `` A Malefactor '' ( 1885 ) `` Sergeant Prishibeyev '' ( 1885 ) `` Children '' ( 1886 ) `` A Gentleman Friend '' ( 1886 ) `` Agafya '' ( 1886 ) `` Anyuta '' ( 1886 ) `` Easter Eve '' ( 1886 ) `` Grisha '' ( 1886 ) `` Misery '' ( 1886 ) `` The Chorus Girl '' ( 1886 ) `` Ivan Matveyich '' ( 1886 ) `` The Witch '' ( 1886 ) `` The Requiem '' ( 1886 ) `` Mire '' ( 1886 ) `` Vanka '' ( 1886 ) `` At Home ( 1887 ) `` Happiness ( 1887 ) `` The Siren '' ( 1887 ) `` Boys '' ( 1887 ) `` Kashtanka '' ( 1887 ) `` A Story Without a Title '' ( 1888 ) `` Sleepy '' ( 1888 ) `` A Nervous Breakdown '' ( 1889 ) `` The Bet '' ( 1889 ) `` Gusev '' ( 1890 ) `` Peasant Wives '' ( 1891 ) `` The Grasshopper '' ( 1892 ) `` In Exile '' ( 1892 ) `` Ward No. 6 '' ( 1892 ) `` The Black Monk '' ( 1894 ) `` Rothschild 's Violin '' ( 1894 ) `` The Student '' ( 1894 ) `` The Teacher of Literature '' ( 1894 ) `` Anna on the Neck '' ( 1895 ) `` Whitebrow '' ( 1895 ) `` Ariadne '' ( 1895 ) `` The House with the Mezzanine '' ( 1895 ) `` The Petcheneg '' ( 1897 ) `` In the Cart '' ( 1897 ) `` The Man in the Case '' ( 1898 ) `` Gooseberries '' ( 1898 ) `` About Love '' ( 1898 ) `` Ionych '' ( 1898 ) `` A Doctor 's Visit '' ( 1898 ) `` On Official Duty '' ( 1899 ) `` The Darling '' ( 1899 ) `` The Lady with the Dog '' ( 1899 ) `` In the Ravine '' ( 1899 ) `` The Bishop '' ( 1902 ) `` Betrothed '' ( 1903 ) Related Olga Knipper ( wife ) Marie Chekhova ( sister ) Osip Dymov ( character ) Birth house and museum Chekov Shop , home and museum Melikhovo , home and museum White Dacha , home and museum Chekhov Gymnasium and museum Chekhov Library Chekhov Monument in Taganrog Chekhov 's gun Fragments Wild Honey Anton Chekhov 's Three Sisters Films The Three Sisters ( 1966 ) The Three Sisters ( 1970 ) Three Sisters ( 1970 ) Three Sisters ( 1994 ) The Sisters ( 2005 ) VIAF : 296978809 LCCN : no2010109542 GND : 4065408 - 4 SUDOC : 061508985 BNF : cb13325887t ( data ) NLA : 35212772 BNE : XX2047796 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Sisters_(play)&oldid=833223991 '' Categories : 1901 plays Plays by Anton Chekhov Hidden categories : Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with Russian - language external links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 10 : 06 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Sisters%20%28play%29
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shadow of the colossus creator's new game
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Team Ico began developing The Last Guardian in 2007 . It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda , and shares stylistic , thematic , and gameplay elements with his previous titles Ico ( 2001 ) and Shadow of the Colossus ( 2005 ) . He employed the `` design through subtraction '' approach he had used for his previous games , removing elements that did not contribute to the core theme of the connection between the boy and Trico .
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The Last Guardian
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The Last Guardian
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the last guardian
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The Last Guardian is an action - adventure video game developed by SIE Japan Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4 in December 2016 . In The Last Guardian , players control a boy who befriends a giant half - bird - half - mammal creature , Trico .
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Team Ico began developing The Last Guardian in 2007 . It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda , and shares stylistic , thematic , and gameplay elements with his previous titles Ico ( 2001 ) and Shadow of the Colossus ( 2005 ) . He employed the `` design through subtraction '' approach he had used for his previous games , removing elements that did not contribute to the core theme of the connection between the boy and Trico . Sony announced The Last Guardian at the 2009 Electronic Entertainment Expo with a planned release in 2011 exclusively for the PlayStation 3 . It suffered numerous delays ; Ueda and other Team Ico members departed Sony , and hardware difficulties moved the game to the PlayStation 4 in 2012 , drawing speculation that the game would not see release . Ueda and his studio genDESIGN , composed of former Team Ico members , remained as creative consultants , with Ueda as director and Sony 's Japan Studio handling technical development . The Last Guardian was reintroduced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 . It received praise for its art direction , story , and depiction of Trico , though some criticized the gameplay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Story and gameplay development 3.2 Technical development 3.3 Reintroduction , release and promotion 3.4 Reaction to delays 3.5 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Sales 5 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Like its predecessors Ico ( 2001 ) and Shadow of the Colossus ( 2005 ) , The Last Guardian is a third - person game that combines action - adventure and puzzle elements . The player controls an unnamed boy who must cooperate with half - bird - half - mammal creature , Trico , to solve puzzles and explore areas . The name of the creature , Trico ( トリコ , Toriko ) , can be taken to mean `` prisoner '' ( 虜 , toriko ) , `` baby bird '' ( 鳥の子 , tori no ko ) , or a portmanteau of `` bird '' ( 鳥 , tori ) and `` cat '' ( 猫 , neko ) . The boy can climb on structures , carry objects such as barrels , and operate mechanisms such as levers . Trico 's size and agility allows it to reach areas that the boy can not reach alone , and fight off guards who attempt to capture the boy . Conversely , certain obstacles , such as gates , or glass eyes that frighten Trico , prevent Trico from progressing , and must be removed by the boy . The boy must also locate barrels to feed Trico when it is hungry , pet Trico to calm it after a battle , and remove spears thrown at Trico by enemies . Though the player initially has little command over Trico , the boy learns to command Trico to leap onto ledges or head in a certain direction , among other actions . Although players are encouraged to train Trico to move in the right direction , new areas can be discovered by letting Trico wander independently . At various points , the boy wields a reflective mirror that summons light from Trico 's tail , which can be used to break certain objects . The player is returned to the last checkpoint if the boy is captured by guards , or if he falls from too great a height . Multiple playthroughs unlock additional costumes based on previous Ueda games . Plot ( edit ) The player controls the boy , who must care for and work with the large creature , Trico , using its animal instincts to solve puzzles The Last Guardian 's story is framed as a flashback told by an older man recounting his experience as a boy . The boy awakens in a ruined castle in a deep valley known as the Nest . He discovers an enormous , winged , cat - like creature he names Trico , chained and wounded . Though Trico is hostile , after the boy removes the spears from its body and feeds it , it begins to accept him . The boy unchains Trico and they explore the area , discovering a mirror - like shield that summons energy from Trico 's tail . The pair make their way through the castle ruins , evading the ghostly soldiers , and Trico 's horns and wings slowly regrow . Some time earlier , Trico flies to the boy 's village and steals him from his dormitory . It flies back to the Nest , but is struck by lightning and chained up by the soldiers . In the present , Trico resuscitates the boy after a cave collapse . After fending off an attack from a second , armored creature , Trico and the boy enter a mysterious tower and discover a malevolent force , the `` master of the valley '' , which manipulates creatures and soldiers . It summons several creatures of the same kind as Trico , which regurgitate stolen children into the tower and savage Trico , tearing off its tail . The boy uses the mirror to summon energy from the severed tail and destroy the master of the valley , causing the creatures to plummet from the sky . Wounded , Trico takes the near - unconscious boy and flies to his village . When the terrified villagers attack him the boy instructs Trico to leave . Years later , the boy , now grown , discovers the shield and raises it to the sky , sending a beam of light to the Nest , where Trico and a second creature reside . Development ( edit ) Story and gameplay development ( edit ) In his previous game , Shadow of the Colossus , director Fumito Ueda had intended to create an emotional interaction between Mono , the character that Wander wants to save , and the colossi that Wander must fight to save her . He was surprised and inspired to find players felt a stronger connection between Wander and his horse Agro . Ueda wanted to make the relationship between a human and a creature the central concept for his next game . Ueda found that people were drawn to games with lifelike creatures , and felt The Last Guardian needed something similar to attract a broad audience . He wanted to create a virtual creature that behaved as realistically as possible , avoiding the unnatural behavior of other virtual animals . He based much of Trico 's behavior on his childhood experiences growing up in a home full of animals . The final version of Trico is an amalgam of several creatures ; the design was `` deliberately unbalanced because looking strange was important '' , according to Ueda . The team wanted to avoid making the animal cute , and instead focused on realistic - looking behavior with `` animal - like expressions '' . Trico 's ears react with a cat - like `` twitch '' if they touch ceilings or other tall features , using the game 's mesh - based collision detection . The team added the ability to summon lightning from Trico 's tail to have players understand Trico 's `` force and ferocity '' . Ueda described Trico as `` adolescent '' , allowing the developers to add humor through its actions . The team used programmed key frame animations instead of more common motion capture techniques , allowing them to capture subtleties that would be difficult using live animal subjects . As Trico functions similarly to the colossi the player climbs in Shadow of the Colossus , journalists have described The Last Guardian as a combination of Ico and Shadow of the Colossus ; Ueda stated there was `` a bit of each of those ( games ) in there '' . He described the relationship between the boy , Trico , and the guards as a game of rock - paper - scissors that changes throughout the game ; at times , the boy needs Trico to protect him , while at others the situation is reversed . Though Ico and Shadow of the Colossus have a similar changing connection between pairs of characters , Ueda said there was more `` dynamic range '' in The Last Guardian . The Last Guardian is the first Team Ico game to use voice - over narration . As much of the game relies on non-verbal communication between the boy and Trico , Ueda felt the voice - over helped immerse the player in the mindset of the boy . It also provided a way to provide gameplay hints and other context to the player . Whereas the team had designed the areas of previous games for the characters they had designed in advance , for The Last Guardian they made Trico as flexible as possible , allowing them to create levels and have Trico adapt to them . The size difference and interactions between the boy and Trico were informed by the limitations of the PlayStation ; if the characters were of the same size , the team would have needed to determine the animation interactions for both , whereas Trico 's size meant the boy 's animations would not need to affect him much . Although the boy is less detailed than Trico , he was also animated via key frame animation . He places hands on nearby walls , and reaches to pet Trico without player interaction . Ueda felt these animations were necessary to help convince the player of the game world . The animation system uses layers of animation that mimic real - life physics , taking advantage of the greater processing power of the PlayStation 4 . The team considered making the player character a girl , but felt it would not be realistic that a female character would have enough stamina to climb Trico . To create the game 's art and architecture , the team used the same `` design through subtraction '' method they had used to develop Ico and Shadow of the Colossus , removing elements they felt distracted from the core experience . Music is used sparingly to highlight key emotional moments , such as when Trico uses his tail to catch the boy as he falls from a collapsing platform . The game uses vertical space to emphasize the boy 's small size . The Last Guardian game engine builds on the team 's previous development of AI processing from Ico and transformative collisions from Shadow of the Colossus . It is the first Team Ico game to use a full physics engine , Havok . According to Uea , the effect of wind was modeled separately for each of Trico 's feathers . Yasuhide Kobayashi , vice president of Japan Studio , stated that the title The Last Guardian was chosen to appeal to the larger demographic markets in the United States and Europe for the PlayStation 3 , hoping to avoid the cultural problems in title and artwork that were attributed to Ico 's low sales in western countries . Technical development ( edit ) With initial ideas for The Last Guardian envisioned by Ueda since around 2005 after completing Shadow of the Colossus , the game was in active development since 2007 , a year after the release of the PlayStation 3 . The working title was Project Trico , revealed to the public due to a leaked video posted at PlayStation Lifestyle in 2008 that showed the current `` Target Render '' of the game at that time . Ueda had long considered the development time for Ico and Shadow of the Colossus , and had anticipated being able `` to create something good in a short period of time '' with The Last Guardian at the onset . By 2009 , the development team had completed enough of the game for it to be showcased during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009 , using an improved render of the same set pieces previously seen in the Target Render and later provided a short vertical slice of the game to the press for the Game Developers Conference in early March 2011 . Ueda had considered including this demo on the then - upcoming remastered The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection , though it was ultimately not included . Behind the scenes , the development of The Last Guardian was considered slow by Shuhei Yoshida , the president of Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide . Yoshida explained that the vision for The Last Guardian was based on a video prepared by Ueda to demonstrate the concepts and style of the game , a process Ueda had used for Ico , and Sony wanted to stay true to that vision . Team Ico , which is a small studio compared to other Sony studios in Japan or other Western developers , were struggling with achieving Ueda 's vision for the game on the PlayStation 3 hardware . In 2015 Yoshida revealed that the previous 2009 trailer was `` specced up '' , running at a much lower frame rate on the PlayStation 3 and sped up for the presentation . Around 2011 , Sony brought in many of their core development teams such as Santa Monica Studios to review the code and try to improve the performance . In 2012 , with Sony preparing to announce the PlayStation 4 and still recognizing the sluggish development of the PlayStation 3 version of the game , it was decided to change the target platform to the PlayStation 4 so that Ueda 's concept could be fully realized . Ueda stated that this choice was primarily Sony 's decision , speculating that the PlayStation 3 version of the game at this point would still have been sufficient to convey his concept . Following the target platform switch , Ueda and other members of Team Ico were not as involved with the process , as other teams worked to take the highly customized PlayStation 3 code to adapt it to the PlayStation 4 ; this included the help of PlayStation 4 lead architect Mark Cerny . With the reintroduction of the game at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 , Yoshida explained that the game engine is now fully running at speed on the PlayStation 4 and that the remainder of the development lies with the game designers to complete . Development was also hampered by Ueda 's departure from Sony in December 2011 . With Sony 's decision to delay the release of the game early that year , Ueda and other Sony and Team Ico employees opted to leave Sony . Ueda stated in 2013 interview that his departure from Sony was due to feeling `` a sense of crisis within myself about a lot of things '' on news of the delay . Some of those that departed Sony went on to other projects . For example , executive producer Yoshifusa Hayama joined Bossa Studios to work on social / mobile games , while two Team Ico artists joined an indie startup studio Friends & Foes to develop their first title , Vane , which has been compared visually to The Last Guardian . Ueda and other former Team Ico members , including Jinji Horagai , the lead programmer from Ico and Shadow of the Colossus , created a new studio , genDESIGN . In founding the studio , they were faced with a choice , according to Ueda : `` Do we try to create something new , or do we keep going , providing support on The Last Guardian ? '' genDESIGN opted to commit themselves to helping Sony complete The Last Guardian through contract and working alongside Sony 's internal studio , Japan Studio . Under this arrangement , genDESIGN developed the creative content for the game , such as character design and animation and level design , which was then put into place via Japan Studio , with Ueda maintaining oversight on the completed project . Ueda stated that the final game , as of June 2016 , still represents the initial vision he had for The Last Guardian at its onset . The transition from the PlayStation 3 to 4 only improved how the game looked , but did not change how it played . Ueda stressed it was important during the extended development cycle to keep the question `` what kind of game do I want to play ? '' at the forefront , and to remember that the game needed to be targeted to players experiencing the title for the first time rather than developers that had played it through over and over . Digital Foundry , in comparing the game from its initial Target Render from 2008 , the 2009 trailer , the 2015 trailer , and the final game , found very few changes in the game 's structure and nature , while observing several improvements and changes made to the rendering systems . Reintroduction , release and promotion ( edit ) Shawn Layden formally reintroduced The Last Guardian at the beginning of Sony 's E3 2015 conference . Sony affirmed that that game was now slated for release on the PlayStation 4 with a 2016 release date . Sony also assured fans that Ueda still remained a main developer of the game despite his prior departure from Sony . According to Chris Plante of Polygon , the gameplay presented shows the same gameplay from previous demos , where the young boy and the large creature work together to solve various platforming puzzles . The presentation at the 2015 E3 was based on the milestone of the game being fully playable , affirmed by selected members of the press , though Yoshida stated they did not do a live gameplay demo as the artificial intelligence behavior of the animal creature could be sporadic and impact the demonstration . Ueda said that the fundamentals of the gameplay had not changed from the original PlayStation 3 version to the PlayStation 4 , only that with the more - powerful PlayStation 4 , they were able to put more detail into the characters and the environment . Though the game demo was not playable at the 2015 Tokyo Game Show , part of Sony 's display for the game including a full - screen version of Trico that would respond in real time to the actions of the attendees as captured by a PlayStation Move camera . Yoshida stated that they had not shown much additional footage of the game since the E3 2015 announcement as they believed that The Last Guardian is story - heavy and feared showing too much beyond that the game does exist and is playable . The Last Guardian was announced for a 25 October 2016 release in Japan and North America during Sony 's presentation at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 in June , and was available in a playable form to attendees . In an interview with Kotaku during E3 2016 , Ueda commented that the game was fully complete , and the only work remaining was fine - tuning visuals and cut - scenes . A short delay was announced in September 2016 , pushing the title back to early December 2016 release , as the developers needed more time to fix bugs that had come up during the final production of the game , according to Yoshida . By 21 October 2016 , development of The Last Guardian concluded and the game was submitted for manufacturing . A patch enabled high dynamic range and added 4k resolution support for the PlayStation 4 Pro system . In addition to regular retail copies , Sony released a `` collector 's edition '' including the game , an artbook , a soundtrack , and a statue of a resting Trico and the boy . The week prior to release , Sony 's Joe Palmer stated that pre-order numbers were `` exceeding expectations '' , including high interest in the collector 's edition . Reaction to delays ( edit ) Because of the development delays in The Last Guardian and lack of updates from Sony , The Last Guardian was considered to have been in development hell over its eight - year development period . Ueda and Yoshida would regularly report progress on the game , but the title was notably absent from major video game conventions , including the Electronic Entertainment Expo and the Tokyo Game Show . Journalists also expressed concern with the potential release of the game when The Last Guardian trademark had hit some critical milestones . In August 2012 , about three years after the trademark had been filed in the United States , Sony had yet to produce a viable product under trademark law , and in February 2015 , Sony failed to renew the North American trademark for The Last Guardian . Sony re-registered the trademark , noting that lack of a renewal was an administrative oversight , and the game was still in development . Prior to the reintroduction in 2015 , some journalists expressed concern if The Last Guardian would be as much a landmark title as initially seen . Evan Narcisse for the website Kotaku opined that the lengthy delay of The Last Guardian 's release since the 2009 reveal may have been harming the title 's relevance on the contemporary market . Narcisse considered that the landscape of games had vastly changed since 2009 , during which `` by - the - numbers racers , shooters and action - adventure games dominated '' the market and the expected emotional impact of The Last Guardian would have made it a stand - out title . Since then , the rise of more artistic , independent games , such as Papo & Yo , Bastion , The Walking Dead , and Journey , have created experiences that take the place of what The Last Guardian would have filled , reducing the uniqueness of the title , according to Narcisse . Leigh Alexander of Boing Boing agreed , noting that the delay of The Last Guardian has now spanned a console generation , and other emotionally filled games have been offered in lieu of The Last Guardian . GamesIndustry.biz 's Rob Fahey considered that both The Last Guardian and Final Fantasy XV , which also had a protracted development cycle lasting nearly a decade , represent the last remnants of game development practices from the early 2000s , challenged by the rise of mobile gaming , independent game development , and more efficient software development practices that change the nature and role of auteurs like Ueda and Final Fantasy 's Tetsuya Nomura in game development . Journalists were able to play The Last Guardian at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 and the 2016 Tokyo Game Show in the months before the game 's release , and several expressed further concerns about the nature of the game 's lengthy development period . Patrick Garrett , writing for VG247 , found that the visuals felt flat and aged considering modern hardware capabilities , and expressed concern that while older gamers would readily purchase the title , The Last Guardian may not draw in enough newer gamers to be a commercial success . Philip Kollar for Polygon , though still impressed with the characters , graphics , and core gameplay , found controlling the character difficult and managing the game 's camera tricky , elements that made the game feel like a PlayStation 2 title rather than something on modern hardware . Wired 's Chris Kohler found much of the demo to require patient observation of Trico 's movements and puzzle solving , which , he commented , some players would appreciate but were elements that have slowly been phased out of action games over the last console generation , and other players may not have the patience for these . Brian Ashcroft of Kotaku also noted that the demo 's pace was often set by how fast Trico would respond or react , which may test the patience of players looking for a more action - based experience . Music ( edit ) The Last Guardian 's original score was written , orchestrated , conducted , and co-produced by Takeshi Furukawa . Furukawa had joined the soundtrack development around 2011 , near the same time that the game was being transitioned to the PlayStation 4 . Furukawa had been invited to participate by Tommy Kikuchi , the music director for Shadow of the Colossus . During the platform transition , much of the creative work had been put on hold , and Furukawa did not spend extensive effort on the composition until about 2013 , three years prior to release . He completed his compositions in early 2016 . Furakawa stated that Ueda trusted him with freedom to compose the music and providing only a broad direction of a cinematic soundtrack and some specific directorial notes . While he was aware of the reputation of the soundtracks by Michiru Oshima and Kow Otani for Ico and Shadow , respectively , and wanted to have The Last Guardian 's soundtrack to be similarly unique , Furukawa opted to avoid using these previous works and instead drew his own inspirations primarily from works with a `` muted aesthetic '' , such as Impressionist art and music and French cinema . Furakawa wanted to avoid overstating the emotional aspect of the game , which he felt was already sufficiently conveyed through the gameplay and animation , and instead kept the music restrained except during key narrative elements or in specific locales of the game work . Furukawa did not have to adapt his score significantly to account for changes in story and game direction since these elements were still made within Ueda 's vision . He worked with audio lead Tsubasa Ito frequently to review the status and use of his scored compositions . The performance of the soundtrack was conducted by Furukawa with the London Symphony Orchestra , the Trinity Boys Choir , and London Voices , and was recorded at Lyndhurst Hall . The 19 - track Composer 's Choice Edition soundtrack was released digitally alongside the game on the PlayStation 4 Music App , and later on other digital retailers . A 24 - track CD version of the soundtrack was released by TEAM Entertainment on December 21 , 2016 . In addition , a two - disc vinyl LP edition will be published by iam8bit sometime in 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 82 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8.5 / 10 Edge 9 / 10 EGM 7.5 / 10 Famitsu 38 / 40 Game Informer 8 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar IGN 7 / 10 Polygon 7.5 / 10 VideoGamer.com 9 / 10 The Guardian Time 5 / 5 US Gamer The Last Guardian received `` favorable '' reviews , according to video game review aggregator Metacritic . Most reviewers praised the game 's environment and story as some of its strongest elements , while the realism of the animal behavior that Trico was praised by some critics , yet others felt that the realism also hampered the gameplay causing impatience and frustration due to lack of immediate action by Trico when giving commands . GameSpot 's Pete Brown praised the characters , their relationship and the story as the important aspects to the game and overall experience , noting interactions with Trico and acting very independently at times by not knowing `` if it 's a concerted effort to test your patience for a lovable - yet - stubborn creature '' . However Brown felt that it added personality to Trico and `` sympathy for both characters '' in addition to their development within the story and for the player , `` culminating in an enrapturing series of revelations that cements your attachment to their personalities '' . Tom Senior of GamesRadar called Trico `` the greatest AI companion in games '' , in addition to the subtle use of visual and audio cues to add more character and its impact on the gameplay itself . Reviewing for The Guardian , Simon Parkin praised the design of Trico and its interactions with the world and puzzles , adding further emotional investment . He likened Trico to an `` abuse survivor '' due to being scared and imprisoned at the start of the game and the thoughtfulness and relationship development of its characters making it `` a game , as much as anything , about rehabilitation through kindness and companionship '' . Chris Carter of Destructoid felt that the detail and realistic behavior of Trico and the boy were `` emotive in a way that most developers would n't even attempt '' , potentially being the reason behind the long development , praising the effort put in by Fumito Ueda and the developers nonetheless . US Gamer 's Jermey Parish believed that Trico as an in - game character with its own apparent volition was revolutionary in character design , and that the emotional relationship between Trico and the boy was something that could only be effectively done with the interactivity of a video game . In contrast , Marty Sliva of IGN was critical of Trico 's behavior during puzzles combined with camera controls making sections of the game more frustrating , particularly during interiors due to the cramped nature of certain levels and the size of Trico detracting from the experience , calling it `` rare to even have to think about the camera in a third - person game in 2016 , but I found myself constantly being pulled out of the experience trying to wrestle with my point of view '' . Sliva however still felt that the game succeeded in the attachment with its characters and delivered memorable moments despite its issues . Game Revolution 's James Kozanitis found that there were moments that Trico would continue with traversing the environment and performing tasks even without player input , making the act of controlling Trico at times `` ineffective and unnecessary '' . Reviewers also noted performance problems with the game running on default PlayStation 4 hardware . Eurogamer 's Digital Foundry determined that the game ran into rendering issues and framerate drops on the PlayStation 4 , while running at 1080p on the newer PlayStation 4 Pro provided a stable framerate . Philip Kollar of Polygon compared technical aspects to its predecessors release on the PlayStation 2 due the long development across multiple generations of Sony consoles , stating that the game at times did take advantage of the PlayStation 4 hardware while in others , such as framerate and control issues made its age more noticeable . Sam Byford of The Verge commented that while framerate drops were common in Shadow of the Colossus , they were more acceptable based on the PlayStation 2 hardware of the time and the extent the game maximized out the console 's hardware , while such issues on PlayStation 4 for The Last Guardian were less forgivable , making it feel like `` a PS3 game that never really came together until the brute force of new hardware allowed the team to ship '' ; he contrasted this to Final Fantasy XV which had the game 's engine rebuilt after its target platform was switched to eighth - generation consoles . The game was named on several year - end Game of the Year lists , including The New Yorker , Engadget , GameSpot , VG247 , and Polygon . Sales ( edit ) In the UK , The Last Guardian suffered lower than expected sales , debuting at number 7 in the weekly game sales charts . It debuted at number four in the Japanese video game sales charts , with 82,260 copies sold . The following week , it sold an additional 10,754 copies in Japan , bringing the total number of copies sold in the country to 93,014 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref 2016 Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences D.I.C.E. Awards Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Character ( Trico ) Won Game Developers Choice Awards Best Narrative Nominated Best Visual Art Nominated Premio Drago d'Oro Videogioco dell'Anno ( Video Game of the Year ) Nominated Miglior Colonna Sonora ( Best Soundtrack ) Won Miglior Personaggio ( Best Character ) Won Miglior Videogioco di Azione / Avventura ( Best Game Action / Adventure ) Nominated SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Musical Score Nominated Excellence in Animation Nominated Most Memorable Character Trico Nominated Excellence in Narrative Nominated 13th British Academy Games Awards Artistic Achievement Nominated Audio Achievement Won Music Nominated Original Property Nominated 2017 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Animation , Artistic Won Art Direction , Fantasy Won Game Design , New IP Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Known as Hitokui no Ōwashi Trico ( 人 喰い の 大鷲 トリコ , Hitokui no Ōwashi Toriko , literally `` Trico the Large Man - Eating Eagle '' ) in Japan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John , Tracey ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` New Game From Team ICO Will Be Like 『 Ico ' ( GDC 2009 ) '' . MTV Multiplayer . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Six Things The Last Guardian Borrows From Its Predecessors '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart , Keith ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian : Fumito Ueda 's quest for epic minimalism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Famitsū staff ( 2009 ) . `` Hitokue no Ōwashi Trico '' . Shūkan Famitsū ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Ross ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` I fell in love with The Last Guardian 's big friendly cat - dog - bird in less than a minute '' . The Verge . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Takana , John ( 3 June 2016 ) . `` Fumito Uedo Talk Trico '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grifford , Kevin ( 2 March 2011 ) . `` Fumito Ueda Talks About Last Guardian 's Impeccable Animation '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell , Ben ( July 2016 ) . `` Altered Beast '' . Edge . No. 294 . pp. 64 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Phil ( 2 March 2011 ) . `` The Last Guardian '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Matt ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian : how to unlock secret Ico , Shadow of the Colossus outfits and more '' . VG247 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Shuman , Sid ( 24 September 2010 ) . `` Team Ico Talks : Fumito Ueda on The Last Guardian , Shadow of The Colossus '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nutt , Christian ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` TGS : Reawakening The Last Guardian '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Severino , Anthony ( 19 May 2009 ) . `` PlayStation LifeStyle '' Project Trico Screenshots `` . PlayStation LifeStyle blog . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( 20 December 2016 ) . `` Can we talk about the ending of The Last Guardian ? '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Klepek , Patrick ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian 's Designer Explains How He Stayed Motivated For Nine Years '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Shuman , Sid ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian : New CG Trailer , Q&A '' . PlayStation Blog . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , James ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` Fumito Ueda Interview '' . Sony Computer Entertainment Europe . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Welsh , Oli ( 2 March 2011 ) . `` The Last Guardian '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brotherson , Corey ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian : 5 Storytelling Secrets '' . PlayStation Blog . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Annette ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` Ueda Provides Details On The Last Guardian '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart , Keith ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian : Fumito Ueda 's quest for epic minimalism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Tanaka , John ( 3 June 2009 ) . `` Fumito Ueda Talks Trico '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Phil ( 17 September 2009 ) . `` Last Guardian game ' named for US , Europe ' - Kobayashi '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kohler , Chris ( 4 July 2016 ) . `` After 11 Years , We Can Almost Play The Last Guardian '' . Wired . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ; Crecente , Brian ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian 's incredible eight - year journey to the PlayStation 4 '' . Polygon . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Rose , Mike ( 7 December 2011 ) . `` The Last Guardian Producer Leaves Sony For Social Games '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffery ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Ex-The Last Guardian artists reveal Shadow of the Colossus - like adventure Vane '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` Sony Clarifies Mark Cerny 's Role With The Last Guardian '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Tom ( 12 December 2011 ) . `` Confirmed : Ico Creator Fumito Ueda Leaves Sony '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Alex ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Last Guardian 's Ueda has set up a new studio '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What You Did n't Hear At E3 : PlayStation 's Shawn Layden On TV , VR , And Vita '' . Forbes . 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Sony Finally Re-Reveals The Last Guardian '' . Wired . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian is real and here 's what it looks like on PS4 '' . Polygon . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 23 June 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian Looks Like It Was Worth Waiting For '' . Wired . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McWheator , Michael ( 19 September 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian is n't playable at TGS , but Sony will let you play with Trico '' . Polygon . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2 November 2015 ) . `` Last Guardian Footage Purposefully Being Held Back , Here 's Why '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian is coming to PlayStation 4 on October 25th '' . The Verge . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Wesley ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian Delayed until December '' . IGN . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( 21 October 2016 ) . `` After nearly a decade The Last Guardian has gone gold '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( 10 November 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian is getting PS4 Pro support '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge , Alysia ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian Collector 's Edition Available for Pre-Order on Amazon '' . IGN . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Dealessandri , Marie ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Pre-order for The Last Guardian exceed Sony 's expectations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian E3 2015 screens looks much better than 2009 ′ s '' . VG247 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` NAVGTR Awards ( 2016 ) '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Team Ico / genDESIGN Video games Ico Shadow of the Colossus The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection The Last Guardian People Fumito Ueda Kenji Kaido Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Guardian&oldid=802944647 '' Categories : 2016 video games Action - adventure games Cancelled PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 - only games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Video games developed in Japan Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 13 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the rajasthan state election commission established
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Government of Rajasthan
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government of rajasthan
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This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Government of Rajasthan Seat of Government Jaipur Executive Governor Kalyan Singh Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje Legislature Assembly Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha Speaker Kailash Meghwal Members in Assembly 200 Judiciary High Court Rajasthan High Court Chief Justice Pradeep Nandrajog The Government of Rajasthan also known as the State Government of Rajasthan , or locally as State Government , is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Rajasthan and its 33 districts . It consists of an executive , led by the Governor of Rajasthan , a judiciary and a legislative . Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan , and houses the Vidhan Sabha ( Legislative Assembly ) and the secretariat . Contents 1 State Government 1.1 Legislature 1.2 Judiciary 2 Local Governments 3 Web Directory 3.1 Apex Bodies 3.2 Autonomous Bodies 3.3 Boards and Undertakings 3.4 Departments 4 See also 5 External links 5.1 References State Government ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) 1042 - 2lje - 20242 Main articles : List of Chief Ministers of Rajasthan and List of ministers in Government of Rajasthan Like other states in India , the head of state of Rajasthan is the Governor , appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government . His or her post is largely ceremonial . The Chief Minister is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers . Legislature ( edit ) The present Legislature of Rajasthan is unicameral , consisting of Legislative Assembly , which consists of 200 M.L.A. . The assembly sits for terms of a maximum of 5 years . Judiciary ( edit ) The Rajasthan High Court is having its principal seat in Jodhpur , and a bench at Jaipur which have respective jurisdiction over the neighboring districts of Rajasthan . Local governments ( edit ) Main article : List of municipalities in Rajasthan This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) Local governments consists of Panchayati Raj Institutions ( PRIs ) for rural areas and Municipalities or Urban Local Bodies ( ULBs ) for urban areas . Web Directory ( edit ) Here is the web directory of Rajasthan Apex Bodies ( edit ) S.No . Name show URL Chief Minister Office http://cmo.rajasthan.gov.in Raj Bhawan http://rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/ Rajasthan Civil Services Appellate Tribunal http://rcsat.rajasthan.gov.in/ State Election Commission http://www.rajsec.rajasthan.gov.in http://www.meeseva.biz/2017/04/sso-rajasthan-login-sso-rajasthan-gov-in.html Autonomous Bodies ( edit ) S.No . Name show URL Advocate General , Rajasthan http://advgen.rajasthan.gov.in Anti Corruption Bureau http://acb.rajasthan.gov.in HCM Rajasthan State Institute of Public Administration http://hcmripa.gov.in Jawahar Kala Kendra http://jawaharkalakendra.rajasthan.gov.in/ 5 National Health Mission http://www.nrhmrajasthan.nic.in 6 Rajasthan Foundation http://rf.rajasthan.gov.in/ 7 Rajasthan Police Academy http://www.rpa.rajasthan.gov.in Boards and undertakings ( edit ) S.No . Name show URL Ajmer Development Authority http://www.uitajmer.org/ Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited http://www.avvnl.com/ Board of Revenue http://www.bor.rajasthan.gov.in Board of Secondary Education , Rajasthan http://www.rajeduboard.nic.in 5 Board of Technical Education http://techedu.rajasthan.gov.in/ 6 Bureau of Investment Promotion ( BIP ) http://investrajasthan.com/ 7 Center for Electronic Governance http://www.ceg.rajasthan.gov.in 8 Indira Gandhi Panchayati Raj and Gramin Vikas Sanstahan http://igprgvs.rajasthan.gov.in 9 Jaipur Development Authority https://web.archive.org/web/20150611031648/https://www.jaipurjda.org/ 10 Jaipur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd http://www.jaipurdiscom.com/ 11 Jodhpur Development Authority http://jodhpurjda.org/ 12 Jodhpur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd http://www.jdvvnl.com 13 Rajasthali - Rajasthan Government Handicraft Emporium http://www.rajasthali.gov.in 14 Rajasthan Co-Operative Dairy Federation Ltd . http://www.sarasmilkfed.rajasthan.gov.in/ 15 Rajasthan Council of Elementary Education ( Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan ) http://rajssa.nic.in 16 Rajasthan Council of Secondary Education ( Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan ) http://rajrmsa.nic.in/ 17 Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Ltd . http://www.reiljp.com 18 Rajasthan Finance Corporation http://rfc.rajasthan.gov.in/ 19 Rajasthan Grameen Aajivika vikas parisad http://www.rgavp.org/ 20 Rajasthan Housing Board http://rhbonline.rajasthan.gov.in 21 Rajasthan Khadi and Village Industries Board http://rajkhadi.rajasthan.gov.in/ 22 Rajasthan Medical Services Corporation http://rmsc.nic.in/ 23 Rajasthan Pollution Control Board http://www.rpcb.nic.in 24 Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited http://www.rvpn.co.in/ 25 Rajasthan Small Industries Corporation Ltd . http://www.rajsico.gov.in/ 26 Rajasthan State Agriculture Marketing Board http://www.rsamb.rajasthan.gov.in 27 Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation Ltd . http://www.riico.co.in/ 28 Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Limited http://www.rsmm.com 29 Rajasthan State Road Development and Construction Corporation http://www.rsrdc.com 30 Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation http://rsrtc.rajasthan.gov.in/ 31 Rajasthan State Seeds Corporation Limited https://web.archive.org/web/20150611024934/http://www.rajseeds.com/ 32 Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation http://www.rswc.rajasthan.gov.in/ 33 Rajasthan Tax Board , Ajmer http://taxboard.rajasthan.gov.in/ 34 Rajasthan Tourism development Corporation Ltd . http://www.rtdc.in/ 35 Rajasthan Vidyut Udpadan Ltd http://www.rvunl.com 36 RajCOMP Info Services Ltd . http://risl.rajasthan.gov.in Departments ( edit ) S.No . Name show URL Administrative Reforms http://www.ard.rajasthan.gov.in/ Agriculture http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/ Animal Husbandry http://animalhusbandry.rajasthan.gov.in Archaeology and Museums http://museumsrajasthan.gov.in 5 Ayurved http://ayurved.rajasthan.gov.in/ 6 Biofuel http://www.biofuel.rajasthan.gov.in/ 7 CAD Kota http://cadkota.rajasthan.gov.in/ 8 College Education http://www.dce.rajasthan.gov.in 9 Command Area Development and Water Utilization http://cad.rajasthan.gov.in 10 Commercial Taxes http://rajtax.gov.in 11 Co-Operative http://www.rajcooperatives.nic.in 12 Devasthan http://devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/ 13 Disaster Management and Relief http://www.rajrelief.nic.in 14 Economics and Statistics http://statistics.rajasthan.gov.in 15 Education http://www.rajshiksha.gov.in 16 Election http://www.ceorajasthan.nic.in 17 Employee State Insurance http://esi.rajasthan.gov.in 18 Employment http://www.rajrojgar.nic.in 19 Energy http://www.rajenergy.com 20 Environment http://environment.rajasthan.gov.in/ 21 Evaluation Organization http://evaluation.rajasthan.gov.in 22 Excise https://rajexcise.gov.in/ 23 Factories and Boilers Inspection http://www.rajfab.nic.in 24 Finance http://www.finance.rajasthan.gov.in 25 Fisheries http://fisheries.rajasthan.gov.in/ 26 Food http://www.food.rajasthan.gov.in 27 Forest http://www.rajforest.nic.in 28 General Administration and Cabinet Secretariat http://gad.rajasthan.gov.in 29 Home http://home.rajasthan.gov.in/ 30 Horticulture http://horticulture.rajasthan.gov.in/ 31 Industries http://rajind.rajasthan.gov.in 32 Information and Public Relations http://dipr.rajasthan.gov.in/ 33 Information Technology and Communication http://doitc.rajasthan.gov.in 34 Labour http://www.rajlabour.nic.in 35 Language and Library http://www.bhashapustakalaya.rajasthan.gov.in/ 36 Literacy and Continuing Education http://www.rajliteracy.rajasthan.gov.in/index.htm 37 Local Self Government http://www.lsgraj.org 38 Medical Education http://medicaleducation.rajasthan.gov.in/ 39 Medical Health and Family Welfare http://www.rajswasthya.nic.in 40 Mines and Geology , Rajasthan http://www.dmg-raj.org 41 Minority Affairs http://www.minorityaffairs.rajasthan.gov.in 42 Panchayati Raj http://www.rajpanchayat.gov.in 43 Pension and Pensioners Welfare http://rajpension.nic.in/ 44 Personnel http://www.dop.rajasthan.gov.in 45 Petroleum http://petroleum.rajasthan.gov.in 46 Planning http://www.planning.rajasthan.gov.in 47 Prosecution http://prosecution.rajasthan.gov.in/ 48 Public Health Engineering http://www.rajwater.gov.in 49 Public Works http://pwd.rajasthan.gov.in 50 Rajasthan Police http://police.rajasthan.gov.in/ 51 Rajasthan State Archives http://www.rsad.rajasthan.gov.in/ 52 Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project http://ruidp.rajasthan.gov.in/ 53 Redressal of Public Grievances http://rpg.rajasthan.gov.in 54 Registration and Stamps http://igrs.rajasthan.gov.in/ 55 Rural Development http://www.rdprd.gov.in 56 Sanskrit Education http://rajsanskrit.nic.in 57 Science and Technology http://dst.rajasthan.gov.in/ 58 Social Justice and Empowerment http://sje.rajasthan.gov.in 59 Soldier Welfare Department http://rajsainik.raj.nic.in/ 60 State Directorate of Revenue Intelligence http://sdri.rajasthan.gov.in/ 61 State Insurance and Provident Fund http://sipf.rajasthan.gov.in 62 Technical Education http://dte.rajasthan.gov.in 63 Tourism http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in 64 Town Planning http://ctp.rajasthan.gov.in/ 65 Transport http://www.transport.rajasthan.gov.in 66 Treasuries and Accounts ( DTA ) , Rajasthan http://dta.raj.nic.in 67 Tribal Area Development http://tad.rajasthan.gov.in 68 Urban Development and Housing http://www.udh.rajasthan.gov.in/SitePages/Home.aspx 69 Water Resources http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in 70 Watershed Development and Soil Conservation http://watershed.rajasthan.gov.in 71 Women and Child Development http://wcd.rajasthan.gov.in/ See also ( edit ) Politics of Rajasthan Politics of India External links ( edit ) Rajasthan Legislative Assembly ( Vidhan Sabha ) GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHAN - Official Web Portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Web Directory '' . rajasthan.gov.in . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . 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the dot product of two vectors results in a
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The name `` dot product '' is derived from the centered dot `` '' that is often used to designate this operation ; the alternative name `` scalar product '' emphasizes that the result is a scalar , rather than a vector , as is the case for the vector product in three - dimensional space .
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a vector
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Dot product
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dot product
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In mathematics , the dot product or scalar product is an algebraic operation that takes two equal - length sequences of numbers ( usually coordinate vectors ) and returns a single number . In Euclidean geometry , the dot product of the Cartesian coordinates of two vectors is widely used and often called inner product ( or rarely projection product ) ; see also inner product space .
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Algebraically , the dot product is the sum of the products of the corresponding entries of the two sequences of numbers . Geometrically , it is the product of the Euclidean magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between them . These definitions are equivalent when using Cartesian coordinates . In modern geometry , Euclidean spaces are often defined by using vector spaces . In this case , the dot product is used for defining lengths ( the length of a vector is the square root of the dot product of the vector by itself ) and angles ( the cosine of the angle of two vectors is the quotient of their dot product by the product of their lengths ) . The name `` dot product '' is derived from the centered dot `` '' that is often used to designate this operation ; the alternative name `` scalar product '' emphasizes that the result is a scalar , rather than a vector , as is the case for the vector product in three - dimensional space . Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Algebraic definition 1.2 Geometric definition 1.3 Scalar projection and first properties 1.4 Equivalence of the definitions 2 Properties 2.1 Application to the law of cosines 3 Triple product 4 Physics 5 Generalizations 5.1 Complex vectors 5.2 Inner product 5.3 Functions 5.4 Weight function 5.5 Dyadics and matrices 5.6 Tensors 6 Computation 6.1 Algorithms 6.2 Libraries 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Definition ( edit ) The dot product may be defined algebraically or geometrically . The geometric definition is based on the notions of angle and distance ( magnitude of vectors ) . The equivalence of these two definitions relies on having a Cartesian coordinate system for Euclidean space . In modern presentations of Euclidean geometry , the points of space are defined in terms of their Cartesian coordinates , and Euclidean space itself is commonly identified with the real coordinate space R. In such a presentation , the notions of length and angles are defined by means of the dot product . The length of a vector is defined as the square root of the dot product of the vector by itself , and the cosine of the ( non oriented ) angle of two vectors of length one is defined as their dot product . So the equivalence of the two definitions of the dot product is a part of the equivalence of the classical and the modern formulations of Euclidean geometry . Algebraic definition ( edit ) The dot product of two vectors a = ( a , a , ... , a ) and b = ( b , b , ... , b ) is defined as : a ⋅ b = ∑ i = 1 n a i b i = a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + ⋯ + a n b n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( \ color ( red ) a ) _ ( i ) ( \ color ( blue ) b ) _ ( i ) = ( \ color ( red ) a ) _ ( 1 ) ( \ color ( blue ) b ) _ ( 1 ) + ( \ color ( red ) a ) _ ( 2 ) ( \ color ( blue ) b ) _ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + ( \ color ( red ) a ) _ ( n ) ( \ color ( blue ) b ) _ ( n ) ) where Σ denotes summation and n is the dimension of the vector space . For instance , in three - dimensional space , the dot product of vectors ( 1 , 3 , − 5 ) and ( 4 , − 2 , − 1 ) is : ( 1 , 3 , − 5 ) ⋅ ( 4 , − 2 , − 1 ) = ( 1 × 4 ) + ( 3 × − 2 ) + ( − 5 × − 1 ) = 4 − 6 + 5 = 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ ( ( \ color ( red ) 1 , 3 , - 5 ) ) \ cdot ( ( \ color ( blue ) 4 , - 2 , - 1 ) ) & = ( ( \ color ( red ) 1 ) \ times ( \ color ( blue ) 4 ) ) + ( ( \ color ( red ) 3 ) \ times ( \ color ( blue ) - 2 ) ) + ( ( \ color ( red ) - 5 ) \ times ( \ color ( blue ) - 1 ) ) \ \ & = 4 - 6 + 5 \ \ & = 3 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) If vectors are identified with row matrices , the dot product can also be written as a matrix product a ⋅ b = a b ⊤ , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) = \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ^ ( \ top ) , ) where b ⊤ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ^ ( \ top ) ) denotes the transpose of b ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ) . Expressing the above example in this way , a 1 × 3 matrix ( row vector ) is multiplied by a 3 × 1 matrix ( column vector ) to get a 1 × 1 matrix that is identified with its unique entry : ( 1 3 − 5 ) ( 4 − 2 − 1 ) = 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ color ( red ) 1& \ color ( red ) 3& \ color ( red ) - 5 \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ color ( blue ) 4 \ \ \ color ( blue ) - 2 \ \ \ color ( blue ) - 1 \ end ( bmatrix ) ) = \ color ( purple ) 3 ) . Geometric definition ( edit ) Illustration showing how to find the angle between vectors using the dot product In Euclidean space , a Euclidean vector is a geometric object that possesses both a magnitude and a direction . A vector can be pictured as an arrow . Its magnitude is its length , and its direction is the direction that the arrow points . The magnitude of a vector a is denoted by ‖ a ‖ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ ) . The dot product of two Euclidean vectors a and b is defined by a ⋅ b = ‖ a ‖ ‖ b ‖ cos ( θ ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ \ \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ \ cos ( \ theta ) , ) where θ is the angle between a and b . In particular , if a and b are orthogonal ( the angle between vectors is 90 ° ) then due to cos ( 90 ∘ ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ cos ( 90 ^ ( \ circ ) ) = 0 ) a ⋅ b = 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = 0 . ) At the other extreme , if they are codirectional , then the angle between them is 0 ° and a ⋅ b = ‖ a ‖ ‖ b ‖ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ , \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ ) This implies that the dot product of a vector a with itself is a ⋅ a = ‖ a ‖ 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ ^ ( 2 ) , ) which gives ‖ a ‖ = a ⋅ a , ( \ displaystyle \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ = ( \ sqrt ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) ) ) , ) the formula for the Euclidean length of the vector . Scalar projection and first properties ( edit ) Scalar projection The scalar projection ( or scalar component ) of a Euclidean vector a in the direction of a Euclidean vector b is given by a b = ‖ a ‖ cos θ , ( \ displaystyle a_ ( b ) = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ cos \ theta , ) where θ is the angle between a and b . In terms of the geometric definition of the dot product , this can be rewritten a b = a ⋅ b ^ , ( \ displaystyle a_ ( b ) = \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( \ widehat ( \ mathbf ( b ) ) ) , ) where b ^ = b / ‖ b ‖ ( \ displaystyle ( \ widehat ( \ mathbf ( b ) ) ) = \ mathbf ( b ) / \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ ) is the unit vector in the direction of b . Distributive law for the dot product The dot product is thus characterized geometrically by a ⋅ b = a b ‖ b ‖ = b a ‖ a ‖ . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = a_ ( b ) \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ = b_ ( a ) \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ . ) The dot product , defined in this manner , is homogeneous under scaling in each variable , meaning that for any scalar α , ( α a ) ⋅ b = α ( a ⋅ b ) = a ⋅ ( α b ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ alpha \ mathbf ( a ) ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ alpha ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) ) = \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( \ alpha \ mathbf ( b ) ) . ) It also satisfies a distributive law , meaning that a ⋅ ( b + c ) = a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( b ) + \ mathbf ( c ) ) = \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) + \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( c ) . ) These properties may be summarized by saying that the dot product is a bilinear form . Moreover , this bilinear form is positive definite , which means that a ⋅ a ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) ) is never negative and is zero if and only if a = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) = \ mathbf ( 0 ) ) , the zero vector . Equivalence of the definitions ( edit ) If e , ... , e are the standard basis vectors in R , then we may write a = ( a 1 , ... , a n ) = ∑ i a i e i b = ( b 1 , ... , b n ) = ∑ i b i e i . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ mathbf ( a ) & = ( a_ ( 1 ) , \ dots , a_ ( n ) ) = \ sum _ ( i ) a_ ( i ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) \ \ \ mathbf ( b ) & = ( b_ ( 1 ) , \ dots , b_ ( n ) ) = \ sum _ ( i ) b_ ( i ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The vectors e are an orthonormal basis , which means that they have unit length and are at right angles to each other . Hence since these vectors have unit length e i ⋅ e i = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) = 1 ) and since they form right angles with each other , if i ≠ j , e i ⋅ e j = 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( j ) = 0 . ) Thus in general we can say that : e i ⋅ e j = δ i j . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( j ) = \ delta _ ( ij ) . ) Where δ is the Kronecker delta . Also , by the geometric definition , for any vector e and a vector a , we note a ⋅ e i = ‖ a ‖ ‖ e i ‖ cos θ = ‖ a ‖ cos θ = a i , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ , \ left \ \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) \ right \ \ cos \ theta = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ cos \ theta = a_ ( i ) , ) where a is the component of vector a in the direction of e . Now applying the distributivity of the geometric version of the dot product gives a ⋅ b = a ⋅ ∑ i b i e i = ∑ i b i ( a ⋅ e i ) = ∑ i b i a i = ∑ i a i b i , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ sum _ ( i ) b_ ( i ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) = \ sum _ ( i ) b_ ( i ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) ) = \ sum _ ( i ) b_ ( i ) a_ ( i ) = \ sum _ ( i ) a_ ( i ) b_ ( i ) , ) which is precisely the algebraic definition of the dot product . So the geometric dot product equals the algebraic dot product . Properties ( edit ) The dot product fulfills the following properties if a , b , and c are real vectors and r is a scalar . Commutative : a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ mathbf ( b ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) , ) which follows from the definition ( θ is the angle between a and b ) : a ⋅ b = ‖ a ‖ ‖ b ‖ cos θ = ‖ b ‖ ‖ a ‖ cos θ = b ⋅ a . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ \ cos \ theta = \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ cos \ theta = \ mathbf ( b ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) . ) Distributive over vector addition : a ⋅ ( b + c ) = a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( b ) + \ mathbf ( c ) ) = \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) + \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( c ) . ) Bilinear : a ⋅ ( r b + c ) = r ( a ⋅ b ) + ( a ⋅ c ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( r \ mathbf ( b ) + \ mathbf ( c ) ) = r ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) ) + ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( c ) ) . ) Scalar multiplication : ( c 1 a ) ⋅ ( c 2 b ) = c 1 c 2 ( a ⋅ b ) . ( \ displaystyle ( c_ ( 1 ) \ mathbf ( a ) ) \ cdot ( c_ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( b ) ) = c_ ( 1 ) c_ ( 2 ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) ) . ) Not associative because the dot product between a scalar ( a ⋅ b ) and a vector ( c ) is not defined , which means that the expressions involved in the associative property , ( a ⋅ b ) ⋅ c or a ⋅ ( b ⋅ c ) are both ill - defined . Note however that the previously mentioned scalar multiplication property is sometimes called the `` associative law for scalar and dot product '' or one can say that `` the dot product is associative with respect to scalar multiplication '' because c ( a ⋅ b ) = ( c a ) ⋅ b = a ⋅ ( c b ) . Orthogonal : Two non-zero vectors a and b are orthogonal if and only if a ⋅ b = 0 . No cancellation : Unlike multiplication of ordinary numbers , where if ab = ac , then b always equals c unless a is zero , the dot product does not obey the cancellation law : If a ⋅ b = a ⋅ c and a ≠ 0 , then we can write : a ⋅ ( b − c ) = 0 by the distributive law ; the result above says this just means that a is perpendicular to ( b − c ) , which still allows ( b − c ) ≠ 0 , and therefore b ≠ c . Product Rule : If a and b are functions , then the derivative ( denoted by a prime ′ ) of a ⋅ b is a ′ ⋅ b + a ⋅ b ′ . Application to the law of cosines ( edit ) Triangle with vector edges a and b , separated by angle θ . Main article : Law of cosines Given two vectors a and b separated by angle θ ( see image right ) , they form a triangle with a third side c = a − b . The dot product of this with itself is : c ⋅ c = ( a − b ) ⋅ ( a − b ) = a ⋅ a − a ⋅ b − b ⋅ a + b ⋅ b = a 2 − a ⋅ b − a ⋅ b + b 2 = a 2 − 2 a ⋅ b + b 2 c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2 a b cos θ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ mathbf ( \ color ( gold ) c ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( gold ) c ) & = ( \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ) \ \ & = \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) + \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) \ \ & = ( \ color ( red ) a ) ^ ( 2 ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) + ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ^ ( 2 ) \ \ & = ( \ color ( red ) a ) ^ ( 2 ) - 2 \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) + ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ^ ( 2 ) \ \ ( \ color ( gold ) c ) ^ ( 2 ) & = ( \ color ( red ) a ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ^ ( 2 ) - 2 ( \ color ( red ) a ) ( \ color ( blue ) b ) \ cos ( \ color ( purple ) \ theta ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) which is the law of cosines . Triple product ( edit ) Main article : Triple product There are two ternary operations involving dot product and cross product . The scalar triple product of three vectors is defined as a ⋅ ( b × c ) = b ⋅ ( c × a ) = c ⋅ ( a × b ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( b ) \ times \ mathbf ( c ) ) = \ mathbf ( b ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( c ) \ times \ mathbf ( a ) ) = \ mathbf ( c ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ times \ mathbf ( b ) ) . ) Its value is the determinant of the matrix whose columns are the Cartesian coordinates of the three vectors . It is the signed volume of the parallelogram defined by the three vectors . The vector triple product is defined by a × ( b × c ) = b ( a ⋅ c ) − c ( a ⋅ b ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ times ( \ mathbf ( b ) \ times \ mathbf ( c ) ) = \ mathbf ( b ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( c ) ) - \ mathbf ( c ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) ) . ) This identity , also known as Lagrange 's formula may be remembered as `` BAC minus CAB '' , keeping in mind which vectors are dotted together . This formula finds application in simplifying vector calculations in physics . Physics ( edit ) In physics , vector magnitude is a scalar in the physical sense , i.e. a physical quantity independent of the coordinate system , expressed as the product of a numerical value and a physical unit , not just a number . The dot product is also a scalar in this sense , given by the formula , independent of the coordinate system . Examples include : Mechanical work is the dot product of force and displacement vectors , Magnetic flux is the dot product of the magnetic field and the vector area , Power is the dot product of force and velocity . Generalizations ( edit ) Complex vectors ( edit ) For vectors with complex entries , using the given definition of the dot product would lead to quite different properties . For instance the dot product of a vector with itself would be an arbitrary complex number , and could be zero without the vector being the zero vector ( such vectors are called isotropic ) ; this in turn would have consequences for notions like length and angle . Properties such as the positive - definite norm can be salvaged at the cost of giving up the symmetric and bilinear properties of the scalar product , through the alternative definition a ⋅ b = ∑ a i b i _̄ , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ sum ( a_ ( i ) ( \ overline ( b_ ( i ) ) ) ) , ) where a is the complex conjugate of a . Then the scalar product of any vector with itself is a non-negative real number , and it is nonzero except for the zero vector . However this scalar product is thus sesquilinear rather than bilinear : it is conjugate linear and not linear in a , and the scalar product is not symmetric , since a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a _̄ . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = ( \ overline ( \ mathbf ( b ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) ) ) . ) The angle between two complex vectors is then given by cos θ = Re ( a ⋅ b ) ‖ a ‖ ‖ b ‖ . ( \ displaystyle \ cos \ theta = ( \ frac ( \ operatorname ( Re ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) ) ) ( \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ , \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ ) ) . ) This type of scalar product is nevertheless useful , and leads to the notions of Hermitian form and of general inner product spaces . Inner product ( edit ) Main article : Inner product space The inner product generalizes the dot product to abstract vector spaces over a field of scalars , being either the field of real numbers R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ) or the field of complex numbers C ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( C ) ) . It is usually denoted using angular brackets by ⟨ a , b ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ langle \ mathbf ( a ) \ , , \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ rangle ) . The inner product of two vectors over the field of complex numbers is , in general , a complex number , and is sesquilinear instead of bilinear . An inner product space is a normed vector space , and the inner product of a vector with itself is real and positive - definite . Functions ( edit ) The dot product is defined for vectors that have a finite number of entries . Thus these vectors can be regarded as discrete functions : a length - n vector u is , then , a function with domain ( k ∈ N ∣ 1 ≤ k ≤ n ) , and u is a notation for the image of i by the function / vector u . This notion can be generalized to continuous functions : just as the inner product on vectors uses a sum over corresponding components , the inner product on functions is defined as an integral over some interval a ≤ x ≤ b ( also denoted ( a , b ) ) : ⟨ u , v ⟩ = ∫ a b u ( x ) v ( x ) d x ( \ displaystyle \ left \ langle u , v \ right \ rangle = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) u ( x ) v ( x ) dx ) Generalized further to complex functions ψ ( x ) and χ ( x ) , by analogy with the complex inner product above , gives ⟨ ψ , χ ⟩ = ∫ a b ψ ( x ) χ ( x ) _̄ d x . ( \ displaystyle \ left \ langle \ psi , \ chi \ right \ rangle = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) \ psi ( x ) ( \ overline ( \ chi ( x ) ) ) dx . ) Weight function ( edit ) Inner products can have a weight function , i.e. a function which weights each term of the inner product with a value . Dyadics and matrices ( edit ) Matrices have the Frobenius inner product , which is analogous to the vector inner product . It is defined as the sum of the products of the corresponding components of two matrices A and B having the same size : A : B = ∑ i ∑ j A i j B i j _̄ = t r ( B H A ) = t r ( A B H ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) : \ mathbf ( B ) = \ sum _ ( i ) \ sum _ ( j ) A_ ( ij ) ( \ overline ( B_ ( ij ) ) ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( B ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( H ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) \ mathbf ( B ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( H ) ) ) . ) A : B = ∑ i ∑ j A i j B i j = t r ( B T A ) = t r ( A B T ) = t r ( A T B ) = t r ( B A T ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) : \ mathbf ( B ) = \ sum _ ( i ) \ sum _ ( j ) A_ ( ij ) B_ ( ij ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( B ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) \ mathbf ( B ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ mathbf ( B ) ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( B ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) ) . ) ( For real matrices ) Dyadics have a dot product and `` double '' dot product defined on them , see Dyadics ( Product of dyadic and dyadic ) for their definitions . Tensors ( edit ) The inner product between a tensor of order n and a tensor of order m is a tensor of order n + m − 2 , see tensor contraction for details . Computation ( edit ) Algorithms ( edit ) The straightforward algorithm for calculating a floating - point dot product of vectors can suffer from catastrophic cancellation . To avoid this , approaches such as the Kahan summation algorithm are used . Libraries ( edit ) A dot product function is included in BLAS level 1 . See also ( edit ) Cauchy -- Schwarz inequality Cross product Matrix multiplication Metric tensor Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term scalar product is often also used more generally to mean a symmetric bilinear form , for example for a pseudo-Euclidean space . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : S. Lipschutz ; M. Lipson ( 2009 ) . Linear Algebra ( Schaum 's Outlines ) ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 154352 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : M.R. Spiegel ; S. Lipschutz ; D. Spellman ( 2009 ) . Vector Analysis ( Schaum 's Outlines ) ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 161545 - 7 . Jump up ^ AI Borisenko ; IE Taparov ( 1968 ) . Vector and tensor analysis with applications . Translated by Richard Silverman . Dover . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Arfken , G.B. ; Weber , H.J. ( 2000 ) . Mathematical Methods for Physicists ( 5th ed . ) . Boston , MA : Academic Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 059825 - 0 ... Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Dot Product . '' From MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource . http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DotProduct.html Jump up ^ T. Banchoff ; J. Wermer ( 1983 ) . Linear Algebra Through Geometry . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4684 - 0161 - 5 . Jump up ^ A. Bedford ; Wallace L. Fowler ( 2008 ) . Engineering Mechanics : Statics ( 5th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 612915 - 8 . Jump up ^ K.F. Riley ; M.P. Hobson ; S.J. Bence ( 2010 ) . Mathematical methods for physics and engineering ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86153 - 3 . Jump up ^ M. Mansfield ; C. O'Sullivan ( 2011 ) . Understanding Physics ( 4th ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 47 - 0746370 . Jump up ^ Berberian , Sterling K. ( 2014 ) ( 1992 ) , Linear Algebra , Dover , p. 287 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 78055 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scalar product . Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Inner product '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Weisstein , Eric W. `` Dot product '' . MathWorld . Explanation of dot product including with complex vectors `` Dot Product '' by Bruce Torrence , Wolfram Demonstrations Project , 2007 . Linear algebra Basic concepts Scalar Vector Vector space Scalar multiplication Vector projection Linear span Linear map Linear projection Linear independence Linear combination Basis Column space Row space Orthogonality Kernel Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Outer product Inner product space Dot product Transpose Gram -- Schmidt process Linear equations Vector algebra Cross product Triple product Seven - dimensional cross product Multilinear algebra Geometric algebra Exterior algebra Bivector Multivector Matrices Block Decomposition Invertible Minor Multiplication Rank Transformation Cramer 's rule Gaussian elimination Algebraic constructions Dual Direct sum Function space Quotient Subspace Tensor product Numerical Floating point Matrix Laboratory Numerical stability Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms ( BLAS ) Sparse matrix Comparison of linear algebra libraries Comparison of numerical analysis software Outline Portal Wikibook Wikiversity Tensors Glossary of tensor theory Scope Mathematics coordinate system multilinear algebra Euclidean geometry tensor algebra dyadic algebra differential geometry exterior calculus tensor calculus Physics Engineering continuum mechanics electromagnetism transport phenomena general relativity computer vision Notation index notation multi-index notation Einstein notation Ricci calculus Penrose graphical notation Voigt notation abstract index notation tetrad ( index notation ) Van der Waerden notation Tensor definitions tensor ( intrinsic definition ) tensor field tensor density tensors in curvilinear coordinates mixed tensor antisymmetric tensor symmetric tensor tensor operator tensor bundle Operations tensor product exterior product tensor contraction transpose ( 2nd - order tensors ) raising and lowering indices Hodge star operator covariant derivative exterior derivative exterior covariant derivative Lie derivative Related abstractions dimension basis vector , vector space multivector covariance and contravariance of vectors linear transformation matrix spinor Cartan formalism ( physics ) differential form exterior form connection form geodesic manifold fiber bundle Levi - Civita connection affine connection Notable tensors Mathematics Kronecker delta Levi - Civita symbol metric tensor nonmetricity tensor Christoffel symbols Ricci curvature Riemann curvature tensor Weyl tensor torsion tensor Physics moment of inertia angular momentum tensor spin tensor Cauchy stress tensor stress -- energy tensor EM tensor gluon field strength tensor Einstein tensor metric tensor ( GR ) Mathematicians Leonhard Euler Carl Friedrich Gauss Augustin - Louis Cauchy Hermann Grassmann Gregorio Ricci - Curbastro Tullio Levi - Civita Jan Arnoldus Schouten Bernhard Riemann Elwin Bruno Christoffel Woldemar Voigt Élie Cartan Hermann Weyl Albert Einstein Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dot_product&oldid=865556689 '' Categories : Bilinear forms Linear algebra Vectors ( mathematics and physics ) Analytic geometry Tensors Binary operations Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles containing proofs Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 17 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot%20product
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miles from flagstaff arizona to albuquerque new mexico
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Interstate 40 in Arizona
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interstate 40 in arizona
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Interstate 40 Route information Maintained by ADOT Length : 359.11 mi ( 577.93 km ) Major junctions West end : I - 40 at California state line US 93 in Kingman I - 17 in Flagstaff US 180 from Flagstaff to Holbrook US 191 near Sanders East end : I - 40 at New Mexico state line Highway system Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future Arizona Highways Interstate U.S. State Unconstructed Former ← SR 30 SR 50 → Interstate 40 ( I - 40 ) is an east -- west Interstate Highway that has a 359.11 - mile ( 577.93 km ) section in the U.S. state of Arizona connecting sections in California to New Mexico . It enters Arizona from the west at a crossing of the Colorado River southwest of Kingman . It travels eastward across the northern portion of the state connecting the cities of Kingman , Ash Fork , Williams , Flagstaff , Winslow , and Holbrook . I - 40 continues into New Mexico , heading to Albuquerque . The highway has major junctions with U.S. Route 93 ( US 93 ) in Kingman , the main highway connecting Phoenix and Las Vegas , Nevada , and I - 17 in Flagstaff , the Interstate linking Phoenix and Flagstaff . For the majority of its routing through Arizona , I - 40 follows the historic alignment of U.S. Route 66 . The lone exception is a stretch between Kingman and Ash Fork where US 66 took a more northerly , less direct route that is now State Route 66 . Construction of I - 40 was ongoing in the 1960s and 1970s and reached completion in 1984 . With the completion of I - 40 in 1984 , the entire routing of US 66 had been bypassed by Interstate Highways which led to its decertification a year later in 1985 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 1.1 California to Flagstaff 1.2 Flagstaff to New Mexico 2 History 2.1 Before the U.S. Highways 2.2 U.S. Route 66 2.3 Planning 2.4 Construction 3 Exit list 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Route description ( edit ) California to Flagstaff ( edit ) I - 40 eastbound heading towards Flagstaff I - 40 enters Arizona from California at a bridge that crosses the Colorado River at Topock in Mohave County . It heads east from Topock and begins to curve towards the north at Franconia and completes the curve to the north at Yucca . The interstate continues to head north until it reaches Kingman . In this city , I - 40 has a junction with US 93 at exit 48 . US 93 heads towards the northwest from this junction to Hoover Dam and Las Vegas . US 93 south begins to run concurrently with I - 40 as they both head east through Kingman . The two separate at exit 71 as US 93 heads towards the south towards Phoenix while I - 40 heads east towards Flagstaff . I - 40 continues towards the east , passing through the town of Seligman and then at Ash Fork , where it meets State Route 89 , the main highway that heads south to Prescott . Next , it passes through Williams at exit 165 with SR 64 , and heads north towards Grand Canyon National Park . I - 40 continues to the east to Flagstaff , where it has a junction with I - 17 at exit 195 . I - 17 heads south from the interchange with I - 40 to Phoenix . Flagstaff to New Mexico ( edit ) East of Flagstaff , I - 40 heads towards the east - southeast direction as it goes through the town of Winslow . It continues towards this direction until it reaches Holbrook , where it curves towards the northeast . Along this stretch , it passes through Petrified Forest National Park and continues to the northeast , passing through Chambers , and enters the Navajo Indian Reservation . The highway still continues to the northeast to the New Mexico border southwest of Gallup , New Mexico as it continues on towards Albuquerque . History ( edit ) With the exception of a stretch between Kingman and Flagstaff , I - 40 directly replaced the famed US 66 across northern Arizona . Where possible , US 66 was upgraded to Interstate standards to become I - 40 directly . Exceptions to this were through the central business districts of the cities and towns that US 66 passed through , and I - 40 had to be built as a bypass outside the cities . On October 26 , 1984 , after the last section of I - 40 was completed in Williams , US 66 was removed from the state highway system of Arizona . The portions through cities that did not overlap I - 40 would become business loops of I - 40 . Before the US Highways ( edit ) The routing of a road near the current corridor of I - 40 in Arizona was first surveyed and built between 1857 and 1859 . Lt. Edward Beale and his soldiers built the road along the 35th parallel that would come to be known as the Beale Wagon Road from Ft. Smith , Arkansas to the Colorado River to serve as a military wagon road . The road was a popular route for immigrants during the 1860s and 1870s until the transcontinental railroad was built across northern Arizona in the 1880s . In the early 1900s , the road became part of the National Old Trails Road , a transcontinental route from Baltimore , Maryland to California , and the National Park to Park Highway , an auto trail linking the national parks of the west . US route 66 ( edit ) In the 1920s , as a nationwide system of highways called the United States Numbered Highways was being developed , the route through was given the designation of U.S. Route 60 . This designation was controversial since designations that are multiples of 10 are assigned to transcontinental east -- west routes and this route was a diagonal route from Chicago to Los Angeles . As a compromise to states east of Chicago that felt US 60 should go through their state , a different route was given the number 60 , while the route from Chicago to Los Angeles was given the number 66 . I - 40 westbound heading towards Flagstaff By 1927 , the routing of US 66 through Arizona had been laid out , but none of it had been paved yet . By 1935 , nearly the entire route had been paved , with the lone exceptions being a short stretch northeast of Valentine and a stretch between Peach Springs and Seligman . By 1938 , the entire route in Arizona had been paved . In 1953 , US 66 was realigned between the California border and Kingman to an alignment to the southeast to avoid the mountain curves and grades of the original alignment . By 1961 , several sections of the highway had been expanded to a four - lane divided highway in anticipation of the coming Interstate Highway . Four - lane sections included a section near Ash Fork , another section east of Winslow and a section east of Holbrook near the Petrified Forest National Monument . Planning ( edit ) In Flagstaff , several different alternatives were considered as a potential routing of the new Interstate through the area . The alternatives consisted of a routing north of downtown , south of downtown , through downtown along the Santa Fe Railroad right - of - way near the alignment of US 66 , and a more elaborate alternative of a routing above downtown on a long overpass . In January 1959 , the Flagstaff Chamber of Commerce recommended to the Bureau of Public Roads that the route south of downtown be used which was approved by the Flagstaff City Council and the Board of Supervisors for Coconino County . This recommendation was accepted and would become the planned routing of I - 40 in Flagstaff . Business owners along US 66 were opposed to this routing as it would draw motorists away from main through route of the time , US 66 . As a result , they created the No By - Pass Committee and sent a proposal to the Chamber of Commerce 's Roads and Highways Committee to conduct a study of the feasibility of a route for I - 40 through downtown along the Santa Fe railroad right - of - way . The Committee sent an inquiry to the railroad concerning the proposal . The railroad rejected the proposed rerouting of their main rail lines citing that it would result in worse grades than what currently exists and in order to reduce those grades , considerable lengthening of the rail line would be required . With a routing through town now out of the question , the business owners along US 66 drafted a city ordinance , known as Initiative 200 , that was filed with the city of Flagstaff in November 1959 to appear on the general election ballot in March 1960 . The ordinance would in effect ban all new commercial businesses on I - 40 , all routes leading from I - 40 to US 66 , and the area between I - 40 and US 66 . In a record voter turnout , voters overwhelmingly voted against the ordinance by a vote of 2,280 to 556 . In 1965 , the routing of I - 40 west of Kingman was being reconsidered from the planned route through Needles , California to a route to the north passing through Searchlight in southern Nevada and connecting with I - 15 further north of its present connection with I - 15 . The rationale for the proposal was that it would be an overall shorter route and would cost much less to construct . The proposal was met with stiff opposition including all four U.S. senators from California and Arizona sending the Secretary of Commerce letters requesting that the routing through Needles be retained . This proposal was eventually abandoned in 1966 and the routing through Needles was kept . Construction ( edit ) I - 40 near the New Mexico border The construction of the 360 - mile ( 579 km ) route of I - 40 across Arizona took nearly 25 years to complete with the last segment being completed in 1984 , much longer than the ambitious goal of finishing by 1972 . By the end of 1960 , 15 miles ( 24 km ) had been completed with an additional 23 miles ( 37 km ) being worked on . In 1964 , construction was still on schedule with 58 miles ( 93 km ) complete and an additional 71 miles ( 114 km ) under construction . Funding was becoming an issue at this time as the state lacked the available funds to stay on pace with a 1972 completion goal . By 1967 , Arizona had completed almost half of the highway with 155.3 miles ( 249.9 km ) complete and another 82.4 miles ( 133 km ) under construction . In 1968 , the bypass around Flagstaff was complete with three interchanges , two at each end of where US 66 split off from I - 40 to enter the city and one at the I - 17 interchange . An additional interchange at Butler Avenue was completed a year later . One of the big improvements of I - 40 over US 66 was the construction of the segment between Kingman and Ash Fork . The 94 - mile ( 151 km ) section is a more direct route between the two cities and travels as far as 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of the US 66 alignment , bypassing Hackberry and Peach Springs and creating ghost towns . Construction of the $69.1 million segment was also to be a much safer route as the US 66 alignment had one of the highest fatality rates of any section of highway in Arizona . This section of the Interstate was complete in 1975 . Construction of the $7.7 million bypass around Winslow began in 1977 . I - 40 was completed in Arizona in 1984 , with the completion of a 6 - mile ( 10 km ) section in Williams . This was also the last section of US 66 to be bypassed by the Interstate , which led to it being decertified by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) the following year . Exit list ( edit ) County Location mi km Exit Destinations Notes Mohave 0.00 0.00 I - 40 west -- Los Angeles Continuation into California Topock 0.55 0.89 SR 95 north -- Golden Shores , Oatman West end of SR 95 overlap 2.99 4.81 Needle Mountain Road 9.79 15.76 9 SR 95 south -- Lake Havasu City , Parker East end of SR 95 overlap 13.16 21.18 13 Franconia Road 20.14 32.41 20 Santa Fe Ranch Road Yucca 25.19 40.54 25 Alamo Road No eastbound entrance 26.18 42.13 26 Proving Ground Road No westbound entrance 28.75 46.27 28 Old Trails Road 37.03 59.59 37 Griffith Road 44.32 71.33 44 Shinarump Drive / Oatman Highway Kingman 48.86 78.63 48 I - 40 BL east ( Beale Street ) / US 93 north to SR 68 -- Las Vegas West end of US 93 overlap 51.69 83.19 51 Stockton Hill Road 53.07 85.41 53 I - 40 BL west ( Andy Devine Avenue ) / SR 66 -- Kingman Airport 59.21 95.29 59 DW Ranch Road 66.02 106.25 66 Blake Ranch Road 71.52 115.10 71 US 93 south -- Wickenburg , Phoenix East end of US 93 overlap 78.90 126.98 79 Silver Springs Road 87.01 140.03 87 Willows Ranch Road 91.12 146.64 91 Fort Rock Road Yavapai 95.45 153.61 96 Cross Mountain Road 102.99 165.75 103 Jolly Road 109.07 175.53 109 Anvil Rock Road Seligman 120.49 193.91 121 I - 40 BL east to SR 66 -- Seligman , Peach Springs 122.72 197.50 123 I - 40 BL west to SR 66 -- Seligman , Peach Springs 139.28 224.15 139 Crookton Road Former US 66 west Ash Fork 144.37 232.34 144 I - 40 BL east -- Ash Fork 145.69 234.47 146 SR 89 south / I - 40 BL west -- Prescott , Ash Fork Former US 89 south Coconino 147.68 237.67 148 County Line Road 148.57 239.10 149 Monte Carlo Road 151.23 243.38 151 Welch Road 157.20 252.99 157 Devil Dog Road Williams 161.38 259.72 161 I - 40 BL east -- Williams , Grand Canyon National Park 162.95 262.24 163 Williams , Grand Canyon National Park 165.41 266.20 165 I - 40 BL west / SR 64 north -- Williams , Grand Canyon National Park Former US 66 west 167.09 268.91 167 Garland Prairie Road / Circle Pines Road 171.10 275.36 171 Pittman Valley Road / Deer Farm Road 177.81 286.16 178 Parks Road 183.66 295.57 184 Camp Navajo Proposed interchange 184.68 297.21 185 Transwestern Road -- Bellemont 190.10 305.94 190 A-1 Mountain Road 191.26 307.80 191 I - 40 BL east -- Flagstaff Former US 66 east / US 89 north 192.12 309.19 192 Flagstaff Ranch Road Flagstaff 193.47 311.36 194 Woody Mountain Road Proposed interchange 194.63 -- 195.25 313.23 -- 314.22 195 I - 17 south / SR 89A to US 180 north -- Sedona , Phoenix , Flagstaff I - 17 exits 340A - B 196.70 316.56 197 Lone Tree Road Proposed interchange on new alignment east of current Lone Tree Rd . overpass 197.86 318.42 198 Butler Avenue 200.65 322.91 201 I - 40 BL / US 180 west ( Country Club Drive ) to US 89 north -- Flagstaff , Page West end of US 180 overlap ; eastbound signed as `` US 89 north -- Page '' only 204.42 328.98 204 Walnut Canyon National Monument Former US 66 west 206.79 332.80 207 Cosnino Road 210.72 339.12 211 Winona 219.13 352.66 219 Twin Arrows 224.60 361.46 225 Buffalo Range Road 230.01 370.17 230 Two Guns 233.43 375.67 233 Meteor Crater Road 239.22 384.99 239 Meteor City Road 244.94 394.19 245 SR 99 north -- Leupp West end of SR 99 overlap Navajo Winslow 251.58 404.88 252 I - 40 BS / SR 99 south ( Hipkoe Drive ) East end of SR 99 overlap ; former I - 40 BL east 253.08 407.29 253 North Park Drive 255.21 410.72 255 Transcon Lane Former I - 40 BL west 257.16 413.86 257 SR 87 -- Payson , Second Mesa 264.18 425.16 264 Hibbard Road 269.43 433.61 269 Jackrabbit Road Joseph City 274.19 441.27 274 I - 40 BL east -- Joseph City 276.55 445.06 277 I - 40 BL west -- Joseph City 280.13 450.83 280 Hunt Road , Geronimo Road 283.13 455.65 283 Perkins Valley Road Holbrook 284.67 458.13 285 I - 40 BL east ( Hopi Drive ) / US 180 east to SR 77 south -- Show Low , Petrified Forest National Park East end of US 180 overlap 286.38 460.88 286 I - 40 BL ( Navajo Boulevard ) / SR 77 south to US 180 east / SR 377 south -- Show Low , Heber West end of SR 77 overlap 289.00 465.10 289 I - 40 BL west ( Navajo Boulevard ) 292.32 470.44 292 SR 77 north -- Indian Wells East end of SR 77 overlap 294.03 473.20 294 Sun Valley Road 299.67 482.27 300 Goodwater 303.09 487.78 303 Adamana Road Apache 311.06 500.60 311 Petrified Forest National Park 319.49 514.17 320 Pinta Road 325.41 523.70 325 Navajo 329.49 530.26 330 McCarrell Road Chambers 333.04 535.98 333 US 191 north -- Ganado West end of US 191 overlap Sanders 339.00 545.57 339 US 191 south -- St. Johns East end of US 191 overlap 341.33 549.32 341 Ortega Road 343.32 552.52 343 Querino Road 346.05 556.91 346 Pine Springs Road 347.65 559.49 348 St. Anselm Road -- Houck 350.85 564.64 351 Allentown Road 354.11 569.88 354 Hawthorne Road 357.02 574.57 357 BIA Route 12 north -- Window Rock Lupton 358.69 577.26 359 Grants Road 359.11 577.93 I - 40 east -- Albuquerque Continuation into New Mexico 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access Unopened See also ( edit ) Arizona portal U.S. Roads portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Arizona Department of Transportation . `` 2008 ADOT Highway Log '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Arizona Department of Transportation ( 1984 - 10 - 26 ) . `` ADOT Right - of - Way Resolutions 1984 - 10 - A-064 , 1984 - 10 - A-065 , 1984 - 10 - A-066 , 1984 - 10 - A-067 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Arizona Department of Transportation . `` Good Roads Everywhere : A History of Road Building in Arizona '' . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Weingroff , Richard . `` From Names to Numbers : The Origins of the U.S. Numbered Highway System '' . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Auto Road Map of Arizona and New Mexico ( Map ) . Rand McNally. 1927 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Road Map of Arizona ( Map ) . Arizona State Highway Department . 1935 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Auto Road Map of Arizona and New Mexico ( Map ) . Rand McNally. 1938 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Road Map of Arizona ( Map ) . Rand McNally. 1961 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lowery , Dennis ( 1960 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Initiative Part of Bigger Dispute '' . Arizona Daily Sun . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Relocation Here Impossible , SF Says '' . Arizona Daily Sun . 1959 - 05 - 20 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lowery , Dennis ( 1960 - 02 - 29 ) . `` Initiative 200 Brews Up a Storm '' . Arizona Daily Sun . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Flagstaff City Election Results '' . Arizona Daily Sun . 1960 - 03 - 10 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Needles Future at Stake in Routing of Highway 40 '' . Pasadena , California : The Independent . November 4 , 1965 . Jump up ^ `` Interstate 40 Routing Plea Made '' . Los Angeles Times . September 9 , 1965 . p . A10 . Jump up ^ `` Needles Wins Its Fight to Keep Interstate 40 '' . Los Angeles Times . February 3 , 1966 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Lesure , Thomas ( December 11 , 1960 ) . `` Arizona Highway Dream Comes True '' . New York Times . p . XX20 . Jump up ^ `` I - 40 Work On Schedule State Says '' . Yuma Daily Sun . September 22 , 1964 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Lederer , Edith ( September 22 , 1967 ) . `` High Cost Highways : Funds Tie Ups Interstate String '' . Fresno Bee . Jump up ^ `` Butler Busy Center '' . Arizona Daily Sun . October 21 , 1971 . p . B7 . Jump up ^ `` Kingman , Ash Fork Cutoff Progressing '' . Arizona Daily Sun . March 2 , 1971 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Sundt Gets Contract For Winslow Bypass '' . December 4 , 1977 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` It 's the End of the Road for Route 66 '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . October 14 , 1984 . p . A17 . Jump up ^ `` You Can No Longer Get Kicks on Route 66 '' . Wichita , Kansas : Wichita Eagle . June 29 , 1985 . p. 1A . ^ Jump up to : `` INITIAL DESIGN CONCEPT REPORT : I - 40 , Bellemont to Winona '' ( PDF ) . ADOT . Stanley Consultants , Inc . February 2011 . p. 46 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flagstaff Regional Plan 2030 : Place Matters '' ( PDF ) . City of Flagstaff Official Website . City of Flagstaff , AZ and its representatives . January 14 , 2014 . pp. X -- 4 , X -- 5 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Interstate 40 in Arizona KML is from Wikidata Media related to Interstate 40 in Arizona at Wikimedia Commons Interstate 40 Previous state : California Arizona Next state : New Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_40_in_Arizona&oldid=794767002 '' Categories : Interstate Highways in Arizona Interstate 40 Transportation in Mohave County , Arizona Transportation in Yavapai County , Arizona Transportation in Coconino County , Arizona Transportation in Navajo County , Arizona Transportation in Apache County , Arizona Hidden categories : Infobox road maps for Wikidata migration Articles using KML from Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 22 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate%2040%20in%20Arizona
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what channel is shortland street on in australia
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In Australia , it airs on Foxtel 's Arena channel weekdays at 11.30 am . Episodes are six weeks behind New Zealand . Free - to - air digital channel 7TWO was airing episodes about three years behind however no longer airs episodes as of August 2015 . Previous Australian broadcasters include : ABC1 2010 -- 2011 , UKTV 1997 -- 2000 , and SBS TV briefly between 1994 -- 1995 .
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Foxtel 's Arena
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Shortland Street
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shortland street
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Shortland Street is a New Zealand prime - time soap opera centring on the fictitious Shortland Street Hospital , first broadcast on TVNZ 2 on 25 May 1992 . It is the country 's longest - running drama and soap opera , being broadcast continuously for over 6,000 episodes and 25 years , and is one of the most watched television programmes in New Zealand .
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The show was originally screened as five half - hour episodes each week and initially receiving mixed reviews on its premiere . After its launch it dropped in ratings and would have been cancelled if TVNZ had not ordered a year 's worth of episodes in advance . TVNZ renewed the production in early 1993 when the show 's rating had picked up , and it now has `` long - term public enthusiasm '' . Today , it is one of New Zealand 's highest - rated shows , frequently making AGB Nielsen Media Research 's top 5 programmes of the week . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characters 3 Notable alumni 4 Production 5 Controversy 6 International 6.1 Australia 6.2 Ireland 6.3 Pacific 6.4 UK 6.5 South Africa 6.6 Ukraine 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) After the cancellation of Gloss , Television New Zealand noticed the lack of New Zealand content on their channel and in 1990 set about creating a local equivalent of the Australian soap Neighbours . Greg McGee at South Pacific Pictures wanted to do a series about the new private clinics emerging under New Zealand 's Labour government , and suggested the idea to scriptwriter Dean Parker , who declined due to a dislike of private medicine , so TV2 and South Pacific Pictures purchased a formula from Grundy Television , who get a royalty cheque for every broadcast . $10 million was given for an initial 230 episodes . Caterina De Nave was hired as the show 's producer and subsequently travelled to Australia to work with Grundy Television to work out an idea for the five times a week soap . TV2 programmer Bettina Hollings suggested the setting of a hospital after reading an article detailing ideal locations of a drama , which included a hospital , a police station and a school . De Nave worked with several storyliners including Jason Daniel and they worked out an outline of the show . De Nave noticed Neighbours and Home and Away had a generally straightforward Australian cast and wished for the cast of her show to be culturally diverse to reflect New Zealand . She also wanted the cast to have strong female characters to attract the necessary female audience . Daniel created the character of Kirsty while De Nave created Meredith and Ken Catran created Hone . The character of Stuart was originally planned to be gay but the plans made TVNZ nervous and were scrapped . De Nave also wished to counter-stereotype races and made Polynesian Sam Aleni a paramedic as there was only one paramedic of Polynesian descent throughout New Zealand . De Nave decided to make the setting that of a private hospital as it reflected New Zealand medicine at the time . The longest running characters Chris and Rachel as they were in 1993 and 16 years later in 2009 The working title was The Shortland Street Project after its planned filming location in a TVNZ - owned studio at 74 Shortland Street in Auckland Central . However , the studio was found to be too small for the required sets , and the production studio was moved to a warehouse in Browns Bay . After running through many name options , the original working - title was chosen and subsequently truncated to simply Shortland Street . The name subsequently is a homage to the Shortland Street studios , which were home to New Zealand 's first regular television broadcast in 1960 , and were home to TVNZ and its predecessors ' Auckland operations until TVNZ moved to its new purpose - built television centre on Victoria Street West in 1990 . Shortland Street 's first episode aired on 25 May 1992 to mixed reviews . Ratings were originally high after a successful marketing campaign but fell steadily throughout the year until 1993 when they rose dramatically . The show would have been cancelled in the first year if it was not for the fact TVNZ ordered a year 's worth of episodes . With high public interest in the show and a viewing figure of a constant 600,000 , Shortland Street received more sets and the nursing uniform which was considered outdated was redone . In 2000 an Australian consultant drastically changed the show so that it would suit the 21st century tone of New Zealand . This included transitioning the hospital to a public hospital , bringing in low income families and writing off 14 characters . Michael Galvin and Angela Bloomfield were brought back as their characters Chris Warner and Rachel McKenna and the show received a new producer . The show reached huge ratings in 2007 when a serial killer storyline was introduced , with five characters meeting their demise . Episode 4000 saw the return of series original Dr. Hone Ropata for a six - week stint in 2008 . Shortland Street aired its first ever 90 minute episode on 2 August 2010 . The episode featured Chris discovering he had a son with series original Alison Raynor in 1996 , and the conclusion to the three - year Kieran Mitchell storyline which saw the shows second highest ever ratings . Shortland Street has since made the 90 - minute episode an annual feature . On 18 April 2011 , Shortland Street screened its first episode in high definition . In July 2011 , Shortland Street achieved a New Zealand first when it made its 2011 feature - length episode available to purchase via Facebook , becoming the second ever TV show in the world to use this technology . In August 2011 All Blacks Keven Mealamu , Anthony Boric and Jerome Kaino filmed a scene that aired on the opening night of the 2011 Rugby World Cup on 9 September . The show added short transition scenes in which two characters in the hospital elevator discussed the wins or losses ( the latter never actually happening ) the All Blacks endured during the tournament . On the 15th December 2016 , Shortland Street released a charity single featuring Lionel Wellington and J.J. Fong to raise money for Starship Children 's Health hospital . On 25 May 2017 , Shortland Street celebrated 25 years on New Zealand television . Characters ( edit ) See also : Current Shortland Street Characters , List of Shortland Street characters , and List of original Shortland Street characters Shortland Street stars an ensemble cast . Most of the characters either work at Shortland Street Hospital , or are relations to employees of the hospital . Since 1992 many notable faces have appeared on the soap . Only one character remains from the original cast : Chris Warner Though taking a 4 - year break , Chris has featured in the show the longest of the current cast , outstaying all of his family , who either died or left . Rachel McKenna , another long - standing character as of 2014 , first appeared in the soap in 1993 and has made regular appearances since . Nick Harrison , another long - running character , disappeared from the show in 2005 . Characters on the show attribute and portray several different demographics found in New Zealand . These range from the rich and well - off ( such as Chris Warner ) to the struggling and poor ( Wendy Cooper ) . Other areas covered include different ethnicities , with Asian , Polynesian , Romanian people and even Zimbabwean characters appearing on the show . In the first year of the show , it was decided that CEO Michael McKenna 's personal assistant , Jenny , should be a solo mother to help draw in that demographic , who statistically would be watching TV at 7 pm . The show has also had a long string of families , such as the Warners , McKennas , Harrisons , Crombies , Hudsons , Jeffries , Valentines , McKays , Coopers , Avia - Levis , and Hannahs , and various teenagers , helping young audiences and families relate to the show . Notable alumni ( edit ) Several past cast - members have made a name for themselves on the international scene : Temuera Morrison ( who portrayed Dr. Hone Ropata from 1992 to 1995 and who made a guest appearance in 2008 ) appeared in several Hollywood films and played Jango Fett in Star Wars as well as Jake Heke in Once Were Warriors . Martin Henderson , who portrayed Stuart Neilson from 1992 to 1995 , went on to star in The Ring and starred alongside James Franco in Flyboys and alongside Cate Blanchett in Little Fish . He returned in 2017 for the 25 year anniversary episode . Robyn Malcolm , who portrayed Nurse Ellen Crozier from 1994 to 1999 who went on to star in many Australian television productions such as Upper Middle Bogan and The Code and has also appeared on American and British television with the programme Top of the Lake . Although she is probably best known to this day for her role as Cheryl West on the widely popular New Zealand programme Outrageous Fortune . Karl Urban , who portrayed the recurring role of gay paramedic Jamie Forrest , went on to play Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy in the 2009 Star Trek remake , the TV programme Xena : Warrior Princess and Hercules : The Legendary Journeys , Éomer in The Lord of the Rings trilogy , Vaako in the Riddick film series , and played the title role of Judge Dredd in the movie Dredd . Marton Csokas , who played Leonard Rossi - Dodds from 1993 to 1994 and then again from late 1994 to 1995 , went on to star in films such as The Bourne Supremacy ( alongside the previously mentioned Karl Urban ) and Alice in Wonderland Kieren Hutchison , who played the recurring role of Jonathon McKenna from 1993 to 1996 and again in 2011 , went on to star as Andy Hargrove on One Tree Hill , as Kerry Connelly on Wildfire and as Jake Preston on Monarch Cove ( 2006 ) Kimberley Crossman , who played Sophie McKay from 2006 to 2011 , has also become famous both nationally in New Zealand and internationally with her work in America as a journalist , interviewing stars such as Selena Gomez , and featuring as Lauren Shiba / Red Samurai Ranger in Power Rangers Samurai ( 2012 ) Danielle Cormack , who played Alison Raynor from 1992 -- 1993 , played the leading role of Bea Smith in the critically acclaimed and internationally successful Australian TV programme Wentworth . Sally Martin , who plays HOD of Nursing Nicole Kruse - Miller , played the role of Tori Hanson / Blue Wind Ninja Storm Ranger on Power Rangers Ninja Storm . K.J. Apa ( who portrayed Kane Jenkins from 2013 to 2015 ) , has now found fame as the series lead of the popular American television programme Riverdale . Craig Parker who played Guy Warner from 1992 , 1993 - 1996 , and 2007 - 2008 gained international fame for being in The Lord of the Rings films in the role of Haldir . As well as the television programmes Legend of the Seeker , Reign , and Spartacus . Manu Bennett portrayed the recurring character Jack Hewitt from 2001 to 2002 found fame internationally for the American television programmes Spartacus , Arrow and The Shannara Chronicles . Although he is especially known for The Hobbit films . Anna Hutchison who portrayed Delphi Greenlaw from 2002 to 2004 has became famous internationally for the television programmes Power Rangers Jungle Fury , Underbelly : A Tale of Two Cities , Spartacus : War of the Damned , Anger Management and the film The Cabin in the Woods . Robbie Magasiva who played the character Dr. Maxwell Avia from 2009 to 2012 and 2015 , is now a regular on the popular Australian TV programme Wentworth . Pua Magasiva who portrays Vinnie Kruse played the lead role of Shane Clarke / Red Wind Ninja Storm Ranger on Power Rangers Ninja Storm . Rose McIver who portrayed Holly from 1992 to 1993 has gone on to find success with the film The Lovely Bones and roles on the TV programmes Power Rangers RPM , Masters of Sex , Once Upon a Time and as the lead in iZombie . Dean O'Gorman who played Nurse Harry Martin in 1996 is known for the role of Fíli in the Hobbit trilogy and his roles in The Almighty Johnsons and McLeod 's Daughters . Antony Starr who portrayed Stratford Wilson from 2000 to 2002 , He was the leading actor of the American TV programme Banshee . Production ( edit ) Shortland Street is produced by South Pacific Pictures , with assistance from FremantleMedia and Television New Zealand . In the first few years , the production was also assisted by New Zealand On Air . Today , most of the filming for Shortland Street occurs at South Pacific Pictures Waitakere City studios , with Ferndale High School scenes being filmed at the nearby Waitakere College . The exterior shots of the Hospital are filmed on location at the Waitakere Studios at an existing section of a building dressed up to appear as the facade of a hospital entrance . Location scenes are filmed in Auckland , but other locations , including Fiji , Mt Ruapehu , Rotorua and Rarotonga have been used . Originally , Shortland Street was filmed in North Shore City at South Pacific Pictures Browns Bay studios until their relocation to purpose built studios in Waitakere City in 2000 . The original Ferndale High School was played by a North Shore college until the studio relocated . When cast members are hired their contracts are either 4 days , 1 week , 2 weeks , 6 weeks , 6 months or a year . High definition production of Shortland Street started in early 2011 , with the first HD episode broadcast on 18 April 2011 on the Freeview HD and Sky platforms . Controversy ( edit ) The show has had a reputation for being raunchy and controversial with the very first episode of the show featuring a sex scene between resident `` Dr. Love '' Chris Warner and his aerobics instructor . Another early controversy was that of a lesbian kiss between Meredith Fleming and Annie Flynn with several complaints made to the Broadcasting Standards Authority ( BSA ) but it went no further . It was not until 2008 that the show received its first ever BSA warning , when it featured an oral sex scene in mid-2008 between sexually confused Gerald and a fellow man . A few months later , the show received a second warning for an episode in August 2008 depicting the brutal murder of Craig Valentine , who was beaten unconscious , then set alight in his car . Again , a few months later , the show received yet another warning about a scene in January 2009 where Tania Jeffries hit a gang leader in the head with a hammer . Scenes aired in April 2010 sparked criticism when Leanne Miller and her daughter Nicole stated that the city of Tauranga was not `` gay friendly '' . The show caused controversy in August 2010 when the character of Sophie McKay was shown to be being stalked by her university lecturer who she had been dating . This upset the family of murdered girl Sophie Elliott who was killed by her university tutor , Clayton Weatherston , who she had been dating . The similarities upset the families with producer Steven Zanoski saying : `` the storyline was a classic and not inspired by real events . '' The show 's production department received several complaints following the lesbian love storyline involving Maia Jeffries and Jennifer Mason . A storyline aired in April 2011 which featured the Cooper Family try to go to the beach , but they get confronted by a group of Maori who demand money . This sparked criticism with some saying it was discrimination against Maori people . Maori adviser Ngamaru Raerino stated that viewers should n't have jumped to conclusions and should have let the storyline completely unfold which reveals the group of Maori are protesting against a corrupt camp owner who had been polluting the beach . In September 2011 , Shortland Street was identified as one of the main influences to people who self - harm , airing two storylines involving suicide attempts . International ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , it airs on Foxtel 's Arena channel weekdays at 11.30 am . Episodes are six weeks behind New Zealand . Free - to - air digital channel 7TWO was airing episodes about three years behind however no longer airs episodes as of August 2015 . Previous Australian broadcasters include : ABC1 2010 -- 2011 , UKTV 1997 -- 2000 , and SBS TV briefly between 1994 -- 1995 . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , it airs on RTÉ One weekdays at around noon and 03 : 00 am . Episodes are four years behind current New Zealand episodes . RTÉ has broadcast Shortland Street since 1996 . Pacific ( edit ) In Fiji , the show has been on air since 1994 screening weekdays on Fiji One usually around 8 : 30 pm weekdays . It is one of the most popular shows in Fiji. The show is screened on Cook Island Television at 8.00 pm weekdays . It is one of the most popular shows in the Cook Islands . Uk ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the series was originally screened on various regions of the ITV network from 1993 to 2003 . From 29 March 1993 , Central Television were the first ITV region to screen the soap , beginning in an afternoon timeslot , 1520 -- 1550 . From April 1994 to 2000 , it was shown in an early evening timeslot , at either 1710 -- 1740 and , later at 1730 -- 1800 . Eventually the serial was moved to a lunchtime slot , 1300 -- 1330 from 12 June 2000 and it remained here for over two years . Meridian become the second region to start the series in mid 1993 around early afternoons until late 2002 . Anglia start in April 1994 and followed central pattern , of the 17.10 slot , dropped the series around 2000 . From May 1994 , Border , Granada started showing the series as a replacement for A Country Practice , broadcast in the afternoons , at the own piece , although did use the early - evening example . In January 1995 , Tyne tees and Yorkshire started the series as a replacement for The Young Doctors . By 1999 , Granada , Yorkshire Television and Tyne tees dropped the series entirely , opting for local programming instead , while Border switched the series to 17.10 slot by 2001 it was back in the afternoon slot until it dropped in the summer of 2003 . Grampian Television also started the series in 1994 but it was dropped in late 1998 . Scottish Television have never shown Shortland Street . HTV started the series in August 1994 , showing the series in the afternoons , at the own piece , including early - evening example for a short time . The series was dropped in early 2000 but reappeared in by May 2000 . From January 2003 , the Carlton - owned ITV regions including Central Television , Westcountry , HTV and Carlton - London networked Shortland Street in an afternoon slot , 1430 -- 1500 , Monday to Wednesday , with a Thursday episode added a few months later . A special programme was aired ( presented by Michael Galvin and Angela Bloomfield ) introducing new viewers from Westcountry and Carlton - London to the show . However , Shortland Street failed to attract a significant audience in its new afternoon slot and it was axed completely by ITV and was last shown on 28 August 2003 , finishing at episode 2367 . Central had shown the serial consecutively for over 10 years . Shortland Street returned to British screens on 23 August 2010 , when Living began airing two episodes a day from the 2007 season with episodes 3736 / 3737 which originally aired in New Zealand on 21 / 22 May 2007 beginning on 23 August 2010 at 15.00 -- 16.00 ( and repeated at 10.00 the following morning ) . However four weeks into its run , the morning repeats were dropped by Living , and as of Monday 20 September moving from 15.00 -- 16.00 and 12.00 -- 13.00 . As from Monday 27 September 2010 , it was shown on Living Loves from 18.00 -- 19.00 Monday to Friday with five repeat episodes shown on Saturday and Sunday mornings . After just over two months on - air , it was cancelled by Sky with the final episode shown on 29 October 2010 . South africa ( edit ) In previous years South Pacific Pictures publicity has claimed the show was sold to the South African black homeland of Bophuthatswana , which journalists have used to demonstrate Shortland Street 's interracial appeal . Ukraine ( edit ) A licensed version of the show started production in Ukraine in 2016 called `` Central Hospital '' ( ЦЕНТРАЛЬНА ЛІКАРНЯ ) with an initial run of 60 episodes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street '' . TVNZ Ondemand . Jump up ^ Promotion of Maori Language Week Jump up ^ TAGATA PASIFIKA - Shortland Street 25 year Anniversary Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street producer Maxine Fleming '' . 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And they said it would n't last -- Shortland Street -- tvnz.co.nz '' . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Horrocks , Roger & Nick Perry ( 2004 ) . Television in New Zealand : Programming the Nation p23 Auckland , N.Z. : Oxford University Press ^ Jump up to : Barbara Cairns & Helen Martin ( 1996 ) . Shortland Street -- Production , Text and Audience ( First ed . ) . Auckland : Macmillan Publishers New Zealand . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hay , Natasha ( 27 October 2012 ) . `` Dean Parker 's The Tigers of Wrath '' . NZ Listener . APN Holdings NZ Ltd . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Cath ( 23 May 2010 ) . `` Shorty road to success '' . stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street 's secrets '' . The New Zealand Herald . 17 January 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` And they said it would n't last -- Shortland Street '' . Television New Zealand . May 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cleave , Louisa ( 5 April 2001 ) . `` Shortland Street gets real '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN News & Media . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We 're rating through the roof ! '' SHORTLAND STREET FEATURES `` tvnz.co.nz '' . Retrieved 25 February 2008 . Jump up ^ TVNZ . `` Shortland Street goes viral Shortland Street '' . Throng . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Players get in on the action with Shortland Street '' . The New Zealand Herald . August 2011 . Retrieved August 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` All Blacks film Shortland Street cameo '' . Throng . August 2011 . Retrieved August 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street to acknowledge RWC results as they happen '' . Throng . August 2011 . Retrieved August 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` All Blacks to star in Shortland Street '' . TVNZ . August 2011 . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Dann , Jennifer ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Twelve Questions with JJ Fong : Shortland Street 's newest nurse is here to cause some drama '' . New Zealand Herald . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street stars who made it big '' . Stuff ( Fairfax Media ) . 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben . `` Dredd sequel : he ought to be sent back where he came from '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street Gay Scene Breaches BSA Scoop News '' . Scoop.co.nz. 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ regan . `` BSA deals Shortland Street its second ruling Shortland Street '' . Throng . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street in trouble with BSA again '' . Throng forum . Jump up ^ `` Shortland St gay remarks outrage Tauranga locals '' . 3 News . 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Grunwell , Rachel ( 1 August 2010 ) . `` Shortland Street stalker storyline shocks fans , family '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Brad Kreft . `` Shortland Street storyline upsets Sophie Elliott 's family Shortland Street '' . Throng . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Increased Mother figures '' . Throng . January 2011 . Retrieved September 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tahana , Yvonne ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Shortland St defends Maori beach levy plot '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Brad Kreft ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Shortland Street defends Maori beach storyline Shortland Street '' . Throng . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV soap linked to suicide bids '' . The New Zealand Herald . September 2011 . Retrieved September 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street '' . arenatv.com.au . Jump up ^ The SBS Story : The Challenge of Diversity , Ien Ang , Gay Hawkins , Lamia Dabboussy , UNSW Press , 2008 , page 154 Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street News '' . blueyonder.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` ATV Network Today '' . Atvnewsnetwork.co.uk . Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Grant , Frances `` Now We Are '' The New Zealand Herald 16 May 1998 p . D2 Jump up ^ Wilson , Tim `` Street Cred '' Metro May 1999 pp. 71 -- 77 Jump up ^ McKee , Hannah ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Ukraine 's own Shortland Street proves a hit '' . Stuff.co.nz . New Zealand : Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 ... and now it 's got the first international version of our most loved soap opera . External links ( edit ) Official Website ( TVNZ ) Official Facebook Official Twitter ( 1 ) Shortland Street -- at the RetroJunk Shortland Street -- TVNZ ondemand ( only available to New Zealand due to copyright reasons ) Shortland Street on IMDb Shortland Street at TV.com Ferndale Talk ( hide ) Shortland Street Present and future characters Alison Raynor Chris Warner Frank Connelly Finn Connelly Sass Connelly Harry Warner Vinnie Kruse - Miller TK Samuels Nicole Kruse - Miller Leanne Black Tillie Potts Boyd Rolleston Kylie Brown Harper Whitley Jack Hannah Michael Hampton - Rees Lucy Rickman Mo Hannah Damo Johnson Drew McCaskill Ali Karim Esther Samuels Blue Nathan Kate Nathan Leroy Raumati Past characters Sam Aleni Marj Brasch Judy Brownlee Caroline Buxton Moira Crombie Jay Copeland Carla Crozier Ellen Crozier Minnie Crozier Murray Cooper Wendy Cooper Bella Durville Luke Durville Greg Feeney Jamie Forrest Josh Gallagher Delphi Greenlaw Bree Hamilton Jenny Harrison Nick Harrison Waverley Harrison Donna Heka Joey Henderson Oscar Henry Rangi Heremaia Adam Heywood Joe Hudson Tama Hudson Te Hana Hudson Gabrielle Jacobs Libby Jeffries Maia Jeffries Yvonne Jeffries Kane Jenkins Justine Jones Anne Kahu Victor Kahu David Kearney Fergus Kearney Kirsty Knight Grace Kwan Ula Levi Sophie McKay Hunter McKay Jonathon McKenna Michael McKenna Rachel McKenna Steve Mills Kieran Mitchell Darryl Neilson Stuart Neilson Tom Neilson Roimata Ngatai Daniel Potts Sarah Potts Tiffany Pratt Phoenix Raynor Brooke Rolleston Hone Ropata Huia Samuels Lionel Skeggins Zac Smith Dominic Thompson Craig Valentine Bruce Warner Guy Warner Toni Warner Lists of characters 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Original characters Storylines and related topics 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2016 Births Deaths Marriages Cliffhangers First episode 20th anniversary Warner Family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shortland_Street&oldid=802147659 '' Categories : Shortland Street New Zealand television soap operas 1992 New Zealand television series debuts 1990s New Zealand television series 2000s New Zealand television series 2010s New Zealand television series Medical television series Television programmes funded by NZ on Air Television series by FremantleMedia Fictional streets and roads TVNZ 2 programmes Television shows set in Auckland Television shows set in New Zealand Television series by All3Media Television series by South Pacific Pictures English - language television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 日本 語 Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 08 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortland%20Street
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who has been around longer coke or pepsi
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Coca - Cola
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coca - cola
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Coca - Cola , or Coke , is a carbonated soft drink produced by The Coca - Cola Company . Originally intended as a patent medicine , it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton and was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler , whose marketing tactics led Coca - Cola to its dominance of the world soft - drink market throughout the 20th century . The drink 's name refers to two of its original ingredients , which were kola nuts ( a source of caffeine ) and coca leaves . The current formula of Coca - Cola remains a trade secret , although a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published .
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The Coca - Cola Company produces concentrate , which is then sold to licensed Coca - Cola bottlers throughout the world . The bottlers , who hold exclusive territory contracts with the company , produce the finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate , in combination with filtered water and sweeteners . A typical 12 - US - fluid - ounce ( 350 ml ) can contains 38 grams ( 1.3 oz ) of sugar ( usually in the form of high fructose corn syrup ) . The bottlers then sell , distribute , and merchandise Coca - Cola to retail stores , restaurants , and vending machines throughout the world . The Coca - Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains of major restaurants and foodservice distributors . The Coca - Cola Company has on occasion introduced other cola drinks under the Coke name . The most common of these is Diet Coke , along with others including Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola , Diet Coke Caffeine - Free , Coca - Cola Cherry , Coca - Cola Zero , Coca - Cola Vanilla , and special versions with lemon , lime , and coffee . Based on Interbrand 's `` best global brand '' study of 2015 , Coca - Cola was the world 's third most valuable brand , after Apple and Google . In 2013 , Coke products were sold in over 200 countries worldwide , with consumers downing more than 1.8 billion company beverage servings each day . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 19th - century historical origins 1.2 The Coca - Cola Company 1.3 Origins of bottling 1.4 20th century 1.5 New Coke 1.6 21st century 2 Production 2.1 Ingredients 2.2 Formula of natural flavorings 2.3 Use of stimulants in formula 2.3. 1 Coca -- cocaine 2.3. 2 Kola nuts -- caffeine 2.4 Franchised production model 3 Geographic spread 4 Brand portfolio 4.1 Logo design 4.2 Contour bottle design 4.3 Types 4.4 Designer bottles 5 Competitors 6 Advertising 6.1 5 cents 6.2 Holiday campaigns 6.3 Sports sponsorship 6.4 In mass media 7 Medicinal application 8 Criticism 9 Colombian death - squad allegations 10 Use as political and corporate symbol 11 Social causes 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Primary sources 15 External links History 19th - century Historical origins Eagle Drug and Chemical House in Columbus , Georgia John Pemberton , the original inventor of Coca - Cola Believed to be the first coupon ever , this ticket for a free glass of Coca - Cola was first distributed in 1888 to help promote the drink . By 1913 , the company had redeemed 8.5 million tickets . This Coca - Cola advertisement from 1943 is still displayed in Minden , Louisiana . Early Coca - Cola bottling machine at Biedenharn Museum and Gardens in Monroe , Louisiana Confederate Colonel John Pemberton , who was wounded in the American Civil War and became addicted to morphine , began a quest to find a substitute for the problematic drug . The prototype Coca - Cola recipe was formulated at Pemberton 's Eagle Drug and Chemical House , a drugstore in Columbus , Georgia , originally as a coca wine . He may have been inspired by the formidable success of Vin Mariani , a French coca wine . It is also worth noting that a Spanish drink called `` Kola Coca '' was presented at a contest in Philadelphia in 1885 , a year before the official birth of Coca - cola . The patent for this Spanish drink was bought by Coca - Cola in 1953 . In 1885 , Pemberton registered his French Wine Coca nerve tonic . In 1886 , when Atlanta and Fulton County passed prohibition legislation , Pemberton responded by developing Coca - Cola , a nonalcoholic version of French Wine Coca . The first sales were at Jacob 's Pharmacy in Atlanta , Georgia , on May 8 , 1886 . It was initially sold as a patent medicine for five cents a glass at soda fountains , which were popular in the United States at the time due to the belief that carbonated water was good for the health . Pemberton claimed Coca - Cola cured many diseases , including morphine addiction , indigestion , nerve disorders , headaches , and impotence . Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the same year in the Atlanta Journal . By 1888 , three versions of Coca - Cola -- sold by three separate businesses -- were on the market . A co-partnership had been formed on January 14 , 1888 between Pemberton and four Atlanta businessmen : J.C. Mayfield , A.O. Murphey , C.O. Mullahy , and E.H. Bloodworth . Not codified by any signed document , a verbal statement given by Asa Candler years later asserted under testimony that he had acquired a stake in Pemberton 's company as early as 1887 . John Pemberton declared that the name `` Coca - Cola '' belonged to his son , Charley , but the other two manufacturers could continue to use the formula . Charley Pemberton 's record of control over the `` Coca - Cola '' name was the underlying factor that allowed for him to participate as a major shareholder in the March 1888 Coca - Cola Company incorporation filing made in his father 's place . Charley 's exclusive control over the `` Coca - Cola '' name became a continual thorn in Asa Candler 's side . Candler 's oldest son , Charles Howard Candler , authored a book in 1950 published by Emory University . In this definitive biography about his father , Candler specifically states : `` ... , on April 14 , 1888 , the young druggist ( Asa Griggs Candler ) purchased a one - third interest in the formula of an almost completely unknown proprietary elixir known as Coca - Cola . '' Old German Coca - Cola bottle opener . The deal was actually between John Pemberton 's son Charley and Walker , Candler & Co. -- with John Pemberton acting as cosigner for his son . For $50 down and $500 in 30 days , Walker , Candler & Co. obtained all of the one - third interest in the Coca - Cola Company that Charley held , all while Charley still held on to the name . After the April 14 deal , on April 17 , 1888 , one - half of the Walker / Dozier interest shares were acquired by Candler for an additional $750 . The Coca - Cola Company In 1892 , Candler set out to incorporate a second company ; `` The Coca - Cola Company '' ( the current corporation ) . When Candler had the earliest records of the `` Coca - Cola Company '' burned in 1910 , the action was claimed to have been made during a move to new corporation offices around this time . After Candler had gained a better foothold on Coca - Cola in April 1888 , he nevertheless was forced to sell the beverage he produced with the recipe he had under the names `` Yum Yum '' and `` Koke '' . This was while Charley Pemberton was selling the elixir , although a cruder mixture , under the name `` Coca - Cola '' , all with his father 's blessing . After both names failed to catch on for Candler , by the middle of 1888 , the Atlanta pharmacist was quite anxious to establish a firmer legal claim to Coca - Cola , and hoped he could force his two competitors , Walker and Dozier , completely out of the business , as well . On August 16 , 1888 , Dr. John Stith Pemberton suddenly died ; Asa G. Candler then sought to move swiftly forward to attain his vision of taking full control of the whole Coca - Cola operation . Charley Pemberton , an alcoholic , was the one obstacle who unnerved Asa Candler more than anyone else . Candler is said to have quickly maneuvered to purchase the exclusive rights to the name `` Coca - Cola '' from Pemberton 's son Charley right after Dr. Pemberton 's death . One of several stories was that Candler bought the title to the name from Charley 's mother for $300 ; approaching her at Dr. Pemberton 's funeral . Eventually , Charley Pemberton was found on June 23 , 1894 , unconscious , with a stick of opium by his side . Ten days later , Charley died at Atlanta 's Grady Hospital at the age of 40 . In Charles Howard Candler 's 1950 book about his father , he stated : `` On August 30th ( 1888 ) , he ( Asa Candler ) became sole proprietor of Coca - Cola , a fact which was stated on letterheads , invoice blanks and advertising copy . '' With this action on August 30 , 1888 , Candler 's sole control became technically all true . Candler had negotiated with Margaret Dozier and her brother Woolfolk Walker a full payment amounting to $1,000 , which all agreed Candler could pay off with a series of notes over a specified time span . By May 1 , 1889 , Candler was now claiming full ownership of the Coca - Cola beverage , with a total investment outlay by Candler for the drink enterprise over the years amounting to $2,300 . In 1914 , Margaret Dozier , as co-owner of the original Coca - Cola Company in 1888 , came forward to claim that her signature on the 1888 Coca - Cola Company bill of sale had been forged . Subsequent analysis of certain similar transfer documents had also indicated John Pemberton 's signature was most likely a forgery , as well , which some accounts claim was precipitated by his son Charley . On September 12 , 1919 , Coca - Cola Co. was purchased by a group of investors for $25 million and reincorporated . The company publicly offered 500,000 shares of the company for $40 a share . In 1986 , The Coca - Cola Company merged with two of their bottling operators ( owned by JTL Corporation and BCI Holding Corporation ) to form Coca - Cola Enterprises Inc . ( CCE ) . In December 1991 , Coca - Cola Enterprises merged with the Johnston Coca - Cola Bottling Group , Inc . Origins of bottling Bottling plant of Coca - Cola Canada Ltd . January 8 , 1941 . Montreal , Canada . The first bottling of Coca - Cola occurred in Vicksburg , Mississippi , at the Biedenharn Candy Company in 1891 . The proprietor of the bottling works was Joseph A. Biedenharn . The original bottles were Biedenharn bottles , very different from the much later hobble - skirt design of 1915 now so familiar . It was then a few years later that two entrepreneurs from Chattanooga , Tennessee , namely Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead , proposed the idea of bottling and were so persuasive that Candler signed a contract giving them control of the procedure for only one dollar . Candler never collected his dollar , but in 1899 , Chattanooga became the site of the first Coca - Cola bottling company . Candler remained very content just selling his company 's syrup . The loosely termed contract proved to be problematic for The Coca - Cola Company for decades to come . Legal matters were not helped by the decision of the bottlers to subcontract to other companies , effectively becoming parent bottlers . This contract specified that bottles would be sold at 5 ¢ each and had no fixed duration , leading to the fixed price of Coca - Cola from 1886 to 1959 . 20th century The first outdoor wall advertisement that promoted the Coca - Cola drink was painted in 1894 in Cartersville , Georgia . Cola syrup was sold as an over-the - counter dietary supplement for upset stomach . By the time of its 50th anniversary , the soft drink had reached the status of a national icon in the USA . In 1935 , it was certified kosher by Atlanta Rabbi Tobias Geffen , after the company made minor changes in the sourcing of some ingredients . Original framed Coca - Cola artist 's drawn graphic presented by The Coca - Cola Company on July 12 , 1944 to Charles Howard Candler on the occasion of Coca - Cola 's `` 1 Billionth Gallon of Coca - Cola Syrup . '' Claimed to be the first installation anywhere of the 1948 model `` Boat Motor '' styled Coca - Cola soda dispenser , Fleeman 's Pharmacy , Atlanta , Georgia . The `` Boat Motor '' soda dispenser was introduced in the late 1930s and manufactured till the late 1950s . Photograph circa 1948 . The longest running commercial Coca - Cola soda fountain anywhere was Atlanta 's Fleeman 's Pharmacy , which first opened its doors in 1914 . Jack Fleeman took over the pharmacy from his father and ran it until 1995 ; closing it after 81 years . On July 12 , 1944 , the one - billionth gallon of Coca - Cola syrup was manufactured by The Coca - Cola Company . Cans of Coke first appeared in 1955 . New Coke Main article : New Coke The Las Vegas Strip World of Coca - Cola museum in 2003 On April 23 , 1985 , Coca - Cola , amid much publicity , attempted to change the formula of the drink with `` New Coke '' . Follow - up taste tests revealed most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and Pepsi but Coca - Cola management was unprepared for the public 's nostalgia for the old drink , leading to a backlash . The company gave in to protests and returned to a variation of the old formula using high fructose corn syrup instead of cane sugar as the main sweetener , under the name Coca - Cola Classic , on July 10 , 1985 . 21st century On July 5 , 2005 , it was revealed that Coca - Cola would resume operations in Iraq for the first time since the Arab League boycotted the company in 1968 . In April 2007 , in Canada , the name `` Coca - Cola Classic '' was changed back to `` Coca - Cola '' . The word `` Classic '' was removed because `` New Coke '' was no longer in production , eliminating the need to differentiate between the two . The formula remained unchanged . In January 2009 , Coca - Cola stopped printing the word `` Classic '' on the labels of 16 - US - fluid - ounce ( 470 ml ) bottles sold in parts of the southeastern United States . The change is part of a larger strategy to rejuvenate the product 's image . The word `` Classic '' was removed from all Coca - Cola products by 2011 . In November 2009 , due to a dispute over wholesale prices of Coca - Cola products , Costco stopped restocking its shelves with Coke and Diet Coke for two months ; a separate pouring rights deal in 2013 saw Coke products removed from Costco food courts in favor of Pepsi . Some Costco locations ( such as the ones in Tucson , Arizona ) additionally sell imported Coca - Cola from Mexico with cane sugar instead of corn syrup from separate distributors . Coca - Cola introduced the 7.5 - ounce mini-can in 2009 , and on September 22 , 2011 , the company announced price reductions , asking retailers to sell eight - packs for $2.99 . That same day , Coca - Cola announced the 12.5 - ounce bottle , to sell for 89 cents . A 16 - ounce bottle has sold well at 99 cents since being re-introduced , but the price was going up to $1.19 . In 2012 , Coca - Cola resumed business in Myanmar after 60 years of absence due to U.S. - imposed investment sanctions against the country . Coca - Cola 's bottling plant will be located in Yangon and is part of the company 's five - year plan and $200 million investment in Myanmar . Coca - Cola with its partners is to invest USD 5 billion in its operations in India by 2020 . In 2013 , it was announced that Coca - Cola Life would be introduced in Argentina that would contain stevia and sugar . In August 2014 the company announced it was forming a long - term partnership with Monster Beverage , with the two forging a strategic marketing and distribution alliance , and product line swap . As part of the deal Coca - Cola was to acquire a 16.7 % stake in Monster for $2.15 billion , with an option to increase it to 25 % . In December 2016 , Coca - Cola bought many of the former SABMiller 's Coca - Cola operations . Production Ingredients Carbonated water Sugar ( sucrose or high - fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) depending on country of origin ) Caffeine Phosphoric acid Caramel color ( E150d ) Natural flavorings A typical can of Coca - Cola ( 12 fl ounces / 355 ml ) contains 38 grams of sugar ( usually in the form of HFCS ) , 50 mg of sodium , 0 grams fat , 0 grams potassium , and 140 calories . On May 5 , 2014 , Coca - Cola said it is working to remove a controversial ingredient , brominated vegetable oil , from all of its drinks . Formula of natural flavorings Main article : Coca - Cola formula The exact formula of Coca - Cola 's natural flavorings ( but not its other ingredients , which are listed on the side of the bottle or can ) is a trade secret . The original copy of the formula was held in SunTrust Bank 's main vault in Atlanta for 86 years . Its predecessor , the Trust Company , was the underwriter for the Coca - Cola Company 's initial public offering in 1919 . On December 8 , 2011 , the original secret formula was moved from the vault at SunTrust Banks to a new vault containing the formula which will be on display for visitors to its World of Coca - Cola museum in downtown Atlanta . Coca - Cola Museum in Atlanta , Georgia According to Snopes , a popular myth states that only two executives have access to the formula , with each executive having only half the formula . However , several sources state that while Coca - Cola does have a rule restricting access to only two executives , each knows the entire formula and others , in addition to the prescribed duo , have known the formulation process . On February 11 , 2011 , Ira Glass said on his PRI radio show , This American Life , that TAL staffers had found a recipe in `` Everett Beal 's Recipe Book '' , reproduced in the February 28 , 1979 , issue of The Atlanta Journal - Constitution , that they believed was either Pemberton 's original formula for Coca - Cola , or a version that he made either before or after the product hit the market in 1886 . The formula basically matched the one found in Pemberton 's diary . Coca - Cola archivist Phil Mooney acknowledged that the recipe `` could ... be a precursor '' to the formula used in the original 1886 product , but emphasized that Pemberton 's original formula is not the same as the one used in the current product . Use of stimulants in formula An early Coca - Cola advertisement . When launched , Coca - Cola 's two key ingredients were cocaine and caffeine . The cocaine was derived from the coca leaf and the caffeine from kola nut , leading to the name Coca - Cola ( the `` K '' in Kola was replaced with a `` C '' for marketing purposes ) . Coca -- cocaine Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup , a significant dose ; in 1891 , Candler claimed his formula ( altered extensively from Pemberton 's original ) contained only a tenth of this amount . Coca - Cola once contained an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per glass . ( For comparison , a typical dose or `` line '' of cocaine is 50 -- 75 mg . ) In 1903 , it was removed . After 1904 , instead of using fresh leaves , Coca - Cola started using `` spent '' leaves -- the leftovers of the cocaine - extraction process with trace levels of cocaine . Since then , Coca - Cola uses a cocaine - free coca leaf extract prepared at a Stepan Company plant in Maywood , New Jersey . In the United States , the Stepan Company is the only manufacturing plant authorized by the Federal Government to import and process the coca plant , which it obtains mainly from Peru and , to a lesser extent , Bolivia . Besides producing the coca flavoring agent for Coca - Cola , the Stepan Company extracts cocaine from the coca leaves , which it sells to Mallinckrodt , a St. Louis , Missouri , pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only company in the United States licensed to purify cocaine for medicinal use . Long after the syrup had ceased to contain any significant amount of cocaine , in the southeastern U.S. , `` dope '' remained a common colloquialism for Coca - Cola , and `` dope - wagons '' were trucks that transported it . Kola nuts -- caffeine Kola nuts act as a flavoring and the source of caffeine in Coca - Cola . In Britain , for example , the ingredient label states `` Flavourings ( Including Caffeine ) . '' Kola nuts contain about 2.0 to 3.5 % caffeine , are of bitter flavor , and are commonly used in cola soft drinks . In 1911 , the U.S. government initiated United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca - Cola , hoping to force Coca - Cola to remove caffeine from its formula . The case was decided in favor of Coca - Cola . Subsequently , in 1912 , the U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act was amended , adding caffeine to the list of `` habit - forming '' and `` deleterious '' substances which must be listed on a product 's label . Coca - Cola contains 34 mg of caffeine per 12 fluid ounces ( 9.8 mg per 100 ml ) . Franchised production model The actual production and distribution of Coca - Cola follows a franchising model . The Coca - Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate , which it sells to bottlers throughout the world , who hold Coca - Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas . The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and sweeteners , and then carbonate it before putting it in cans and bottles , which the bottlers then sell and distribute to retail stores , vending machines , restaurants , and food service distributors . The Coca - Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchises , such as Coca - Cola Enterprises , Coca - Cola Amatil , Coca - Cola Hellenic Bottling Company , and Coca - Cola FEMSA , but fully independent bottlers produce almost half of the volume sold in the world . Independent bottlers are allowed to sweeten the drink according to local tastes . The bottling plant in Skopje , Macedonia , received the 2009 award for `` Best Bottling Company '' . Geographic spread Since it announced its intention to begin distribution in Burma in June 2012 , Coca - Cola has been officially available in every country in the world except Cuba and North Korea . However , it is reported to be available in both countries as a grey import . Coca - Cola has been a point of legal discussion in the Middle East . In the early 20th century , a fatwa was created in Egypt to discuss the question of `` whether Muslims were permitted to drink Coca - Cola and Pepsi cola . '' The fatwa states : `` According to the Muslim Hanefite , Shafi'ite , etc. , the rule in Islamic law of forbidding or allowing foods and beverages is based on the presumption that such things are permitted unless it can be shown that they are forbidden on the basis of the Qur'an . '' The Muslim jurists stated that , unless the Qu'ran specifically prohibits the consumption of a particular product , it is permissible to consume . Another clause was discussed , whereby the same rules apply if a person is unaware of the condition or ingredients of the item in question . Brand portfolio This is a list of variants of Coca - Cola introduced around the world . In addition to the caffeine - free version of the original , additional fruit flavors have been included over the years . Not included here are versions of Diet Coke and Coca - Cola Zero ; variant versions of those no - calorie colas can be found at their respective articles . Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola ( 1983 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola without the Caffeine . Coca - Cola Cherry ( 1985 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a Cherry Flavor . Was available in Canada starting in 1996 . Called `` Cherry Coca - Cola ( Cherry Coke ) '' in North America until 2006 . New Coke / Coca - Cola II ( 1985 -- 2002 ) - A short - lived formula change , remained after the original formula returned and was later rebranded as Coca - Cola II . Coca - Cola with Lemon ( 2001 -- 05 ) -- Coca - Cola with a Lemon flavor . Available in : Australia , American Samoa , Austria , Belgium , Brazil , China , Denmark , Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Finland , France , Germany , Hong Kong , Iceland , Korea , Luxembourg , Macau , Malaysia , Mongolia , Netherlands , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Réunion , Singapore , Spain , Switzerland , Taiwan , Tunisia , United Kingdom , United States , and West Bank - Gaza Coca - Cola Vanilla ( 2002 -- 05 ; 2007 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a Vanilla flavor . Available in : Austria , Australia , China , Czech Republic , Finland , Germany , Hong Kong , New Zealand , Malaysia , Slovakia , South - Africa , Sweden , Switzerland , United Kingdom , and United States . It was reintroduced in June 2007 by popular demand . Coca - Cola with Lime ( 2005 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a Lime flavor . Available in Belgium , Netherlands , Singapore , Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Coca - Cola Raspberry ( 2005 ) -- Coca - Cola with a Raspberry flavor . Was only available in New Zealand . Currently available in the United States and the United Kingdom in Coca - Cola Freestyle fountain since 2009 . Coca - Cola Black Cherry Vanilla ( 2006 -- 07 ) -- Coca - Cola with a combination of Black Cherry and Vanilla flavor . It replaced and was replaced by Vanilla Coke in June 2007 . Coca - Cola Blāk ( 2006 -- 08 ) -- Coca - Cola with a rich coffee flavor , formula depends on country . Only available in the United States , France , Canada , Czech Republic , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , and Lithuania Coca - Cola Citra ( 2005 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a citrus flavor . Only available in Bosnia and Herzegovina , New Zealand , and Japan . Coca - Cola Orange ( 2007 ) -- Coca - Cola with an orange flavor . Was available in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar for a limited time . In Germany , Austria , and Switzerland it is sold under the label Mezzo Mix . Currently available in Coca - Cola Freestyle fountain outlets in the United States since 2009 and in the United Kingdom since 2014 . Coca - Cola Life ( 2013 -- present ) -- A version of Coca - Cola with stevia and sugar as sweeteners rather than just simply sugar . Coca - Cola Ginger ( 2016 -- present ) -- A version that mixes in the taste of ginger beer . Only available in Australia and New Zealand . Logo design The Coca - Cola logo was created by John Pemberton 's bookkeeper , Frank Mason Robinson , in 1885 . Robinson came up with the name and chose the logo 's distinctive cursive script . The writing style used , known as Spencerian script , was developed in the mid-19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the United States during that period . Robinson also played a significant role in early Coca - Cola advertising . His promotional suggestions to Pemberton included giving away thousands of free drink coupons and plastering the city of Atlanta with publicity banners and streetcar signs . Contour bottle design `` Coke bottle '' redirects here . For the song , see Coke Bottle ( song ) . The Coca - Cola bottle , called the `` contour bottle '' within the company , was created by bottle designer Earl R. Dean . In 1915 , The Coca - Cola Company launched a competition among its bottle suppliers to create a new bottle for their beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles , `` a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark , and so shaped that , even if broken , a person could tell at a glance what it was . '' Chapman J. Root , president of the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute , Indiana , turned the project over to members of his supervisory staff , including company auditor T. Clyde Edwards , plant superintendent Alexander Samuelsson , and Earl R. Dean , bottle designer and supervisor of the bottle molding room . Root and his subordinates decided to base the bottle 's design on one of the soda 's two ingredients , the coca leaf or the kola nut , but were unaware of what either ingredient looked like . Dean and Edwards went to the Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library and were unable to find any information about coca or kola . Instead , Dean was inspired by a picture of the gourd - shaped cocoa pod in the Encyclopædia Britannica . Dean made a rough sketch of the pod and returned to the plant to show Root . He explained to Root how he could transform the shape of the pod into a bottle . Root gave Dean his approval . Faced with the upcoming scheduled maintenance of the mold - making machinery , over the next 24 hours Dean sketched out a concept drawing which was approved by Root the next morning . Dean then proceeded to create a bottle mold and produced a small number of bottles before the glass - molding machinery was turned off . Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a design patent was issued on the bottle in November 1915 . The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base , making it unstable on conveyor belts . Dean resolved this issue by decreasing the bottle 's middle diameter . During the 1916 bottler 's convention , Dean 's contour bottle was chosen over other entries and was on the market the same year . By 1920 , the contour bottle became the standard for The Coca - Cola Company . A revised version was also patented in 1923 . Because the Patent Office releases the Patent Gazette on Tuesday , the bottle was patented on December 25 , 1923 , and was nicknamed the `` Christmas bottle . '' Today , the contour Coca - Cola bottle is one of the most recognized packages on the planet ... `` even in the dark ! '' . As a reward for his efforts , Dean was offered a choice between a $500 bonus or a lifetime job at the Root Glass Company . He chose the lifetime job and kept it until the Owens - Illinois Glass Company bought out the Root Glass Company in the mid-1930s . Dean went on to work in other Midwestern glass factories . One alternative depiction has Raymond Loewy as the inventor of the unique design , but , while Loewy did serve as a designer of Coke cans and bottles in later years , he was in the French Army the year the bottle was invented and did not emigrate to the United States until 1919 . Others have attributed inspiration for the design not to the cocoa pod , but to a Victorian hooped dress . In 1944 , Associate Justice Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California took advantage of a case involving a waitress injured by an exploding Coca - Cola bottle to articulate the doctrine of strict liability for defective products . Traynor 's concurring opinion in Escola v. Coca - Cola Bottling Co. is widely recognized as a landmark case in U.S. law today . Types Earl R. Dean 's original 1915 concept drawing of the contour Coca - Cola bottle The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base , making it unstable on conveyor belts . Final production version with slimmer middle section . Designer bottles Karl Lagerfeld is the latest designer to have created a collection of aluminum bottles for Coca - Cola . Lagerfeld is not the first fashion designer to create a special version of the famous Coca - Cola Contour bottle . A number of other limited edition bottles by fashion designers for Coca - Cola Light soda have been created in the last few years . In 2009 , in Italy , Coca - Cola Light had a Tribute to Fashion to celebrate 100 years of the recognizable contour bottle . Well known Italian designers Alberta Ferretti , Blumarine , Etro , Fendi , Marni , Missoni , Moschino , and Versace each designed limited edition bottles . Competitors Pepsi , the flagship product of PepsiCo , The Coca - Cola Company 's main rival in the soft drink industry , is usually second to Coke in sales , and outsells Coca - Cola in some markets . RC Cola , now owned by the Dr Pepper Snapple Group , the third largest soft drink manufacturer , is also widely available . Around the world , many local brands compete with Coke . In South and Central America Kola Real , known as Big Cola in Mexico , is a growing competitor to Coca - Cola . On the French island of Corsica , Corsica Cola , made by brewers of the local Pietra beer , is a growing competitor to Coca - Cola . In the French region of Brittany , Breizh Cola is available . In Peru , Inca Kola outsells Coca - Cola , which led The Coca - Cola Company to purchase the brand in 1999 . In Sweden , Julmust outsells Coca - Cola during the Christmas season . In Scotland , the locally produced Irn - Bru was more popular than Coca - Cola until 2005 , when Coca - Cola and Diet Coke began to outpace its sales . In the former East Germany , Vita Cola , invented during Communist rule , is gaining popularity . In India , Coca - Cola ranked third behind the leader , Pepsi - Cola , and local drink Thums Up . The Coca - Cola Company purchased Thums Up in 1993 . As of 2004 , Coca - Cola held a 60.9 % market - share in India . Tropicola , a domestic drink , is served in Cuba instead of Coca - Cola , due to a United States embargo . French brand Mecca Cola and British brand Qibla Cola are competitors to Coca - Cola in the Middle East . In Turkey , Cola Turka , in Iran and the Middle East , Zamzam Cola and Parsi Cola , in some parts of China , China Cola , in Slovenia , Cockta , and the inexpensive Mercator Cola , sold only in the country 's biggest supermarket chain , Mercator , are some of the brand 's competitors . Classiko Cola , made by Tiko Group , the largest manufacturing company in Madagascar , is a serious competitor to Coca - Cola in many regions . Laranjada is the top - selling soft drink on Madeira . Advertising This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Coca - Cola slogans An 1890s advertisement showing model Hilda Clark in formal 19th - century attire . The ad is titled Drink Coca - Cola 5 ¢ . ( US ) . Coca - Cola ghost sign in Fort Dodge , Iowa . Older Coca - Cola ghosts behind Borax and telephone ads . April 2008 . Coca - Cola delivery truck of Argentina , with the slogan `` Drink Coca - Cola -- delicious , refreshing '' . Coca - Cola 's advertising has significantly affected American culture , and it is frequently credited with inventing the modern image of Santa Claus as an old man in a red - and - white suit . Although the company did start using the red - and - white Santa image in the 1930s , with its winter advertising campaigns illustrated by Haddon Sundblom , the motif was already common . Coca - Cola was not even the first soft drink company to use the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising : White Rock Beverages used Santa in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923 , after first using him to sell mineral water in 1915 . Before Santa Claus , Coca - Cola relied on images of smartly dressed young women to sell its beverages . Coca - Cola 's first such advertisement appeared in 1895 , featuring the young Bostonian actress Hilda Clark as its spokeswoman . 1941 saw the first use of the nickname `` Coke '' as an official trademark for the product , with a series of advertisements informing consumers that `` Coke means Coca - Cola '' . In 1971 a song from a Coca - Cola commercial called `` I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing '' , produced by Billy Davis , became a hit single . The typeface You 2 that was created for the `` Share a Coke '' campaign Coca - Cola sales booth on the Cape Verde island of Fogo in 2004 . Coke advertisement in Budapest , 2013 . Coke 's advertising is pervasive , as one of Woodruff 's stated goals was to ensure that everyone on Earth drank Coca - Cola as their preferred beverage . This is especially true in southern areas of the United States , such as Atlanta , where Coke was born . Some Coca - Cola television commercials between 1960 through 1986 were written and produced by former Atlanta radio veteran Don Naylor ( WGST 1936 -- 1950 , WAGA 1951 -- 1959 ) during his career as a producer for the McCann Erickson advertising agency . Many of these early television commercials for Coca - Cola featured movie stars , sports heroes , and popular singers . During the 1980s , Pepsi - Cola ran a series of television advertisements showing people participating in taste tests demonstrating that , according to the commercials , `` fifty percent of the participants who said they preferred Coke actually chose the Pepsi . '' Statisticians pointed out the problematic nature of a 50 / 50 result : most likely , the taste tests showed that in blind tests , most people can not tell the difference between Pepsi and Coke . Coca - Cola ran ads to combat Pepsi 's ads in an incident sometimes referred to as the cola wars ; one of Coke 's ads compared the so - called Pepsi challenge to two chimpanzees deciding which tennis ball was furrier . Thereafter , Coca - Cola regained its leadership in the market . Selena was a spokesperson for Coca - Cola from 1989 until the time of her death . She filmed three commercials for the company . During 1994 , to commemorate her five years with the company , Coca - Cola issued special Selena coke bottles . The Coca - Cola Company purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982 , and began inserting Coke - product images into many of its films . After a few early successes during Coca - Cola 's ownership , Columbia began to under - perform , and the studio was sold to Sony in 1989 . Coca - Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history , including `` The pause that refreshes '' , `` I 'd like to buy the world a Coke '' , and `` Coke is it '' . In 2006 , Coca - Cola introduced My Coke Rewards , a customer loyalty campaign where consumers earn points by entering codes from specially marked packages of Coca - Cola products into a website . These points can be redeemed for various prizes or sweepstakes entries . In Australia in 2011 , Coca - Cola began the `` share a Coke '' campaign , where the Coca - Cola logo was replaced on the bottles and replaced with first names . Coca - Cola used the 150 most popular names in Australia to print on the bottles . The campaign was paired with a website page , Facebook page , and an online `` share a virtual Coke '' . The same campaign was introduced to Coca - Cola , Diet Coke & Coke Zero bottles and cans in the UK in 2013 . Coca - Cola has also advertised its product to be consumed as a breakfast beverage , instead of coffee or tea for the morning caffeine . 5 cents Main article : The fixed price of Coca - Cola from 1886 to 1959 From 1886 to 1959 , the price of Coca - Cola was fixed at five cents , in part due to an advertising campaign . Holiday campaigns Throughout the years , Coca - Cola has released limited time collector bottles for Christmas . A Freightliner Coca - Cola Christmas truck in Dresden , Germany , 2004 . The `` Holidays are coming ! '' advertisement features a train of red delivery trucks , emblazoned with the Coca - Cola name and decorated with Christmas lights , driving through a snowy landscape and causing everything that they pass to light up and people to watch as they pass through . The advertisement fell into disuse in 2001 , as the Coca - Cola company restructured its advertising campaigns so that advertising around the world was produced locally in each country , rather than centrally in the company 's headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia . In 2007 , the company brought back the campaign after , according to the company , many consumers telephoned its information center saying that they considered it to mark the beginning of Christmas . The advertisement was created by U.S. advertising agency Doner , and has been part of the company 's global advertising campaign for many years . Keith Law , a producer and writer of commercials for Belfast CityBeat , was not convinced by Coca - Cola 's reintroduction of the advertisement in 2007 , saying that `` I do n't think there 's anything Christmassy about HGVs and the commercial is too generic . '' In 2001 , singer Melanie Thornton recorded the campaign 's advertising jingle as a single , Wonderful Dream ( Holidays are Coming ) , which entered the pop - music charts in Germany at no . 9 . In 2005 , Coca - Cola expanded the advertising campaign to radio , employing several variations of the jingle . In 2011 , Coca - Cola launched a campaign for the Indian holiday Diwali . The campaign included commercials , a song , and an integration with Shah Rukh Khan 's film Ra. One . Sports sponsorship Coca - Cola was the first commercial sponsor of the Olympic games , at the 1928 games in Amsterdam , and has been an Olympics sponsor ever since . This corporate sponsorship included the 1996 Summer Olympics hosted in Atlanta , which allowed Coca - Cola to spotlight its hometown . Most recently , Coca - Cola has released localized commercials for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver ; one Canadian commercial referred to Canada 's hockey heritage and was modified after Canada won the gold medal game on February 28 , 2010 by changing the ending line of the commercial to say `` Now they know whose game they 're playing '' . Since 1978 , Coca - Cola has sponsored the FIFA World Cup , and other competitions organized by FIFA . One FIFA tournament trophy , the FIFA World Youth Championship from Tunisia in 1977 to Malaysia in 1997 , was called `` FIFA -- Coca - Cola Cup '' . In addition , Coca - Cola sponsors the annual Coca - Cola 600 and Coke Zero 400 for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord , North Carolina and Daytona International Speedway in Daytona , Florida . Coca - Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationships , which over the years have included Major League Baseball , the National Football League , the National Basketball Association , and the National Hockey League , as well as with many teams within those leagues . Coca - Cola has had a longtime relationship with the NFL 's Pittsburgh Steelers , due in part to the now - famous 1979 television commercial featuring `` Mean Joe '' Greene , leading to the two opening the Coca - Cola Great Hall at Heinz Field in 2001 and a more recent Coca - Cola Zero commercial featuring Troy Polamalu . Coca - Cola is the official soft drink of many collegiate football teams throughout the nation , partly due to Coca - Cola providing those schools with upgraded athletic facilities in exchange for Coca - Cola 's sponsorship . This is especially prevalent at the high school level , which is more dependent on such contracts due to tighter budgets . Coca - Cola was one of the official sponsors of the 1996 Cricket World Cup held on the Indian subcontinent . Coca - Cola is also one of the associate sponsor of Delhi Daredevils in Indian Premier League . In England , Coca - Cola was the main sponsor of The Football League between 2004 and 2010 , a name given to the three professional divisions below the Premier League in soccer ( football ) . In 2005 , Coca - Cola launched a competition for the 72 clubs of The Football League -- it was called `` Win a Player '' . This allowed fans to place one vote per day for their favorite club , with one entry being chosen at random earning £ 250,000 for the club ; this was repeated in 2006 . The `` Win A Player '' competition was very controversial , as at the end of the 2 competitions , Leeds United A.F.C. had the most votes by more than double , yet they did not win any money to spend on a new player for the club . In 2007 , the competition changed to `` Buy a Player '' . This competition allowed fans to buy a bottle of Coca - Cola or Coca - Cola Zero and submit the code on the wrapper on the Coca - Cola website . This code could then earn anything from 50p to £ 100,000 for a club of their choice . This competition was favored over the old `` Win a Player '' competition , as it allowed all clubs to win some money . Between 1992 and 1998 , Coca - Cola was the title sponsor of the Football League Cup ( Coca - Cola Cup ) , the secondary cup tournament of England . Between 1994 and 1997 , Coca - Cola was also the title sponsor of the Scottish League Cup , renaming it the Coca - Cola Cup like its English counterpart . From 1998 to 2001 , the company were the title sponsor of the Irish League Cup in Northern Ireland , where it was named the Coca - Cola League Cup . Coca - Cola is the presenting sponsor of the Tour Championship , the final event of the PGA Tour held each year at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta , GA . Introduced March 1 , 2010 , in Canada , to celebrate the 2010 Winter Olympics , Coca - Cola sold gold colored cans in packs of 12 355 mL ( 12 imp fl oz ; 12 US fl oz ) each , in select stores . In 2012 , Coca - Cola ( Philippines ) hosted / sponsored the Coca - Cola PBA Youngstars in the Philippines . In mass Media Coca - Cola advertised on a Volkswagen T2 in Maringá , Paraná , Brazil , 2012 . Coca - Cola has been prominently featured in countless films and television programs . Since its creation , it remains as one of the most prominent elements of the popular culture . It was a major plot element in films such as One , Two , Three , The Coca - Cola Kid , and The Gods Must Be Crazy , among many others . It provides a setting for comical corporate shenanigans in the novel Syrup by Maxx Barry . In music , in the Beatles ' song , `` Come Together '' , the lyrics say , `` He shoot Coca - Cola , he say ... '' . The Beach Boys also referenced Coca - Cola in their 1964 song `` All Summer Long '' ( i.e. `` ' Member when you spilled Coke all over your blouse ? '' ) The best selling artist of all time and worldwide cultural icon , Elvis Presley , promoted Coca - Cola during his last tour of 1977 . The Coca - Cola Company used Elvis ' image to promote the product . For example , the company used a song performed by Presley , A Little Less Conversation , in a Japanese Coca - Cola commercial . Other artists that promoted Coca - Cola include the Beatles , David Bowie , George Michael , Elton John , and Whitney Houston , who appeared in the Diet Coca - Cola commercial , among many others . Not all musical references to Coca - Cola went well . A line in `` Lola '' by the Kinks was originally recorded as `` You drink champagne and it tastes just like Coca - Cola . '' When the British Broadcasting Corporation refused to play the song because of the commercial reference , lead singer Ray Davies re-recorded the lyric as `` it tastes just like cherry cola '' to get airplay for the song . Political cartoonist Michel Kichka satirized a famous Coca - Cola billboard in his 1982 poster `` And I Love New York . '' On the billboard , the Coca - Cola wave is accompanied by the words `` Enjoy Coke . '' In Kichka 's poster , the lettering and script above the Coca - Cola wave instead read `` Enjoy Cocaine . '' Medicinal application Coca - Cola is sometimes used for the treatment of gastric phytobezoars . In about 50 % of cases studied , Coca - Cola alone was found to be effective in gastric phytobezoar dissolution . Unfortunately , this treatment can result in the potential of developing small bowel obstruction in a minority of cases , necessitating surgical intervention . Criticism Main article : Criticism of Coca - Cola Criticism of Coca - Cola has arisen from various groups , concerning a variety of issues , including health effects , environmental issues , and business practices . The Coca - Cola Company , its subsidiaries and products have been subject to sustained criticism by both consumer groups , leftist activists , and watchdogs , particularly since the early 2000s . Coca - Cola is rich in sugar , especially sucrose , which causes dental caries when consumed regularly . Besides this , the high caloric value contributes to obesity . Both are major health issues in the developed world . Colombian death - squad allegations In July 2001 , the Coca - Cola company was sued over its alleged use of political far - right wing death squads ( the United Self - Defense Forces of Colombia ) to kidnap , torture , and kill Colombian bottler workers that were linked with trade union activity . Coca - Cola was sued in a US federal court in Miami by the Colombian food and drink union Sinaltrainal . The suit alleged that Coca - Cola was indirectly responsible for having `` contracted with or otherwise directed paramilitary security forces that utilized extreme violence and murdered , tortured , unlawfully detained or otherwise silenced trade union leaders '' . This sparked campaigns to boycott Coca - Cola in the UK , US , Germany , Italy , and Australia . Javier Correa , the president of Sinaltrainal , said the campaign aimed to put pressure on Coca - Cola `` to mitigate the pain and suffering '' that union members had suffered . Speaking from the Coca - Cola company 's headquarters in Atlanta , company spokesperson Rafael Fernandez Quiros said `` Coca - Cola denies any connection to any human - rights violation of this type '' and added `` We do not own or operate the plants '' . A documentary on the controversy , titled The Coca - Cola Case , was released in 2010 . Use as political and corporate symbol As sold in China Astronauts served Coca - Cola from this device on the Space Shuttle in 1995 . Coca - Cola has a high degree of identification with the United States , being considered by some an `` American Brand '' or as an item representing America . During World War II , this gave rise to brief production of the White Coke as a neutral brand . The drink is also often a metonym for the Coca - Cola Company . Coca - Cola was introduced to China in 1927 , and was very popular until 1949 . When the Cultural Revolution began in 1949 , the beverage was no longer imported into China , as it was perceived to be a symbol of decadent Western culture and the capitalist lifestyle . Importation and sales of the beverage resumed in 1979 , after diplomatic relations between the United States and China were restored . There are some consumer boycotts of Coca - Cola in Arab countries due to Coke 's early investment in Israel during the Arab League boycott of Israel ( its competitor Pepsi stayed out of Israel ) . Mecca Cola and Pepsi have been successful alternatives in the Middle East . A Coca - Cola fountain dispenser ( officially a Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus or FGBA ) was developed for use on the Space Shuttle as a test bed to determine if carbonated beverages can be produced from separately stored carbon dioxide , water , and flavored syrups and determine if the resulting fluids can be made available for consumption without bubble nucleation and resulting foam formation . FGBA - 1 flew on STS - 63 in 1995 and dispensed pre-mixed beverages , followed by FGBA - 2 on STS - 77 the next year . The latter mixed CO2 , water , and syrup to make beverages . It supplied 1.65 liters each of Coca - Cola and Diet Coke . Social causes In 2012 , Coca - Cola was listed as a partner of the ( RED ) campaign , together with other brands such as Nike , Girl , American Express , and Converse . The campaign 's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 ( the campaign 's byline is `` Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation '' ) . See also Food portal Drink portal United States portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal Atlanta portal Coca - Cola HBC AG Coca - Cola treatment of phytobezoars Coca Colla Colalife Fanta List of Coca - Cola brands Mexican Coke OpenCola ( drink ) Premix and postmix References Jump up ^ In June 2012 , Coca - Cola announced its intentions to begin distributing in Myanmar . Stafford , Leon ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola to spend $30 billion to grow globally '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Ranking '' . Jump up ^ Elmore , 2013 , p 717 Jump up ^ Geuss , Megan ( October 2010 ) . `` First Coupon Ever '' . Wired. 18 ( 11 ) : 104 . Jump up ^ Richard Gardiner , `` The Civil War Origin of Coca - Cola in Columbus , Georgia , '' Muscogiana : Journal of the Muscogee Genealogical Society ( Spring 2012 ) , Vol. 23 : 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` . '' . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Inventor was Local Pharmacist '' . Columbus Ledger . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus helped make Coke 's success '' . Columbus Ledger - Enquirer . March 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish town claims origins of Coca - Cola '' . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Patent Office , 1885 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Jack . `` Coca - Cola Television Advertisements : Dr. John S. Pemberton '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Coca - Cola Company . `` The Chronicle Of Coca - Cola '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harford , Tim ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` The Mystery of the 5 - Cent Coca - Cola : Why it 's so hard for companies to raise prices '' . Slate . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Themes for Coca - Cola Advertising ( 1886 -- 1999 ) '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . pp. 45 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Candler , Charles Howard ( 1950 ) . Asa Griggs Candler . Georgia : Emory University . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Candler , Charles Howard ( 1950 ) . Asa Griggs Candler . Georgia : Emory University . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . pp. 45 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in Georgia History -- Coca - Cola Sale Completed -- GeorgiaInfo '' . usg.edu . Jump up ^ `` Robert W. Woodruff ( 1889 -- 1985 ) '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : `` Coca - Cola Enterprises : Our Story '' . Coca - Cola Enterprises . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola History '' . worldofcoca-cola.com . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga Coca - Cola History '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` History Of Bottling '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ First painted wall sign to advertise Coca - Cola : Cartersville , GA -- Waymarking Jump up ^ Staff , The Doctors Book of Home Remedies . Nausea : 10 Stomach - Soothing Solutions Jump up ^ Example : Flent 's Cola Syrup Label says `` For Simple Nausea associated with an upset stomach. * * These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration . This product is not intended to diagnose , treat , cure , or prevent any disease . '' Jump up ^ `` Beyond Seltzer Water : The Kashering of Coca - Cola '' . American Jewish Historical Society . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fleeman 's Pharmacy ( now the Belly General Store ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Jack Fleeman -- 86 -- Owner '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Georgia . August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coke Can History '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Coke -- Top 10 Bad Beverage Ideas '' . TIME.com. April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rory Carroll in Baghdad ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Cola wars as Coke moves on Baghdad '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ According to a Coca - Cola customer - service representative . ^ Jump up to : McKay , Betsy ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Coke to Omit ' Classic ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Klinemann , Jeffrey ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` PepsiCo 's In The Club ... Store , that is , Capturing Costco Food Service Account '' . BevNET . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fredrix , Emily and Sarah Skidmore ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Costco nixes Coke products over pricing dispute '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coke cuts price on mini cans to lure shoppers '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Associated Press . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola returns to Burma after a 60 - year absence '' . BBC News . June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Tony ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola Announces Will Return to Myanmar After 60 Years '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Calderon , Justin ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Coca - Cola starts bottling in Myanmar '' . Inside Investor . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola to invest Rs 28,000 cr in India '' . June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geller , Martinne ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Coke to sell ' natural ' mid-calorie cola in Argentina '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beverages giant Coca - Cola acquires 16.7 pc stake in Monster for $2.15 bn '' . Pittsburgh News.Net . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Paul ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Coca - Cola Buys AB InBev Out of Africa Unit for $3.2 Billion '' . Bloomberg News . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Coca - Cola Co. will pay $3.15 billion to buy Anheuser - Busch InBev NV out of an African bottling joint venture ... Coca - Cola also agreed to buy AB InBev 's interest in bottling operations in Zambia , Zimbabwe , Botswana , Swaziland , Lesotho , El Salvador , and Honduras for an undisclosed sum . Jump up ^ `` Home of Coca - Cola UK : Diet Coke : Coke Zero -- Coca - Cola GB '' . Letsgettogether.co.uk. April 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Foods List '' . usda.gov . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Plate '' . The Daily Plate . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coke , Pepsi to Drop Controversial Chemical from All Drinks '' . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola formula , after 86 years in vault , gets new home '' . csmonitor website . December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Legends Reference Pages : Cokelore '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved February 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Legends Reference Pages : Cokelore ( Have a Cloak and a Smile ) '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Katie Rogers , `` ' This American Life ' bursts Coca - Cola 's bubble : What 's in that original recipe , anyway ? , '' Washington Post BlogPost , February 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brett Michael Dykes , `` Did NPR 's ' This American Life ' discover Coke 's secret formula ? , '' Archived February 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . The Lookout , Yahoo ! News , February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David W. Freeman , `` ' This American Life ' Reveals Coca - Cola 's Secret Recipe ( Full Ingredient List ) , '' CBS News Healthwatch blogs , February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Recipe , This American Life . Jump up ^ `` Coca - cola '' . Pponline.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Coca Cola '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cocaine Facts - How to Tell Use of Cocaine - Questions , Myths , Truth '' . www.thegooddrugsguide.com . Jump up ^ Liebowitz , Michael , R. ( 1983 ) . The Chemistry of Love . Boston : Little , Brown , & Co . Jump up ^ `` Is it true Coca - Cola once contained cocaine ? '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : May , Clifford D. `` How Coca - Cola Obtains Its Coca '' , The New York Times , July 1 , 1988 . Accessed April 11 , 2008 . `` A Stepan laboratory in Maywood , N.J. , is the nation 's only legal commercial importer of coca leaves , which it obtains mainly from Peru and , to a lesser extent , Bolivia . Besides producing the coca flavoring agent sold to The Coca - Cola Company , Stepan extracts cocaine from the coca leaves , which it sells to Mallinckrodt Inc. , a St. Louis pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only company in the United States licensed to purify the product for medicinal use . '' See links for more information Jump up ^ Benson , Drew . `` Coca kick in drinks spurs export fears '' . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dope Wagons '' . ncpedia.org . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Your Health -- You and Your Family 's GDA Questions Answered '' . Coca-cola.co.uk. April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gene A. Spiller ( 1998 ) . Caffeine Content of Some Cola Beverages . CRC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 2647 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Offices & Bottling Plants '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Difference Between Coca - Cola Enterprises and the Coca - Cola Company '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola : Macedonia makes the best Coke '' . Macedoniaonline.eu . June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Leon ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola to spend $30 billion to grow globally '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Will Weissert ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Cuba stocks US brands despite embargo '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julian Ryall ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola denies ' cracking ' North Korea '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Liebesny , Herbert J. ( 1975 ) . The law of the Near and Middle East readings , cases , and materials . Albany : State University of New York Press . pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola Company -- Red Spencerian Script '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Robinson , creator of the Coca - Cola logo '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inventory : Earl R. Dean Collection '' . Vigo County Public Library . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lundy , Betty ( 1986 ) . The Bottle ( PDF ) . American Heritage Inc . pp. 98 -- 101 . ISSN 0002 - 8738 . Jump up ^ `` Snopes urban legend of the Coca - Cola bottle shape '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Lawrence M. Friedman , American Law in the 20th century ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2004 ) , 356 -- 357 , and Jay M. Feinman , Law 101 : Everything You Need to Know About the American Legal System , rev . ed . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , 165 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Light Gets Dressed By Another Designer , Karl Lagerfeld '' . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mireles , Ricardo . `` In Mexico , Big Cola is the real thing '' . Logistics Today . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` '' About Kristall Beverage `` '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2003 . Retrieved January 31 , 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2006 . Archived December 19 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Murden , Terry ( January 30 , 2005 ) . Coke adds life to health drinks sector . Scotland on Sunday . Retrieved February 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kripalani , Manjeet and Mark L. Clifford ( February 10 , 2003 ) `` Finally , Coke Gets It Right in India '' Archived February 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... BusinessWeek . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fizzical Facts : Coke claims 60 % mkt share in India '' , Times News Network , August 5 , 2005 Archived July 10 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson and David P. Mikkelson , `` The Claus That Refreshes , '' snopes.com , February 27 , 2001 . Retrieved June 10 , 2005 . Archived July 10 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ See George McKay ' Consumption , Coca - colonisation , cultural resistance -- and Santa Claus ' , in Sheila Whiteley , ed. ( 2008 ) Christmas , Ideology and Popular Culture . Edinburgh University Press , pp. 50 -- 70 . Jump up ^ The White Rock Collectors Association , `` Did White Rock or The Coca - Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement ? , '' whiterocking.org , 2001 . Retrieved January 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White Rock Beverages , `` Coca - Cola 's Santa Claus : Not The Real Thing ! , '' BevNET.com , December 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 19 , 2007 . Archived July 10 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Coke means Coca - Cola '' . Coca - Cola Conversations . June 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orozco , Cynthia E. Quintanilla Perez , Selena . The Handbook of Texas online . Retrieved on June 5 , 2006 Jump up ^ My Coke Rewards ( Official Site ) Jump up ^ Jessica Burke ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sharing your Coke : marketing genius or just entirely weird ? '' . Foodmag.com.au . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in a Name ? '' . Voxy.co.nz . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For Summer Campaign , Coke Prints 150 Popular First Names on Bottles '' . DesignTAXI.com . October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca ‐ Cola Bottles History '' . London , UK : Coca - Cola GB . 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Share a Coke : Is your name on the list ? '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Belfast , UK : Independent News & Media . May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Morning Cola Instead of Coffee ? '' . The New York Times . January 20 , 1988 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Karen ( November 30 , 1987 ) . `` Soft drink for breakfast could be your cup of tea '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nikki Sandison ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` Coca - Cola revives popular ' holidays are coming ' ad '' . Brand Republic . Jump up ^ Stephen Armstrong ( May 14 , 2001 ) . `` Coke goes for broke '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Jump up ^ `` The Coca - Cola Challenge '' . Campaign . October 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Jane Hardy ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` Do TV campaigns ad up ? '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Thornton : `` Ich wollte immer Musik '' `` . Der Spiegel ( in German ) . SPIEGELnet GmbH . November 25 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Prentiss Findlay ( December 7 , 2001 ) . `` Charleston native Thornton to be buried on Saturday . '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , SC . Jump up ^ Nicola Clark ( November 29 , 2005 ) . `` Coca - Cola restructures in healthy drinks focus '' . Brand Republic . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola launches its Diwali campaign `` Best Media Info , News and Analysis on Indian Advertising , Marketing and Media Industry '' . Bestmediainfo.com . October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Diwali ! '' . YouTube . November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pia Heikkila ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` From Bollywood to the world '' . The National . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola '' . Olympic Movement . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Post of Coca - Cola 2010 Olympic Hockey Commercial '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA Partners - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOUR Championship by Coca - Cola '' . PGATour . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola to Release Gold Can Commemorating the 2010 Olympics '' . BevWire . March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Summer Long Lyrics -- Beach Boys '' . Sing365.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley is overrated '' . CNN . August 8 , 2002 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley '' . YouTube . June 21 , 1977 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola celebrates 125th anniversary with ' Elvis and Coke ' '' . Rica.alfahosting.org . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Music In Japanese Coca - Cola Commercial -- Misc '' . ElvisNews.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie : Coca - Cola Planet Live ( Rare Euro Promo ) FLAC -- Guitars101 -- Guitar Forums '' . Guitars101 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Diet Coke commercial on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola Light CM -- Elton John '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston -- Diet Coke Commercial ( 1986 ) '' . YouTube . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lola by The Kinks Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ... And I Love New York '' . Rogallery.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Iwamuro M. ; Okada H. ; Matsueda K. ; Inaba T. ; Kusumoto C. ; Imagawa A. ; Yamamoto K. ( 2015 ) . `` Review of the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal bezoars '' . World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 7 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 345 . doi : 10.4253 / wjge. v7. i4. 336 . Jump up ^ `` Stomach , Definition and Patient Education '' . Healthline . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Accused '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Coca - Cola boycott launched after killings at Colombian plants '' . theguardian.com . Guardian . July 24 , 2003 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coke sued over death squad claims '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . July 20 , 2001 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coca Cola 's Role in the Assassinations of Union Leaders Explored in Powerful New Documentary . Alternet. April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( August 15 , 1993 ) . `` Viewpoints ; A Brief History of Coca - Colonization '' . The New York Times . p. 256 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Koetse , Manya ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Coca Cola in China '' . Marketing . Netherlands : whatsonweibo.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boycott Israel Campaign page on Coca - Cola '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tagliabue , John ( December 31 , 2002 ) . `` They Choke on Coke , But Savor Mecca - Cola '' . NYTimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Robert . `` Coke machines on - board the space shuttle '' . CollectSpace . Jump up ^ Orloff , Richard W. ( January 2001 ) ( Press Kit May 1996 ) . `` Space Shuttle Mission STS - 77 '' ( PDF ) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( RED ) Partners '' . ( RED ) . The ONE Campaign. 2012 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Further reading Allen , Frederick . Secret Formula : How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmanship Made Coca - Cola the Best - Known Product in the World . New York : Harper Business , 1994 . Blanding , Michael . The Coke Machine : The Dirty Truth Behind the World 's Favorite Soft Drink . New York : Avery , 2010 . Elmore , Bartow J. `` Citizen Coke : An Environmental and Political History of the Coca - Cola Company , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2013 ) 14 # 4 pp 717 -- 731 online Foster , Robert ( 2008 ) . Coca - Globalization : Following Soft Drinks from New York to New Guinea . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Hamblin , James ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Why We Took Cocaine Out of Soda '' . The Atlantic . When cocaine and alcohol meet inside a person , they create a third unique drug called cocaethylene . Hays , Constance L. The Real Thing : Truth and Power at the Coca - Cola Company . New York : Random House , 2004 . Kahn , Ely J. , Jr . The Big Drink : The Story of Coca - Cola . New York : Random House , 1960 . Louis , Jill Chen and Harvey Z . Yazijian . The Cola Wars . New York : Everest House Publishers , 1980 . Oliver , Thomas . The Real Coke , The Real Story . New York : Random House , 1986 . Pendergrast , Mark . For God , Country , and Coca - Cola : The Unauthorized History of the Great American Soft Drink And the Company That Makes It . New York : Basic Books , 2000 . Primary sources Isdell , Neville . Inside Coca - Cola : A CEO 's Life Story of Building the World 's Most Popular Brand . With the assistance of David Beasley . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2011 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coca - Cola . Official website Kinescope of a live 1954 TV commercial for Coca - Cola ( Internet Archive ) Coca - Cola Advertising History Coca - Cola : Refreshing Memories -- slideshow by Life magazine China Advisory : Avoiding the Wax Tadpole -- Effective Chinese Language Trademark Strategy Chinese language trademark for Coca - Cola Varieties of Coca - Cola Regular Coca - Cola Mexican Coke New Coke ( Coke II ) Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Cherry Coca - Cola with Lime Coca - Cola Vanilla Coca - Cola Citra Coca - Cola Black Cherry Vanilla Coca - Cola BlāK Coca - Cola with Lemon Coca - Cola Raspberry Coca - Cola Orange Coca - Cola Life White Coke Low - calorie TaB Diet Coke / Coke Light Coca - Cola C2 Coca - Cola Zero Coca - Cola Light Sango Diet Coke Plus The Coca - Cola Company List of Coca - Cola brands Soft drinks Ambasa Ameyal Barq 's Beat Beverly Bjäre Julmust Cannings Chinotto Citra Coca - Cola Fanta Fioravanti Fresca Fruktime Frutonic Gold Spot Guaraná Jesus Hit Inca Kola Iron Brew Joya Kinley Kola Inglesa Krest Kuat Lemon & Paeroa Lift Lilt Limca Mare Rosso Mello Yello Mezzo Mix Mr. Pibb Nordic Mist OK Soda Pibb Xtra Pibb Zero Portello Quatro Quwat Jabal Ramblin ' Root Beer RimZim Red Flash Royal Tru Santiba Sarsi Seagram 's Senzao Smart Sparkle Sparletta Sprite Stoney Surge Tab Tanora Thums Up Tiky Urge Vault VegitaBeta Victoria Yoli Juices and teas Ayataka Cappy Capri Sun Delaware Punch Enviga Far Coast Five Alive Fruitopia Frutonic Fuze Glaceau Gold Peak Hi - C Honest Tea Innocent Maaza Matte Leão Minute Maid Nestea Oasis Odwalla Qoo Royal Tru Simply Sokenbicha Sparkle Tum - E Yummies VitaminWater ZICO Sports drinks Aquarius Powerade Monster Beverage ( 17.9 % stake ) BPM Energy Burn Formula 50 Full Throttle Lift Plus Monster Mother NOS RAC 124 Relentless Tab Energy Vault Von Dutch Bottled water AdeS Arwa Ciel Dasani Deep River Rock Malvern Water Smart Water Valpre Coffee - based Caribou Coffee Georgia illy Dairy - based Fairlife Swerve Vio Joint ventures Beverage Partners Worldwide Coca - Cola FEMSA Philippines ( 49 % ) Coca - Cola Hellenic ( 23.2 % ) Coca - Cola European Partners ( 18 % ) Coca - Cola Beverages Africa ( 11.3 % ) Former holdings Columbia Pictures TriStar Pictures Legal Escola v. Coca - Cola Bottling Co. ( 1944 ) POM Wonderful v. Coca - Cola ( 2014 ) Sinaltrainal v. Coca - Cola ( 2001 ) U.S. v. 40 Barrels & 20 Kegs of Coca - Cola ( ( 1916 ) Other Coca - Cola buildings and structures Criticism of Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Freestyle Limca Book of Records My Coke Rewards Cola brands Afri - Amrat Apotekarnes Auvergnat Baikal Barr Beed Big 8 Big Breizh Bubba Campa Cassinelli Cavan China Classic ( UK ) Club Coca - Cola Cockta Turka Cole Cold Corsica Count Cricket Cuba Diet Coke Diet Rite Double Double Seven El Ché - Est Evoca Export Fada Faygo Fentimans Curiosity Frescolita Fritz - Fruti Fuji - Future Grandpa Graf 's Guaranito Isaac Jolly Jolt Jones Soda Kitty Kofola Real Román Kristal LA Ice Lava Like Mecca - Mr . No Name Olvi Open Pakola Pepsi Parsi Perú Polo - Cockta Pran Premium - President 's Choice Qibla RC Red Bull Red Reed 's Rola Sam 's Choice Schweppes Sinalco Tab Thums Up Topsia Triple tuKola Ubuntu Vess Virgin Vita XL Zamzam Zelal Zevia GND : 4125197 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca-Cola&oldid=801424010 '' Categories : Coca - Cola Products introduced in 1886 American drinks American inventions Cola brands Coca - Cola brands Kosher food Patent medicines Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 15 : 58 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola
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who played faramir in the lord of the rings
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David Wenham ( born 21 September 1965 ) is an Australian actor who has appeared in movies , television series and theatre productions . He is known in Hollywood for his roles as Faramir in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , Carl in Van Helsing , Dilios in 300 and its sequel 300 : Rise of an Empire , Neil Fletcher in Australia , Al Parker in Top of the Lake , and Lieutenant John Scarfield in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales . He is also known in his native Australia for his role as Diver Dan in SeaChange .
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David Wenham
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David Wenham
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david wenham
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David Wenham Wenham at the premiere of the film The Turning at the 2014 Berlin Film Festival ( 1965 - 09 - 21 ) 21 September 1965 ( age 52 ) Marrickville , Sydney , Australia Occupation Actor Years active 1987 -- present Partner ( s ) Kate Agnew ( 1994 -- present ) Children David Wenham ( born 21 September 1965 ) is an Australian actor who has appeared in movies , television series and theatre productions . He is known in Hollywood for his roles as Faramir in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , Carl in Van Helsing , Dilios in 300 and its sequel 300 : Rise of an Empire , Neil Fletcher in Australia , Al Parker in Top of the Lake , and Lieutenant John Scarfield in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales . He is also known in his native Australia for his role as Diver Dan in SeaChange . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Wenham was born in Marrickville , Sydney , the son of Kath and Bill Wenham . He has five older sisters ; Helen , Anne , Carmel , Kathryn , and Maree ; and one older brother , Peter . He was raised in the Roman Catholic faith and attended Christian Brothers ' High School , Lewisham . Career ( edit ) Wenham started his career as an actor after graduating from Theatre Nepean at the University of Western Sydney with a Bachelor of Arts ( Performing Arts ) in 1987 . Wenham 's television credits include several telemovies , such as his AFI award - winning role in the 1996 telemovie Simone de Beauvoir 's Babies ; and his role as the outwardly laid back but deeply enigmatic diver Dan Della Bosca in the 1998 and 1999 seasons of the highly successful ABC television series SeaChange . His role as `` Diver Dan '' has made the actor something of a sex symbol , although he dislikes thinking of himself as such , and he has been voted Australia 's `` sexiest man alive '' . A portrait of Wenham by artist Adam Cullen won the Archibald Prize in 2000 . Wenham is signed to Storm Model Management in London . Australian films Wenham has starred in include the critically acclaimed The Boys ( 1998 ) based on the play of the same name premiered at Griffin Theatre Company and in turn based on the murder of Anita Cobby ; Molokai ( 1999 ) , based on the life of Father Damien ; The Bank ( 2001 ) ; Gettin ' Square ( 2003 ) ; Stiff ( 2004 ) ; The Brush Off ( 2004 ) and Three Dollars ( 2005 ) . Wenham has periodically appeared in Hollywood films ; he is known for playing Faramir , son of Denethor II , in New Line Cinema 's The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . He was also seen in Van Helsing playing Hugh Jackman 's sidekick , Friar Carl . His character , Dilios , narrated and appeared in the movie 300 . Minor roles of Wenham 's in overseas films include in The Crocodile Hunter as a park ranger , and briefly in Moulin Rouge ! as Audrey . Wenham stars in the music video for Alex Lloyd 's single `` Brand New Day '' . In 2008 's Australia , he reunited with Hugh Jackman playing antagonist Neil Fletcher who seeks to acquire the ranch Jackman 's character is employed with . In both Lord of the Rings : Return of the King and 300 , Wenham 's character is the sole survivor returned from an ill - fated battle ( the Battle at Osgiliath and the Battle of Thermopylae , respectively ) . He reprises his role of Dilios in the videogame 300 : March to Glory for Sony PlayStation Portable , which contains a substantial amount of new dialogue . In 2009 , he again took to the stage , this time as the lead actor , Jerry Springer , in the British musical Jerry Springer : The Opera . During its 6 - day run at the Sydney Opera House he played in sold - out performances alongside ARIA award - winning singer Kate Miller - Heidke . In 2010 , Wenham starred as the disgraced Melbourne lawyer Andrew Fraser in the Australian TV series Killing Time . This ten - part series shows Fraser 's fall from grace as he defends many Melbourne criminals during the 1980s and 1990s . It was shown on TV1 in late 2011 . Wenham plays New Zealand detective Al Parker alongside Elisabeth Moss in the 2013 BBC series Top of the Lake . In 2013 , Wenham returned to the stage to play the lead role of John Proctor , in the Melbourne Theatre Company 's mid-year production of Arthur Miller 's The Crucible . In 2014 , Wenham starred as Patrick Jones in Paper Planes , released on 15 January 2015 . That same year , Wenham voiced the role Jacko a frilled - neck lizard , in Blinky Bill the Movie . Wenham played the role of Harold Meachum in the Netflix original TV series Iron Fist , which premiered in March 2017 . Personal life ( edit ) He has two daughters , Eliza Jane and Millie , with his longtime girlfriend , Kate Agnew . Wenham read a poem by Rupert McCall at the memorial service for Steve Irwin . The poem was entitled `` The Crocodiles are Crying '' . Wenham is a Sydney Swans supporter . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1992 Greenkeeping Trevor 1992 Seeing Red Frank 1994 Gino Trevor 1994 Tran the Man Raymond `` Tran '' Moss Short film 1994 No Escape Hotel Guard No. 2 1995 Roses Are Red Brian Cosi Doug Idiot Box Bank Teller 1998 The Boys Brett Sprague 1998 Dark City Schreber 's Assistant 1998 A Little Bit of Soul Dr. Richard Shorkinghorn 1999 Molokai : The Story of Father Damien Father Damien 2000 Better Than Sex Josh 2001 Russian Doll Ethan 2001 Moulin Rouge ! Audrey 2001 The Bank Jim Doyle 2001 Dust Luke 2002 The Crocodile Hunter : Collision Course Sam Flynn 2002 Pure Lenny 2002 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Faramir 2003 Gettin ' Square Johnny Spitieri 2003 Basilisk Stare Dave 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Faramir Van Helsing Carl 2005 Three Dollars Eddie Harnovey 2005 The Proposition Eden Fletcher 2007 300 Dilios 2008 Married Life John O'Brien 2008 The Children of Huang Shi Barnes 2008 Australia Neil Fletcher 2009 Public Enemies Harry Pierpont 2009 Pope Joan Gerold Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole Digger ( voice ) Oranges and Sunshine Len 2014 300 : Rise of an Empire Dilios 2015 Paper Planes Patrick 2015 Blinky Bill the Movie Jacko ( voice ) 2015 Force of Destiny Robert Filming 2016 Goldstone Johnny 2016 Lion John Brierley 2017 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Lieutenant John Scarfield 2017 Ellipsis ( Director ) Director 2018 Peter Rabbit Johnny Town - Mouse ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes A Country Practice Ambulanceman 1 Episode : `` Mozart Rules -- Part 1 '' Sons and Daughters Debt Collector Episode : `` # 1.954 '' A Country Practice Scott Galbraith 2 episodes Come In Spinner Australian soldier Mini-series 1991 Police Rescue Ferret Episode : `` The Cosmic Lightbeam '' 1992 A Country Practice David Cornish 2 episodes 1994 Blue Heelers William Cassidy Episode : `` The Folly of Youth '' Blue Heelers Robbie Doyle Episode : `` Happy Families '' Return to Jupiter Dr. Ghrobak 2 episodes 1998 -- 1999 SeaChange Dan Della Bosca 15 episodes The Brush - Off Murray Whelan Telemovie 2006 Answered by Fire Mark Waldman Two - part mini-series 2009 Deadliest Warrior Narrator Credited as `` Drew Skye '' 2011 Killing Time Andrew Fraser 10 episodes 2012 Dripping in Chocolate Bennett O'Mara 2013 , 2017 Top of the Lake Al Parker 7 episodes 2013 Better Man Julian McMahon 4 episodes 2014 The Code Ian Bradley 6 episodes 2015 Banished Captain Arthur Phillip , 1st Governor of New South Wales 2015 Who Do You Think You Are ? Himself Series 7 , Episode 4 2017 Iron Fist Harold Meachum 10 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Australian Film Institute Award for Best Lead Actor in Television Drama for Simone de Beauvoir 's Babies ( 1997 ) -- winner Australian Film Institute Award for Best Lead Actor in Television Drama for Answered by Fire ( 2006 ) -- winner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spittin ' image '' . The Age . Melbourne . 5 October 2003 . Jump up ^ Fr Damien role is ' uplifting ' -- actor Archived 3 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mendelssohn , Joanna ( 13 February 2008 ) . `` Want to go to art school ? Do n't live in Western Sydney '' . Crikey . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Field , Melissa ( 1 April 2007 ) . `` The star of David '' . Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` David Wenham AgeOfTheRing Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . David Wenham appreciation site . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edmond , Martin ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Declivities and eminences '' . Sydney Review of Books . Writing and Society Research Centre at the University of Western Sydney . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Storm Model Management , Special Bookings Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment : Top of the Lake '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax. 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Woman , Bad Girl '' . New York Post . 8 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Opam , Kwame. `` 6 problems that make Iron Fist so frustrating '' . TheVerge.com . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ David Wenham -- Yahoo ! TV Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Crocodile Hunter : A Tribute to Steve Irwin on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Kidman heads army of Swans ' true believers ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 27 March 2005 . Jump up ^ Jenah Paclibar Sep 19 , 2015 10 : 02 AM ( 2015 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 movie news : Orlando Bloom reprises role as Will Turner as franchise goes back to its roots '' . Vinereport.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners , Television 1986 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . AFI Television Awards . Australian Film Institute . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 November 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Wenham . David Wenham on IMDb Urban Cinefile Awards for David Wenham AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Bruce Spence ( 1972 ) Robert McDarra ( 1973 ) Jack Thompson ( 1974 ) Martin Vaughan ( 1975 ) Simon Burke and Nick Tate ( 1976 ) John Meillon ( 1977 ) Bill Hunter ( 1978 ) Mel Gibson ( 1979 ) Jack Thompson ( 1980 ) Mel Gibson ( 1981 ) Ray Barrett ( 1982 ) Norman Kaye ( 1983 ) John Hargreaves ( 1984 ) Chris Haywood ( 1985 ) Colin Friels ( 1986 ) Leo McKern ( 1987 ) John Waters ( 1988 ) Sam Neill ( 1989 ) Max von Sydow ( 1990 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1991 ) Russell Crowe ( 1992 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1993 ) Nicholas Hope ( 1994 ) John Lynch ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 1997 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1998 ) Russell Dykstra ( 1999 ) Eric Bana ( 2000 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2001 ) David Gulpilil ( 2002 ) David Wenham ( 2003 ) Sam Worthington ( 2004 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2005 ) Shane Jacobson ( 2006 ) Eric Bana ( 2007 ) William McInnes ( 2008 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2009 ) Ben Mendelsohn ( 2010 ) Daniel Henshall ( 2011 ) Chris O'Dowd ( 2012 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2013 ) David Gulpilil ( 2014 ) Michael Caton ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2016 ) Sunny Pawar ( 2017 ) AACTA Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama Simon Chilvers ( a ) and Peter Kowitz ( b ) ( 1986 ) Nicholas Eadie ( a ) and Steve Jacobs ( b ) ( 1987 ) Ed Devereaux ( a ) and Ernie Dingo ( b ) ( 1988 ) Peter Kowitz ( a ) and Bill Hunter ( b ) ( 1989 ) Frankie J. Holden ( c ) ( 1990 ) Gary Sweet ( 1991 ) Gary Sweet ( 1992 ) Peter Phelps ( 1993 ) Aaron Blabey ( 1994 ) Colin Friels and Steven Vidler ( 1995 ) Tony Martin ( 1996 ) David Wenham ( 1997 ) Stephen Dillane ( 1998 ) Jeremy Sims ( 1999 ) Geoff Morrell and Andy Anderson ( c ) ( 2000 ) Samuel Johnson and David Field ( c ) ( 2001 ) Joel Edgerton ( 2002 ) Shane Bourne ( d ) ( 2003 ) Abe Forsythe ( d ) ( 2004 ) Shane Bourne ( e ) ( 2005 ) David Wenham ( 2006 ) Stephen Curry ( 2007 ) Gyton Grantley ( 2008 ) Roy Billing ( 2009 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 2010 ) Alex Dimitriades ( 2011 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 2012 ) Lachy Hulme ( 2013 ) Ashley Zukerman ( 2014 ) Joel Jackson ( 2015 ) Samuel Johnson ( 2016 ) Key : ( a ) = Winner of Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Mini Series ( b ) = Best Actor in a Actor in a Leading Role in a Telefeature ( c ) = Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role , in a Mini-Series or Telefeature ( d ) = Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Television Drama or Comedy ( e ) = Best Lead Actor in Television All other names , which are n't marked with a letter next to their name , have won the current Lead Actor in a Television Drama award . Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble Gosford Park ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) Hairspray ( 2007 ) Milk ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Equity Award for Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Television Movie or Miniseries The Slap ( 2011 ) : Costabile ; B. Davis ; E. Davis ; Dimitriades ; George ; Glenn ; Hayes ; LaPaglia ; Lowe ; Marinos ; McInnes ; Okonedo ; Townsend ; Yianni Devil 's Dust ( 2012 ) : Foulkes ; Hany ; Hayes ; Hegney ; Leslie ; Schepisi Top of the Lake ( 2013 ) : Buchanan ; Hunter ; Joe ; Lemon ; Malcolm ; Moss ; Mullan ; Nevin ; Ryan ; Wenham ; Wright ANZAC Girls ( 2014 ) : Brent ; Clare ; Craig ; Debelle ; Flood ; Lasance ; Mayer ; McClelland ; McGahan ; Prebble Peter Allen : Not the Boy Next Door ( 2015 ) : Baldwin ; Farnell ; Gibney ; Jackson ; Mills , Szeps ; Thornton ; West Barracuda ( 2016 ) : Anton ; Cobham - Hervey ; Creer ; Griffiths ; Haralabidou ; Kindon ; Nable ; Taylor Seven Types of Ambiguity ( 2017 ) : Demitriades ; Dimitriades ; Hayes ; Molloy ; Peirse ; Porter ; Samuel ; Walsman ; Weaving BNF : cb14238575w ( data ) GND : 136950922 ISNI : 0000 0001 1458 2441 LCCN : no2003071670 SUDOC : 144092298 VIAF : 164024577 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Wenham&oldid=851321737 '' Categories : 1965 births Living people Australian male film actors Australian male stage actors Australian male television actors Australian male voice actors Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Marrickville 20th - century Australian male actors 21st - century Australian male actors Male actors from Sydney University of Western Sydney alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2014 Use Australian English from January 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 14 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Wenham
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round trip airline tickets are usually cheaper if you stay over a saturday night
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Saturday - night stay
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saturday - night stay
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Saturday - night stay is a rule used by airlines to separate business and leisure travelers .
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For travelers to qualify for a low round - trip airfare , some legacy carriers require them to spend Saturday night at their destination . The rule is based on the airlines ' assumption that business travelers are more likely than leisure travelers to spend Saturday night at home . For example , a business traveler may depart on a Sunday or Monday and then return home that Friday or Saturday . Business travelers 's demand for travel is less elastic and airlines attempt to increase their profits by price - discriminating business travelers and leisure travelers . Business travels are also more loyal to a particular airline , and therefore are more likely to accept a higher price . In early 2000s , the Saturday - night stay rule vanished due to competition from low - cost carriers , which commonly do not impose the rule and often sell one - way fares only . However , the practice of pricing according to Saturday - night stay reappeared in 2008 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilden , James . The Saturday - night stay requirement is on its final approach . The Los Angeles Times . 2004 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ted . Airlines Bring Back Saturday - Night Stays . TheStreet.com. 2008 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturday-night_stay&oldid=796002995 '' Categories : Airline tickets Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 21 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday-night%20stay
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where is national open university located in abuja
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In 2011 , NOUN had about 57,759 students . The Vice Chancellor at the time was Prof. Vincent Tenebe . The university was for years operating from its Administrative Headquarters in Victoria Island , Lagos , before its current VC , Professor Abdalla Uba Adamu , moved it to its permanent headquarters in Jabi , Abuja , in 2016 . It has over 75 Study Centres throughout the country . It offers over 50 programmes and 750 courses .
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Jabi
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National Open University of Nigeria
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national open university of nigeria
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The National Open University of Nigeria is a Federal Open and Distance Learning ( ODL ) institution , the first of its kind in the West African sub-region info 08027024688 . It is Nigeria 's largest tertiary institution in terms of student numbers and is popularly referred to as ' NOUN ' .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organisation 3 Faculties and courses 3.1 Faculties of Science and Technology 3.2 Faculties of Health Science 3.3 Faculties of Arts and Social Sciences 3.4 Faculties of Education 3.5 Faculty of Management Sciences 3.6 Centre for Life - Long Learning and Workplace Training 3.7 Academic Certificate Programmes 4 Students 4.1 Requirements 4.2 Undergraduates 4.3 Immunity to strikes 5 Rankings and achievements 5.1 Convocated prison inmates 6 Technological platforms 6.1 NOUNiLearn 7 Examination 7.1 Assessment 7.2 Final examination and grading 8 Facilities 8.1 E-library 8.2 Radio station 8.3 E-courseware 9 Scholarships 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) National Open University Of Nigeria Headquarters in Lagos National Open University of Nigeria Heaquarters The National Open University was initially established on 22 July 1983 as springboard for open and distance learning in Nigeria . It was suspended by the government on 25 April 1984 . However , its resuscitation was begun on 12 April 2001 by the former President of Nigeria , Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo . At take off of the university , pioneer student enrollment stood at 32,400 . Organisation ( edit ) In 2011 , NOUN had about 57,759 students . The Vice Chancellor at the time was Prof. Vincent Tenebe . The university was for years operating from its Administrative Headquarters in Victoria Island , Lagos , before its current VC , Professor Abdalla Uba Adamu , moved it to its permanent headquarters in Jabi , Abuja , in 2016 . It has over 75 Study Centres throughout the country . It offers over 50 programmes and 750 courses . By its nature as an ODL institution , NOUN does not provide lectures to students in normal classrooms except some certain study centres . The study centre in Lagos for instance provides lectures to all its Law undergraduates and supplies necessary course materials to all students after the payment of tuition fees . All the courses being offered by the university have been accredited by the National Universities Commission ( NUC ) . The Registrar serves as the Secretary to Council and Senate bodies . The Registry Department 's primary responsibility is to provide support services in the General Administration of the university with emphasis on Council affairs , Senate matters , recruitment of staff , students ' admission / welfare , staff welfare and other related activities . The current Registrar is Mr. Felix Edoka . Faculties and courses ( edit ) Faculties of Science and Technology ( edit ) Postgraduate Programmes - Information Technology - Digital Communication - Mobile ( Wireless ) Communication Technology - HIV / AIDS - Agriculture and Extension Undergraduate Programs - Mathematics - Computer and Mathematics ( Combined Hons ) - Computer Science - Data Management - Communications Technology - Agricultural Extension and Management - Nursing Science - Community Health - Environmental Science and Resource Management ( ESM ) - Financial Mathematics - Physics - Chemistry - Biology Faculties of Health Science ( edit ) - Nursing - Public Health Faculties of Arts and Social Sciences ( edit ) - French And International Studies - Mass Communication - Peace , Conflict and Resolution - English Language - Economics - Political Science - Criminology and security studies Faculties of Education ( edit ) Undergraduate programmes : - Agriculture Science - Biology - Chemistry - Computer Science - Physics - Integrated Science - Mathematics - Business Education - Primary Education - Early Childhood Education - English - French Masters Programmes - Admin and Planning - Science Education - Education Technology Faculty of Management Sciences ( edit ) Undergraduate Courses - Marketing - Entrepreneurial and Business Management - Accounting in collaboration with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria Postgraduate courses - Financial Management - Business Administration - Public Administration - Master of Business Administration - Public Administration - Public Sector Management Centre for Life - Long Learning and Workplace Training ( edit ) Diploma Programmes Business Communication Medical Office Practice Entrepreneurship Financial Management Marketing Academic Certificate Programmes ( edit ) Dental Office Practice Computer Literacy Returning Students Medical Office Practice Financial Management Entrepreneurship Marketing Students ( edit ) Requirements ( edit ) A diverse range of students from all walks of life are attracted to the National Open University of Nigeria just like other prominent Open Universities such as the Open University of United Kingdom ( OU ) ; for most courses there are no stringent entry requirements other than the ability to study at an appropriate level such as the West African Examination , and other National Diplomas to qualify for a Direct entry admission . Though most postgraduate courses require evidence of previous study and / or equivalent life experience . This fundamental open admissions policy makes undergraduate university study accessible to all . Undergraduates ( edit ) While most of those studying are mature students , an increasingly large proportion of new undergraduates are aged between 17 and 25 , the reduction in financial support for those attending traditional universities , coupled with the use of technologies such as and YouTube that appeal to this demographic , is believed to be behind this growth . Immunity to strikes ( edit ) Another reason is the Act of Parliament which established the University prohibiting any form of union either within staff or students . This has made the NOUN to be unaffected by strikes such as the ASUU strikes ( which lasted for eight months ) in Nigeria which ultimately extends students course duration in school unnecessarily . NOUN students have always and will continue to be immune to any form of strike . National Youths Service Corps Stand . The NOUN made efforts to ensure its graduates below age 30 ( the maximum age limit ) participate in the National Youth Service Corps and Law graduates proceed to the Nigerian Law School . However , efforts have of recent , materialized . The University released a statement where it affirmed that students of NOUN can now enroll and be part of the NYSC program . Rankings and achievements ( edit ) Latest results of University Rankings released by Ranking Web of Universities ( popularly known as Webometrics ) revealed another list of 100 Best Universities in Nigeria for 2015 . Just as done in every other web ranking , webometrics ranking 2015 adopted search queries from search engines to rank the top universities which the National Open University ranked 23rd . See : List of Nigerian Universities Convocated prison inmates ( edit ) The decision of the management and senate of National Open University Nigeria ( NOUN ) to establish study centres in some of the nation 's prisons has started yielding fruits as three inmates were among the over 7,000 that recently graduated from the 13 - year - old institute . At its 4th convocation held in the Main Exhibition Hall of the National Theatre , Iganmu , Lagos , and witnessed by the representative of President , Goodluck Jonathan many Vice Chancellors governing council and Senates members and key stakeholders , the two inmates from the Kirikiri Maximum Prisons ended up as star attraction aside the two First - Class graduates produced by the institute for the first time . But attempts by Education Review to speak with them ( inmates ) were strongly resisted by a female prison official . However , the Deputy Controller in charge of Kirikiri Maximum told Education Review that one of the inmates , is serving life imprisonment while the second inmate whom he could not give his name was released two weeks ago after serving his jail term . Oladapo and the other inmates just discharged were awarded BSc in Peace and Conflict Resolution , the same course the best overall student , Mrs. Anthonia Okoye ( a 43 - year - old mother who is one of the first two graduates to graduate with a First - Class degree at the institution ) studied . Technological platforms ( edit ) Nounilearn ( edit ) The National Open University of Nigeria in its effort to take education to the doorstep of the Nigerian populace irrespective of their social status and the developing Economy of Nigeria has deployed and implemented iLearn portal technology to enhance student 's learning experience . The NOUN iLearn platform has been created to ease access to excellent quality education . The platform provides amongst many , the following : Online class discussions organized by NOUN facilitators thereby creating a virtual classroom environment . Facility for students to get answers to any questions or areas of difficulty pertaining to their course of study . Networking and collaboration tools to help in community of interaction among students , facilitators , academic staff and faculty members . Better study tools such as the Smart e-Book Digitized lecture video and audio materials for an enhanced student ' learning experience available on the platform . Access to assignments , quizzes and self - study assessment tools . Examination ( edit ) The university administers the Computer - Based - Test ( CBT ) form of examination to its students in their first and second years . However , Law undergraduates participate in the standard Pen - On - Paper examinations ( POP ) beginning from their first year of admission , with LAW111 - Legal Methods in First Semester of the first year . Other undergraduates also participate in the CBT system of examination in their first and second years and commence the POP examinations from their third year till the end of their respective course durations . The POP examination system applies to Post Graduate students also . The CBT system of examination has however been criticised by some of the students . The CBT examination is in two categories ; the multiple choice questions and fill in the gap - which is the most dreaded examination type by students all around the world . The CBT system requires students to most times , memorize their textbooks in accordance with the programmed answers stored on the school 's server in order to obtain full marks as computers will reject answers that do not match its programmed content . Assessment ( edit ) Tutor - Marked Assignments ( TMAs ) are continuous assessments in form of Tutor Marked Assignment and it accounts for 30 % of student 's total score . Students are expected to answer at least four TMAs , three of which must be answered and submitted before students sit for the end of course examination Final examination and grading ( edit ) With examinations written successfully , The ' end of course examinations ' would earn students 70 % which would be added to their TMA score ( 30 % ) . The time for this examination is always communicated to students . Facilities ( edit ) E-library ( edit ) The NOUN operates an e-library at the headquarters situated at Victoria Island , Lagos , Nigeria which all students have access to after providing a valid student 's identity card . Students have access to both Internet facilities , books , journals , projects , thesis of past students and other educational materials . Radio station ( edit ) The radio station broadcasts at the frequency 105.9 NOUN FM . Mass Communication students also have the opportunity to intern at the studio which broadcasts on all working days . E-Courseware ( edit ) The NOUN also provides a platform for students that needs to access its database of educational materials NOUN e-Courseware Free Download strictly for educational purposes rather than financial or commercial purposes . Books can be downloaded in PDF formats at no cost . Scholarships ( edit ) In May 2014 , Ini Edo , one of the stars in the Nigerian movie industry , Nollywood made headlines when she was offered a scholarship to study Law at the National Open University . More Nollywood actresses and actors including Desmond Elliot have also been offered scholarships . Chioma Chukwuka - Akpotha , Francis Duru , Doris Simeon and Sani Danja were announced as ambassadors for the NOUN . All four were presented by the Vice Chancellor Prof. Vincent A. Tenebe , with scholarships to study their courses of choice . is for Candidates who are looking to apply for admission into the Institution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Open University of Nigeria - WHED - IAU 's World Higher Education Database '' . www.whed.net . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Principal Officers - National Open University of Nigeria '' . www.nou.edu.ng . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : COMMITTEE ON NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES Presentation to the Council Chamber State House , Abuja Thursday 1 November 2012 Jump up ^ Members ( Nigeria ) Association of African Universities ^ Jump up to : `` National Open University of Nigeria - WHED - IAU 's World Higher Education Database '' . www.whed.net . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NOUN Sudent Portal - National Open University of Nigeria '' . www.nounstudentportal.org . Jump up ^ `` NOUN VC : strikes will soon go extinct - The Nation Nigeria '' . 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Open University , NOUN Registration Form - 2018 / 2019 '' . 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Universities in Nigeria by - 2015 Webometrics '' . 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ sunnewsonline.com/new/ ? p = 103011 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JAMB UTME / DE Registration 2018 / 19 Form and Closing Date '' . www.nigeriaschool.com.ng . Jump up ^ nounfm.caster.fm/ Jump up ^ thenationonlineng.net/new/ini-edo-desmond-elliot-admitted-for-law-at-noun/ Jump up ^ `` Chioma Chukwuka - Akpotha , Doris Simeon Get Scholarships to Study at National Open University - BellaNaija '' . www.bellanaija.com . External links ( edit ) National Open University of Nigeria Official Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Open_University_of_Nigeria&oldid=843518995 '' Categories : Universities and colleges in Lagos Distance education institutions based in Nigeria Uyo 1983 establishments in Nigeria Educational institutions established in 1983 Universities and colleges in Nigeria Open universities Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Instances of Infobox university using image size Pages using infobox university with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 17 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Open%20University%20of%20Nigeria
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when does the next assasins creed come out
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Assassin 's Creed Genres Action - adventure Stealth Developers Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft Annecy Ubisoft Sofia Ubisoft Milan Ubisoft Quebec Ubisoft Toronto Gameloft Griptonite Games Blue Byte Publishers Ubisoft Creators Patrice Désilets Jade Raymond Corey May First release Assassin 's Creed November 13 , 2007 Latest release Assassin 's Creed Origins October 27 , 2017
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Assassin 's Creed
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assassin's creed
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Assassin 's Creed is a franchise centered on an action - adventure video game series developed by Ubisoft . It depicts a centuries - old struggle pitting the Assassins , who fight for peace and free will , against the Templars , who believe peace comes through control of humanity . The series features historical fiction mixed with real - world historical events and figures . The series took inspiration from the novel Alamut by the Slovenian writer Vladimir Bartol , while building upon concepts from the Prince of Persia series .
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The franchise began in 2007 with the release of Assassin 's Creed . The main video game series consists of ten entries , developed by Ubisoft Montreal ( single - player ) and Ubisoft Annecy ( multiplayer ) , released on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Wii U , Microsoft Windows , and OS X platforms . Many spin - off games have been made for Nintendo DS , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation Vita , iOS , HP webOS , Android , Nokia Symbian and Windows Phone platforms . The handheld versions are developed by Gameloft and Gryptonite Studios , with additional development by Ubisoft Montreal . The series has been well received by critics , and has sold over 100 million copies as of September 2016 , becoming Ubisoft 's best selling franchise and one of the highest selling video game franchises of all time . The video game series has been expanded into a film , comics and novels ; all of which take place within the same continuity as the main video games series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 1.1 Protagonists 2 Gameplay 3 Release history 3.1 Main series 3.1. 1 Assassin 's Creed 3.1. 2 Assassin 's Creed II 3.1. 3 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood 3.1. 4 Assassin 's Creed : Revelations 3.1. 5 Assassin 's Creed III 3.1. 6 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag 3.1. 7 Assassin 's Creed Rogue 3.1. 8 Assassin 's Creed Unity 3.1. 9 Assassin 's Creed Syndicate 3.1. 10 Assassin 's Creed Origins 3.1. 11 Collections 3.1. 12 The Ezio Collection ( 2016 ) 3.1. 13 The Americas Collection ( 2014 ) 3.2 Other console games 3.2. 1 Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation 3.2. 2 Assassin 's Creed Chronicles 3.3 Handheld and mobile games 3.3. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles 3.3. 2 Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines 3.3. 3 Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery 3.3. 4 Assassin 's Creed : Recollection 3.3. 5 Assassin 's Creed : Multiplayer Rearmed 3.3. 6 Assassin 's Creed : Pirates 3.3. 7 Assassin 's Creed Memories 3.3. 8 Assassin 's Creed Identity 3.4 Cancelled and defunct games 3.4. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Project Legacy 3.4. 2 Assassin 's Creed : Utopia 3.5 Future 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Films 4.2. 1 Theatrical 4.2. 2 Short films 4.2. 2.1 Assassin 's Creed : Lineage 4.2. 2.2 Assassin 's Creed : Ascendance 4.2. 2.3 Assassin 's Creed : Embers 4.3 Comics 4.3. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Graphic Novel 4.3. 2 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 1 : Desmond 4.3. 3 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 2 : Aquilus 4.3. 4 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 3 : Accipiter 4.3. 5 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 4 : Hawk 4.3. 6 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 5 : El Cakr 4.3. 7 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 6 : Leila 4.3. 8 Assassin 's Creed : The Fall 4.3. 9 Assassin 's Creed : The Chain 4.3. 10 Assassin 's Creed : Brahman 4.3. 11 Assassin 's Creed : Trial by Fire 4.3. 12 Manga 4.4 Novels 4.4. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Renaissance 4.4. 2 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood 4.4. 3 Assassin 's Creed : The Secret Crusade 4.4. 4 Assassin 's Creed : Revelations 4.4. 5 Assassin 's Creed : Forsaken 4.4. 6 Assassin 's Creed : Black Flag 4.4. 7 Assassin 's Creed : Unity 4.4. 8 Assassin 's Creed : Underworld 4.5 Assassin 's Creed : Encyclopedia 5 Reception 6 In popular culture 6.1 References in other video game franchises 6.2 References in other film franchises 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The Assassin 's Creed games primarily revolve around the rivalry between two ancient secret societies -- the Assassins and the Knights Templar -- and their indirect relation to an ancient species pre-dating humanity , referred to within the games as `` those who came before '' , whose society , along with much of Earth 's biosphere , was destroyed by a massive solar storm thousands of years before the games . The games ' real - world chronological setting begins in the year 2012 . Within the franchise , Abstergo Industries is a mega-corporation conglomerate with multiple branches , secretly run by modern Knights Templar . The company is the present - day main antagonist of the franchise . Abstergo secretly created the `` Animus '' , a device that allows its users to `` re-live '' and experience the memories of their genetic ancestors within their bloodline through a virtual simulation . Overexposure to the animus causes the `` bleeding effect '' , which results in giving the user skills and abilities of his ancestors , but is also dangerous for the user as it can damage their mind , causing symptoms such as dementia , insanity , dissociative identity disorder or brain damage . Abstergo is seeking to discover the location of several historical artifacts , known as the `` Pieces of Eden '' . Such artifacts hold great power , and are capable of controlling free will . Abstergo seeks to use them to remove free will and bring humanity into one single unified group , while the Assassins oppose them . In order to find the Pieces of Eden , Abstergo is abducting people whose ancestors are suspected to have had historically confirmed or suspected interactions with such devices , forcing the kidnapped person into the Animus and searching for clues on their ancestors ' memories within the Animus . Protagonists ( edit ) Desmond Miles , a bartender who is a descendant of several lines of prominent Assassins ; though raised as an Assassin , he left his nomadic family to seek out a more common lifestyle . He is initially kidnapped by Abstergo , who is aware of his ancestral lineage . Desmond is forced into the Animus and is revealed to be subject 17 ; many of the sixteen previous subjects died as a result of animus over-exposure . Desmond is later rescued by a small team of modern - day Assassins ; and agrees to work with them , continuing to experience the memories of his ancestors to discover the locations of additional Pieces of Eden so they can be recovered before Abstergo can do so . From the bleeding effect , Desmond gains some of the Assassin skills of his predecessors at the cost of living with multiple sets of memories and personalities in his mind . Within the Animus , Desmond explores the memories of a number of Assassins , including Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad , an initially disgraced Assassin working to redeem himself during the Third Crusade ; Ezio Auditore da Firenze , an Assassin in Italy during the late 15th and early 16th centuries of the Italian Renaissance , and Ratonhnhaké : ton , otherwise known as Connor , a half - Mohawk , half - British Assassin during the American Revolution . Throughout these events , Desmond learns of allusions to the prophetic end of the world in 2012 from a former Animus test subject , Subject 16 ; the event turns out to be a repeat of the disaster which wiped out the ancient civilization , and he finds out that his memories hold the key to Earth 's surviving a second solar storm . During his experiences , Desmond is aided by holographic projections of three of the ancient race 's rulers : Jupiter , Minerva , and Juno . After Desmond dies to ensure Earth 's survival , his memories , which have survived in cyberspace , are accessed by Abstergo , which hires a new subject to enter the Animus . The new subject relives the memories of Edward Kenway ( Grandfather of Ratohnhaké : ton 's other wise known as Connor Kenway ) and a privateer - turned - pirate during the Golden Age of Piracy . Gameplay ( edit ) While the games are often presented through protagonist Desmond Miles , the bulk of the game is played as Desmond experiences the memories of his ancestors through an advanced device called the Animus . This provides a means of a diegetic interface , showing Desmond 's ancestor 's health , equipment , goals , and other features as part of the Animus interface . The Animus is based on the player controlling the assassin to maintain the synchronization between Desmond and his ancestor 's memories . Performing actions that go against the Assassin 's way or dying breaks the synchronization , effectively requiring the player to restart at a previous checkpoint . Furthermore , the player can not explore outside areas that the assassin has not experienced yet . There are also abnormalities within the Animus from previous users of the device . While playing as the Assassin characters , the games are generally presented as third - person in an open world , focusing on stealth and free - running . The games use a mission structure to follow the main story , generally assigning the player to complete an assassination of public figureheads or a covert mission . Alternatively , several side missions are available , such as mapping out the expansive cities from a high perch followed by performing a `` leap of faith '' into a haystack below , collecting treasures hidden across the cities , exploring ruins for relics , building a brotherhood of assassins to perform other tasks , or funding the rebuilding of a city through purchasing and upgrading of shops and other features . At times , the player is in direct control of Desmond , who by nature of the Animus use has learned Assassin techniques through the bleeding effect , as well as their genetic ability of Eagle Vision , which separates friend , foe and assassination targets by illuminating people in different colors . Through the Animus interface , the player can go back to retry any past mission already completed ; for example , in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , the player achieves better synchronization results by performing the mission in a specific manner such as by only killing the mission 's target . The games use the concept of `` active '' versus `` passive '' moves , with `` active '' moves , such as running , climbing the sides of buildings , or jumping between rooftops , more likely to alert the attention of nearby guards . When the guards become alerted , the player must either fight them or break their line of sight and locate a hiding place , such as a haystack or a well , and wait until the guards ' alert is reduced . The combat system allows for a number of unique weapons , armor , and moves , including the use of a hidden blade set in a bracer on the Assassin 's arm , and which also can be used to quietly assassinate targets . Release history ( edit ) Games , by year and platform . Bold title denotes part of the main series . Time period Title Year Consoles Computers Handhelds Mobile Other Third Crusade Assassin 's Creed 2007 PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Windows -- -- -- Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles 2008 -- -- Nintendo DS Android , iOS , Symbian , webOS , Windows Phone -- Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines 2009 -- -- PlayStation Portable -- -- Renaissance Assassin 's Creed II PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One OS X , Windows -- Symbian OnLive Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery -- -- Nintendo DS iOS -- Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One OS X , Windows -- Symbian OnLive Assassin 's Creed : Revelations 2011 Windows -- Android , Symbian Colonial era Assassin 's Creed III 2012 PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii U -- Symbian -- Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 PlayStation Vita -- -- Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag 2013 PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii U , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One -- -- -- Assassin 's Creed : Freedom Cry 2014 PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One -- -- -- Assassin 's Creed Rogue PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 -- -- -- Assassin 's Creed Identity -- -- -- Android , iOS -- French Revolution Assassin 's Creed Unity PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Windows -- -- -- Imperial China Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China 2015 PlayStation Vita -- -- Victorian era Assassin 's Creed Syndicate -- -- -- Sikh Empire Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : India 2016 PlayStation Vita -- -- October Revolution Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : Russia -- -- Ptolemaic Egypt Assassin 's Creed Origins 2017 -- -- -- Notes Jump up ^ Released under the title Assassin 's Creed : Liberation HD for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Jump up ^ Originally released as DLC for all versions of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag . Jump up ^ Originally announced as part of the season pass for Assassin 's Creed Unity . ^ Jump up to : Released as a compilation titled Assassin 's Creed Chronicles Trilogy Pack . Main series ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed ( video game ) Desmond is captured by Abstergo and forced to use a machine called the Animus to explore Altaïr ibn - La'Ahad's memories during the time of the Third Crusade . Desmond begins to witness events after Altaïr breaks all three tenets of the Assassin Brotherhood while attempting to stop Robert de Sablé from taking a Piece of Eden . Al Mualim , the Brotherhood 's leader , demotes Altaïr to Novice and tasks him with assassinating the nine Knights Templars , including de Sablé , to regain his former status . Altaïr 's quest eventually leads him to face de Sablé in the presence of King Richard I of England warning the King of de Sablé 's plot to kill him . Altaïr defeats de Sablé , but with his last words , de Sablé reveals that there were ten Templars , the last being Al Mualim , who now holds the Piece of Eden . Altaïr returns to face Al Mualim and struggles to fight through illusions created by the Piece , but eventually kills Al Mualim . When Altaïr recovers the piece , he and those watching the Animus view a holographic map showing where other artifacts are located across the globe . Desmond is pulled from the Animus , and was going to be killed , but his life is spared by Lucy Stillman , an Assassin working as a mole within Abstergo , as she claims they might need to further examine his memories later . He comes to learn that a former test subject had left messages only Desmond can see , foretelling the end of the world in 2012 . The first Assassin 's Creed introduced core elements that remained in the rest of the game series . The game creates fictionalized , historical versions of Masyaf ( the Brotherhood 's location ) , Jerusalem , Acre and Damascus , and incorporates a number of documented historical figures into the story . Other core elements include the virtualized Animus system , free running , climbing , stealth , parkour , and the initial formulation of the combat system . The game requires the player to complete a number of side quests before they are able to obtain an assassin quest from a local Brotherhood guidemaster in each city , but this side quest prerequisite was abandoned in future games . Assassin 's Creed II ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed II Lucy returns and breaks Desmond out of Abstergo , taking him to an Assassin safehouse to work alongside Shaun , a historian , and Rebecca , their technical support . Using an improved version of the Animus , Desmond takes witness to Ezio Auditore da Firenze , a young nobleman from the late 15th Century in Florence , shortly before the execution of Ezio 's father and brothers by order of a corrupt official working for the Templars . He , his mother , and sister take to hiding at the Monteriggioni villa owned by his uncle Mario , who helps to train Ezio in the ways of an Assassin . Ezio and Mario discover that Rodrigo Borgia is the figurehead of a number of Templars all who were accomplices in the execution of his family , and with help of allies like Leonardo da Vinci , methodically assassinate the lower - ranked Templars , while learning that Borgia has acquired a Piece of Eden called the Apple . Eventually , Ezio corners Borgia , who hands over the Piece and flees ; Ezio is inducted into the ranks of the Brotherhood and believed to be a prophet based on their codex . A decade later , the Brotherhood learns that Borgia has since become Pope Alexander VI , using the Church 's influence to strengthen the Templars . Ezio invades Vatican City and confronts Borgia , discovering that the Papal staff is also a Piece of Eden . Defeating Borgia but sparing his life , Ezio uses both the Apple and the Papal staff to reveal a chamber of ancient technology . Inside , he is addressed by a hologram of a humanoid female that calls herself Minerva who speaks directly to Desmond through Ezio . Minerva explains how her society had pre-dated humanity 's , but a great disaster nearly wiped them out , and warns that another event is due to occur soon , putting the fate of humanity in Desmond 's hands . Upon this discovery , Desmond and his allies find the safehouse has been compromised by Abstergo and flee . Similar to the first game , Assassin 's Creed II takes place in historical recreations of Venice , Florence , Forlì , San Gimignano , and the Tuscan countryside , and incorporates events during that period as part of the story . Missions are divided into main story missions , themselves divided into memory sequences reflecting points in Ezio 's life , and side missions which can be accomplished at any time ; this approach to mission structure remains consistent in the other games in the series . The Monteriggioni villa provides several functions which can be expanded on by paying money for upgrades of surrounding buildings , or by purchasing artwork , weapons , and armor for the villa ; in turn , the villa will generate wealth for the player at a rate influenced by the upgrades and acquisition of these items . Additional quests involve locating secret Assassin seals , and finding hidden marks left by `` Subject 16 '' , a former Animus user , that hint at the nature of Minerva 's society . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Desmond and his allies retreat to the ruins of the Monteriggioni villa , and Desmond reenters the Animus to continue Ezio 's memories , specifically to identify the location of the Apple . After facing Rodrigo Borgia , Ezio returned to Monteriggioni , but the villa is soon attacked by forces under the command of Cesare Borgia , Rodrigo 's son . Mario is killed and the Apple is stolen . Ezio vows revenge by helping to free the people of Rome from the Borgia family . As Ezio works covertly to turn the city against the Borgias , he gains followers that want to join his cause , and Ezio trains them in the way of the Assassins . In an attempt to assassinate Cesare and Rodrigo at the Castel Sant'Angelo , Ezio instead witnesses Cesare forcing his father to eat a poisoned apple that Rodrigo had prepared to kill his son . Ezio chases down Cesare and eventually captures him and recovers the Apple . Cesare is taken to prison in Viana , Spain but manages to escape with help of his allies . The Assassins lead the fight against Cesare and the remaining loyal Borgia troops , and eventually Ezio throws Cesare from the castle walls , killing him . With no perceived further threats , Ezio takes to hide the Apple under the Colosseum . In the present , Desmond is able to navigate through the underground chambers beneath the Colosseum to locate the Apple . As he picks it up , Desmond is witness to another hologram figure , calling herself Juno , and who controls Desmond to stab Lucy ( because Lucy has defected to the Templars ) before he falls into a coma . Brotherhood shares many of the same features as the previous game though it takes place primarily in Rome . Similar to the villa , the player is able to spend money to buy and upgrade shops and other facilities throughout the city as to increase revenue they can collect from it ; however , the player will be required to destroy Borgia towers that control various sections of the city before they can do so . The Brotherhood of Assassins is introduced , by which , after saving citizens from certain events , the player can invite these citizens as Assassins ; they can then be dispatched to remote locations across Europe to gain experience and money , or can be called in to help the player directly in a mission . For the first time in the series , the game features online multiplayer . Players play as Abstergo employees , who , through the use of the Animus , take on the genetic memories of Renaissance Templars in various game modes . It was the last game to feature Assassin 's Creed creator Patrice Désilets , as the creative director of the series . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Within the computerized `` core '' of the Animus , Subject 16 ( Clay Kaczmarek ) explains to a comatose Desmond that his mind must achieve full synchronization with Altaïr and Ezio , or he will fall into dementia . Desmond sees Ezio 's memories , years after Brotherhood , Ezio researches the Assassins ' history and travels to Masyaf to locate Altaïr 's library , rumored to hold great power within . The Templars also seek to open this library , but it is locked by five keys , hidden in the Ottoman - held Constantinople . Ezio finds the city in a feud between brothers Selim and Ahmet vying for the Sultanate . Ezio is aided by Sofia Sartor , both fall in love . Eventually , Ahmet reveals himself to be a Templar , and is killed by Ezio , Selim thanks Ezio for protecting him , but banishes him for killing his brother . Ezio uses the keys to witness Altaïr 's memories after Al Mualim 's death , which show the death of Altaïr 's wife and youngest son in the midst of a coup d'etat within the Assassins . Altair self - exiles for twenty - years . Eventually returning to Masyaf to kill the usurper and retake control . Altaïr inscribes his memories in the keys and asks his friend Niccolo Polo to hide them . After , Ezio and Sofia go to Masyaf and open the library to find Altaïr 's corpse holding a Piece of Eden . Ezio leaves it and his assassin tools , and tells Desmond , understanding now of his role as a messenger to him . A holographic being calling himself Jupiter explains to Desmond ( through Ezio ) how his society perished as a result of a massive solar flare apocalypse , and that the key to stop the 2012 solar flare lies in the first civilization 's technology commanded by vaults linked to a central vault in New York . Within the Animus , Clay sacrifices himself to allow Desmond to wake up from his coma , his memories complete . Along with Shaun , Rebecca , and his father William , Desmond heads to New York to save humanity . Originally ' Revelations ' was announced as Assassin 's Creed : Lost Legacy , and conceptualized as a Nintendo 3DS title focusing on Ezio traveling to Masyaf . However , on July 15 , 2011 , it was announced as cancelled . The reason behind such `` cancellation '' was that Ubisoft had decided to expand the idea further , cancel the 3DS development and fully shift all development duties towards PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and PC to release the game as a full - fledged main installment of the franchise . The original plot remained , and evolved into the plot seen in the final game , which became Assassin 's Creed : Revelations . Included were many new systems and additional weapons such as bomb - crafting , allowing the player to create explosive , distraction and tactical bombs , using materials found throughout the world and on Assassin 's Guild missions . The hookblade was also introduced , which can be used in free - running ( to travel along zip wires and climb more easily ) and in combat ( to manipulate enemies ) . Eagle Vision was upgraded into the Eagle Sense , allowing Ezio to not only see where his enemies and targets are but also , where they have been and where they are moving to . As the player progresses through , Ezio can train new recruits to defend `` dens '' ( Assassin HQs ) and an upgraded Assassin 's missions section called `` Mediterranean Defense '' in which the player works to strip control of various cities from Templar hands . The multiplayer mode returned in Revelations , with more characters , modes , and maps , and by advancing up through levels of experience , the player learns more about Abstergo 's history . Assassin 's Creed III ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed III This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Desmond and his allies arrive at the Temple entrance in a cave in the New York area on October 31 , 2012 , and open its door using the Apple Of Eden , discovering a larger chamber of Precursor technology behind it , including another door requiring a key . Desmond suddenly falls into a fugue state , and is put into the Animus . There , he experiences the memories of a half Mohawk , half British man named Ratonhnhaké : ton ( / ˈrəduːnˈhəɡeɪduːn / ; `` Ra - doon - ha - kay - doon '' ) , later dubbed Connor ( Achilles calls him this in memory of his dead son ) , who lived through the American Revolution , as well as Connor 's father , Haytham Kenway , who is later revealed as a British agent of the Templars . Kenway had gone to the Colonies in America with a stolen medallion , recruited Templar allies including Charles Lee , and worked to gain the trust of the Mohawk people to get them to show him the location of the Temple , but to his annoyance , the medallion did not open the Temple for him . Connor , as a young boy , witnesses Lee and his troops set fire to his village , killing his mother ; years later , he is shown a Piece of Eden , through which Juno speaks to him and instructs him to get training from Master Assassin Achilles Davenport . Achilles takes Connor and teaches him about Assassins and introduces him to Patriots in the Revolution , through which Connor stops several Templar plans to disrupt their efforts including an assassination attempt against George Washington . During these memories , Desmond does recover from the fugue state , and helps his allies to recover power sources to power the Temple scattered about the globe , including one held by Abstergo . Connor eventually encounters his father , but Kenway offers a cease fire , as he is also after Benjamin Church for usurping his authority . During their investigation , Kenway warns Connor that the Patriots , worried of the allegiance of the various tribes to the British , are seeking to remove Connor 's people from their lands . Connor eventually hunts Lee down and kills him , taking the medallion and ending the Templar threat . He is despondent to find his tribe 's village abandoned save for the Piece of Eden ; through it , Juno tells him to hide the amulet . As December 21 approaches and signs of the solar flare begin to ensue , Desmond and his allies find the buried medallion , and use it at the inner Temple door , behind which is a control sphere . Juno appears and encourages Desmond to touch it , but Minerva appears and warns him to stop it , warning that this will release Juno as an entity that may protect against the solar flare but will be a threat to mankind in the future . Juno counters , explaining that Minerva would rather have most of humanity wiped out , with Desmond safe in the Temple to emerge as a religious figure to lead the survivors but ultimately leading into conflict . Desmond opts to release Juno , believing humanity will have a better chance fighting Juno . As his body is wracked by energy from the control sphere , an aurora surrounds the Earth and protects it from the solar flare . Juno tells the now fallen Desmond that his work is now done , and now it is time for her to do her work . Assassin 's Creed III is structured similarly to the previous games , with missions taking place on an open - world map based on Colonial Boston and New York , and offers a large wilderness area , the Frontier and in the Davenport Homestead , where the player can hunt animals for materials , which then subsequently can be used to construct goods to be traded and sold throughout the colonies . Naval battles were introduced , wherein the player must steer a warship named Aquila in dangerous waters and perform ship - to - ship combat with cannons and mounted guns . In Assassin 's Creed III there are a large assortment of mini missions to play and many different outfits to purchase as the player progresses through the game . The modern - day aspects of the story were also significantly expanded , and featured missions taking place in , among other locations , Manhattan , Rome and Brazil . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Samples taken from Desmond Miles ' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus ' newfound cloud computing abilities . The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo 's entertainment division to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway , an eighteenth - century pirate and the grandfather of Connor . Ostensibly , this is to gather material for an Animus - powered interactive feature film , but in reality , Abstergo and the Templars are searching for the Observatory , a Precursor structure that allows the user to see through the eyes of a subject . As Kenway , the player must unravel a conspiracy between high - ranking Templars to manipulate the British , Spanish and French empires into locating the Sage - later identified as Bartholomew Roberts - who is the only man who can lead them to the Observatory . In the present day , the player is contacted by John , Abstergo Entertainment 's information technology manager . John convinces the player that his employer knows more than they are telling , and encourages them to investigate in more detail . He arranges for the player to access the Animus ' core , at which point Juno materialises into an incorporeal form . She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster , the world was not ready for her , and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended . John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno , but is killed by Abstergo 's security before he can do so . As Roberts , the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends . Assassin 's Creed Rogue ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Rogue The plot follows Knight of Templar , Shay Patrick Cormac , and is set during the Seven Years ' War across various locations in North America . It is meant to `` fill the gaps '' of the story between III and Black Flag and has `` a crucial link to the Kenway saga '' , as well as connecting to Unity . Haytham Kenway from III and Adewalé from Black Flag make appearances . By March 2014 , a game titled or code - named `` Comet '' , was revealed to be in development , for release on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . By the end of the month , additional reports indicated that `` Comet '' would be set around 1758 in New York , as well as feature sailing on the Atlantic Ocean . The game would be a direct sequel to Black Flag , and would be the first to feature a Templar as the main protagonist , named Shay . In May 2014 , Guillemot stated that Assassin 's Creed games would continue releasing on the last generation PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 `` for the foreseeable future '' , despite the franchise moving to the current generation PlayStation 4 and Xbox One with Assassin 's Creed Unity . On August 5 , Ubisoft officially announced the game as Assassin 's Creed Rogue . It was released in North America on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11 , 2014 and in Europe and Australasia on November 13 , 2014 . It was released on Windows in March 2015 . Assassin 's Creed Unity ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Unity The story is set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution and follows Arno Dorian and his fellow assassins . On March 19 , 2014 , images leaked for the next game , titled or code - named Unity , showing a new assassin in Paris . On March 21 , Ubisoft confirmed the game 's existence , having been in development for more than three years , by releasing pre-alpha game footage . The game features up to four player co-op , a first for the series . It was released in North America on the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows on November 11 , 2014 and in Europe and Australasia on November 13 , 2014 . Assassin 's Creed Syndicate ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Syndicate The plot is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime , and take back the city from Templar control . In December 2014 , images and information leaked for a new Assassin 's Creed game , titled or code - named Victory , which was later confirmed by Ubisoft . In May 2015 , Kotaku leaked that Victory had been renamed Syndicate . On May 12 , 2015 , the game was officially announced by Ubisoft . The PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One version of the game was released on October 23 , 2015 , while the Microsoft Windows version was released on November 19 , 2015 . Assassin 's Creed Origins ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Origins The story is set in Ptolemaic Egypt and follows a Medjay named Bayek , whose fight to protect his people , leads him to create the Secret Order the Assassins , with the game exploring the origin of their conflict with the Knights of Templar , serving as a prequel to the entire series . The details of the present day story - line remain unrevealed . In February 2016 , Ubisoft announced they would not be releasing a new game in 2016 in order to step `` back and ( re-examine ) the Assassin 's Creed franchise ... ( and take the ) year to evolve the game mechanics and to make sure we 're delivering on the promise of Assassin 's Creed offering unique and memorable gameplay experiences '' . On the decision , Guillemot said that `` Ubisoft started to question the annualized franchise with the release of Assassin 's Creed Unity , and the fact that Assassin 's Creed Syndicate had `` a slower launch than expected '' . Guillemot added that `` by moving away from the annual iterations of the franchise , it will give the Assassin 's Creed teams more time to take advantage of new engines and technology '' . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag 's director Ashraf Ismail , commented on an interview that he and the team would be interested in doing an Assassin 's Creed game in an Ancient Egyptian setting , along with reiterating an earlier statement that a female leading character was not an impossibility for the series . In May 2017 , Ubisoft confirmed the development of Assassin 's Creed Origins . The game was announced to be set in the Ptolemaic Egypt in June 2017 . The game was released worldwide on October 27 , 2017 for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows . Collections ( edit ) The Ezio Collection ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The Ezio Collection , developed by Virtuos and Ubisoft Montreal , features remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed 2 , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations ' single - player modes , using the Anvil engine , for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One ( the multiplayer being excluded from the package ) . The games feature improved graphics , lighting , effects and textures , and also includes all previously released downloadable content for the single - player . In addition , the bundle features the short films Assassin 's Creed : Embers and Assassin 's Creed : Lineage . The collection was released on November 15 , 2016 to mixed reviews , being criticized for its minimal graphical enhancements , the dated gameplay , and the capped 30 frames per second . The Americas Collection ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The Americas Collection , developed by Ubisoft Montreal , features Assassin 's Creed III , Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD , and Assassin 's Creed Black Flag ' , for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . The collection was released on October 28 , 2014 . Other console games ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation The story follows a Louisiana Creole woman , named Aveline . Aveline is the daughter of a French merchant father and an African mother . She is recruited into the Assassin Order by a former slave and fights against slavery as well as the Templars . An original Assassin 's Creed title for the PlayStation Vita was announced to be in development during Gamescom 2011 , and would feature a new story with new characters . On June 4 , 2012 at E3 , Liberation was officially announced . Aveline uses a variety of new weapons in combat , including a machete and a blowpipe for ranged attacks . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that the game would be re-released as Assassin 's Creed : Liberation HD for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows via the PlayStation Network , Xbox Live Arcade and Steam , respectively , in January 2014 . Assassin 's Creed Chronicles ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Chronicles Assassin 's Creed Chronicles is an episodic 2.5 D action game for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita and Xbox One . The first episode is available with the purchase of Assassin 's Creed Unity 's DLC season pass and features Shao Jun in 16th century China . The second entry , India , was released on January 12 , 2016 on the same platforms , and the last entry , Russia , was released on February 9 , 2016 . Handheld and mobile games ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad is sent on a mission from the Order of Assassins to retrieve a Chalice from the grasps of both the Crusaders and the Saracens . Altaïr quests to find three different magic keys then travels to Jerusalem to face the head of the Knights Templar , Basilisk . Upon arriving , he learns that the Chalice is not an object , but a woman named Adha who reveals that Altaïr has been deceived by an assassin named Harash , who is now a double - agent for the Templars . After killing both Harash and Basilisk , Altaïr attempts to save a kidnapped Adha from captivity but is too late . The game ends with a captured Adha sailing away and Altaïr left in the holy land . Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines Altaïr has traveled to Cyprus from the Holy Land in order to assassinate the last remnants of the Templars . Here Altaïr again meets Maria and they travel together to kill the remaining Templars and learn more about the `` Apple of Eden '' and the mysterious Templar Archive where more of the artifacts are believed to be hidden . Altaïr manages to kill the new Templar Grand Master , Armand Bouchart , and his followers , but the Archive 's contents are discovered to have already been taken from Cyprus . Assassin 's Creed II : discovery ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery After losing the Apple of Eden to Girolamo Savonarola , Ezio is told to meet Antonio , his fellow Assassin . When doing so , Ezio finds Antonio with another man named Luis Santangel , who asks Ezio to rescue his friend Christoffa Corombo from a presumed Templar trap set up by Rodrigo Borgia . Ezio rescues Christoffa from this trap , and is informed that Assassins in Spain are captured and executed by Tomas Torquemada . Ezio , who feels that it is his duty to rescue the Assassins , sets out for Spain to fight back against the Spanish Inquisition . Along the way , Ezio finds out that Torquemada was ordered to commit these actions by Rodrigo Borgia , who leads Torquemada to believe that God desired it so . Ezio also finds out that his close allies , Luis Santangel and Raphael Sanchez , are in fact Assassins themselves . When finally confronting Torquemada , Ezio chooses not to kill him thinking that Torquemada is merely misled by Borgia and not a Templar himself . Ezio then returns to Italy to continue his search for the Apple of Eden . Assassin 's Creed : Recollection ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Recollection is a real - time board game developed for iOS . The game delivers a new experience to the Assassin 's Creed world in which fans and new players alike go head - to - head in real - time political battles with characters and locations from the franchise . Players can also unlock a collection of artwork , spanning the series . The game features over 280 Memories , reconnecting with characters from Assassin 's Creed II and Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . The single - player Story Mode has 10 + hours of gameplay , with 20 missions taking place from Barcelona to Constantinople and 10 challenge missions . In Versus Mode , players can challenge their friends and people from around the world , pitting their strategies and abilities against one another . The game supports Game Center , allowing players to track achievements , challenge friends , and play against the world over . Go behinds the scenes with the Art Gallery , a collection of artwork spanning the entire franchise ( Assassin 's Creed , Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , Assassin 's Creed : Revelations and Assassin 's Creed III ) showcasing the high level of quality in character design as well as the attention to detail in the locations . Through the Store , players have the option to Buy Packs for the in - game currency , Animus Credits ( Animus Credits may also be purchased through an In - App Purchase ) , or to Buy / Sell Memories from / to other players in the Market . The short film Assassin 's Creed : Embers is also featured within the game . Assassin 's Creed : multiplayer Rearmed ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Multiplayer Rearmed is a multiplayer video game designed for iOS . It is the only Assassin 's Creed Multiplayer driven by an in - game economy . The aim is to assassinate the assigned target and avoid being killed by your own hunter . The player can purchase additional items , characters and abilities as well as compete with friends and foes from around the globe in a 4 player realtime online multiplayer mode . Players can connect via Game Center using either WI - FI or 3G . It is also possible to play against someone in the immediate area via Bluetooth . Available map locations include Jerusalem , San Donato , Venice and Alhambra . Assassin 's Creed : Pirates ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Pirates is a mobile game , that was released on iOS and Android devices on December 5 , 2013 . Developed by Ubisoft Paris , the game follows Captain Alonzo Batilla , who is neither Assassin nor Templar , as he commands a ship and crew , while crossing paths with the Assassins and Templars . Gameplay focuses on real - time battles between ships . The title is in 3D and features both wind and weather that will affect how players proceed . Assassin 's Creed memories ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed Memories is a mobile game that was released on iOS devices on August 20 , 2014 . Developed along with PlayNext and Gree , the game combines card collection and battling , target chasing , and strategy elements , along with the option of competitive multiplayer . Additional multiplayer options include allowing players to join a guild and then engage in 20 vs 20 guild combat scenarios . Memories features different historical eras , including the Third Crusade , the golden age of piracy , feudal Japan and the Mongolian Empire . Assassin 's Creed Identity ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Identity Assassin 's Creed Identity is a game for iOS devices that was released worldwide on 25 February 2016 . It is a 3D third - person role - playing game . It had a soft - launch in Australia and New Zealand in 2014 . Cancelled and defunct games ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : project Legacy ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Project Legacy was a single - player browser - based role - playing game Facebook application , designed as a promotion , and tie - in for Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . The game is mostly text - based , but includes graphics and sound as well as some video . Players are test subjects for Abstergo Industries who relive the lives of other test subjects ' Assassin ancestors ; instead of using the Animus , players use the Data Dump Scanner ( DDS ) . The first mission pack is titled `` Italian Wars '' , and is divided into four chapters . Chapter one focuses on Bartolomeo d'Alviano during the Battle of Agnadello . The second chapter focuses on Francesco Vecellio on a mission to kill Niccolò di Pitigliano ( cousin of Bartolomeo d'Alviano ) . The third focuses on Mario Auditore and the protection of Monteriggioni . The fourth and final chapter focuses on Perotto Calderon , an undercover assassin who watches over Lucrezia Borgia , with whom he falls in love . The second mission pack , entitled `` Rome '' , was released November 16 , 2010 . The first chapter takes place between 1497 and 1503 , and deals with the ex-courtesan , Fiora Cavazza . It deals with Fiora 's involvement in recruiting an army for the Borgia , and her subsequent betrayal . The second takes place in 1503 , and involves Giovanni Borgia , fleeing his family and eventually joining the assassins . Chapter three involves Francesco Vecellio , and his training to be an assassin under Ezio Auditore . Chapter four again focuses on Giovanni Borgia , now an Assassin and joining Hernán Cortés on his journey to Tenochtitlan to acquire a `` Piece of Eden '' , one of the Crystal Skulls . Giovanni brought it to Bombastus for study , resulting in the discovery of the formula for the Philosopher 's stone . The third mission pack , entitled `` Holidays '' , and its first Chapter called Ghosts of Christmas Past were released on December 21 , 2010 with further missions to be released in 2011 . The first chapter takes place at various times and places in history : during the World War I Christmas Truce , the Beagle 2 truth , the return of Charles II back to England , and the time of the Shroud of Turin . A fourth story pack , `` The Divine Science Story Pack '' was announced , but never released . Additionally , an updated user interface ( referred to as the ' DDS 2.0 ' ) was announced , but not released . The DDS 2.0 would have offered an easier method of selecting mission packs and equipment . The game was later shut down and put on an indefinite hold . Assassin 's Creed : Utopia ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Utopia is a cancelled mobile game which was planned to be available on Android and iOS devices . The game 's story would have led into Assassin 's Creed III , though there would have been no links in terms of gameplay . Utopia would have taken place in the 17th century , at the very beginning of the colonization of North America . Gameplay would have spanned 150 years of history , to help players `` discover how the Assassins influenced history and helped shape the nation 's original thirteen colonies '' . The gameplay involved building a colonial city , and was planned to have more of a `` social slant '' than any of the earlier games . The Assassins of each colony would have taken on their enemies in `` limited time epic battles '' , and players would have been able to pit their strength against friends in asynchronous 3D brawls . Future ( edit ) Asked about the future of the series in 2009 , Sébastien Puel from Ubisoft said that `` we could do 35 of these ( Assassin 's Creed games ) '' , while Laurent Detoc from Ubisoft later said `` we hope to reach Assassin 's Creed 10 '' . In November 2011 , a Ubisoft survey was sent out , asking participants which locations and time periods they would like to see in the `` next Assassin 's Creed games '' . These settings were Medieval China , Victorian England , Ancient Egypt , the Portuguese and / or Spanish Invasion of the Americas , the American Revolution , the Russian Revolution , Feudal Japan , and Ancient Rome . Alex Hutchinson , creative director of Assassin 's Creed III , suggested the most requested Assassin 's Creed settings , World War II , Feudal Japan and Ancient Egypt , are `` the three worst settings for an Assassin 's Creed game '' . However , Hutchinson stated both he and Corey May were open to the idea of a future entry set during the time of the British Raj , which now consists of the modern states of India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Myanmar . Victorian England , the American Revolution , Medieval China , parts of the British Raj , the Russian Revolution , and Ancient Egypt were subsequently used for Assassin 's Creed Syndicate , Assassin 's Creed III , Assassin 's Creed Chronicles , and Assassin 's Creed Origins , respectively , with World War I appearing as a section of Syndicate , and World War II as an easter egg in Unity . In June 2013 , Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot stated on the development cycle of the games , saying , `` We are making sure the teams who are creating the different iterations have enough time -- two years , three years , so that they can take risk and they can change the concept enough so that it can be appealing and fresh . '' The following August , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag 's director Ashraf Ismail , said that the ending of the franchise had been written , saying `` We have an idea of where the end is , what the end is . But of course Yves ( Guillemot ) announced we are a yearly title , we ship one game a year . So depending on the setting , depending on what fans want , we 've given ourselves room to fit more in this arc . But there is an end . '' In other media ( edit ) Ubisoft expanded the Assassin 's Creed franchise to other media , including films , comic books and novels . Television ( edit ) In November 2016 , it was announced that Ubisoft and Netflix started talks regarding how to develop an Assassin 's Creed series . In July 2017 , Adi Shankar revealed he would be creating the series , which would be in the anime format . The series , which will feature an original story from Shankar , will share the same universe as the other media of the franchise . Films ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed ( film ) A live - action film , Assassin 's Creed , set in the same universe as the video games and other media , was released on December 21 , 2016 to negative reviews . Development for the film began in October 2011 , when Sony Pictures entered final negotiations with Ubisoft Motion Pictures to make the film . In July 2012 , Michael Fassbender was announced to star in the film , as well as co-produce the film . His role was revealed in August 2015 as Callum Lynch , whose ancestor Aguilar , is an assassin from 15th century Spain . In October 2012 , Ubisoft revealed the film would no longer be produced by Sony Pictures , instead co-produced with New Regency and distributed by 20th Century Fox . In January 2013 , Michael Lesslie was hired to write the film , with Scott Frank , Adam Cooper and Bill Collage performing rewrites to the script . By the end of April 2014 , Justin Kurzel was in talks to direct . Principal photography began on August 31 , 2015 , and ended on January 15 , 2016 . Released on 21st December 2016 , the film was poorly received by critics though performed adequately at the box office . Short films ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Lineage ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Lineage Assassin 's Creed : Lineage is a 36 - minute film serving as a prequel to Assassin 's Creed II . The film , released in three parts on YouTube , promoted the game and is the first attempt for Ubisoft to make its first step in the film industry . It is about the story of Giovanni Auditore , Ezio 's father , who investigates the mysterious assassination of Duke of Milan Galeazzo Maria Sforza and first learns about Rodrigo Borgia 's conspiracy . Assassin 's Creed : ascendance ( edit ) Ascendance is an animated short by UbiWorkshop and Ubisoft Montreal , which bridges the gap between Assassin 's Creed II and Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . It tells the backstory of Cesare Borgia 's rise to power . The animated short was released on November 16 , 2010 . The short story takes place in the middle of the events of Brotherhood as Ezio Auditore sits and gathers information about Cesare Borgia , from a hooded man who is later revealed to be Leonardo da Vinci . It is available for purchase on Xbox Live , PlayStation Store and iTunes Store . Assassin 's Creed : Embers ( edit ) Embers is an animated short film created by UbiWorkshop . The film is included as a bonus in Signature and collector 's editions of Assassin 's Creed : Revelations . UbiWorkShop released a teaser trailer on July 21 , 2011 , which was featured at Comic - Con 2011 . The Embers trailer shows an older Ezio with his family . He fears someone is trying to get him . The developers described Embers at the 2011 Comic Con , at the Assassins Creed panel as a final epilogue to Ezio 's story , and although can be watched anytime , should be watched after the completion of Assassin 's Creed : Revelations story , to fully understand and complete the tale of Ezio Auditore da Firenze . The short film follows an elderly Ezio , living a peaceful life in the Tuscan countryside with his wife Sofia and his children Flavia and Marcello and writing his memoirs . One day a stranger appears , a Chinese female Assassin called Shao Jun , who came to Ezio in order to seek knowledge of his life as an Assassin . Although Ezio prefers that Jun not stay , due to his desire to leave his days as an Assassin behind , Sofia allows her to stay for the night . The next day , Ezio catches Jun reading his memoirs and bids her to leave , but relents after she asks him about what it means to be an Assassin . While on a trip to Firenze , Ezio then recounts his story of how his father and brothers were executed in the town square , forcing him to become an Assassin , and how such a life is defined by the pain it brings and causes . As they leave , the two are attacked by a stranger , who appears to be of Asian origin as well . After killing him , Jun reveals that she was a former concubine , now on the run from servants of the Chinese Zhengde Emperor , and explains how her former master rescued her from his influence . After returning to his home , Ezio tells Sofia and his children to leave , knowing that others would come . He then teaches Jun the key to liberating her people from the Emperor 's influence . Later that night , Ezio 's villa is attacked by more of Shao Jun 's enemies , and after a fight , he successfully eliminates them all . The next morning , Ezio hands Shao Jun a small box and tells her it may come to use one day , but only if `` you lose your way '' . He then sends her away as two riders appear at the villa . Sometime afterward Ezio journeys to Firenze with his wife Sofia and their daughter Flavia , despite suffering from heart problems . While resting on a bench and after having a short conversation with a young man with a scar on his face , similar to the sort of man he used to be , he exhales and dies in view of his family . The film then ends as a final letter from Ezio to Sofia is read , saying that of all the things that kept him going throughout life , love for the world around him was the strongest of them all . Comics ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : graphic novel ( edit ) In the limited edition of Assassin 's Creed , an 8 - page graphic novel was included , that showed two side - stories of Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad and Desmond Miles . The story serves as a prelude to the first Assassin 's Creed game and is narrated simultaneously by both characters . In it , the novel covers Desmond 's escape from Abstergo in the year 2012 and also one of Altaïr 's assassination missions in the year 1191 . The start of the novel involves the introduction of the two characters with Altaïr calling himself a hunter , while Desmond is a prisoner . Although initially they describe themselves otherwise , by the end of the novel they both re-introduce themselves as assassins . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 1 : Desmond ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed Volume 1 : Desmond is a French - language graphic novel written by Eric Corbeyran and drawn by Djilalli Defaux . It has been released in France , Canada , Belgium , Poland and Italy . The comic book was published on November 13 , 2009 , a few days before Assassin 's Creed II was released . The story is a retelling of events from Assassin 's Creed and the beginning of Assassin 's Creed II , mostly from Desmond 's modern perspective ; for example it is revealed that Lucy helped the Templars to kidnap Desmond . It also features Subject 16 ( referred to as Michael ) and a Roman assassin named Aquilus . However , events in the comic book are different from what happens in the game . It is said that Subject 16 is alive but trapped in the animus , a virtual reality simulator used to relive memories of ancient relatives , but there 's no mention of Shaun or Rebecca . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 2 : Aquilus ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed Volume 2 : Aquilus is a French - language graphic novel written by Eric Corbeyran and drawn by Djilalli Defaux . The story opens with a young Desmond recalling his conversation with his father . He wakes up and has a conversation with Lucy . After meeting Rebecca , Shaun and other assassins , they get into a truck and drive to Monteriggioni . In the meantime , Desmond relives memories of Aquilus through the animus after his apparent death in the first volume . The Roman assassin is rescued by his cousin , Accipiter , and is tasked with a quest to save Lugdunum . He meets with his father and discovers an artifact of the first civilization : an ankh which can temporarily revive the dead . The mysterious object is then stolen by a Templar senator , Vultur , who kills Aquilus ' father . The modern day story continues as Assassins fight Abstergo agents when they 're ambushed on the road . Later , it is revealed that there 's a traitor among in the Assassins ' truck , and Desmond deals with the situation . The group finally arrives in Monteriggioni and at the end , it 's hinted that the ankh artifact might be hidden within the town 's walls . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 3 : Accipiter ( edit ) Jonathan Hawk was sent by a suited executive and a lab technician to relive Accipiter 's memories . He was sent to 259 CE , when Accipiter 's Alamans were crossng the Rodanus into Genava and Aube to face the Roman forces at Oppidum . The battle raged bloodily and long , but Accipiter 's forces were eventually victorious . Accipiter was met by the Iberian Assassin Cuervo after the battle , the latter coming to congratulate the Alamans on their victory and to discuss the future . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 4 : Hawk ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed , Volume 4 : Hawk is the fourth volume of the French graphic novels . It is centered on the story of Jonathan Hawk and his Egyptian ancestor Numa Al'Khamsin , a member of the Assassins in the 14th century . It was released on November 16 , 2012 . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 5 : El Cakr ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed , Volume 5 : El Cakr is the fifth volume of the French graphic novels . It is centered on the story of Jonathan Hawk and his Egyptian ancestor Numa Al'Khamsin , also known as `` El Cakr '' . It was released on October 31 , 2013 . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 6 : Leila ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed , Volume 6 : Leila is the sixth volume of the French graphic novels . It is centered on the story of Jonathan Hawk and his Egyptian ancestor Numa Al'Khamsin , also known as `` El Cakr '' . It is the last of the Egyptian storyline . It was released on October 31 , 2014 . Assassin 's Creed : the fall ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : The Fall In July 2010 , Ubisoft announced a three - part comic book mini-series set in the world of Assassin 's Creed as a part of their UbiWorkshop initiative . Ubisoft has hired illustrators Cameron Stewart and Karl Kerschl , both winners of multiple comic book awards . The first issue of the series was released on November 10 , 2010 , the second part on December 1 , 2010 . It was published by WildStorm . The comic takes place between 1888 and 1908 in Russia and 1998 set in the United States . It follows Nikolai Orelov and his descendant Daniel Cross , a recovering alcoholic experiencing the bleeding effect in a therapist 's office . Assassin 's Creed : the Chain ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : The Chain The Chain is a sequel comic to The Fall that completes Nikolai Orelov 's story as well as focusing on his descendant , Daniel Cross . The comic will also provide some light on the events of Assassin 's Creed III . It was released in mid-2012 . Assassin 's Creed : Brahman ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Brahman Brahman is set in 19th century India , and introduced the Assassin Arbaaz Mir . It was written by Brendan Fletcher with art by Cameron Stewart and Karl Kerschl . It was released in late - 2013 in North America . Assassin 's Creed : trial by fire ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Trial by Fire Oscillating between contemporary San Diego and the Salem witch trials , `` Assassin 's Creed '' follows Charlotte de la Cruz , an over-educated conspiracy theorist , who soon comes under attack from Templars after learning she is the descendent of Assassins . The series is published by Titan Comics , and is written by Kill Shakespeare 's Anthony Del Col and Conor McCreery , illustrated by Neil Edwards , and coloured by Ivan Nunes . Manga ( edit ) `` Assassin 's Creed : Awakening '' was an adaptation of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag in 2013 . Novels ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed ( book series ) Assassin 's Creed : Renaissance ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Renaissance is a novel based on the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . It is a novelised version of the game Assassin 's Creed II ; however , rather than spanning a vast period of time , it is set only in the 15th century with no mention of the series ' present - day events . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . It is a novelized version of the game Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood just like its previous book . It does not contain any of the game 's present - day events including Desmond , only a reference to a `` phantom '' by Ezio . Unlike the events of the game which start in 1499 , this version of the story starts in 1503 . Assassin 's Creed : the Secret Crusade ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : The Secret Crusade is the third Assassin 's Creed book by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . The story is told by Niccolò Polo , father of Marco Polo , and is about the life of Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad . It was released on June 20 , 2011 . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Revelations is the fourth novel in the continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . The novel release date is November 24 , 2011 for the United Kingdom and November 29 , 2011 for the North America . Like the previous novels of Renaissance and Brotherhood , it is a novelised version of the game Assassin 's Creed : Revelations . Additionally like the prior novels , it does not contain any of the game 's present - day events including Desmond . Like the game , Ezio Auditore must leave his life behind in search of answers , in search of the truth . In Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , master assassin Ezio Auditore walks in the footsteps of the legendary mentor Altair , on a journey of discovery and revelation . It is a perilous path -- one that will take Ezio to Constantinople , the heart of the Ottoman Empire , where a growing army of Templars threatens to destabilise the region . Assassin 's Creed : Forsaken ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Forsaken is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden . It covers the life of Haytham Kenway during his years before and during the events of Assassin 's Creed III . Assassin 's Creed : Black Flag ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Black Flag is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden . The novel chronicles the events of the game with the same name . It was released on November 7 , 2013 . Assassin 's Creed : Unity ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Unity is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden . The novel focuses on the events of the game from Elise 's perspective , and then Arno 's perspective after Elise 's death at the hands of Templar Grand Master François - Thomas Germain , who was later killed by Arno . It was released on November 20 , 2014 . Assassin 's Creed : Underworld ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed Underworld unveils the story of Master Assassin Henry Green / Jayadeep Mir , the son of Indian Master Assassin Arbaaz Mir and his wife Pyara Kaur ( the two debuted in Assassin 's Creed : Brahman ) , six years before the events depicted in Assassin 's Creed : Syndicate . Assassin 's Creed : encyclopedia ( edit ) UbiWorkshop released an encyclopedia of the Assassin 's Creed series in 2011 . Initially intended as an art book , the project gathered so much material that the company decided to expand it into an encyclopedia . It features works of artists , such as Craig Mullins , Tavis Coburn , 123Klan , Gabz and James NG . Artists were given creative freedom , as they were able to create a unique Assassin from the period of their choosing . The art book contains a `` carte blanche '' section , which is going to contain fan - submitted artwork . In November 2012 , to coincide with the release of Assassin 's Creed III , UbiWorkshop released a second edition of the encyclopedia . This Edition contained an additional 120 pages of content , covering both Assassin 's Creed III and Assassin 's Creed : The Chain , as well as revised content based on feedback . The Third Edition of the Assassin 's Creed Encyclopedia is an updated hardcover edition incorporating information of characters and events from Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and Assassin 's Creed : Brahman along with new artwork and concept art . It was released worldwide on November 11 , 2013 and includes 390 pages of new content and a revised version of the second edition , which is also available to purchase from UbiWorkshop . Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores As of November 6 , 2017 . Game Metacritic Assassin 's Creed ( PC ) 79 ( PS3 ) 81 ( X360 ) 81 Altaïr 's Chronicles ( NDS ) 58 Bloodlines ( PSP ) 63 II ( PC ) 86 ( PS3 ) 91 ( X360 ) 90 II : Discovery ( NDS ) 69 Brotherhood ( PC ) 88 ( PS3 ) 90 ( X360 ) 89 Revelations ( PC ) 80 ( PS3 ) 80 ( X360 ) 80 III ( PC ) 80 ( PS3 ) 85 ( WIIU ) 85 ( X360 ) 84 III : Liberation ( PC ) 66 ( PS3 ) 64 ( Vita ) 70 ( X360 ) 62 IV : Black Flag ( PC ) 84 ( PS3 ) 88 ( PS4 ) 83 ( WIIU ) 86 ( X360 ) 86 Rogue ( PC ) 74 ( PS3 ) 72 ( X360 ) 72 Identity ( iOS ) 69 Unity ( PC ) 70 ( PS4 ) 70 ( XONE ) 72 Chronicles : China ( PC ) 67 ( PS4 ) 69 ( XONE ) 67 Syndicate ( PC ) 74 ( PS4 ) 76 ( XONE ) 78 Chronicles : India ( PS4 ) 63 ( XONE ) 64 Chronicles : Russia ( PS4 ) 60 ( XONE ) 62 Origins ( PC ) 83 ( PS4 ) 82 ( XONE ) 85 The Assassin 's Creed series have received mainly positive reviews from critics , many of whom have called Assassin 's Creed `` ... the standout series on ( the seventh generation ) of consoles '' . As of September 2016 , the series has sold over 100 million copies , becoming Ubisoft 's best selling franchise and one of the highest selling video game franchises of all time . In popular culture ( edit ) References in other video game franchises ( edit ) In the 2009 Wii game Academy of Champions : Soccer , Altaïr appears as a playable character along with other Ubisoft characters . In the 2012 game Soulcalibur V , Ezio appears as a playable fighter and is featured on the box art . Sackboy , the player character from LittleBigPlanet and its sequel , can be costumed as Ezio . In Prince of Persia : The Forgotten Sands there is an unlockable outfit through Uplay . In Prince of Persia ( 2008 ) , Altaïr 's costume can be unlocked with a code obtained by pre-ordering the game . Final Fantasy XIII - 2 has a costume of Ezio from Assassin 's Creed : Revelations as an optional costume option as downloadable content . In PC / Mac versions of Team Fortress 2 , two promotional items were introduced in 2011 months before Assassin 's Creed : Revelations ' release . These were both for the class Spy , the first item being the iconic hidden blade , the second a hood based on the one Ezio wore in Revelations . In Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots , the outfit of Altaïr is available as an unlockable , though , originally , it was only an April Fools joke by Hideo Kojima . In Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker , the player can jump into a bale of hay from a rooftop ( which also includes the `` Eagle '' sound effect used in the Assassins ' Creed games ) and use it to attract and subdue enemies . The Assassin order is also referenced by a character . Olivier Garneau , who appears in Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag as the CEO of Abstergo Entertainment , appears in the Ubisoft game Watch Dogs as the subject of a side mission that sees him kidnapped . It is implied after saving Garneau that he was hunted by the Assassin Brotherhood . Additionally , two characters in the game are seen playing Assassin 's Creed II . Ubisoft has described those appearances as small Easter eggs , and has n't confirmed nor denied than a shared continuity between both franchises . In downloadable contents , Ubisoft collaborated with Square Enix to held a limited - time Assassin 's Creed themed festival event crossover into the Final Fantasy XV on consoles under the title Assassin 's Festival , starting August 31st , 2017 until January 31st , 2018 . The DLC featuring gameplay elements from the Assassin 's Creed game series , new additional quests , mini-games , and exclusive items from Assassin 's Creed series . References in other film franchises ( edit ) In the 2011 Indian film Velayudham , the superhero costume worn by the protagonist is visibly based on Altaïr 's in Assassin 's Creed . 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( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Assassin 's Creed Unity Co-Op Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Next Year 's Big Assassin 's Creed Is Set In Victorian London ( UPDATE ) '' . Kotaku . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason . `` Next Assassin 's Creed To Be Announced Next Week ; Now Called Syndicate '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarker , Samit ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Syndicate announced , set in Victorian London '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed : Syndicate launches 23rd October on PS4 , Xbox One '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A MESSAGE FROM THE ASSASSIN 'S CREED TEAM '' . Ubisoft . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Macy , Seth G. ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` UBISOFT CONFIRMS NO ASSASSIN 'S CREED THIS YEAR '' . IGN . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . 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ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AC :3 Possible Locations Named In Survey '' . CVG . November 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Ubisoft : WW2 , Japan and Egypt would make dismal Assassin 's Creed locations '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie . `` India - set Assassin 's Creed on Ubisoft 's radar '' . GameSpot . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Ubisoft Has Three Assassin 's Creeds in Development , Vows Innovation '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Phillips ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` '' There is an end '' to the Assassin 's Creed series , Ubisoft says `` . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monica M. ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix And Ubisoft In Talks To Make ' Assassin 's Creed ' , ' Watch Dogs ' , And ' Tom Clancy ' TV Series '' . Jobs n Hire . Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED ANIME ANNOUNCED BY CASTLEVANIA NETFLIX PRODUCER '' . IGN . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED MOVIE FEATURES SHARED UNIVERSE WITH GAMES '' . IGN . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tom Phillips ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed film now due Christmas 2016 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Will Robinson ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed reviews : Michael Fassbender 's movie panned '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Sony breeds ' Creed ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Fassbender To Star In ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . MTV . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Doty , Meriah ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Assassin 's Creed ' First Look : Here 's Michael Fassbender as Brand New Character ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` New Regency , Fox partner on Ubisoft 's ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` New Regency and Ubisoft Tap Brit Writer for ' Assassin 's Creed ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Scott Frank Rewriting Assassin 's Creed Movie '' . IGN . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Exodus ' Scribes Adam Cooper & Bill Collage Take ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Fassbender Poised To Re-Team With ' Macbeth ' Helmer On ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big screen adaptation of Assassin 's Creed starts shooting in Malta '' . timesofmalta.com . September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Chris ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Fassbender was playing the hero in Assassin 's Creed when he nabbed a SAG Award nomination '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Movie Starring Michael Fassbender Wraps Filming '' . Comic Book . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft preps animated Assassin 's Creed short '' . Gamespot.com . November 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ chrislewis ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Embers , UbiWorkshop blog '' . Ubiworkshop.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassins Creed Embers Debut Trailer ( HD ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - con 2011 Panel : Assassin 's Creed : The Creation of a Universe ( PlayStation 3 ) -- GameSpot Video '' . Gamespot.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The French getting Assassin 's Creed comic '' . News.bigdownload.com . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Desmond -- Trailer de la bande dessinée '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Says `` Yes Russian '' for New Assassin 's Creed Comic Book Ripten Video Game Blog `` . Ripten.com . July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tom Magrino ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed comics due this fall '' . gamespot.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Assassins 's Creed : The Fall comic to be published by Wildstorm in November '' . News.bigdownload.com . August 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Haas , Pete ( May 26 , 2012 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed : The Chain Will Prepare You For Assassin 's Creed 3 '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` New Assassin 's Creed Graphic Novel Debuts Indian Assassin '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moser , Cassidee ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Comic Issue # 1 Covers Revealed - IGN '' . Ca.ign.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tony ' G - Man ' Guerrero on August 31 , 2015 ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED # 1 Covers Revealed '' . Comic Vine . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the N.H.K. 's Oiwa Draws Assassin 's Creed 4 Manga '' . AnimeNewsNetwork.com . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : The Secret Crusade '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations - Oliver Bowden - Penguin Books '' . Penguin.co.uk . November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Artists for hire '' . Ubiworkshop.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Your face - stabbing art could be featured in Assassin 's Creed art book '' . GamesRadar . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed - Encyclopedia : Second Edition - UbiWorkshop '' . UbiWorkshop Store . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed - Encyclopedia - Third Edition '' . UbiWorkshop Store . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Director 's Cut Edition Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed II Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed II Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed II Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Identity Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Unity Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Unity Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Unity Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China aggregated review score ( PC ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China aggregated review score ( PS4 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China aggregated review score ( Xbox One ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Syndicate Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Syndicate Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Syndicate Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : India aggregated review score ( PS4 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China aggregated review score ( Xbox One ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : Russia aggregated review score ( PS4 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : Russia aggregated review score ( Xbox One ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's creed 3 Review '' . Blast . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED THE EZIO COLLECTION ANNOUNCED FOR PS4 , XBOX ONE '' . Ubisoft Blog . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rositano , Joseph ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Academy of Champions Soccer Review '' . PALGN . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Yup , Ezio is in Soulcalibur V '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ® II Costume - LittleBigPlanet TM '' . Littlebigplanet.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uplay - Prince of Persia : The Forgotten Sands '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marshall Honorof . `` The Escapist : News : Assassin 's Creed 's Ezio Joins the Party in Final Fantasy XIII - 2 '' . Escapistmagazine.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Driver , Ben . `` Peace Walker gets Assassin 's Creed , Monster Hunter tie - ins '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 character crosses over to Watch Dogs '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final Fantasy XV - Assassin 's Festival '' . Final Fantasy XV . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamath , Sudhish ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Tale of three superheroes '' . The Hindu . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ranjitha , G. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Poster rip offs '' . The Times of India . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Assassin 's Creed ( video game series ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Assassin 's Creed Tour . Official website The Assassin 's Creed Wiki Assassin 's Creed Video games Main series Assassin 's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III IV : Black Flag Rogue Unity Syndicate Origins Other games Altaïr 's Chronicles Bloodlines II : Discovery III : Liberation Identity Chronicles Adaptations Novels Lineage The Fall The Chain Brahman Trial by Fire Assassin 's Creed ( film ) Characters Desmond Miles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad Ezio Auditore da Firenze Related Prince of Persia Watch Dogs Skull & Bones Soulcalibur V Ubisoft Franchises Anno Assassin 's Creed Brothers in Arms Call of Juarez CSI Driver Far Cry Imagine Just Dance Might and Magic Myst Petz Prince of Persia Rayman Raving Rabbids Red Steel Silent Hunter The Crew The Settlers Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Ghost Recon Splinter Cell Watch Dogs Subsidiaries Annecy Barcelona Blue Byte Mainz Bucharest Ivory Tower Halifax Ketchapp Kiev Leamington Massive Milan Montpellier Motion Pictures Montreal Nadeo Paris Pune Quazal Quebec Red Storm RedLynx Reflections Shanghai Toronto Defunct Sao Paulo Sunflowers Interactive Technology Anvil Jade LyN Snowdrop UbiArt Framework Ubisoft Motion Tracking Camera Uplay Related articles List of Ubisoft games List of Ubisoft subsidiaries Gameloft Vivendi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassin%27s_Creed&oldid=809078704 '' Categories : Assassin 's Creed 2012 in fiction Action - adventure games Alternate history video games Ancient astronauts in fiction Apocalyptic video games Artificial intelligence in fiction Historical fiction Open world video games Panhistorical video games Parkour video games Science fiction video games Stealth video games Video game franchises introduced in 2007 Virtual reality in fiction Assassinations in fiction Video games with historical settings Media franchises Video games adapted into comics Video games adapted into novels Video games adapted into films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Use mdy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 00 : 26 . 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who was inducted into rock and roll hall of fame 2017
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Year Image Name Inducted members 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry 1986 Brown , James James Brown 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis 1986 Little Richard 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Haley , Bill Bill Haley King , B.B. B.B. King McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . 1989 Dion ! Dion 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder 1990 -- Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni 1993 James , Etta Etta James 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . 1994 John , Elton Elton John 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . 1995 Green , Al Al Green 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , and Sandra Tilley . 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Bowie , David David Bowie Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Little Willie John Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Harrison , George George Harrison Prince Seger , Bob Bob Seger Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . 2005 Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen 2008 Madonna 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . 2009 Run -- D.M.C. Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond 2011 Dr. John 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . 2012 Donovan 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . 2013 King , Albert Albert King 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder 2017 Tupac Shakur 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White
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List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
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list of rock and roll hall of fame inductees
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category .
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The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The surviving members of the Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Sidemen 1.6 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 References 4 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry 1986 Brown , James James Brown 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis 1986 Little Richard 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Haley , Bill Bill Haley King , B.B. B.B. King McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . 1989 Dion ! Dion 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder 1990 -- Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni 1993 James , Etta Etta James 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . 1994 John , Elton Elton John 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . 1995 Green , Al Al Green 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , and Sandra Tilley . 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Bowie , David David Bowie Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Little Willie John Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Harrison , George George Harrison Prince Seger , Bob Bob Seger Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . 2005 Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen 2008 Madonna 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . 2009 Run -- D.M.C. Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond 2011 Dr. John 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . 2012 Donovan 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . 2013 King , Albert Albert King 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder 2017 Tupac Shakur 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of 2015 Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : THE ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES 2016 INDUCTEES - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Press Room Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . ( hide ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=803739089 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego مصرى 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 09 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Rock%20and%20Roll%20Hall%20of%20Fame%20inductees
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when was disney beauty and the beast first released
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Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Gary Trousdale Kirk Wise Produced by Don Hahn Screenplay by Linda Woolverton Story by Roger Allers Brenda Chapman Chris Sanders Burny Mattinson Kevin Harkey Brian Pimental Bruce Woodside Joe Ranft Tom Ellery Kelly Asbury Robert Lence Based on Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Paige O'Hara Robby Benson Richard White Jerry Orbach David Ogden Stiers Angela Lansbury Rex Everhart Jesse Corti Narrated by David Ogden Stiers ( prologue ) Music by Alan Menken Edited by John Carnochan Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Silver Screen Partners IV Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date September 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 29 ) ( New York Film Festival ) November 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 84 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $425 million
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September 29 , 1991
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Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film )
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beauty and the beast ( 1991 film )
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Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period , it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont ( who was also credited in the English version as well as in the French version ) , and ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau . Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast ( voice of Robby Benson ) , a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance , and Belle ( voice of Paige O'Hara ) , a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle . To become a prince again , Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return before the last petal from the enchanted rose that the enchantress who cursed the Beast had offered falls , or else the Beast will remain a monster forever . The film also features the voices of Richard White , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , and Angela Lansbury .
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Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Beauty and the Beast into an animated film during the 1930s and 1950s . Following the success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Pictures decided to adapt the fairy tale , which Richard Purdum originally conceived as a non-musical . Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg eventually dismissed Purdum 's idea and ordered that the film be a musical similar to The Little Mermaid instead . The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise , with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton story first credited to Roger Allers . Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken wrote the film 's songs . Ashman , who additionally served as the film 's executive producer , died of AIDS - related complications eight months before the film 's release , and the film is thus dedicated to his memory . Beauty and the Beast premiered as an unfinished film at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 , followed by its theatrical release as a completed film at the El Capitan Theatre on November 13 . The film was a box office success , grossing $425 million worldwide on a $25 million budget . Beauty and the Beast won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , the first animated film to ever win that category . It also became the first animated film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 64th Academy Awards , where it won the Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for its title song and received additional nominations for Best Original Song and Best Sound . In April 1994 , Beauty and the Beast became Disney 's first animated film to be adapted into a Broadway musical . The success of the film spawned two direct - to - video follow - ups : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) and Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) , both of which take place in the timeline of the original . This was followed by a spin - off television series , Sing Me a Story with Belle . An IMAX version of the film was released in 2002 , and included `` Human Again '' , a new five - minute musical sequence . That same year , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King , the film was reissued in 3D in 2012 . A live - action remake of the film directed by Bill Condon was released on March 17 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Early versions 3.2 Script rewrite and musicalization 3.3 Casting and recording 3.4 Animation 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Re-issues 4.2 Home media 5 Reception and legacy 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Adaptations 6.1 Broadway musical 6.2 Live - action film 7 Merchandise 7.1 Video games 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) One winter 's night , an enchantress disguised as a beggar offers a cold - hearted prince a rose in exchange for shelter from the bitter cold . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects . She bestows the Beast with a magic mirror before hexing the rose and warning him that , unless he learns to love another and earns their love in return by the time the last petal falls , he and his servants will lose their humanity forever . Ten years later , a beautiful girl named Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant hunter . Lost in the forest while traveling to a fair to present his latest invention , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle . After Maurice befriends the castle 's servants , however , the Beast discovers and imprisons him . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle 's dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Befriending the castle 's servants , Belle is treated to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden West Wing where the rose is kept , the Beast flies into a rage , causing Belle to flee the castle and into the woods . She is attacked by wolves , but the Beast rescues Belle and gets injured in the process . He begins to develop feelings for her while she nurses his wounds and he delights her by showing his extensive library . Returning to the village , Maurice tells the townsfolk of Belle 's predicament , but Gaston convinces the townsfolk to send Maurice to an insane asylum if Belle refuses to marry Gaston . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using the magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . Back at the village , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the basement with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to kill the Beast . With Chip 's aid , Maurice and Belle escape and rush back to the castle . The servants battle the invading villagers , driving them out of the castle . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He spares Gaston 's life before reuniting with Belle . Gaston stabs the Beast , but he loses his footing and falls to his death . The Beast dies from Gaston 's stab before the last petal falls . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , the curse is broken , repairing the castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Paige O'Hara as Belle -- A bibliophilic young woman who seeks adventure , and offers her own freedom to the Beast in return for her father 's . In their effort to enhance the character from the original story , the filmmakers felt that Belle should be `` unaware '' of her own beauty and made her `` a little odd '' . Wise recalls casting O'Hara because of a `` unique tone '' she had , `` a little bit of Judy Garland '' , after whose appearance Belle was modeled . James Baxter and Mark Henn served as the supervising animators for Belle . Robby Benson as Beast -- A young prince who is transformed into a beast by an enchantress as punishment for his arrogance . The animators drew him with the head structure and horns of an American bison , the arms and body of a bear , the ears of a deer , the eyebrows of a gorilla , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the tusks of a wild boar , and the legs and tail of a wolf . Chris Sanders , one of the film 's storyboard artists , drafted the designs for the Beast and came up with designs based on birds , insects , and fish before coming up with something close to the final design . Glen Keane , supervising animator for the Beast , refined the design by going to the zoo and studying the animals on which the Beast was based . Benson commented , `` There 's a rage and torment in this character I 've never been asked to use before . '' The filmmakers commented that `` everybody was big fee - fi - fo - fum and gravelly '' while Benson 's voice had the `` big voice and the warm , accessible side '' and that `` you could hear the prince beneath the fur '' . Richard White as Gaston -- A vain hunter who vies for Belle 's hand in marriage and is determined not to let anyone else win her heart . He serves as a foil personality to the Beast , who was once as egotistic as Gaston prior to his transformation . Gaston 's supervising animator , Andreas Deja , was pressed by Jeffrey Katzenberg to make Gaston handsome in contrast to the traditional appearance of a Disney villain , an assignment he found difficult at first . In the beginning , Gaston is depicted as more of a narcissist than a villain , but later he leads all the villagers to kill the beast , enraged that Belle would love a Beast more than him . Jerry Orbach as Lumière -- The kind - hearted but rebellious valet of the Beast 's , who has been transformed into a candlestick . He has a habit of disobeying his master 's strict rules , sometimes causing tension between them , but the Beast often turns to him for advice . He is depicted as flirtatious , as he is frequently seen with the Featherduster and immediately takes a liking to Belle . A running gag throughout the movie is Lumière burning Cogsworth . Nik Ranieri served as the supervising animator for Lumière . David Ogden Stiers as Cogsworth -- Majordomo , the head of the household staff and Lumière 's best friend , who has been transformed into a clock . He is extremely loyal to the Beast so as to save himself and anyone else any trouble , often leading to friction between himself and Lumière . Will Finn served as the supervising animator for Cogsworth . Stiers also narrates the prologue . Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts -- The castle cook , turned into a teapot , who takes a motherly attitude toward Belle . The filmmakers went through several names for Mrs. Potts , such as `` Mrs. Chamomile '' , before Ashman suggested the use of simple and concise names for the household objects . David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Mrs. Potts . Bradley Pierce as Chip -- Mrs. Potts ' son , who has been turned into a teacup . Originally intended to only have one line , the filmmakers were impressed with Pierce 's performance and expanded the character 's role significantly , eschewing a mute Music Box character . Pruiksma also served as the supervising animator for Chip . Rex Everhart as Maurice -- Belle 's inventor father . The villagers see him as insane for crafting devices believed impossible to construct in reality , but his loyal daughter believes he will be famous one day . Ruben A. Aquino served as the supervising animator for Maurice . Jesse Corti as Lefou -- Gaston 's often abused yet loyal sidekick . Chris Wahl served as the supervising animator for Lefou . Hal Smith as Philippe -- Belle 's Belgian horse . Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Philippe . Jo Anne Worley as the Wardrobe -- The castle 's authority over fashion , and a former opera singer , who has been turned into a wardrobe . The character of Wardrobe was introduced by visual development person Sue C. Nichols to the then entirely male cast of servants , and was originally a more integral character named `` Madame Armoire '' . Wardrobe is known as `` Madame de la Grande Bouche '' ( Madame Big Mouth ) in the stage adaptation of the film and is the only major enchanted object character whose human form does not appear in the film . Tony Anselmo served as the supervising animator for the Wardrobe . Mary Kay Bergman and Kath Soucie as the Bimbettes -- A trio of village maidens who constantly fawn over Gaston , known as the `` Silly Girls '' in the stage adaptation . Brian Cummings as the Stove -- The castle 's chef who has been transformed into a stove . He is named Chef Bouche in 1998 's Belle 's Magical World . Alvin Epstein as the Bookseller -- The owner of a book shop in Belle 's home town . Tony Jay as Monsieur D'Arque -- The sadistic warden of the Asylum de Loons . Gaston bribes him to help in his plan to blackmail Belle . Alec Murphy as the Baker -- The owner of a bakery in Belle 's home town . Kimmy Robertson as the Featherduster -- A maid and Lumière 's sweetheart , who has been turned into a feather duster . She is unnamed in the 1991 film ( listed as Featherduster in the credits ) ; Babette is the name given to this character later in the 1994 stage adaptation of the film ; Fifi in the 1998 animated musical film Belle 's Magical World and Plumette in the 2017 live - action remake . Frank Welker as Sultan -- The castle 's pet dog turned into a footstool . Production ( edit ) Early versions ( edit ) After the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 , Walt Disney sought out other stories to adapt into feature films , with Beauty and the Beast being among the stories he considered . Attempts to develop the Beauty and the Beast story into a film were made in the 1930s and 1950s , but were ultimately given up because it `` proved to be a challenge '' for the story team . Peter M. Nichols states Disney may later have been discouraged by Jean Cocteau having already done his 1946 version . Decades later , during the production of Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1987 , the Disney studio resurrected Beauty and the Beast as a project for the satellite animation studio it had set up in London , England to work on Roger Rabbit . Richard Williams , who had directed the animated portions of Roger Rabbit , was approached to direct but declined in favor of continuing work on his long - gestating project The Thief and the Cobbler . In his place , Williams recommended his colleague , English animation director Richard Purdum , and work began under producer Don Hahn on a non-musical version of Beauty and the Beast set in 19th - century France . At the behest of Disney CEO Michael Eisner , Beauty and the Beast became the first Disney animated film to use a screenwriter . This was an unusual production move for an animated film , which is traditionally developed on storyboards rather than in scripted form . Linda Woolverton wrote the original draft of the story before storyboarding began , and worked with the story team to retool and develop the film . Script re-write and musicalization ( edit ) Upon seeing the initial storyboard reels in 1989 , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered that the film be scrapped and started over from scratch . Upon seeing the initial storyboard reels in 1989 , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered that the film be scrapped and started over from scratch . A few months after starting anew , Purdum resigned as director . The studio had approached Ron Clements and John Musker to direct the film , but they turned down the offer , saying they were `` tired '' after just having finished directing Disney 's recent success The Little Mermaid . Disney then hired first - time feature directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale . Wise and Trousdale had previously directed the animated sections of Cranium Command , a short film for a Disney EPCOT theme park attraction . In addition , Katzenberg asked songwriters Howard Ashman and Alan Menken , who had written the song score for The Little Mermaid , to turn Beauty and the Beast into a Broadway - style musical film in the same vein as Mermaid . Ashman , who at the time had learned he was dying of complications from AIDS , had been working with Disney on a pet project of his , Aladdin , and only reluctantly agreed to join the struggling production team . To accommodate Ashman 's failing health , pre-production of Beauty and the Beast was moved from London to the Residence Inn in Fishkill , New York , close to Ashman 's New York City home . Here , Ashman and Menken joined Wise , Trousdale , Hahn , and Woolverton in retooling the film 's script . Since the original story had only two major characters , the filmmakers enhanced them , added new characters in the form of enchanted household items who `` add warmth and comedy to a gloomy story '' and guide the audience through the film , and added a `` real villain '' in the form of Gaston . These ideas were somewhat similar to elements of the 1946 French film version of Beauty and the Beast , which introduced the character of Avenant , an oafish suitor somewhat similar to Gaston , as well as inanimate objects coming to life in the Beast 's castle . The animated objects were , however , given distinct personalities in the Disney version . By early 1990 , Katzenberg had approved the revised script , and storyboarding began again . The production flew story artists back and forth between California and New York for storyboard approvals from Ashman , though the team was not told the reason why . Casting and recording ( edit ) Disney had originally considered casting Jodi Benson from The Little Mermaid as Belle . They eventually decided upon Broadway actress and singer Paige O'Hara in favor of having a heroine who sounded `` more like a woman than a girl '' . According to co-director Kirk Wise , O'Hara was given the role because she `` had a unique quality , a tone she would hit that made her special '' , reminiscent to that of American actress and singer Judy Garland . O'Hara , who , after reading about the film in The New York Times , competed for the role against 500 hopefuls , believes the fact that lyricist Howard Ashman admired her cast recording of the musical Show Boat proved integral in her being cast . Animation ( edit ) A frame from the `` Beauty and the Beast '' ballroom dance sequence . The background is animated using computer generated imagery which , when the traditionally animated characters are composited against it using Pixar 's CAPS system , gives the illusion of a dollying film camera . Production of Beauty and the Beast was to be completed on a compressed timeline of two years rather than the traditional four - year Disney Feature Animation production schedule ; this was due to the loss of production time spent developing the earlier Purdum version of the film . Most of the production was done at the main Feature Animation studio , housed in the Air Way facility in Glendale , California . A smaller team at the Disney - MGM Studios theme park in Lake Buena Vista , Florida assisted the California team on several scenes , particularly the `` Be Our Guest '' number . Beauty and the Beast was the second film , after The Rescuers Down Under , produced using CAPS ( Computer Animation Production System ) , a digital scanning , ink , paint , and compositing system of software and hardware developed for Disney by Pixar . The software allowed for a wider range of colors , as well as soft shading and colored line effects for the characters , techniques lost when the Disney studio abandoned hand inking for xerography in the late 1950s . CAPS also allowed the production crew to simulate multiplane effects : placing characters and / or backgrounds on separate layers and moving them towards / away from the camera on the Z - axis to give the illusion of depth , as well as altering the focus of each layer . In addition , CAPS allowed an easier combination of hand - drawn art with computer - generated imagery , which before had to be plotted to animation paper and then xeroxed and painted traditionally . This technique was put to significant use during the `` Beauty and the Beast '' waltz sequence , in which Belle and Beast dance through a computer - generated ballroom as the camera dollies around them in simulated 3D space . The filmmakers had originally decided against the use of computers in favor of traditional animation , but later , when the technology had improved , decided it could be used for the one scene in the ballroom . The success of the ballroom sequence helped convince studio executives to further invest in computer animation . Music ( edit ) See also : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) Ashman and Menken wrote the Beauty song score during the pre-production process in Fishkill , the opening operetta - styled `` Belle '' being their first composition for the film . Other songs included `` Be Our Guest , '' sung ( in its original version ) to Maurice by the objects when he becomes the first visitor to eat at the castle in a decade , `` Gaston , '' a solo for the swaggering villain , `` Human Again , '' a song describing Belle and Beast 's growing love from the objects ' perspective , the love ballad `` Beauty and the Beast ( Tale as Old as Time ) '' and the climactic `` The Mob Song . '' As story and song development came to a close , full production began in Burbank while voice and song recording began in New York City . The Beauty songs were mostly recorded live with the orchestra and the voice cast performing simultaneously rather than overdubbed separately , in order to give the songs a cast album - like `` energy '' the filmmakers and songwriters desired . During the course of production , many changes were made to the structure of the film , necessitating the replacement and re-purposing of songs . After screening a mostly animated version of the `` Be Our Guest '' sequence , story artist Bruce Woodside suggested that the objects should be singing the song to Belle rather than her father . Wise and Trousdale agreed , and the sequence and song were retooled to replace Maurice with Belle . The film 's title song went through a noted bit of uncertainty during production . Originally conceived as a rock - oriented song , it was changed to a slow , romantic ballad . Howard Ashman and Alan Menken asked Angela Lansbury to perform the song , but she did not think her voice was suited for the melody . When she voiced her doubts , Menken and Ashman asked her for at least one take and told her to perform the song as she saw fit . Lansbury reportedly reduced everyone in the studio to tears with her rendition , nailing the song in the one take asked of her . This version went on to win the Oscar for Best Original Song . `` Human Again '' was dropped from the film before animation began , as its lyrics caused story problems about the timeline over which the story takes place . This required Ashman and Menken to write a new song in its place . `` Something There , '' in which Belle and Beast sing ( via voiceover ) of their growing fondness for each other , was composed late in production and inserted into the script in place of `` Human Again . '' Menken would later revise `` Human Again '' for inclusion in the 1994 Broadway stage version of Beauty and the Beast , and another revised version of the song was added to the film itself in a new sequence created for the film 's Special Edition re-release in 2002 . Ashman died of AIDS - related complications at the age of 40 on March 14 , 1991 , eight months before the film 's release . He never saw the finished film , though he did get to see it in its unfinished format . Ashman 's work on Aladdin was completed by another lyricist , Tim Rice . Before Ashman 's death , members of the film 's production team visited him after the film 's well - received first screening , with Don Hahn commenting that `` the film would be a great success . Who 'd have thought it ? '' , to which Ashman replied with `` I would . '' A tribute to the lyricist was included at the end of the credits crawl : `` To our friend , Howard , who gave a mermaid her voice , and a beast his soul . We will be forever grateful . Howard Ashman : 1950 -- 1991 . '' A pop version of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' theme , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson over the end credits , was released as a commercial single from the film 's soundtrack , supported with a music video . The Dion / Bryson version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' became an international pop hit and performed considerably well on charts around the world . The song became Dion 's second single to land within the top - 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number nine . The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart . In Canada , `` Beauty and the Beast '' peaked at number two . Outside of North America , the song peaked within the top ten in New Zealand and the United Kingdom , while peaking within the top twenty in Australia , Netherlands , and Ireland . The song sold over a million copies worldwide . This version of the song was also nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the Grammys , and it won the Grammy for Dion and Bryson for Best Pop Duo / Group Vocal Performance . Release ( edit ) In a first - time accomplishment for The Walt Disney Company , an unfinished version of Beauty and the Beast was shown at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 . The film was deemed a `` work in progress '' because roughly only 70 % of the animation had been completed ; storyboards and pencil tests were used in replacement of the remaining 30 % . Additionally , certain segments of the film that had already been finished were reverted to previous stages of completion . At the end of the screening , Beauty and the Beast received a ten - minute - long standing ovation from the film festival audience . The completed film was also screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . The finished film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on November 13 , 1991 , beginning a limited release before expanding wide on November 22 . Reissues ( edit ) The film was restored and remastered for its New Year 's Day , 2002 re-release in IMAX theatres in a special - edition edit , including a new musical sequence . For this version of the film , much of the animation was cleaned up , a new sequence set to the deleted song `` Human Again '' was inserted into the film 's second act , and a new digital master from the original CAPS production files was used to make the high - resolution IMAX film negative . A sing along edition of the film , hosted by Jordin Sparks , was released in select theaters on September 29 and October 2 , 2010 . Prior to the showing of the film , Sparks showed an exclusive behind - the - scenes look at the newly restored film and the making of her new Beauty and the Beast music video . There was also commentary from producer Don Hahn , interviews with the cast and an inside look at how the animation was created . A Disney Digital 3D version of the film , the second of a traditionally animated film , was originally scheduled to be released in US theatres on February 12 , 2010 , but the project was postponed . On August 25 , 2011 , Disney announced that the 3D version of the film would make its American debut at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre from September 2 -- 15 , 2011 . Disney spent less than $10 million on the 3D conversion . After the successful 3D re-release of The Lion King , Disney announced a wide 3D re-release of Beauty and the Beast in North America beginning January 13 , 2012 . Home Media ( edit ) Blu - ray Diamond edition cover The film was released to VHS on October 30 , 1992 as part of the Walt Disney Classics series , and was later put on moratorium on April 30 , 1993 ; it was not included in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection line . This version contains a minor edit to the film : skulls that appear in Gaston 's pupils for two frames during his climactic fall to his death were removed for the original home video release . No such edit was made to later reissues of the film . The `` work - in - progress '' version screened at the New York Film Festival was also released on VHS and LaserDisc at this time ; however , said version was the only one available on the latter format until the fall of 1993 , when the completed theatrical version was released . This measure was to diminish the threat of video pirates making copies derived from the LaserDisc ( which are not copy - protected ) and selling them in international markets , where the film was yet to be available for home release . Beauty and the Beast : Special Edition , as the enhanced version of the film released in IMAX / large - format is called , was released on two - disc `` Platinum Edition '' DVD and VHS on October 8 , 2002 . The DVD set features three versions of the film : the extended IMAX Special Edition with the `` Human Again '' sequence added , the original theatrical version , and the New York Film Festival `` work - in - progress '' version . This release went to `` Disney Vault '' moratorium status in January 2003 , along with its direct - to - video follow - ups Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World . The film was released from the vault on October 5 , 2010 as the second of Disney 's Diamond Editions , in the form of a three - disc Blu - ray Disc and DVD combination pack -- the first release of Beauty and the Beast on home video in high - definition format . This edition consists of four versions of the film : the original theatrical version , an extended version , the New York Film Festival storyboard - only version , and a fourth iteration displaying the storyboards via picture - in - picture alongside the original theatrical version . Upon its first week of release , the Blu - ray sold 1.1 million units , topping the Blu - ray sales chart and finishing in third place on the combined Blu - ray and DVD sales chart for the week ending on October 10 , 2010 . It was the second - best - selling Blu - ray of 2010 , behind Avatar . A two - disc DVD edition was released on November 23 , 2010 . A five - disc combo pack , featuring Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray 2D , DVD and a digital copy , was released on October 4 , 2011 . The 3D combo pack is identical to the original Diamond Edition , except for the added 3D disc and digital copy . The Blu - ray release went into the Disney Vault along with the two sequels on April 30 , 2012 . A 25th - anniversary Signature Edition was released on Digital HD September 6 , 2016 and was followed by Blu - ray / DVD combo pack on September 20 , 2016 . Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped the Blu - ray Disc sales chart , and debuted at number 3 in the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks overall disc sales , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows and Captain America : Civil War . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 94 % based on reviews from 110 critics , with an average rating of 8.5 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Enchanting , sweepingly romantic , and featuring plenty of wonderful musical numbers , Beauty and the Beast is one of Disney 's most elegant animated offerings . '' The film also holds a 95 / 100 on Metacritic . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the film with the following statement , `` Two years ago , Walt Disney Pictures reinvented the animated feature , not only with an eye toward pleasing children , but also with an older , savvier audience in mind . Disney truly bridged a generation gap with The Little Mermaid ... Now , lightning has definitely struck twice with Beauty and the Beast . '' Awarding the film a perfect score of four stars , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times compared Beauty and the Beast positively to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast reaches back to an older and healthier Hollywood tradition in which the best writers , musicians and filmmakers are gathered for a project on the assumption that a family audience deserves great entertainment , too . '' In 2001 Ebert again gave the IMAX re-release a full 4 out of 4 stars . James Berardinelli of ReelViews rated the film similarly while hailing it as `` the finest animated movie ever made '' , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast attains a nearly - perfect mix of romance , music , invention , and animation . '' The use of computer animation , particularly in the ballroom sequence , was singled out in several reviews as one of the film 's highlights . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post gave the film a positive review , calling the film `` A delightfully satisfying modern fable , a near - masterpiece that draws on the sublime traditions of the past while remaining completely in sync with the sensibility of its time . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , saying `` It is a surprise , in a time of sequels and retreads , that the new film is so fresh and altogether triumphant in its own right . '' Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is certainly adequate holiday entertainment for children and their more indulgent parents ... But the film has little of the technical facility , vivid characterization and emotional impact of Disney past . '' Jay Boyar of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` It 's not an especially scary movie , but right from the start , you can tell that this Beauty and the Beast has a beauty of a bite . '' John Hartl of The Seattle Times gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , saying `` It 's exceptionally difficult to make an audience care for animated characters unless they 're mermaids or anthropomorphized animals or insects , yet the Disney animators , with a big assist from the vocal talents of a superb cast , have pulled it off . '' Gene Siskel , also of the Chicago Tribune , gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is one of the year 's most entertaining films for both adults and children . '' On their Beauty and the Beast edition of Siskel & Ebert , both Siskel and Roger Ebert proclaimed that the film is `` a legitimate contender for Oscar consideration as Best Picture of the Year . '' Michael Sragow of The New Yorker gave the film a positive review , saying `` It 's got storytelling vigor and clarity , bright , eclectic animation , and a frisky musical wit . '' Eric Smoodin writes in his book Animating Culture that the studio was trying to make up for earlier gender stereotypes with this film . Smoodin also states that , in the way it has been viewed as bringing together traditional fairy tales and feminism as well as computer and traditional animation , the film 's `` greatness could be proved in terms of technology narrative or even politics '' . Animation legend Chuck Jones praised the film , in a 1992 guest appearance on Later with Bob Costas he claimed he `` Loved it . I think it should have won ( Best Picture ) ... I think the animation on the beast is one of the greatest pieces of animation I 've seen '' . Animation historian Michael Barrier wrote that Belle `` becomes a sort of intellectual less by actually reading books , it seems , than by hanging out with them '' , but says that the film comes closer than other `` Disney - studio '' films to `` accepting challenges of the kind that the finest Walt Disney features met '' . David Whitley writes in The Idea of Nature in Disney Animation that Belle is different from earlier Disney heroines in that she is mostly free from the burdens of domestic housework , although her role is somewhat undefined in the same way that `` contemporary culture now requires most adolescent girls to contribute little in the way of domestic work before they leave home and have to take on the fraught , multiple responsibilities of the working mother '' . Whitley also notes other themes and modern influences , such as the film 's critical view of Gaston 's chauvinism and attitude towards nature , the cyborg - like servants , and the father 's role as an inventor rather than a merchant . In 2010 , IGN named Beauty and the Beast as the greatest animated film of all time , directly ahead of WALL - E , The Incredibles , Toy Story 2 , and The Iron Giant . Several critics regard the 1991 animated film as superior to the 2017 live - action remake . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 1991 film `` worked wonderfully because it was pure Broadway , written for the screen , blending comedy and romance and magic and just enough snark in the margins '' , while the 2017 remake got lost in translation since `` The movie takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips also wrote of the 2017 film that `` too often we 're watching highly qualified performers , plus a few less conspicuously talented ones ( Watson , primarily ) , stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' . Dana Schwartz of the Observer criticized some of the 2017 film changes to the characters like Gaston and the Beast as regressive by watering down their distinguishing personalities from the 1991 film , also arguing that the added backstory to the characters in the 2017 version failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Box Office ( edit ) During its initial release in 1991 , the film grossed $145.9 million in revenues in North America and $351.9 million worldwide . It ranked as the third-most successful film of 1991 in North America , surpassed only by the summer blockbusters Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves . At the time Beauty and the Beast was the most successful animated Disney film release , and the first animated film to reach $100 million in the United States and Canada in its initial run . In its IMAX re-release , it earned $25.5 million in North America and $5.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $31 million . It also earned $9.8 million from its 3D re-release overseas . During the opening weekend of its North American 3D re-release in 2012 , Beauty and the Beast grossed $17.8 million , coming in at the No. 2 spot , behind Contraband , and achieved the highest opening weekend for an animated film in January . The film was expected to make $17.5 million over the weekend ; however , the results topped its forecast and the expectations of box office analysts . The re-release ended its run on May 3 , 2012 , and earned $47.6 million , which brought the film 's total gross in North America to $219 million . It made an estimated $206 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $425 million . Accolades ( edit ) Alan Menken and Howard Ashman 's song `` Beauty and the Beast '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song , while Menken 's score won the award for Best Original Score . Two other Menken and Ashman songs from the film , `` Belle '' and `` Be Our Guest '' , were also nominated for Best Original Song . Beauty and the Beast was the first picture to receive three Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song , a feat that would be repeated by The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Enchanted ( 2007 ) . Academy rules have since been changed to limit each film to two nominations in this category , due to the consecutive unintentional failures of Dreamgirls and Enchanted to win the award . The film was also nominated for Best Picture and Best Sound . It was the first animated film ever to be nominated for Best Picture , and remained the only animated film nominated until 2009 when the Best Picture field was widened to ten nominees , and it remains the only animated film nominated for the award when it had five nominees . It became the first musical in twelve years to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture of the Year , following All That Jazz ( 1979 ) , and the last one to be nominated until Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) , ten years later . It lost the Best Picture award to The Silence of the Lambs . With six nominations , the film currently shares the record for the most nominations for an animated film with WALL - E ( 2008 ) , although , with three nominations in the Best Original Song category , Beauty and the Beast 's nominations span only four categories , while WALL - E 's nominations cover six individual categories . While The Little Mermaid was the first to be nominated , Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . This feat was later repeated by The Lion King and Toy Story 2 . List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 30 , 1992 Best Picture Don Hahn Nominated Best Sound Terry Porter , Mel Metcalfe , David J. Hudson & Doc Kane Best Original Score Alan Menken Won Best Original Song Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Belle '' Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association February 1992 Best Picture Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Film 3rd place Best Animated Film Won Golden Globe Awards January 18 , 1992 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Don Hahn Best Original Score -- Motion Picture Alan Menken Best Original Song -- Motion Picture Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Grammy Awards February 18 , 1993 Album of the Year Nominated Record of the Year Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Album for Children Won Best Pop Performance by a Group or Duo With Vocal For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Song of the Year For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture Alan Menken Won Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Best Pop Instrumental Performance For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Los Angeles Film Critics Association December 14 , 1991 Best Animated Film Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise Producers Guild of America March 4 , 1992 Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures Don Hahn Nominated In 2002 , Beauty and the Beast was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' lists of the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres , based on polls of over 1,500 people from the creative community . Beauty and the Beast was acknowledged as the seventh - best film in the animation genre . In previous lists , it ranked number 22 on the Institutes 's list of best musicals and number 34 on its list of the best romantic American films . On the list of the greatest songs from American films , Beauty and the Beast ranked number 62 . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 34 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Belle -- Nominated Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- No. 62 `` Be Our Guest '' -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- No. 22 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 7 Animated film Adaptations ( edit ) Broadway musical ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) According to an article in the Houston Chronicle , `` The catalyst for Disney 's braving the stage was an article by The New York Times theater critic Frank Rich that praised Beauty and the Beast as 1991 's best musical ... Theatre Under The Stars executive director Frank Young had been trying to get Disney interested in a stage version of Beauty about the same time Eisner and Katzenberg were mulling over Rich 's column . But Young could n't seem to get in touch with the right person in the Disney empire . Nothing happened till the Disney execs started to pursue the project from their end ... When they asked George Ives , the head of Actors Equity on the West Coast , which Los Angeles theater would be the best venue for launching a new musical , Ives said the best theater for that purpose would be TUTS . Not long after that , Disney 's Don Frantz and Bettina Buckley contacted Young , and the partnership was under way . '' A stage condensation of the film , directed by Robert Jess Roth and choreographed by Matt West , both of whom moved on to the Broadway development , had already been presented at Disneyland at what was then called the Videopolis stage . Beauty and the Beast premiered in a joint production of Theatre Under The Stars and Disney Theatricals at the Music Hall , Houston , Texas , from November 28 , 1993 , through December 26 , 1993 . On Monday , April 18 , 1994 , Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in New York City to mixed reviews . The show transferred to the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 11 , 1999 . The commercial ( though not critical ) success of the show led to productions in the West End , Toronto , and all over the world . The Broadway version , which ran for over a decade , received a Tony Award , and became the first of a whole line of Disney stage productions . The original Broadway cast included Terrence Mann as the Beast , Susan Egan as Belle , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière , Heath Lamberts as Cogsworth , Tom Bosley as Maurice , Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts , and Stacey Logan as Babette the feather duster . Many well - known actors and singers also starred in the Broadway production during its thirteen - year run , including Kerry Butler , Debbie Gibson , Toni Braxton , Andrea McArdle , Jamie - Lynn Sigler , Christy Carlson Romano , Ashley Brown , and Anneliese van der Pol as Belle ; Chuck Wagner , James Barbour , and Jeff McCarthy as the Beast ; Meshach Taylor , Patrick Page , Bryan Batt , Jacob Young , and John Tartaglia as Lumière ; and Marc Kudisch , Christopher Sieber , and Donny Osmond as Gaston . The show ended its Broadway run on July 29 , 2007 after 46 previews and 5,461 performances . As of 2017 , it is Broadway 's tenth - longest - running show in history . Live - action film ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) In June 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action film adaptation of the original film was in the works , with Bill Condon directing and Evan Spiliotopoulos writing the script . Condon originally planned on not only drawing inspiration from the original film , but also to include most , if not all , of the Menken / Rice songs from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . In September 2014 , it was announced that Stephen Chbosky ( The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) would re-write the script . In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced on her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the new live action remake film . In March 2015 , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Emma Thompson , Josh Gad , Audra McDonald , and Kevin Kline joined the film as the Beast , Gaston , Mrs. Potts , Lefou , Garderobe , and Maurice , respectively . The following month , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , and Gugu Mbatha - Raw joined the cast , as Cogsworth , Lumière , Cadenza , and Plumette , respectively . Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film 's music , with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . In June 2015 , Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical . Filming began on May 18 , 2015 in London , and production officially wrapped in August 2015 . The film was released on March 17 , 2017 . Merchandise ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast merchandise cover a wide variety of products , among them storybook versions of the film 's story , a comic book based on the film published by Disney Comics , toys , children 's costumes , and other items . In addition , the character of Belle has been integrated into the `` Disney Princess '' line of Disney 's Consumer Products division , and appears on merchandise related to that franchise . In 1995 , a live - action children 's series entitled Sing Me a Story with Belle began running in syndication , remaining on the air through 1999 . Two direct - to - video followups ( which take place during the timeline depicted in the original film ) were produced by Walt Disney Television Animation : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas in 1997 and Belle 's Magical World in 1998 ; in contrast to the universal acclaim of the original , reception to the sequels was extremely negative . Disney on Ice produced an ice version of the movie that opened in 1992 in Lakeland , Florida . The show was such a huge commercial and critical success , touring around the world to sell - out crowds , that a television special was made when it toured Spain in 1994 . The show ended its run in 2006 , after 14 years . Video games ( edit ) `` Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) '' redirects here . For the 1996 sequel to The Last Ninja , see Beauty and the Beast ( Commodore 64 ) . There are several video games that are loosely based on the film : The first video game based on the film was titled Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Quest and is an action platformer for the Sega Genesis . Developed by Software Creations , the game was released in North America in 1993 . It is one of two video games based on the film that Sunsoft published for the Genesis , the other being Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast . Characters from the film like Gaston can help the player past tricky situations . As Belle , the player must reach the Beast 's castle and break the spell to live happily ever after . To succeed , she must explore the village , forest , castle , and snowy forest to solve puzzles and mini-games while ducking or jumping over enemies . Belle 's health is represented by a stack of blue books , which diminishes when she touches bats , rats , and other hazards in the game . Extra lives , keys and other items are hidden throughout the levels . While there is no continue or game saving ability , players can use a code to start the game at any of the seven levels . The second video game based on the film was titled ' Beauty and the Beast : Roar of the Beast and is a side - scrolling video game for the Genesis . As the Beast , the player must successfully complete several levels , based on scenes from the film , in order to protect the castle from invading villagers and forest animals and rescue Belle from Gaston . The third and fourth video games based on the film are action platformers developed by Probe Software and published by Hudson Soft . One , titled Beauty and the Beast , was released in Europe in 1994 for the NES , while the other , Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , was released in North America in July 1994 and in Europe on February 23 1995 for the SNES . The entire games are played through the perspective of the Beast . As the Beast , the player must get Belle to fall in love so that the curse cast upon him and his castle will be broken . The final boss of the game is Gaston . The Beast can walk , jump , swipe , stomp , super stomp , and roar , the last of which is used to both damage enemies and reveal hidden objects . The fifth video game based on the film was titled Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : A Boardgame Adventure and is a Disney Boardgame adventure for the Game Boy Color . It was released on October 25 , 1999 . The video game series Kingdom Hearts features a world based on the film , named `` Beast 's Castle '' , along with several of the film 's characters . In the first game , the world has been destroyed and Belle kidnapped by the Heartless , led by Maleficent , but the Beast travels to Maleficent 's stronghold and works with Sora to defeat Maleficent and rescue Belle and the other captured princesses . In Kingdom Hearts II , the world has since been restored following Ansem 's defeat , but Beast and Belle are having difficulties due to the enigmatic Xaldin of Organization XIII attempting to bring out the Beast 's darker side in order to turn him into a Heartless and a Nobody , but the Beast eventually comes to his senses and works with Sora once again to defeat Xaldin once and for all . In the game 's ending credits , the Beast turns back into the Prince . In Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days , the world is featured as a playable level but the story is not essential to the main plot . In Kingdom Hearts χ , the world is featured again , this time as a hallucination that follows the plot of the movie more closely . The characters featured in the series are Beast , Belle , Lumiere , Gaston , Cogsworth , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Maurice , and the Wardrobe . After Gaston is defeated , the Beast transforms back into the Prince . Gaston does not appear in Kingdom Hearts II , the world 's primary antagonist being Xaldin , an original character created for the series , but who shares several traits with Forte , the main antagonist of Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal 1990s portal List of Disney animated features List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Speaking together , with some crosstalk , Gary Trousdale , Kirk Wise , Don Hahn , and Alan Menken confirmed on the audio commentary that Gaston died after he fell off the rooftops . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Jocelyn ( February 10 , 2008 ) . `` Artist created many famous film posters '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) '' . 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Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` You Cannot Resist The Joy Of ' Disney On Ice ' -- So Do n't Even Think About It ARTery '' . Artery.wbur.org . February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Release information '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) screenshots '' . MobyGames . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : Roar of the Beast for Genesis ( 1993 ) '' . MobyGames . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Release information '' . MobyGames . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Release information '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ProReview : Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . GamePro ( 61 ) . IDG . August 1994 . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : A Board Game Adventure : Video Games '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 - Beast 's Castle - Kingdom Hearts 2 Wiki Guide '' . IGN . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Part 2 - Beast 's Castle - Kingdom Hearts 2 Wiki Guide '' . IGN . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) . Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at the American Film Institute Catalog Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Metacritic Beauty and the Beast at TV.com Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at the TCM Movie Database Beauty and the Beast at The Big Cartoon DataBase Gabrielle - Suzanne de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Films directed by Gary Trousdale Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Rocky & Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)&oldid=835648203 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s American animated films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s fantasy films 1990s musical films 1990s romantic musical films 1991 animated films 3D re-releases American animated films American children 's animated fantasy films American comedy - drama films American films American musical fantasy films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Animated musical films Animated romance films Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Directorial debut films Disney Renaissance Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) Feminist films Films scored by Alan Menken Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films directed by Gary Trousdale Films directed by Kirk Wise Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Don Hahn Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in the 18th century Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award IMAX films Screenplays by Joe Ranft Screenplays by Linda Woolverton United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty%20and%20the%20Beast%20%281991%20film%29
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who played young hagrid in chamber of secrets
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Since retirement , Bayfield has worked as a journalist , an after - dinner speaker and has since appeared in all of the Harry Potter films playing the half - giant Hagrid , as Robbie Coltrane 's body and stunt double . He also appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , as a young Rubeus Hagrid . Continuing the acting theme , he also played a cyclops in Jonathan Liebesman 's Wrath of the Titans , the sequel to 2010 movie Clash of the Titans . Bayfield also played Rugby Player 1 in an episode of New Tricks on BBC1 ( first shown on 1 September 2008 ) .
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Martin Bayfield
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martin bayfield
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Martin Christopher Bayfield ( born 21 December 1966 ) is an English actor , broadcaster , and former rugby union footballer who played lock forward for Northampton Saints , Bedford Blues and England , gaining 31 England and 3 Lions caps .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Film and television career 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Bayfield was born in Bedford and was educated at Bedford School . He served in the Metropolitan Police from 1985 to 1989 , when he transferred to Bedfordshire Police . The 208 cm ( 6 ft 10in ) tall Bayfield made his England debut in 1991 , and although he was omitted from the 1991 World Cup squad , was a part of the 1992 Five Nations Grand Slam winning side . He went on the 1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand and was part of the 1995 World Cup squad . He would play 18 times partnering Martin Johnson . His final appearance for England came in the 1996 Five Nations match against Wales . His last game was against Gloucester in February 1998 ; a neck injury sustained in training a few days later forced him to retire . Film and television career ( edit ) Since retirement , Bayfield has worked as a journalist , an after - dinner speaker and has since appeared in all of the Harry Potter films playing the half - giant Hagrid , as Robbie Coltrane 's body and stunt double . He also appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , as a young Rubeus Hagrid . Continuing the acting theme , he also played a cyclops in Jonathan Liebesman 's Wrath of the Titans , the sequel to 2010 movie Clash of the Titans . Bayfield also played Rugby Player 1 in an episode of New Tricks on BBC1 ( first shown on 1 September 2008 ) . In his broadcasting career he has presented the NFL and World 's Strongest Man coverage on UK Channel Five and worked as a rugby correspondent on BBC Radio 5 Live . He has also been involved as a presenter in ITV 's coverage of the 2007 and 2011 Rugby World Cups as well as presenting ITV 's Guinness Premiership highlights . Since March 2012 he now also co-presents Crimewatch on BBC 1 . In 2013 BT Sport acquired the exclusive rights to the Aviva Premiership . Bayfield , along with his ITV co-presenter Craig Doyle , moved to the new channel and he now works as a presenter , pundit and pitchside reporter . Personal life ( edit ) Martin has three daughters , Rosy , Polly and Lucy and is married to Jane Bayfield , nee Goodman . In August 2014 , Bayfield was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September 's referendum on that issue . He is actively involved with charity , and is an Honorary President of the Wooden Spoon Society , the rugby charity that supports disadvantaged children and young people . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` US '' . Jump up ^ Bt Sport.com Jump up ^ `` Celebrities ' open letter to Scotland -- full text and list of signatories Politics '' . theguardian.com. 2014 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Official website Sporting Heroes statistics from scrum.com Bayfs Blog Martin Bayfield on IMDb British and Irish Lions -- 1993 New Zealand tour Forwards Bayfield Burnell Clarke Cronin Dooley Galwey Johnson Leonard Milne Moore Popplewell Reed Richards Teague Webster Winterbottom Wright Backs Andrew Barnes Carling Clement Cunningham Evans Gibbs Guscott G. Hastings ( c ) S. Hastings Hunter Jones Morris Nicol R. Underwood T. Underwood Wallace Coach McGeechan & Best England squad -- 1995 Rugby World Cup Fourth Place Forwards Back Bayfield Clarke Dawe Johnson Leonard Mallett Moore Richards Rodber Rowntree Ojomoh Ubogu West Backs Andrew Bracken Callard Carling ( c ) Catt de Glanville Guscott Hopley Hunter Morris R. Underwood T. Underwood Coach Rowell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Bayfield&oldid=842464082 '' Categories : 1966 births British and Irish Lions rugby union players from England British police officers Metropolitan Police officers English rugby union players Living people Northampton Saints players Bedford Blues players People educated at Bedford School Rugby union locks Sportspeople from Bedford England international rugby union players National Football League announcers Rugby union commentators Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles lacking reliable references from January 2012 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from January 2012 Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Bayfield
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who wrote the song do you know where you're going to
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`` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerald Goffin , and initially recorded by American singer Thelma Houston in 1973 , and then most notably by Diana Ross as the theme to the 1975 Motown / Paramount film Mahogany .
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Michael Masser|Gerald Goffin
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Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going to )
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theme from mahogany ( do you know where you're going to )
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`` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerald Goffin , and initially recorded by American singer Thelma Houston in 1973 , and then most notably by Diana Ross as the theme to the 1975 Motown / Paramount film Mahogany .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Production notes 3 Release and track listing 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Later versions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Personnel ( edit ) Diana Ross - vocals Hal Blaine - drums Lee Holdridge - arranger Production notes ( edit ) Produced by Masser , the song is a ballad that portrays its protagonist ( Ross ) as a black woman who becomes a successful Rome fashion designer . Recorded with a full orchestral accompaniment , `` Theme from Mahogany '' became one of the most recognizable elements of the film , receiving praise from many critics . Later released as a single , `` Theme from Mahogany '' became a number - one hit on both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and the Easy Listening charts . The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song . Ross performed the song live at the Academy Awards ceremony via satellite from the Netherlands . Release and track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl single - US No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' Gerry Goffin , Michael Masser 3 : 19 2 . `` No One 's Gonna Be a Fool Forever '' Michael Masser , Pam Sawyer 3 : 18 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Top Singles Ireland ( IRMA ) UK 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cashbox Top 100 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 14 US Billboard Easy Listening Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada 56 UK 73 US Billboard Hot 100 43 US Billboard Easy Listening 29 US Cash Box Top 100 51 Later versions ( edit ) French singer Nicole Rieu released a French - language version the song ( titled `` En courant '' ) as a single in 1976 . Dinah Shore recorded the song for her album Dinah ! in 1976 . Taiwanese singer Tracy Huang ( zh ) included the song on the album Feelings in 1976 . Johnny Mathis included the song on his album I Only Have Eyes for You in 1976 . Elaine Paige included the song on her album Cinema in 1984 . Slick Rick sang the chorus of the song near the end of his 1988 song , `` Teenage Love '' . Pinhead Gunpowder included the song on their E.P Carry the Banner in 1994 . Shirley Bassey included the song on her album Sings The Movies in 1995 . Kelly Price used it as a hook on Diddy 's `` Do You Know '' from his 1997 album No Way Out . Mariah Carey included the song on her 1998 compilation album , # 1 's , as an international bonus track . Jennifer Lopez included the song on her 1999 album On the 6 , as an international bonus track . TobyMac sampled the hook for the song `` Do You Know '' on his 2001 album Momentum . Italian singer Amalia Gré ( it ) included the song on her album Amalia Grè in 2003 . Hong Kong singer Janice Vidal included the song in her album Do U Know ( album ) in 2006 . Tina Arena included the song in her album Songs of Love & Loss in 2007 . Me First and the Gimme Gimmes included the song on their album Have Another Ball in 2008 . Belgian singer Andrei Lugovski ( nl ) included the song on his 2009 album My World . Lara Fabian included the song for her acoustic album Every Woman in me in 2009 . Fictional singer Steven Clark performed the song in the 2012 film God Bless America . Filipina singer Juris Fernandez included the song on the album Dreaming of You in 2012 . Jake Zyrus included the song on the album Chapter 10 in 2013 . Pianist Richard Clayderman included the song on his album Essential Love Songs in 2015 . Rapper Big Sean and producer Metro Boomin sampled the song on their 2017 album Double or Nothing . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1975 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1976 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2003 ) . `` Diana Ross '' . In Bogdanov , Vladimir ; Woodstra , Chris ; Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . All Music Guide to Soul . Allmusic . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . p. 587 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 744 - 7 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 210 . Jump up ^ `` CAN Charts > Diana Ross '' . RPM . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do You Know Where You 're Going To '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK Charts > Diana Ross '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 9780898200898 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1975 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1976 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1976 / Top 100 Songs of 1976 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Top 50 Adult Contemporary Hits of 1976 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I Write the Songs '' by Barry Manilow Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 24 , 1976 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Love Rollercoaster '' by Ohio Players Diana Ross singles Discography 1970s singles `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Remember Me '' `` Reach Out ( I 'll Be There ) '' `` Surrender '' `` I 'm Still Waiting '' `` Good Morning Heartache '' `` Touch Me in the Morning '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Last Time I Saw Him '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Love Hangover '' `` Gettin ' Ready for Love '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` The Boss '' `` It 's My House '' 1980s singles `` Upside Down '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` My Old Piano '' `` It 's My Turn '' `` Endless Love '' `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` Mirror , Mirror '' `` Muscles '' `` Pieces of Ice '' `` All of You '' `` Swept Away '' `` Missing You '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Chain Reaction '' 1990 -- 2000s singles `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( Remix ) `` Take Me Higher '' `` I Will Survive '' `` Not Over You Yet '' `` Goin ' Back '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' Featured singles `` A Brand New Day '' `` We Are the World '' Book Category Template Mariah Carey songs Singles discography Songs recorded 1990s songs `` Vision of Love '' `` Love Takes Time '' `` Someday '' `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' `` There 's Got to Be a Way '' `` Emotions '' `` Ca n't Let Go '' `` Make It Happen '' `` If It 's Over '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Dreamlover '' `` Hero '' `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' `` Without You '' `` Never Forget You '' `` Endless Love '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Fantasy '' `` Underneath the Stars '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Open Arms '' `` Always Be My Baby '' `` Forever '' `` Honey '' `` My All '' `` Butterfly '' `` The Roof '' `` Breakdown '' `` Close My Eyes '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Sweetheart '' `` When You Believe '' `` I Still Believe '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Thank God I Found You '' `` Ca n't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Crybaby '' 2000s songs `` Loverboy '' `` Do n't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) '' `` Reflections ( Care Enough ) '' `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' `` Never Too Far '' `` Never Too Far / Hero Medley '' `` Through the Rain '' `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` It 's Like That '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Mine Again '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Get Your Number '' `` Fly Like a Bird '' `` Do n't Forget About Us '' `` So Lonely '' `` Migrate '' `` Touch My Body '' `` I Stay in Love '' `` Side Effects '' `` I 'm That Chick '' `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' `` Bye Bye '' `` Hero '' ( 2008 version ) `` Betcha Gon ' Know ( The Prologue ) '' `` Obsessed '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` H.A.T.E.U. '' 2010s songs `` Up Out My Face '' `` Angels Cry '' `` Oh Santa ! '' `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` One Child '' `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' `` # Beautiful '' `` Thirsty '' `` You 're Mine ( Eternal ) '' `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' `` Meteorite '' `` The Art of Letting Go '' `` Infinity '' `` I Do n't '' Other releases `` 100 % '' `` Almost Home '' `` Every Time I Close My Eyes '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` My Love '' `` Right to Dream '' `` So Lonely '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` What More Can I Give '' Jennifer Lopez songs Discography On the 6 `` If You Had My Love '' `` Feelin ' So Good '' `` Let 's Get Loud '' `` No Me Ames '' `` Waiting for Tonight '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' J. Lo `` Love Do n't Cost a Thing '' `` I 'm Real '' `` Play '' `` Ai n't It Funny '' `` Cariño '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Alright '' `` I 'm Real ( Murder Remix ) '' J to tha L -- O ! The Remixes `` Ai n't It Funny ( Murder Remix ) '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Alright ( Track Masters Remix ) '' `` Alive '' This Is Me ... Then `` I 'm Glad '' `` All I Have '' `` Jenny from the Block '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Baby I Love U ! '' Rebirth `` Get Right '' `` Hold You Down '' Como Ama una Mujer `` Qué Hiciste '' `` Me Haces Falta '' Brave `` Hold It Do n't Drop It '' `` Do It Well '' Love ? `` On the Floor '' `` I 'm Into You '' `` ( What Is ) Love ? '' `` Run the World '' `` Papi '' `` Until It Beats No More '' `` One Love '' `` Invading My Mind '' `` Hypnotico '' Dance Again ... the Hits `` Dance Again '' `` Goin ' In '' A.K.A. `` First Love '' `` I Luh Ya Papi '' `` Booty '' `` Same Girl '' `` Girls '' Por Primera Vez `` Ni Tú Ni Yo '' `` Amor , Amor , Amor '' Collaborations `` Adrenalina '' `` Back It Up '' `` Control Myself '' `` El Mismo Sol '' `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' `` Follow the Leader '' `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' `` Se Acabó El Amor '' `` Sweet Spot '' `` T.H.E. ( The Hardest Ever ) '' `` This Boy 's Fire '' `` Try Me '' `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` A Selena Tribute '' `` Ai n't Your Mama '' `` Chegaste '' `` Dinero '' `` El Anillo '' `` Feel the Light '' `` Fresh Out the Oven '' `` Live It Up '' `` Louboutins '' `` Love Make the World Go Round '' `` Olvídame y Pega la Vuelta '' `` Us '' Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_from_Mahogany_(Do_You_Know_Where_You%27re_Going_To)&oldid=845694047 '' Categories : 1973 songs 1975 singles 1976 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Diana Ross songs Thelma Houston songs Pop ballads Songs written for films Songs with lyrics by Gerry Goffin Songs written by Michael Masser 1975 songs Motown singles Soul ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Magyar Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 14 : 18 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme%20from%20Mahogany%20%28Do%20You%20Know%20Where%20You%2527re%20Going%20To%29
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who argued for and became a member of the republic of virtue
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Maximilien Robespierre
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maximilien robespierre
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Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre ( French : ( mak. si. mi. ljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃. swa ma. ʁi i. zi. dɔʁ də ʁɔ. bɛs. pjɛʁ ) ; 6 May 1758 -- 28 July 1794 ) was a French lawyer and politician , one of the best known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror .
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As a member of the Estates - General , the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club , Robespierre was an outspoken advocate for the poor and for democratic institutions . He campaigned for universal male suffrage in France , price controls on basic food commodities and the abolition of slavery in the French colonies . He was an ardent opponent of the death penalty , but played an important role in arranging the execution of King Louis XVI , which led to the establishment of a French Republic . He is perhaps best known for his role in the French Revolution 's Reign of Terror . He was named as a member of the powerful Committee of Public Safety launched by his political ally Georges Danton and exerted his influence to suppress the left - wing Hébertists . As part of his attempts to use extreme measures to control political activity in France , Robespierre later moved against the more moderate Danton , who was accused of corruption and executed in April 1794 . The Terror ended a few months later with Robespierre 's arrest and execution in July , events that initiated a period in French history known as the Thermidorian Reaction . Robespierre 's personal responsibility for the excesses of the Terror remains the subject of intense debate among historians of the French Revolution . Influenced by 18th - century Enlightenment philosophes such as Rousseau and Montesquieu , Robespierre was a capable articulator of the beliefs of the left - wing bourgeoisie . His steadfast adherence and defence of the views he expressed earned him the nickname l'Incorruptible ( The Incorruptible ) . Robespierre 's reputation has gone through several cycles of re-appraisal . During the Soviet era , Robespierre was used as an example of a Revolutionary figure . His reputation peaked in the 1920s with the influence of French historian Albert Mathiez . In more recent times , his reputation has suffered as historians have associated him with an attempt at a radical purge of politics through the killing of enemies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Early politics 3 Jacobin Club 4 Opposition to war with Austria 5 The National Convention 6 Execution of Louis XVI 7 Destruction of the Girondists 8 Reign of Terror 9 Abolition of slavery 10 Cult of the Supreme Being 11 Downfall 11.1 Arrest 11.2 Execution 12 Legacy and memory 13 Notes 14 References 15 Works cited 16 Further reading 17 External links Early Life ( edit ) Maximilien Robespierre was born in Arras in the old French province of Artois . His family has been traced back to the 12th century in Picardy ; some of his ancestors in the male line worked as notaries in Carvin near Arras from the beginning of the 17th century . It has been suggested that he was of Irish descent , his surname possibly a corruption of `` Robert Speirs '' . His paternal grandfather , also named Maximilien de Robespierre , established himself in Arras as a lawyer . His father , François Maximilien Barthélémy de Robespierre , was a lawyer at the Conseil d'Artois . He married Jacqueline Marguerite Carrault , the daughter of a brewer , on 2 January 1758 . Maximilien was the oldest of four children and was conceived out of wedlock . His siblings were Charlotte ( born 21 January 1760 ) , Henriette ( born 28 December 1761 ) , and Augustin ( born 21 January 1763 ) . On 7 July 1764 , Madame de Robespierre gave birth to a stillborn son ; she died nine days later . Devastated by his wife 's death , François de Robespierre subsequently left Arras and travelled throughout Europe . Until his death in Munich on 6 November 1777 , he lived in Arras only occasionally ; his two daughters Charlotte and Henriette were brought up by their paternal aunts , and his two sons were taken in by their maternal grandparents . The children would visit each other on Sundays . Already literate at age 8 , Maximilien started attending the collège ( middle school ) of Arras . In October 1769 , on the recommendation of the bishop , he received a scholarship at the Collège Louis - le - Grand , University of Paris in Paris . Robespierre studied there until age 23 , receiving his training as a lawyer . Upon his graduation , he received a special prize of 600 livres for twelve years of exemplary academic success and personal good conduct . In school , he learned to admire the idealised Roman Republic and the rhetoric of Cicero , Cato and other figures from classic history . His fellow pupils included Camille Desmoulins and Stanislas Fréron . He also studied the works of the Swiss philosophe Jean - Jacques Rousseau and was attracted to many of his ideas . Robespierre became intrigued by the idea of a `` virtuous self '' , a man who stands alone accompanied only by his conscience . His study of the classics prompted him to aspire to Roman virtues , but he sought to emulate Rousseau in particular . Robespierre 's conception of revolutionary virtue and his programme for constructing political sovereignty out of direct democracy came from Rousseau , and in pursuit of these ideals he eventually became known during the Jacobin Republic as `` the Incorruptible '' . Robespierre believed that the people of France were fundamentally good and were therefore capable of advancing the public well - being of the nation . Early politics ( edit ) Having completed his law studies , Robespierre was admitted to the bar of Arras . The Bishop of Arras , Louis François Marc Hilaire de Conzié , appointed him criminal judge in the Diocese of Arras in March 1782 . Robespierre soon resigned , owing to discomfort in ruling on capital cases arising from his early opposition to the death penalty . Instead , he quickly became a successful advocate for poor clients . During court hearings he was often known to promote the ideals of the Enlightenment and to argue for the rights of man . Later in his career , he read widely , and also became interested in political and social theory in general . He became regarded as one of the best writers and most popular young men of Arras . In December 1783 he was elected a member of the academy of Arras , the meetings of which he attended regularly . In 1784 the academy of Metz awarded him a medal for his essay on the question of whether the relatives of a condemned criminal should share his disgrace . He and Pierre Louis de Lacretelle , an advocate and journalist in Paris , divided the prize . Many of his subsequent essays were less successful , but Robespierre was compensated for these failures by his popularity in the literary and musical society at Arras , known as the `` Rosatia '' . In its meetings he became acquainted with Lazare Carnot , who later became his colleague on the Committee of Public Safety . In 1788 Robespierre took part in a discussion of how the French provincial government should be elected , arguing in his Addresse à la nation artésienne ( Address to the Nation of Artois ) that if the former mode of election by the members of the provincial estates was again adopted , the new Estates - General would not represent the people of France . It is possible he brought up this issue so that he could have a chance to take part in the proceedings and thus change the policies of the monarchy . King Louis XVI later announced new elections for all provinces , thus allowing Robespierre to run for the position of deputy for the Third Estate . Portrait of Robespierre by Boilly , c. 1791 ( Palais des Beaux - Arts de Lille ) . Although the leading members of the established provincial estates of Artois were elected to the Estates - General , Robespierre succeeded in getting elected with them - even though he was their chief opponent . In the assembly of the bailliage , rivalry ran still higher , but Robespierre had begun to make his mark in politics with the Avis aux habitants de la campagne ( Notice to the Residents of the Countryside ) of 1789 . With this , he secured the support of the country electors . Although he was only thirty , comparatively poor , and lacking patronage , he was elected as the fifth deputy of the Third Estate of Artois to the Estates - General . When Robespierre arrived at Versailles few of the other deputies knew him , but he became part of the representative National Assembly ( 13 June 1789 ) declared by the Third Estate , soon to transform itself ( 9 July 1789 ) into the National Constituent Assembly . While the Constituent Assembly occupied itself with drawing up a constitution , Robespierre turned his attention away from the assembly of provincial lawyers and wealthy bourgeois in favour of the lower classes of France , particularly Jews , Blacks , and actors . As a frequent speaker in the Constituent Assembly , he voiced many ideas in support of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Constitutional Provisions , often with great success . During this period Robespierre coined the famous motto `` Liberté , égalité , fraternité '' ( Freedom , Equality , fraternity ) . He was eventually recognised as second only to Pétion de Villeneuve as a leader of the small body of the extreme left , `` the thirty voices '' , as Mirabeau referred to them with contempt . Jacobin Club ( edit ) After his arrival in Paris from Versailles in 1789 , along with the National Assembly , Robespierre soon became involved with the new Society of the Friends of the Constitution , known eventually as the Jacobin Club . Originally , this organisation was made up only of deputies from Brittany . After the National Assembly moved to Paris , the Club began to admit various leaders of the Parisian bourgeoisie to its membership . As time went on , many of the more educated artisans and small shopkeepers became members of the club . Among such men , Robespierre found a sympathetic audience . As the wealthier bourgeois of Paris and right - wing deputies seceded from the club of 1789 , the influence of the old leaders of the Jacobins , such as Antoine Barnave , Adrien Duport , and Alexandre de Lameth , diminished . Alarmed at the progress of the Revolution , they founded the club of the Feuillants in 1791 . As a result , the left , including Robespierre and his friends , dominated the Jacobin Club . On 15 May 1791 , Robespierre proposed and carried the motion that no deputy who sat in the Constituent Assembly could sit in the succeeding Assembly . This self - denying ordinance , designed to demonstrate the disinterested patriotism of the framers of the new constitution , had the effect of accelerating political change as deputies with experience and knowledge of the difficulties faced by France were to be replaced by new and often more enthusiastic men . The Flight to Varennes on 20 June and the subsequent arrest of Louis XVI and his family resulted in Robespierre 's declaration at the Jacobin Club that he was `` ni monarchiste ni républicain '' ( `` neither monarchist nor republican '' ) . This stance was not unusual at this time , since there were still few republicans among the politicians in France . In 1790 , Robespierre moved to rue de Saintonge , No. 9 near the Tuileries Palace . After the massacre on the Champ de Mars on 17 July 1791 , he moved to the house of Maurice Duplay , a cabinetmaker and ardent admirer of Robespierre who lived in the Rue Saint - Honoré . He was motivated by fears for his safety and a desire to live closer to the National Assembly and the meeting places of the Jacobins . Robespierre lived there until his death except for two short intervals . According to his doctor Joseph Souberbielle , the revolutionary juror Joachim Vilate , and Duplay 's daughter Elisabeth , Robespierre became engaged to Duplay 's eldest daughter Éléonore , but no marriage ever took place . On 30 September , on the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly , the people of Paris named Pétion and Robespierre as the two incorruptible patriots in an attempt to honour their purity of principles , their modest ways of living , and their refusal of bribes . With the dissolution of the Assembly , Robespierre returned to Arras for a short visit , where he met with a triumphant reception . In November , he returned to Paris to take the position of public prosecutor of Paris . Opposition to war with Austria ( edit ) Terracotta bust of Robespierre by Deseine , 1792 ( Château de Vizille ) In February 1792 , Jacques Pierre Brissot , one of the leaders of the Girondist party in the Legislative Assembly , urged that France should declare war against Austria . Jean - Paul Marat and Robespierre opposed him , because they feared the influence of militarism , which might be turned to the advantage of the reactionary forces . Robespierre was also convinced that the internal stability of the country was more important . This opposition from expected allies irritated the Girondists , and the war became a major point of contention between the factions . Robespierre countered , `` A revolutionary war must be waged to free subjects and slaves from unjust tyranny , not for the traditional reasons of defending dynasties and expanding frontiers ... '' Indeed , argued Robespierre , such a war could only favour the forces of counter-revolution , since it would play into the hands of those who opposed the sovereignty of the people . The risks of Caesarism were clear , for in wartime , the powers of the generals would grow at the expense of ordinary soldiers , and the power of the king and court at the expense of the Assembly . These dangers should not be overlooked , he reminded his listeners , `` ... in troubled periods of history , generals often became the arbiters of the fate of their countries . '' Robespierre warned against the threat of dictatorship stemming from war , in the following terms ( 1791 ) : If they are Caesars or Cromwells , they seize power for themselves . If they are spineless courtiers , uninterested in doing good yet dangerous when they seek to do harm , they go back to lay their power at their master 's feet , and help him to resume arbitrary power on condition they become his chief servants . Robespierre also argued that force was not an effective or proper way of spreading the ideals of the Revolution ( 1792 ) : The most extravagant idea that can arise in a politician 's head is to believe that it is enough for a people to invade a foreign country to make it adopt their laws and their constitution . No one loves armed missionaries ... The Declaration of the Rights of Man ... is not a lightning bolt which strikes every throne at the same time ... I am far from claiming that our Revolution will not eventually influence the fate of the world ... But I say that it will not be today . In April 1792 , Robespierre resigned the post of public prosecutor of Versailles , which he had officially held , but not practised since February , and started a journal , Le Défenseur de la Constitution ( The Defender of the Constitution ) . The journal served multiple purposes : to counter the influence of the royal court in public policy ; to defend Robespierre from the accusations of Girondist leaders ; and to give voice to the economic interests of the broader masses in Paris and beyond . The National Convention ( edit ) Main article : National Convention When the Legislative Assembly declared war against Austria on 20 April 1792 , Robespierre responded by working to reduce the political influence of the officer class and the king . While arguing for the welfare of common soldiers , Robespierre urged new promotions to mitigate the domination of the officer class by the aristocratic École Militaire . Along with other Jacobins , he also urged the creation of popular militias ( staffed by revolutionaries known as the fédérés ) to defend France . This sentiment reflected the perspective of more radical Jacobins including those of the Marseille Club , who in May and June 1792 wrote to Pétion and the people of Paris , `` Here and at Toulon we have debated the possibility of forming a column of 100,000 men to sweep away our enemies ... Paris may have need of help . Call on us ! '' Because French forces suffered disastrous defeats and a series of defections at the onset of the war , Robespierre and Danton feared the possibility of a military coup d'état , above all one led by the Marquis de Lafayette , who in June advocated the suppression of the Jacobin Club . Robespierre publicly attacked him in scathing terms : `` General , while from the midst of your camp you declared war upon me , which you had thus far spared for the enemies of our state , while you denounced me as an enemy of liberty to the army , national guard and Nation in letters published by your purchased papers , I had thought myself only disputing with a general ... but not yet the dictator of France , arbitrator of the state . '' In early June 1792 , Robespierre proposed an end to the monarchy and the subordination of the Assembly to the popular will . Following the king 's veto of the Legislative Assembly 's efforts to raise a militia and suppress non-juring priests , the monarchy faced an abortive insurrection on 20 June , exactly three years after the Tennis Court Oath . Fédérés entered Paris without the king 's approval , and on 10 August 1792 , the insurrectionary National Guard of Paris , fédérés and sans - culottes led a successful assault upon the Tuileries Palace with the intention of overthrowing the monarchy . On 16 August , Robespierre presented a petition to the Legislative Assembly from the Paris Commune ( the municipal government of the city ) to demand the establishment of a revolutionary tribunal and the summoning of a convention chosen by universal suffrage . Dismissed from his command of the French Northern Army , Lafayette fled France along with other sympathetic officers . The interrogation of Louis XVI at the National Convention In September , Robespierre was elected first deputy for Paris to the National Convention . Robespierre and his allies took the benches high at the back of the hall , giving them the label `` the Montagnards '' , or `` the Mountaineers '' ; below them were the `` Manège '' of the Girondists and then `` the Plain '' of the independents . The Girondists at the Convention accused Robespierre of failing to stop the September Massacres . On 26 September , the Girondist Marc - David Lasource accused Robespierre of wanting to form a dictatorship . Rumours spread that Robespierre , Marat and Danton were plotting to establish a triumvirate . On 29 October , Louvet de Couvrai attacked Robespierre in a speech , possibly written by Madame Roland . On 5 November , Robespierre defended himself , the Jacobin Club and his supporters in and beyond Paris : Upon the Jacobins I exercise , if we are to believe my accusers , a despotism of opinion , which can be regarded as nothing other than the forerunner of dictatorship . Firstly , I do not know what a dictatorship of opinion is , above all in a society of free men ... unless this describes nothing more than the natural compulsion of principles . In fact , this compulsion hardly belongs to the man who enunciates them ; it belongs to universal reason and to all men who wish to listen to its voice . It belongs to my colleagues of the Constituent Assembly , to the patriots of the Legislative Assembly , to all citizens who will invariably defend the cause of liberty . Experience has proven , despite Louis XVI and his allies , that the opinion of the Jacobins and of the popular clubs were those of the French Nation ; no citizen has made them , and I did nothing other than share in them . Turning the accusations upon his accusers , Robespierre delivered one of the most famous lines of the French Revolution to the Assembly : I will not remind you that the sole object of contention dividing us is that you have instinctively defended all acts of new ministers , and we , of principles ; that you seemed to prefer power , and we equality ... Why do n't you prosecute the Commune , the Legislative Assembly , the Sections of Paris , the Assemblies of the Cantons and all who imitated us ? For all these things have been illegal , as illegal as the Revolution , as the fall of the Monarchy and of the Bastille , as illegal as liberty itself ... Citizens , do you want a revolution without a revolution ? What is this spirit of persecution which has directed itself against those who freed us from chains ? Robespierre 's speech marked a profound political break between the Montagnards and the Girondins , strengthening the former in the context of an increasingly revolutionary situation punctuated by the fall of Louis XVI , the invasion of France and the September Massacres in Paris . It also heralded increased involvement and intervention by the sans - culottes in revolutionary politics . Execution of Louis XVI ( edit ) The Convention 's unanimous declaration of a French Republic on 21 September 1792 left open the fate of the king . A commission was therefore established to examine evidence against him while the Convention 's Legislation Committee considered legal aspects of any future trial . Most Montagnards favoured judgement and execution , while the Girondins were divided concerning Louis 's fate , with some arguing for royal inviolability , others for clemency , and some advocating lesser punishment or death . On 20 November , opinion turned sharply against Louis following the discovery of a secret cache of 726 documents consisting of Louis 's personal communications . Robespierre had been taken ill in November and had done little other than support Saint - Just in his argument against the king 's inviolability . Robespierre wrote in his Defenseur de la Constitution that a Constitution which Louis had violated himself , and which declared his inviolability , could not now be used in his defence . Now , with the question of the king 's fate occupying public discourse , Robespierre on 3 December delivered a speech that would define the rhetoric and course of Louis 's trial . Robespierre argued that the king , now dethroned , could function only as a threat to liberty and national peace , and that the members of the Assembly were not fair judges , but rather statesmen with responsibility for public safety : Louis was a king , and our republic is established ; the critical question concerning you must be decided by these words alone . Louis was dethroned by his crimes ; Louis denounced the French people as rebels ; he appealed to chains , to the armies of tyrants who are his brothers ; the victory of the people established that Louis alone was a rebel ; Louis can not therefore be judged ; he already is judged . He is condemned , or the republic can not be absolved . To propose to have a trial of Louis XVI , in whatever manner one may , is to retrogress to royal despotism and constitutionality ; it is a counter-revolutionary idea because it places the revolution itself in litigation . In effect , if Louis may still be given a trial , he may be absolved , and innocent . What am I to say ? He is presumed to be so until he is judged . But if Louis is absolved , if he may be presumed innocent , what becomes of the revolution ? If Louis is innocent , all the defenders of liberty become slanderers . Our enemies have been friends of the people and of truth and defenders of innocence oppressed ; all the declarations of foreign courts are nothing more than the legitimate claims against an illegal faction . Even the detention that Louis has endured is , then , an unjust vexation ; the fédérés , the people of Paris , all the patriots of the French Empire are guilty ; and this great trial in the court of nature judging between crime and virtue , liberty and tyranny , is at last decided in favour of crime and tyranny . Citizens , take warning ; you are being fooled by false notions ; you confuse positive , civil rights with the principles of the rights of mankind ; you confuse the relationships of citizens amongst themselves with the connections between nations and an enemy that conspires against it ; you confuse the situation of a people in revolution with that of a people whose government is affirmed ; you confuse a nation that punishes a public functionary to conserve its form of government , and one that destroys the government itself . We are falling back upon ideas familiar to us , in an extraordinary case that depends upon principles we have never yet applied . In arguing for a judgement by the elected Convention without trial , Robespierre supported the recommendations of Jean - Baptiste Mailhe , who headed the commission reporting on legal aspects of Louis 's trial or judgement . Unlike some Girondins , Robespierre specifically opposed judgement by primary assemblies or a referendum , believing that this could cause civil war . While he called for a trial of queen Marie Antoinette and the imprisonment of the Dauphin , Robespierre argued for the death penalty in the case of the king : As for myself , I abhor the death penalty administered by your laws , and for Louis I have neither love , nor hate ; I hate only his crimes . I have demanded the abolition of the death penalty at your Constituent Assembly , and am not to blame if the first principles of reason appeared to you moral and political heresies . But if you will never reclaim these principles in favour of so much evil , the crimes of which belong less to you and more to the government , by what fatal error would you remember yourselves and plead for the greatest of criminals ? You ask an exception to the death penalty for him alone who could legitimise it ? Yes , the death penalty is in general a crime , unjustifiable by the indestructible principles of nature , except in cases protecting the safety of individuals or the society altogether . Ordinary misdemeanours have never threatened public safety because society may always protect itself by other means , making those culpable powerless to harm it . But for a king dethroned in the bosom of a revolution , which is as yet cemented only by laws ; a king whose name attracts the scourge of war upon a troubled nation ; neither prison , nor exile can render his existence inconsequential to public happiness ; this cruel exception to the ordinary laws avowed by justice can be imputed only to the nature of his crimes . With regret I pronounce this fatal truth : Louis must die so that the nation may live . On 14 January 1793 , the king was unanimously voted guilty of conspiracy and attacks upon public safety . On 15 January , the call for a referendum was defeated by 424 votes to 287 , which was led by Robespierre . On 16 January , voting began for the king 's sentence , and the session continued until 18 January . During this time , Robespierre worked fervently to ensure the king 's execution . Of the 721 deputies who voted , at least 361 had to have voted for death . Louis was executed two days later , on 21 January , in the Place de la Révolution . Destruction of the Girondists ( edit ) Journées des 31 Mai 1er et 2 Juin 1793 . After the execution of the king , the influence of Robespierre , Danton and the pragmatic politicians increased at the expense of the Girondists . The Girondists refused to have anything more to do with Danton and because of this the government became more divided . The economic situation in France was rapidly deteriorating and the Paris populace became restless . Rioting persisted and a commission of inquiry of twelve members was set up , on which only Girondins sat . Popular militants were arrested . On 25 May , the Paris Commune demanded that arrested patriots be released and sections drew the list of 22 prominent Girondists to be removed from the Convention . Maximin Isnard declared that Paris would be destroyed if it came out against the provincial deputies . Robespierre preached a moral `` insurrection against the corrupt deputies '' at the Jacobin Club . The Jacobins declared themselves in state of insurrection . On 29 May , the delegates representing thirty - three of the Paris sections formed an insurrectionary committee . On 2 June , 80,000 armed sans - culottes surrounded the Convention . After an attempt of deputies to exit collided with their guns , the deputies resigned themselves to declare the arrest of 29 leading Girondins . During the insurrection Robespierre had scrawled a note in his memorandum - book : What we need is a single will ( il faut une volonté une ) . It must be either republican or royalist . If it is to be republican , we must have republican ministers , republican papers , republican deputies , a republican government . The internal dangers come from the middle classes ; in order to defeat the middle classes we must rally the people ... The people must ally itself with the Convention , and the Convention must make use of the people . Reign of Terror ( edit ) Main article : Reign of Terror `` To punish the oppressors of humanity is clemency ; to forgive them is barbarity . '' -- Maximilien Robespierre , 1794 Cartoon showing Robespierre guillotining the executioner after having guillotined everyone else in France . After the fall of the monarchy , the revolutionary French government faced serious internal and external challenges , including the War of the First Coalition and insurrectionary War in the Vendée . French revolutionary politicians believed a stable government was needed to quell the chaos . On 11 March 1793 , a Revolutionary Tribunal was established by Jacobins in the Convention . On 6 April , Maximin Isnard and Georges Danton spearheaded the creation of a nine - member Committee of Public Safety to replace the larger Committee of General Defence . On 27 July 1793 , Robespierre was elected to the Committee , although he had not sought the position . The Committee of General Security began to manage the country 's internal police . Terror was formally instituted as a legal policy by the Convention on 5 September 1793 in a proclamation that read , `` It is time that equality bore its scythe above all heads . It is time to horrify all the conspirators . So legislators , place Terror on the order of the day ! Let us be in revolution , because everywhere counter-revolution is being woven by our enemies . The blade of the law should hover over all the guilty . '' In the winter of 1793 -- 94 , a majority of the Committee decided that the Hébertist party would have to perish or its opposition within the Committee would overshadow the other factions due to its influence in the Commune of Paris . Robespierre also had personal reasons for disliking the Hébertists for their `` atheism '' and `` bloodthirstiness '' , which he associated with the old aristocracy . In early 1794 , he finally broke with Danton , who had angered many other members of the Committee of Public Safety with his more moderate views on the Terror , but whom Robespierre had , until this point , persisted in defending . Subsequently , he joined in attacks on the Dantonists and the Hébertists . Robespierre charged his opponents with complicity with foreign powers . In Report on the Principles of Political Morality of 5 February 1794 , Robespierre praised the revolutionary government and argued that terror and virtue were necessary : If virtue be the spring of a popular government in times of peace , the spring of that government during a revolution is virtue combined with terror : virtue , without which terror is destructive ; terror , without which virtue is impotent . Terror is only justice prompt , severe and inflexible ; it is then an emanation of virtue ; it is less a distinct principle than a natural consequence of the general principle of democracy , applied to the most pressing wants of the country ... The government in a revolution is the despotism of liberty against tyranny . From 13 February to 13 March 1794 , Robespierre withdrew from active business on the Committee due to illness . On 15 March , he reappeared in the Convention . Hébert and nineteen of his followers were arrested on 19 March and guillotined on 24 March . Danton , Desmoulins and their friends were arrested on 30 March and guillotined on 5 April . Georges Couthon , his ally on the Committee , introduced and carried on 10 June the drastic Law of 22 Prairial , named for the day it was passed in the French Republican Calendar . Under this law , the Tribunal became a simple court of condemnation without need of witnesses . Historians frequently debate the reasons behind Robespierre 's support of the Law of 22 Prairial . Some consider it an attempt to extend his influence into a dictatorship , while others argue it was adopted to expedite the passage of the reformist , land - redistributive Ventôse Decrees . Though nominally all members of the committee were equal , Robespierre was later presented during the Thermidorian Reaction by the surviving protagonists of the Terror , especially Bertrand Barère , as prominent . They may have exaggerated his role to downplay their own contribution and used him as a scapegoat after his death . Historian William Doyle writes , `` It is not violent fulminations that characterise Robespierre 's speeches on the Terror . It is the language of unmasking , unveiling , revealing , discovering , exposing the enemy within , the enemy hidden behind patriotic posturings , the language of suspicion . Doyle argues that Robespierre was never a dictator nor meant to become one , but that his own paranoia , in the face of plots and assassination attempts , drove him into mortal conflict with his political opponents in the Revolution . Robespierre saw no room for mercy in his Terror , stating that `` slowness of judgements is equal to impunity '' and `` uncertainty of punishment encourages all the guilty '' . Throughout his Report on the Principles of Political Morality , Robespierre assailed any stalling of action in defence of the Republic . The report was a tract that urged the furtherance of the Revolution at all costs . In his thinking , there was not enough that could be done fast enough in defence against enemies at home and abroad . A staunch believer in the teachings of Rousseau , Robespierre believed that it was his duty as a public servant to push the Revolution forward , and that the only rational way to do that was to defend it on all fronts . The Report did not merely call for blood but also expounded many of the original ideas of the 1789 Revolution , such as political equality , suffrage and abolition of privileges . Abolition of slavery ( edit ) Throughout the course of the Revolution , Robespierre both ambivalently and outspokenly opposed slavery on French soil or in French territories and played an important role in abolishing it . In May 1791 Robespierre argued passionately in the National Assembly against the Colonial Committee , dominated by slaveholders in the Caribbean . The colonial lobby declared that political rights for blacks would cause France to lose her colonies . Robespierre responded , `` We should not compromise the interests humanity holds most dear , the sacred rights of a significant number of our fellow citizens , '' later shouting , `` Death to the colonies ! '' Robespierre was furious that the assembly gave `` constitutional sanction to slavery in the colonies , '' and argued for equal political rights regardless of skin colour . Robespierre did not argue for slavery 's immediate abolition . Nevertheless , pro-slavery advocates in France regarded Robespierre as a `` bloodthirsty innovator '' and as a traitor plotting to give French colonies to England . Only months later , hundreds of thousands of slaves in St Domingue led a revolution against slavery and colonial rule . In the following years , the slaves of St. Domingue effectively liberated themselves and formed an army to oppose re-enslavement . Robespierre denounced the slave trade in a speech before the Convention in April 1793 . The radical 1793 constitution supported by Robespierre and the Montagnards , which was ratified by a national referendum , granted universal suffrage to French men and explicitly condemned slavery . But the constitution was never implemented . In November 1793 , Robespierre gave his support to a proposal to investigate the colonial general Léger - Félicité Sonthonax , a Girondist who had freed slaves in the colonies . At the same time , Robespierre denounced the French minister to the newly formed United States , Edmond - Charles Genêt , who had sided with Sonthonax . By 1794 , French debates concerning slavery reached their apogee . In late January , delegations representing both former slaveholders and former slaves arrived in France to petition for slavery or its abolition . Briefly imprisoned , the delegation opposing slavery was freed on the orders of the Committee of Public Safety , on which Robespierre sat . Receiving the delegation on their release , the National Convention passed a decree banning slavery on 4 February . Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety , at the same time , heard a petition from the slaveholders , which they did not act upon . On the day after the emancipation decree , Robespierre delivered a speech to the National Convention in which he praised the French as the first to `` summon all men to equality and liberty , and their full rights as citizens , '' using the word slavery twice but without specifically mentioning the French colonies . Despite petitions from the slaveholding delegation , Robespierre and the Committee decided to endorse the decree in full . Several weeks later , in a speech before the committee of public safety , Robespierre linked the cruelty of slavery with serfdom : Ask a merchant of human flesh what is property ; he will answer by showing you that long coffin he calls a ship ... Ask a gentleman ( the same ) who has lands and vassals ... and he will give you almost the identical ideas . -- Robespierre , `` The Principles of Property '' , 24 April 1794 . He attended a meeting of the Jacobin club in June 1794 to support a decree ending slavery , and later signed orders to ratify it . The decree led to a surge in popularity for the Republic among blacks in St - Domingue , most of whom had already freed themselves and were seeking military alliances to guarantee their freedom . Cult of the Supreme Being ( edit ) Main article : Cult of the Supreme Being Robespierre 's desire for revolutionary change was not limited to the political realm . He opposed the power of the Catholic Church and the pope , particularly in opposition to their celibacy policies . Having denounced the excesses of dechristianisation , he sought to instill a spiritual resurgence in the French nation based on Deist beliefs . Accordingly , on 7 May 1794 , Robespierre supported a decree passed by the Convention that established an official religion , known historically as the Cult of the Supreme Being . The notion of the Supreme Being was based on ideas that Jean - Jacques Rousseau had outlined in The Social Contract . A nationwide `` Festival of the Supreme Being '' was held on 8 June ( which was also the Christian holiday of Pentecost ) . The festivities in Paris were held in the Champ de Mars , which was renamed the Champ de la Réunion ( `` Field of Reunion '' ) for that day . This was most likely in honour of the Champ de Mars Massacre , where the Republicans first rallied against the power of the Crown . Robespierre , who happened to be president of the Convention that week , walked first in the festival procession and delivered a speech in which he emphasised his concept of a Supreme Being : Is it not He whose immortal hand , engraving on the heart of man the code of justice and equality , has written there the death sentence of tyrants ? Is it not He who , from the beginning of time , decreed for all the ages and for all peoples liberty , good faith , and justice ? He did not create kings to devour the human race . He did not create priests to harness us , like vile animals , to the chariots of kings and to give to the world examples of baseness , pride , perfidy , avarice , debauchery and falsehood . He created the universe to proclaim His power . He created men to help each other , to love each other mutually , and to attain to happiness by the way of virtue . The Festival of the Supreme Being , by Pierre - Antoine Demachy ( 1794 ) . Throughout the `` Festival of the Supreme Being '' , Robespierre was beaming with joy ; not even the negativity of his colleagues could disrupt his delight . He was able to speak of the things about which he was truly passionate , including Virtue and Nature , typical deist beliefs , and , of course , his disagreements with atheism . Everything was arranged to the exact specifications that had been previously set before the ceremony . The ominous and symbolic guillotine had been moved to the original standing place of the Bastille , all of the people were placed in the appropriate area designated to them , and everyone was dressed accordingly . Not only was everything going smoothly , but the festival was also Robespierre 's first appearance in the public eye as a leader for the people , and also as president of the Convention , to which he had been elected only four days earlier . While for some it was an excitement to see him at his finest , many other leaders involved in the festival agreed that Robespierre had taken things too far . Multiple sources state that Robespierre came down the mountain in a way that resembled Moses as the leader of the people , and one of his colleagues , Jacques - Alexis Thuriot , was heard saying , `` Look at the bugger ; it 's not enough for him to be master , he has to be God '' . Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier used a report to the Convention on Catherine Théot as an opportunity to attack Robespierre and his beliefs . Théot was a seventy - eight - year - old , self - declared `` prophetess '' who had , at one point , been imprisoned in the Bastille . By stating that Robespierre was the `` herald of the Last Days , prophet of the New Dawn '' ( because his festival had fallen on the Pentecost , traditionally a day revealing `` divine manifestation '' ) , Catherine Théot made it seem that Robespierre had made these claims himself , to her . She also claimed that he was a reincarnation of Saul , the saviour of Israel , and the chosen of God . Many of her followers were also supporters or friends of Robespierre , which made it seem as if he was attempting to create a new religion , with him as its god . Although Robespierre had nothing to do with Catherine Théot or her followers , many assumed that he was on a path to dictatorship , and it sent a current of fear throughout the Convention , contributing to his downfall the following July . Downfall ( edit ) Main articles : Fall of Maximilien Robespierre and Thermidorian Reaction On 23 May 1794 , one day after the attempted assassination of Collot d'Herbois , another member of the Committee of Public Safety , Robespierre 's life was also in danger : a young woman by the name of Cécile Renault was arrested after having approached his place of residence with two small knives ; she was executed one month later . At this point , the Law of 22 Prairial was introduced to the public without consultation from the Committee of General Security , which , in turn , doubled the number of executions permitted by the Committee of Public Safety . This law permitted the execution of citizens thought to be counter-revolutionaries , even under simple suspicion and without extensive trials . When the Committee of Public Safety allowed the law to be passed , the Convention began to question it out of fear that Robespierre and his allies might come after certain members of the Convention , and even the Committee itself , due to the excesses carried out by its representatives , such as Joseph Fouché , Jean - Baptiste Carrier and Jean - Lambert Tallien , who had been sent to various regions of France to stamp out opposition to the revolutionary government in Paris . Robespierre worked tirelessly ( and almost alone ) to curb their excesses against the opposition of others who condemned him for his moderation in defending revolutionary ideals . He had them recalled to Paris to account for their actions and expelled from the Jacobin Club . Nonetheless , they were able to evade arrest . Fouché spent the evenings moving house to house , warning members of the Convention that Robespierre was after them while organising his own coup d'état . Robespierre appeared at the Convention on 26 July ( 8 Thermidor , according to the French Republican Calendar ) , and delivered a two - hour - long speech . He defended himself against charges of dictatorship and tyranny , and then proceeded to warn of a conspiracy against the Republic . Specifically , he railed against the bloody excesses he had observed during the Terror . He also implied that members of the Convention were a part of this conspiracy , though when pressed , he refused to provide any names . The speech alarmed members , particularly given Fouché 's warnings . The members who felt that Robespierre was alluding to them tried to prevent the speech from being printed , and a bitter debate ensued until Barère forced an end to it . Later that evening , Robespierre delivered the same speech again at the Jacobin Club , where it was very well received . The following day , Saint - Just began to give a speech in support of Robespierre in the Convention . Those who had seen him working on his speech the night before expected accusations to arise from it . Saint - Just had time to give only a small part of his speech before Tallien interrupted him . While the accusations began to pile up , Saint - Just remained uncharacteristically silent . Robespierre then attempted to secure the tribune to speak , but his voice was shouted down . Robespierre soon found himself at a loss for words after one deputy called for his arrest and Vadier gave a mocking impression of him . When one deputy witnessed Robespierre 's inability to respond , the man shouted , `` The blood of Danton chokes him ! '' Robespierre then finally regained his voice to reply with his one recorded statement of the morning , a demand to know why he was now being blamed for the other man 's death : `` Is it Danton you regret ? ... Cowards ! Why did n't you defend him ? '' Arrest ( edit ) Painting of Charles - André Merda shooting Robespierre . Valery Jacobi 's painting `` Ninth Thermidor '' showing the wounded Robespierre The Convention ordered the arrest of Robespierre that same day , 27 July , along with his brother Augustin , Couthon , Saint - Just , François Hanriot , and Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas . Troops from the Paris Commune , under General Coffinhal , arrived to free the prisoners and then marched against the Convention itself . The Convention responded by ordering troops of its own under Paul Barras to be called out . When the troops of the Paris Commune heard this news , order began to break down , and Hanriot ordered his remaining troops to withdraw to the Hôtel de Ville ( headquarters of the Paris Commune ) , where Robespierre and his supporters also gathered . The Convention declared them to be outlaws , meaning that upon verification , the fugitives could be executed within twenty - four hours without a trial . As the night went on , the forces of the Paris Commune deserted the Hôtel de Ville and , at around two in the morning , those of the Convention under the command of Barras arrived there . In order to avoid capture , Augustin Robespierre threw himself out a window , only to break both of his legs ; Couthon was found lying at the bottom of a staircase , having fallen from his wheelchair ; Le Bas committed suicide by shooting himself in the head ; and Hanriot jumped from another window and landed in an open sewer , but did not die as a result of the fall . Robespierre tried to kill himself with a pistol , but only managed to shatter his lower jaw , although some eyewitnesses claimed that he was shot by Charles - André Merda . Execution ( edit ) The execution of Robespierre . The beheaded man is not Robespierre , but Couthon ; the body of La Bas is shown lying on the ground ; Robespierre ( # 10 ) is shown sitting on the cart closest to the scaffold holding a handkerchief to his mouth . For the remainder of the night , Robespierre was laid on a table in the room of the Committee of Public Safety , where he awaited execution . He lay on the table bleeding profusely until a doctor was brought in to attempt to staunch the bleeding from his jaw . Robespierre 's last recorded words may have been `` Merci , monsieur '' ( `` Thank you , sir '' ) to a man who had given him a handkerchief for the blood on his face and clothing . Later , Robespierre was placed in the cell where Marie Antoinette , the wife of King Louis XVI , had been held . The same day , 28 July 1794 , in the afternoon , Robespierre was guillotined without trial in the Place de la Révolution . His brother Augustin , Couthon , Saint - Just , Hanriot , and twelve other followers , among them the cobbler Antoine Simon , the jailor of Louis - Charles , Dauphin of France , were also executed . When clearing Robespierre 's neck , the executioner tore off the bandage that was holding his shattered jaw in place , causing Robespierre to produce an agonised scream until the fall of the blade silenced him . Together with those executed with him , he was buried in a common grave at the newly opened Errancis Cemetery ( near what is now the Place Prosper - Goubaux ) . A plaque indicating the former site of this cemetery is located at 97 rue de Monceau , Paris . Between 1844 and 1859 ( probably in 1848 ) , the remains of all those buried there were moved to the Catacombs of Paris . Legacy and Memory ( edit ) La Place Robespierre in Marseille with inscription : `` Lawyer , born in Arras in 1758 , guillotined without trial on 27 July 1794 . Nicknamed The Incorruptible . Defender of the people . Author of our republican motto : Liberté Égalité Fraternité '' At the time of his death , Robespierre had no debts , and his property was sold at auction in the Palais Royal early in 1796 , fetching 38,601 livres ( over £ 100 ) . Robespierre 's reputation has gone through several cycles of re-appraisal . During the Soviet era , he was used as an example of a Revolutionary figure . It peaked in the 1920s after the influential French historian Albert Mathiez argued that he was an eloquent spokesman for the poor and oppressed , an enemy of royalist intrigues , a vigilant adversary of dishonest and corrupt politicians , a guardian of the French Republic , an intrepid leader of the French Revolutionary government , and a prophet of a socially responsible state . In more recent times , his reputation has suffered as historians have associated him with an attempt at a radical purification of politics through the killing of enemies . In 1989 , historian Francois Furet argued that this reappraisal of Robespierre has been technically inaccurate . There are two ways of totally misunderstanding Robespierre as historical figure : one is to detest the man , the other is to make too much of him . It is absurd , of course , to see the lawyer from Arras as a monstrous usurper , the recluse as a demagogue , the moderate as bloodthirsty tyrant , the democrat as a dictator . On the other hand , what is explained about his destiny once it is proved that he really was the Incorruptible ? The misconception common to both schools arises from the fact that they attribute to the psychological traits of the man the historical role into which he was thrust by events and the language he borrowed from them . Robespierre is an immortal figure not because he reigned supreme over the Revolution for a few months , but because he was the mouthpiece of its purest and most tragic discourse . Nevertheless , Robespierre remains controversial to this day . Apart from one Metro station in Montreuil ( a Paris suburb ) and several streets named after him in about twenty towns , there are no memorials or monuments to him in France . By making himself the embodiment of virtue and of total commitment , he took control of the Revolution in its most radical and bloody phase : the Jacobin republic . His goal in the Terror was to use the guillotine to create what he called a `` republic of virtue '' , wherein terror and virtue would be imposed at the same time . He argued , `` Terror is nothing more than speedy , severe and inflexible justice ; it is thus an emanation of virtue ; it is less a principle in itself , than a consequence of the general principle of democracy , applied to the most pressing needs of the patrie ( the `` fatherland '' ) . '' Terror was thus a tool to accomplish his overarching goals for democracy . Historian Ruth Scurr wrote that , as for Robespierre 's vision for France , he wanted a `` democracy for the people , who are intrinsically good and pure of heart ; a democracy in which poverty is honourable , power innocuous , and the vulnerable safe from oppression ; a democracy that worships nature -- not nature as it really is , cruel and disgusting , but nature sanitised , majestic , and , above all , good . '' In terms of historiography , he has several defenders . Marxist historian Albert Soboul viewed most of the measures of the Committee for Public Safety as necessary for the defence of the Revolution and mainly regretted the destruction of the Hébertists and other enragés . Robespierre 's main ideal was to ensure the virtue and sovereignty of the people . He disapproved of any acts which could be seen as exposing the nation to counter-revolutionaries and traitors , and became increasingly fearful of the defeat of the Revolution . He instigated the Terror and the deaths of his peers as a measure of ensuring a Republic of Virtue ; but his ideals went beyond the needs and wants of the people of France . He became a threat to what he had wanted to ensure and the result was his downfall . Soboul , according to Ishay , argues that he and Saint - Just `` were too preoccupied in defeating the interest of the bourgeoisie to give their total support to the sans - culottes , and yet too attentive to the needs of the sans - culottes to get support from the middle class . '' For Marxists like Soboul , Robespierre 's petit - bourgeois class interests were fatal to his mission . Jonathan Israel is sharply critical of Robespierre for repudiating the true values of the radical Enlightenment . He argues , `` Jacobin ideology and culture under Robespierre was an obsessive Rousseauiste moral Puritanism steeped in authoritarianism , anti-intellectualism , and xenophobia , '' and it repudiated free expression , basic human rights , and democracy . '' Robespierre has continued to fascinate biographers . Recent books in English include Colin Haydon and William Doyle 's Robespierre ( 1999 ) , John Hardman 's Robespierre ( 1999 ) , Ruth Scurr 's Fatal Purity : Robespierre and the French Revolution , Otto J. Scott 's Robespierre : The Voice of Virtue ( 2011 ) , and most recently Robespierre : A Revolutionary Life by Peter McPhee ( 2012 ) . During the October Revolution and Red Terror , Robespierre found ample praise in the Soviet Union , resulting in the construction of two statues of him : one in Saint Petersburg , and another in Moscow ( the Robespierre Monument ) . The monument was commissioned by Vladimir Lenin , who referred to Robespierre as a `` Bolshevik avant la lettre '' or a `` Bolshevik before his time '' . Due to the poor construction of the monument ( it was made of tubes and common concrete ) , it crumbled within three days of its unveiling and was never replaced . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ There are two ways of totally misunderstanding Robespierre as historical figure : one is to detest the man , the other is to make too much of him . It is absurd , of course , to see the lawyer from Arras as a monstrous usurper , the recluse as a demagogue , the moderate as bloodthirsty tyrant , the democrat as a dictator . On the other hand , what is explained about his destiny once it is proved that he really was the Incorruptible ? The misconception common to both schools arises from the fact that they attribute to the psychological traits of the man the historical role into which he was thrust by events and the language he borrowed from them . Robespierre is an immortal figure not because he reigned supreme over the Revolution for a few months , but because he was the mouthpiece of its purest and most tragic discourse. Furet 1989a , pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Born Marie Marguerite Charlotte de Robespierre , at the time of her brother 's prominence , she was betrothed to Joseph Fouché , who broke the engagement after the events of Thermidor . Charlotte became unmarriageable due to her name ; she remained single until her death on 1 August 1834 , aged 74 . Jump up ^ Born Henriette Eulalie Françoise de Robespierre , she became a nun and entered in the couvent des Manarres on 4 June 1773 . She died on 5 March 1780 aged 18 . Jump up ^ The first use of the motto `` Liberté , égalité , fraternité '' was in Robespierre 's speech `` On the organisation of the National Guard '' ( French : Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationales ) on 5 December 1790 , article XVI , and disseminated widely throughout France by the popular Societies . Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationales Article XVI . On their souls engraved these words : FRENCH PEOPLE , & below : FREEDOM , EQUALITY , FRATERNITY . The same words are inscribed on flags which bear the three colours of the nation . ( French : XVI . Elles porteront sur leur poitrine ces mots gravés : LE PEUPLE FRANÇAIS , & au - dessous : LIBERTÉ , ÉGALITÉ , FRATERNITÉ . Les mêmes mots seront inscrits sur leurs dra - peaux , qui porteront les trois couleurs de la na - tion . ) Gauthier 1992 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Original in French : `` Il faut une volonté une . Il faut qu'elle soit républicaine ou royaliste . Pour qu'elle soit républicaine , il faut des ministres républicains , des papiers républicains , des députés républicains , un gouvernement républicain . La guerre étrangère est une maladie mortelle ( fléau mortel ) , tandis que le corps politique est malade de la révolution et de la division des volontés . Les dangers intérieurs viennent des bourgeois , pour vaincre les bourgeois il faut y rallier le peuple ... insurrection actuelle continue , jusqu'à ce que les mesures nécessaires pour sauver la République aient été prises . Il faut que le peuple salue à la Convention et que la Convention se serve du peuple ... '' Courtois & Robespierre 1828 , p. 15 Interesting to note the usage of the term `` bourgeois '' in the original and `` the middle classes '' in translation in view of ongoing debate on the issue over `` bourgeois Revolution '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Serna 2005 , p. 370 . Jump up ^ Mathiez 1988 , p. 63 , 70 . Jump up ^ Martin 2006 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1988 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Bean , Horak & Kapse 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mathiez 1977 . Jump up ^ Shulim , Joseph I. ( 1 January 1977 ) . Bouloiseau , Marc ; Gallo , Max ; Hampson , Naorman ; Mathiez , Albert ; Mazlish , Bruce ; Rudé , George ; Soboul , Albert ; Forrest , Alan ; Jones , Colin , eds . `` Robespierre and the French Revolution '' . The American Historical Review . 82 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 38 . doi : 10.2307 / 1857136 . ^ Jump up to : Scurr 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Généalogie de Robespierre '' . Archived from the original on 27 January 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Carr 1972 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` In Memory Of Maximillien ( The Incorruptible ) De Robespierre '' . Christian Memorials . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Scurr 2006 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Scurr 2006 , p. 22 , 35 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 2011 . Jump up ^ Haydon & Doyle 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Hunt 1984 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Rudé 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Robespierre , `` Speech Denouncing the New Conditions of Eligibility , '' 22 October 1789 `` , George Mason University . Retrieved 26 February 2017 Jump up ^ `` Maximilien Robespierre '' , Department of History . Ohio State University . 1998 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 ^ Jump up to : Scurr 2006 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Scurr 2006 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Scurr 2006 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Renoult - Saint - André , Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours , Firmin Didot 1866 , Volume 42 p. 407 Jump up ^ Scurr 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Scurr 2006 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Robespierre 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Matrat 1975 . Jump up ^ Haydon & Doyle 2006 , in `` Robespierre , the war and its organization '' by Forrest , A . Jump up ^ Haydon & Doyle 2006 , p. 130 , in `` Robespierre , the war and its organization '' by Forrest , A . Jump up ^ Bell 2007 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Soboul 2005 , in `` Defenseur de la Constitution '' by Mazauric , C . Jump up ^ Haydon & Doyle 2006 , pp. 133 -- 136 , in `` Robespierre , the war and its organization '' by Forrest , A . Jump up ^ Kennedy 1981 , pp. 254 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1988 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Laurent 1939 , pp. 165 -- 66 , in Volumen IV . Jump up ^ Haydon & Doyle 2006 , p. 162 , in `` Robespierre and the Terror '' by Hampson , N . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer 1913 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Soboul 2005 , p. 363 , in `` Dix Aout '' by Monnier , R . Jump up ^ Hampson 1974 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Robespierre 1958 , pp. 83 -- 84 , in Tome IX , Discours . Jump up ^ Robespierre 1958 , pp. 88 -- 89 , in Tome IX , Discours . Jump up ^ Soboul 2005 , pp. 918 -- 19 , in `` Robespierre '' by Bertaud , J-P ... Jump up ^ Vovelle 2011 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 1988 , pp. 308 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Soboul 2005 , p. 42 , in `` Armoir de Fer '' by Grendron , F ... Jump up ^ Robespierre 1958 , pp. 104 -- 05 , 120 , in Tome IX , Discours . Jump up ^ Thompson 1988 , pp. 292 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Robespierre 1958 , pp. 121 -- 22 , in Tome IX , Discours . Jump up ^ Soboul 2005 , p. 867 , in `` Procès du Roi '' by Dorigny , M . Jump up ^ Robespierre 1958 , pp. 129 -- 30 , in Tome IX , Discours . Jump up ^ Scurr 2006 , pp. 249 -- 251 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Mathiez 1927 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2000 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Furet & Ozouf 1989b , pp. 216 , 341 . ^ Jump up to : Andress 2006 , pp. 178 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` On the Principles of Political Morality , February 1794 '' . Modern History Sourcebook. 1997 . Jump up ^ Serna 2005 , p. 369 . ^ Jump up to : Haydon & Doyle 2006 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Kerr 2013 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : McPhee 2012 , pp. 86 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle 2002 . Jump up ^ McPhee 2012 , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Popkin 2010 , pp. 350 -- 370 . ^ Jump up to : McPhee 2012 , pp. 173 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott 1974 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Andress 2006 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Robespierre , M. `` The Cult of the Supreme Being '' , in Modern History Sourcebook , 1997 ^ Jump up to : Andress 2006 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Andress 2006 , p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : Andress 2006 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ `` The Life of Maximilien Robespierre : With Extracts from His Unpublished Correspondence '' , George Henry Lewes . Chapman and Hall , 1899 . p. 358 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 Jump up ^ Schama 1989 , p. 836 . Jump up ^ Jean Jaures , `` The Law of Prairial and the Great Terror ( Fall , year IV ) '' , in Socialist History of the French Revolution ( translated by Mitchell Abidor ) , Marxists.org Jump up ^ Paris in the Terror , Stanley Loomis Jump up ^ Schama 1989 , pp. 841 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Schama 1989 , pp. 842 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Korngold , Ralph 1941 , p. 365 , Robespierre and the Fourth Estate Retrieved 27 July 2014 Jump up ^ Carr 1972 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Brink 1899 , p. 399 . Jump up ^ Andress 2006 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Schama 1989 , pp. 845 -- 46 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Landrucimetieres.fr Jump up ^ Thompson 1988 . Jump up ^ Joseph I. Shulim `` Robespierre and the French Revolution , '' American Historical Review ( 1977 ) 82 # 1 pp. 20 -- 38 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Furet 1989a , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Marisa Linton , `` Robespierre and the Terror , '' History Today , August 2006 , Vol. 56 Issue 8 , pp. 23 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Scurr 2006 , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Ishay 1995 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ McPhee 2012 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Israel 2014 , p. 521 . Works cited ( edit ) Andress , David ( 2006 ) . The Terror : The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France . Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . ISBN 9780374273415 . Bean , Jennifer M. ; Horak , Laura ; Kapse , Anupama ( 2014 ) . Silent Cinema and the Politics of Space . Indiana University Press . ISBN 9780253015075 . Bell , David ( 2007 ) . The First Total War : Napoleon 's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Brink , Jan ten ( 1899 ) . Robespierre and the Red Terror . Hutchinson & Company . Carr , John Laurence ( 1972 ) . Robespierre ; the force of circumstance . St. Martin 's Press . Courtois , Edme - Bonaventure ; Robespierre , Maximilien ( 1828 ) . Papiers inédits trouvés chez Robespierre , Saint - Just , Payan , etc : supprimés ou omis par Courtois ; précédés du rapport de ce député à la Convention nationale ; avec un grand nombre de fac - similé et les signatures des principaux personnages de la révolution ( in French ) . Baudouin frères . Doyle , William ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of the French Revolution . OUP Oxford . ISBN 9780191608292 . Dunn , Susan ( 2000 ) . Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light . Macmillan . ISBN 9780571199891 . Furet , François ( 1989a ) . Interpreting the French Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0521280494 . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Furet , François ; Ozouf , Mona ( 1989b ) . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674177284 . Gauthier , Florence ( 1992 ) . Triomphe et mort du droit naturel en Révolution : 1789 , 1795 , 1802 ( 1 . éd . ed . ) . Paris : Presses Univ . de France . ISBN 978 - 2130446934 . Hampson , Norman ( 1974 ) . The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre . Duckworth . ISBN 9780715607411 . Haydon , Colin ; Doyle , William ( 2006 ) . Robespierre . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521026055 . A collection of essays covering not only Robespierre 's thoughts and deeds but also the way he has been portrayed by historians and fictional writers alike . Reviewed at the Wayback Machine ( archived 9 June 2007 ) by Hilary Mantel in the London Review of Books , Vol. 22 , No. 7 , p. 30 March 2000 . Hunt , Lynn Avery ( 2004 ) . Politics , Culture , and Class in the French Revolution . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520241565 . Ishay , Micheline ( 1995 ) . Internationalism and Its Betrayal . U. of Minnesota Press . Israel , Jonathan ( 2014 ) . Revolutionary Ideas : An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9781400849994 . Jenkins , Cecil ( 2011 ) . A Brief History of France . Running Press . ISBN 978 - 0762441204 . Jordan , David P. ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781476725710 . Kennedy , Michael L. ( 1988 ) . The Jacobin clubs in the French Revolution : the Middle Years . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0691055262 . Kerr , Gordon ( 2013 ) . Leaders Who Changed the World : The extraordinary inspiration of those who create history . Canary Press eBooks . ISBN 9781907795305 . Laurent , Gustave ( 1939 ) . Oeuvres Completes de Robespierre ( in French ) . Nancy : Imprimerie de G. Thomas . OCLC 459859442 . Martin , Jean - Clément ( 2006 ) . Violence et Révolution : essai sur la naissance d'un mythe national ( in French ) . Paris : Éd . du Seuil . ISBN 978 - 2020438421 . Mathiez , Albert ( 1927 ) . The French Revolution . Williams and Norgate . Mathiez , Albert ( 1977 ) . `` ROBESPIERRE : L'HISTOIRE ET LA LEGENDE '' . Annales historiques de la Révolution française. 49 ( 227 ) : 5 -- 31 . Mathiez , Albert ( 1988 ) . Etudes sur Robespierre : 1758 -- 1794 . Paris : Messidor . ISBN 978 - 2209060498 . Matrat , Jean ( 1975 ) . Robespierre : or , The tyranny of the majority . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0684140551 . McPhee , Peter ( 2012 ) . Robespierre : A Revolutionary Life . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300118112 . Pfeiffer , Laura Belle ( 1913 ) . The Uprising of June 20 , 1792 . University of Nebraska . Robespierre , Charlotte ( 2006 ) . Mémoires ( Nouv . éd . ed . ) . Paris : Nouveau monde éd . ISBN 978 - 2847361766 . Robespierre , Maximilien de ( 1958 ) . Bouloiseau , Marc ; Lefebvre , Georges ; Soboul , Albert ; Dautry , Jean , eds . Oeuvres de Maximilien Robespierre ( in French ) . PUF . Rudé , George F.E. ( 1975 ) . Robespierre : portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat . Collins . political portrait of Robespierre , examining his changing image among historians and the different aspects of Robespierre as an ' ideologue ' , as a political democrat , as a social democrat , as a practitioner of revolution , as a politician and as a popular leader / leader of revolution , it also touches on his legacy for the future revolutionary leaders Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong . Schama , Simon ( 1989 ) . Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55948 - 7 . Scott , Otto J. ( 1974 ) . Robespierre : The Voice of Virtue . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9781412849166 . Scurr , Ruth ( 2006 ) . Fatal Purity : Robespierre and the French Revolution . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 9780805082616 . Reviewed at the Wayback Machine ( archived 9 June 2007 ) by Hilary Mantel in the London Review of Books , Vol. 28 No. 8 , 20 April 2006 . Reviewed by Sudhir Hazareesingh in the Times Literary Supplement , 7 June 2006 . Serna , Pierre ( 2005 ) . La République des girouettes : ( 1789 -- 1815 ... et au - delà ) : une anomalie politique : la France de l'extrême centre . Seyssel : Champ Vallon . ISBN 9782876734135 . Soboul , Albert ( 2005 ) . Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française ( 1 . éd . ed . ) . Paris : Quadrige / PUF . ISBN 978 - 2130536055 . Soboul , Albert ( 1974 ) . The French Revolution , 1787 -- 1799 : from the storming of the Bastille to Napoleon . Vintage Books . ISBN 9780394712208 . Thompson , J.M. ( 1988 ) . Robespierre . New York , NY : B. Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0631155041 . Popkin , Jeremy D. ( 2010 ) . You Are All Free : The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521517225 . Vovelle , Michel ( 2011 ) . La Révolution française ( 1789 -- 1799 ) ( in French ) . Armand Colin . ISBN 9782200271183 . Further reading ( edit ) Bienvenu , Richard , ed . The Ninth of Thermidor : the fall of Robespierre ( Oxford University Press , 1968 ) Brinton , Crane . The Jacobins : An Essay in the New History . Piscataway , NJ : Transaction Publishers , 2011 . Cobban , Alfred . `` The Fundamental Ideas of Robespierre , '' English Historical Review Vol. 63 , No. 246 ( January 1948 ) , pp. 29 -- 51 JSTOR Cobban , Alfred . `` The Political Ideas of Maximilien Robespierre during the Period of the Convention , '' English Historical Review Vol. 61 , No. 239 ( January 1946 ) , pp. 45 -- 80 in JSTOR Eagan , James Michael ( 1978 ) . Maximilien Robespierre : Nationalist Dictator . New York : Octagon Books . ISBN 0 - 374 - 92440 - 6 . Presents Robespierre as the origin of Fascist dictators . Everdell , William R . The End of Kings : A History of Republics and Republicans . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2000 . Goldstein Sepinwall , Alyssa . `` Robespierre , Old Regime Feminist ? Gender , the Late Eighteenth Century , and the French Revolution Revisited , '' Journal of Modern History Vol. 82 , No. 1 ( March 2010 ) , pp. 1 -- 29 in JSTOR argues he was an early feminist , but by 1793 he joined the other Jacobins who excluded women from political and intellectual life . Hampson , Norman ( 1974 ) . The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre . London : Duckworth . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 0741 - 3 . Presents three contrasting views Linton , Marisa . `` Robespierre and the Terror '' , History Today , August 2006 , Volume 56 , Issue 8 , pp. 23 -- 29 online at the Wayback Machine ( archived 13 March 2007 ) Linton , Marisa , Choosing Terror : Virtue , Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution ( Oxford University Press , 2013 ) . Linton , Marisa , ' Robespierre et l'authenticité révolutionnaire ' , Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française , 371 ( janvier - mars 2013 ) : 153 -- 73 . Palmer , R.R. ( 1941 ) . Twelve Who Ruled : The Year of Terror in the French Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05119 - 4 . A sympathetic study of the Committee of Public Safety . Shulim , Joseph I. `` Robespierre and the French Revolution , '' American Historical Review ( 1977 ) 82 # 1 pp. 20 -- 38 in JSTOR Soboul , Albert . `` Robespierre and the Popular Movement of 1793 -- 4 '' , Past and Present , No. 5 . ( May 1954 ) , pp. 54 -- 70 . in JSTOR Tishkoff , Doris ( 2011 ) . Empire of Beauty . New Haven : Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maximilien de Robespierre . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Maximilien Robespierre Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Robespierre , Maximilien François Marie Isidore de . Works by Maximilien Robespierre at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Maximilien Robespierre at Internet Archive Maximilien Robespierre Internet Archive on Marxists.org Maximilien Robespierre , 1758 -- 1794 The French Revolution , Robespierre Family tree ( back to the 18th generation ) ( also here ) Remembering the Reign of Terror by Dolan Cummings , Spiked Review of Books , Issue No. 7 , November 2007 A.M.R.I.D ( Association Maximilien Robespierre pour l'Idéal Démocratique ) ( in French ) Amis de Robespierre pour le Bicentenaire de la Révolution ( In French ) French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Capture of San Pietro and Sant'Antioco ( 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution VIAF : 89401473 LCCN : n50061705 ISNI : 0000 0001 1030 8146 GND : 118601563 SELIBR : 280018 SUDOC : 027358615 BNF : cb11922216p ( data ) ULAN : 500354298 NDL : 00525592 NKC : jn20000701515 BNE : XX1037087 IATH : w6z89jbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximilien_Robespierre&oldid=798939461 '' Categories : Maximilien Robespierre 1758 births 1794 deaths French revolutionaries Deputies to the French National Convention Artesian people French deists French jurists French republicans Jacobins French shooting survivors Leaders ousted by a coup Lycée Louis - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien%20Robespierre
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who played blair in the facts of life
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Lisa Diane Whelchel ( born May 29 , 1963 ) is an American actress , singer , songwriter , author , and public speaker . She is known for her appearances as a Mouseketeer on The New Mickey Mouse Club and her nine - year role as the preppy and wealthy Blair Warner on The Facts of Life . In 1984 , she was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance for her contemporary Christian album , All Because of You . Since 2009 , she has been a regular speaker with Women of Faith Christian conferences . In 2012 , Whelchel participated as a contestant on the CBS competitive reality series Survivor : Philippines and tied for second place . She was also voted fan favorite and was awarded $100,000 .
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Lisa Diane Whelchel
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Lisa Whelchel
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lisa whelchel
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Lisa Diane Whelchel ( born May 29 , 1963 ) is an American actress , singer , songwriter , author , and public speaker . She is known for her appearances as a Mouseketeer on The New Mickey Mouse Club and her nine - year role as the preppy and wealthy Blair Warner on The Facts of Life . In 1984 , she was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance for her contemporary Christian album , All Because of You . Since 2009 , she has been a regular speaker with Women of Faith Christian conferences . In 2012 , Whelchel participated as a contestant on the CBS competitive reality series Survivor : Philippines and tied for second place . She was also voted fan favorite and was awarded $100,000 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal background 2 Acting career 2.1 The New Mickey Mouse Club 2.2 The Facts of Life 3 Music career 4 Speaking 5 Writing 6 Survivor 7 Hosting duties 8 Published works 9 Filmography 10 Accolades 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Personal background ( edit ) Lisa Whelchel was born on May 29 , 1963 , in Littlefield , Texas . She is the daughter of Virginia `` Genny '' ( née French ) , a real estate agent , and James `` Jimmy '' Whelchel Sr. , an electrician . Her parents divorced in 1981 , and her mother married Roy Coleman in 1983 . Lisa is the elder sister of James `` Cody '' Whelchel Jr. , and the elder half - sister of Casey Justice Coleman . She also has a nephew , Chasin ( Cody 's son ) . Lisa and Cody were raised for most of their childhood in Fort Worth , Texas . When Whelchel was ten years old , she became a born - again Christian and has devoted her life to her Christian faith . On July 9 , 1988 , Whelchel married Steven Cauble , who was an associate pastor at The Church on the Way in Van Nuys , California , which Whelchel attended at the time . The couple , who have three adult children , divorced in March 2012 . Acting career ( edit ) The New Mickey Mouse Club ( edit ) At age 12 , Whelchel was recruited in Texas by talent scouts who were looking for children interested in working with Disney Studios as a Mouseketeer on The New Mickey Mouse Club . She moved to California the next year and appeared on the show in syndication from 1977 to 1978 . The Facts of Life ( edit ) As a cast member of The Facts of Life , Whelchel once refused a storyline that would have made her character the first among the four main young women on the show to lose her virginity . Having become a Christian when she was ten years old , Whelchel refused because of her Christian convictions , and the storyline was rewritten for the character of `` Natalie , '' portrayed by Mindy Cohn . Whelchel appeared in every episode of the series except that one . In 2001 , Whelchel reprised her role as Blair Warner for the made - for - television movie , The Facts of Life Reunion . On March 7 , 2004 , Whelchel was reunited with Charlotte Rae to perform The Facts of Life theme song at the 2nd Annual TV Land Awards at the Hollywood Palladium in Hollywood . In spring 2006 , she appeared with two of her Facts of Life co-stars on The Today Show to promote the show 's DVD releases of the first and second seasons , admitting to being `` really bummed out '' that Kim Fields was unable to attend . On February 1 , 2007 , Whelchel was reunited with Kim Fields on WFAA - TV 's Good Morning Texas . Fields was in Dallas to promote her appearance in the production Issues : We 've All Got ' Em ' , when Whelchel was introduced as a surprise guest . On April 10 , 2011 , Whelchel and the cast of The Facts of Life , including Charlotte Rae , Nancy McKeon , Mindy Cohn , Kim Fields , Geri Jewell , and Cloris Leachman were honored with the Pop Culture Award at the 9th Annual TV Land Awards at the Javits Center in New York City . Music career ( edit ) In 1984 , Whelchel released a Christian pop album entitled All Because of You . The album reached No. 17 on the Billboard Contemporary Christian music charts . She was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance and was recognized as the writer of the title song , `` All Because of You '' . Among the songs featured on the album were `` All Because of You '' , `` Just Obey '' , `` Cover Me Lord '' , and `` Good Girl '' . She did not record a second album . While she was appearing on The Facts of Life , she made a cameo appearance in the music video for contemporary Christian music singer - songwriter Steve Taylor 's song `` Meltdown ( at Madame Tussaud 's ) '' . The song was the title track from the album Meltdown . Speaking ( edit ) Whelchel has been a regular inspirational speaker at churches and conferences nationwide since 2004 . In 2000 , she founded Momtime Ministries , a religious network of mothers ' groups who meet weekly to `` equip and refresh and encourage '' each other . In 2009 , she began touring with the Women of Faith conferences , speaking on various issues including motherhood , child discipline , and friendship . Writing ( edit ) Whelchel has written ten books on motherhood , child discipline , adult friendships , homeschooling , and finding Jesus through the development of holiday traditions . Additional topics from a spiritual point of view include prayer and wisdom . She is the bestselling author of So You 're Thinking About Homeschooling and The Facts of Life ( and Other Lessons My Father Taught Me ) . While Whelchel has been honored as a Gold Medallion nominee for her book on child discipline , entitled Creative Correction , she has received negative press and criticism by both Christian and non-Christian parenting groups for her views . In an 2005 interview with talk show host Drew Marshall , Whelchel spoke about her books on motherhood and shared her ideas on child discipline presented in the book . Survivor ( edit ) On August 20 , 2012 , Whelchel was announced as a contestant in Survivor : Philippines as a member of the Tandang tribe . She joined retired Major League Baseball star Jeff Kent as one of the season 's two `` celebrity '' contestants . She elected to keep her true identity , as a former television star , a secret from the other contestants , many of whom were too young to have watched The Facts of Life during its original run and thus did not recognize her . On November 14 , 2012 , Whelchel announced via her Twitter account that she was suffering from West Nile Virus and had been advised by her doctor that recovery would take approximately one year . She did not specify whether she had contracted the arbovirus while in the Philippines shooting Survivor . On December 16 , 2012 , Whelchel made it to the Final Tribal Council , where fellow contestant and jury member Jonathan Penner revealed to the rest of the jury that she was a former child star . In the end , she received one jury vote from RC Saint - Amour and tying with returning contestant Michael Skupin for runner - up . She was also voted the Sprint Player of the Season , winning $100,000 by a margin of about . 07 percent against Malcolm Freberg . Hosting duties ( edit ) On January 14 , 2013 , Whelchel co-hosted several episodes of The Jeff Probst Show with Survivor host , Jeff Probst . Published works ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Lisa Whelchel '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Whelchel , Lisa . Creative Correction , Tyndale House Publishers , 320 pages , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 1561799015 Whelchel , Lisa . The Facts of Life ( and Other Lessons My Father Taught Me ) , Multnomah Books , 192 pages , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1590521489 Whelchel , Lisa . So You 're Thinking About Homeschooling : Fifteen Families Show How You Can Do It ( 2nd edition ) , Multnomah Books , 224 pages , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1590525111 Whelchel , Lisa . How to Start Your Own Mom Time The ADVENTure of Christmas : Helping Children Find Jesus in Our Holiday Traditions Taking Care of the Me in Mommy The Busy Mom 's Guide to Prayer The Busy Mom 's Guide to Wisdom The Busy Grandma 's Guide to Prayer Speaking Mom - ese : Moments of Peace & Inspiration in the Mother Tongue from One Mom 's Heart to Yours Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1977 -- 78 The New Mickey Mouse Club Herself ( Mouseketeer ) Main cast ( 130 episodes ) 1977 The Wonderful World of Disney Herself ( Mouseketeer ) Episode : `` The Mouseketeers at Walt Disney World '' 1978 Family Cathy Connelly Episode : `` All for Love '' 1979 The Wonderful World of Disney Robin Lapp Episode : `` Shadow of Fear '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) 1979 Diff'rent Strokes Blair Warner Episode : `` The Girls School '' 1979 The Double McGuffin Jody Feature film 1979 The Magician of Lublin Halina Feature film 1979 -- 88 The Facts of Life Blair Warner Main cast ( 200 episodes ) 1980 Skyward Lisa Ward NBC television film 1981 Diff'rent Strokes Blair Warner Episode : `` The Older Man '' 1981 Twirl Jill Moore NBC television film 1982 The Facts of Life Goes to Paris Blair Warner NBC television film 1982 The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch Amy Cole ABC television film The Love Boat Caroline Shea Episode : `` The Dean and the Flunkee '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) 1985 The Love Boat Kelly Barrett Episode : `` The Racer 's Edge '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) The Facts of Life Down Under Blair Warner NBC television film Where the Red Fern Grows : Part Two Sara Coleman Direct - to - video film The Facts of Life Reunion Blair Warner ABC television film ( The Wonderful World of Disney ) 2012 Survivor : Philippines Herself ( Contestant ) 14 episodes 2013 The Jeff Probst Show Herself ( Co-host ) 16 episodes A Madea Christmas Nancy Porter Feature film 2014 For Better or For Worse Wendy Hallmark television film 2016 Hearts of Spring Carly Ashby Hallmark television film 2016 A Snow Capped Christmas Dale ( Claire 's Mom ) UP television film Accolades ( edit ) Young Artist Awards 1982 : Nominated , `` Best Young Comedienne in a Motion Picture or Television '' -- The Facts of Life 1982 : Nominated , `` Best Young Actress in a Television Special '' -- Twirl 1983 : Nominated , `` Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series '' -- The Facts of Life 1984 : Nominated , `` Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series '' -- The Facts of Life See also ( edit ) Biography portal Christianity portal Christian music portal Film portal Television in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Survivor . `` Survivor Cast : Lisa '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Leslie . `` Flower Mound 's Lisa Whelchel voted fan favorite in ' Survivor : Philippines ' ; gets $100 K prize '' . Dallas News . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Whelchel Biography ( 1963 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lisa Whelchel . `` Lisa Whelchel : My Faith '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Steve Helling ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Lisa Whelchel Is Divorced '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Ken ; Vlastnick , Frank ( 2007 ) Sitcoms : The 101 Greatest TV Comedies of All Time p. 98 Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers Jump up ^ Carolyn A. Burns . `` Lisa Whelchel Lisa Whelchel '' . TodaysChristianMusic.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Whelchel Biography at Simon & Schuster '' . Authors.simonandschuster.com . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The State ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` Q&A / Lisa Whelchel '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin . `` ' Survivor : Philippines ' cast includes Lisa Whelchel and Jeff Kent Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Whelchel has West Nile Virus , ' Survivor ' star reveals '' . Fox News . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carrie `` Spicy '' Milburn ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Survivor 's Lisa Whelchel to Join Jeff Probst on Talk Show '' . Reality Nation . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Lisa Whelchel on IMDb Lisa Whelchel at the TCM Movie Database ( hide ) Survivor contestants Winners of Survivor Richard Hatch ( Borneo ) Tina Wesson ( The Australian Outback ) Ethan Zohn ( Africa ) Vecepia Towery ( Marquesas ) Brian Heidik ( Thailand ) Jenna Morasca ( The Amazon ) Sandra Diaz - Twine ( Pearl Islands and Heroes vs. Villains ) Amber Brkich ( All - Stars ) Chris Daugherty ( Vanuatu ) Tom Westman ( Palau ) Danni Boatwright ( Guatemala ) Aras Baskauskas ( Panama ) Yul Kwon ( Cook Islands ) Earl Cole ( Fiji ) Todd Herzog ( China ) Parvati Shallow ( Micronesia ) Bob Crowley ( Gabon ) J.T. Thomas ( Tocantins ) Natalie White ( Samoa ) Jud `` Fabio '' Birza ( Nicaragua ) Rob Mariano ( Redemption Island ) Sophie Clarke ( South Pacific ) Kim Spradlin ( One World ) Denise Stapley ( Philippines ) John Cochran ( Caramoan ) Tyson Apostol ( Blood vs. Water ) Tony Vlachos ( Cagayan ) Natalie Anderson ( San Juan del Sur ) Mike Holloway ( Worlds Apart ) Jeremy Collins ( Cambodia ) Michele Fitzgerald ( Kaôh Rōng ) Adam Klein ( Millennials vs. Gen X ) Sarah Lacina ( Game Changers ) Other contestants Single season Alan Ball Alexis Jones Ashley Massaro Candace Smith Chase Rice Chris Hammons Christy Smith Cliff Robinson Colleen Haskell Crystal Cox Dan Barry David Samson Elisabeth Filarski Elyse Umemoto Gary Hogeboom Grant Mattos Hayden Moss Helen Glover Holly Hoffman Hunter Ellis J.P. Calderon Jean - Robert Bellande Jeff Kent Jessica Lewis Jennifer Lyon Jimmy Johnson Joe Del Campo John Rocker Julia Landauer Julie Berry Katrina Radke Keith Famie Kelly Bruno Ken Hoang Kim Mullen Lisa Whelchel Matt Elrod Nadiya Anderson Rafe Judkins Rita Verreos Scot Pollard Sean Kenniff Steve Wright Tamara `` Taj '' Johnson - George Tammy Leitner Tyler Fredrickson Whitney Duncan Multiple seasons Amanda Kimmel Ami Cusack Andrea Boehlke Bobby Jon Drinkard Brad Culpepper Caleb Reynolds Benjamin `` Coach '' Wade Colby Donaldson Gervase Peterson Jeff Varner Jenna Lewis Jerri Manthey Jonathan Penner Jonny Fairplay Laura Morett Michael Skupin Ozzy Lusth Phillip Sheppard Rob Cesternino Rudy Boesch Rupert Boneham Russell Hantz Stephenie LaGrossa Jessica `` Sugar '' Kiper Susan Hawk Terry Deitz Yau - Man Chan VIAF : 31238208 LCCN : n95010215 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Whelchel&oldid=799022371 '' Categories : 1963 births Actresses from Texas American bloggers American child actresses American television talk show hosts American television actresses American television personalities 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American Christians Living people Mouseketeers People from Fort Worth , Texas American performers of Christian music Singers from Texas Writers from Texas People from Lamb County , Texas Survivor ( U.S. TV series ) contestants Participants in American reality television series Women bloggers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from October 2013 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from September 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 05 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Whelchel
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when does season 6 of dragon race to the edge come out
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List of DreamWorks dragons episodes
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list of dreamworks dragons episodes
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DreamWorks Dragons is an American television series airing on Cartoon Network ( for the first two seasons ) and Netflix ( after the second season ) based on the 2010 film How to Train Your Dragon . The series serves as a bridge between the first film and its 2014 sequel . A one - hour preview consisting of two episodes aired on August 7 , 2012 , with the official premiere of the series on September 4 , 2012 . As of August 25 , 2017 , 105 episodes of DreamWorks Dragons have been released .
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The series was announced by Cartoon Network on October 12 , 2010 . According to Tim Johnson , executive producer for How to Train Your Dragon , the series was planned to be much darker and deeper than DreamWorks Animation 's previous television series spin - offs , with a similar tone to the movie . DreamWorks Dragons was the first DreamWorks Animation series to air on Cartoon Network rather than Nickelodeon . DreamWorks Dragons features the voice talents of Jay Baruchel , America Ferrera , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , Julie Marcus , Andree Vermeulen , T.J. Miller , Zack Pearlman , Chris Edgerly and Nolan North . The fifth season of DreamWorks Dragons : Race to the Edge was released on August 25 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cartoon Network episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 3 Netflix episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Cartoon Network episodes Season Subtitle Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Riders of Berk 20 August 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) Defenders of Berk 20 September 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 19 ) March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) Netflix episodes Season Subtitle Episodes Originally released Race to the Edge 13 June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) 13 January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 13 June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 13 February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 5 13 August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Cartoon Network episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) The first season is subtitled Riders of Berk . The series begins where the first movie leaves off , featuring 15 - 16 year old characters . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` How to Start a Dragon Academy '' Anthony Bell Mike Teverbaugh & Linda Teverbaugh August 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) 2.05 Having made peace and now living among the Vikings , the dragons ' natural behavior leads to chaos on the Isle of Berk . This causes Stoick to reconsider allowing the dragons to roam freely on Berk . It is up to Hiccup and his friends to convince him otherwise . `` Viking for Hire '' John Sanford Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) 2.05 The peace with the dragons has put Gobber out of business as a weaponry blacksmith . Feeling responsible , Hiccup tries to help find a new job for Gobber , however Gobber 's slightly eccentric and overenthusiastic personality makes this difficult . `` Animal House '' John Eng Mike Teverbaugh & Linda Teverbaugh September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) 2.04 The dragons unintentionally cripple Berk 's food productivity by terrifying the local livestock , and with the year 's first winter storm coming , the dragon - riding Viking youths of Berk must try and familiarize the local animals with their dragon companions if they are to have enough food for the winter . `` The Terrible Twos '' Louie del Carmen & Joe Sichta Jim Cooper September 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) 1.81 Hiccup finds an injured baby dragon in the woods . Noting that this dragon is an undocumented species , he takes it in for care and closer study . The teens name it a `` Typhoomerang '' , but Toothless appears jealous and does not warm up to the energetic newcomer . Meanwhile , the baby 's mother makes her way toward Berk to find her lost son . 5 5 `` In Dragons We Trust '' John Sanford Art Brown & Douglas Sloan September 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) 1.79 The dragons are blamed for vandalism , and Hiccup tries to prove their innocence by forming a night patrol called the `` Dragon United Monitoring Brigade '' ( DUMB ) , but not in time to prevent the dragons ' banishment from the island . Hiccup begins to suspect that Mildew is responsible for the damage . 6 6 `` Alvin and the Outcasts '' John Eng Jim Cooper September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) 1.67 Continuing from the previous episode , Hiccup attempts to find evidence that Mildew caused the damage to the village , hoping to exonerate the banished dragons . Meanwhile , Alvin the Treacherous of the Outcast Tribe launches a raid on the Isle of Berk in order to find and capture the `` Dragon Conqueror '' . 7 7 `` How To Pick Your Dragon '' Louie del Carmen & Joe Sichta Art Brown & Douglas Sloan October 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 03 ) 2.12 Hiccup convinces Stoick to ride a dragon to aid him in his duties as chief , but he quickly insists on riding Toothless on a regular basis , to both Toothless and Hiccup 's dismay . Meanwhile , a mysterious dragon has been attacking the tribe 's fishing ships . 8 8 `` Portrait of Hiccup as a Buff Young Man '' John Sanford Jim Cooper October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 1.93 A traditional painted portrait of Berk 's Chief and his son exaggerates Hiccup 's muscularity and size , which causes him to worry that he is not Stoick 's ideal son . Hiccup is determined to prove himself by accomplishing the treasure - hunting quest of Hamish II , a quest that even Stoick and Gobber had not been able to complete . 9 9 `` Dragon Flower '' John Eng Jim Cooper October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 1.80 Immediately after the visit of the renowned Trader Johann , all dragons on the Isle of Berk are mysteriously falling ill . When Mildew is discovered responsible , he is forced to help Hiccup , Stoick , and Gobber find and capture a ferocious water dragon called the Scauldron in order to concoct an antidote before it is too late . 10 10 `` Heather Report Part 1 '' Louie del Carmen Art Brown & Douglas Sloan November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 1.80 The teens of Berk find a mysterious girl named Heather on Thor 's Beach . While Hiccup and the other teens openly welcome the newcomer , Astrid 's jealousy turns to suspicion when she notices Heather is taking an unusual interest in the Book of Dragons . Unfortunately it is found she was working with the Outcasts and , despite the Dragon Riders ' effort , she manages to give the ancient Book of Dragons to Alvin . 11 11 `` Heather Report Part 2 '' John Sanford Mike Teverbaugh & Linda Teverbaugh and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan November 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) 2.21 Heather 's betrayal to Berk caused the Book of Dragons to fall into Alvin the Treacherous ' hands , and Heather 's imprisonment on Berk . In order to get the book back from Alvin , Astrid disguises herself as Heather and goes into Outcast Territory . Towards the end of her mission , Astrid learns and confirms Heather 's true motives for helping the Outcasts - freeing her parents . 12 12 `` Thawfest '' John Eng Jim Cooper and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 1.58 Berk 's annual festive sporting competition , the Thawfest games , is underway and all the teens are participating with the dragons for the first time in Viking history . Hiccup is determined to finally best Snotlout , who constantly gloats about being the reigning Thawfest champion , but Hiccup 's successes begin to make him arrogant and boastful , much to Astrid 's displeasure and disappointment . 13 13 `` When Lightning Strikes '' John Sanford Justin Hook December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 2.23 Sudden lightning storms are endangering the residents of Berk and it is believed that Thor is angry at the island . Mildew leads the superstitious villagers into blaming Toothless , `` the unholy offspring of ( lightning ) and death itself '' , for the lightning , leaving Hiccup to find the true answers for Thor 's sudden destructive anger . 14 14 `` What Flies Beneath '' Louie del Carmen Jim Cooper and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 1.45 Toothless encounters a Whispering Death that happens to be a rival from his past . Blinded by their grudge against each other , Toothless runs away to confront the rival alone . Hiccup must find Toothless and reason with him before the rivalry turns fatal . 15 15 `` Twinsanity '' Louie del Carmen F.M. De Marco , Mark Hoffmeier , Jack Thomas and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 1.48 Dagur the Deranged visits Berk to renew a peace treaty between the Hooligan Tribe of Berk and the Berserkers , and the dragons are put into hiding to dispel rumours that Berk is training a dragon army , which will make Dagur cancel the treaty . But when Ruffnut and Tuffnut begin to fight , their dragon , Barf and Belch , is left out of control . The Viking teenagers must bring the twins back together to control their dragon and avoid provoking Dagur to war . 16 16 `` Defiant One '' John Eng Art Brown & Douglas Sloan and Jim Cooper February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 1.66 Caught in a waterspout , Toothless ' prosthetic tail is damaged , rendering him unable to fly and thus leaving him , Hiccup and Snotlout stranded on Outcast Island . The three must work together to repair the damage , overcome the rivalry between Hiccup and Snotlout and return home to Berk before they are captured by Alvin and the Outcasts . 17 17 `` Breakneck Bog '' John Sanford Art Brown & Douglas Sloan February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 1.41 When Hiccup discovers Trader Johann 's ship was shipwrecked in a rumored haunted bog with a gift made for him by his mother , he will stop at nothing to retrieve it - not even being followed by a `` fog monster '' . 18 18 `` Gem of a Different Color '' John Eng Mike Teverbaugh & Linda Teverbaugh and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan March 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 06 ) 1.59 When Snotlout and the villagers mistake color - changing dragon eggs for gems that bring good fortune , Fishlegs , who is responsible for the eggs ' discovery , must take a stand against Snotlout , who is trying to sell the eggs , and reunite them with their Changewing mothers before they destroy Berk . 19 19 `` We Are Family Part 1 '' John Sanford Art Brown and Douglas Sloan March 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 13 ) 1.83 During Berk 's annual Bork week celebrations , Hiccup is granted access to Bork the Bold 's private and personal archives . When he finds information and a map about an island inhabited by Night Furies within Bork 's notes , Hiccup is determined to bring Toothless to his family . After discovering that the Bork notes are fakes made by the Outcasts , the duo tries to flee , but are captured by Alvin . 20 20 `` We Are Family Part 2 '' Elaine Bogan & John Sanford Mike Teverbaugh & Linda Teverbaugh and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 2.23 After being captured , Hiccup discovers that Mildew has joined the Outcasts . However , Mildew is also imprisoned as he 's no longer of any use to Alvin now that he has Hiccup . Hiccup reluctantly allows Mildew to help him find Toothless and escape Outcast Island , a final test for Mildew 's loyalty to Berk . After Hiccup and Toothless escape , Mildew betrays the Dragon Riders , revealing that Mildew 's imprisonment has also been a trick , allowing Alvin to train a Whispering Death . Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) The second season is subtitled Defenders of Berk . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Live and Let Fly '' Anthony Bell Art Brown and Douglas Sloan September 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 19 ) 1.77 Concerned that Alvin and the Outcast Tribe are planning an attack on Berk , Stoick institutes flight restrictions on the dragon academy . Certain that Alvin will also use his newfound dragon - training knowledge to bolster any attack , Hiccup forms a secret `` Dragon Flight Club '' in order to train the kids to defend Berk against a potential dragon army - not realizing that Stoick 's flight ban was for everyone except Stoick himself . Alvin and the Outcasts then attack Berk , and while the riders are defending against the attack , Savage plants Whispering Death eggs in the caverns under Berk ... 22 `` The Iron Gronckle '' John Sanford Jack Thomas September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 1.41 When Fishlegs and Meatlug are kicked off the Dragon Academy by Snotlout they arrive at a beach , and Meatlug eats all the rocks in sight . Fishlegs , on the other hand , eats all the berries . Soon they get a stomach ache and return to Berk to get Meatlug checked by Gobber . Fishlegs discovers that Meatlug can produce `` Gronckle Iron '' , a lightweight but extremely strong metal . Because their slow speed had previously allowed an Outcast boat to escape , Fishlegs decides that producing Gronckle Iron is a more helpful task than flying with the other teens , until Meatlug ends up ingesting a magnetic rock , attracting all the metal in the village - including Hiccup 's metal leg . 23 `` The Night and the Fury '' Louie del Carmen Jack Thomas October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 1.09 The teens are doing a training exercise led by Astrid to their disappointment . In the task you have to cross the island of dragons from one end to the other , at night , with no dragons , and 1 weapon . During this daring task , Hiccup encounters Dagur , his `` brother '' from the Berserker tribe . Dagur is hunting for the Night Fury that he thought Hiccup battled . He apparently has been hunting for many nights and has gone , well , Berserk . It is up to Hiccup and his friends to protect Toothless . 24 `` Tunnel Vision '' Elaine Bogan and John Eng Mark Hoffmeier October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 1.39 When the town 's well runs dry , Hiccup and Toothless discover the group of baby Whispering Death dragons in the tunnels underneath the village planted there by Alvin and the Outcasts , and discover a new dragon subspecies , the Screaming Death . The teens must drive the Screaming Death and the Whispering Death hatchlings away from the village before they destroy Berk . 25 5 `` Race to Fireworm Island '' John Sanford F.M. De Marco October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 1.34 Ever since the Screaming Death and his team of Whispering deaths roamed berk Snotlout has been pushing Hookfang to high limits . Soon enough Hookfang is in deep trouble as his flame goes out , so it 's a Race to Fireworm Island to help restore Hookfang 's flame before it is too late . 26 6 `` Fright of Passage '' Louie del Carmen F.M. De Marco October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) 1.24 Every decade , Arvandil 's Fire arrives to Berk , inviting a ghostly dragon , the Flightmare , to the village . Astrid though is absolutely determined to take the Flightmare down as her Uncle was paralized and sadly was torn by the vicious flightmare as young Astrid stood by and watched her family name be ruined by the vicious creature as everyone on Berk accused her uncle `` Fearless Finn '' of having frozen in fear at the sight of the Flightmare . So with the help of Fishlegs , Hiccup , and their dragons they discover that the dragon uses a paralyzing mist to attack and plan to drive the Flightmare away . Snotlout on the other hand over hears a bunker being created by the twins Ruffnut and Tuffnut and wants in but he is stopped by the twins as he finds out everyone is on the list but him . The only way the twins will let Snotlout in is if he completes an enormous list of tasks involving rainbow chickens , singing terrible terrors and fish dressed like Stoik . 27 7 `` Worst in Show '' John Sanford F.M. De Marco , Mark Hoffmeier , & Jack Thomas and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 1.56 When the team has an argument about who is the best dragon trainer , a `` competition '' take place to see who is the best dragon trainer despite Hiccup the only member who keeps telling them that it is not a competition . They each receive a Terrible Terror and are given one day to train it and teach it tricks and / or skills . While Fishlegs is wrapped up in trying to beat Snotlout , Fishlegs fails to notice that Meatlug caught Outcasts sneaking into Berk , which leads to her being captured . 28 8 `` Appetite for Destruction '' Elaine Bogan & Adam Henry Mark Hoffmeier & Jack Thomas November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) 1.34 When nearby islands begin to disappear and the dragons that used to inhabit them begin migrating to Dragon Island , the teens discover that the cause of this is the Screaming Death , who has returned . The Screaming Death happened to be digging shafts underneath the islands that were large enough to cause the islands to collapse into the sea , forcing dragons to abandon their homes . The teens have to stop the Screaming Death before it reaches Berk . 29 9 `` Zippleback Down '' Louie del Carmen Mark Hoffmeier and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) 1.19 Barf and Belch are Tuffnut 's only guard when he gets caught in an old dragon trap in the forest . Things go from bad to worse when Tuffnut is faced with not only a fully - grown Torch ( the young Typhoomerang that the gang befriended in Season One ) , but also an incoming deadly forest fire that threatens him and both the dragons / the dragon . 30 10 `` A View to a Skrill Part 1 '' Elaine Bogan Jack Thomas December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 1.42 When the dragon riders discover a Skrill , a lightning - powered dragon revered by the Berserkers , that happens to be frozen in ice , they scramble to get it off Berk . But when the Skrill is thawed out and unleashed , Hiccup and Toothless are faced with a battle between both the Skrill and Dagur the Deranged 's Berserker armada ( also hunting the Skrill ) which could prove to be more than Hiccup and Toothless can handle . During the battle , the twins witness Alvin in an Outcast ship capturing the Skrill 31 11 `` A View to a Skrill Part 2 '' John Sanford Mark Hoffmeier December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 1.46 When Alvin the Treacherous captures the Skrill , Hiccup , Ruffnut , and Tuffnut go undercover to discover that a truce is in the process of being formed between the Outcasts and the Berserkers to invade Berk with the Skrill as their weapon . Dagur is giving Alvin the support of his vast fleet in exchange for the Skrill , but the truce is uneasy . The trio must now flee to release the Skrill from their control before the truce can be settled . However , Dagur betrays Alvin , claiming that because the Skrill is the Beserker 's emblem , that they have full control over it , and gets rid of him . Dagur then attempts to take on Hiccup and Toothless with the Skrill , but he does n't have Hiccup 's experience with dragons and the dangerous Skrill proves more than either of them can handle . Hiccup and Toothless manage to lure the Skrill into a glacier , freezing it once again . 32 12 `` The Flight Stuff '' Louie del Carmen F.M. De Marco , Mark Hoffmeier , Jack Thomas and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan January 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) 1.82 Snotlout becomes convinced he is dying having seen `` The five signs of Valhalla '' , claiming that after seeing a singing tree , falling chickens , and sheep chasing him , etc , that he would die , and wants young Gustav to be his replacement including taking care of Hookfang in case he died . But when Snotlout `` miraculously '' recovers ( the five signs he saw were really pranks played by Ruffnut and Tuffnut ) , he takes his dragon back , and Gustav decides to get a dragon of his own ( named Fanghook ) and join the academy ... whether they want him to or not , especially as the Dragon Riders plan to stop Dagur the Deranged 's new plan . 33 13 `` Free Scauldy '' Adam Henry Jack Thomas January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 1.55 While on patrol for the Screaming Death , Hiccup , Toothless , Fishlegs and the twins discover an injured Scauldron on Changewing island . The Scauldron rebuffs their attempts for help , so no one but Ruffnut seems to calm it down . She trains the dragon and the gang are able to help it . Ruffnut sacrifices her long braids in order to finish the support for the wing before the Changewings get them . 34 14 `` Frozen '' John Sanford F.M. De Marco January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 1.46 After rescuing Trader Johann , Hiccup and Toothless return from a mission to find Berk mysteriously empty . They discover that the village has been overrun by Speed Stingers , a non-flying dragon that move at blindingly fast speeds and can paralyze their victims with their tails . The Speed Stingers have trekked across the frozen sea to Berk and driven everyone out of town . Now , Hiccup must find a way to drive the Speed Stinger horde away from Berk before their next raid . 35 15 `` A Tale of Two Dragons '' Louie del Carmen F.M. De Marco , Mark Hoffmeier , Jack Thomas and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) 1.46 Hiccup must mend bridges between Astrid and Snotlout when Stormfly and Hookfang start fighting . Astrid and Snotlout must grudgingly work together to find the cause of the feud , if they want their dragons to stay in the academy . Meanwhile , Fishlegs discovers Dragon Root , which could end up affecting not just Stormfly and Hookfang , but all their dragons . 36 16 `` The Eel Effect '' Adam Henry Sam Cherington February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 1.88 While gathering an eel for medicine for an Eel Pox epidemic on Berk , Toothless eats a red eel attacking Hiccup after he falls into eel infested waters . This causes Toothless to come down with the dragons ' version of Eel Pox , skittish and uncontrollable fire power . To make things worse , the ingredients needed to cure the illness are in Toothless ' satchel and all but Fishlegs are caught sick . With little time to lose , Hiccup and Fishlegs must find a way to cure Toothless and get the ingredients for the cure back to Berk . 37 17 `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' Elaine Bogan F.M. De Marco February 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) 1.87 When Trader Johann delivers mass quantities of metal to Berk that came from Breakneck Bog , the island becomes infested with Smothering Smokebreaths that steal the town 's metal to build a new nest . With no metal , and therefore no weapons to protect their village , Hiccup and the others must find a way to get rid of the rogue dragons , only to discover that the Smokebreaths ' appearance was planned as an attack by Dagur the Deranged . 38 18 `` Bing ! Bam ! Boom ! '' Louie del Carmen Art Brown & Douglas Sloan February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) 1.56 When three baby Thunderdrums follow Hiccup and Stoick back to Berk , the trio of Dragons prove to be a handful for the Dragon Academy to train . When the baby dragons are forced to live on Dragon Island after nearly destroying Berk , the group learns they ca n't survive without a parent , so Stoick releases Thornado so he can take care of them , the two parting reluctantly . 39 19 `` Cast Out , Part I '' Adam Henry F.M. De Marco , Mark Hoffmeier , Jack Thomas and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 1.64 After Snotlout accidentally puts Astrid in a near - death situation , Hiccup suspends him from the academy for disobeying the rules one time too many . However after he and Hookfang are ambushed by the Screaming Death on Snotlout 's secret island , `` Snotland '' ' , he is rescued by Alvin the Treacherous , who has returned to Berk , claiming he is there to make amends with the Vikings . Despite the fact that nobody trusts him , Alvin 's warnings allow them to defeat Dagur 's invasion , but before they can destroy Dagur he captures Stoick ; Dagur flees back to Outcast Island with his captive , demanding Hiccup and Toothless in exchange for Stoick 's life . 40 20 `` Cast Out , Part II '' John Sanford F.M. De Marco March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 1.75 Hiccup is forced to work with Alvin in order to save his father from Dagur 's wrath . But when Alvin and Mildew help him discover what the Screaming Death has been after all along , he comes up with a plan to end the war between the Outcasts and Berk , stop Dagur , get rid of the Screaming Death , and save Berk once and for all . Netflix episodes ( edit ) The series is subtitled Race to the Edge on Netflix . The series comes after the short film Dawn of the Dragon Racers and is set about three years after the second season and a few years before the events of How to Train Your Dragon 2 , featuring 19 -- 20 - year - old characters . Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 41 `` Dragon Eye of the Beholder , Part 1 '' Elaine Bogan FM De Marco & John Tellegen & Jack Thomas and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) It has been 3 years since the war with the Berserkers and Hiccup and his friends are enjoying life . But , when Dagur the Deranged escapes from the prison on Outcast Island , he decides to take his revenge on Hiccup . Hiccup and the dragon riders , thanks to Johann , band back together and track him down to a fog bank beyond their borders and discover a huge graveyard of ships filled with treasures that Dagur would use to build a new armada . In the commander 's quarters of ' The Reaper ' , Hiccup finds a very mysterious device and after a struggle with Dagur all of the group , apart from Hiccup , are trapped in a cage . Dagur fires a boulder , from a catapult , onto The Reaper causing the ship to sink , leaving Hiccup with a choice : Retrieve the device he found from Dagur , or save his friends from certain death . 42 `` Dragon Eye of the Beholder , Part 2 '' Elaine Bogan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) Hiccup goes to save the other riders , but discovers that cage is ' Dragon - Proof ' . After much effort they finally get it open and Hiccup is able to retrieve the device from a distracted Dagur . Back on Berk , Hiccup asks Gobber and Gothi about the device which he dubs ' The Dragon Eye ' Gothi tells them that the key to unlocking the ' Dragon Eye ' is a tooth from the Snow Wraith ( A Strike class Dragon that detects body heat as a form of sight ) . The riders and Gothi travel to Glacier Island to retrieve the tooth . Meanwhile , Gobber takes Gothi 's place as the village healer , however he is far from good at it . Hiccup , after fiddling around with the eye , finds that it 's activated by the fire of any Dragon and works as a light projector showing him maps , writing and Dragons he 's never seen . He then quotes , `` This changes ... everything ! '' 43 `` Imperfect Harmony '' Jae Hong Kim Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) The riders start to explore the maps they have seen on the ' Dragon Eye ' and go far from Berk , to the point that they decide that they need an island base just for themselves . They come across an island that they think is perfect only to wake in the morning to find that their dragons have been trapped by a hardening - mucus spitting dragon they call the Death Song . In an attempt to free their dragons all of the group apart from Hiccup get trapped by the dragon . With the help of a wild Thunderdrum , Hiccup uses Monstrous Nightmare mucus that Snotlout brought with him to warm the hardened mucus and free the group . 44 `` When Darkness Falls '' Elaine Bogan Jack Thomas June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) The riders finally find an island that will be perfect for an outpost . Unknown to them , a new species of dragon living on the Island , known as the ' Night Terrors ' , lives there too , and they ambush and scare Tuffnut . After the group traps the leader dragon they realise how much danger the rest of the dragons are in when Changewings begin attacking them . They suddenly realise that the Night Terrors , under the command of their Alpha , a white Night Terror , need to flock into a shape of a giant version of themselves or any other dragon they wish as a defense mechanism to scare off threats or predators . The dragon riders fight off the Changewings and free the leader . The leader then befriends the riders as the natural protector of them and the island . 45 5 `` Big Man on Berk '' T.J. Sullivan John Tellegen June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) Back on Berk Stoick has asked the riders to deal with a Scauldron which is in the waters around Berk . It becomes apparent that Fishlegs has become allergic to something . Gothi hypnotises Fishlegs in an attempt to rid him of the allergy , however due to Snotlout talking during the hypnosis , Fishlegs thinks he is the all mighty , all conquering , warrior viking called Thor Bonecrusher who is loved by everyone and has no fear of anything . In Thor 's attempt to tame the Scauldron , Meatlug comes under attack , and the fear for Meatlug 's safety is the only thing to snap Fishlegs out of the hypnosis . Later , it was discovered that Fishlegs was allergic to Gobber 's ear wax which he has been using on Meatlug 's saddle . 46 6 `` Gone Gustav Gone '' Elaine Bogan FM De Marco June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) Gustav visits the riders on Dragon 's Edge saying he is now ready to be trained , as promised by Hiccup , to be a proper dragon rider . After much delaying and ' keeping Gustav busy ' by the riders , Gustav takes the Dragon Eye to go on a treasure hunt . When the riders find out they make it clear to him that he is too immature to become a rider , Gustav runs from the island in the night . Dagur captures him and Fanghook , whereby Gustav appears to become a part of their crew claiming he knows how to get Dagur the Dragon Eye . A trade takes place , but Gustav decides to stay with Dagur . He later double - crosses Dagur returning the Dragon Eye to Hiccup and saving both of them in the process . Hiccup also discovers a new series of lenses for the ' Dragon Eye ' . 47 7 `` Reign of Fireworms '' T.J. Sullivan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) It becomes apparent that the twins are the rightful and lawful owners of the island on which the riders have made base . They enforce their royalty rights immediately getting the other riders doing meaningless and annoying tasks . During all this Fireworm dragons start arriving on the island as part of their migration ; however being Fireworm dragons they start burning the island down . After the twins throw everyone in the ' dungeon ' they realise they need the other riders to stop the island becoming a pile of ash . They agree that all the group are equal owners to the island and they in turn agree to help . It is only the Night Terrors forming the shape of the Fireworm Queen that gets the Fireworms to leave the island . 48 8 `` Crushing It '' T.J. Sullivan FM De Marco & Mike Hoffmeier & John Tellegen & Jack Thomas and Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) The riders are tracking down an elusive Rumblehorn that is going around their island base and scaring all the dragons away . At the same time , Gobber appears and warns Hiccup of an unpleasant change in Stoick back on Berk that is currently driving everyone crazy . Hiccup enlists the aid of his father in tracking down the Rumblehorn , but Stoick comes to question its intentions upon discovering it . They eventually learn the Rumblehorn has been attempting to warn everyone of an approaching tsunami and chase them off before the wave would wipe them all out . With the aid of Stoick and the Rumblehorn , the riders create a wall to block the wave and protect the island . In the end it was revealed that Stoick missed Thornado but in turn comes to bond with the Rumblehorn , who becomes his new dragon Skullcrusher . 49 9 `` Quake , Rattle and Roll '' Jae Hong Kim FM De Marco June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) Experimenting with the Dragon Eye allows Fishlegs to find the location of Dark Deep , the ancestral home island of the Gronckles . Upon landing there , they find the island has been taken over by a massive new dragon called the Catastrophic Quaken . It 's dangerous behavior forces the other Gronckles to leave and seek refuge on Dragons ' Edge , much to everyone 's dismay . Determined to win back Dark Deep for the Gronckles , Fishlegs allows Snotlout to train him in fighting dirty behind Hiccup 's back in order to beat the Quaken and drive it off , but quickly find themselves outmatched once they confront it directly . They eventually learn the Quaken 's behavior was out of loneliness and defensive instinct , and allow it to remain and share the island with the Gronckles . 50 10 `` Have Dragon Will Travel , Part 1 '' David M.V. Jones Art Brown and Douglas Sloan June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) While gathering supplies , the riders hear of a rogue dragon rider attacking ships and stealing their provisions . They identify the rider 's dragon with the Dragon Eye as a Razorwhip and pursue it to a remote island . One by one the riders are picked off by the rogue until Hiccup and Toothless chase her down and she reveals herself to be Heather , with her new dragon Windshear . The group mostly welcomes her back with open arms , but Hiccup is suspicious of her new , more aggressive behavior . Following her to Trader Johan 's ship , Hiccup interrogates Johan and learns that Heather 's island was attacked and her parents killed by Dagur , who she pursues for revenge while stealing supplies to help rebuild . Heather meanwhile tracks down Dagur alone but is captured by his new armada . 51 11 `` Have Dragon Will Travel , Part 2 '' T.J. Sullivan John Tellegen June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) Hiccup manages to rescue Heather , and though she is still determined to take revenge , Hiccup persuades her to leave it for another day . On the way back to Dragons ' Edge , Heather reveals that the parents she lost were adoptive , and all she has to remember her birth father is an old horn . When they return , the riders re-welcome Heather while offering their support and she and Astrid take the time to bond . Together they meet with Johan who reveals Dagur 's plans to purchase new dragon - proof ships and weaponry , and they convince the riders to launch a surprise attack . They manage to successfully capture Dagur , but Hiccup intervenes before Heather can kill him , revealing that her horn was a gift from Stoick to Oswald the Agreeable , her father , meaning that Dagur is her brother . Dagur offers her the chance to join with the Berserkers , but she refuses . In the end , Heather decides to leave , saying she has much she needs to figure out . 52 12 `` The Next Big Sting '' T.J. Sullivan FM De Marco June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) Hiccup is testing a prototype wingsuit when the riders come across an injured adolescent Speed Stinger . Hiccup elects to nurse it back to health but Snotlout opts to leave it on account of its paralyzing abilities . The riders take it back and nurse its leg to health when Fishlegs discovers the Stinger has gained webbed feet as a result of evolution . Snotlout and Ruffnut kidnap the Stinger and take it back to its pack when they and the rest of the riders are attacked by the other Speed Stingers who have similarly evolved . The young Speed Stinger decides to help the riders chase off the pack , and with its help and Hiccup 's new wingsuit , drive the Stingers back across the sea . The young Stinger is torn between its pack and the riders , but Hiccup convinces it to go back with its family . 53 13 `` Total Nightmare '' Jae Hong Kim Richard Hamilton & John Tellegen & Jack Thomas June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) The riders are in the middle of training when Hookfang begins behaving strangely after hearing a mysterious call . Following him , the riders find that he has mated with a female Monstrous Nightmare . Convinced that Hookfang has reverted to his old feral nature , Snotlout decides to resign from being a dragon rider . When he returns to say goodbye , however , he discovers that in reality , Hookfang has been helping the female protect her eggs from a Titan Wing Monstrous Nightmare . Snotlout and Hookfang join forces to gain dominance over the Titan Wing and drive it away , saving the eggs and their mother . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 54 `` Team Astrid '' Elaine Bogan Jack Thomas January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) The riders return to Berk upon receiving a distress letter to find the village in ruins after a hit - and - run attack by Dagur 's armada . Astrid , after seeing her home destroyed , decides to train a new team of Dragon Riders . Many recruits apply , including Gustav , Gothi , and Spitelout , but Hiccup takes notice of her overly harsh regimen and points out she wants her students to fail so she has a reason to stay on Berk and protect her family . Hiccup returns to find Dagur laying siege to Dragon 's Edge and sends word for back up , and Astrid and Stoick appear as reinforcements , but the odds are still against them until the trainees appear and fend off the attackers . Though they receive reprimand , Astrid promotes them to full Riders with Gustav as the leader and remains on Dragon 's Edge . 55 `` Night of the Hunters , Part 1 '' Jae Hong Kim John Tellegen January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) During a morning flight , Astrid and Stormfly encounter a band of mysterious dragon hunters on the beach , led by Ryker Grimborn , who captures Stormfly while leaving Astrid adrift . After finding her , the riders scour the beach and the wreck of the Reaper for clues on their whereabouts , but only find a new lens for the Dragon Eye that works with a Changewing 's acid . The new map displays the location of a port the hunters are on their way to , and though at first the attack is successful , Ryker reveals he is one step ahead . Only Hiccup and Snotlout manage to escape while the others are captured . While imprisoned , they reunite with Heather , who has now joined forces with her brother and is apparently working together with Ryker . 56 `` Night of the Hunters , Part 2 '' Elaine Bogan Jack Thomas January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) After interrogation by Dagur and Heather , Astrid learns the hunters are looking for the Dragon 's Eye , which was lost to them years ago . Though Ryker attempts to break them by showing their dragons imprisoned , the riders hold their silence . They attempt to escape but are captured again , and when Dagur proposes to kill them , Heather convinces Ryker to keep them as slaves . Meanwhile , Hiccup and Snotlout travel to the island of the Screaming Death where , with help from its mother , they create suits of armor made from its shed scales that make them impervious to the hunters ' arrows . They launch their attack and rescue the others , and both sides prepare for their next encounter . 57 `` Bad Moon Rising '' Elaine Bogan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) Fishlegs , Gobber , and the riders are testing a new target made from Gronkle Iron , which Fishlegs learned the recipe for on Ryker 's ship , when Tuffnut appears with a strange bite mark . Gobber believes it to be the Lycanwing , a mythic dragon whose bite can turn humans into vicious dragon hybrids , and Snotlout preys on Tuffnut 's paranoia making him believe he will become a Lycanwing by the next full moon . Ruffnut tries everything from having Snotlout bitten by other dragons and reasoning with him as he is about to fall off a cliff , and Hiccup and Fishlegs reveal the Lycanwing legend was invented to protect a pair of Dragon Eye lenses hidden on another island , but Tuffnut is only convinced when Snotlout appears and states he was actually bitten by a wolf , which bites him as well . 58 5 `` Snotlout Gets the Axe '' T.J. Sullivan F.M. De Marco January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) Spitelout comes to Dragon 's Edge to announce a union between the Jorgenson and Hofferson clans and charges last pick Snotlout with delivering the Jorgenson family axe to the Isle of Frigga for the ceremony . Upset over his father 's lack of faith of him , Snotlout tosses the axe in anger down on an island where it is found stuck to the magnetic hide of a new dragon - the Armorwing . Snotlout uses the Smothering Smokebreaths to get it back and the riders help the Armorwing when they pick apart its hide , earning its trust . They deliver the axe late only to discover a fight broke out and the wedding was cancelled . Meanwhile Fishlegs teaches the twins about Viking marriage and Tuffnut , believed to be certified , weds Fishlegs and Ruffnut . Fortunately , Tuff is n't certified and the `` union '' was broken . 59 6 `` The Zippleback Experience '' Jae Hong Kim Will Morey January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) The twins start an avalanche on the island where the riders are setting up a new watchtower and Hiccup and Toothless save Barf and Belch before they can go over a cliff . As a result , Barf and Belch become indebted to Hiccup and relentlessly follow him around and dote on him , prompting the twins to come up with ways to put Hiccup in danger so their Zippleback will save him and return to them . Hiccup is captured by Ryker and Dagur but is rescued by Barf and Belch who in turn are rescued from drowning by the twins , repaying the debt and returning everything to normal . 60 7 `` Snow Way Out '' T.J. Sullivan Douglas Britton & Jack Thomas January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) The riders are testing new battle armor for their dragons when Astrid arrives with intel that the hunters are in search of the Snow Wraith to get a tooth to power the Dragon Eye . Astrid is separated from Hiccup in a snowstorm and finds Heather camped out on a nearby cliff . It is revealed that Heather is acting as a spy and she gave Astrid the information , but when Astrid proposes that they tell Hiccup the truth , Heather declines . Astrid brings the other riders to a cave where the Snow Wraith is hibernating , while Heather 's attempts to mislead Ryker fail and he finds the cave on his own . Ryker meets with Hiccup demanding the Dragon Eye , but Heather manages to foil his plan to take it and Ryker instead seals them in the cave , using them to flush out three Snow Wraiths . When Hiccup attempts to take out Heather , Astrid intervenes and tells him and the others about Heather 's plan to learn about the hunters ' real leader , Viggo Grimborn , whom everyone is afraid of . 61 8 `` Edge of Disaster , Part 1 '' Elaine Bogan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) Hiccup , Fishlegs and Snotlout respond to an SOS by Johann that hunters are attacking his ship , but are surprised to find extremely aggressive wild dragons attacking instead . Hiccup , Snotlout and Johann try to devise a plan when Fishlegs ends up held hostage by them . Back on the Edge , Astrid works to set up defenses with the twins and explodes into a heated argument with Ruffnut who says that she does not respect others . Ruffnut is captured by the hunters , whose armada is approaching Dragon 's Edge , leaving defense of the island to Astrid and Tuffnut alone . 62 9 `` Edge of Disaster , Part 2 '' T.J. Sullivan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) While captive , Fishlegs befriends the wild dragons and sees that they are victims of the hunters , and Hiccup in turn realizes that Johann was led out to the island to lure them away from Dragon 's Edge . Back on the island Astrid and Tuffnut manage to fend off the hunters ' attacks and Heather keeps them from approaching on foot . When Astrid runs out of ideas , it 's Tuffnut 's tricks that manage to give them the advantage while Ruffnut escapes on Windshear . Hiccup uses his flight suit to win the trust of the wild dragons and leads them in a counterattack that fends off Ryker and his group . Astrid and Ruffnut reconcile and the riders lead the wild dragons to a new home on the Edge . 63 10 `` Shock and Awe '' David M.V. Jones Jae Hong Kim Ann Austen & John Tellegen January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) Fishlegs spots a mysterious creature in the cove , but the others , on account of it being `` Loki Day , '' are hesitant to believe him . Upon investigation , they discover it to be a young adult Seashocker having drifted into the cove after being separated from its pod . Fishlegs is reluctant to let the Seashocker leave in the interest of studying it , but is convinced otherwise after it is injured by Stormfly . In trying to set the Seashocker free , it ends up being chased by a pack of Scauldrons , and Fishlegs , guilty over his trapping the Seashocker , goes to extremes to save it . When it is about to escape into the sea , it ends up cornered by the Scauldrons , but is saved by the rest of its pod . In the end , the twins , who have been pranking everyone without end , receive retribution by the rest of the riders . 64 11 `` A Time to Skrill '' David M.V. Jones Jae Hong Kim Ricky Roxburgh & FM De Marco & Jack Thomas January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) A sudden attack on Outcast Island and Berk during consecutive lightning storms finds the riders facing off once more against the Skrill , who they discover wants revenge on Hiccup and Toothless for re-burying it in the glacier . Hiccup and Toothless decide to face against it one on one and later lead it into a trap , but the Skrill anticipates their plan and traps them instead . The two escape into the ship graveyard and Hiccup decides to lure it towards Ryker , Dagur , and the hunters to incapacitate it , but his plan backfires and the hunters capture the Skrill . The riders are cornered in trying to release it , but receive unexpected help from the Skrill itself in sending the hunters away . Just as they are about to imprison the Skrill again , Hiccup decides against it , and the Skrill is set free . 65 12 `` Maces and Talons , Part 1 '' Elaine Bogan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) The riders successfully rescue more dragons from the hunters , leaving Ryker with suspicions about Heather . Their group finally returns and meets the hunters ' true leader , Ryker 's younger brother Viggo Grimborn , who proposes a secret alliance with Heather in order to oust either Ryker or Dagur as possible traitors . Heather meets with the riders and informs them Viggo is after the Flightmare , but this proves to be a trap by Viggo to eliminate the riders and exposes Heather as a spy . Hiccup plans to use the Flightmare 's mist to paralyze the hunters , but Viggo 's advanced tactics allow him to escape with the Flightmare , Heather and Windshear as captives , leaving Hiccup to wonder about their dangerous new opponent . 66 13 `` Maces and Talons , Part 2 '' T.J. Sullivan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) The riders return to Dragon 's Edge after their disastrous mission to find the island torn apart by Viggo 's men , but thanks to Ruffnut , the Dragon Eye remains with them . Intimidated by Viggo 's intelligence , Hiccup decides to take a more cautious approach against him , and discovers upon investigating his ship that Viggo has challenged him to a game of strategy with Heather 's life as the prize . Hiccup manages to match Viggo 's wit and free the Flightmare and Heather with unexpected help from Dagur , but once again Viggo turns the tables and manages to snatch away the Dragon Eye . With the Flightmare 's mist , the Eye is reactivated , giving Viggo full access to its powers . The riders are left only with the resolve to reclaim the Dragon Eye before he can use it . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 67 `` Enemy of My Enemy '' David M.V. Jones Jae Hong Kim Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) Months have passed since the riders ' defeat at the hands of Viggo and Hiccup is determined to reclaim the Dragon Eye . His obsession quickly lands him in trouble when he and Toothless are stranded on an island inhabited by the hunters and Toothless is incapacitated . Help comes from an unlikely source when Dagur appears and guides Hiccup and Toothless to his hideout , where he explains that he has been living in exile since leaving the hunters and claims to be reformed . Though highly reluctant , Hiccup works together with Dagur to cure Toothless but the two are captured and Dagur appears to abandon Hiccup , but later comes back riding Toothless to save him . The three escape the island , but Hiccup is still not sure what to make of this old enemy turned ally . 68 `` Crash Course '' Simon Otto Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) The Fireworm Queen comes to Dragon 's Edge to recruit Snotlout and Hookfang for help in warding away a dangerous scavenging predator , the Cavern Crasher . Snotlout is determined to repay the debt he owes to the Queen for saving Hookfang 's life to the point where he refuses help from the other riders . As the divided riders struggle against the Crasher 's detonative mucus ability , the Queen guides Snotlout and Hookfang to her hive , revealing she needs help defending her babies . When the Queen and riders all unite , it proves to be too much for the invading Crasher , and it retreats . Hiccup credits Snotlout for a job well done and the twins reward him with a carving of his face in a monument back at the Edge . 69 `` Follow the Leader '' T.J. Sullivan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) Fishlegs is left in charge while Hiccup and Astrid are out , but Snotlout and the twins show no respect for his authority when they blow up the Edge 's cache of Nightmare gel for their amusement . Between this and Hiccup 's disappointment , a despondent Fishlegs leaves and discovers a cavern filled with an abandoned colony of albino Night Terrors . He immediately gains their respect when he seals an opening in their cavern that leaks sunlight , even naming one Darkvarg , but things turn sour when they refuse to let him leave . Meatlug goes back to warn the other riders , and with Darkvarg 's help and Fishlegs ' leadership they all manage to escape . Hiccup reconciles with Fishlegs and assures him that he would not ever hesitate to leave him in charge in the future . 70 `` Turn and Burn '' David M.V. Jones Jae Hong Kim Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) Hiccup and Snotlout are in the middle of another argument when Stoick arrives , informing them that Spitelout has been missing for months after going off on a reconnaissance mission to find a location for an emergency storehouse . They find he has already established the storehouse on another island and has been defending it from an attacking Singetail . The four attempt to work together , but their efforts are hindered by Stoick and Spitelout 's constant arguing , and their sons are left to reluctantly take their father 's side . Stoick decides to leave , but Hiccup helps him see things from the Jorgensons ' point of view and convinces him to return , but when more Singetails arrive , Spitelout decides to abandon the island , stating they will build another storehouse elsewhere . 71 5 `` Buffalord Soldier '' Robert Briggs Jae Hong Kim FM De Marco June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) Astrid finds a drifting ship while out on patrol and becomes sick with a deadly plague called ' The Scourge of Odin , ' upon infection from the dying crew . The only known cure is a solution made from the saliva of a Buffalord , a dragon hunted to extinction centuries ago . Using copied notes from the Dragon Eye , the riders locate a living Buffalord , but it refuses to leave the island where it lives . The only solution is to bring Astrid to the Buffalord , but Viggo also arrives revealing he infected his own men to get the riders to lead him to the Buffalord . Hiccup reluctantly lets Viggo leave with the Buffalord in exchange for the cure , but as soon as his ship leaves it fights back forcing the Hunters to release it . Astrid is cured and the riders offer words for the deceased sailors . 72 6 `` A Grim Retreat '' Simon Otto Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) The riders , tired and restless from overwork on defenses for the Edge , convince Hiccup to allow a much - needed vacation on a deserted island paradise . All is well until suddenly the dragons begin to wildly revolt , and the others assume Hiccup 's obsessive work regime is to blame . Toothless appears to be the only exception until he too begins to rebel , but the riders discover to be the true cause to be freshwater - dwelling parasitic dragons called Grimoras . One by one the riders cure their dragons using salt water , and agree to take vacations at home while Hiccup promises to lighten up on his Viggo obsession . Meanwhile , Stoick and Gobber , left in charge while the riders are away , lose Tuffnut 's pet chicken and each try to replace it with a new one . 73 7 `` To Heather or Not to Heather '' T.J. Sullivan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) After discovering that Fishlegs has been secretly communicating with Heather since the ' Viggo Fiasco ' , the riders decide to invite her to the Edge and convince her to join them . Heather seems to instantly fit in with the riders , but Windshear , used to being Heather 's sole protector , complicates things when she acts extremely hostile towards the other dragons as they help with the yearly Nadder Migration . Heather is convinced the only solution is to leave , but Fishlegs discovers a way to use Windshear 's protective instincts to the team 's advantage and save the others from an ambush by the hunters . That evening , the riders receive a letter from Dagur who says he is looking for Heather , and the riders promise to keep her location secret until she is ready . 74 8 `` Stryke Out '' Greg Rankin Will Morey June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) Hiccup and Toothless accidentally land in a Hunter trap while exploring a nearby hideout , and are made prisoners in a gladiator - type arena where dragons fight each other in wagered bouts . Hiccup tries to tame the imprisoned dragons while Toothless battles in the arena , soon pitted against the resident champion , the Triple Stryke . The other riders interrogate the hunters for information on their whereabouts and trick them into sending word to the arena and following the Terror to their location . They find Hiccup and fend off the hunters leading the imprisoned dragons to freedom , while the Triple Stryke , having been in captivity for so long , decides to go with the riders , who name him `` Sleuther , '' back to the Edge . 75 9 `` Tone Death '' Robert Briggs Art Brown & Douglas Sloan June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) The Dragon Riders find themselves in over their heads when they save an egg from the Hunters that hatches into a baby Death Song and wo n't stop crying . With Heather 's help , they discover they can train the baby , named `` Garffiljorg , '' by singing it songs , but Garffiljorg still continues to cry . Heather refuses to abandon the baby dragon , convincing the riders to leave it on Melody Island to be cared for by the elder Death Song . The Death Song rejects Garffiljorg when it sings the songs taught to it by the riders and imprisons them , but Garffiljorg returns to protect them by singing the Death Song 's native cry . The dragons bond and fly away , allowing the riders to return home . 76 10 `` Between a Rock and a Hard Place '' T.J. Sullivan FM De Marco June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) The riders ambush a hunter convoy only to find it loaded with marble blocks and split into teams to investigate . Hiccup , Fishlegs , and the twins comes across a marble mining operation on a nearby island using trained Catastrophic Quakens , and while Fishlegs is determined to save them , Hiccup fears it may already be too late . Meanwhile , Astrid , Heather , and Snotlout find the marble is being used to construct a dragon - proof fortress that will make it impossible for any captured dragons to escape . Fishlegs manages to free the Quakens just as their poundings cause the island to sink and have them destroy the Hunters ' stone base . The riders fear how many other slave dragons the hunters have while Viggo assures the riders will pay . 77 11 `` Family on the Edge '' David M.V. Jones Jack Thomas June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) Hiccup and the riders are preparing an attack on a hunter shipyard when Dagur appears , asking for Hiccup 's help to find Heather . Though still doubtful , Hiccup and the others scramble to keep the siblings from noticing each other by sending Heather away while offering Dagur a Gronckle he names Shattermaster to get him to leave , but they cross paths anyway . Dagur , despite his pleas that he is trying to change , is imprisoned once he sees the riders ' plans and warns Hiccup that the shipyard is a trap . The riders , Heather in particular , refuse to listen and head in anyway , leaving Dagur to take charge and sacrifice himself to allow the riders to escape . Back at the Edge , Heather finds a note from Dagur telling the truth about their father , leaving Heather to mourn in silence . 78 12 `` Last Auction Heroes '' David M.V. Jones Jack Thomas June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) With Dagur 's information and a map of the location stolen by Johann , the riders send Snotlout and Gobber undercover with Berk 's reluctantly lent gold to the hunters ' latest dragon auction to rescue the dragons and cripple Viggo 's business . Johann smuggles in the other riders with his ship , but though they infiltrate successfully , they are discovered and imprisoned in the caverns while their dragons are put on auction , beginning with Toothless . The riders escape with the help of the disposal Hotburple named Grump who Gobber bonds with and send the hunters running . Though Viggo manages to get away with Berk 's gold , the dragons are still rescued , which Gobber assures Hiccup counts for something . 79 13 `` Defenders of the Wing , Part 1 '' David M.V. Jones Jack Thomas June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) As the riders continuously sabotage the hunters ' business , Viggo offers Hiccup a truce , dividing the archipelago in half to prevent further war between them . While looking it over , the riders believe Viggo is keeping them from something on a nearby island . They investigate only to be imprisoned by a dragon - worshiping tribe called the Defenders of the Wing led by Queen Mala , who believes them to be hunters for their subjugation of dragons . Hiccup allows himself to stand trial and face their punishments , seeing Mala and her tribe as potential allies in their struggles against the hunters and eventually wins her trust . They learn the tribe is guarded by a lava - eating dragon , the Eruptodon , whom Mala and the others label ' The Great Protector , ' but Hiccup soon realizes when the Eruptodon is captured that Viggo was using them as a distraction . Believing them to have been in league with the Hunters all along , Mala swears to kill Hiccup herself . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 80 `` Defenders of the Wing : Part 2 '' Robert Briggs John Tellegen February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) Mala and her Dragon Worshippers have the riders at sword point , but Hiccup proposes a ceasefire and convinces Mala to trust them as they set out to retrieve the Eruptodon while Heather and the twins help stop the lava flow . The riders learn from Mala , who joins them , that Viggo plans to use the starving Eruptodon to destroy Dragon 's Edge by eating at its dormant volcano . Though the Hunters take the island , the riders manage to drive them off with the help of Mala and the Gronkles living on the Edge are recruited to safely return the Eruptodon home . Mala is finally convinced that the riders are allies of the dragons and the two groups align to defeat the hunters for good . 81 `` Gruff Around the Edges '' T.J. Sullivan Jack Thomas February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) The twins ' world travelling cousin Gruffnut comes to the Edge to pay a visit and Tuffnut is overjoyed to see his longtime hero . Ruffnut , however , is suspicious of Gruffnut 's intentions , especially when he tries to fly off with each of the riders ' dragons . Gruffnut is revealed to owe money to the Hunters and promised one of the riders ' dragons to pay off his debt . When Tuffnut learns of the deception , Gruffnut takes his place and tries to secretly bring Barf and Belch to the Hunters , but Ruffnut recognizes him and Tuffnut defeats him in battle . They rescue Gruffnut anyway due to his being `` family , '' and leaves him in a Quaken 's cave where he can have `` a real adventure . '' 82 `` Midnight Scrum '' T.J. Sullivan John Tellegen February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) The riders attend Berk 's 400 year anniversary , but there is little chance for celebration when they learn Viggo has placed a bounty on Hiccup 's head . Hiccup is captured by everyone from two dim - witted brothers to Savage to the masked man from Viggo 's auction , leading the riders and Stoick on a wild goose chase to find him . When Ryker reveals there is no prize , Hiccup manages to escape while the riders arrive and defeat the hunters . Stoick threatens Ryker to tell Viggo to call off the bounty and the masked man , seeing no chance to take Hiccup to Viggo himself , escapes . Hiccup and Stoick admit their fault in taking on their burdens alone and promise to confide in each other as allies as well as family . 83 `` Not Lout '' John Sanford John Tellegen February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) Spitelout gives Snotlout bad advice at the official opening of the Jorgenson storehouse , convincing Snotlout that the others are constantly badmouthing him behind his back . Out of increasing paranoia , Snotlout begins to make reckless decisions that put the other riders in danger and at odds with him when he attempts to develop himself as a worthy leader only to crack under the pressure . When the riders go on a mission to destroy the hunters ' increased supply of Dragon Root , Snotlout at first refuses to go , but returns to save the riders when he discovers the trap that has been set . Snotlout is reassured that he will be great , but he will follow his own path instead of his father 's . 84 5 `` Saving Shattermaster '' Robert Briggs Art Brown & Douglas Sloan February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) While investigating a trading post , Hiccup and Heather are shocked to see Dagur alive and appearing to be aligned with the Hunters . They learn that Dagur has been working undercover trying to save Shattermaster from the Hunters , convincing the two to help him save his dragon and the captured Gronkles . Dagur leads Viggo 's fleet away and swears to Heather that he will return to answer her questions , leaving his worried sister behind . Meanwhile , Snotlout , as a result of his saving Mala 's life from the Hunters , undergoes The Trials , a series of tests to prove himself as King of the Defenders of the Wing . He manages to pass two life - threatening trials but fails in the third , though Mala commends his effort and makes him a guest of honor in a celebratory feast . 85 6 `` Dire Straits '' Gil Zimmerman FM De Marco February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) To deal with the riders ' growing resistance , Viggo captures the Submaripper , an extremely powerful and territorial Tidal - class Dragon , to create man - eating whirlpools to block all trade routes and leave Berk to wither away in starvation . Hiccup develops a diving bell to dive underwater and Changewing Acid to dissolve the chains , but the Hunters ' interruption wakes the sleeping Submaripper . Hiccup still manages to free the Submaripper , and it rescues him just as the bell shatters , leaving Ryker to take a desperate Viggo away just as the other riders close in . Though Hiccup feels guilty for driving Viggo to make such a move , Stoick expresses confidence that he and the others will always be able to stop him . 86 7 `` The Longest Day '' Robert Briggs Jack Thomas February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) It is now the time of Midnight Sun - straight daylight for two weeks - and the riders and people of Berk have begun to show random and hilarious symptoms of sleep deprivation , including Astrid being deliriously happy , Heather lacking coordination , Fishlegs being paranoid , Snotlout random mood swings , and the twins demonstrating surprising intellectual insight . Hiccup wants to take the chance to enact revenge on Viggo for his underhanded attack on Berk without a plan , but is caught up investigating and surviving the aggression of a small pack of new dragons and their leader that have driven the Hunters from their observation post . Thanks to Toothless , Hiccup develops a plan to divide and trap the newly christened ' Shadow Wings ' one by one , reminding him of the importance of teamwork and strategy , and returns to Dragon 's Edge to join the riders in a well - deserved nap in the Edge 's basement levels . 87 8 `` Gold Rush '' T.J. Sullivan John Tellegen February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) Dagur returns to the Edge claiming to know the location of Viggo 's gold stores , and joins the riders on a mission to take back Berk 's gold . The rush of events leaves Heather torn between her loyalties to the riders and wanting to join her brother on his current journey to find their missing father Oswald the Agreeable and rebuild the Berserker Tribe . The island where the gold is stored turns out to be empty save for strange looking ruins , and the others are captured by Viggo while searching . Heather , Fishlegs , and Dagur face difficulty saving them due to Viggo 's dragon - proof ships until Heather and Dagur work together to take down the fleet . The riders return to the island and reclaim the hidden gold , and Heather finally decides to go with Dagur to find her father . 88 9 `` Out of the Frying Pan '' Gil Zimmerman FM De Marco February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) The Defenders of the Wing contact the riders for their aid in delivering an Eruptodon egg to the nesting site inside their island 's volcano to hatch before it hardens to stone . Hiccup and Fishlegs face continuous difficulties working together to deliver the egg , and things are made worse when a pack of wild Fire Terrors inhabiting the cave kidnap the egg . Mala attempts to retrieve the egg herself , but Hiccup and Fishlegs regain their synergy and realize the Fire Terrors are there to safely bring the egg to the nesting ground without human interference . The three trust the Fire Terrors to take the Eruptodon egg and it safely reaches the nesting ground where it is bathed in the lava . 89 10 `` Twintuition '' Gil Zimmerman Will Morey February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) Tuffnut breaks his beloved mace trying to break the Hunters ' newest chains , and the twins go to the Hunter - swarmed Northern Markets to fix it . Using their ' twintuition , ' the twins follow the repaired and stolen Macey to find a hidden hunter operation called ' Project Shellfire . ' Tuffnut , who deeply cares for his mace , tries to take it back on his own , while Ruffnut is captured by Viggo and Ryker to be used as bait for a trap for the others . Tuffnut learns to put the needs of the team before his own and saves the others by sacrificing his Macey and freeing the others . The twins hold a funeral for Macey back on the Edge , where Tuffnut reveals stolen schematics that leave the riders worried for what ' Project Shellfire ' entails . 90 11 `` Blindsided '' T.J. Sullivan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) A freak lightning storm hits the Edge and while trying to rescue the dragons from the pens , Astrid looks into a stray bolt and ends up blinded . She joins the riders in searching for the dragons who were scared off by the storm , but her stubborn and fiery attitude makes things tough when they run into the aggressive and still untrained Triple Stryke . Fearing the possibility her condition may be permanent and her Shield Maiden days are over , Astrid still manages to use her other senses to figure out the Triple Stryke 's weakness and finally train it . Astrid gains her sight back thanks to Gothi and she and Hiccup enjoy a perfect moment together , finally beginning their relationship . 91 12 `` Shell Shocked : Part 1 '' Robert Briggs Art Brown & Douglas Sloan February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) After months of planning , Hiccup has come up with a fool - proof plan to defeat Viggo once and for all and finally reclaim the Dragon Eye . The riders and their allies storm his base , only to find it in ruins along with an injured Viggo . He reveals that Ryker has taken charge of the Hunters and offers to surrender the Dragon Eye in return for Hiccup 's help in stopping Ryker , but escapes during an attack on the Defenders of the Wing , leaving the riders with the baby Eruptodon in their care . When the riders find Ryker , he tells them that Viggo is setting them up and he can give them the Dragon Eye as the Berserkers are attacked by the Shell Fire , a giant sea dragon equipped with Hunter weaponry . Just as Hiccup is left without any ideas on what to do , who to trust , or even how to handle his developing feelings for Astrid in the midst of growing danger , Viggo returns and offers the Dragon Eye as proof of his word and offers an equal alliance to bring Ryker down . 92 13 `` Shell Shocked : Part 2 '' Gil Zimmerman Art Brown & Douglas Sloan February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) Even with the Eye returned , Hiccup and the others still refuse to trust Viggo and imprison him just as Ryker arrives with the Hunters ' fleet . The riders find out the Hunters are forcing the Shell Fire to attack but are unable to get close as the attacks trigger the Edge 's volcano . Hiccup rescues Viggo from his burning cell and agrees to work together to stop Ryker by using the Submaripper , the Shell Fire 's natural enemy , to destroy the fleet while the Defenders ' baby Eruptodon helps control the volcano 's lava flow . The Shell Fire is freed and Ryker is consumed with the fleet by the Submaripper , while Viggo turns on Hiccup threatening to kill Astrid in exchange for the Dragon Eye , but Hiccup throws the Eye into the volcano and Viggo rushes to his doom chasing after it . Hiccup and Astrid realize their relationship compromises their mission and promise to remain professional as the other riders finally learn their secret cementing their relationship . Just as they leave , however , the volcano erupts . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 93 `` Living on the Edge '' Greg Rankin Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Dragon 's Edge has been beset by small eruptions in the month following the Riders ' victory over the Hunters , and with nothing left for them in the outlying islands , the Riders are forced to make the heavy decision to return to Berk . Hiccup and Fishlegs develop a mixture of Deathsong amber and Gronkle Iron to stop the lava bursts , but while gathering materials , Hiccup and Astrid discover an older Garffljorg mortally wounded , hinting that the Hunters , who are now led by the masked man who tried to abduct Hiccup and has the ability to control dragons , are continuing activity . Working together with the Gronkles and Quakens of Dark Deep , the Riders manage to stabilize the volcano , and decide to hold off on returning home to stop the Hunters once and for all . 94 `` Sandbusted '' T.J. Sullivan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Astrid faces difficulty choosing a betrothal gift for Hiccup when word from Johann comes in that traders are disappearing from the Northern Markets . Fishlegs believes it to be related to `` The Curse of Tears , '' and when Hiccup 's own betrothal gift for Astrid is stolen , he and Snotlout discover it to be real when they and the thief are pulled under the sands by a treasure - hoarding dragon called the Sandwraight , and are forced to work together to survive its wrath . Guided by a map to the `` Treasure of Tears , '' Astrid and the others manage to rescue the three and Hiccup gives his gift to her , but their moment is spoiled when they discover Snotlout recovered Viggo 's sword from the Sandbuster 's lair . 95 `` Something Rotten on Berserker Island '' Robert Briggs Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) The Riders are invited to Berserker Island where , to their shock and Snotlout 's indignance , Dagur has made Gustav a Berserker apprentice . Just as they are about to celebrate his graduation , Savage and a faction of Berserkers start a revolt and imprison Dagur and the dragons . Snotlout and Gustav work together to free Dagur , but bit by bit under the gravity of the situation and Snotlout 's pressure , Gustav 's confidence wanes until he admits his cheating while under Dagur 's tutelage . The riders and Berserker siblings battle , and despite Savage capturing Heather , still manage to defeat him , and Dagur , admitting Gustav 's apprenticeship was faked to relieve Berk of him for a while , honors Snotlout with a Berserker trophy , though he purposefully gets his name wrong . 96 `` Snotlout 's Angels '' David Jones & Abe Brown Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Snotlout 's typical repulsive attitude forces him to flee the Edge after angering Astrid , and is caught in a storm only to be saved by an amazonian tribe called the Wingmaidens , who plan on making him a part of their sacred stew out of their intolerance towards men . Astrid , Ruffnut , and Heather infiltrate the island to save him but in the process learn of the Wingmaiden Tribe 's purpose and Windshear 's origins in that they raise infant Razorwhips to protect them from being eaten by the males . Snotlout in turn is nearly killed by the aggressive female Razorwhips but is saved by the Riders and Wingmaidens who in the end celebrate their newly formed alliance , and Snotlout learns a lesson in etiquette . 97 5 `` A Matter of Perspective '' Greg Rankin Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Now too aged to fulfilled its duties , the Defenders ' Eruptodon passes its mantle of Great Protector to its child and leaves for Vanaheim , the final resting place of dragons that no human has ever seen . The twins disobey Hiccup 's orders and follow the Eruptodon to Vanaheim to complete their Viking travel guide , leaving all the Riders stranded on the island and unable to leave thanks to the Sentinel dragons guarding it , which have developed a counter-defense for every dragon . Using Mala 's advice to look at things differently , Hiccup learns to use the Sentinel 's behavior and abilities to his advantage and with help from the Eruptodon , manage to escape , and Hiccup destroys Tuffnut 's guide to ensure that no other human will discover Vanaheim . 98 6 `` Return of Thor Bonecrusher '' T.J. Sullivan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) A pair of Outcasts travel to the Edge asking for the aid of Thor Bonecrusher , Fishlegs ' alter ego , to rescue Alvin the Treacherous from a band of bandits seeking large amounts of Ice Tail Pike fish for the Hunters . Fishlegs allows Snotlout to hypnotize him into Thor once more , but their precaution of making Thor more `` anti-heroic '' backfires when Thor ends up taking charge of the bandits , making them much more formidable . Snotlout manages to undo the hypnosis , but Fishlegs pretends to be Thor long enough for the other Riders to swoop in and rescue them and Alvin . Meanwhile , the Hunters , now co-led by the masked man Krogan and a still - living Viggo , make preparations for their next move . 99 7 `` Dawn of Destruction '' Robert Briggs & Abe Brown Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Hiccup and Astrid leave together on a supply run against strong protest from the other Riders . In their absence , the Edge is attacked by a group of Singetails , which the others discover are being ridden by the Hunters and led by Krogan atop a Titan Wing Singetail . Even Hiccup and Astrid 's return does nothing to even the odds and things become worse when Fishlegs is separated from the group , though manages to return with help from his old friend Darkvarg . In the end the group is forced to abandon Dragon 's Edge and seek shelter with the Defenders of the Wing , where Hiccup resolves to regain the others ' trust after it is revealed he is building a new Dragon Eye , while Viggo attempts to reclaim the original one from the Edge 's volcano . 100 8 `` The Wings of War , Part 1 '' Greg Rankin Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) The Riders are still recovering on the Defenders ' island when the Dragon Flyers appear again , taking advantage of Hiccup 's empathy towards dragons and forcing them to retreat once more to Berk . Stoick and Astrid try to convince Hiccup that the Singetails must also be treated as the enemy and potentially sacrificed for their victory , but Hiccup remains firm on their innocence and is left lost while the rest of Berk prepares for war . To try and find an alternate method to victory , Hiccup and Toothless travel alone to Storehouse Island to study the Singetail and find behaviors that will give them an advantage in battle , but this attempt quickly leaves Hiccup at its mercy . 101 9 `` The Wings of War , Part 2 '' T.J. Sullivan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Hiccup ends up being rescued by Spitelout , who has been staying on Storehouse Island for months plotting to capture a Singetail for revenge on their attack before . With Spitelout 's help , Hiccup discovers weaknesses in the Singetails ' behaviours while the Riders , Stoick , the A-Team , and the Berk fleets lauch a preemptive strike on Dragons ' Edge where the Hunters are . The Berk forces are quickly put on the defensive and Krogan takes the chance to launch all his Dragon Flyers against them , which ultimately leaves them defenseless when Hiccup returns to turn the tide . The Riders finally reclaim the Edge , but Astrid discovers Viggo is still alive and has recovered the Dragon Eye , but Hiccup is prepared as his new Dragon Eye is nearing completion . 102 10 `` No Dragon Left Behind '' Greg Rankin Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Garff 's predatory instincts begin to emerge as the Riders are in the middle of repairs , convincing them that now may be a good time to find him a new home . Fishlegs believes he has found the perfect candidate , but it turns out to be home to Slitherwings , venomous serpentine dragons that poison Stormfly as she defends Garff to trigger strange wild behavior . Though Astrid is poisoned herself to gather the venom needed for the antidote , it proves ineffective on Stormfly , which turns out to be due to her never being poisoned and instead is grieving over the loss of Garff . The Deathsong is soon revealed to be alive and gains the chance to escape with the Riders thanks to Stormfly 's new blinding light shot , and the Riders find him a more suitable home . 103 11 `` Snuffnut '' T.J. Sullivan Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Throk comes to the Edge with the life debt he owes Ruffnut from the battle with the Flyers having turned more romantic , but Fishlegs steps in when he shows his courting ways to be outdated . Feeling he may be denying his sister a chance at lifelong happiness , Tuffnut uses a visiting Changewing on migration to fake his death and allow Ruffnut to go with Throk , but Ruffnut refuses to move on by painting her brother 's image on the belly of a Changewing she names Snuffnut and Throk refuses to leave without her and attempts to tame Snuffnut on his own . Eventually the Riders save Throk , Tuffnut reveals his lie , and the Changewings are diverted away , and Throk decides to leave understanding that the Thorston twins are better together . 104 12 `` Searching for Oswald ... and Chicken '' Robert Briggs Laura Bowes August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) The Berserker siblings continue the search for their father and though each failure only spurs Heather 's obsession , Dagur is worried the search will lead to her doom . He asks for Hiccup 's help in deciphering Oswald 's diary , which contains a picture of a massive dragon skull that leads them back to Vanaheim . Meanwhile the twins , Snotlout , and Astrid search for Chicken , who has gone missing , and find she has started a new family with a wild rooster . The search for Oswald does n't end on a happy a note , with Dagur only finding his remains and a last message to him and Heather , though he continues his father 's work by helping the Sentinels defend Vanaheim from the rogue Grim Gnasher dragons , and leaves satisfied that his father passed proud . 105 13 `` Sins of the Past '' Greg Rankin Art Brown & Douglas Sloan August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Heather and Johann travel to the Northern Markets when the latter finds word of a man who has claimed to have seen Oswald the Agreeable alive . This , however , turns out to be a trap by Krogan and the Hunters , who capture Windshear and demand the gem on Heather 's belt , a lens for the Dragon Eye , in exchange for her life . Johann convinces Heather to go through with the trade and though Krogan attempts to double cross her with a fake key , they are saved by Hiccup , the Riders , and Dagur , who finally reveals the truth of Oswald 's fate and grants her closure . Meanwhile , Krogan and Viggo obtain the lens , setting the true mastermind behind the Hunters , Johann , one step closer to finding the King of Dragons . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ito , Robert ( September 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dragons : Riders of Berk ' spreads its wings on Cartoon Network '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie Jane ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` This Week 's TV : One of our favorite animated movies of all time gets a TV show ! '' . io9 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Dragons : Riders of Berk Brings High - Flying , Fire - Breathing Fun to Cartoon Network Tuesday , Sept. 4 '' . DreamWorks Animation . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sanford , John ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` The one hour will be 2 episodes . 2 out of 20 for season 1 . I have been quoted as saying 26 , but it is 20 . I never said 26 . '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sanford , John ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Yet another Mea Culpa and other things ... '' . Chippy & Loopus . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Soars With Worldwide Broadcast Rights To DreamWorks Animation 's How To Train Your Dragon Television Series '' . Cartoon Network via Business Wire . October 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Producer Offers Details on First Sequel and TV Series '' . Slash Film . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : `` Storage Wars '' Claims Top Honors for A&E `` . The Futon Critic . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who drops , Lost Girl rises + 25 other genre shows '' . Blastr . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lost Girl ends big , Wilfred hits record low + 25 other genre shows '' . Blastr . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Revolution debuts big , Doctor Who picks up + 27 other genre shows '' . Blastr . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( September 24 - 30 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 1 - 7 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 8 - 14 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 15 - 21 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings : A&E Continues Reign with `` Duck Dynasty '' `` . The Futon Critic . November 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 19 - 25 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 26 - December 2 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( December 3 - 9 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 4 - 10 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 11 - 17 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 18 - 24 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 25 - March 3 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( March 4 - 10 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( March 11 - 17 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( March 18 - 24 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( September 16 - 22 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( September 23 - 29 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( September 30 - October 6 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 7 - October 13 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 14 - October 20 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 21 - October 27 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 4 - November 10 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 11 - November 17 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 18 - November 24 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartoon Network ratings ( December 2 - December 8 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( January 6 - January 12 , 2014 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Son of the Bronx on ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` Son of the Bronx : Cartoon Network ratings ( January 13 - 19 , 2014 ) '' . Sonofthebronx.blogspot.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Son of the Bronx on 2 / 01 / 2014 . `` Son of the Bronx : Cartoon Network ratings ( January 20 - 26 , 2014 ) '' . Sonofthebronx.blogspot.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Son of the Bronx on 2 / 01 / 2014 ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Son of the Bronx : Cartoon Network ratings ( January 20 - 26 , 2014 ) '' . Sonofthebronx.blogspot.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 3 - February 9 , 2014 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Son of the Bronx on 2 / 22 / 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Son of the Bronx : Cartoon Network ratings ( February 10 - 16 , 2014 ) '' . Sonofthebronx.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 17 - February 23 , 2014 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 24 - March 2 , 2014 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network ratings ( March 3 - March 9 , 2014 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Icelandiceel ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Interview with Race to the Edge Executive Producers '' . Berk 's Grapevine . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dragons : Riders of Berk on IMDb Dragons : Riders of Berk at the Big Cartoon DataBase ( hide ) How to Train Your Dragon Books How to Train Your Dragon Films How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Short films Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Television DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- ) ( Episodes ) Video games How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) DreamWorks Super Star Kartz ( 2011 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Soundtracks How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DreamWorks_Dragons_episodes&oldid=807301262 '' Categories : Lists of American animated television series episodes Cartoon Network - related lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 03 : 43 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20DreamWorks%20Dragons%20episodes
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how many indian reservations are in the us
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An Indian reservation is a legal designation for an area of land managed by a federally recognized Native American tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs rather than the state governments of the United States in which they are physically located . Each of the 326 Indian reservations in the United States is associated with a particular Native American nation . Not all of the country 's 567 recognized tribes have a reservation -- some tribes have more than one reservation , while some share reservations . In addition , because of past land allotments , leading to some sales to non-Native Americans , some reservations are severely fragmented , with each piece of tribal , individual , and privately held land being a separate enclave . This jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative , political , and legal difficulties .
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326 Indian reservations in the United States
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Indian reservation
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indian reservation
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An Indian reservation is a legal designation for an area of land managed by a federally recognized Native American tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs rather than the state governments of the United States in which they are physically located . Each of the 326 Indian reservations in the United States is associated with a particular Native American nation . Not all of the country 's 567 recognized tribes have a reservation -- some tribes have more than one reservation , while some share reservations . In addition , because of past land allotments , leading to some sales to non-Native Americans , some reservations are severely fragmented , with each piece of tribal , individual , and privately held land being a separate enclave . This jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative , political , and legal difficulties .
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The collective geographical area of all reservations is 56,200,000 acres ( 22,700,000 ha ; 87,800 sq mi ; 227,000 km ) , approximately the size of Idaho . While most reservations are small compared to U.S. states , there are 12 Indian reservations larger than the state of Rhode Island . The largest reservation , the Navajo Nation Reservation , is similar in size to West Virginia . Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country ; the majority are west of the Mississippi River and occupy lands that were first reserved by treaty or ' granted ' from the public domain . Because tribes possess the concept of tribal sovereignty , even though it is limited , laws on tribal lands vary from those of the surrounding area . These laws can permit legal casinos on reservations , for example , which attract tourists . The tribal council , not the local government or the United States federal government , often has jurisdiction over reservations . Different reservations have different systems of government , which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation . Most Native American reservations were established by the federal government ; a limited number , mainly in the East , owe their origin to state recognition . The name `` reservation '' comes from the conception of the Native American tribes as independent sovereigns at the time the U.S. Constitution was ratified . Thus , the early peace treaties ( often signed under duress ) in which Native American tribes surrendered large portions of land to the U.S. also designated parcels which the tribes , as sovereigns , `` reserved '' to themselves , and those parcels came to be called `` reservations . '' The term remained in use even after the federal government began to forcibly relocate tribes to parcels of land to which they had no historical connection . Today a majority of Native Americans and Alaska Natives live somewhere other than the reservations , often in larger western cities such as Phoenix and Los Angeles . In 2012 , there were over 2.5 million Native Americans with about 1 million living on reservations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial and early US history 1.2 Rise of Indian removal policy ( 1830 -- 1868 ) 1.3 Forced assimilation ( 1868 -- 1887 ) 1.4 Individualized reservations ( 1887 -- 1934 ) 1.5 Indian New Deal ( 1934 -- present ) 2 Land tenure and federal Indian law 3 Disputes over land sovereignty 3.1 Black Hills land dispute 3.2 Iroquois land claims in Upstate New York 3.3 Navajo -- Hopi land dispute 3.4 The Standing Rock Sioux tribe and the Dakota Access Pipeline 4 Life and culture 5 Gambling 6 Law enforcement and crime 6.1 Violence and substance abuse 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Colonial and early U.S. history ( edit ) From the beginning of the European colonization of the Americas , Europeans often removed native peoples from lands they wished to occupy . The means varied , including treaties made under considerable duress , forceful ejection , and violence , and in a few cases voluntary moves based on mutual agreement . The removal caused many problems such as tribes losing means of livelihood by being subjected to a defined area , farmers having inadmissible land for agriculture , and hostility between tribes . In 1764 the `` Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs '' was proposed by the Board of Trade . Although never adopted formally , the plan established the imperial government 's expectation that land would only be bought by colonial governments , not individuals , and that land would only be purchased at public meetings . Additionally , this plan dictated that the Indians would be properly consulted when ascertaining and defining the boundaries of colonial settlement . For much of North America , the American Revolution was more of a battle against the Indians than a war against the British . So when the war was brought to an end with the 1783 Treaty of Paris , the treaty was generally understood by American officials to strip the Indians of all property rights east of the Mississippi River . The treaty was seen by Americans as a confirmation of their conquest of Indian land . The private contracts that once characterized the sale of Indian land to various individuals and groups -- from farmers to towns -- were replaced by treaties between sovereigns . This protocol was adopted by the United States Government after the American Revolution . On March 11 , 1824 , John C. Calhoun founded the Office of Indian Affairs ( now the Bureau of Indian Affairs ) as a division of the United States Department of War ( now the United States Department of Defense ) , to solve the land problem with 38 treaties with American Indian tribes . Rise of Indian Removal policy ( 1830 -- 1868 ) ( edit ) Main article : Indian removal The passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 marked the systematization of a U.S. federal government policy of forcibly moving Native populations away from European - populated areas . One example was the Five Civilized Tribes , who were removed from their native lands in the southern United States and moved to modern - day Oklahoma , in a mass migration that came to be known as the Trail of Tears . Some of the lands these tribes were given to inhabit following the removals eventually became Indian reservations . In 1851 , the United States Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act which authorized the creation of Indian reservations in modern - day Oklahoma . Relations between settlers and natives had grown increasingly worse as the settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West . Forced assimilation ( 1868 -- 1887 ) ( edit ) Most Indian reservations , like the Laguna Indian reservation in New Mexico ( pictured here in 1943 ) , are in the western United States , often in regions suitable more for ranching than farming . In 1868 , President Ulysses S. Grant pursued a `` Peace Policy '' as an attempt to avoid violence . The policy included a reorganization of the Indian Service , with the goal of relocating various tribes from their ancestral homes to parcels of lands established specifically for their inhabitation . The policy called for the replacement of government officials by religious men , nominated by churches , to oversee the Indian agencies on reservations in order to teach Christianity to the native tribes . The Quakers were especially active in this policy on reservations . The policy was controversial from the start . Reservations were generally established by executive order . In many cases , white settlers objected to the size of land parcels , which were subsequently reduced . A report submitted to Congress in 1868 found widespread corruption among the federal Native American agencies and generally poor conditions among the relocated tribes . Many tribes ignored the relocation orders at first and were forced onto their limited land parcels . Enforcement of the policy required the United States Army to restrict the movements of various tribes . The pursuit of tribes in order to force them back onto reservations led to a number wars with Native Americans which included some massacres . The most well - known conflict was the Sioux War on the northern Great Plains , between 1876 and 1881 , which included the Battle of Little Bighorn . Other famous wars in this regard included the Nez Perce War . By the late 1870s , the policy established by President Grant was regarded as a failure , primarily because it had resulted in some of the bloodiest wars between Native Americans and the United States . By 1877 , President Rutherford B. Hayes began phasing out the policy , and by 1882 all religious organizations had relinquished their authority to the federal Indian agency . Individualized reservations ( 1887 -- 1934 ) ( edit ) In 1887 , Congress undertook a significant change in reservation policy by the passage of the Dawes Act , or General Allotment ( Severalty ) Act . The act ended the general policy of granting land parcels to tribes as - a-whole by granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members . In some cases , for example , the Umatilla Indian Reservation , after the individual parcels were granted out of reservation land , the reservation area was reduced by giving the `` excess land '' to white settlers . The individual allotment policy continued until 1934 when it was terminated by the Indian Reorganization Act . Indian New deal ( 1934 -- present ) ( edit ) The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 , also known as the Howard - Wheeler Act , was sometimes called the Indian New Deal . It laid out new rights for Native Americans , reversed some of the earlier privatization of their common holdings , and encouraged tribal sovereignty and land management by tribes . The act slowed the assignment of tribal lands to individual members and reduced the assignment of ' extra ' holdings to nonmembers . For the following 20 years , the U.S. government invested in infrastructure , health care , and education on the reservations . Likewise , over two million acres ( 8,000 km2 ) of land were returned to various tribes . Within a decade of John Collier 's retirement ( the initiator of the Indian New Deal ) the government 's position began to swing in the opposite direction . The new Indian Commissioners Myers and Emmons introduced the idea of the `` withdrawal program '' or `` termination '' , which sought to end the government 's responsibility and involvement with Indians and to force their assimilation . The Indians would lose their lands but were to be compensated , although many were not . Even though discontent and social rejection killed the idea before it was fully implemented , five tribes were terminated : the Coushatta , Ute , Paiute , Menominee and Klamath , and 114 groups in California lost their federal recognition as tribes . Many individuals were also relocated to cities , but one - third returned to their tribal reservations in the decades that followed . Land tenure and federal Indian law ( edit ) With the establishment of reservations , tribal territories diminished to a fraction of original areas and indigenous customary practices of land tenure sustained only for a time , and not in every instance . Instead , the federal government established regulations that subordinated tribes to the authority , first , of the military , and then of the Bureau ( Office ) of Indian Affairs . Under federal law , the government patented reservations to tribes , which became legal entities that at later times have operated in a corporate manner . Tribal tenure identifies jurisdiction over land - use planning and zoning , negotiating ( with the close participation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs ) leases for timber harvesting and mining . Tribes generally have authority over other forms of economic development such as ranching , agriculture , tourism , and casinos . Tribes hire both members , other Indians and non-Indians in varying capacities ; they may run tribal stores , gas stations , and develop museums ( e.g. , there is a gas station and general store at Fort Hall Indian Reservation , Idaho , and a museum at Foxwoods , on the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Reservation in Connecticut ) . Tribal members may utilize a number of resources held in tribal tenures such as grazing range and some cultivable lands . They may also construct homes on tribally held lands . As such , members are tenants - in - common , which may be likened to communal tenure . Even if some of this pattern emanates from pre-reservation tribal custom , generally the tribe has the authority to modify tenant in - common practices . Wagon loaded with squash , Rosebud Indian Reservation , ca . 1936 With the General Allotment Act ( Dawes ) , 1887 , the government sought to individualize tribal lands by authorizing allotments held in individual tenure . Generally , the allocation process led to grouping family holdings and , in some cases , this sustained pre-reservation clan or other patterns . There had been a few allotment programs ahead of the Dawes Act . However , the vast fragmentation of reservations occurred from the enactment of this act up to 1934 , when the Indian Reorganization Act was passed . However , Congress authorized some allotment programs in the ensuing years , such as on the Palm Springs / Agua Caliente Indian Reservation in California . Allotment set in motion a number of circumstances : individuals could sell ( alienate ) the allotment -- under the Dawes Act , it was not to happen until after twenty - five years . individual allottees who would die intestate would encumber the land under prevailing state devisement laws , leading to complex patterns of heirship . Congress has attempted to mollify the impact of heirship by granting tribes the capacity to acquire fragmented allotments owing to heirship by financial grants . Tribes may also include such parcels in long - range land use planning . With alienation to non-Indians , their increased presence on numerous reservations has changed the demography of Indian Country . One of many implications of this fact is that tribes can not always effectively embrace the total management of a reservation , for non-Indian owners and users of allotted lands contend that tribes have no authority over lands that fall within the tax and law - and - order jurisdiction of local government . The demographic factor , coupled with landownership data , led , for example , to litigation between the Devils Lake Sioux and the State of North Dakota , where non-Indians owned more acreage than tribal members even though more Native Americans resided on the reservation than non-Indians . The court decision turned , in part , on the perception of Indian character , contending that the tribe did not have jurisdiction over the alienated allotments . In a number of instances -- e.g. , the Yakama Indian Reservation -- tribes have identified open and closed areas within reservations . One finds the majority of non-Indian landownership and residence in the open areas and , contrariwise , closed areas represent exclusive tribal residence and related conditions . Spring roundup of Paiute - owned cattle begins at Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation , 1973 . Indian Country today consists of tripartite government -- i.e. , federal , state and / or local , and tribal . Where state and local governments may exert some , but limited , law - and - order authority , tribal sovereignty is diminished . This situation prevails in connection with Indian gaming because federal legislation makes the state a party to any contractual or statutory agreement . Finally , other - occupancy on reservations may be by virtue of tribal or individual tenure . There are many churches on reservations ; most would occupy tribal land by consent of the federal government or the tribe . BIA agency offices , hospitals , schools , and other facilities usually occupy residual federal parcels within reservations . Many reservations include one or more sections ( about 640 acres ) of school lands , but those lands typically remain part of the reservation ( e.g. , Enabling Act of 1910 at Section 20 ) . As a general practice , such lands may sit idle or be grazed by tribal ranchers . Disputes over land sovereignty ( edit ) When the Europeans discovered the `` New World '' in the fifteenth century , the land that was new to them had been home to Native Peoples for thousands of years . The American colonial government determined a precedent of establishing the land sovereignty of North America through treaties between sovereigns . This precedent was upheld by the United States government . As a result , most Native American land was purchased by the United States government , a portion of which was designated to remain under Native sovereignty . The United States government and Native Peoples do not always agree on how land should be governed , which has resulted in a series of disputes over sovereignty . Black Hills land dispute ( edit ) Main article : Black Hills Land Claim The Federal Government and The Lakota Sioux tribe members have been involved in sorting out a legal claim for the Black Hills since signing the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty , which created what is known today as the Great Sioux Nation covering the Black Hills and nearly half of western South Dakota . This treaty was acknowledged and respected until 1874 , when General George Custer discovered gold , sending a wave of settlers into the area and leading to the realization of the value of the land from United States President Grant . President Grant used tactical military force to remove the Sioux from the land and assisted in the development of the Congressional appropriations bill for Indian Services in 1876 , a `` starve or sell '' treaty signed by only 10 % of the 75 % tribal men required based on specifications from the Fort Laramie Treaty that relinquished the Sioux 's rights to the Black Hills . Following this treaty , the Agreement of 1877 was passed by Congress to remove the Sioux from the Black Hills , stating that the land was purchased from the Sioux despite the insufficient number of signatures , the lack of transaction records , and the tribe 's claim that the land was never for sale . The Black Hills are sacred to the Sioux as a place central to their spirituality and identity , and contest of ownership of the land has been pressured in the courts by the Sioux Nation since they were allowed legal avenue in 1920 . Beginning in 1923 , the Sioux made legal claim that their relinquishment from the Black Hills was illegal under the Fifth Amendment , and no amount of money can make up for the loss of their sacred land . This claim went all the way up to the Supreme Court United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians case in 1979 after being revived by Congress , and the Sioux were awarded over $100 million as they ruled that the seizure of the Black Hills was in fact illegal . The Sioux have continually rejected the money , and since then the award has been accruing interest in trust accounts , and amounts to about $1 billion in 2015 . During President Barack Obama 's campaign he made indications that the case of the Black Hills was going to be solved with innovate solutions and consultation , but this was questioned when White House Counsel Leonard Garment sent a note to The Ogala people saying , `` The days of treaty making with the American Indians ended in 1871 ; ... only Congress can rescind or change in any way statutes enacted since 1871 . '' The He Sapa Reparations Alliance was established after Obama 's inauguration to educate the Sioux people and propose a bill to Congress that would allocate 1.3 million acres of federal land within the Black Hills to the tribe . To this day , the dispute of the Black Hills is ongoing with the trust estimated to be worth nearly $1.3 billion and sources believe principles of restorative justice may be the best solution to addressing this century old dispute . Iroquois land claims in upstate New York ( edit ) Fort Stanwix , NY While 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolution addressed land sovereignty disputes between the British Crown and the colonies , it neglected to settle hostilities between indigenous people -- specifically those who fought on the side of the British , as four of the members of the Haudenosaunee did -- and colonists . In October 1784 the newly formed United States government facilitated negotiations with representatives from the Six Nations in Fort Stanwix , New York . The treaty produced in 1784 resulted in Indians giving up their territory within the Ohio River Valley and the U.S. guaranteeing the Haudenosaunee six million acres -- about half of what is present day New York -- as permanent homelands . Unenthusiastic about the treaty 's conditions , the state of New York secured a series of twenty - six `` leases , '' many of them lasting 999 years on all native territories within its boundaries . Led to believe that they had already lost their land to the New York Genesee Company , the Haudenosaunee agreed to land leasing which was presented by New York Governor George Clinton as a means by which the indigenous could maintain sovereignty over their land . On August 28 , 1788 , the Oneidas leased five million acres to the state in exchange for $2,000 in cash , $2,000 in clothing , $1,000 in provisions and $600 annual rent . The other two tribes followed with similar arrangements . The Holland Land Company gained control over all but ten acres of the native land leased to the state on September 15 , 1797 . These 397 square miles were subsequently parceled out and subleased to whites , allegedly ending the native title to land . Despite Iroquois protests , federal authorities did virtually nothing to correct the injustice . Certain of losing all of their land , in 1831 most of the Oneidas asked that what was left of their holdings be exchanged for 500,000 acres purchased from the Menominees in Wisconsin . President Andrew Jackson , committed to Indian Removal west of the Mississippi , agreed . The Treaty of Buffalo Creek , signed on January 15 , 1838 , directly ceded 102,069 acres of Seneca land to the Ogden company for $202,000 , a sum that was divided evenly between the government -- to hold in trust for Indians -- and non-Indian individuals who wanted to buy and improve the plots . All that was left of the Cayuga , Oneida , Onondaga and Tuscarora holding was extinguished at a total cost of $400,000 to Ogden . After Indian complaints , a second Treaty of Buffalo was written in 1842 in attempts to mediate tension . Under this treaty the Haudenosaunee were given the right to reside in New York and small areas of reservations were restored by the U.S. government . These agreements were largely ineffective in protecting Native American land . By 1889 eighty percent of all Iroquois reservation land in New York was leased by non-Haudenosaunees . Navajo -- Hopi land dispute ( edit ) See also : Hopi § Hopi -- Navajo land disputes The modern - day Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations are located in Northern Arizona , near the Four Corners area . The Hopi reservation is 2,531.773 square miles within Arizona and lies surrounded by the greater Navajo reservation which spans 27,413 square miles and extends slightly into the states of New Mexico and Utah . The Hopi , also known as the Pueblo people , made many spiritually motivated migrations throughout the Southwest before settling in present - day Northern Arizona . The Navajo people also migrated throughout western North America following spiritual commands before settling near the Grand Canyon area . The two tribes peacefully coexisted and even traded and exchanged ideas with each other ; However , their way of lives were threatened when the `` New people '' , what the Navajo called white settlers , began executing Natives across the continent and claiming their land , as a result of Andrew Jackson 's Indian Removal Act . War ensued between the Navajo people , who call themselves the Diné , and new Americans . The end result was the Long Walk in the early 1860s in which the entire tribe was forced to walk roughly 400 miles from Fort Canby ( present day Window Rock , Arizona ) to Bosque Redondo in New Mexico . This march is similar to the well known Cherokee `` Trail of Tears '' and like it , many tribe did not survive the trek . The roughly 11,000 tribe members were imprisoned here in what the United States government deemed an experimental Indian reservation that failed because it became too expensive , there were too many people to feed , and they were continuously raided by other native tribes . Consequently , in 1868 , the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland after signing the Treaty of Bosque Redondo . The treaty officially established the `` Navajo Indian Reservation '' in Northern Arizona . The term reservation is one which creates territorialities or claims on places . This treaty gave them the right to the land and semi-autonomous governance of it . The Hopi reservation , on the other hand , was created through an executive order by President Arthur in 1882 . A few years after the two reservations were established , the Dawes Allotment Act was passed under which communal tribal land was divvied up and allocated to each household in attempt to enforce European - American farming styles where each family owns and works their own plot of land . This was a further act of enclosure by the US government . Each family received 640 acres or less and the remaining land was deemed `` surplus '' because it was more than the tribes needed . This `` surplus '' land was then made available for purchase by American citizens . The land designated to the Navajo and Hopi reservation was originally considered barren and unproductive by white settlers until 1921 when prospectors scoured the land for oil . The mining companies pressured the US government to set up Native American councils on the reservations so that they could agree to contracts , specifically leases , in the name of the tribe . During World War II , uranium was mined from their land as well though the companies and government neglected to inform the people of the dangers of radiation exposure . Some people had even built their houses out of mine waste . The companies also failed to properly dispose of the radioactive waste which did and will continue to pollute the environment , including the natives ' water sources . Many years later , these same men who worked the mines died from lung cancer and their families received no form of financial compensation . In 1979 , the Church Rock uranium mill spill was the largest release of radioactive waste in US history . The spill contaminated the Puerco River with 1,000 tons of solid radioactive waste and 93 million gallons of acidic , radioactive tailings solution which flowed downstream into the Navajo Nation . The Navajos used the water from this river for irrigation and their livestock but were not immediately informed about the contamination and its danger . After the war ended , the American population boomed and energy demands soared . The utility companies needed a new source of power so they began the construction of coal - fired power plants . They placed these power plants in the four corners region . In the 1960s , John Boyden , an attorney working for both Peabody Coal and the Hopi tribe , the nation 's largest coal producer , managed to gain rights to the Hopi land , including Black Mesa , a sacred location to both tribes which lay partially within the Joint Use Area of both tribes . This case is an example of environmental racism and injustice , per the principles established by the Participants of the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit , because the Navajo and Hopi people , which are communities of color low income and political alienation , were disproportionately affected by the proximity and resulting pollution of these power plants which disregard their right to clean air , their land was degraded , and because the related public policies are not based on mutual respect of all people . The mining companies wanted more land but the joint ownership of the land made negotiations difficult . At the same time , Hopi and Navajo tribes were squabbling over land rights while Navajo livestock continuously grazed on Hopi land . Boyden took advantage of this situation , presenting it to the House Subcommittee on Indian Affairs claiming that if the government did not step in and do something , a bloody war would ensue between the tribes . Congressmen agreed to pass the Navajo - Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974 which forced any Hopi and Navajo people living on the other 's land to relocate . This affected 6,000 Navajo people and ultimately benefitted coal companies the most who could now more easily access the disputed land . Instead of using military violence to deal with those who refused to move , the government passed what became known as the Bennett Freeze to encourage the people to leave . Under the Bennett Freeze , 1.5 million acres of Navajo land were banned from any type of development , including paving roadways and even fixing roofs . This was meant to only be a temporary incentive to push tribe negotiations but wound up lasting over 40 years until 2009 when President Obama lifted the moratorium . Still , The legacy of the Bennett Freeze still looms over the region as seen by the nearly 3rd world conditions on the reservation - 75 % of people do not have access to electricity and housing situations are poor . The Standing Rock Sioux tribe and the Dakota Access pipeline ( edit ) Dakota Access Oil Pipeline in North Dakota The construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline , a 1,172 - mile pipeline that delivers crude oil from North Dakota to Iowa , has been in contest with the Standing Rock Sioux tribe , who claim that construction and usage of the pipeline threatens native lands , sacred burial grounds , water supplies provided by Lake Oahe , and environmental health . The pipeline was originally proposed to be built through the northern area of Bismarck , but was rerouted to an area near the Standing Rock Sioux reservation with push back from members of the Bismarck community afraid of the damages the pipeline may bring to their water supply . Bismarck has a 92.4 % white - alone demographic , and opponents of the pipeline have been cited in saying that the rerouting of the oil pipeline to the area that may impact indigenous land is racist . Beginning in April 2016 , native and non-native protesters gather on land near Dakota Access Pipeline construction sites to protest the pipeline . Conflict between the tribe members and the government have been occurring since the signing of the Fort Laramie Treaty in 1868 , which created the Great Sioux nation and followed with later contention regarding ownership of The Black Hills . In December 2016 , the pipeline was temporarily halted and denied easement under President Obama , but President Trump signed an executive order on January 24 , 2017 ; which allowed for continuation of construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline . Currently , after the forced evacuation of Oceti Sakowin , the Standing Rock Sioux are continuing to contest the construction and continued usage of the pipeline within the United States court system . Life and Culture ( edit ) See also : Modern social statistics of Native Americans Red Cliff Indian Reservation in Wisconsin during their annual pow wow Many Native Americans who live on reservations deal with the federal government through two agencies : the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service . The standard of living on some reservations is comparable to that in the developing world , with issues of infant mortality , life expectancy , poor nutrition , poverty , and alcohol and drug abuse . The two poorest counties in the United States are Buffalo County , South Dakota , home of the Lower Brule Indian Reservation , and Oglala Lakota County , South Dakota , home of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation , according to data compiled by the 2000 census . It is a common conception that environmentalism and a connectedness to nature is ingrained in the Native American culture . In recent years , cultural historians have set out to reconstruct this notion as what they claim to be a culturally inaccurate romanticism . Others recognize the differences between the attitudes and perspectives that emerge from a comparison of Western European philosophy and Traditional Ecological Knowledge ( TEK ) of Indigenous peoples , especially when considering natural resource conflicts and management strategies involving multiple parties . Gambling ( edit ) Main article : Native American gaming In 1979 , the Seminole tribe in Florida opened a high - stakes bingo operation on its reservation in Florida . The state attempted to close the operation down but was stopped in the courts . In the 1980s , the case of California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians established the right of reservations to operate other forms of gambling operations . In 1988 , Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , which recognized the right of Native American tribes to establish gambling and gaming facilities on their reservations as long as the states in which they are located have some form of legalized gambling . Today , many Native American casinos are used as tourist attractions , including as the basis for hotel and conference facilities , to draw visitors and revenue to reservations . Successful gaming operations on some reservations have greatly increased the economic wealth of some tribes , enabling their investment to improve infrastructure , education and health for their people . Law enforcement and crime ( edit ) Serious crime on Indian reservations has historically been required ( by the 1885 Major Crimes Act , 18 U.S.C. § § 1153 , 3242 , and court decisions ) to be investigated by the federal government , usually the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and prosecuted by United States Attorneys of the United States federal judicial district in which the reservation lies . Tribal courts were limited to sentences of one year or less , until on July 29 , 2010 , the Tribal Law and Order Act was enacted which in some measure reforms the system permitting tribal courts to impose sentences of up to three years provided proceedings are recorded and additional rights are extended to defendants . The Justice Department on January 11 , 2010 , initiated the Indian Country Law Enforcement Initiative which recognizes problems with law enforcement on Indian reservations and assigns top priority to solving existing problems . The Department of Justice recognizes the unique legal relationship that the United States has with federally recognized tribes . As one aspect of this relationship , in much of Indian Country , the Justice Department alone has the authority to seek a conviction that carries an appropriate potential sentence when a serious crime has been committed . Our role as the primary prosecutor of serious crimes makes our responsibility to citizens in Indian Country unique and mandatory . Accordingly , public safety in tribal communities is a top priority for the Department of Justice . Emphasis was placed on improving prosecution of crimes involving domestic violence and sexual assault . Passed in 1953 , Public Law 280 ( PL 280 ) gave jurisdiction over criminal offenses involving Indians in Indian Country to certain States and allowed other States to assume jurisdiction . Subsequent legislation allowed States to retrocede jurisdiction , which has occurred in some areas . Some PL 280 reservations have experienced jurisdictional confusion , tribal discontent , and litigation , compounded by the lack of data on crime rates and law enforcement response . As of 2012 , a high incidence of rape continued to impact Native American women . Violence and substance abuse ( edit ) Further information : American Indian alcoholism and Methamphetamine and Native Americans A survey of death certificates over a four - year period showed that deaths among Indians due to alcohol are about four times as common as in the general US population and are often due to traffic collisions and liver disease with homicide , suicide , and falls also contributing . Deaths due to alcohol among American Indians are more common in men and among Northern Plains Indians . Alaska Natives showed the least incidence of death . Under federal law , alcohol sales are prohibited on Indian reservations unless the tribal councils choose to allow it . Gang violence is becoming a major social problem . A December 13 , 2009 , The New York Times article about growing gang violence on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation estimated that there were 39 gangs with 5,000 members on that reservation alone . As opposed to traditional `` Most Wanted '' lists , Native Americans are often placed on regional Crime Stoppers lists offering rewards for their whereabouts . See also ( edit ) Hawaiian home land Indian Claims Commission Indian colony Indian country List of historical Indian reservations in the United States List of Indian reservations in the United States Native American reservation politics Reservation poverty Reservations in Nebraska International : Ranchería Rancherie ( term used in British Columbia ) Indigenous Protected Area in Australia Native Community Lands in Bolivia Indigenous territory ( Brazil ) Indian reserve in Canada Indigenous territory ( Colombia ) Indigenous territories of Costa Rica References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions , Bureau of Indian Affairs '' . Department of the Interior . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFF Table - Navajo Population '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Commission of Indian Affairs . Retrieved 13 Nov 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Register , Volume 80 , Number 9 dated January 14 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Acknowledgment of the Pamunkey Indian Tribe '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Sutton , 199 . Jump up ^ Kinney , 1937 ; Sutton , 1975 Jump up ^ Davies & Clow ; Sutton 1991 . Jump up ^ For general data , see Tiller ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , United States v. Dion , 476 U.S. 734 ( 1986 ) ; Francis v. Francis , 203 U.S. 233 ( 1906 ) . Jump up ^ `` Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in the United States : 1980 - 2000 '' . Census.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ For Los Angeles , see Allen , J.P. and E. Turner , 2002 . Text and map of the metropolitan area show the widespread urban distribution of California and other Native Americans . Jump up ^ `` US should return stolen land to Indian tribes , says United Nations '' . The Guardian . May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Native American reservation background '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Remarks on the Plan for Regulating the Indian Trade , September 1766 - October 1766 , Founders Online Jump up ^ Belko , William S. ( 2004 ) . `` John C. Calhoun and the Creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs : an Essay on Political Rivalry , Ideology , and Policymaking in the Early Republic '' . South Carolina Historical Magazine . 105 ( 3 ) : 170 -- 197 . JSTOR 27570693 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Elmer ( 2008 ) . Federal Indian Law . The Lawbook Exchange . pp. 201 -- 203 . ISBN 9781584777762 . Jump up ^ `` President Grant advances `` Peace Policy '' with tribes `` . US National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 15 Nov 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller Center , University of Virginia Archived 2014 - 04 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kinney 1937 ^ Jump up to : Tiller ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Getches et al , pp. 140 -- 190 . Jump up ^ The Equalization Act , 1959 . Jump up ^ Sutton , ed. , 1991 . Jump up ^ Wishart and Froehling Jump up ^ Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , 1988 Jump up ^ `` Enabling Act of 1910 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' It does n't seem very fair , because we were here first ' : resolving the Siou ... : Start Your Search ! '' . eds.a.ebscohost.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Hills Land Claim '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saying no to $1 billion : why the impoverished Sioux nation wo n't take feder ... : Start Your Search ! '' . eds.a.ebscohost.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Sioux Are Refusing $1.3 Billion '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Treaty and Land Transaction of 1784 , National Park Service ^ Jump up to : `` Hopi Reservation '' . Wikipedia . 2016 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navajo Nation '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dongoske , Kurt E. ( 1996 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act : A New Beginning , Not the End , for Osteological Analysis -- A Hopi Perspective '' . American Indian Quarterly . 20 ( 2 ) : 287 -- 296 . doi : 10.2307 / 1185706 . Jump up ^ DeAngelis , T. ( 2004 ) . The Navajo : Weavers of the Southwest . Mankato , MN : Blue Earth Books . Jump up ^ Reidhead , S. ( 2001 ) . Wild West . Jump up ^ Mudd , V. ( Director ) . ( 1985 ) . Broken Rainbow ( DVD ) . United States : Earthworks Films . Jump up ^ Pasternak , J. ( 2010 ) . Yellow dirt : An American story of a poisoned land and a people betrayed . New York , NY : Free Press . Jump up ^ Mohai , Paul ; Pellow , David ; Roberts , J. Timmons ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Environmental Justice '' . https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-082508-094348 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - environ - 082508 - 094348 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Congress.gov Library of Congress '' . congress.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Standing Rock Litigation '' . Earthjustice. 2017 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Supporters '' . Stand With Standing Rock . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Service , Amy Dalrymple Forum News . `` Pipeline route plan first called for crossing north of Bismarck '' . Bismarck Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Population estimates , July 1 , 2015 , ( V2015 ) '' . www.census.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Dakota Access Pipeline And Environmental Racism '' . WBEZ . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Feds deny permit for Dakota Access pipeline '' . TheHill . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Memorandum Regarding Construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline '' . whitehouse.gov. 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ CNN , Mayra Cuevas , Sara Sidner and Darran Simon . `` Dakota Access Pipeline protest site is cleared '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Standing Rock Sioux Ask Court to Halt DAPL Work '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` FastStats '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce E. , and Barry Pritzker. 2008 . Encyclopedia of American Indian history . Santa Barbara , Calif : ABC - CLIO . p. 156 . ISBN 9781851098170 . Jump up ^ Lee. , Schweninger , ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . Listening to the land : Native American literary responses to the landscape . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820330587 . OCLC 812757112 . Jump up ^ Goode , Ron W. `` Tribal - Traditional Ecological Knowledge . '' News from Native California , vol. 28 , no . 3 , Spring2015 , p. 23 . EBSCOhost , search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = f5h&AN = 102474325&site = eds - live . Jump up ^ `` Native Americans in South Dakota : An Erosion of Confidence in the Justice System '' . Usccr.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lawless Lands '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , a four - part series in The Denver Post last updated November 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Expansion of tribal courts ' authority passes Senate '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . article by Michael Riley in The Denver Post Posted : 25 June 2010 01 : 00 : 00 AM MDT Updated : 25 June 2010 02 : 13 : 47 AM MDT Accessed June 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` President Obama signs tribal - justice changes '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . article by Michael Riley in The Denver Post , Posted : 30 July 2010 01 : 00 : 00 AM MDT , Updated : 30 July 2010 06 : 00 : 20 AM MDT , accessed July 30 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` MEMORANDUM FOR UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS WITH DISTRICTS CONTAINING INDIAN COUNTRY '' Memorandum by David W. Ogden Deputy Attorney General , Monday , January 11 , 2010 , Accessed August 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country -- Research Priorities December 2005 '' , accessed August 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Timonthy Williams ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` For Native American Women , Scourge of Rape , Rare Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Study : 12 percent of Indian deaths due to alcohol '' Associated Press article by Mary Clare Jalonick Washington , D.C. ( AP ) 9 - 08 News From Indian Country accessed October 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Native American reservation lifts alcohol ban '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Gang Violence On The Rise On Indian Reservations '' . NPR : National Public Radio . August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Gangs Grow , Bringing Fear and Violence to Reservation '' . The New York Times . December 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Most Wanted - City of Great Falls Montana '' . greatfallsmt.net . Further reading ( edit ) J.P. Allen and E. Turner , Changing Faces , Changing Places : Mapping Southern Californians ( Northridge , CA : The Center for Geographical Studies , California State University , Northridge , 2002 ) . George Pierre Castle and Robert L. Bee , eds. , State and Reservation : New Perspectives on Federal Indian Policy ( Tucson : University of Arizona Press , 1992 ) Richmond L. Clow and Imre Sutton , eds. , Trusteeship in Change : Toward Tribal Autonomy in Resource Management ( Boulder : University Press of Colorado , 2001 ) . Wade Davies and Richmond L. Clow , American Indian Sovereignty and Law : An Annotated Bibliography ( Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press , 2009 ) . T.J. Ferguson and E. Richard Hart , A Zuni Atlas ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1985 ) David H. Getches , Charles F. Wilkinson , and Robert A. Williams , Cases and Materials on Federal Indian Law , 4th ed . ( St. Paul : West Group , 1998 ) . Klaus Frantz , `` Indian Reservations in the United States '' , Geography Research Paper 241 ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1999 ) . James M. Goodman , The Navajo Atlas : Environments , Resources , People , and History of the Diné Bikeyah ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1982 ) . J.P. Kinney , A Continent Lost : A Civilization Won : Indian Land Tenure in America ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1937 ) Francis Paul Prucha , Atlas of American Indian Affairs ( Norman : University of Nebraska Press , 1990 ) . C.C. Royce , comp. , Indian Land Cessions in the United States , 18th Annual Report , 1896 -- 97 , pt. 2 ( Wash. , D.C. : Bureau of American Ethnology ; GPO 1899 ) Imre Sutton , `` Cartographic Review of Indian Land Tenure and Territoriality : A Schematic Approach '' , American Indian Culture and Research Journal , 26 : 2 ( 2002 ) : 63 -- 113 ... Imre Sutton , Indian Land Tenure : Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature ( NY : Clearwater Publ. 1975 ) . Imre Sutton , ed. , `` The Political Geography of Indian Country '' , American Indian Culture and Resource Journal , 15 ( ) 2 ) : 1 -- 169 ( 1991 ) . Imre Sutton , `` Sovereign States and the Changing Definition of the Indian Reservation '' , Geographical Review , 66 : 3 ( 1976 ) : 281 -- 295 . Veronica E. Velarde Tiller , ed. , Tiller 's Guide to Indian Country : Economic Profiles of American Indian Reservations ( Albuquerque : BowArrow Pub. , 1996 / 2005 ) David J. Wishart and Oliver Froehling , `` Land Ownership , Population and Jurisdiction : the Case of the ' Devils Lake Sioux Tribe v. North Dakota Public Service Commission ' , '' American Indian Culture and Research Journal , 20 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 58 ( 1996 ) . Laura Woodward - Ney , Mapping Identity : The Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation , 1803 -- 1902 ( Boulder : University Press of Colorado , 2004 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian reservations . BIA full - size map of Indian reservations in the continental United States BIA index to map of Indian reservations in the continental United States US Census tallies for Indian reservations Chapter 5 : American Indian and Alaska Native Areas , U.S. Census Bureau , Geographic Areas Reference manual ( PDF ) FEMA : Federally recognized Indian reservations Tribal Leaders Directory Wheeler - Howard Act ( Indian Reorganization Act ) 1934 Native American Technical Corrections Act of 2003 Gambling on the reservation April 2004 Christian Science Monitor article with links to other Monitor articles on the topic Henry Red Cloud of Oglala Lakota Tribe on the Recession 's Toll on Reservations -- video report by Democracy Now ! TribalJusticeandSafety.gov U.S. Department of Justice website devoted to Indian issues `` Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country -- Research Priorities '' Indian land cession by years Aboriginal title in the United States Statutes Colonial era Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions ( 1629 New Netherland ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 ( British North America ) Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 United States Northwest Ordinance ( 1787 ) Nonintercourse Act ( 1790 , 1793 , 1796 , 1799 , 1802 , and 1834 ) Removal Act ( 1830 ) Dawes Act ( 1887 ) Diminishment Curtis Act of 1898 Reorganization Act ( 1934 ) Indian Claims Commission Act ( 1946 ) Indian Land Claims Settlements ( 1978 -- 2006 ) Indian Claims Limitations Act ( 1982 ) Precedents Marshall Court Johnson v. M'Intosh ( 1823 ) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) Taney Court Fellows v. Blacksmith ( 1857 ) New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble ( 1858 ) 1890 -- 1950 Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy ( 1896 ) United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. ( 1941 ) Warren Court Tee - Hit - Ton Indians v. United States ( 1955 ) Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation ( 1960 ) Burger Court Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida ( 1974 ) Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe ( 1979 ) County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State ( 1985 ) South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe ( 1986 ) Rehnquist Court Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho ( 1997 ) Idaho v. United States ( 2001 ) City of Sherrill v. 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trade zone Neutral zone Self - administered zone Other English terms Current Alpine resort Bailiwick Banner Autonomous Block Cadastre Circle Circuit Colony Commune Condominium Constituency Duchy Eldership Emirate Federal dependency Governorate Hamlet Ilkhanate Indian reservation Manor Royal Muftiate Neighbourhood Parish Periphery Precinct Principality Protectorate Quarter Regency Autonomous republic Riding Sector Autonomous Shire Sultanate Suzerainty Townland Village Administrative Summer Ward Historical Agency Barony Burgh Exarchate Hide Hundred Imperial Circle March Monthon Presidency Residency Roman diocese Seat Tenth Tithing Non-English or loanwords Current Amt Bakhsh Barangay Bezirk Regierungsbezirk Comune Frazione Fu Gemeinde Județ Kampong Kunta / kommun Finland Sweden Län Località Megye Muban Mukim Oblast Autonomous Okrug Ostān Poblacion Purok Shahrestān Sum Sýsla Tehsil Vingtaine Historical Commote Gau Heerlijkheid Köping Landskommun Maalaiskunta Nome Egypt Greece Pagus Pargana Plasă Satrapy Socken Subah Syssel Zhou Arabic terms for country subdivisions First - level Muhafazah ( محافظة governorate ) Wilayah ( ولاية province ) Mintaqah ( منطقة region ) Mudiriyah ( مديرية directorate ) Imarah ( إمارة emirate ) Baladiyah ( بلدية municipality ) Shabiyah ( شعبية `` popularate '' ) Second / third - level Mintaqah ( منطقة region ) Qadaa ( قضاء district ) Nahiyah ( ناحية subdistrict ) Markaz ( مركز district ) Mutamadiyah ( معتمدية `` delegation '' ) Daerah / Daïra ( دائرة circle ) Liwa ( لواء banner / sanjak ) City / township - level Amanah ( أمانة municipality ) Baladiyah ( بلدية municipality ) Ḥai ( حي neighborhood / quarter ) Mahallah ( محلة ) Qarya ( قرية ) Sheyakhah ( شياخة `` neighborhood subdivision '' ) English translations given are those most commonly used . French terms for country subdivisions arrondissement département préfecture subprefectures Greek terms for country subdivisions Modern apokentromenes dioikiseis / geniki dioikisis / diamerisma / periphereia nomos / periphereiaki enotita demos / eparchia / koinotita Historical archontia / archontaton bandon demos despotaton dioikesis doukaton droungos eparchia exarchaton katepanikion kephalatikion kleisoura meris naukrareia satrapeia strategis thema toparchia tourma signifies a defunct institution Portuguese terms for country subdivisions Regional subdivisions Estado Distrito federal Província Região Distrito Comarca Capitania Local subdivisions Município Concelho Freguesia Comuna Circunscrição Settlements Cidade Vila Aldeia Bairro Lugar Historical subdivisions in italics . Slavic terms for country subdivisions Current dzielnica gmina krai kraj krajina / pokrajina městys obec oblast / oblast ' / oblasti / oblys / obwód / voblast ' okręg okres okrug opština / općina / občina / obshtina osiedle powiat / povit raion selsoviet / silrada sołectwo voivodeship / vojvodina županija Historical darugha gromada guberniya / gubernia jurydyka khutor obshchina okolia opole pogost prowincja sorok srez starostwo / starostva uyezd volost ziemia župa Spanish terms for country subdivisions National , Federal Comunidad autónoma Departamento Distrito federal Estado Provincia Región Regional , Metropolitan Cantón Comarca Comuna Corregimiento Delegación Distrito Mancomunidad Merindad Municipalidad Municipio Parroquia Ecuador Spain Urban , Rural Aldea Alquería Anteiglesia Asentamiento Asentamiento informal Pueblos jóvenes Barrio Campamento Caserío Ciudad Ciudad autónoma Colonia Lugar Masía Pedanía Población Ranchería Sitio Vereda Villa Village ( Pueblito / Pueblo ) Historical subdivisions in italics . Turkish terms for country subdivisions Modern il ( province ) ilçe ( district ) şehir ( city ) kasaba ( town ) belediye ( municipality ) belde ( community ) köy ( village ) mahalle ( neighbourhood / quarter ) Historical ağalık ( feudal district ) bucak ( subdistrict ) beylerbeylik ( province ) kadılık ( subprovince ) kaza ( sub-province ) hidivlik ( viceroyalty ) mutasarrıflık ( subprovince ) nahiye ( nahiyah ) paşalık ( province ) reya ( Romanian principalities ) sancak ( prefecture ) vilayet ( province ) voyvodalık ( Romanian provinces ) Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms . Historical derivations in italics . See also : Census division , Electoral district , Political division , and List of administrative divisions by country Indigenous and minority rights Rights Ancestral domain Free , prior and informed consent Intellectual property Land rights Language Self - determination in Australia in Canada in the United States Traditional knowledge Treaty rights Governmental organizations African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Arctic Council Bureau of Indian Affairs Council of Indigenous Peoples ( Taiwan ) Fundação Nacional do Índio Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples National Commission on Indigenous Peoples ( Philippines ) United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Non-governmental and political organizations Amazon Watch Assembly of First Nations Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador Congress of Aboriginal Peoples Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin Cultural Survival Indigenous Environmental Network Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs National Indigenous Organization of Colombia Native American Rights Fund Survival International Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Zapatista Army of National Liberation ( more ... ) Issues Civilizing mission Colonialism Internal colonialism Settler colonialism Cultural appropriation Sports mascots Redface Dakota Access Pipeline protests Discovery doctrine Homeland Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples Bantustan American Indian reservation Indian reserve Ranchería Manifest destiny Plastic shaman Rainbow Warriors Two - Spirit Legal representation Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , 2007 Historical cases 2009 Peruvian political crisis Alta controversy Chiapas conflict Depopulation of Diego Garcia High Arctic relocation Indian removal Mapuche conflict Oka Crisis Residential schools Canada New Zealand South Africa United States Rubber boom San controversy Stolen Generations Human rights Indigenous rights Minority rights NARA : 10640050 NDL : 00564193 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&oldid=839484467 '' Categories : American Indian reservations Native American topics Aboriginal title in the United States Native American history Native American culture Types of country subdivisions History of racial segregation in the United States Subdivisions of the United States United States Bureau of Indian Affairs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Български Čeština Dansk فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Magyar 日本 語 Português Română Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 18 : 48 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20reservation
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who plays alba in the time traveler's wife
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Hailey McCann as Alba DeTamble at Nine and Ten , Henry and Clare 's daughter Tatum McCann as Alba at Four and Five
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Hailey McCann as Alba DeTamble at Nine and Ten|Tatum McCann as Alba at Four and Five
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The Time Traveler 's Wife ( film )
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the time traveler's wife ( film )
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The Time Traveler 's Wife is a 2009 American romantic science fiction drama film based on Audrey Niffenegger 's 2003 novel of the same name . Directed by Robert Schwentke , the film stars Eric Bana , Rachel McAdams , and Ron Livingston . The story follows Henry DeTamble ( Bana ) , a Chicago librarian with a paranormal genetic disorder that causes him to randomly time travel as he tries to build a romantic relationship with Clare Abshire ( McAdams ) , who would become his wife .
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Filming began in September 2007 , originally in anticipation of an autumn 2008 release . The film 's release was postponed with initially no official explanation from the studio . McAdams later noted that the delay was due to additional scenes and reshoots that could not be completed until the season at their outdoor location matched previously filmed footage , and Bana had regrown his hair following his work on the 2009 film Star Trek . The film was released on August 14 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.2 Additional songs 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the early 1970s , Henry DeTamble is in a car accident that kills his mother but which he survives by inadvertently time traveling back two weeks . Moments later , Henry is helped by an older version of himself who has also traveled back . Unable to control the timing or destinations of his traveling , Henry finds himself drawn to significant people , places , and events in his life but is incapable of changing events beyond the minor differences his presence creates . In 1991 , Henry meets Clare Abshire in the library where he works . She is overjoyed to see him although he is actually meeting her for the first time . Clare explains that she met Henry 's future self when she was a child , and that he informed her then that they would meet in the future , which is happening at the moment . Since childhood , Henry has been Clare 's best friend and has visited her . As a child , Clare develops a crush on Henry , and she is upset to learn that he is married . When Clare turns 18 , two years before their meeting at the library , the older Henry kisses her , leading her to realize that he is her husband in the future . They begin a relationship , which is challenged by Henry 's disorder . His sporadic time traveling is further complicated by the fact that he arrives at his destinations completely naked . From an early age , he had learned how to pick locks and to steal clothing to endure his travels . Among his getaways are many visits to young Clare . From present - day Clare 's diary , he gets a list of dates when he visited her , and gives those to young Clare so that she can be waiting for him with clothes . Falling in love , Henry and Clare eventually marry , though he actually time travels away before the ceremony and a visibly older version of himself arrives in time to step in , slightly confusing the guests . Henry 's disappearances allow him to win the lottery by having the numbers in advance , but his disorder takes a toll on his relationship with Clare . It also makes having a child with Clare seemingly impossible , as Henry 's genes cause their unborn fetuses to time travel . They seek a renowned doctor 's help , but after numerous similar miscarriages , Henry has a secret vasectomy to end their suffering . However , soon after , Clare gets pregnant one last time -- by a visiting younger version of Henry -- and carries the baby to full term . Before the child is born , Henry travels forward in time and happily meets their pre-teen daughter , Alba . She tells him that she is a time traveler , too , but has increasing control over when and where she travels . Alba tells Henry that he will die when she is five years old , a fact that Henry subsequently hides from Clare . Alba 's pre-teen self , who ultimately tries to prepare her younger self for Henry 's death , visits young Alba sporadically . Clare is devastated to discover Henry 's impending death . Later , Henry time travels and is accidentally shot by Clare 's father , who is hunting elk . Henry returns in time to die in Clare 's arms . Some years later , a younger Henry visits Alba and Clare , giving Clare hope that he will visit again , though he tells her not to spend her life waiting for him , hoping this encounter would provide a proper closure for both Clare and Alba . Cast ( edit ) Eric Bana as Henry DeTamble , a Chicago librarian Alex Ferris as Henry at Six Rachel McAdams as Clare Abshire DeTamble , an artist Brooklynn Proulx as Clare at Six and Eight Ron Livingston as Gomez , Henry and Clare 's friend and Charisse 's boyfriend Jane McLean as Charisse , Clare 's best friend and roommate Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Kendrick Arliss Howard as Richard DeTamble , Henry 's father , a professional violinist Hailey McCann as Alba DeTamble at Nine and Ten , Henry and Clare 's daughter Tatum McCann as Alba at Four and Five Michelle Nolden as Annette DeTamble , Henry 's mother Maggie Castle as Alicia Abshire , Clare 's younger sister Fiona Reid as Lucille Abshire , Clare 's mother Philip Craig as Philip Abshire , Clare 's father Brian Bisson as Mark Abshire , Clare 's brother Production ( edit ) The film rights for Audrey Niffenegger 's 2003 novel The Time Traveler 's Wife were optioned by Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt 's production company Plan B Entertainment , in association with New Line Cinema , before the work was even published . Niffenegger stated in an interview that as she was writing the book , she had thoughts of how a film version of the book would appear . When asked about the prospect of her novel being turned into a film , Niffenegger said , `` I 've got my little movie that runs in my head . And I 'm kind of afraid that will be changed or wiped out by what somebody else might do with it . And it is sort of thrilling and creepy , because now the characters have an existence apart from me . '' In September 2003 , the studio hired screenwriter Jeremy Leven to write an adapted screenplay of the novel . Directors Steven Spielberg and David Fincher briefly expressed interest in the project , though no negotiations took place . In March 2005 , director Gus Van Sant entered negotiations with the studio to helm the project . The negotiations did not hold , and in November 2006 , director Robert Schwentke was instead hired to take over the project . In January 2007 , New Line hired screenwriter Bruce Joel Rubin to rewrite Leven 's script . Eric Bana and Rachel McAdams were cast in April 2007 . Filming began in Toronto on September 10 , 2007 . It was also shot in Hamilton , Ontario . The film was originally planned for a fall 2008 release , but it was postponed with no official explanation from the studio . When asked about the delay , McAdams said , `` We wound up doing a reshoot , and Eric was the holdup ... He had to shave his head for a different role , for Star Trek , I think ... We did an additional scene in the meadow , so we were also waiting on the meadow to look the way it did ( the first time we shot ) . So we were waiting on the seasons . Basically we were waiting on nature and Eric 's hair . '' The film was released by Warner Bros. on August 14 , 2009 . Music ( edit ) The score to The Time Traveler 's Wife was composed by Mychael Danna , who recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Ocean Way Studios during the fall of 2008 . The movie repeatedly features the musical theme of an old German hymn , `` Es ist ein Ros entsprungen '' , whose familiar harmonization was written by German composer Michael Praetorius . This is heard just prior to the early car accident , is played at holiday gatherings , and is otherwise interwoven into the score . The trailer featured the song `` Broken '' , by Lifehouse , which is in the film and the promotional music video . A television commercial for the film featured the song `` Show Me What I 'm Looking For '' , by Carolina Liar , although it was not included within the soundtrack . The film also features a cover of Joy Division 's `` Love Will Tear Us Apart '' , performed by Canadian indie rock band Broken Social Scene . The official motion picture soundtrack was released as a download on August 11 , 2009 by New Line Records . A CD version was released by Decca Records , but is generally only available from vendors outside the United States . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Time Traveler 's Wife ( Music from the Motion Picture ) Soundtrack album ( Digital download ) by Mychael Danna Released August 11 , 2009 Length 55 : 02 Label New Line Records Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Filmtracks.com All music composed by Mychael Danna . The Time Traveler 's Wife ( Music From the Motion Picture ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Original artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Es ist ein Ros entsprungen '' ( performed by Isabel Bayrakdarian ) 0 : 51 2 . `` I 'm You Henry '' 2 : 30 3 . `` Meadow '' 3 : 19 4 . `` How Does It Feel ? '' 1 : 59 5 . `` Diary '' 1 : 21 6 . `` Train '' 1 : 43 7 . `` I Do n't Feel Alone Anymore '' 2 : 22 8 . `` Love Will Tear Us Apart '' Ian Curtis Peter Hook Stephen Morris Bernard Sumner Broken Social Scene 4 : 44 9 . `` Married to Me '' 1 : 04 10 . `` Home '' 1 : 36 11 . `` Do You Know When ? '' 2 : 09 12 . `` Testing '' 1 : 04 13 . `` Alba '' 2 : 33 14 . `` I Never Had a Choice '' 2 : 58 15 . `` Who Would Want That '' 2 : 29 16 . `` I Left Him Sleeping '' 1 : 30 17 . `` It 's a Girl '' 2 : 58 18 . `` Five Years '' 2 : 03 19 . `` Try to Stay '' 1 : 40 20 . `` New Year 's Eve '' 1 : 55 21 . `` No Tracks in the Snow '' 1 : 48 22 . `` See You Again '' 5 : 42 23 . `` Broken '' Jason Wade Lifehouse 4 : 47 Total length : 55 : 02 Additional songs ( edit ) There were three songs appearing in the film , but not included with the release of the soundtrack . `` Show Me What I 'm Looking For '' -- Performed by Carolina Liar -- 4 : 00 `` Clocks '' -- Performed by Coldplay -- 5 : 07 `` Gone to Earth '' -- Performed by The American Analog Set -- 7 : 03 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film has received mixed reviews from critics for the same reasons as the novel , praising the characterization of the couple , applauding their emotional depth ; others criticized the melodramatic style and the plot as emotionally trite . Based on 157 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , The Time Traveler 's Wife has a 38 % approval rating from critics , with an average score of 5.1 / 10 saying , `` Though it may satisfy fans of the novel , The Time Traveler 's Wife 's plot 's contrivances and illogical narrative hamper its big screen effectiveness '' . Metacritic , another review aggregator which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , gives the film an average score of 47 based on 31 reviews . Box Office ( edit ) The film opened third behind District 9 and G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra , grossing $19.2 million on its opening weekend . Grossing $101,229,792 worldwide ( over $63,000,000 of which was grossed in the United States ) on a $39,000,000 budget , the film was a financial success . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on February 9 , 2010 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Time Traveler 's Wife ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Review : The Time Traveler 's Wife '' . Entertainment Weekly . # 1061 / 1062 . p. 94 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ; Dave McNary ( 2007 - 04 - 17 ) . `` New Line finds its cast on ' Time ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Justin Strout ( 2009 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Beyond The Cape '' . San Antonio Current . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Fred Topel ( 2009 - 03 - 27 ) . `` How Eric Bana 's shaved Trek head held up Time Traveler 's Wife '' . Sci Fi Wire . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Spotlight on Rachel McAdams '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) . `` The Time Traveler 's Wife Will Finally See Release in August '' . / Film . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Livingston married to NL 's ' Wife ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood star on the rise Canadian actress Jane McLean hits the big screen in the upcoming drama The Time Traveler 's Wife '' . Tribute.ca . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Suzanne ( June 3 , 2008 ) Actress Michelle Nolden Recalls ' Time Travelling ' With Eric Bana , Citynews.ca Toronto television station Jump up ^ Dave McNary , `` Rubin rewriting ' Time ' '' , Variety ( January 2 , 2007 ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( 2007 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Rubin rewriting ' Time ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Audrey Niffenegger '' . Chicagoist. 2007 - 05 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ James Cowan , `` Niffenegger 's first book , and it 's about time '' , National Post ( December 3 , 2003 ) . LexisNexis ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Feud for thought '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Borys Kit ; Nicole Sperling ( 2006 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Schwentke finds time for NL 's ' Wife ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Van Sant Helming Time Traveler 's Wife '' . ComingSoon.net. 2005 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic film : In production '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database -- List of Films shot in Hamilton , Ontario '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Carl DiOrio , `` Warners moves up ' Traveler 's '' , The Hollywood Reporter ( March 16 , 2009 ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dan Goldwasser ( 2008 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Mychael Danna scores The Time Traveler 's Wife '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Clemmensen , Christian . `` The Time Taveler 's Wife '' . Filmtracks.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Time Traveler 's Wife ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Time Traveler 's Wife Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( 2009 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Box Office Report : District 9 conquers competition with $37 million '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ ASIN B001HN69C2 , The Time Traveler 's Wife ( 2009 ) External links ( edit ) Film portal The Time Traveler 's Wife on IMDb The Time Traveler 's Wife at AllMovie The Time Traveler 's Wife at Box Office Mojo The Time Traveler 's Wife at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Robert Schwentke Tattoo ( 2002 ) Eierdiebe ( 2003 ) Flightplan ( 2005 ) The Time Traveler 's Wife ( 2009 ) Red ( 2010 ) R.I.P.D. ( 2013 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) The Captain ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Time_Traveler%27s_Wife_(film)&oldid=832872899 '' Categories : English - language films 2009 films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic fantasy films 2000s science fiction films American films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films Films based on American novels Films based on romance novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Robert Schwentke Films set in Chicago Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1990s Films shot in Chicago Films shot in Hamilton , Ontario Films shot in Toronto Plan B Entertainment films Screenplays by Bruce Joel Rubin Teleportation in films Time travel films Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 13 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Time%20Traveler%2527s%20Wife%20%28film%29
| 1,029 |
commonly used as a preservative for tissue specimens
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By far the most commonly used fixative in histology is formaldehyde . It is usually used as a 10 % neutral buffered formalin ( NBF ) , that is approx . 3.7 % - 4.0 % formaldehyde in phosphate - buffered saline . Because formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature , formalin - formaldehyde gas dissolved in water ( ~ 37 % w / v ) is used when making the former fixative . Paraformaldehyde is a polymerized form of formaldehyde , usually obtained as a fine white powder , which depolymerises back to formalin when heated . Formaldehyde fixes tissue by cross-linking the proteins , primarily the residues of the basic amino acid lysine . Its effects are reversible by excess water and it avoids formalin pigmentation . Other benefits include : Long term storage and good tissue penetration . It is particularly good for immunohistochemistry techniques . Also the formaldehyde vapor can be used as a fixative for cell smears .
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formaldehyde
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Fixation ( histology )
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fixation ( histology )
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In the fields of histology , pathology , and cell biology , fixation is a critical step in the preparation of histological sections by which biological tissues are preserved from decay , thereby preventing autolysis or putrefaction . The structure of a tissue is determined by the shapes and sizes of macromolecules in and around cells . The principal macromolecules inside a cell are proteins and nucleic acids . Fixation terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions , and may also increase the mechanical strength or stability of the treated tissues . The broad objective of tissue fixation is to preserve cells and tissue components and to do this in such a way as to allow for the preparation of thin , stained sections .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Purposes 2 Process 3 Types 4 Chemical fixation 5 Types of chemical fixatives 5.1 Crosslinking fixatives - aldehydes 5.2 Precipitating fixatives - alcohols 5.3 Oxidizing agents 5.4 Mercurials 5.5 Picrates 5.6 HOPE fixative 6 Frozen sections 6.1 Advantages 6.2 Disadvantages 7 Target and chemical fixative do 's and don'ts 8 Factors affecting fixation 8.1 Acidity or basicity 8.2 Osmolarity 8.3 Size of the specimen 8.4 Volume of the fixative 8.5 Temperature 8.6 Duration 8.7 Time from removal to fixation 9 External links 10 References Purposes ( edit ) In performing their protective role , fixatives denature proteins by coagulation , by forming additive compounds , or by a combination of coagulation and additive processes . A compound that adds chemically to macromolecules stabilizes structure most effectively if it is able to combine with parts of two different macromolecules , an effect known as cross-linking . Fixation of tissue is done for several reasons . One reason is to kill the tissue so that postmortem decay ( autolysis and putrefaction ) is prevented . Fixation preserves a sample of biological material ( tissue or cells ) as close to its natural state as possible in the process of preparing tissue for examination . To achieve this , several conditions usually must be met . First , a fixative usually acts to disable intrinsic biomolecules -- particularly proteolytic enzymes -- which otherwise digest or damage the sample . Second , a fixative typically protects a sample from extrinsic damage . Fixatives are toxic to most common microorganisms ( bacteria in particular ) that might exist in a tissue sample or which might otherwise colonize the fixed tissue . In addition , many fixatives chemically alter the fixed material to make it less palatable ( either indigestible or toxic ) to opportunistic microorganisms . Finally , fixatives often alter the cells or tissues on a molecular level to increase their mechanical strength or stability . This increased strength and rigidity can help preserve the morphology ( shape and structure ) of the sample as it is processed for further analysis . Even the most careful fixation does alter the sample and introduce artifacts that can interfere with interpretation of cellular ultrastructure . A prominent example is the bacterial mesosome , which was thought to be an organelle in gram - positive bacteria in the 1970s , but was later shown by new techniques developed for electron microscopy to be simply an artifact of chemical fixation . Standardization of fixation and other tissue processing procedures takes this introduction of artifacts into account , by establishing what procedures introduce which kinds of artifacts . Researchers who know what types of artifacts to expect with each tissue type and processing technique can accurately interpret sections with artifacts , or choose techniques that minimize artifacts in areas of interest . Process ( edit ) Fixation is usually the first stage in a multistep process to prepare a sample of biological material for microscopy or other analysis . Therefore , the choice of fixative and fixation protocol may depend on the additional processing steps and final analyses that are planned . For example , immunohistochemistry uses antibodies that bind to a specific protein target . Prolonged fixation can chemically mask these targets and prevent antibody binding . In these cases , a ' quick fix ' method using cold formalin for around 24 hours is typically used . Methanol ( 100 % ) can also be used for quick fixation , and that time can vary depending on the biological material . For example , MDA - MB 231 human breast cancer cells can be fixed for only 3 minutes with cold methanol ( - 20 ° C ) . For enzyme localization studies , the tissues should either be pre-fixed lightly only , or post-fixed after the enzyme activity product has formed . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Types ( edit ) There are generally three types of fixation processes depending on the initial specimen : Heat fixation : After a smear has dried at room temperature , the slide is gripped by tongs or a clothespin and passed through the flame of a Bunsen burner several times to heat - kill and adhere the organism to the slide . Routinely used with bacteria and archaea . Heat fixation generally preserves overall morphology but not internal structures . Heat denatures the proteolytic enzyme and prevents autolysis . Heat fixation can not be used in the capsular stain method as heat fixation will shrink or destroy the capsule ( glycocalyx ) and can not be seen in stains . Immersion : The sample of tissue is immersed in fixative solution of volume at a minimum of 20 times greater than the volume of the tissue to be fixed . The fixative must diffuse through the tissue to fix , so tissue size and density , as well as type of fixative must be considered . This is a common technique for cellular applications . Using a larger sample means it takes longer for the fixative to reach the deeper tissue . Perfusion : Fixation via blood flow . The fixative is injected into the heart with the injection volume matching cardiac output . The fixative spreads through the entire body , and the tissue does n't die until it is fixed . This has the advantage of preserving perfect morphology , but the disadvantages are that the subject dies and the cost of the volume of fixative needed for larger organisms is high . Chemical fixation ( edit ) In both immersion and perfusion fixation processes , chemical fixatives are used to preserve structures in a state ( both chemically and structurally ) as close to living tissue as possible . This requires a chemical fixative . Types of chemical fixatives ( edit ) Crosslinking fixatives - aldehydes ( edit ) Crosslinking fixatives act by creating covalent chemical bonds between proteins in tissue . This anchors soluble proteins to the cytoskeleton , and lends additional rigidity to the tissue . By far the most commonly used fixative in histology is formaldehyde . It is usually used as a 10 % neutral buffered formalin ( NBF ) , that is approx . 3.7 % - 4.0 % formaldehyde in phosphate - buffered saline . Because formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature , formalin - formaldehyde gas dissolved in water ( ~ 37 % w / v ) is used when making the former fixative . Paraformaldehyde is a polymerized form of formaldehyde , usually obtained as a fine white powder , which depolymerises back to formalin when heated . Formaldehyde fixes tissue by cross-linking the proteins , primarily the residues of the basic amino acid lysine . Its effects are reversible by excess water and it avoids formalin pigmentation . Other benefits include : Long term storage and good tissue penetration . It is particularly good for immunohistochemistry techniques . Also the formaldehyde vapor can be used as a fixative for cell smears . Another popular aldehyde for fixation is glutaraldehyde . It operates in a similar way to formaldehyde by causing deformation of the alpha - helix structures in proteins . However glutaraldehyde is a larger molecule , and so its rate of diffusion across membranes is slower than formaldehyde . Consequently , glutaraldehyde fixation on thicker tissue samples may be hampered , but this problem can be overcome by reducing the size of the tissue sample . One of the advantages of glutaraldehyde fixation is that it may offer a more rigid or tightly linked fixed product -- its greater length and two aldehyde groups allow it to ' bridge ' and link more distant pairs of protein molecules . It causes rapid and irreversible changes , fixes quickly , is well suited for electron microscopy , fixes well at 4 C , and gives best overall cytoplasmic and nuclear detail . However it is not ideal for immunohistochemistry staining . Some fixation protocols call for a combination of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde so that their respective strengths complement one another . These crosslinking fixatives -- especially formaldehyde -- tend to preserve the secondary structure of proteins and may protect significant amounts of tertiary structure as well . Precipitating fixatives - alcohols ( edit ) Precipitating ( or denaturing ) fixatives act by reducing the solubility of protein molecules and ( often ) by disrupting the hydrophobic interactions that give many proteins their tertiary structure . The precipitation and aggregation of proteins is a very different process from the crosslinking that occurs with the aldehyde fixatives . The most common precipitating fixatives are ethanol and methanol . They are commonly used to fix frozen sections and smears . Acetone is also used and has been shown to produce better histological preservation than frozen sections when employed in the Acetone Methylbenzoate Xylene ( AMEX ) technique . The protein denaturants - methanol , ethanol and acetone - are rarely used alone for fixing blocks unless studying nucleic acids . Acetic acid is a denaturant that is sometimes used in combination with the other precipitating fixatives , such as Davidson 's AFA . The alcohols , by themselves , are known to cause considerable shrinkage and hardening of tissue during fixation while acetic acid alone is associated with tissue swelling ; combining the two may result in better preservation of tissue morphology . Oxidizing Agents ( edit ) The oxidizing fixatives can react with various side chains of proteins and other biomolecules , allowing formation of crosslinks that stabilize tissue structure . However they cause extensive denaturation despite preserving fine cell structure and are used mainly as secondary fixatives . Osmium tetroxide is often used as a secondary fixative when samples are prepared for electron microscopy . ( It is not used for light microscopy as it penetrates thick sections of tissue very poorly . ) Potassium dichromate , chromic acid , and potassium permanganate all find use in certain specific histological preparations . Mercurials ( edit ) Mercurials such as B - 5 and Zenker 's fixative have an unknown mechanism that increases staining brightness and give excellent nuclear detail . Despite being fast , mercurials penetrate poorly and produce tissue shrinkage . Their best application is for fixation of hematopoietic and reticuloendothelial tissues . Also note that since they contain mercury care must be taken with disposal . Picrates ( edit ) Picrates penetrate tissue well to react with histones and basic proteins to form crystalline picrates with amino acids and precipitate all proteins . It is a good fixative for connective tissue , preserves glycogen well , and extracts lipids to give superior results to formaldehyde in immunostaining of biogenic and polypeptide hormones However , it causes a loss of basophils unless the specimen is thoroughly washed following fixation . HOPE fixative ( edit ) Hepes - glutamic acid buffer - mediated organic solvent protection effect ( HOPE ) gives formalin - like morphology , excellent preservation of protein antigens for immunohistochemistry and enzyme histochemistry , good RNA and DNA yields and absence of crosslinking proteins . Frozen sections ( edit ) Small pieces of tissue ( 5 × 5 × 3mm ) are placed in a cryoprotective embedding medium -- OCT , TBS , or cryogel -- then snap frozen in isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen . Tissue is then sectioned in a freezing microtome or cryostat and sections are fixed in one of the following fixatives : absolute acetone for 10 -- 15 seconds 95 % ethanol for 10 -- 15 seconds absolute acetone 10 seconds followed by 95 % ethanol for 10 seconds . Advantages ( edit ) Better preservation of antigenicity Minimal exposure to fixative Not exposed to the organic solvents Much faster than other forms of fixations Disadvantages ( edit ) Lack of morphological detail Potential biohazard Target and chemical fixative do 's and don'ts ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( September 2013 ) Target Fixative of choice Fixative to avoid Proteins Neutral buffered formalin , paraformaldehyde Osmium tetroxide Enzymes Frozen sections Chemical fixatives Lipids Frozen sections * , glutaraldehyde / osmium tetroxide Alcoholic fixatives , neutral buffered formalin Nucleic acids Alcoholic fixatives , HOPE Aldehyde fixatives Mucopolysaccharides Frozen sections Chemical fixatives Biogenic amines Bouin solution , neutral buffered formalin Glycogen Alcoholic based fixatives Osmium tetroxide Frozen sections preserve RNA and Lipids despite poor morphology . Compare to paraffin sections , synonymous to chemical fixatives in the table , which destroy RNA and affect some antigens BUT give good morphology . ~ A picrate Factors affecting fixation ( edit ) Acidity or basicity ( edit ) Should be kept in the physiological range , between pH 4 - 9 . The pH for the ultrastructure preservation should be buffered between 7.2 to 7.4 Osmolarity ( edit ) Hypertonic solutions give rise to cell shrinkage . Hypotonic solutions result in cell swelling and poor fixation . 10 % neutral buffer formalin is 4 % formaldehyde ( 1.33 osmolar ) in PBS buffer ( 0.3 osmolar ) sums to 1.63 osmolar . This is a very hypertonic solution yet it has worked well as a general tissue fixation condition for many years in pathology labs . The size of tissue can also affect the fixation process . Size of the specimen ( edit ) 1 -- 4 mm thickness ( 0.5 cm ) Volume of the fixative ( edit ) At least 15 - 20 times greater than tissue volume Temperature ( edit ) Increasing the temperature increases speed of fixation . However , care is required to avoid cooking the specimen . Fixation is routinely carried out at room temperature . Duration ( edit ) As a general rule , 1 hour per millimetre of tissue paraformaldehyde ( PFA ) must penetrate . So if we have a three - dimensional tissue block , it is the shortest dimension that determines fixation time . Time from removal to fixation ( edit ) Fixation is a chemical process , and time must be allowed for the process to complete . Although `` over fixation '' can be detrimental , under - fixation has recently been appreciated as a significant problem and may be responsible for inappropriate results for some assays . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Fixation ( histology ) Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Fixing specimens for making permanent slides Fixation strategies and formulations for immunohistochemical staining References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carson , Freida L ; Christa Hladik ( 2009 ) . Histotechnology : A Self - Instructional Text ( 3 ed . ) . Hong Kong : American Society for Clinical Pathology Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89189 - 581 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ryter A ( 1988 ) . `` Contribution of new cryomethods to a better knowledge of bacterial anatomy '' . Ann . Inst . Pasteur Microbiol. 139 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 44 . doi : 10.1016 / 0769 - 2609 ( 88 ) 90095 - 6 . PMID 3289587 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , CL ; D Moyles ; TJ Beveridge ; REW Hancock ( 2000 ) . `` Antibacterial Action of Structurally Diverse Cationic Peptides on Gram - Positive Bacteria '' . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 44 ( 8 ) : 2086 -- 2092 . doi : 10.1128 / AAC. 44.8. 2086 - 2092.2000 . PMC 90018 . PMID 10898680 . Jump up ^ http://microvet.arizona.edu/research/aquapath/davidson.htm Davidson 's AFA formulation at University of Arizona , Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology website ( accessed , Feb. 22 , 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fixation_(histology)&oldid=810183826 '' Categories : Pathology Histology Biotechnology Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2013 All articles needing rewrite Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 20 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation%20%28histology%29
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who won the first game of final four
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NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament
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ncaa division i men's basketball tournament
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The NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament , also informally known and branded as NCAA March Madness , is a single - elimination tournament played each spring in the United States , currently featuring 68 college basketball teams from the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , to determine the national championship . The tournament was created in 1939 by the National Association of Basketball Coaches , and was the idea of The Ohio State University coach Harold Olsen . Played mostly during March , it has become one of the most famous annual sporting events in the United States .
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The tournament teams include champions from 32 Division I conferences ( which receive automatic bids ) , and 36 teams which are awarded at - large berths . These `` at - large '' teams are chosen by an NCAA selection committee , then announced in a nationally televised event on the Sunday preceding the `` First Four '' play - in games , currently held in Dayton , Ohio , and dubbed Selection Sunday . The 68 teams are divided into four regions and organized into a single - elimination `` bracket '' , which pre-determines , when a team wins a game , which team it will face next . Each team is `` seeded '' , or ranked , within its region from 1 to 16 . After the First Four , the tournament occurs during the course of three weekends , at pre-selected neutral sites across the United States . Teams , seeded by rank , proceed through a single - game elimination bracket beginning with a `` first four '' consisting of 8 low - seeded teams playing in 4 games for a position in the first round the Tuesday and Wednesday before the first round begins , a first round consisting of 64 teams playing in 32 games over the course of a week , the `` Sweet Sixteen '' and `` Elite Eight '' rounds the next week and weekend , respectively , and -- for the last weekend of the tournament -- the `` Final Four '' round . The Final Four is usually played during the first weekend of April . These four teams , one from each region ( East , South , Midwest , and West ) , compete in a preselected location for the national championship . The tournament has been at least partially televised since 1969 . Currently , the games are broadcast by CBS , TBS , TNT , and truTV under the trade - name NCAA March Madness . Since 2011 , all games are available for viewing nationwide and internationally , such as in the Philippines and Canada . As television coverage has grown , so too has the tournament 's popularity . Currently , millions of Americans fill out a bracket , attempting to correctly predict the outcome of 63 games of the tournament ( not including the First Four games ) With 11 national titles , UCLA has the record for the most NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championships ; John Wooden coached UCLA to 10 of its 11 titles . The University of Kentucky ( UK ) is second , with eight national titles . The University of North Carolina is third , with six national titles , and Duke University and Indiana University are tied for fourth with five national titles . The University of Connecticut is sixth with four national titles . The University of Kansas ( KU ) & Villanova are tied for 7th with three national titles . Since 1985 , when the tournament expanded to 64 teams , Duke has won five championships ; North Carolina and Connecticut have each won four ; Kentucky & Villanova have three ; Kansas & Florida have two ; and UCLA , Indiana , Michigan State , Louisville have one . During that time Villanova , Michigan , UNLV , Duke , Arkansas , Arizona , Connecticut , Maryland , Syracuse , and Florida all won their first championships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current tournament format 1.1 Qualifying 1.2 Regions 1.2. 1 Seeding and bracket 1.2. 2 Venues 1.3 Rounds 1.3. 1 First Four 1.3. 2 First and Second Rounds 1.3. 3 Regional semifinals and finals 1.3. 4 Final Four 2 Winners and appearances 2.1 Titles by year 2.2 Titles by school 2.3 Mid-major teams 2.3. 1 Defunct conferences and independents 2.4 Tournament droughts 3 Evolution of the Tournament 3.1 Expansion of field 3.2 Seeding history and statistics 3.2. 1 # 1 seeds by year and region 3.2. 2 Number of # 1 seeds by school 3.3 Venues 3.3. 1 Stadium size and domes 3.4 Other changes 3.4. 1 Bids per conferences 3.4. 2 Consolation games 3.4. 3 Play - In games 3.4. 4 Play - In round naming 3.4. 5 Pod system 3.4. 6 National Semifinal seeding 3.5 Other notes 3.5. 1 Home court advantage 3.5. 2 Flag controversy 3.5. 3 House Bill 2 4 Rituals and influence 4.1 Cutting down the nets 4.2 Team awards 4.3 Most Outstanding Player 4.4 Influence on the NBA draft 5 Television coverage and revenues 5.1 Current television contracts 5.2 History of television coverage 5.2. 1 Early broadcast coverage 5.2. 2 ESPN & CBS share coverage 5.2. 3 CBS takes over 5.2. 4 Viewing options emerge 5.2. 5 HDTV coverage 5.3 International broadcasts 6 Tournament statistics 6.1 Low seeded teams 6.1. 1 Most successful low seeds 6.1. 2 Best performances by No. 16 seeds 6.1. 3 Additional low - seed stats 6.1. 4 Notable point spread upsets 6.2 Highly seeded teams 6.2. 1 All No. 1 seeds in the Final Four 6.2. 2 Final Fours without a No. 1 seed 6.2. 3 No. 1 seeds in the Championship Game 6.2. 4 Additional No. 1 seed stats 6.2. 5 Teams No. 1 in national polls 6.2. 6 Performance of undefeated teams 6.2. 7 Undefeated teams not in the tournament 6.2. 8 Champions absent the next year 6.3 Coaches 6.3. 1 Most national championships 6.3. 2 National championships among active coaches 6.3. 3 Schools winning a national championship under multiple coaches 6.3. 4 Most teams from different schools taken to the Final Four 6.4 Point differentials 6.4. 1 Championship victory margins 6.4. 2 Accumulated victory margins 6.5 Seed pairing results 6.5. 1 Round of 64 results 6.5. 2 Round of 32 results 6.5. 3 Round of 16 results 6.5. 4 Regional finals results 7 Host cities 8 Popular culture 8.1 Bracketology and pools 8.2 Tournament associated terms 8.2. 1 March Madness 8.2. 2 Sweet Sixteen 8.2. 3 Final Four 8.2. 4 Cinderella team 9 References Current tournament format ( edit ) A ticket from the 1988 tournament held in Kansas City , Missouri The NCAA has changed the tournament format several times since its inception , most often representing an increase of the number of teams . This section describes the tournament as it has operated since 2011 . Qualifying ( edit ) A total of 68 teams qualify for the tournament played during March and April . Thirty - two teams earn automatic bids as their respective conference champions . Of the 32 Division I `` all - sports '' conferences ( defined as those that sponsor men 's and women 's basketball ) , all 32 currently hold championship tournaments to determine which team receives the automatic qualification . The Ivy League was the last Division I conference that did not conduct a tournament ; through the 2015 -- 16 season , it awarded its tournament berth to the regular - season champion . If two or more Ivies shared a regular - season championship , a one - game playoff ( or series of such playoffs ) was used to decide the tournament participant . Since 2017 , the league conducts their own postseason tournament . The remaining 36 tournament slots are granted to at - large bids , which are determined by the Selection Committee in a nationally televised event on the Sunday preceding the First Four play - in tournament and dubbed Selection Sunday by the media and fans , by a group primarily of conference commissioners and school athletic directors who are appointed into service by the NCAA . The committee also determines where all sixty - eight teams are seeded and placed in the bracket . Regions ( edit ) The tournament is divided into four regions and each region has at least sixteen teams , but four additional teams are added per the decision of the Selection Committee . ( See : First Four , below . ) The committee is charged with making each of the four regions as close as possible in overall quality of teams from wherever they come from . The names of the regions vary from year to year , and are broadly geographic ( such as `` West '' , `` South '' , `` East '' , and `` Midwest '' ) . From 1957 to 1984 , the `` Mideast '' , roughly corresponding to the Southeastern region of the United States , designation was used . From 1985 to 1998 , the Mideast region was known as `` Southeast '' and again changed to `` South '' starting from 1999 . The selected names roughly correspond to the location of the four cities hosting the regional finals . From 2004 to 2006 , the regions were named after their host cities , e.g. the Phoenix Regional in 2004 , the Chicago Regional in 2005 , and the Minneapolis Regional in 2006 , but reverted to the traditional geographic designations beginning in 2007 . For example , during 2012 , the regions were named South ( Atlanta , Georgia ) , East ( Boston , Massachusetts ) , Midwest ( St. Louis , Missouri ) , and West ( Phoenix , Arizona ) . Seeding and bracket ( edit ) Further information : NCAA basketball tournament selection process The selection committee ranks the whole field of 68 teams from 1 to 68 . ( It did not make this information public until 2012 . ) The committee then divides the teams amongst the regions . The top four teams will be distributed among the four regions , and each will receive a No. 1 seed within that region . The next four ranked teams will then be distributed among the four regions , each receiving a No. 2 seed in their region , and the process continues down the line , with some exceptions ( as is explained below ) . Carried to its logical conclusion , this would give each region seventeen teams -- seeded from No. 1 to No. 17 -- but , each region has only sixteen teams ( from No. 1 to No. 16 ) . As can be seen below , the actual seeding depends on ( among other factors ) the rankings of the eight teams that the committee selects for the `` First Four '' opening round ( see the next paragraph and the `` First Four '' section below ) . The selection committee is also instructed to place teams so that whenever possible , teams from the same conference can not meet until the regional finals . Additionally , it is also instructed to avoid any possible rematches of regular - season or previous year 's tournament games during the First and Second rounds . Further restrictions are listed in the Venues section below . To comply with these other requirements , the selection committee may move one or several teams up or down one seed from their respective original seed line . Thus , for example , the 40th overall ranked team , originally slated to be a No. 10 seed within a particular region , may instead be moved up to a No. 9 seed or moved down to a No. 11 seed . In addition , the rankings of the eight teams selected for the `` First Four '' play - in round will likewise affect the final seedlings . The bracket is thus established , and during the semifinals , the champion of the top - ranked number 1 seed 's region will play against the champion of the fourth - ranked number 1 seed 's region , and the champion of the second - ranked number 1 seed 's region will play against the champion of the third - ranked number 1 seed 's region . Venues ( edit ) In the men 's tournament , all sites are nominally neutral : teams are prohibited from playing tournament games on their home courts prior to the Final Four ( though in some cases , a team may be fortunate enough to play in or near its home state or city ) . By current NCAA rules , any court on which a team hosts more than three regular - season games ( in other words , not including conference tournament games ) is considered a `` home court '' . The exception to this rule is the University of Dayton , which would be allowed to play a game in the `` First Four '' round in their home arena as they did in 2015 . However , while a team can be moved to a different region if its home court is being used during any of the first two weeks of the tournament , the Final Four venue is determined years in advance , and can not be changed regardless of participants . For this reason a team could potentially play in a Final Four on its home court , though this is unlikely , since the Final Four is staged at venues larger than most college basketball arenas . ( The most recent team to play the Final Four in its home city was Butler during 2010 ; its home court then seated only 10,000 , as opposed to the 70,000 - plus capacity of Lucas Oil Stadium , the Final Four venue . ) Rounds ( edit ) The tournament consists of several rounds . They are currently named , in order of first to last : The First Four The First Round ( the Round of 64 ) The Second Round ( the Round of 32 ) The Regional Semi-finals ( participating teams are known popularly as the `` Sweet Sixteen '' ) The Regional Finals ( participating teams are known commonly as the `` Elite Eight '' ) The National Semi-finals ( participating teams are referred to officially as the `` Final Four '' ) The National Championship The tournament is single - elimination , which increases the chance of an underdog and lower - seeded `` Cinderella team '' advancing to subsequent rounds . Although these lower - ranked teams are forced to play stronger teams , they need only one win to advance ( instead of needing to win a majority of games in a series , as in professional basketball ) . First Four ( edit ) Main article : First Four The University of Dayton Arena , which has hosted all First Four games since the round 's inception in 2011 , as well as its precursor , the single `` play - in '' game held from 2001 to 2010 . As of 2018 , the arena has hosted 119 tournament games , the most of any venue . First held during 2011 , the First Four are games between the four lowest - ranked at - large teams and the four lowest - ranked automatic - bid ( conference - champion ) teams . First Four At - large seeds Note : Each year , the four lowest - ranked at - large teams compete in two of the First Four games . The two winners then receive a No. 11 , 12 , 13 , or 14 seed in one of the regions . The table below shows the years in which each of those four seeds were claimed by one of the two at - large winners . Seed Count Years 11 11 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ( 2 ) , 2016 ( 2 ) , 2017 ( 2 ) , 2018 ( 2 ) 12 2011 , 2012 , 2014 13 2013 14 2012 First and second rounds ( edit ) During the First Round ( the Round of 64 ) , the No. 1 seed plays the No. 16 seed in all regions ; the No. 2 team plays the No. 15 , and so on . The effect of this seeding structure ensures that the better a team is ranked ( and therefore seeded ) , the worse - ranked ( and presumably weaker ) their opponents will be . Sixteen first - round games are played on the Thursday following the `` First Four '' round . The remaining sixteen first - round games are played Friday . At this point the contestants are reduced to 32 teams . The Second Round ( the Round of 32 ) is played on Saturday and Sunday immediately after the first round . The second round consists of Thursday 's winners playing in eight games on Saturday , followed by Friday 's winners playing in the remaining eight second - round games on Sunday . Thus , after the first weekend , 16 teams remain , commonly known as the `` Sweet Sixteen . '' Regional semifinals and finals ( edit ) The teams that are still competing after the first weekend advance to the regional semifinals ( the Sweet Sixteen ) and finals ( the Elite Eight ) , which are played during the second weekend of the tournament ( again , the games are split into Thursday / Saturday and Friday / Sunday ) . Four regional semi-final games are played Thursday and four are played Friday . After Friday 's games , 8 teams ( the Elite Eight ) remain . Saturday features two regional final games matching Thursday 's winners and Sunday 's two final games match Friday 's winners . After the second weekend of the tournament , the four regional champions are the `` Final Four . '' Final Four ( edit ) Main article : NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four appearances by school The winners of each region advance to the Final Four , where the national semifinals are played on Saturday and the national championship is played on Monday . As is noted above , which regional champion will play which , and in which semifinal they play , is determined by the overall rankings of the four No. 1 seeds in the original bracket , not on the ranks of the eventual Final Four teams themselves . Winners and appearances ( edit ) Titles by year ( edit ) Main article : List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball champions Titles by school ( edit ) UCLA Kentucky North Carolina Duke Indiana UConn Kansas Louisville S.F. Villanova Florida NC State Oklahoma State Cincinnati Michigan State Arkansas Holy Cross La Salle Loyola Marquette UTEP Arizona UNLV Stanford California Georgetown Maryland Ohio State Utah CCNY Wyoming Michigan Syracuse Wisconsin Oregon Schools that have won the NCAA Championship -- 11 championships , -- 8 championships , -- 6 championships , -- 5 championships , -- 4 championships , -- 3 championships , -- 2 championships , -- 1 championship The following is a list of all schools that have won at least one NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament , along with the year ( s ) in which they won their championship ( s ) . For non-NCAA championships claimed by schools , see National Invitation Tournament , Helms Athletic Foundation , and Mythical national championship . School Titles Years UCLA 11 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 Kentucky 8 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 North Carolina 6 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Duke 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Villanova 1985 , 2016 , 2018 Cincinnati 1961 , 1962 Florida 2006 , 2007 Louisville * 1980 , 1986 Michigan State 1979 , 2000 NC State 1974 , 1983 Oklahoma State 1945 , 1946 San Francisco 1955 , 1956 Arizona 1997 Arkansas 1994 California 1959 CCNY 1950 Georgetown 1984 Holy Cross 1947 La Salle 1954 Loyola - Chicago 1963 Marquette 1977 Maryland 2002 Michigan 1989 Ohio State 1960 Oregon 1939 UNLV 1990 Stanford 1942 Syracuse 2003 UTEP 1966 Utah 1944 Wisconsin 1941 Wyoming 1943 * 2013 title vacated by NCAA . Mid-major teams ( edit ) Mid-major teams -- which are defined , as of 2018 , as teams from the America East Conference ( America East ) , Atlantic Sun Conference ( ASUN ) , Big Sky Conference ( Big Sky ) , Big South Conference ( Big South ) , Big West Conference ( Big West ) , Colonial Athletic Conference ( CAA ) , Conference USA ( C - USA ) , Horizon League ( Horizon ) , Ivy League ( Ivy ) , Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) , Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) , Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) , Missouri Valley Conference ( MVC ) , Mountain West Conference ( MW ) , Northeast Conference ( NEC ) , Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) , Patriot League ( Patriot ) , Southern Conference ( SoCon ) , Southland Conference ( Southland ) , Southwest Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) , Summit League ( Summit ) , Sun Belt Conference ( Sun Belt ) , West Coast Conference ( WCC ) , and the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) -- have experienced success in the tournament at various times . The last time , as of 2018 , a mid-major team won the National Championship was 1990 when UNLV won with a 103 - 73 win over Duke , since UNLV was then a member of the Big West and since 2011 has been a member of the MW ; the Big West was not then considered a power conference , nor is the MW today . The last time , as of 2018 , an independent mid-major team won the National Championship was 1977 when Marquette won with a 67 - 59 win over North Carolina . However , at the time , a significant minority of NCAA Division I schools were still independents , with several of these , including Marquette , being traditional basketball powers . ( Marquette is now a member of the Big East Conference , the one non-football league that is universally considered a major basketball conference . ) The last time , as of the present day , a mid-major team from a small media market ( defined as a market out of the top 25 television markets in the United States in 2018 ) won the National Championship was arguably 1962 when Cincinnati , then in the MVC , won 71 -- 59 over Ohio State of the Big Ten , since Cincinnati 's TV market is listed 35th in the nation as of 2018 . However , there was much less of a division between `` major '' and `` mid-major '' conferences in 1962 . The last time the Final Four was composed , as of 2018 , of at least 75 % of mid-major teams ( 3 / 4 ) , i.e. excluding all present - day major conferences or their predecessors , was 1979 , where Indiana State , then as now of the Missouri Valley Conference ; Penn , then as now in the Ivy League ; and DePaul , then an independent , participated in the Final Four , only to see Indiana State lose to Michigan State . The last time , as of 2018 , the Final Four has been composed of at least 50 % of mid-major teams ( 2 / 4 ) was 2011 , when VCU , then of the Colonial Athletic Association , and Butler , then of the Horizon League , participated in the Final Four , only to see Butler lose to Connecticut . The two most recent Final Fours have involved a single `` mid-major '' team by the definition used here -- the 2017 and 2018 tournaments , in which Gonzaga and Loyola -- Chicago were respectively involved ( although Gonzaga is arguably not a `` mid-major '' team despite its WCC membership , given that 2018 marked its 20th straight appearance in the tournament ) . To date , as of 2018 , no Final Four has been composed of 100 % mid-major teams ( 4 / 4 ) , therefore guaranteeing a mid-major team winning the National Championship . Arguably the tournament with the most mid-major success was the 1970 tournament , where the Sweet Sixteen , Elite Eight , Final Four , and National Championship Game had 63 % representation of mid-major teams in the Sweet 16 ( 10 / 16 ) , 75 % representation in the Elite 8 ( 6 / 8 ) , 75 % representation in the Final 4 ( 3 / 4 ) , and 50 % representation in the National Championship Game ( 1 / 2 ) . Jacksonville lost to UCLA in the National Championship , with New Mexico State defeating St. Bonaventure for third place . Below is a table that shows the performance of mid-major teams from the Sweet Sixteen round to the National Championship Game from 1939 -- the tournament 's first year -- to 2018 . Notes The first column is a list of every mid-major conference . For the conferences that have predecessor names , a footnote ( below the table ) lists those names and years . Opposite each conference 's name are the schools that have appeared in the tournament from the Sweet Sixteen onwards when the school was a member of the conference or a predecessor conference . Some of the conferences that are now considered mid-majors were regarded as major conferences in the past . For example : Conference USA was considered a major conference at its formation in 1995 . It arguably became a mid-major in 2005 , when several of its more prominent teams left for the Big East Conference , and unquestionably became a mid-major during the early - 2010s realignment cycle . The WAC was considered a major conference until 1999 , when 8 of its 16 members left to form the Mountain West Conference . The MW was considered a major basketball conference until 2011 , when two of its most prominent basketball programs ( BYU and Utah ) left for other conferences ( West Coast Conference and Pac - 12 , respectively ) . Mid-Major Conference Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four Championship Game National Champion America East - - - - - ASUN Florida Gulf Coast ( 2013 ) - - - - Big Sky Weber State ( 1969 , 1972 ) , Montana ( 1975 ) , Idaho ( 1982 ) Idaho State ( 1977 ) - - - Big South - - - - - Big West Long Beach State ( 1973 ) , UNLV ( 1975 , 1976 , 1984 , 1986 ) , Fresno State ( 1982 ) , New Mexico State ( 1992 ) Long Beach State ( 1972 ) , Cal State Fullerton ( 1978 ) , UNLV ( 1989 ) UNLV ( 1977 , 1987 , 1991 ) - UNLV ( 1990 ) CAA Navy ( 1986 ) , Richmond ( 1988 ) - George Mason ( 2006 ) , VCU ( 2011 ) - C - USA Louisville ( 1996 ) , Cincinnati ( 2001 ) , UAB ( 2004 ) , Memphis ( 2009 ) Cincinnati ( 1996 ) , Louisville ( 1997 ) , Memphis ( 2006 , 2007 ) Marquette ( 2003 ) , Louisville ( 2005 ) Memphis ( 2008 ) - Horizon Loyola ( Chicago ) ( 1985 ) , Butler ( 2003 , 2007 , 2017 ) , Milwaukee ( 2005 ) - - Butler ( 2010 , 2011 ) - Ivy Princeton ( 1967 ) , Columbia ( 1968 ) , Cornell ( 2010 ) Dartmouth ( 1958 ) Princeton ( 1965 ) , Penn ( 1979 ) - - MAAC - - - - - MAC Bowling Green ( 1963 ) , Central Michigan ( 1975 ) , Western Michigan ( 1976 ) , Toledo ( 1979 ) , Ball State ( 1990 ) , Eastern Michigan ( 1991 ) , Miami ( Ohio ) ( 1999 ) , Ohio ( 2012 ) Ohio ( 1964 ) , Kent State ( 2002 ) - - - MEAC - - - - - MVC Saint Louis ( 1957 ) , Cincinnati ( 1958 , 1966 ) , Creighton ( 1962 , 1964 , 1974 ) , Tulsa ( 1994 , 1995 ) , Southwest Missouri State ( 1999 ) , Southern Illinois ( 2002 , 2007 ) , Wichita State ( 2006 , 2015 ) , Bradley ( 2006 ) , Northern Iowa ( 2010 ) Creighton ( 1941 ) , Saint Louis ( 1952 ) , Bradley ( 1955 ) , Wichita State ( 1964 , 1981 ) , Drake ( 1970 , 1971 ) Oklahoma A&M ( 1949 ) , Cincinnati ( 1960 ) , Wichita State ( 1965 , 2013 ) , Drake ( 1969 ) , Loyola - Chicago ( 2018 ) Bradley ( 1950 , 1954 ) , Cincinnati ( 1963 ) , Indiana State ( 1979 ) Oklahoma A&M ( 1945 , 1946 ) , Cincinnati ( 1961 , 1962 ) MW Utah ( 2005 ) , UNLV ( 2007 ) , BYU ( 2011 ) , San Diego State ( 2011 , 2014 ) , Nevada ( 2018 ) - - - - NEC - - - - - OVC Morehead State ( 1961 ) , Austin Peay ( 1973 ) - - - - Patriot - - - - - SoCon East Tennessee State ( 1968 ) , Furman ( 1974 ) , VMI ( 1977 ) , Chattanooga ( 1997 ) VMI ( 1976 ) , Davidson ( 2008 ) - - - Southland Lamar ( 1980 ) , Louisiana Tech ( 1985 ) - - - - SWAC - - - - - Summit Cleveland State ( 1986 ) , Xavier ( 1990 ) , Valparaiso ( 1998 ) - - - - Sun Belt UAB ( 1982 ) , Western Kentucky ( 1993 , 2008 ) - UNC Charlotte ( 1977 ) - - WCC Santa Clara ( 1970 ) , Pacific ( 1971 ) , Pepperdine ( 1976 ) , San Francisco ( 1979 ) , Gonzaga ( 2000 , 2001 , 2006 , 2009 , 2016 , 2018 ) , St. Mary 's ( California ) ( 2010 ) St. Mary 's ( California ) ( 1959 ) , Pacific ( 1967 ) , Santa Clara ( 1969 ) , San Francisco ( 1974 ) , Loyola Marymount ( 1990 ) , Gonzaga ( 1999 , 2015 ) Santa Clara ( 1952 ) , San Francisco ( 1957 ) Gonzaga ( 2017 ) San Francisco ( 1955 , 1956 ) WAC Colorado State ( 1969 ) , New Mexico ( 1974 ) , Wyoming ( 1987 ) , Utah ( 1991 , 1996 ) , UTEP ( 1992 ) , Nevada ( 2004 ) BYU ( 1981 ) , Tulsa ( 2000 ) Utah ( 1997 ) Utah ( 1998 ) - Jump up ^ Louisville won two titles after 1985 , in 1986 and 2013 , but the NCAA vacated the 2013 title in February 2018 as a result of a 2015 sex scandal . Jump up ^ Known as the Eastern College Athletic Conference - North from 1979 to 1988 and the North Atlantic Conference from 1988 to 1996 . Jump up ^ Known as the Trans America Athletic Conference ( TAAC ) from 1978 to 2001 . Jump up ^ Known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) from 1969 to 1988 . Jump up ^ Known as the Eastern College Athletic Conference - South from 1979 to 1985 . Jump up ^ Vacated due to academic ineligibility and impermissible benefits given to Derrick Rose Jump up ^ Known as the Midwestern City Conference from 1979 to 1985 and the Midwestern Collegiate Conference from 1985 to 2001 . Jump up ^ Known as the Colonial League from 1986 to 1990 , a period in which it was a football - only conference . Jump up ^ Known as the Association of Mid-Continent Universities from 1982 to 1989 and the Mid-Continent Conference ( MCC ) until 2007 . Jump up ^ Known as the California Basketball Association from 1952 to 1956 and the West Coast Athletic Conference ( WCAC ) from 1956 to 1989 . Defunct conferences and independents ( edit ) This table shows mid-major teams that saw success in the tournament from now - defunct conferences or were independents . Mid-Major Conference Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four Championship Game National Champion Border Intercollegiate Athletic Conference New Mexico State ( 1952 ) Arizona State ( 1961 ) - - - East Coast Conference - - Saint Joseph 's ( 1981 ) - - Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League - Dartmouth ( 1941 ) - Dartmouth ( 1942 , 1944 ) - Great Midwest Conference Marquette ( 1994 ) , Memphis ( 1995 ) Memphis State ( 1992 ) , Cincinnati ( 1993 ) Cincinnati ( 1992 ) - - Metropolitan New York Conference NYU ( 1943 , 1946 , 1951 , 1962 , 1963 ) , Manhattan ( 1958 ) City College of New York ( 1947 ) NYU ( 1960 ) NYU ( 1952 ) City College of New York ( 1950 ) Middle Atlantic Conference Saint Joseph 's ( 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 ) Saint Joseph 's ( 1963 ) Saint Joseph 's ( 1961 ) - - Mountain States Conference BYU ( 1950 , 1951 , 1957 ) Wyoming ( 1941 ) Utah State ( 1939 ) - Wyoming ( 1943 ) New Jersey - New York 7 Conference - St. John 's ( 1979 ) - - - Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association - Western Kentucky ( 1940 ) - - - Southwest Conference - Rice ( 1942 ) - - - Western New York Little Three Conference Canisius ( 1957 ) Canisius ( 1955 , 1956 ) - - - Yankee Conference UConn ( 1956 , 1976 ) UConn ( 1964 ) - - - Independents Montana State ( 1951 ) , Dayton ( 1952 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 ) , DePaul ( 1953 , 1959 , 1960 , 1965 , 1976 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 ) , Seattle ( 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1964 ) , Butler ( 1962 ) , Utah State ( 1962 , 1964 ) , Niagara ( 1970 ) , Cincinnati ( 1975 ) , Detroit ( 1977 ) Brown ( 1939 ) , Springfield ( 1940 ) , Oklahoma City ( 1957 ) , Boston University ( 1959 ) , Utah State ( 1970 ) , DePaul ( 1978 , Dayton ( 1984 ) Duquesne ( 1940 ) , DePaul ( 1943 , 1979 ) , Bradley ( 1955 ) , New Mexico State ( 1970 ) , St. Bonaventure ( 1970 ) , Rutgers ( 1976 ) Bradley ( 1954 ) , La Salle ( 1955 ) , Seattle ( 1958 ) , Dayton ( 1967 ) , Jacksonville ( 1970 ) Utah ( 1944 ) , Holy Cross ( 1947 ) , La Salle ( 1954 ) , Loyola ( Chicago ) ( 1963 ) , Texas Western ( 1966 ) , Marquette ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Established in 1931 and dissolved in 1962 . Jump up ^ Established in 1958 and dissolved in 1994 . Jump up ^ Established in 1901 and dissolved in 1955 , though claimed by the Ivy League as a part of its own history . Jump up ^ Established in 1990 and merged into Conference USA in 1995 . Jump up ^ Established in 1933 and dissolved in 1963 . Jump up ^ Established in 1912 and became a Division III conference after 1974 . Jump up ^ Established in 1938 and known as the Skyline Conference from 1951 to 1962 before the conference dissolved in early 1962 . Jump up ^ Established in 1976 and dissolved in 1979 . Jump up ^ Established in 1894 and dissolved in 1942 . Jump up ^ Established in 1914 and dissolved in 1996 . Jump up ^ Established in 1946 and dissolved in 1958 . Jump up ^ Established in 1946 by former members of the New England Conference , which was founded in 1938 but never placed a team in the NCAA Tournament ; became a football - only conference in 1976 and dissolved in 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Vacated by the NCAA Tournament droughts ( edit ) List of schools with the longest time between NCAA tournament appearances ( minimum 20 - year drought ) : School Appearance Next Appearance Years Harvard 1946 2012 66 years Dartmouth 1959 - 59 years & ongoing Yale 1962 2016 54 years Tennessee Tech 1963 - 55 years & ongoing Bowling Green 1968 50 years & ongoing Columbia Seattle 1969 49 years & ongoing ( not in Division I in 29 of those years ) Rice 1970 48 years & ongoing Stanford 1942 1989 47 years Brown 1939 1986 47 years ( also 32 years & ongoing since 1987 ) Wisconsin 1947 1994 47 years Air Force 1962 42 years Iowa State 1944 1985 41 years Duquesne 1977 - 41 years & ongoing VMI Washington State 1941 1980 39 years Baylor 1950 1988 38 years Toledo 1980 - 38 years & ongoing Drake 1971 2008 37 years Portland 1959 37 years ( also 22 years & ongoing since 1997 ) Oregon 1961 1995 34 years Loyola - Chicago 1985 2018 33 years Georgetown 1943 32 years Marist - 31 years & ongoing Marshall 2018 31 years Massachusetts 1962 1992 30 years California 1960 1990 30 years Cal State Fullerton 1978 2008 30 years Saint Mary 's 1959 1989 30 years Mercer 1985 2014 29 years Idaho 1990 - 28 years & ongoing Loyola Marymount Mississippi State 1963 1991 28 years Gonzaga 1967 1994 27 years Louisiana Tech 1991 - 27 years & ongoing Rutgers Fordham 1992 - 26 years & ongoing Oregon State 1990 2016 26 years Penn State 1965 1991 East Carolina 1993 - 25 years & ongoing Georgia Tech 1960 1985 25 years Navy 1960 1985 LSU 1954 1979 Northeastern 1991 2015 24 years Santa Clara - 22 years & ongoing Southern Methodist 1993 2015 22 years East Carolina 1972 1993 21 years Baylor 1988 2008 20 years Cornell Green Bay 2016 Navy 1998 - 20 years & ongoing Jump up ^ Gonzaga also has an ongoing streak of 20 consecutive tournament appearances ( 1999 -- 2018 ) . Through 2018 , four schools that were considered `` major college '' by the Associated Press when it published its first college basketball rankings in 1948 , and have been continuously in the AP 's `` major '' classification , have yet to reach the national tournament . While the NCAA did not split into divisions until 1956 ( university and college ) , the AP has distinguished `` major colleges '' from `` small colleges '' throughout the history of its basketball rankings . School Army The Citadel St. Francis Brooklyn William & Mary Evolution of the tournament ( edit ) The NCAA tournament has changed its format many times over the years , many of which are listed below . Expansion of field ( edit ) The NCAA tournament has expanded a number of times throughout its history . Years Teams Byes Play - in games 1939 -- 1950 8 1951 -- 1952 16 1953 -- 1968 22 -- 25 7 -- 10 1969 -- 1974 25 7 1975 -- 1978 32 1979 40 24 1980 -- 1982 48 16 52 16 1984 53 16 5 1985 -- 2000 64 2001 -- 2010 65 0 2011 -- 68 0 After the conclusion of the 2010 tournament , there was speculation about increasing the tournament size to as many as 128 teams . On April 1 , 2010 , the NCAA announced that it was looking at expanding to 96 teams for 2011 . On April 22 , the NCAA announced a new television contract with CBS / Turner that expanded the field to 68 teams . From 2011 to 2015 , the round of 64 was deemed to be the second round ; beginning in 2016 , the round of 64 was again deemed to be the first round . Seeding history and statistics ( edit ) The process of seeding was first used in 1978 for automatically qualified ( Q ) and at - large ( L ) teams respectively , and then for all teams within their respective region in 1979 . Starting in 2004 , the NCAA began releasing full seeding numbers making known the overall # 1 Seed . # 1 seeds by year and region ( edit ) When seeding , the NCAA has used the following names for the four regions with the exception of 2004 to 2006 when they were named after host cities : East West Midwest ( `` Southwest '' in 2011 ) South ( 1998 -- 2010 & 2012 -- present , `` Mideast '' 1957 -- 1984 , `` Southeast '' 1985 -- 1999 & 2011 ) Year East Midwest South West 1979 North Carolina Indiana State Notre Dame UCLA 1980 Syracuse LSU Kentucky DePaul 1981 Virginia LSU DePaul Oregon State * 1982 North Carolina DePaul Virginia Georgetown St. John 's Houston Louisville Virginia 1984 North Carolina DePaul Kentucky Georgetown 1985 Georgetown Oklahoma Michigan St. John 's 1986 Duke Kansas Kentucky St. John 's North Carolina Indiana Georgetown UNLV 1988 Temple Purdue Oklahoma Arizona 1989 Georgetown Illinois Oklahoma Arizona 1990 Connecticut Oklahoma Michigan State UNLV 1991 North Carolina Ohio State Arkansas UNLV 1992 Duke Kansas Ohio State UCLA 1993 North Carolina Indiana Kentucky Michigan * 1994 North Carolina Arkansas Purdue Missouri 1995 Wake Forest Kansas Kentucky UCLA Massachusetts * Kentucky Connecticut Purdue 1997 North Carolina Minnesota * Kansas Kentucky 1998 North Carolina Kansas Duke Arizona 1999 Duke Michigan State Auburn Connecticut 2000 Duke Michigan State Stanford Arizona 2001 Duke Illinois Michigan State Stanford 2002 Maryland Kansas Duke Cincinnati 2003 Oklahoma Kentucky Texas Arizona St. Joseph 's Kentucky † Duke Stanford 2005 North Carolina Illinois † Duke Washington 2006 Connecticut Villanova Duke † Memphis 2007 North Carolina Florida † Ohio State Kansas 2008 North Carolina † Kansas Memphis * UCLA 2009 Pittsburgh Louisville † North Carolina Connecticut Kentucky Kansas † Duke Syracuse 2011 Ohio State † Kansas Pittsburgh Duke 2012 Syracuse North Carolina Kentucky † Michigan State 2013 Indiana Louisville * † Kansas Gonzaga 2014 Virginia Wichita State Florida † Arizona 2015 Villanova Kentucky † Duke Wisconsin 2016 North Carolina Virginia Kansas † Oregon 2017 Villanova † Kansas North Carolina Gonzaga 2018 Villanova Kansas Virginia † Xavier * Vacated . Bold denotes team also won tournament . † Overall # 1 Seed starting in 2004 . To date , only Kentucky and Virginia have had a # 1 Seed in each of the four regions Number of # 1 seeds by school ( edit ) # 1 Seeds School 16 North Carolina 14 Kansas 13 Duke 12 Kentucky 6 Arizona , Virginia 5 Connecticut , Georgetown , Michigan State , Oklahoma DePaul , Ohio State , UCLA , Villanova Illinois , Indiana , Purdue , St. John 's , Stanford , Syracuse , UNLV Arkansas , Florida , Gonzaga , Louisville * , LSU , Pittsburgh Auburn , Cincinnati , Houston , Indiana State , Maryland , Memphis * , Michigan * , Missouri , Notre Dame , Oregon , St. Joseph 's , Temple , Texas , Wake Forest , Washington , Wichita State , Wisconsin , Xavier Last updated through 2018 tournament . * Vacated appearances excluded ( see # 1 seeds by year and region ) . Venues ( edit ) For a list of all the cities and arenas that have hosted the Final Four , go to Host cities , below . Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City , Missouri hosted the Final Four nine times followed by the third Madison Square Garden in New York City which hosted seven times , and Louisville 's Freedom Hall which hosted six times . Additionally , Indianapolis has hosted the Final Four seven times , across three venues . Stadium size and domes ( edit ) From 1997 to 2013 , the NCAA required that all Final Four sessions take place in domed stadiums with a minimum capacity of 40,000 , usually having only half of the dome in use . The Metrodome in Minneapolis , which usually hosted baseball and football , had one of the long ends of the court along the first base line with temporary stands surrounding the court so that much of the outfield is isolated from the action . The same was true of football stadiums like the Alamodome in San Antonio and the RCA Dome in Indianapolis . The last NBA arena to host the Final Four was the Meadowlands Arena , then known as Continental Airlines Arena , in 1996 . As of 2009 , the minimum was increased to 70,000 , by adding additional seating on the floor of the dome , and raising the court on a platform three feet above the dome 's floor , which is usually crowned for football , like the setup at Ford Field in Detroit which hosted the 2009 Final Four . In September 2012 , the NCAA began preliminary discussions on the possibility of returning occasional Final Fours to basketball - specific arenas in major metropolitan areas . According to ESPN.com writer Andy Katz , when Mark Lewis was hired as NCAA executive vice president for championships during 2012 , `` he took out a United States map and saw that both coasts are largely left off from hosting the Final Four . '' Lewis added in an interview with Katz , I do n't know where this will lead , if anywhere , but the right thing is to sit down and have these conversations and see if we want our championship in more than eight cities or do we like playing exclusively in domes . None of the cities where we play our championship is named New York , Boston , Los Angeles , Chicago or Miami . We do n't play on a campus . We play in professional football arenas . Under then - current criteria , only nine stadiums , all but one of which are current NFL venues , could be considered as Final Four locations : AT&T Stadium , Arlington AT&T Stadium , originally known as Cowboys Stadium , holds the world record basketball attendance when 108,713 attended the 2010 NBA All - Star Game . The Dome at America 's Center , St. Louis Ford Field , Detroit Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta replaced the Georgia Dome , operational August 1992 - April 2017 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans NRG Stadium , Houston University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis replaced the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , operational April 1982 - January 2014 Two domed stadiums that have hosted past Final Fours -- the Alamodome ( 1998 , 2004 , 2008 , 2018 ) and Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg , Florida ( 1999 ) -- were considered too small to be eligible to host , despite the Alamodome being a college football stadium and having a permanent seating capacity of 65,000 . The basketball setup at the Alamodome prior to 2018 used only half of the stadium and had a capacity of 39,500 . This was changed for the 2018 Final Four to place a raised court at the center of the stadium as has been done with other football facilities . The first instance of a domed stadium being used for a NCAA Tournament Final Four was the Houston Astrodome in 1971 , but the Final Four would not return to a dome until 1982 , when the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans hosted the event for the first time . The 2017 NCAA Final Four in the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale On June 12 , 2013 , Katz reported that the NCAA had changed its policy . In July 2013 , the NCAA had a portal available on its website for venues to make Final Four proposals in the 2017 -- 2020 period , and there were no restrictions on proposals based on venue size . Also , the NCAA decided that future regionals will no longer be held in domes . In Katz ' report , Lewis indicated that the use of domes for regionals was intended as a dry run for future Final Four venues , but this particular policy was no longer necessary because all of the Final Four sites from 2014 to 2016 had already hosted regionals . At least one other report indicated that the new policy would still allow a completely new domed stadium , or an existing dome that has never hosted a Final Four ( such as University of Phoenix Stadium ) , to receive a regional if it is awarded a future Final Four . In November 2014 , reflecting the new policy 's effect , the NCAA announced that University of Phoenix Stadium would host the Final Four in 2017 . Other changes ( edit ) Bids per conferences ( edit ) Prior to 1975 , only one team per conference could be in the NCAA tournament . However , after several highly ranked teams in the country were denied entrance into the tournament ( e.g. , South Carolina , which was 14 - 0 in ACC regular season play during 1970 but lost in the ACC tournament ; Southern Cal , which was ranked # 2 in the nation during 1971 ; and Maryland , which was ranked # 3 in the nation in 1974 but lost the ACC tournament championship game to eventual national champion North Carolina State ) , the NCAA began to place at - large teams in the tournament , instead of just conference champions . At times during the pre-at - large era , the NIT tournament competed for prestige with the NCAA tournament . However , in the 1950s the NCAA ruled that no team could compete in both tournaments . But when 8th ranked Marquette declined its invitation in 1970 after coach Al McGuire complained about the Warriors ' regional placement and instead went to the NIT ( which it won ) , the NCAA changed the rule to forbid a team the declines an NCAA Tournament bid from participating in any post-season tournament . Since then , the NCAA tournament has clearly been the major one , with conference champions and the majority of the top - ranked teams participating in it . Consolation games ( edit ) A third - place game was held from 1946 to 1981 . Additionally , when the tournament was first held in 1939 with only two regionals ( East and West ) , the West held a third - place game , but the East did not . The East began holding its own third - place game in 1941 , and from then on every regional held a third - place game through the 1975 tournament . Play - in games ( edit ) Beginning during 2001 , the field was expanded from 64 to 65 teams , adding to the tournament what was informally known as the `` play - in game . '' This was in response to the creation of the Mountain West Conference during 1999 . Originally , the winner of the Mountain West 's tournament did not receive an automatic bid , and doing so would mean the elimination of one of the at - large bids . As an alternative to eliminating an at - large bid , the NCAA expanded the tournament to 65 teams . The # 64 and # 65 seeds were seeded in a regional bracket as the 16a / 16b seeds , and then played the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Opening Round Game ( the `` play - in game '' ) on the Tuesday preceding the first weekend of the tournament . This game was always played at the University of Dayton Arena in Dayton , Ohio . During 2011 , the tournament expanded to 68 teams . Four `` play - in '' games are now played , officially known as the `` First Four '' . However , the teams playing in the First Four are not automatically seeded # 16 ; their seeding is determined by the committee on Selection Sunday . Explaining the reasoning for this format , selection committee chairman Dan Guerrero said , `` We felt if we were going to expand the field it would create better drama for the tournament if the First Four was much more exciting . They could all be on the 10 line or the 12 line or the 11 line . '' Play - in round naming ( edit ) From 1985 to 2010 , the round consisting of 64 teams and 32 games was called the `` first round '' , while the round consisting of 32 teams and 16 games was called the `` second round '' . From 2011 to 2015 , the `` First Four '' became the first round . The round after the `` First Four '' , the round of 64 played on Thursday and Friday , was called the `` second round '' ; the round of 32 was then called the `` third round '' , consisting of games played on Saturday and Sunday . In 2016 , the naming reverted to the round of 64 being the `` first round '' once again , and the round of 32 being the `` second round '' . Pod system ( edit ) For the 1985 to 2001 tournaments , all teams playing at a first - or second - round site fed into the same regional site . Since 2002 , the tournament has used the `` pod system '' designed to limit the early - round travel of as many teams as possible . In the pod system , each of the eight first - and second - round sites is assigned two pods , where each group of four teams play each other . A host site 's pods may be from different regions , and thus the winners of each pod would advance into separate regional tournaments . The possible pods by seeding are : Pod # 1 : 1v16 , 8v9 Pod # 2 : 2v15 , 7v10 Pod # 3 : 3v14 , 6v11 Pod # 4 : 4v13 , 5v12 National semifinal seeding ( edit ) Since 2004 , the semi-final matches during the first day of the Final Four weekend have been determined by a procedure based upon the original seeding of the full field . From 1973 through 2003 , the pitting of regional champions in the semi-finals was on a rotational basis . Prior to 1973 , one semifinal matched the champions of the eastern regions , and the other matched the champions of the western regions . Other notes ( edit ) Home court advantage ( edit ) On several occasions NCAA tournament teams played their games in their home arena . In 1959 , Louisville played at its regular home of Freedom Hall ; however , the Cardinals lost to West Virginia in the semifinals . In 1984 , Kentucky defeated Illinois , 54 - 51 in the Elite Eight on its home court of Rupp Arena . In 1985 , Dayton played its first - round game against Villanova ( it lost 51 - 49 ) on its home floor . In 1986 ( beating Brown before losing to Navy ) and ' 87 ( beating Georgia Southern and Western Kentucky ) , Syracuse played the first 2 rounds of the NCAA tournament in the Carrier Dome . Also in 1986 , LSU played in Baton Rouge on its home floor for the first 2 rounds despite being an 11th seed ( beating Purdue and Memphis State ) . In 1987 , Arizona lost to UTEP on its home floor in the first round . In 2015 , Dayton played at its regular home of UD Arena , and the Flyers beat Boise State in the First Four . Since the inception of the modern Final Four in 1952 , only once has a team played a Final Four on its actual home court -- Louisville in 1959 . But through the 2015 tournament , three other teams have played the Final Four in their home cities , one other team has played in its metropolitan area , and six additional teams have played the Final Four in their home states through the 2015 tournament . Kentucky ( 1958 in Louisville ) , UCLA ( 1968 and 1972 in Los Angeles , 1975 in San Diego ) , and North Carolina State ( 1974 in Greensboro ) won the national title ; Louisville ( 1959 at its home arena , Freedom Hall ) ; Purdue ( 1980 in Indianapolis ) lost in the Final Four ; and California ( 1960 in suburban San Francisco ) , Duke ( 1994 in Charlotte ) , Michigan State ( 2009 in Detroit ) , and Butler ( 2010 in Indianapolis ) lost in the final . In 1960 , Cal had nearly as large an edge as Louisville had the previous year , only having to cross the San Francisco Bay to play in the Final Four at the Cow Palace in Daly City ; the Golden Bears lost in the championship game to Ohio State . UCLA had a similar advantage in 1968 and 1972 when it advanced to the Final Four at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena , not many miles from the Bruins ' homecourt of Pauley Pavilion ( also UCLA 's home arena before the latter venue opened in 1965 , and again during the 2011 - 12 season while Pauley was closed for renovations ) ; unlike Louisville and Cal , the Bruins won the national title on both occasions . Butler lost the 2010 title 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) from its Indianapolis campus and was regarded as the host school , as it is most times whenever the NCAA holds a tournament in Indianapolis ( in the 2013 tournament , Butler 's former conference , the Horizon League , was considered the host for the Midwest Regional rather than Butler ) . Before the Final Four was established , the East and West regionals were held at separate sites , with the winners advancing to the title game . During that era , three New York City teams , all from Manhattan , played in the East Regional at Madison Square Garden -- frequently used as a `` big - game '' venue by each team -- and advanced at least to the national semifinals . NYU won the East Regional in 1945 but lost in the title game , also held at the Garden , to Oklahoma A&M . CCNY played in the East Regional in both 1947 and 1950 ; the Beavers lost in the 1947 East final to eventual champion Holy Cross but won the 1950 East Regional and national titles at the Garden . In 1974 , North Carolina State won the NCAA tournament without leaving its home state of North Carolina . The team was put in the East Region , and played its regional games at its home arena Reynolds Coliseum . NC State played the final four and national championship games at nearby Greensboro Coliseum . While not its home state , Kansas has played in the championship game in Kansas City , Missouri , only 45 minutes from the campus in Lawrence , Kansas , not just once , but four times . In 1940 , 1953 , and 1957 the Jayhawks lost the championship game each time at Municipal Auditorium . In 1988 , playing at Kansas City 's Kemper Arena , Kansas won the championship , over Big Eight -- rival Oklahoma . Similarly , in 2005 , Illinois played in St. Louis , Missouri , where it enjoyed a noticeable homecourt advantage , yet still lost in the championship game to North Carolina . Flag controversy ( edit ) The NCAA had banned the Bon Secours Wellness Arena , originally known as Bi-Lo Center , and Colonial Life Arena , originally Colonial Center , in South Carolina from hosting tournament games , despite their sizes ( 16,000 and 18,000 seats , respectively ) because of an NAACP protest at the Bi-Lo Center during the 2002 first and second round tournament games over that state 's refusal to completely remove the Confederate Battle Flag from the state capitol grounds , although it had already been relocated from atop the capitol dome to a less prominent place in 2000 . Following requests by the NAACP and Black Coaches Association , the Bi-Lo Center , and the newly built Colonial Center , which was built for purposes of hosting the tournament , were banned from hosting any future tournament events . As a result of the removal of the battle flag from the South Carolina State Capitol , the NCAA lifted its ban on South Carolina hosting games in 2015 , and it was able to host in 2017 due to House Bill 2 ( see next section ) . House Bill 2 ( edit ) On September 12 , 2016 , the NCAA stripped the State of North Carolina of hosting rights for seven upcoming college sports tournaments and championships held by the association , including early round games of the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament scheduled for the Greensboro Coliseum . The NCAA argued that House Bill 2 made it `` challenging to guarantee that host communities can help deliver ( an inclusive atmosphere ) '' . Bon Secours Wellness Arena was able to secure the bid to be the replacement site . Rituals and influence ( edit ) The NABC Championship Trophy NCAA - style trophies for various sports as seen at UCLA . Cutting down the nets ( edit ) As a tournament ritual , the winning team cuts down the nets at the end of regional championship games as well as the national championship game . Starting with the seniors , and moving down by classes , players each cut a single strand off of each net ; the head coach cuts the last strand connecting the net to the hoop , claiming the net itself . An exception to the head coach cutting the last strand came in 2013 , when Louisville head coach Rick Pitino gave that honor to Kevin Ware , who had suffered a catastrophic leg injury during the tournament . This tradition is credited to Everett Case , the coach of North Carolina State , who stood on his players ' shoulders to accomplish the feat after the Wolfpack won the Southern Conference tournament in 1947 . CBS , since 1987 and yearly to 2015 , in the odd - numbered years since 2017 , and TBS , since 2016 , the even - numbered years , close out the tournament with One Shining Moment , performed by Luther Vandross . Team awards ( edit ) Just as the Olympics awards gold , silver , and bronze medals for 1st , 2nd , and 3rd place , respectively , the NCAA awards the National Champions a gold - plated Wooden NCAA National Championship trophy . The loser of the championship game receives a silver - plated National Runner - Up trophy for second place . Since 2006 , all four Final Four teams receive a bronze plated NCAA Regional Championship trophy ; prior to 2006 , only the teams who did not make the title game received bronze plated trophies for third place . The champions also receive a commemorative gold championship ring , and the other three Final Four teams receive Final Four rings . The National Association of Basketball Coaches also presents a more elaborate marble / crystal trophy to the winning team . Ostensibly , this award is given for taking the top position in the NABC 's end - of - season poll , but this is invariably the same as the NCAA championship game winner . In 2005 , Siemens AG acquired naming rights to the NABC trophy , which is now called the Siemens Trophy . Formerly , the NABC trophy was presented right after the standard NCAA championship trophy , but this caused some confusion . Since 2006 , the Siemens / NABC Trophy has been presented separately at a press conference the day after the game . Most Outstanding player ( edit ) After the championship trophy is awarded , one player is selected and then awarded the Most Outstanding Player award ( which almost always comes from the championship team ) . It is not intended to be the same as a Most Valuable Player award although it is sometimes informally referred to as such . Influence on the NBA draft ( edit ) Because the National Basketball Association Draft takes place just three months after the NCAA tournament , NBA executives have to decide how players ' performances in a maximum of seven games , from the First Four to the championship game , should affect their draft decisions . A 2012 study for the National Bureau of Economic Research explores how the March tournament affects the way that professional teams behave in the June draft . The study is based on data from 1997 to 2010 that looks at how college tournament standouts performed at the NBA level . The researchers determined that a player who outperforms his regular season averages or who is on a team that wins more games than its seed would indicate will be drafted higher than he otherwise would have been . At the same time , the study indicated that professional teams do n't take college tournament performance into consideration as much as they should , as success in the tournament correlates with elite professional accomplishment , particularly top - level success , where a player makes the NBA All - Star Team three or more times . `` If anything , NBA teams undervalue the signal provided by unexpected performance in the NCAA March Madness tournament as a predictor of future NBA success . '' Television coverage and revenues ( edit ) Current television contracts ( edit ) Main articles : NCAA March Madness ( CBS / Turner ) and College Basketball on CBS Since 2010 , the NCAA has had a joint contract with CBS and Turner Sports , a division of Time Warner ( which co-owns the CW Television Network with CBS ) . The coverage of the tournament is split between CBS , TNT , TBS , and truTV . Broadcasters from CBS , TBS , and TNT 's sports coverage are shared across all four networks , with CBS ' college basketball teams supplemented with Turner 's NBA teams , while studio segments take place at the CBS Broadcast Center in New York City and Turner 's studios in Atlanta . In the New York - based studio shows , CBS ' Greg Gumbel and Clark Kellogg are joined by Ernie Johnson , Jr. , Kenny Smith , and Charles Barkley of TNT 's Inside the NBA while Seth Davis of CBS assists with Matt Winer and various NBA TV personalities . While Turner 's primary NBA voices , Marv Albert and Kevin Harlan , are already employed by CBS in other capacities , they also lend analysts Chris Webber , Grant Hill , and Reggie Miller and secondary play - by - play man Brian Anderson to CBS . In turn , CBS announcers Jim Nantz , Brad Nessler , Spero Dedes , and Andrew Catalon appear on Turner network broadcasts along with analysts Len Elmore , Bill Raftery , Dan Bonner , Mike Gminski , and Doug Gottlieb . The current contract runs through 2024 and , for the first time in history , provides for the nationwide broadcast each year of all games of the tournament . All First Four games air on truTV . A featured first - or second - round game in each time `` window '' is broadcast on CBS , while all other games are shown either on TBS , TNT or truTV . The regional semifinals , better known as the Sweet Sixteen , are split between CBS and TBS . CBS had the exclusive rights to the regional finals , also known as the Elite Eight , through 2014 . That exclusivity extended to the entire Final Four as well , but after the 2013 tournament Turner Sports elected to exercise a contractual option for 2014 and 2015 giving TBS broadcast rights to the national semifinal matchups . CBS kept its national championship game rights . Since 2015 , CBS and TBS split coverage of the Elite Eight . Since 2016 CBS and TBS alternate coverage of the Final Four and national championship game , with TBS getting the final two rounds in even - numbered years , and CBS getting the games in odd - numbered years . March Madness On Demand would remain unchanged , although Turner was allowed to develop their own service . The CBS broadcast provides the NCAA with over $500 million annually , and makes up over 90 % of the NCAA 's annual revenue . The revenues from the multibillion - dollar television contract are divided among the Division I basketball playing schools and conferences as follows : 1 / 6 of the money goes directly to the schools based on how many sports they play ( one `` share '' for each sport starting with 14 , which is the minimum needed for Division I membership ) . 1 / 3 of the money goes directly to the schools based on how many scholarships they give out ( one share for each of the first 50 , two for each of the next 50 , ten for each of the next 50 , and 20 for each scholarship above 150 ) . 1 / 2 of the money goes to the conferences based on how well they did in the six previous men 's basketball tournaments ( counting each year separately , one share for each team getting in , and one share for each win except in the Final Four and , prior to the 2008 tournament , the Play - in game ) . In 2007 , based on the 2001 through 2006 tournaments , the Big East received over $14.85 million , while the eight conferences that did not win a first - round game in those six years received slightly more than $1 million each . Most conferences distribute most of the revenue evenly to its member institutions , regardless of performance . The Division I Men 's Basketball tournament is the only NCAA championship tournament where the NCAA does not keep the profits . History of television coverage ( edit ) CBS has been the major partner of the NCAA in televising the tournament since 1982 , but there have been many changes in coverage since the tournament was first broadcast in 1969 . Early broadcast coverage ( edit ) From 1969 to 1981 , the NCAA tournament aired on NBC , but not all games were televised . The early rounds , in particular , were not always seen on TV . In 1982 , CBS obtained broadcast television rights to the NCAA tournament . ESPN & CBS share coverage ( edit ) The same year as CBS obtained rights to the Big Dance , ESPN began showing the opening rounds of the tournament . This was the network 's first contract signed with the NCAA for a major sport , and helped to establish ESPN 's following among college basketball fans . ESPN showed six first - round games on Thursday and again on Friday , with CBS then picking up a seventh game at 11 : 30 pm ET . Thus , 14 of 32 first - round games were televised . ESPN also re-ran games overnight . At the time , there was only one ESPN network , with no ability to split its signal regionally , so ESPN showed only the most competitive games . During the 1980s , the tournament 's popularity on television soared . CBS takes over ( edit ) However , ESPN became a victim of its own success , as CBS was awarded the rights to cover all games of the NCAA tournament , starting in 1991 . Only with the introduction of the so - called `` play - in '' game ( between the 64 seed and the 65 seed ) in the 2000s , did ESPN get back in the game ( and actually , the first time this `` play - in '' game was played in 2001 , the game was aired on TNN , using CBS graphics and announcers . CBS and TNN were both owned by Viacom at the time ) . Through 2010 , CBS broadcast the remaining 63 games of the NCAA tournament proper . Most areas saw only eight of 32 first - round games , seven of 16 second - round games , and four of eight regional semifinal games ( out of the possible 56 games during these rounds ; there would be some exceptions to this rule in the 2000s ) . Coverage preempted regular programming on the network , except during a 2 - hour window from about 5 ET until 7 ET when the local affiliates could show programming . The CBS format resulted in far fewer hours of first - round coverage than under the old ESPN format but allowed the games to reach a much larger audience than ESPN was able to reach . During this period of near - exclusivity by CBS , the network provided to its local affiliates three types of feeds from each venue : constant feed , swing feed , and flex feed . Constant feeds remained primarily on a given game , and were used primarily by stations with a clear local interest in a particular game . Despite its name , a constant feed occasionally veered away to other games for brief updates ( as is typical in most American sports coverage ) , but coverage generally remained with the initial game . A swing feed tended to stay on games believed to be of natural interest to the locality , such as teams from local conferences , but may leave that game to go to other games that during their progress become close matches . On a flex feed , coverage bounced around from one venue to another , depending on action at the various games in progress . If one game was a blowout , coverage could switch to a more competitive game . A flex feed was provided when there were no games with a significant natural local interest for the stations carrying them , which allowed the flex game to be the best game in progress . Station feeds were planned in advance and stations had the option of requesting either constant or flex feed for various games . Viewing options emerge ( edit ) In 1999 , DirecTV began broadcasting all games otherwise not shown on local television with its Mega March Madness premium package . The DirecTV system used the subscriber 's ZIP code to black out games which could be seen on broadcast television . Prior to that , all games were available on C - Band satellite and were picked up by sports bars . In 2003 , CBS struck a deal with Yahoo ! to offer live streaming of the first three rounds of games under its Yahoo ! Platinum service , for $16.95 a month . In 2004 , CBS began selling viewers access to March Madness On Demand , which provided games not otherwise shown on broadcast television ; the service was free for AOL subscribers . In 2006 , March Madness On Demand was made free , and continued to be so to online users through the 2011 tournament . For 2012 , it once again became a pay service , with a single payment of $3.99 providing access to all 67 tournament games . In 2013 , the service , now renamed March Madness Live , was again made free , but uses Turner 's rights and infrastructure for TV Everywhere , which requires sign - in though the password of a customer 's cable or satellite provider to watch games , both via PC / Mac and mobile devices . Those that do not have a cable or satellite service or one not participating in Turner 's TV Everywhere are restricted to games carried on the CBS national feed and three hours ( originally four ) of other games without sign - in , or coverage via Westwood One 's radio coverage . Effective with the 2018 tournament , the national semifinals and final are under TV Everywhere restrictions if they are aired by Turner networks ; before then , those particular games were not subject to said restrictions . In addition , CBS Sports Network ( formerly CBS College Sports Network ) had broadcast two `` late early '' games that would not otherwise be broadcast nationally . These were the second games in the daytime session in the Pacific Time Zone , to avoid starting games before 10 AM . These games are also available via March Madness Live and on CBS affiliates in the market areas of the team playing . In other markets , newscasts , local programming or preempted CBS morning programming are aired . CBSSN is scheduled to continue broadcasting the official pregame and postgame shows and press conferences from the teams involved , along with overnight replays . HDTV coverage ( edit ) The Final Four has been broadcast in HDTV since 1999 . From 2000 to 2004 , only one first / second round site and one regional site were designated as HDTV sites . In 2005 , all regional games were broadcast in HDTV , and four first and second round sites were designated for HDTV coverage . Local stations broadcasting in both digital and analog had the option of airing separate games on their HD and SD channels , to take advantage of the available high definition coverage . Beginning in 2007 , all games in the tournament ( including all first and second - round games ) were available in high definition , and local stations were required to air the same game on both their analog and digital channels . However , due to satellite limitations , first round `` constant '' feeds were only available in standard definition . Moreover , some digital television stations , such as WRAL - TV in Raleigh , North Carolina , choose to not participate in HDTV broadcasts of the first and second rounds and the regional semifinals , and used their available bandwidth to split their signal into digital subchannels to show all games going on simultaneously . By 2008 , upgrades at the CBS broadcast center allowed all feeds , flex and constant , to be in HD for the tournament . International broadcasts ( edit ) See also : List of NCAA Final Four Broadcasters As of 2011 , ESPN International holds international broadcast rights to the tournament , distributing coverage to its co-owned networks and other broadcasters . ESPN produces the world feed for broadcasts of the Final Four and championship game , produced using ESPN College Basketball staff and commentators . Tournament statistics ( edit ) See also : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament records Low seeded teams ( edit ) See also : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament upsets Most successful low seeds ( edit ) Best outcomes for low seeds since expansion to 64 teams in 1985 : Seed 2nd Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four Championship Game National Champion No. 16 UMBC ( 2018 ) - - - - - No. 15 Middle Tennessee ( 2016 ) Lehigh ( 2012 ) Norfolk State ( 2012 ) Hampton ( 2001 ) Coppin State ( 1997 ) Santa Clara ( 1993 ) Richmond ( 1991 ) Florida Gulf Coast ( 2013 ) - - - - No. 14 numerous ( 19 teams ) Cleveland State ( 1986 ) Chattanooga ( 1997 ) - - - - No. 13 numerous ( 22 teams ) Richmond ( 1988 ) Valparaiso ( 1998 ) Oklahoma ( 1999 ) Bradley ( 2006 ) Ohio ( 2012 ) La Salle ( 2013 ) - - - - No. 12 numerous ( 27 teams ) numerous ( 19 teams ) Missouri ( 2002 ) - - - No. 11 numerous ( 29 teams ) numerous ( 14 teams ) Loyola Marymount ( 1990 ) Temple ( 2001 ) Dayton ( 2014 ) Xavier ( 2017 ) LSU ( 1986 ) George Mason ( 2006 ) VCU ( 2011 ) Loyola Chicago ( 2018 ) - - No. 10 numerous ( 29 teams ) numerous ( 17 teams ) LSU ( 1987 ) Texas ( 1990 ) Temple ( 1991 ) Providence ( 1997 ) Gonzaga ( 1999 ) Kent State ( 2002 ) Davidson ( 2008 ) Syracuse ( 2016 ) - - No. 9 numerous ( 61 teams ) UTEP ( 1992 ) UAB ( 2004 ) Northern Iowa ( 2010 ) Boston College ( 1994 ) Kansas State ( 2018 ) Florida State ( 2018 ) Wichita State ( 2013 ) - - No. 8 numerous ( 55 teams ) North Carolina ( 1990 ) Georgia ( 1996 ) UCLA ( 2002 ) NC State ( 2015 ) Wisconsin ( 2017 ) Auburn ( 1986 ) Rhode Island ( 1998 ) Alabama ( 2004 ) North Carolina ( 2000 ) Wisconsin ( 2000 ) Butler ( 2011 ) Kentucky ( 2014 ) Villanova ( 1985 ) No. 7 numerous ( 59 teams ) numerous ( 15 teams ) Navy ( 1986 ) Temple ( 1993 ) Tulsa ( 2000 ) Michigan State ( 2003 ) Xavier ( 2004 ) West Virginia ( 2005 ) Florida ( 2012 ) Michigan State ( 2015 ) South Carolina ( 2017 ) Connecticut ( 2014 ) Best performances by No. 16 seeds ( edit ) In 2018 , UMBC became the first No. 16 seed to defeat a No. 1 seed in the men 's tournament , shocking Virginia 74 -- 54 . Before this breakthrough , five other 16 seeds lost by 4 or fewer points : While ultimately Murray State lost to Michigan State by 4 points ( 75 -- 71 ) in 1990 , it was the only No. 16 team to ever take a game into overtime . East Tennessee State lost to Oklahoma in 1989 ( 1 point , 72 -- 71 ) Princeton lost to Georgetown in 1989 ( 1 point , 50 -- 49 ) Western Carolina lost to Purdue in 1996 ( 2 points , 73 -- 71 ) Fairleigh Dickinson lost to Michigan in 1985 ( 4 points , 59 -- 55 ) Additional low - seed stats ( edit ) Villanova in 1985 , a No. 8 seed , was the lowest seeded team to win the tournament . The lowest - seeded combination ever in the national championship game is the 2014 pairing of No. 7 seed Connecticut and No. 8 seed Kentucky . Connecticut won , to become the second - lowest - seeded team to win the tournament . The pairing of No. 8 seed Butler and No. 11 seed VCU in the 2011 National Semifinals game had the lowest seeded combination ( No. 8 v. No. 11 ) ever to play in a National Semifinals game . Penn 's 1979 Final Four appearance is also notable as they made it as a No. 9 seed -- out of 10 teams in their region -- making them the lowest seed to make the Final Four in the pre-64 - team era . Butler is the only team to make consecutive Final Fours ( let alone Championship Games ) while not being a No. 1 or No. 2 seed either time ( No. 5 in 2010 , No. 8 in 2011 ) . 1991 , 2013 , and 2016 were the only years where at least one team of every seed ( other than the No. 16s ) advanced to the Round of 32 . Richmond is the only team to win first - round games ranked as a No. 15 , No. 14 , No. 13 , and No. 12 seed . 2012 was the only tournament to feature two upsets by No. 15 seeds over No. 2 seeds in the round of 64 ( there have been eight all - time ) . 1986 , 1995 , and 2015 were the only tournaments to feature two upsets by No. 14 seeds over No. 3 seeds in the round of 64 . 2014 produced the highest total seed differential in an NCAA Tournament , with 111 across all the rounds of play . That is , the aggregate seed difference among the 22 games won by lower - seeded teams ( e.g. , No. 14 Mercer over No. 3 Duke , No. 8 Kentucky over No. 1 Wichita State ) was 111 . 2013 was the only tournament to have three teams seeded No. 12 or lower in the Sweet Sixteen : No. 12 Oregon , No. 13 La Salle , and No. 15 Florida Gulf Coast . 2017 , South Carolina entering as a 7th seed in their region , beat Duke a No. 2 seed , Baylor , a No. 3 seed and Florida , a No. 4 seed to reach the Final Four . The 2018 South Region was the first regional since seeding began in 1979 in which no top - 4 seed advanced to the Sweet Sixteen ( No. 5 Kentucky , No. 7 Nevada , No. 9 Kansas State , No. 11 Loyola -- Chicago ) . Furthermore , the Elite Eight pairing of No. 9 Kansas State and No. 11 Loyola - Chicago was the lowest - seeded pairing to play in a Regional Final . Georgetown is the only team to ever lose in five consecutive tournament appearances against a team seeded at least five spots lower : 2008 ( Round of 32 ) : No. 10 Davidson 74 , No. 2 Georgetown 70 . 2010 ( Round of 64 ) : No. 14 Ohio 97 , No. 3 Georgetown 83 . 2011 ( Round of 64 ) : No. 11 VCU 74 , No. 6 Georgetown 56 . 2012 ( Round of 32 ) : No. 11 NC State 66 , No. 3 Georgetown 63 . 2013 ( Round of 64 ) : No. 15 Florida Gulf Coast 78 , No. 2 Georgetown 68 . Notable point spread upsets ( edit ) As noted above , despite numerous instances of early - round tournament upsets , only one No. 1 seed has ever lost in the first round to a No. 16 seed . However , while seeding is one way of measuring the impact of an upset , prior to the implementation of seeding , point spread was the better determinant of an upset , and a loss by a highly favored team remains for many the definition of `` upset '' . Biggest point - spread upsets since expansion to 64 teams in 1985 : Norfolk State + 21.5 over Missouri 86 -- 84 in 2012 UMBC + 20.5 over Virginia 74 -- 54 in 2018 Santa Clara + 19.5 over Arizona 64 -- 61 in 1993 . ( Another source gives the final spread for this game as + 20 . ) Coppin State + 18.5 over South Carolina 78 -- 65 in 1997 Arkansas -- Little Rock + 17.5 over Notre Dame 90 -- 83 in 1986 Hampton + 17.5 over Iowa State 58 -- 57 in 2001 Biggest point - spread upsets in NCAA Championship Game history : Connecticut + 9.5 over Duke , 77 -- 74 , in 1999 Villanova + 9 over Georgetown , 66 -- 64 , in 1985 Kansas + 8 over Oklahoma , 83 -- 79 , in 1988 North Carolina State + 7.5 over Houston , 54 -- 52 in 1983 Texas Western + 6.5 over Kentucky , 72 -- 65 in 1966 Highly seeded teams ( edit ) All No. 1 seeds in the Final Four ( edit ) Rank # 1 vs. other ranks ( prior to 2018 ) It has happened only once that all four No. 1 seeds made it to the Final Four : 2008 -- Kansas ( champion ) , North Carolina , UCLA , Memphis Final Fours without a No. 1 seed ( edit ) Three times ( twice since the field expanded to 64 teams ) the Final Four has been without a No. 1 seed : 1980 -- No. 2 Louisville ( champion ) , No. 5 Iowa , No. 6 Purdue , No. 8 UCLA 2006 -- No. 2 UCLA , No. 3 Florida ( champion ) , No. 4 LSU , No. 11 George Mason 2011 -- No. 3 Connecticut ( champion ) , No. 4 Kentucky , No. 8 Butler , No. 11 VCU Since 1985 , there have been 4 instances of three No. 1 seeds reaching the Final Four ; 13 instances of two No. 1 seeds making it ; and 14 instances of just one No. 1 seed reaching the Final Four . No. 1 seeds in the championship game ( edit ) There have been eight occasions ( seven times since the field expanded to 64 ) that the championship game has been played between two No. 1 seeds : 1982 -- North Carolina beat Georgetown 1993 -- North Carolina beat Michigan 1999 -- Connecticut beat Duke 2005 -- North Carolina beat Illinois 2007 -- Florida beat Ohio State 2008 -- Kansas beat Memphis 2015 -- Duke beat Wisconsin 2017 -- North Carolina beat Gonzaga Since 1985 there have been 18 instances of one No. 1 seed reaching the Championship Game ( No. 1 seeds are 13 - 5 against other seeds in the title game ) and 8 instances where no No. 1 seed made it to the title game . Additional No. 1 seed stats ( edit ) In 1997 , Arizona achieved a record when it became the only team to beat three No. 1 seeds in a single tournament . Arizona ( No. 4 seed ) beat Kansas in its own Southeast region , then beat North Carolina in the Final Four and finally Kentucky in the Championship game . The most No. 1 seeds any team can face in the tournament is three ( provided that the team itself is not a No. 1 seed , in which case it can only face two No. 1 seeds in the tournament ) . In 2011 , the highest seed to advance to the Final Four was No. 3 seed Connecticut , making the 2011 tournament the only time that neither a No. 1 seed nor a No. 2 seed advanced into the final weekend of play . In the same tournament , Butler made history as the first program to make consecutive Final Fours while not being seeded No. 1 or No. 2 in either season . There have been 16 teams that have entered the tournament unbeaten . Four of those teams were from UCLA , and all those Bruin teams won each of those tournaments . However , of the other 12 teams entering the tournament unbeaten , just three went on to win the tournament . For details , see table below In 1980 , 1981 , and 1982 , when the tournament was 48 teams , DePaul was seeded No. 1 but was defeated in the first round . Theoretically , a No. 1 seed 's most difficult six - game path to win the tournament is to defeat a No. 16 , a No. 8 , a No. 4 , a No. 2 , a No. 1 , and a No. 1 - the highest possible opposing seeds in successive rounds . No No. 1 seed has ever won all six such games , though two teams have won the first five . In the 2002 tournament , Maryland reached the final after defeating teams seeded 16 / 8 / 4 / 2 / 1 ; they won the tournament after defeating No. 5 Indiana in the final . In the 2015 tournament , Wisconsin reached the final after defeating teams seeded 16 / 8 / 4 / 2 / 1 . In the final , they faced No. 1 Duke with a chance to complete the full six - game path . However , Wisconsin lost the final . Teams No. 1 in National polls ( edit ) The following teams entered the tournament ranked No. 1 in at least one of the AP , UPI , or USA Today polls and won the tournament : 1949 : Kentucky ( AP ) 1951 : Kentucky ( AP / UPI ) 1953 : Indiana ( AP / UPI ) 1955 : San Francisco ( AP / UPI ) 1956 : San Francisco ( AP / UPI ) 1957 : North Carolina ( AP / UPI ) 1964 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1967 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1969 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1971 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1972 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1973 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1974 : NC State ( AP / UPI ) 1976 : Indiana ( AP / UPI ) 1978 : Kentucky ( AP / UPI ) 1982 : North Carolina ( AP / UPI ) 1992 : Duke ( AP / UPI ) 1994 : Arkansas ( USA Today ) 1995 : UCLA ( AP / USA Today ) 2001 : Duke ( AP / USA Today ) 2012 : Kentucky ( AP / USA Today ) Performance of undefeated teams ( edit ) The team 's record here refers to their record before the first game of the NCAA tournament . Year Team Record Result 1951 Columbia 21 -- 0 Lost Sweet 16 game to Illinois 1956 San Francisco 24 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Iowa 1957 North Carolina 27 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Kansas 1961 Ohio State 24 -- 0 Lost in championship game to Cincinnati 1964 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Duke 1967 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Dayton 1968 Houston 28 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to UCLA 1968 St. Bonaventure 22 -- 0 Lost Sweet 16 game to North Carolina 1971 Pennsylvania 26 -- 0 Lost Elite 8 game to Villanova 1971 Marquette 26 -- 0 Lost Sweet 16 game to Ohio State 1972 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Florida State 1973 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Memphis State Indiana 29 -- 0 Lost Elite 8 game to Kentucky 1976 Indiana 27 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Michigan 1976 Rutgers 27 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to Michigan 1979 Indiana State 28 -- 0 Lost in championship game to Michigan State 1991 UNLV 30 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to Duke 2014 Wichita State 34 -- 0 Lost in Round of 32 to Kentucky 2015 Kentucky 34 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to Wisconsin Undefeated teams not in the tournament ( edit ) The NCAA tournament has undergone dramatic expansion since 1975 , and since the tournament was expanded to 48 teams in 1980 , no unbeaten teams have failed to qualify . ( As , by definition , a team would have to win its conference tournament , and thus secure an automatic bid to the tournament , to be undefeated in a season , the only way a team could finish undefeated and not reach the tournament is if the team is banned from postseason play ; as of 2016 , no team banned from postseason play has finished undefeated since 1980 . Other possibilities for an undefeated team to fail to qualify : the team is independent , or the conference does not yet have an automatic bid . ) Before that , there were occasions on which a team achieved perfection in the regular season , yet did not appear in the NCAA tournament . During 1939 , Long Island University finished the regular season unbeaten but decided to accept instead an invitation to the second NIT ( which they won ) instead of the first and only NABC tournament ( later called the NCAA tournament ) , as the NIT was more prestigious at the time . It was n't until the mid-1950s that the NCAA required that its tournament would have `` first choice '' in determining teams for their field . Before then , many of the more successful teams during the regular season chose to play in the NIT instead of the NCAA tournament . During 1940 , Seton Hall finished the regular season 19 -- 0 , but their record had been built largely against weak teams and thus did not earn them an invitation to the postseason tournament . During 1941 , Milwaukee State finished the regular season 16 -- 0 , but their record had been built largely against weak teams and thus did not earn them an invitation to the postseason tournament . During 1944 , Army finished the regular season unbeaten . But owing to World War II , the Cadets did not accept an invitation to postseason play . During 1954 , Kentucky finished 25 -- 0 and were invited to the tournament , but declined the invitation . During 1973 the North Carolina State Wolfpack finished the regular season 27 -- 0 and ranked # 2 ( behind undefeated and eventual tournament champion UCLA ) but were barred from participating in the NCAA tournament while on probation for recruiting violations . During 1979 , the Alcorn State Braves finished the regular season 27 -- 0 , but did not receive an invitation to the NCAA Tournament . The Braves accepted a bid to the NIT , where they lost in the second round to eventual NIT champion Indiana . Champions absent the next year ( edit ) There have been nine times in which the tournament did not include the reigning champion ( the previous year 's winner ) : 1978 champion Kentucky went 19 -- 12 in 1979 . The Wildcats accepted an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament , losing their first - round game in overtime to Clemson , 68 -- 67 . Both 1979 champion Michigan State ( 12 -- 15 ) and 1979 runner up Indiana State ( 16 -- 11 ) failed to qualify for the 1980 NCAA Tournament . Furthermore , neither was invited to the National Invitation Tournament , and Michigan State is the only team to finish the subsequent season with a losing record . Following the 1979 NCAA tournament , Indiana State lost Larry Bird to graduation , and Magic Johnson left Michigan State after his sophomore season to enter the NBA draft . 1983 champion North Carolina State went 19 -- 13 in 1984 . The Wolfpack accepted an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament , losing their first - round game to Florida State , 74 -- 71 in Reynolds Coliseum . 1986 champion Louisville went 18 -- 14 in 1987 . The team declined an invitation to the postseason National Invitation Tournament . 1988 champion Kansas went 19 -- 12 in 1989 . However , the team was ineligible for participation in the 1989 NCAA Tournament due to NCAA sanctions for recruiting violations . 2007 ( and 2006 ) champion Florida and 2007 runner up Ohio State both failed to qualify for the NCAA Tournament in 2008 . Both accepted invitations to that year 's postseason National Invitation Tournament , and both made it to the semifinals . Florida fell to Massachusetts in the semifinals , and Ohio State beat UMass in the NIT Championship Game to win the tournament . 2009 champion North Carolina went 20 -- 17 in 2010 . The Tar Heels accepted an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament , and reached the finals , losing to Dayton . 2012 champion Kentucky went 21 -- 11 in 2013 and failed to make that tournament . The Wildcats were invited to the National Invitation Tournament , where they lost to Robert Morris in the first round of the tournament . 2014 champion Connecticut went 20 -- 14 in 2015 and failed to make that tournament . The Huskies were invited to the National Invitation Tournament and lost to Arizona State in the first round . Coaches ( edit ) Most national championships ( edit ) 10 National Championships John Wooden ( 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 ) 5 National Championships Mike Krzyzewski ( 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 ) 4 National Championships Adolph Rupp ( 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 ) 3 National Championships Jim Calhoun ( 1999 , 2004 , 2011 ) Bob Knight ( 1976 , 1981 , 1987 ) Roy Williams ( 2005 , 2009 , 2017 ) 2 National Championships Denny Crum ( 1980 , 1986 ) Billy Donovan ( 2006 , 2007 ) Henry Iba ( 1945 , 1946 ) Ed Jucker ( 1961 , 1962 ) Branch McCracken ( 1940 , 1953 ) Dean Smith ( 1982 , 1993 ) Phil Woolpert ( 1955 , 1956 ) Jay Wright ( 2016 , 2018 ) 1 National Championship Phog Allen ( 1952 ) Jim Boeheim ( 2003 ) Larry Brown ( 1988 ) John Calipari ( 2012 ) Everett Dean ( 1942 ) Steve Fisher ( 1989 ) Bud Foster ( 1941 ) Joe B. Hall ( 1978 ) Jim Harrick ( 1995 ) Don Haskins ( 1966 ) Jud Heathcote ( 1979 ) Howard Hobson ( 1939 ) Nat Holman ( 1950 ) George Ireland ( 1963 ) Tom Izzo ( 2000 ) Doggie Julian ( 1947 ) Ken Loeffler ( 1954 ) Rollie Massimino ( 1985 ) Al McGuire ( 1977 ) Frank McGuire ( 1957 ) Pete Newell ( 1959 ) Kevin Ollie ( 2014 ) Lute Olson ( 1997 ) Vadal Peterson ( 1944 ) Rick Pitino ( 1996 , 2013 ( vacated ) ) Nolan Richardson ( 1994 ) Bill Self ( 2008 ) Everett Shelton ( 1943 ) Norm Sloan ( 1974 ) Tubby Smith ( 1998 ) Jerry Tarkanian ( 1990 ) Fred Taylor ( 1960 ) John Thompson ( 1984 ) Jim Valvano ( 1983 ) Gary Williams ( 2002 ) National championships among active coaches ( edit ) 5 Mike Krzyzewski ( 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 ) 3 Roy Williams ( 2005 , 2009 , 2017 ) 2 Jay Wright ( 2016 , 2018 ) 1 Jim Boeheim ( 2003 ) 1 John Calipari ( 2012 ) 1 Tom Izzo ( 2000 ) 1 Bill Self ( 2008 ) 1 Tubby Smith ( 1998 ) Schools winning a national championship under multiple coaches ( edit ) Five coaches Kentucky : Adolph Rupp , Joe B. Hall , Rick Pitino , Tubby Smith , and John Calipari Three coaches Kansas : Phog Allen , Larry Brown , and Bill Self North Carolina : Frank McGuire , Dean Smith , and Roy Williams Two coaches Connecticut : Jim Calhoun and Kevin Ollie Indiana : Branch McCracken and Bob Knight Michigan State : Jud Heathcote and Tom Izzo North Carolina State : Norm Sloan and Jim Valvano UCLA : John Wooden and Jim Harrick Villanova : Rollie Massimino and Jay Wright Most teams from different schools taken to the Final Four ( edit ) Rick Pitino is the only coach to have officially taken three different teams to the Final Four : Providence ( 1987 ) , Kentucky ( 1993 , 1996 , 1997 ) and Louisville ( 2005 ) . John Calipari has also taken three teams to the Final Four , but has had his runs with UMass and Memphis vacated due to NCAA violations . There are 12 coaches who have officially coached two different schools to the Final Four -- Roy Williams , Eddie Sutton , Frank McGuire , Lon Kruger , Hugh Durham , Jack Gardner , Lute Olson , Gene Bartow , Forddy Anderson , Lee Rose , Bob Huggins , and Lou Henson . Larry Brown took UCLA to the Final Four in 1980 , but it was vacated due to NCAA violations . He also took Kansas in 1986 and 1988 . Point differentials ( edit ) Point differentials , or margin of victory , can be viewed either by the championship game , or by a team 's performance over the whole tournament . Championship victory margins ( edit ) Largest margin of victory in a championship game 30 points , by UNLV in 1990 ( 103 -- 73 , over Duke ) Overtime games in a championship game Seven times the championship game has been tied at the end of regulation . On one of those occasions ( 1957 ) the game went into double and then triple overtime . North Carolina 54 , Kansas 53 / 3OT ( 1957 ) Utah 42 , Dartmouth 40 ( 1944 ) Cincinnati 65 , Ohio St. 60 ( 1961 ) Loyola 60 , Cincinnati 58 ( 1963 ) Michigan 80 , Seton Hall 79 ( 1989 ) Arizona 84 , Kentucky 79 ( 1997 ) Kansas 75 , Memphis 68 ( 2008 ) Smallest margin of victory in a championship game 1 point , on six occasions Indiana 69 , Kansas 68 ( 1953 ) North Carolina 54 , Kansas 53 / 3OT ( 1957 ) California 71 , West Virginia 70 ( 1959 ) North Carolina 63 , Georgetown 62 ( 1982 ) Indiana 74 , Syracuse 73 ( 1987 ) Michigan 80 , Seton Hall 79 / OT ( 1989 ) Accumulated victory margins ( edit ) Largest point differential accumulated over the entire tournament by championship teams Teams that played 6 games + 129 Kentucky 1996 + 124 Villanova 2016 + 121 North Carolina 2009 + 112 UNLV 1990 + 106 Villanova 2018 Teams that played 5 games + 115 Loyola of Chicago 1963 + 113 Indiana 1981 + 104 Michigan State 1979 + 69 San Francisco 1955 + 66 Indiana 1976 Teams that played 4 games + 95 UCLA 1967 + 85 UCLA 1968 + 78 Ohio State 1960 + 76 UCLA 1969 + 72 UCLA 1970 + 72 UCLA 1972 Teams that played 3 games + 56 Oklahoma A&M 1945 + 52 Kentucky 1949 + 51 Indiana 1940 + 47 Kentucky 1948 + 46 Oregon 1939 Teams winning the championship and obtaining a margin of 10 points in every game of the tournament Achieved 13 times by 10 different schools Oregon ( 1939 ) Kentucky ( 1949 ) San Francisco ( 1956 ) Ohio State ( 1960 ) UCLA ( 1967 , 1970 and 1973 ) Michigan State ( 1979 and 2000 ) Indiana ( 1981 ) Duke ( 2001 ) North Carolina ( 2009 ) Villanova ( 2018 ) Seed pairing results ( edit ) NCAA Tournament % Wins per rank Since the inception of the 64 - team tournament in 1985 , each seed - pairing has played 136 games in the Round of 64 , with the following results : Round of 64 results ( edit ) The No. 1 seed is 135 -- 1 against the No. 16 seed (. 993 ) The No. 2 seed is 128 -- 8 against the No. 15 seed (. 941 ) The No. 3 seed is 115 -- 21 against the No. 14 seed (. 846 ) The No. 4 seed is 108 -- 28 against the No. 13 seed (. 794 ) The No. 5 seed is 89 -- 47 against the No. 12 seed (. 654 ) The No. 6 seed is 85 -- 51 against the No. 11 seed (. 625 ) The No. 7 seed is 84 -- 52 against the No. 10 seed (. 618 ) The No. 8 seed is 68 - 68 against the No. 9 seed (. 500 ) Round of 32 results ( edit ) In the 1 / 16 vs. 8 / 9 bracket : vs. No. 8 vs. No. 9 Total No. 1 55 -- 13 (. 809 ) 61 -- 6 (. 910 ) 116 -- 19 (. 859 ) No. 16 -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) Total 13 -- 55 (. 191 ) 7 -- 61 (. 103 ) In the 2 / 15 vs. 7 / 10 bracket : vs. No. 7 vs. No. 10 Total No. 2 56 -- 25 (. 691 ) 28 -- 18 (. 617 ) 84 -- 43 (. 664 ) No. 15 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 0 -- 5 (. 000 ) 1 -- 7 (. 125 ) Total 27 -- 57 (. 305 ) 23 -- 28 (. 451 ) In the 3 / 14 vs. 6 / 11 bracket : vs. No. 6 vs. No. 11 Total No. 3 41 -- 28 (. 594 ) 29 -- 17 (. 630 ) 70 -- 45 (. 609 ) No. 14 2 -- 14 (. 125 ) 0 -- 5 (. 000 ) 2 -- 19 (. 095 ) Total 42 -- 43 (. 494 ) 22 -- 29 (. 431 ) In the 4 / 13 vs. 5 / 12 bracket : vs. No. 5 vs. No. 12 Total No. 4 40 -- 32 (. 556 ) 24 -- 12 (. 667 ) 64 -- 44 (. 593 ) No. 13 3 -- 14 (. 176 ) 3 -- 8 (. 273 ) 6 -- 22 (. 214 ) Total 46 -- 43 (. 517 ) 20 -- 27 (. 426 ) Round of 16 results ( edit ) In the 1 / 8 / 9 / 16 vs. 4 / 5 / 12 / 13 bracket : vs. No. 4 vs. No. 5 vs. No. 12 vs. No. 13 Total No. 1 37 -- 15 (. 712 ) 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) 19 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 4 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 94 -- 22 (. 810 ) No. 8 5 -- 4 (. 556 ) 2 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 8 -- 5 (. 615 ) No. 9 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 1 -- 1 (. 500 ) 1 - 0 ( 1.000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 4 -- 3 (. 571 ) No. 16 -- -- -- -- -- Total 21 -- 43 (. 328 ) 8 -- 35 (. 186 ) 1 -- 20 (. 048 ) 0 -- 6 (. 000 ) In the 2 / 7 / 10 / 15 vs. 3 / 6 / 11 / 14 bracket : vs. No. 3 vs. No. 6 vs. No. 11 vs. No. 14 Total No. 2 26 -- 15 (. 634 ) 23 -- 6 (. 793 ) 13 -- 2 (. 867 ) -- 62 -- 23 (. 729 ) No. 7 6 -- 9 (. 400 ) 3 -- 4 (. 429 ) 0 -- 4 (. 000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 10 -- 17 (. 370 ) No. 10 4 -- 9 (. 308 ) 2 -- 4 (. 333 ) 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 8 -- 15 (. 348 ) No. 15 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) Total 33 -- 36 (. 478 ) 14 -- 28 (. 333 ) 8 -- 13 (. 381 ) 0 -- 2 (. 000 ) Regional finals results ( edit ) vs. No. 2 vs. No. 3 vs. No. 6 vs. No. 7 vs. No. 10 vs. No. 11 vs. No. 14 vs. No. 15 Total No. 1 23 -- 23 (. 500 ) 14 -- 9 (. 609 ) 7 -- 2 (. 778 ) 4 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 4 -- 1 (. 800 ) 4 -- 3 (. 571 ) -- -- 56 -- 38 (. 596 ) No. 4 4 -- 2 (. 667 ) 3 -- 2 (. 600 ) 2 -- 1 (. 667 ) 2 -- 3 (. 400 ) 2 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- -- -- 13 -- 8 (. 619 ) No. 5 3 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- -- -- 6 -- 2 (. 750 ) No. 8 3 -- 2 (. 600 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- -- -- -- 5 -- 3 (. 625 ) No. 9 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) No. 12 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) No. 13 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- No. 16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Total 28 -- 33 (. 459 ) 15 -- 17 (. 469 ) 3 -- 11 (. 214 ) 3 -- 7 (. 300 ) 1 -- 7 (. 125 ) 4 -- 4 (. 500 ) -- -- Host cities ( edit ) This table lists all the cities that have hosted or will host the Final Four , as well as the venues in which the Final Four was or will be played . For additional information about a particular year 's tournament , click on the year to go directly to that year 's NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament or go to the main article . Year City Venue Champion 1939 Evanston , Illinois Patten Gymnasium Oregon 1940 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium Indiana 1941 Wisconsin 1942 Stanford 1943 New York City Madison Square Garden Wyoming 1944 Utah 1945 Oklahoma A&M 1946 1947 Holy Cross 1948 Kentucky 1949 Seattle Hec Edmundson Pavilion 1950 New York City Madison Square Garden CCNY 1951 Minneapolis Williams Arena Kentucky 1952 Seattle Hec Edmundson Pavilion Kansas 1953 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium Indiana 1954 La Salle 1955 San Francisco 1956 Evanston , Illinois McGaw Hall 1957 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium North Carolina 1958 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall Kentucky 1959 California 1960 Daly City , California Cow Palace Ohio State 1961 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium Cincinnati 1962 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall 1963 Loyola ( Chicago ) 1964 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium UCLA 1965 Portland , Oregon Memorial Coliseum 1966 College Park , Maryland Cole Field House Texas Western 1967 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall UCLA 1968 Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena 1969 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall 1970 College Park , Maryland Cole Field House 1971 Houston Astrodome 1972 Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena 1973 St. Louis St. Louis Arena Greensboro , North Carolina Greensboro Coliseum NC State San Diego San Diego Sports Arena UCLA 1976 Philadelphia The Spectrum Indiana 1977 Atlanta The Omni Marquette 1978 St. Louis The Checkerdome Kentucky 1979 Salt Lake City , Utah Special Events Center Michigan State 1980 Indianapolis Market Square Arena Louisville 1981 Philadelphia The Spectrum Indiana 1982 New Orleans Louisiana Superdome North Carolina Albuquerque , New Mexico University Arena NC State 1984 Seattle Kingdome Georgetown 1985 Lexington , Kentucky Rupp Arena Villanova 1986 Dallas Reunion Arena Louisville New Orleans Louisiana Superdome Indiana 1988 Kansas City , Missouri Kemper Arena Kansas 1989 Seattle Kingdome Michigan 1990 Denver McNichols Sports Arena UNLV 1991 Indianapolis Hoosier Dome Duke 1992 Minneapolis HHH Metrodome 1993 New Orleans Louisiana Superdome North Carolina 1994 Charlotte , North Carolina Charlotte Coliseum Arkansas 1995 Seattle Kingdome UCLA East Rutherford , New Jersey Continental Airlines Arena Kentucky 1997 Indianapolis RCA Dome Arizona 1998 San Antonio Alamodome Kentucky 1999 St. Petersburg , Florida Tropicana Field Connecticut 2000 Indianapolis RCA Dome Michigan State 2001 Minneapolis HHH Metrodome Duke 2002 Atlanta Georgia Dome Maryland 2003 New Orleans Louisiana Superdome Syracuse San Antonio Alamodome Connecticut 2005 St. Louis Edward Jones Dome North Carolina 2006 Indianapolis RCA Dome Florida 2007 Atlanta Georgia Dome 2008 San Antonio Alamodome Kansas 2009 Detroit Ford Field North Carolina Indianapolis Lucas Oil Stadium Duke 2011 Houston Reliant Stadium Connecticut 2012 New Orleans Mercedes - Benz Superdome Kentucky 2013 Atlanta Georgia Dome Louisville 2014 Arlington , Texas AT&T Stadium Connecticut 2015 Indianapolis Lucas Oil Stadium Duke 2016 Houston NRG Stadium Villanova 2017 Glendale , Arizona University of Phoenix Stadium North Carolina 2018 San Antonio Alamodome Villanova 2019 Minneapolis U.S. Bank Stadium 2020 Atlanta Mercedes - Benz Stadium 2021 Indianapolis Lucas Oil Stadium 2022 New Orleans Mercedes - Benz Superdome Popular culture ( edit ) Bracketology and pools ( edit ) Main articles : Bracketology and March Madness pools There are pools or private gambling - related contests as to who can predict the tournament most correctly . The filling out of a tournament bracket has been referred to as a `` national pastime . '' Filling out a tournament bracket with predictions is called the practice of `` bracketology '' and sports programming during the tournament is rife with commentators comparing the accuracy of their predictions . On The Dan Patrick Show , a wide variety of celebrities from various fields ( such as Darius Rucker , Charlie Sheen , Neil Patrick Harris , Ellen DeGeneres , Dave Grohl , and Brooklyn Decker ) have posted full brackets with predictions . Former President Barack Obama 's bracket was posted on the White House website . There are many different tournament prediction scoring systems . Most award points for correctly picking the winning team in a particular match up , with increasingly more points being given for correctly predicting later round winners . Some provide bonus points for correctly predicting upsets , the amount of the bonus varying based on the degree of upset . Some just provide points for wins by correctly picked teams in the brackets . There are 2 ^ 63 or 9.2 quintillion possibilities for the possible winners in a 64 - team NCAA bracket , making the odds of randomly picking a perfect bracket ( i.e. without weighting for seed number ) 9.2 quintillion to 1 . With the expansion of the tournament field to 68 teams in 2011 , there are now 2 ^ 67 or 147.57 quintillion possibilities if one includes the first four opening round games . There are numerous awards and prizes given by companies for anyone who can make the perfect bracket . One of the largest was done by a partnership between Quicken Loans and Berkshire Hathaway , which was backed by Warren Buffett , with a $1 billion prize to any person ( s ) who could correctly predict the outcome of the 2014 tournament . No one was able to complete the challenge and win the $1 billion prize . Tournament associated terms ( edit ) As indicated below , none of these phrases are exclusively used in regard to the NCAA tournament . Nonetheless , they are associated widely with the tournament , sometimes for legal reasons , sometimes just because it 's become part of the American sports vernacular . March Madness ( edit ) March Madness is a popular on - ending basketball tournaments played in March . March Madness is also a registered trademark currently owned exclusively by the NCAA . H.V. Porter , an official with the Illinois High School Association ( and later a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame ) , was the first person to use March Madness to describe a basketball tournament . Porter published an essay named March Madness during 1939 , and during 1942 , he used the phrase in a poem , Basketball Ides of March . Through the years the use of March Madness was increased , especially in Illinois , Indiana , and other parts of the Midwest . During this period the term was used almost exclusively in reference to state high school tournaments . During 1977 , Jim Enright published a book about the Illinois tournament entitled March Madness . Fans began associating the term with the NCAA tournament during the early 1980s . Evidence suggests that CBS sportscaster Brent Musburger , who had worked for many years in Chicago before joining CBS , popularized the term during the annual tournament broadcasts . The NCAA has credited Bob Walsh of the Seattle Organizing Committee for starting the March Madness celebration in 1984 . Only during the 1990s did either the IHSA or the NCAA think about trademarking the term , and by that time a small television production company named Intersport had already trademarked it . IHSA eventually bought the trademark rights from Intersport , and then went to court to establish its primacy . IHSA sued GTE Vantage , an NCAA licensee that used the name March Madness for a computer game based on the college tournament . During 1996 , in a historic ruling , Illinois High School Association v. GTE Vantage , Inc. , the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit created the concept of a `` dual - use trademark '' , granting both the IHSA and NCAA the right to trademark the term for their own purposes . After the ruling , the NCAA and IHSA joined forces and created the March Madness Athletic Association to coordinate the licensing of the trademark and investigate possible trademark infringement . One such case involved a company that had obtained the internet domain name marchmadness.com and was using it to post information about the NCAA tournament . During 2003 , by March Madness Athletic Association v. Netfire , Inc. , the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit decided that March Madness was not a generic term , and ordered Netfire to relinquish the domain name to the NCAA . Later during the 2000s , the IHSA relinquished its ownership share in the trademark , although it retained the right to use the term in association with high school championships . During October 2010 , the NCAA reached a settlement with Intersport , paying $17.2 million for the latter company 's license to use the trademark . Sweet Sixteen ( edit ) This is a popular term for the regional semifinal round of the tournament , consisting of the final 16 teams . As in the case of `` March Madness '' , this was first used by a high school federation -- in this case , the Kentucky High School Athletic Association ( KHSAA ) , which has used the term for decades to describe its own season - ending tournaments . It officially registered the trademark in 1988 . Unlike the situation with `` March Madness '' , the KHSAA has retained sole ownership of the `` Sweet Sixteen '' trademark ; it licenses the term to the NCAA for use in collegiate tournaments . Final Four ( edit ) The term Final Four refers to the last four teams remaining in the playoff tournament . These are the champions of the tournament 's four regional brackets , and are the only teams remaining on the tournament 's final weekend . ( While the term `` Final Four '' was not used during the early decades of the tournament , the term has been applied retroactively to include the last four teams in tournaments from earlier years , even when only two brackets existed . ) Some claim that the phrase Final Four was first used to describe the final games of Indiana 's annual high school basketball tournament . But the NCAA , which has a trademark on the term , says Final Four was originated by a Plain Dealer sportswriter , Ed Chay , in a 1975 article that appeared in the Official Collegiate Basketball Guide . The article stated that Marquette University `` was one of the final four '' of the 1974 tournament . The NCAA started capitalizing the term during 1978 and converting it to a trademark several years later . During recent years , the term Final Four has been used for other sports besides basketball . Tournaments which use Final Four include the Euroleague in basketball , national basketball competitions in several European countries , and the now - defunct European Hockey League . Together with the name Final Four , these tournaments have adopted an NCAA - style format in which the four surviving teams compete in a single - elimination tournament held in one place , typically , during one weekend . The derivative term `` Frozen Four '' is used by the NCAA to refer to the final rounds of the Division I men 's and women 's ice hockey tournaments . Until 1999 , it was just a popular nickname for the last two rounds of the hockey tournament ; officially , it was also known as the Final Four . Cinderella team ( edit ) Although there is not any official definition of what constitutes a Cinderella team , there does seem to be a consensus that such teams represent small schools , are usually low - seeded in the tournament , and achieves at least one unexpected win in the tournament . A recent example of this is Florida Gulf Coast University , a relatively new school that held its first classes in 1997 and became Division I postseason eligible in 2011 . They made their first ever appearance in the 2013 tournament , winning two games to become the first ever # 15 seed to advance to the Sweet Sixteen . The term was popularized as a result of City College of New York 's successful run in the 1950 tournament . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Key Dates in NABC History '' . National Association of Basketball Coaches . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV coverage history of the NCAA Tournament ( 1969 - present ) '' . Classic Sports TV and Media . 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Shear , Michael D. ( March 19 , 2011 ) . `` Obama 's N.C.A.A. Bracket Is One of the Best '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy League Adds Men 's , Women 's Basketball Tournaments Beginning in 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Ivy League . March 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Championship Information -- NCAA.com ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA DIVISION I MEN 'S BASKETBALL CHAMPIONSHIP - PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING THE BRACKET '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tournament History '' . NCAA . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA OK with Dayton Flyers playing in First Four at home '' . ESPN.com . February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parrott , Joshua ( November 13 , 2016 ) . `` College Basketball Question : What is a Mid-Major ? '' . Hero College Sports News . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , KOIN 6 News ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Can Ducks echo The Tall Firs after 78 years ? '' . KOIN 6 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Andy ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Talks of move in early stages '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 All - Star Game recap '' . National Basketball Association . 2011 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` 3 - point shot : UConn gets APR on track '' . ESPN.com . College Basketball Nation Blog . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norlander , Matt ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Report : NCAA ditching domes prior to Final Four '' . CBSSports.com . Eye on College Basketball . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Phoenix lands 2017 NCAA Final Four '' . azcentral.com . November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McPhee , John ( 1999 ) . A Sense of Where You Are : Bill Bradley at Princeton . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , New York . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 0374526893 . Jump up ^ Fraley , Oscar ( March 5 , 1951 ) . `` Scandal Brings More Prestige to NCAA '' . The Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : NCAA reveals format of new 68 - team tournament -- ESPN . Sports.espn.go.com ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Leger , Justin ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` NCAA To Rename ' Rounds of 64 and 32 ' To ' First And Second Rounds ' In 2016 '' . NESN . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Colonial Life Arena History '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2015-07-10/ncaa-lifts-ban-holding-championships-south-carolina Jump up ^ `` NCAA moving tournament games from North Carolina starting this December '' . Outsports ( SB Nation ) . Vox Media . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Liam ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` N.C.A.A. Moves Championship Events From North Carolina , Citing Anti-Gay Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA picks Greenville , S.C. , as replacement site for Greensboro for 2017 tournament '' . NCAA BB ( CBS Sports ) . CBS Broadcasting Inc . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gluskin , Michael ( March 23 , 2005 ) . `` The tournament trim '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Dana ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Louisville 's song finishes in glory '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . And at one end of the court , there was Kevin Ware on his crutches , the net lowered to accommodate him and his crutches , making the final snip on the only nets Louisville has cut all season . Jump up ^ `` Why do NCAA teams cut down the nets ? '' . CNN . April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NCAA Men 's Basketball Trophy Visits UT Medical Center , University of Tennessee press release , January 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ NABC Basic Info Archived 2009 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Does March Madness Lead to Irrational Exuberance in the NBA Draft ? '' . JournalistsResource.org , retrieved April 13 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Ichniowski , Casey ; Preston , Anne E. ( 2012 ) . `` Does March Madness Lead to Irrational Exuberance in the NBA Draft ? High - Value Employee Selection Decisions and Decision - Making Bias '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports , Turner Broadcasting , NCAA Reach 14 - Year Agreement '' ( Press release ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : DeCourcy , Mike ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Putting Final Four games on cable saved college hoops from 96 - team mess '' . Sporting News . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS , Turner win TV rights to tourney '' . ESPN . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA , TV talk about bigger men 's tourney '' . Jump up ^ `` NCAA 2006 -- 07 Revenue Distribution Plan '' . NCAA . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Distribution of Basketball - Related Funds According to Number of Units by Conference , 2001 -- 2006 '' . NCAA . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo unveils Platinum paid service '' . CNET News.com . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ CSTV.com : # 1 in College Sports -- Men 's Basketball Jump up ^ Why we did n't get Stanford in HDTV ( but the rest of the country did ) -- Morning Buzz Jump up ^ WRAL Digital Airs Entire NCAA Basketball Tournament Jump up ^ Dowbiggin , Bruce ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` TSN catches March Madness '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ chappelll ( 2011 - 03 - 10 ) . `` ESPN Europe '' ESPN America Tipping Off Exclusive Coverage of NCAA ® March Madness ® `` . Espnmediazone3.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Vitale , finally , to call NCAA Final Four action '' . USA Today . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Final Four Tournament Seeds '' . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Sheet College Basketball Log '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Summary : UMBC vs. Virginia '' . ESPN.com . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kraemer , Mackenzie ; Nelson , Rob ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Biggest NCAA tournament upsets of the 64 - team era '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Final Four Record Book Jump up ^ MacMullan , Jackie ( March 7 , 2004 ) . `` Undefeated and unnoticed '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 North Carolina Tar Heels Men 's Basketball '' ( PDF ) . Goheels.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 North Carolina Tar Heels Men 's Basketball '' ( PDF ) . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Marlen ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Duke 's Mike Krzyzewski looks golden in chase for fifth title '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Garcia , Marlen. ( 2009 - 08 - 24 ) Two vacated Final Four runs put on stain Calipari 's career -- USATODAY.com . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ask Dr. Math , The Math Forum @ Drexel ; March 14 , 2001 ; accessed March 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ogul , David . `` Perfect NCAA Bracket Could Win You $1 B Thanks to Warren Buffett '' . Moneynews.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ James Enright : Shaping the Game From Inside and Out . Nbra.net ( 2006 - 06 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Quote from Jim Host , former Radio and Television and Marketing Director , NCAA ISBN 1 - 883697 - 67 - 0 Page 103 Jump up ^ Baker Botts L.L.P. Newsroom Resources The Trademark `` March Madness '' Withstands a Genericness Attack . Bakerbotts.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Weiberg , Steve ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` NCAA paid $17 M to protect ' March Madness ' term '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garmon , Jay ( April 6 , 2004 ) . `` Geek Trivia : Basket cases '' . TechRepublic.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA March Madness Directory Sportslynx.com/march-madness.html '' . sportslynx.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets NCAA men 's college basketball tournaments Division I Pre-season 2K Sports Classic Puerto Rico Tip - Off Charleston Classic The Islands of the Bahamas Showcase Paradise Jam Hall of Fame Tip Off Legends Classic CBE Hall of Fame Classic Maui Invitational MGM Resorts Main Event Cayman Islands Classic Gulf Coast Showcase Cancún Challenge Battle 4 Atlantis Savannah Invitational NIT Season Tip - Off Las Vegas Invitational AdvoCare Invitational Phil Knight Invitational Wooden Legacy Emerald Coast Classic Barclays Center Classic Jimmy V Classic Las Vegas Classic Diamond Head Classic Vancouver Showcase Conference postseason ACC America East The American American South American West Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Eight Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA East Coast Great Midwest Great West Horizon Ivy League MAAC MEAC Metro Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Southwest SWAC Sun Belt Summit WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament National Invitation Tournament Vegas 16 College Basketball Invitational CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament National Commissioners Invitational Tournament 1922 National Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament Division II Conference postseason CCAA CACC Carolinas East Coast GLIAC GLVC G - MAC Great Northwest Gulf South Heartland Lone Star Mountain East Northeast - 10 Northern Sun Pacific West Peach Belt PSAC RMAC South Atlantic Sunshine State Postseason NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament Division III Conference postseason Allegheny Mountain American Southwest Capital Centennial CCIW CSAC HCAC Landmark Little East Middle Atlantic NEWMAC NJAC Northwest OAC ODAC SAA SCIAC SCAC USA South WIAC Postseason NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament ECAC Tournaments National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=845449273 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Recurring sporting events established in 1939 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 21 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which olsen twin was in full house more
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The production team behind Full House did not want people to know that Michelle was played by a set of twins , so the girls were credited as `` Mary - Kate Ashley Olsen '' for most of the show 's run ( making it appear as if a single actress had the first name Mary - Kate and the middle name Ashley ) . Although the two were credited separately as `` Mary - Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen '' during the closing credits in the series ' first season ( they were not officially added to the opening title sequence until season two but were credited in the syndicated versions of the season one opening titles ) , it was not until the eighth and final season that the twins were credited as `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen '' in the opening titles . Despite the fact that the Olsens are fraternal twins , their physical appearances were nonetheless similar enough so that few could tell the difference between the two over the course of the show 's run . In season one , Mary - Kate was used more often due to the fact Ashley cried when she was put on set for a scene .
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Mary - Kate
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Michelle Tanner
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michelle tanner
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Michelle Elizabeth Tanner is a fictional character on the long - running ABC sitcom Full House , who was portrayed by Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen . She first appeared in the show 's pilot , `` Our Very First Show '' , which aired in 1987 , and continued to appear throughout up to the two - part series finale , `` Michelle Rides Again '' in 1995 . The character of Michelle was the Olsen twins ' first acting role ; the two were infants when they started working on the series .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Friendships 2 Comet the dog 3 Crediting 4 Reception 5 Book series 6 Fuller House 7 References 8 External links Character ( edit ) Michelle Tanner is the youngest member of the Tanner family , and is notable in the series for saying a string of precocious catchphrases such as `` you got it dude '' , `` you 're in big trouble , mister '' , `` no way , José ! '' and `` aw nuts ! '' . Raised by her father Danny Tanner , her uncle Jesse Katsopolis , and her father 's friend Joey Gladstone after her mother Pam 's death in a car accident caused by a drunk driver , Michelle debuted during her character 's infancy , maturing throughout the progression of the series . She is depicted as being slightly mischievous , though her status as the youngest daughter of the family leaves many of her misdeeds undisciplined and spares her from punishment -- much to the chagrin of her older sisters . Michelle is quite playful , being a young child ; however many episodes end with her realization of a vital moral . Having never interacted with her deceased mother , Michelle occasionally yearns for a mother of her own , and episode plots have surrounded her desire for a mother and her plans to attempt to gain one through her father Danny remarrying . She forms a very strong familial bond with Jesse and enjoys his company and playful teasing . She was the flower girl at his and Becky 's wedding . Their relationship is so strong that she becomes crestfallen upon learning of Jesse 's intended relocation from the Tanner household after his marriage to Rebecca Donaldson in the season four episode `` Fuller House '' . She holds a tendency to scheme when met with a new desire as an enhancement to the comedy of the series , but she eventually realizes the errors of her ways by the episode 's conclusion . From seasons six through eight ( as first established in `` Lovers and Other Tanners '' ) , Michelle is a `` Honey Bee '' in an organization which her sisters D.J. and Stephanie had previously participated in . Michelle attends Meadowcrest Preschool through seasons 3 - 4 and later , Frasier Street Elementary School through seasons 5 - 8 . Friendships ( edit ) In the season three episode `` Bye , Bye Birdie '' , on Michelle 's first day of preschool , she meets a boy named Aaron Bailey , who , that day , is able to wear the sharing crown because he brought his toys in . That day , the teacher calls the kids to the reading carpet for storytime and Michelle tells the class bird to come to participate , opening the cage and consequently resulting in the bird flying out the open window . A saddened Michelle tries desperately to get the bird back , but at the end of the episode , Danny gets her a new bird for her class . When she brings it in , all the kids love it , and Aaron lets Michelle wear the sharing crown for bringing the bird to be the class pet ; the two eventually become friends and stay friends throughout the series . In seasons five and six , she is friends with a boy named Teddy , whom she meets on her first day of kindergarten in the season five premiere `` Double Trouble '' . The two enjoy doing many things together ; it is revealed in `` The Long Goodbye '' that they enjoy dotting each other 's `` I '' 's on their papers . When the two are in first grade , Teddy reveals his father got a new job and thus he and his family have to move to Amarillo , Texas . Michelle , saddened by the news , ties him up in her room tricking him into thinking she was teaching him how to jump rope . He is eventually untied by Joey and he gives her his special toy , `` Furry Murray '' and she gives him her special stuffed pig , `` Pinky . '' Later , the two decide to write to one another . At the end of that same episode , Michelle makes a new friend named Denise Frazier , who then sits in Teddy 's old seat and learns how to cross `` T '' 's . The two become friends through the seventh season ( Denise does not appear in season eight due to her portrayer Jurnee Smollett 's commitment to the short - lived sitcom On Our Own ) . She , at first , does not want a new best friend , but she does like Denise . Michelle also makes many other friends throughout the series , including shy but intelligent Derek Boyd ( Blake McIver Ewing ) and tough - girl Lisa Leeper ( Kathryn Zaremba ) . In the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend , '' Teddy moves back to San Francisco and attends Michelle 's school once again , rejoining her class . Michelle , Teddy , and Denise get into an argument when Danny comes into class for Parent Volunteer Day . He gives an assignment to trace each student 's best friend , leading Michelle to believe that a person could only have one best friend . The three then have trouble deciding who to trace , allowing Michelle to take advantage of the situation . She says that she would pick the one who gives her the best stuff , but she did not say it explicitly ( Teddy offers to give her his lone - star bolo tie and some Snickles candy -- a parody of Skittles , and Denise offers her hair scrunchie and pencil case ; Michelle takes them up on the offers , not realizing she is accepting bribes , which ultimately make Teddy and Denise angry when they understand what is actually happening ) . The three eventually make up in the end after Michelle picks Comet the dog as her best friend and traces him , and Danny helps them to understand that they could all be best friends . Comet the dog ( edit ) In the season three episode `` And They Call It Puppy Love , '' the Tanner family adopts a dog named Comet , one of the puppies born to Minnie , a golden retriever who wandered from the home of her owners halfway across the country to California and was found by D.J. and Stephanie . Michelle grows a strong bond with Comet over the course of the series . In the season four episode `` One Last Kiss , '' Michelle wanted another dog that was her size because Comet got bigger . In the season six episode `` Road to Tokyo , '' when Jesse is on tour in Tokyo , Michelle decides to dig a hole to Tokyo in order to visit and she asks Comet to dig . In the season eight episode `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure , '' Comet runs away when Jesse unknowingly gives her permission to walk Comet by herself ( as he was trying to deal with his bandmates in Jesse and the Rippers voting him out of the group due to the intrusion of his commitments to the family and his radio show gig ) , leading Michelle ( and eventually , the rest of the family ) to look all around San Francisco to find him ( it was the only episode of the series that was filmed on location in San Francisco ) . Comet comes home at the end of the episode . Crediting ( edit ) The production team behind Full House did not want people to know that Michelle was played by a set of twins , so the girls were credited as `` Mary - Kate Ashley Olsen '' for most of the show 's run ( making it appear as if a single actress had the first name Mary - Kate and the middle name Ashley ) . Although the two were credited separately as `` Mary - Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen '' during the closing credits in the series ' first season ( they were not officially added to the opening title sequence until season two but were credited in the syndicated versions of the season one opening titles ) , it was not until the eighth and final season that the twins were credited as `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen '' in the opening titles . Despite the fact that the Olsens are fraternal twins , their physical appearances were nonetheless similar enough so that few could tell the difference between the two over the course of the show 's run . In season one , Mary - Kate was used more often due to the fact Ashley cried when she was put on set for a scene . Reception ( edit ) In 1989 , Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen won a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor / Actress Under Five Years of Age for their portrayal of Michelle . In 1990 , they were also awarded Young Artist Awards for their work on Full House , in the category of Outstanding Performance by an Actress Under Nine Years of Age . The two also won the Young Artist Awards for Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Ten in 1991 . Book series ( edit ) Shortly after the show ended , two separate book series focusing respectively on Michelle and Stephanie were published . The stories take place mainly during the continuity of the show 's later seasons , and include the sisters ' friends and many other characters . The plots mainly focus on the characters ' struggles and triumphs . Most of the books were not an episode in the series . Michelle is about nine years old and Stephanie is in her teens in the series . The books were mainly published in the 1990s . Fuller House ( edit ) The twins declined to reprise their role for Fuller House , the 2016 Netflix sequel to Full House . Ashley cited their 12 years away from acting and Mary - Kate said the timing was bad . In the series , their character is only seen during flashbacks and mentioned from time - to - time . For example , they mention that Michelle is now working as a fashion designer in New York . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV.com . `` Full House : Comet 's Excellent Adventure - Season 8 , Episode 1 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ashley Olsen : Information from '' . Answers.com . 1986 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tenth Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eleventh Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thirteenth Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` * * Full House Michelle Book Series * * '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' We Finally Know Why The Olsen Twins Are n't On Fuller House ' '' . cinemablend.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Full House characters Full House at the ABC Family website Michelle Tanner on IMDb Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Fuller House episodes Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Mary - Kate Olsen Ashley Olsen Video games ( Pocket Planner ) Dualstar Michelle Tanner Elizabeth Olsen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Tanner&oldid=847274929 '' Categories : Child characters in television Fictional American people of Greek descent Fictional characters from San Francisco Fictional characters introduced in 1987 Fictional people in fashion Full House Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Sitcom characters Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 04 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle%20Tanner
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if the mean is 3 and the standard deviation is 1
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Standard deviation
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standard deviation
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In statistics , the standard deviation ( SD , also represented by the Greek letter sigma σ or the Latin letter s ) is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values . A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean ( also called the expected value ) of the set , while a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of values .
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The standard deviation of a random variable , statistical population , data set , or probability distribution is the square root of its variance . It is algebraically simpler , though in practice less robust , than the average absolute deviation . A useful property of the standard deviation is that , unlike the variance , it is expressed in the same units as the data . There are also other measures of deviation from the norm , including average absolute deviation , which provide different mathematical properties from standard deviation . In addition to expressing the variability of a population , the standard deviation is commonly used to measure confidence in statistical conclusions . For example , the margin of error in polling data is determined by calculating the expected standard deviation in the results if the same poll were to be conducted multiple times . This derivation of a standard deviation is often called the `` standard error '' of the estimate or `` standard error of the mean '' when referring to a mean . It is computed as the standard deviation of all the means that would be computed from that population if an infinite number of samples were drawn and a mean for each sample were computed . It is very important to note that the standard deviation of a population and the standard error of a statistic derived from that population ( such as the mean ) are quite different but related ( related by the inverse of the square root of the number of observations ) . The reported margin of error of a poll is computed from the standard error of the mean ( or alternatively from the product of the standard deviation of the population and the inverse of the square root of the sample size , which is the same thing ) and is typically about twice the standard deviation -- the half - width of a 95 percent confidence interval . In science , many researchers report the standard deviation of experimental data , and only effects that fall much farther than two standard deviations away from what would have been expected are considered statistically significant -- normal random error or variation in the measurements is in this way distinguished from likely genuine effects or associations . The standard deviation is also important in finance , where the standard deviation on the rate of return on an investment is a measure of the volatility of the investment . When only a sample of data from a population is available , the term standard deviation of the sample or sample standard deviation can refer to either the above - mentioned quantity as applied to those data or to a modified quantity that is an unbiased estimate of the population standard deviation ( the standard deviation of the entire population ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basic examples 1.1 Sample standard deviation of metabolic rate of Northern Fulmars 1.2 Population standard deviation of grades of eight students 1.3 Standard deviation of average height for adult men 2 Definition of population values 2.1 Discrete random variable 2.2 Continuous random variable 3 Estimation 3.1 Uncorrected sample standard deviation 3.2 Corrected sample standard deviation 3.3 Unbiased sample standard deviation 3.4 Confidence interval of a sampled standard deviation 4 Identities and mathematical properties 5 Interpretation and application 5.1 Application examples 5.1. 1 Experiment , industrial and hypothesis testing 5.1. 2 Weather 5.1. 3 Finance 5.2 Geometric interpretation 5.3 Chebyshev 's inequality 5.4 Rules for normally distributed data 6 Relationship between standard deviation and mean 6.1 Standard deviation of the mean 7 Rapid calculation methods 7.1 Weighted calculation 8 History 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Basic examples ( edit ) Sample standard deviation of metabolic rate of Northern fulmars ( edit ) Logan gives the following example . Furness and Bryant measured the resting metabolic rate for 8 male and 6 female breeding Northern fulmars . The table shows the Furness data set . The graph shows the metabolic rate for males and females . By visual inspection , it appears that the variability of the metabolic rate is greater for males than for females . The sample standard deviation of the metabolic rate for the female fulmars is calculated as follows . The formula for the sample standard deviation is s = ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 N − 1 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) . ) where ( x 1 , x 2 , ... , x N ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ , x_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , x_ ( N ) \ ) ) are the observed values of the sample items , x _̄ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) is the mean value of these observations , and N is the number of observations in the sample . In the sample standard deviation formula , for this example , the numerator is the sum of the squared deviation of each individual animal 's metabolic rate from the mean metabolic rate . The table below shows the calculation of this sum of squared deviations for the female fulmars . For females , the sum of squared deviations is 886047.09 , as shown in the table . The denominator in the sample standard deviation formula is N -- 1 , where N is the number of animals . In this example , there are N = 6 females , so the denominator is 6 -- 1 = 5 . The sample standard deviation for the female fulmars is therefore s = ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 N − 1 = 886047.09 5 = 420.96 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 886047.09 ) ( 5 ) ) ) = 420.96 . ) For the male fulmars , a similar calculation gives a sample standard deviation of 894.37 , approximately twice as large as the standard deviation for the females . The graph shows the metabolic rate data , the means ( red dots ) , and the standard deviations ( red lines ) for females and males . Use of the sample standard deviation implies that these 14 fulmars are a sample from a larger population of fulmars . If these 14 fulmars comprised the entire population ( perhaps the last 14 surviving fulmars ) , then instead of the sample standard deviation , the calculation would use the population standard deviation . In the population standard deviation formula , the denominator is N instead of N - 1 . It is rare that measurements can be taken for an entire population , so , by default , statistical software packages calculate the sample standard deviation . Similarly , journal articles report the sample standard deviation unless otherwise specified . Population standard deviation of grades of eight students ( edit ) Suppose that the entire population of interest was eight students in a particular class . For a finite set of numbers , the population standard deviation is found by taking the square root of the average of the squared deviations of the values from their average value . The marks of a class of eight students ( that is , a statistical population ) are the following eight values : 2 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 9 . ( \ displaystyle 2 , \ 4 , \ 4 , \ 4 , \ 5 , \ 5 , \ 7 , \ 9 . ) These eight data points have the mean ( average ) of 5 : 2 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 9 8 = 5 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 9 ) ( 8 ) ) = 5 . ) First , calculate the deviations of each data point from the mean , and square the result of each : ( 2 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 3 ) 2 = 9 ( 5 − 5 ) 2 = 0 2 = 0 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 5 − 5 ) 2 = 0 2 = 0 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 7 − 5 ) 2 = 2 2 = 4 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 9 − 5 ) 2 = 4 2 = 16 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( array ) ( lll ) ( 2 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 3 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 9&& ( 5 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0 ^ ( 2 ) = 0 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 5 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0 ^ ( 2 ) = 0 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 7 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 2 ^ ( 2 ) = 4 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 9 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 4 ^ ( 2 ) = 16. \ \ \ end ( array ) ) ) The variance is the mean of these values : 9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 16 8 = 4 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 16 ) ( 8 ) ) = 4 . ) and the population standard deviation is equal to the square root of the variance : 4 = 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 4 ) ) = 2 . ) This formula is valid only if the eight values with which we began form the complete population . If the values instead were a random sample drawn from some large parent population ( for example , they were 8 marks randomly and independently chosen from a class of 2 million ) , then one often divides by 7 ( which is n − 1 ) instead of 8 ( which is n ) in the denominator of the last formula . In that case the result of the original formula would be called the sample standard deviation . Dividing by n − 1 rather than by n gives an unbiased estimate of the variance of the larger parent population . This is known as Bessel 's correction . Standard deviation of average height for adult men ( edit ) If the population of interest is approximately normally distributed , the standard deviation provides information on the proportion of observations above or below certain values . For example , the average height for adult men in the United States is about 70 inches ( 177.8 cm ) , with a standard deviation of around 3 inches ( 7.62 cm ) . This means that most men ( about 68 % , assuming a normal distribution ) have a height within 3 inches ( 7.62 cm ) of the mean ( 67 -- 73 inches ( 170.18 -- 185.42 cm ) ) -- one standard deviation -- and almost all men ( about 95 % ) have a height within 6 inches ( 15.24 cm ) of the mean ( 64 -- 76 inches ( 162.56 -- 193.04 cm ) ) -- two standard deviations . If the standard deviation were zero , then all men would be exactly 70 inches ( 177.8 cm ) tall . If the standard deviation were 20 inches ( 50.8 cm ) , then men would have much more variable heights , with a typical range of about 50 -- 90 inches ( 127 -- 228.6 cm ) . Three standard deviations account for 99.7 % of the sample population being studied , assuming the distribution is normal ( bell - shaped ) . ( See the 68 - 95 - 99.7 rule , or the empirical rule , for more information . ) Definition of population values ( edit ) Let X be a random variable with mean value μ : E ( X ) = μ . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) = \ mu . \ , \ ! ) Here the operator E denotes the average or expected value of X . Then the standard deviation of X is the quantity σ = E ( ( X − μ ) 2 ) = E ( X 2 ) + E ( − 2 μ X ) + E ( μ 2 ) = E ( X 2 ) − 2 μ E ( X ) + μ 2 = E ( X 2 ) − 2 μ 2 + μ 2 = E ( X 2 ) − μ 2 = E ( X 2 ) − ( E ( X ) ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sigma & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( ( X - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) + \ operatorname ( E ) ( - 2 \ mu X ) + \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2 \ mu \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) + \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2 \ mu ^ ( 2 ) + \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) ( derived using the properties of expected value ) . In other words , the standard deviation σ ( sigma ) is the square root of the variance of X ; i.e. , it is the square root of the average value of ( X − μ ) . The standard deviation of a ( univariate ) probability distribution is the same as that of a random variable having that distribution . Not all random variables have a standard deviation , since these expected values need not exist . For example , the standard deviation of a random variable that follows a Cauchy distribution is undefined because its expected value μ is undefined . Discrete random variable ( edit ) In the case where X takes random values from a finite data set x , x , ... , x , with each value having the same probability , the standard deviation is σ = 1 N ( ( x 1 − μ ) 2 + ( x 2 − μ ) 2 + ⋯ + ( x N − μ ) 2 ) , w h e r e μ = 1 N ( x 1 + ⋯ + x N ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ left ( ( x_ ( 1 ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( x_ ( 2 ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + ( x_ ( N ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) ( x_ ( 1 ) + \ cdots + x_ ( N ) ) , ) or , using summation notation , σ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − μ ) 2 , w h e r e μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) . ) If , instead of having equal probabilities , the values have different probabilities , let x have probability p , x have probability p , ... , x have probability p . In this case , the standard deviation will be σ = ∑ i = 1 N p i ( x i − μ ) 2 , w h e r e μ = ∑ i = 1 N p i x i . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) p_ ( i ) ( x_ ( i ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) p_ ( i ) x_ ( i ) . ) Continuous random variable ( edit ) The standard deviation of a continuous real - valued random variable X with probability density function p ( x ) is σ = ∫ X ( x − μ ) 2 p ( x ) d x , w h e r e μ = ∫ X x p ( x ) d x , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( \ int _ ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) ( x - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , p ( x ) \ , ( \ rm ( d ) ) x ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = \ int _ ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) x \ , p ( x ) \ , ( \ rm ( d ) ) x , ) and where the integrals are definite integrals taken for x ranging over the set of possible values of the random variable X . In the case of a parametric family of distributions , the standard deviation can be expressed in terms of the parameters . For example , in the case of the log - normal distribution with parameters μ and σ , the standard deviation is ( ( exp ( σ ) − 1 ) exp ( 2μ + σ ) ) . Estimation ( edit ) See also : Sample variance Main article : Unbiased estimation of standard deviation One can find the standard deviation of an entire population in cases ( such as standardized testing ) where every member of a population is sampled . In cases where that can not be done , the standard deviation σ is estimated by examining a random sample taken from the population and computing a statistic of the sample , which is used as an estimate of the population standard deviation . Such a statistic is called an estimator , and the estimator ( or the value of the estimator , namely the estimate ) is called a sample standard deviation , and is denoted by s ( possibly with modifiers ) . However , unlike in the case of estimating the population mean , for which the sample mean is a simple estimator with many desirable properties ( unbiased , efficient , maximum likelihood ) , there is no single estimator for the standard deviation with all these properties , and unbiased estimation of standard deviation is a very technically involved problem . Most often , the standard deviation is estimated using the corrected sample standard deviation ( using N − 1 ) , defined below , and this is often referred to as the `` sample standard deviation '' , without qualifiers . However , other estimators are better in other respects : the uncorrected estimator ( using N ) yields lower mean squared error , while using N − 1.5 ( for the normal distribution ) almost completely eliminates bias . Uncorrected sample standard deviation ( edit ) The formula for the population standard deviation ( of a finite population ) can be applied to the sample , using the size of the sample as the size of the population ( though the actual population size from which the sample is drawn may be much larger ) . This estimator , denoted by s , is known as the uncorrected sample standard deviation , or sometimes the standard deviation of the sample ( considered as the entire population ) , and is defined as follows : s N = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( N ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) where ( x 1 , x 2 , ... , x N ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ , x_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , x_ ( N ) \ ) ) are the observed values of the sample items and x _̄ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) is the mean value of these observations , while the denominator N stands for the size of the sample : this is the square root of the sample variance , which is the average of the squared deviations about the sample mean . This is a consistent estimator ( it converges in probability to the population value as the number of samples goes to infinity ) , and is the maximum - likelihood estimate when the population is normally distributed . However , this is a biased estimator , as the estimates are generally too low . The bias decreases as sample size grows , dropping off as 1 / N , and thus is most significant for small or moderate sample sizes ; for N > 75 ( \ displaystyle N > 75 ) the bias is below 1 % . Thus for very large sample sizes , the uncorrected sample standard deviation is generally acceptable . This estimator also has a uniformly smaller mean squared error than the corrected sample standard deviation . Corrected sample standard deviation ( edit ) If the biased sample variance ( the second central moment of the sample , which is a downward - biased estimate of the population variance ) is used to compute an estimate of the population 's standard deviation , the result is s N = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s_ ( N ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Here taking the square root introduces further downward bias , by Jensen 's inequality , due to the square root being a concave function . The bias in the variance is easily corrected , but the bias from the square root is more difficult to correct , and depends on the distribution in question . An unbiased estimator for the variance is given by applying Bessel 's correction , using N − 1 instead of N to yield the unbiased sample variance , denoted s : s 2 = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) This estimator is unbiased if the variance exists and the sample values are drawn independently with replacement . N − 1 corresponds to the number of degrees of freedom in the vector of deviations from the mean , ( x 1 − x _̄ , ... , x n − x _̄ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( x_ ( 1 ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) , \ ; \ dots , \ ; x_ ( n ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) . ) Taking square roots reintroduces bias ( because the square root is a nonlinear function , which does not commute with the expectation ) , yielding the corrected sample standard deviation , denoted by s : s = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) As explained above , while s is an unbiased estimator for the population variance , s is still a biased estimator for the population standard deviation , though markedly less biased than the uncorrected sample standard deviation . This estimator is commonly used and generally known simply as the `` sample standard deviation '' . The bias may still be large for small samples ( N less than 10 ) . As sample size increases , the amount of bias decreases . We obtain more information and the difference between 1 N ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) ) and 1 N − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) becomes smaller . Unbiased sample standard deviation ( edit ) For unbiased estimation of standard deviation , there is no formula that works across all distributions , unlike for mean and variance . Instead , s is used as a basis , and is scaled by a correction factor to produce an unbiased estimate . For the normal distribution , an unbiased estimator is given by s / c , where the correction factor ( which depends on N ) is given in terms of the Gamma function , and equals : c 4 ( N ) = 2 N − 1 Γ ( N 2 ) Γ ( N − 1 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle c_ ( 4 ) ( N ) \ , = \ , ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) \ , \ , \ , ( \ frac ( \ Gamma \ left ( ( \ frac ( N ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ( \ Gamma \ left ( ( \ frac ( N - 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ) . ) This arises because the sampling distribution of the sample standard deviation follows a ( scaled ) chi distribution , and the correction factor is the mean of the chi distribution . An approximation can be given by replacing N − 1 with N − 1.5 , yielding : σ ^ = 1 N − 1.5 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1.5 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ bar ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) The error in this approximation decays quadratically ( as 1 / N ) , and it is suited for all but the smallest samples or highest precision : for n = 3 the bias is equal to 1.3 % , and for n = 9 the bias is already less than 0.1 % . For other distributions , the correct formula depends on the distribution , but a rule of thumb is to use the further refinement of the approximation : σ ^ = 1 N − 1.5 − 1 4 γ 2 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1.5 - ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ bar ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) where γ denotes the population excess kurtosis . The excess kurtosis may be either known beforehand for certain distributions , or estimated from the data . Confidence interval of a sampled standard deviation ( edit ) See also : Margin of error , Variance § Distribution of the sample variance , and Student's_t - distribution § Robust_parametric_modeling The standard deviation we obtain by sampling a distribution is itself not absolutely accurate , both for mathematical reasons ( explained here by the confidence interval ) and for practical reasons of measurement ( measurement error ) . The mathematical effect can be described by the confidence interval or CI . To show how a larger sample will make the confidence interval narrower , consider the following examples : A small population of N = 2 has only 1 degree of freedom for estimating the standard deviation . The result is that a 95 % CI of the SD runs from 0.45 × SD to 31.9 × SD ; the factors here are as follows : Pr ( q α / 2 < k s 2 σ 2 < q 1 − α / 2 ) = 1 − α , ( \ displaystyle \ Pr \ left ( q_ ( \ alpha / 2 ) < k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) ) < q_ ( 1 - \ alpha / 2 ) \ right ) = 1 - \ alpha , ) where q p ( \ displaystyle q_ ( p ) ) is the p - th quantile of the chi - square distribution with k degrees of freedom , and 1 − α ( \ displaystyle 1 - \ alpha ) is the confidence level . This is equivalent to the following : Pr ( k s 2 q 1 − α / 2 < σ 2 < k s 2 q α / 2 ) = 1 − α . ( \ displaystyle \ Pr \ left ( k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 - \ alpha / 2 ) ) ) < \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) < k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( q_ ( \ alpha / 2 ) ) ) \ right ) = 1 - \ alpha . ) With k = 1 , q 0.025 = 0.000982 ( \ displaystyle q_ ( 0.025 ) = 0.000982 ) and q 0.975 = 5.024 ( \ displaystyle q_ ( 0.975 ) = 5.024 ) . The reciprocals of the square roots of these two numbers give us the factors 0.45 and 31.9 given above . A larger population of N = 10 has 9 degrees of freedom for estimating the standard deviation . The same computations as above give us in this case a 95 % CI running from 0.69 * SD to 1.83 * SD . So even with a sample population of 10 , the actual SD can still be almost a factor 2 higher than the sampled SD . For a sample population N = 100 , this is down to 0.88 * SD to 1.16 * SD . To be more certain that the sampled SD is close to the actual SD we need to sample a large number of points . These same formulae can be used to obtain confidence intervals on the variance of residuals from a least squares fit under standard normal theory , where k is now the number of degrees of freedom for error . Identities and mathematical properties ( edit ) The standard deviation is invariant under changes in location , and scales directly with the scale of the random variable . Thus , for a constant c and random variables X and Y : σ ( c ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( c ) = 0 \ , ) σ ( X + c ) = σ ( X ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X + c ) = \ sigma ( X ) , \ , ) σ ( c X ) = c σ ( X ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( cX ) = c \ sigma ( X ). \ , ) The standard deviation of the sum of two random variables can be related to their individual standard deviations and the covariance between them : σ ( X + Y ) = var ( X ) + var ( Y ) + 2 cov ( X , Y ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X + Y ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) + \ operatorname ( var ) ( Y ) + 2 \ , \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) ) ). \ , ) where var = σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ operatorname ( var ) \ , = \ , \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) and cov ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ operatorname ( cov ) ) stand for variance and covariance , respectively . The calculation of the sum of squared deviations can be related to moments calculated directly from the data . In the following formula , the letter E is interpreted to mean expected value , i.e. , mean . σ ( X ) = E ( ( X − E ( X ) ) 2 ) = E ( X 2 ) − ( E ( X ) ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X ) = ( \ sqrt ( E ( ( X-E ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( E ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( E ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) The sample standard deviation can be computed as : s ( X ) = N N − 1 E ( ( X − E ( X ) ) 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle s ( X ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( N ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) ( \ sqrt ( E ( ( X-E ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) For a finite population with equal probabilities at all points , we have 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 = 1 N ( ∑ i = 1 N x i 2 ) − x _̄ 2 = ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i 2 ) − ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ left ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) - \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) This means that the standard deviation is equal to the square root of the difference between the average of the squares of the values and the square of the average value . See computational formula for the variance for proof , and for an analogous result for the sample standard deviation . Interpretation and application ( edit ) Further information : Prediction interval and Confidence interval Example of samples from two populations with the same mean but different standard deviations . Red population has mean 100 and SD 10 ; blue population has mean 100 and SD 50 . A large standard deviation indicates that the data points can spread far from the mean and a small standard deviation indicates that they are clustered closely around the mean . For example , each of the three populations ( 0 , 0 , 14 , 14 ) , ( 0 , 6 , 8 , 14 ) and ( 6 , 6 , 8 , 8 ) has a mean of 7 . Their standard deviations are 7 , 5 , and 1 , respectively . The third population has a much smaller standard deviation than the other two because its values are all close to 7 . It will have the same units as the data points themselves . If , for instance , the data set ( 0 , 6 , 8 , 14 ) represents the ages of a population of four siblings in years , the standard deviation is 5 years . As another example , the population ( 1000 , 1006 , 1008 , 1014 ) may represent the distances traveled by four athletes , measured in meters . It has a mean of 1007 meters , and a standard deviation of 5 meters . Standard deviation may serve as a measure of uncertainty . In physical science , for example , the reported standard deviation of a group of repeated measurements gives the precision of those measurements . When deciding whether measurements agree with a theoretical prediction , the standard deviation of those measurements is of crucial importance : if the mean of the measurements is too far away from the prediction ( with the distance measured in standard deviations ) , then the theory being tested probably needs to be revised . This makes sense since they fall outside the range of values that could reasonably be expected to occur , if the prediction were correct and the standard deviation appropriately quantified . See prediction interval . While the standard deviation does measure how far typical values tend to be from the mean , other measures are available . An example is the mean absolute deviation , which might be considered a more direct measure of average distance , compared to the root mean square distance inherent in the standard deviation . Application examples ( edit ) The practical value of understanding the standard deviation of a set of values is in appreciating how much variation there is from the average ( mean ) . Experiment , industrial and hypothesis testing ( edit ) Standard deviation is often used to compare real - world data against a model to test the model . For example , in industrial applications the weight of products coming off a production line may need to comply with a legally required value . By weighing some fraction of the products an average weight can be found , which will always be slightly different to the long - term average . By using standard deviations , a minimum and maximum value can be calculated that the averaged weight will be within some very high percentage of the time ( 99.9 % or more ) . If it falls outside the range then the production process may need to be corrected . Statistical tests such as these are particularly important when the testing is relatively expensive . For example , if the product needs to be opened and drained and weighed , or if the product was otherwise used up by the test . In experimental science , a theoretical model of reality is used . Particle physics conventionally uses a standard of `` 5 sigma '' for the declaration of a discovery . A five - sigma level translates to one chance in 3.5 million that a random fluctuation would yield the result . This level of certainty was required in order to assert that a particle consistent with the Higgs boson had been discovered in two independent experiments at CERN , and this was also the significance level leading to the declaration of the first detection of gravitational waves . Weather ( edit ) As a simple example , consider the average daily maximum temperatures for two cities , one inland and one on the coast . It is helpful to understand that the range of daily maximum temperatures for cities near the coast is smaller than for cities inland . Thus , while these two cities may each have the same average maximum temperature , the standard deviation of the daily maximum temperature for the coastal city will be less than that of the inland city as , on any particular day , the actual maximum temperature is more likely to be farther from the average maximum temperature for the inland city than for the coastal one . Finance ( edit ) In finance , standard deviation is often used as a measure of the risk associated with price - fluctuations of a given asset ( stocks , bonds , property , etc . ) , or the risk of a portfolio of assets ( actively managed mutual funds , index mutual funds , or ETFs ) . Risk is an important factor in determining how to efficiently manage a portfolio of investments because it determines the variation in returns on the asset and / or portfolio and gives investors a mathematical basis for investment decisions ( known as mean - variance optimization ) . The fundamental concept of risk is that as it increases , the expected return on an investment should increase as well , an increase known as the risk premium . In other words , investors should expect a higher return on an investment when that investment carries a higher level of risk or uncertainty . When evaluating investments , investors should estimate both the expected return and the uncertainty of future returns . Standard deviation provides a quantified estimate of the uncertainty of future returns . For example , assume an investor had to choose between two stocks . Stock A over the past 20 years had an average return of 10 percent , with a standard deviation of 20 percentage points ( pp ) and Stock B , over the same period , had average returns of 12 percent but a higher standard deviation of 30 pp. On the basis of risk and return , an investor may decide that Stock A is the safer choice , because Stock B 's additional two percentage points of return is not worth the additional 10 pp standard deviation ( greater risk or uncertainty of the expected return ) . Stock B is likely to fall short of the initial investment ( but also to exceed the initial investment ) more often than Stock A under the same circumstances , and is estimated to return only two percent more on average . In this example , Stock A is expected to earn about 10 percent , plus or minus 20 pp ( a range of 30 percent to − 10 percent ) , about two - thirds of the future year returns . When considering more extreme possible returns or outcomes in future , an investor should expect results of as much as 10 percent plus or minus 60 pp , or a range from 70 percent to − 50 percent , which includes outcomes for three standard deviations from the average return ( about 99.7 percent of probable returns ) . Calculating the average ( or arithmetic mean ) of the return of a security over a given period will generate the expected return of the asset . For each period , subtracting the expected return from the actual return results in the difference from the mean . Squaring the difference in each period and taking the average gives the overall variance of the return of the asset . The larger the variance , the greater risk the security carries . Finding the square root of this variance will give the standard deviation of the investment tool in question . Population standard deviation is used to set the width of Bollinger Bands , a widely adopted technical analysis tool . For example , the upper Bollinger Band is given as x + nσ . The most commonly used value for n is 2 ; there is about a five percent chance of going outside , assuming a normal distribution of returns . Financial time series are known to be non-stationary series , whereas the statistical calculations above , such as standard deviation , apply only to stationary series . To apply the above statistical tools to non-stationary series , the series first must be transformed to a stationary series , enabling use of statistical tools that now have a valid basis from which to work . Geometric interpretation ( edit ) To gain some geometric insights and clarification , we will start with a population of three values , x , x , x . This defines a point P = ( x , x , x ) in R. Consider the line L = ( ( r , r , r ) : r ∈ R ) . This is the `` main diagonal '' going through the origin . If our three given values were all equal , then the standard deviation would be zero and P would lie on L. So it is not unreasonable to assume that the standard deviation is related to the distance of P to L. That is indeed the case . To move orthogonally from L to the point P , one begins at the point : M = ( x _̄ , x _̄ , x _̄ ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ) whose coordinates are the mean of the values we started out with . ( show ) Derivation of M = ( x _̄ , x _̄ , x _̄ ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ) M ( \ displaystyle M ) is on L ( \ displaystyle L ) therefore M = ( l , l , l ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( l , l , l ) ) with l ∈ R ( \ displaystyle l \ in ( \ textbf ( R ) ) ) The line L ( \ displaystyle L ) is to be orthogonal to the vector from M ( \ displaystyle M ) to P ( \ displaystyle P ) . Therefore : L ⋅ ( P − M ) = 0 ( r , r , r ) ⋅ ( x 1 − l , x 2 − l , x 3 − l ) = 0 r ∗ ( x 1 − l + x 2 − l + x 3 − l ) = 0 r ∗ ( ∑ i x i − 3 l ) = 0 ∑ i x i − 3 l = 0 1 3 ∑ i x i = l x _̄ = l ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) L \ cdot ( P-M ) & = 0 \ \ ( r , r , r ) \ cdot ( x_ ( 1 ) - l , x_ ( 2 ) - l , x_ ( 3 ) - l ) & = 0 \ \ r * ( x_ ( 1 ) - l + x_ ( 2 ) - l + x_ ( 3 ) - l ) & = 0 \ \ r * ( \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) - 3l ) & = 0 \ \ \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) - 3l& = 0 \ \ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) & = l \ \ ( \ overline ( x ) ) & = l \ end ( aligned ) ) ) A little algebra shows that the distance between P and M ( which is the same as the orthogonal distance between P and the line L ) ∑ i ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) is equal to the standard deviation of the vector x , x , x , multiplied by the square root of the number of dimensions of the vector ( 3 in this case . ) Chebyshev 's inequality ( edit ) Main article : Chebyshev 's inequality An observation is rarely more than a few standard deviations away from the mean . Chebyshev 's inequality ensures that , for all distributions for which the standard deviation is defined , the amount of data within a number of standard deviations of the mean is at least as much as given in the following table . Distance from mean Minimum population 2 σ ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ , \ sigma ) 50 % 2σ 75 % 3σ 89 % 4σ 94 % 5σ 96 % 6σ 97 % k σ ( \ displaystyle k \ sigma ) 1 − 1 k 2 ( \ displaystyle 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) 1 1 − l σ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - \ ell ) ) ) \ , \ sigma ) l ( \ displaystyle \ ell ) Rules for normally distributed data ( edit ) Dark blue is one standard deviation on either side of the mean . For the normal distribution , this accounts for 68.27 percent of the set ; while two standard deviations from the mean ( medium and dark blue ) account for 95.45 percent ; three standard deviations ( light , medium , and dark blue ) account for 99.73 percent ; and four standard deviations account for 99.994 percent . The two points of the curve that are one standard deviation from the mean are also the inflection points . The central limit theorem states that the distribution of an average of many independent , identically distributed random variables tends toward the famous bell - shaped normal distribution with a probability density function of f ( x ; μ , σ 2 ) = 1 σ 2 π e − 1 2 ( x − μ σ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ; \ mu , \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sigma ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ) e ^ ( - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( x - \ mu ) ( \ sigma ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) where μ is the expected value of the random variables , σ equals their distribution 's standard deviation divided by n , and n is the number of random variables . The standard deviation therefore is simply a scaling variable that adjusts how broad the curve will be , though it also appears in the normalizing constant . If a data distribution is approximately normal , then the proportion of data values within z standard deviations of the mean is defined by : Proportion = erf ( z 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Proportion ) ) = \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ) where erf ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ operatorname ( erf ) ) is the error function . The proportion that is less than or equal to a number , x , is given by the cumulative distribution function : Proportion ≤ x = 1 2 ( 1 + erf ( x − μ σ 2 ) ) = 1 2 ( 1 + erf ( z 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Proportion ) ) \ leq x = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( 1 + \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( x - \ mu ) ( \ sigma ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( 1 + \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) ) . If a data distribution is approximately normal then about 68 percent of the data values are within one standard deviation of the mean ( mathematically , μ ± σ , where μ is the arithmetic mean ) , about 95 percent are within two standard deviations ( μ ± 2σ ) , and about 99.7 percent lie within three standard deviations ( μ ± 3σ ) . This is known as the 68 - 95 - 99.7 rule , or the empirical rule . For various values of z , the percentage of values expected to lie in and outside the symmetric interval , CI = ( − zσ , zσ ) , are as follows : Percentage within ( z ) z ( Percentage within ) Confidence interval Proportion within Proportion without Percentage Percentage Fraction 6999674490000000000 ♠ 0.674 490 σ 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 % 1 / 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 6999994458000000000 ♠ 0.994 458 σ 68 % 32 % 1 / 3.125 1σ 7001682689492000000 ♠ 68.268 9492 % 7001317310508000000 ♠ 31.731 0508 % 1 / 7000315148720000000 ♠ 3.151 4872 7000128155200000000 ♠ 1.281 552 σ 80 % 20 % 1 / 5 7000164485400000000 ♠ 1.644 854 σ 90 % 10 % 1 / 10 7000195996400000000 ♠ 1.959 964 σ 95 % 5 % 1 / 20 2σ 7001954499736000000 ♠ 95.449 9736 % 7000455002640000000 ♠ 4.550 0264 % 1 / 7001219778950000000 ♠ 21.977 895 7000257582900000000 ♠ 2.575 829 σ 99 % 1 % 1 / 100 3σ 7001997300204000000 ♠ 99.730 0204 % 6999269979600000000 ♠ 0.269 9796 % 1 / 370.398 7000329052700000000 ♠ 3.290 527 σ 99.9 % 0.1 % 1 / 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 7000389059200000000 ♠ 3.890 592 σ 99.99 % 0.01 % 1 / 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 4σ 7001999936660000000 ♠ 99.993 666 % 6997633400000000000 ♠ 0.006 334 % 1 / 7004157870000000000 ♠ 15 787 7000441717300000000 ♠ 4.417 173 σ 99.999 % 0.001 % 1 / 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 σ 99.999 320 465 3751 % 0.000 679 534 6249 % 3.4 / 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 ( on each side of mean ) 7000489163800000000 ♠ 4.891 638 σ 7001999999000000000 ♠ 99.9999 % 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.0001 % 1 / 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 5σ 7001999999426697000 ♠ 99.999 942 6697 % 6995573303000000000 ♠ 0.000 057 3303 % 1 / 7006174427800000000 ♠ 1744278 7000532672399999999 ♠ 5.326 724 σ 7001999999900000000 ♠ 99.999 99 % 6995100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 01 % 1 / 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 7000573072900000000 ♠ 5.730 729 σ 7001999999990000000 ♠ 99.999 999 % 6994100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 001 % 1 / 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 000 6σ 7001999999998027000 ♠ 99.999 999 8027 % 6993197300000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 1973 % 1 / 7008506797346000000 ♠ 506 797 346 7000610941000000000 ♠ 6.109 410 σ 7001999999999000000 ♠ 99.999 9999 % 6993100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 0001 % 1 / 7009100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000 7000646695100000000 ♠ 6.466 951 σ 7001999999999900000 ♠ 99.999 999 99 % 6992100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 01 % 1 / 7010100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 000 7000680650200000000 ♠ 6.806 502 σ 7001999999999990000 ♠ 99.999 999 999 % 6991100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 001 % 1 / 7011100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 000 000 7σ 99.999 999 999 7440 % 6990256000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 256 % 1 / 7011390682215445000 ♠ 390 682 215 445 Relationship between standard deviation and mean ( edit ) The mean and the standard deviation of a set of data are descriptive statistics usually reported together . In a certain sense , the standard deviation is a `` natural '' measure of statistical dispersion if the center of the data is measured about the mean . This is because the standard deviation from the mean is smaller than from any other point . The precise statement is the following : suppose x , ... , x are real numbers and define the function : σ ( r ) = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − r ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( r ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Using calculus or by completing the square , it is possible to show that σ ( r ) has a unique minimum at the mean : r = x _̄ . ( \ displaystyle r = ( \ overline ( x ) ). \ , ) Variability can also be measured by the coefficient of variation , which is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean . It is a dimensionless number . Standard deviation of the mean ( edit ) Main article : Standard error of the mean Often , we want some information about the precision of the mean we obtained . We can obtain this by determining the standard deviation of the sampled mean . Assuming statistical independence of the values in the sample , the standard deviation of the mean is related to the standard deviation of the distribution by : σ mean = 1 N σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( N ) ) ) \ sigma ) where N is the number of observations in the sample used to estimate the mean . This can easily be proven with ( see basic properties of the variance ) : var ( X ) ≡ σ X 2 var ( X 1 + X 2 ) ≡ var ( X 1 ) + var ( X 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) & \ equiv \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) \ \ \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) + X_ ( 2 ) ) & \ equiv \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) ) + \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 2 ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) ( Statistical Independence is assumed . ) var ( c X 1 ) ≡ c 2 var ( X 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( cX_ ( 1 ) ) & \ equiv c ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) hence var ( mean ) = var ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N X i ) = 1 N 2 var ( ∑ i = 1 N X i ) = 1 N 2 ∑ i = 1 N var ( X i ) = N N 2 var ( X ) = 1 N var ( X ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( ( \ text ( mean ) ) ) & = \ operatorname ( var ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) X_ ( i ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) \ left ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) X_ ( i ) \ right ) \ \ & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( i ) ) = ( \ frac ( N ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Resulting in : σ mean = σ N . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sigma ) ( \ sqrt ( N ) ) ) . ) It should be emphasized that in order to estimate the standard deviation of the mean σ mean ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) ) it is necessary to know the standard deviation of the entire population σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ) beforehand . However , in most applications this parameter is unknown . For example , if a series of 10 measurements of a previously unknown quantity is performed in a laboratory , it is possible to calculate the resulting sample mean and sample standard deviation , but it is impossible to calculate the standard deviation of the mean . Rapid calculation methods ( edit ) See also : Algorithms for calculating variance The following two formulas can represent a running ( repeatedly updated ) standard deviation . A set of two power sums s and s are computed over a set of N values of x , denoted as x , ... , x : s j = ∑ k = 1 N x k j . ( \ displaystyle \ s_ ( j ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( k ) ^ ( j ) ) . ) Given the results of these running summations , the values N , s , s can be used at any time to compute the current value of the running standard deviation : σ = N s 2 − s 1 2 N ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( Ns_ ( 2 ) - s_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( N ) ) ) Where N , as mentioned above , is the size of the set of values ( or can also be regarded as s ) . Similarly for sample standard deviation , s = N s 2 − s 1 2 N ( N − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( Ns_ ( 2 ) - s_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N ( N - 1 ) ) ) ) . ) In a computer implementation , as the three s sums become large , we need to consider round - off error , arithmetic overflow , and arithmetic underflow . The method below calculates the running sums method with reduced rounding errors . This is a `` one pass '' algorithm for calculating variance of n samples without the need to store prior data during the calculation . Applying this method to a time series will result in successive values of standard deviation corresponding to n data points as n grows larger with each new sample , rather than a constant - width sliding window calculation . For k = 1 , ... , n : A 0 = 0 A k = A k − 1 + x k − A k − 1 k ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) A_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ A_ ( k ) & = A_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( k ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where A is the mean value . Q 0 = 0 Q k = Q k − 1 + k − 1 k ( x k − A k − 1 ) 2 = Q k − 1 + ( x k − A k − 1 ) ( x k − A k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) Q_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ Q_ ( k ) & = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( k - 1 ) ( k ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Note : Q 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( 1 ) = 0 ) since k − 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle k - 1 = 0 ) or x 1 = A 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) = A_ ( 1 ) ) Sample variance : s n 2 = Q n n − 1 ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( n - 1 ) ) ) Population variance : σ n 2 = Q n n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( n ) ) ) Weighted calculation ( edit ) When the values x are weighted with unequal weights w , the power sums s , s , s are each computed as : s j = ∑ k = 1 N w k x k j . ( \ displaystyle \ s_ ( j ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( w_ ( k ) x_ ( k ) ^ ( j ) ). \ , ) And the standard deviation equations remain unchanged . Note that s is now the sum of the weights and not the number of samples N . The incremental method with reduced rounding errors can also be applied , with some additional complexity . A running sum of weights must be computed for each k from 1 to n : W 0 = 0 W k = W k − 1 + w k ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) W_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ W_ ( k ) & = W_ ( k - 1 ) + w_ ( k ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) and places where 1 / n is used above must be replaced by w / W : A 0 = 0 A k = A k − 1 + w k W k ( x k − A k − 1 ) Q 0 = 0 Q k = Q k − 1 + w k W k − 1 W k ( x k − A k − 1 ) 2 = Q k − 1 + w k ( x k − A k − 1 ) ( x k − A k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) A_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ A_ ( k ) & = A_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( w_ ( k ) ) ( W_ ( k ) ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) \ \ Q_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ Q_ ( k ) & = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( w_ ( k ) W_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( W_ ( k ) ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + w_ ( k ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) In the final division , σ n 2 = Q n W n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( W_ ( n ) ) ) \ , ) and s n 2 = Q n W n − 1 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( W_ ( n ) - 1 ) ) , ) or s n 2 = n ′ n ′ − 1 σ n 2 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( n ' ) ( n ' - 1 ) ) \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) , ) where n is the total number of elements , and n ' is the number of elements with non-zero weights . The above formulas become equal to the simpler formulas given above if weights are taken as equal to one . History ( edit ) The term standard deviation was first used in writing by Karl Pearson in 1894 , following his use of it in lectures . This was as a replacement for earlier alternative names for the same idea : for example , Gauss used mean error . See also ( edit ) Statistics portal 68 -- 95 -- 99.7 rule Accuracy and precision Chebyshev 's inequality An inequality on location and scale parameters Cumulant Deviation ( statistics ) Distance correlation Distance standard deviation Error bar Geometric standard deviation Mahalanobis distance generalizing number of standard deviations to the mean Mean absolute error Pooled standard deviation Propagation of uncertainty Percentile Raw score Relative standard deviation Robust standard deviation Root mean square Sample size Samuelson 's inequality Six Sigma Standard error Standard score Volatility ( finance ) Yamartino method for calculating standard deviation of wind direction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bland , J.M. ; Altman , D.G. ( 1996 ) . `` Statistics notes : measurement error '' . BMJ. 312 ( 7047 ) : 1654 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 312.7047. 1654 . PMC 2351401 . PMID 8664723 . Jump up ^ Gauss , Carl Friedrich ( 1816 ) . `` Bestimmung der Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen '' . Zeitschrift für Astronomie und verwandte Wissenschaften. 1 : 187 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Walker , Helen ( 1931 ) . Studies in the History of the Statistical Method . Baltimore , MD : Williams & Wilkins Co. pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Gorard , Stephen . Revisiting a 90 - year - old debate : the advantages of the mean deviation . Department of Educational Studies , University of York Jump up ^ Logan , Murray ( 2010 ) , Biostatistical Design and Analysis Using R ( First ed . ) , Wiley - Blackwell Jump up ^ Furness , R.W. ; Bryant , D.M. ( 1996 ) . `` Effect of wind on field metabolic rates of breeding Northern fulmars '' . Ecology. 77 : 1181 -- 1188 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Bessel 's Correction '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ `` CERN Accelerating science '' . Public.web.cern.ch . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long - sought Higgs boson CERN press office '' . Press.web.cern.ch. 2012 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ LIGO Scientific Collaboration , Virgo Collaboration ( 2016 ) , `` Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger '' , Physical Review Letters , 116 ( 6 ) : 061102 , arXiv : 1602.03837 , Bibcode : 2016PhRvL. 116f1102A , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 116.061102 , PMID 26918975 Jump up ^ `` What is Standard Deviation '' . Pristine . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ghahramani , Saeed ( 2000 ) . Fundamentals of Probability ( 2nd Edition ) . Prentice Hall : New Jersey . p. 438 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Weisstein . `` Distribution Function '' . MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welford , BP ( August 1962 ) . `` Note on a Method for Calculating Corrected Sums of Squares and Products '' ( PDF ) . Technometrics. 4 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 420 . doi : 10.1080 / 00401706.1962. 10490022 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Yadolah ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920613 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Karl ( 1894 ) . `` On the dissection of asymmetrical frequency curves '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 185 : 71 -- 110 . Bibcode : 1894RSPTA. 185 ... 71P . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1894.0003 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jeff . `` Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics '' . External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Quadratic deviation '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 A simple way to understand Standard Deviation Standard Deviation -- an explanation without maths The concept of Standard Deviation is shown in this 8 - foot - tall ( 2.4 m ) Probability Machine ( named Sir Francis ) comparing stock market returns to the randomness of the beans dropping through the quincunx pattern . on YouTube from Index Funds Advisors IFA.com ( hide ) Statistics Outline Index ( hide ) Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean arithmetic geometric harmonic Median Mode Dispersion Variance Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Percentile Range Interquartile range Shape Central limit theorem Moments Skewness Kurtosis L - moments Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Grouped data Frequency distribution Contingency table Dependence Pearson product - moment correlation Rank correlation Spearman 's rho Kendall 's tau Partial correlation Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q -- Q plot Run chart Scatter plot Stem - and - leaf display Radar chart Data collection Study design Population Statistic Effect size Statistical power Sample size determination Missing data Survey methodology Sampling stratified cluster Standard error Opinion poll Questionnaire Controlled experiments Design control optimal Controlled trial Randomized Random assignment Replication Blocking Interaction Factorial experiment Uncontrolled studies Observational study Natural experiment Quasi-experiment Statistical inference Statistical theory Population Statistic Probability distribution Sampling distribution Order statistic Empirical distribution Density estimation Statistical model L space Parameter location scale shape Parametric family Likelihood ( monotone ) Location -- scale family Exponential family Completeness Sufficiency Statistical functional Bootstrap U V Optimal decision loss function Efficiency Statistical distance divergence Asymptotics Robustness Frequentist inference Point estimation Estimating equations Maximum likelihood Method of moments M - estimator Minimum distance Unbiased estimators Mean - unbiased minimum - variance Rao -- Blackwellization Lehmann -- Scheffé theorem Median unbiased Plug - in Interval estimation Confidence interval Pivot Likelihood interval Prediction interval Tolerance interval Resampling Bootstrap Jackknife Testing hypotheses 1 - & 2 - tails Power Uniformly most powerful test Permutation test Randomization test Multiple comparisons Parametric tests Likelihood - ratio Wald Score Specific tests Z ( normal ) Student 's t - test Goodness of fit Chi - squared Kolmogorov -- Smirnov Anderson -- Darling Lilliefors Jarque -- Bera Normality ( Shapiro -- Wilk ) Likelihood - ratio test Model selection Cross validation AIC BIC Rank statistics Sign Sample median Signed rank ( Wilcoxon ) Hodges -- Lehmann estimator Rank sum ( Mann -- Whitney ) Nonparametric anova 1 - way ( Kruskal -- Wallis ) 2 - way ( Friedman ) Ordered alternative ( Jonckheere -- Terpstra ) Bayesian inference Bayesian probability prior posterior Credible interval Bayes factor Bayesian estimator Maximum posterior estimator Correlation Regression analysis Correlation Pearson product - moment Partial correlation Confounding variable Coefficient of determination Regression analysis Errors and residuals Regression model validation Mixed effects models Simultaneous equations models Multivariate adaptive regression splines ( MARS ) Linear regression Simple linear regression Ordinary least squares General linear model Bayesian regression Non-standard predictors Nonlinear regression Nonparametric Semiparametric Isotonic Robust Heteroscedasticity Homoscedasticity Generalized linear model Exponential families Logistic ( Bernoulli ) / Binomial / Poisson regressions Partition of variance Analysis of variance ( ANOVA , anova ) Analysis of covariance Multivariate ANOVA Degrees of freedom Categorical / Multivariate / Time - series / Survival analysis Categorical Cohen 's kappa Contingency table Graphical model Log - linear model McNemar 's test Multivariate Regression Manova Principal components Canonical correlation Discriminant analysis Cluster analysis Classification Structural equation model Factor analysis Multivariate distributions Elliptical distributions Normal Time - series General Decomposition Trend Stationarity Seasonal adjustment Exponential smoothing Cointegration Structural break Granger causality Specific tests Dickey -- Fuller Johansen Q - statistic ( Ljung -- Box ) Durbin -- Watson Breusch -- Godfrey Time domain Autocorrelation ( ACF ) partial ( PACF ) Cross-correlation ( XCF ) ARMA model ARIMA model ( Box -- Jenkins ) Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity ( ARCH ) Vector autoregression ( VAR ) Frequency domain Spectral density estimation Fourier analysis Wavelet Survival Survival function Kaplan -- Meier estimator ( product limit ) Proportional hazards models Accelerated failure time ( AFT ) model First hitting time Hazard function Nelson -- Aalen estimator Test Log - rank test Applications Biostatistics Bioinformatics Clinical trials / studies Epidemiology Medical statistics Engineering statistics Chemometrics Methods engineering Probabilistic design Process / quality control Reliability System identification Social statistics Actuarial science Census Crime statistics Demography Econometrics National accounts Official statistics Population statistics Psychometrics Spatial statistics Cartography Environmental statistics Geographic information system Geostatistics Kriging Portal Commons WikiProject Technical analysis Concepts Breakout Dead cat bounce Dow theory Elliott wave principle Market trend Charts Candlestick chart Kagi chart Line chart OHLC chart Point and figure chart Patterns Chart Broadening top Cup and handle Double top and double bottom Flag and pennant Gap Head and shoulders Island reversal Price channels Triangle Triple top and triple bottom Wedge pattern Candlestick Simple Doji Hammer Hanging man Inverted hammer Marubozu Shooting star Spinning top Complex Hikkake pattern Morning star Three black crows Three white soldiers Indicators Support & resistance Bottom Fibonacci retracement Pivot point ( PP ) Top Trend Average directional index ( A.D.X. ) Commodity channel index ( CCI ) Detrended price oscillator ( DPO ) Know sure thing oscillator ( KST ) Ichimoku Kinkō Hyō Moving average convergence / divergence ( MACD ) Mass index Moving average ( MA ) Parabolic SAR ( SAR ) Smart money index ( SMI ) Trend line Trix Vortex indicator ( VI ) Momentum Money flow index ( MFI ) Relative strength index ( RSI ) Stochastic oscillator True strength index ( TSI ) Ultimate oscillator Williams % R ( % R ) Volume Accumulation / distribution line Ease of movement ( EMV ) Force index ( FI ) Negative volume index ( NVI ) On - balance volume ( OBV ) Put / call ratio ( PCR ) Volume -- price trend ( VPT ) Volatility Average true range ( ATR ) Bollinger Bands ( BB ) Donchian channel Keltner channel CBOE Market Volatility Index ( VIX ) Standard deviation ( σ ) Breadth Advance -- decline line ( ADL ) Arms index ( TRIN ) McClellan oscillator Other Coppock curve Ulcer index GND : 4767332 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_deviation&oldid=814159313 '' Categories : Statistical deviation and dispersion Summary statistics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2015 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Wikibooks Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 05 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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why was virginia capital moved from williamsburg to richmond
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The Capitol at Williamsburg served until the American Revolutionary War began , when Governor Thomas Jefferson urged it that the capital be relocated to Richmond . The building was last used as a capitol on December 24 , 1779 , when the Virginia General Assembly adjourned to reconvene in 1780 at the new capital , Richmond .
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Governor Thomas Jefferson urged it that the capital be relocated to Richmond
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Capitol ( Williamsburg , Virginia )
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capitol ( williamsburg, virginia )
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The Capitol at Williamsburg , Virginia housed the House of Burgesses of the Colony of Virginia from 1705 , when the capital was relocated there from Jamestown , until 1779 , when the capital was relocated to Richmond . Two capitol buildings served the colony on the same site : the first from 1705 until its destruction by fire in 1747 ; the second from 1753 to 1779 .
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The earlier capitol was reconstructed in the early 1930s as part of the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg . The reconstruction has thus lasted longer than the combined total of both original capitol buildings . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First Williamsburg Capitol ( 1705 -- 1747 ) 1.2 Second Williamsburg Capitol ( 1753 -- 1779 ) 2 Reconstruction 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) First Williamsburg Capitol ( 1705 -- 1747 ) ( edit ) In 1698 , the Capitol building in Jamestown , Virginia burned . Following the fire , the government of Virginia decided to relocate inland , away from the swamps at the Jamestown site . A better Capitol building was constructed by Henry Cary , a contractor finishing work on the College of William and Mary 's Wren Building ( the legislature 's temporary home ) . Begun in 1701 , the Capitol was completed in 1705 , although the legislature moved in during 1704 . In 1714 , the Governor 's Palace was constructed between the College and the Capitol . The Colonial Capitol was a two - story H - shaped structure , functionally two buildings connected by an arcade . Each wing served one of the two houses of the Virginia legislature , the Council and the House of Burgesses . The first floor of the west building was for the General Court and the colony 's secretary , the first floor of the east for the House of Burgesses and its clerk . As a result of the fires that had destroyed several prior Virginia capitols , Cary built the first Capitol without fireplaces . In 1723 , chimneys were added for fireplaces to help keep the Capitol dry . On January 30 , 1747 , the building burned and only some walls and the foundation remained . Second Williamsburg Capitol ( 1753 -- 1779 ) ( edit ) 1845 engraving based on then - surviving drawings of the second capitol at Williamsburg ( viewed from Duke of Gloucester Street ) Governor William Gooch urged that the Capitol be rebuilt , but many legislators preferred relocating the government to a city more accessible to trade and navigation . In the meantime , the burgesses met again at the nearby Wren Building . Finally , in November 1748 , reconstruction of the Capitol was approved ( by only two votes : 40 to 38 ) . The burgesses met inside for the first time on November 1 , 1753 . In this building , Patrick Henry delivered his Caesar - Brutus speech against the Stamp Act on May 29 , 1765 . Henry , George Washington , George Mason , George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , and others played parts in the legislative maneuvering that ended in revolution . As fighting began in the North , the building featured discussion concerning Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights , his Virginia constitution , and Jefferson 's first attempt at a bill for religious freedom . On June 29 , 1776 , Virginians declared their independence from Great Britain and wrote the state 's first constitution , thereby creating an independent government four days before Congress voted for the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia on July 4 . The Capitol at Williamsburg served until the American Revolutionary War began , when Governor Thomas Jefferson urged it that the capital be relocated to Richmond . The building was last used as a capitol on December 24 , 1779 , when the Virginia General Assembly adjourned to reconvene in 1780 at the new capital , Richmond . After the capital of Virginia was moved to Richmond in 1779 , the old Capitol was used for a wide range of purposes , from a court to a school . The east wing was removed around 1800 because of its dangerous condition , leaving only the west wing standing for the next 30 years , until it was destroyed by fire in 1832 , leaving no trace of the original structure , except for the outline of its foundations . Reconstruction ( edit ) Reconstruction of the first Williamsburg capitol The building that stands now in Colonial Williamsburg is the third Capitol on that site . Early in the 20th century , the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin undertook restoration of historic Bruton Parish Church ( c. 1711 ) where he was rector . His dreams of restoring other buildings of the old colonial capital city led to his affiliation with Standard Oil heir and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the creation of Colonial Williamsburg . The reconstructed Capitol and Governor 's Palace join the Wren Building of the College of William & Mary as the three main structures of the restoration . The architects charged with the restoration of Williamsburg chose to reconstruct the first capitol based on superior documentation of its design and its unique architecture compared to the second Capitol . Later architectural historians have since shown that parts of the reconstruction were embellished or conjectural , being based more on contemporary architectural ideas than actual historic evidence ( chiefly foundations . ) However , the reconstructed Capitol is now itself valued as a Colonial Revival interpretation and work of architecture . The reconstruction opened to the public on February 24 , 1934 . See also ( edit ) Virginia State Capitol ( Richmond ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : Olmert , Michael ( 1985 ) . Official Guide to Colonial Williamsburg . Colonial Williamsburg Foundation . pp. 52 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 87935 - 111 - X . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Richard Guy ( 2002 ) . Buildings of Virginia : Tidewater and Piedmont . Oxford University Press . pp. 363 -- 364 . Jump up ^ Taylor Stoermer , Colonial Williamsburg : The Official Guide ( 2014 ) , 147 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , Anderson ( 2009 ) . Creating Colonial Williamsburg : The Restoration of Virginia 's Eighteenth - Century Capital ( 2nd ed . ) . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3343 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capitol ( Williamsburg , Virginia ) . Colonial Williamsburg , Capitol web page Coordinates : 37 ° 16 ′ 17 '' N 76 ° 41 ′ 36 '' W / 37.271258 ° N 76.69329 ° W / 37.271258 ; - 76.69329 Colonial Williamsburg History Battle of Williamsburg Colonial Williamsburg History Historic Triangle Middle Plantation Rich Neck Plantation Structures Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum Alexander Craig House Bassett Hall Bruton Parish Church Capitol Charlton House Courthouse DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum Governor 's Palace James Semple House John Crump House Matthew Whaley School Nicolson Store Palmer House Peyton Randolph House Raleigh Tavern St. George Tucker House Wetherburn 's Tavern Williamsburg Inn Wren Building Wythe House People W.A.R. Goodwin The Rockefellers Abby Aldrich Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller Jr . Richard Taliaferro DeWitt Wallace George Wythe Geography Williamsburg Hampton Roads Jamestown Yorktown Virginia Other Carter 's Grove Country Road Carter 's Grove Plantation College of William & Mary Colonial Parkway Grand Illumination Merchants Square National Historic Landmark National Trust for Historic Preservation Peacock Hill Williamsburg : the Story of a Patriot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitol_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)&oldid=774742051 '' Categories : Landmarks in Virginia Buildings and structures in Williamsburg , Virginia Government buildings completed in 1705 Former state capitols in the United States Colonial Williamsburg Tourist attractions in Williamsburg , Virginia Historic district contributing properties in Virginia 1705 establishments in Virginia Rebuilt buildings and structures in Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Williamsburg , Virginia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2017 , at 11 : 50 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol%20%28Williamsburg%2C%20Virginia%29
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it the same old song with a different meaning
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It 's the Same Old song
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it's the same old song
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`` It 's the Same Old Song '' is a 1965 hit single recorded by the Four Tops for the Motown label . Written and produced by Motown 's main production team Holland -- Dozier -- Holland , the song is today one of The Tops ' signature songs , and was reportedly created -- from initial concept to commercial release -- in 24 hours . It reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 2 on the Billboard R&B Singles chart . It also reached number 34 in the UK .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 5 Uses 6 Notes 6.1 References 7 External links Writing and Recording ( edit ) With the recent release of a previously unreleased version of `` It 's the Same Old Song '' recorded by the Supremes , the truth of the events on how the song came together for the Four Tops is put into question . Holland - Dozier - Holland originally wrote and cut a track of `` It 's the Same Old Song '' for the Supremes in May 1965 before the Four Tops ' version in July of that year . This first version would remain unreleased until 2017 . A second version was cut in a very similar style to the Four Tops ' version would be released in 1967 on The Supremes Sing Holland - Dozier - Holland . After `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie , Honey Bunch ) '' hit # 1 in June 1965 , The Four Tops ' former label , Columbia Records , wanting to cash in on the group 's success , re-released the Tops ' 1960 Columbia single `` Ai n't That Love '' . Berry Gordy ordered that a new Four Tops single had to be released within a day 's time . At 3 : 00 PM that afternoon , the Holland brothers and Lamont Dozier wrote `` It 's the Same Old Song '' . Four Tops tenor Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir recalled : `` ( Songwriter ) , Lamont Dozier and I were both a little tipsy and he was changing the channels on the radio . He said , ' It sounds like the same old song . ' And then he said , `` Wait a minute . '' So he took `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' and reversed it using the same chord changes . The next day , we went to the studio and recorded it , and then they put it on acetate , shipped it out to disc jockeys across the country . '' '' The engineering team worked around the clock perfecting the single 's mix and making hand - cut vinyl records so that Berry Gordy 's sister Esther in the Artist Development department could critique them and select the best ones for single release . By 3 P.M. the next day , 1500 copies of `` It 's the Same Old Song '' had been delivered to radio DJs across the country , and the song eventually made it to number five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number two on the R&B chart . `` It 's the Same Old Song '' is very similar in melody and chord progressions to `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' , which in turn is even more similar in melody and chord progressions to `` Where Did Our Love Go '' by the Supremes , who covered `` It 's the Same Old Song '' in 1967 . Critic Maury Dean disputes that there is much in common with `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' , saying that it is `` a dynamic NEW treatment , with just a hint of Benny Benjamin 's thundering drums echoing '' `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' . Allmusic critic Ron Wynn calls `` It 's the Same Old Song '' `` a tidy little number '' with `` one of the greatest lyrical hooks -- and titles -- ever . '' Fellow critic Steve Leggett calls it `` wise beyond its era . '' Pop music writers and bloggers have noted the similarity of the song 's main instrumental riff with the marimba riff in the Rolling Stones song `` Under My Thumb '' which was first released almost a year later , on April 15 , 1966 , as part of their album Aftermath . Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals by Levi Stubbs Background vocals by Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Lawrence Payton , and The Andantes : Jackie Hicks , Marlene Barrow , and Louvain Demps Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra ( strings ) Written by Brian Holland , Lamont Dozier , and Edward Holland , Jr . Produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 34 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Billboard R&B US Cash Box Top 100 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 83 US Cash Box Top 100 61 Cover versions ( edit ) In 1967 , Australian singer Ray Brown ( following his split with The Whispers ) , took his version into the Australian Top 10 . In 1967 Siw Malmkvist recorded a version in Swedish , `` Samma gamla sång '' . Claude Francois released a cover version of the song in French , `` C'est la meme chanson '' . In 1971 , Jonathan King covered the song with a completely different arrangement under the name The Weathermen and his version reached the UK Top 20 selling over 250,000 copies . In 1975 , The Armada Orchestra included an instrumental version on their debut self - titled LP . In 1978 , KC and the Sunshine Band did a disco - based cover of the song . Anticipated to be a big hit as the lead off single from the band 's `` Who Do Ya Love '' album , and on the heels of a succession of hits by the band , the record was a relative flop . It peaked at # 35 on Billboard 's Hot 100 chart , and at # 41 on both Record World 's and Cashbox 's top singles chart . Bandleader Harry Wayne `` KC '' Casey cited lack of airplay , especially from R&B outlets , as the source of the record 's chart failure . He stated , `` ( T ) he record never got played and ... our records go R&B first and then crossover to pop . But this one did n't get the R&B support ; it did n't get the airplay . '' Casey suggested that -- perhaps due to T.K. Records distribution problems -- the `` It 's the Same Old Song '' single was n't easily accessible , saying `` ( W ) e 've had a lot of letters , too , from people who could n't buy the record anywhere . '' On May 29 , 1978 , K.C. and the Sunshine Band performed this song on the TV special `` Happy Birthday , Bob , '' celebrating the 75th birthday of comedian Bob Hope ; it was broadcast from the Kennedy Center in Washington , D.C. Uses ( edit ) The group appeared in a 1997 Velveeta Shells & Cheese commercial , which first aired in 1996 , where they spoofed `` It 's the Same Old Song '' , with a song called `` It 's Not the Same Old Side . '' This commercial features the group performing in outfits of blue and yellow , to match the colors of the Velveeta Shells & Cheese box . The group also appeared in a promo for The Rosie O'Donnell Show , where they also spoofed `` It 's the Same Old Song '' , with a song called `` It 's Not the Same Old Show '' . The song appears in the 1984 Coen Brothers film Blood Simple , in both the 99 - minute theatrical release and the 96 - minute 2001 and 2008 DVD releases . The song is not featured on the official soundtrack for the film , and is not on the 1995 99 - minute VHS release . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` It 's the Same Old Song The Four Tops - 45cat Search '' . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 25 - The Soul Reformation : Phase two , the Motown story . ( Part 4 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ `` Four Tops Awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Four Tops charts '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bronson , F. ( 1997 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits . Billboard Books . p. 209 . ISBN 0823076415 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dean , M. ( 2003 ) . Rock ' n ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora . p. 164 . ISBN 0875862071 . Jump up ^ Wynn , R. `` Second Album '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Leggett , S . `` The Definitive Collection '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Konnikova , Maria ( 2009 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Copy Shop '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Oldie of the week -- Under my thumb , or It 's the same old song ( Stones or The Four Tops ? ) -- FOO Law and Economics '' . Foolawecon.wordpress.com. 2009 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , September 11 , 1965 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1965 Jump up ^ `` KC & the Sunshine Band - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2015 ) . The Comparison Book . Ann Arbor , Michigan : Record Research Inc. p. 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 213 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 6 / 24 / 78 '' . 98.130. 35.56 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` SoulMusic.com '' . www.soulmusic.info . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Bob ( 1978 - 05 - 29 ) , Happy Birthday , Bob , Bob Hope , Lynn Anderson , Ann - Margret , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 Jump up ^ DavEvans066 ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) , KC & The Sunshine Band -- `` It 's The Same Old Song '' , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 Jump up ^ Beckett , david ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Blood Simple -- Director 's Cut ( 2013 ) DVD '' . Film 365 . References ( edit ) Dennis , Robert ( 1998 ) . Our Motown Recording Heritage , Part 3 : Emergency Release . Recordingeq.com . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Four Tops Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir Ronnie McNeir Roquel Payton Harold Bonhart Levi Stubbs Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson Lawrence Payton Theo Peoples Studio albums Four Tops ( 1964 ) Four Tops Second Album ( 1965 ) On Top ( 1966 ) Reach Out ( 1967 ) Yesterday 's Dreams ( 1968 ) The Four Tops Now ! ( 1969 ) Soul Spin ( 1969 ) Still Waters Run Deep ( 1970 ) Changing Times ( 1970 ) Nature Planned It ( 1972 ) Keeper of the Castle ( 1972 ) Main Street People ( 1973 ) Meeting the Minds ( 1974 ) Night Lights Harmony ( 1975 ) Catfish ( 1976 ) The Show Must Go On ( 1977 ) At The Top ( 1978 ) Tonight ! ( 1981 ) One More Mountain ( 1982 ) Back Where I Belong ( 1983 ) Magic ( 1985 ) Hot Nights ( 1986 ) Indestructible ( 1988 ) Albums with The Supremes The Magnificent 7 ( 1970 ) The Return of the Magnificent Seven ( 1971 ) Dynamite ( 1971 ) Other albums The Ultimate Collection ( 1997 ) Singles ( US / UK Top Ten singles ) `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' ( 1965 ) `` It 's the Same Old Song '' ( 1965 ) `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' ( 1966 ) `` Standing in the Shadows of Love '' ( 1966 ) `` Bernadette '' ( 1967 ) `` Walk Away Renée '' ( 1967 ) `` If I Were a Carpenter '' ( 1968 ) `` It 's All in the Game '' ( 1970 ) `` Still Water ( Love ) '' ( 1970 ) `` A Simple Game '' ( 1971 ) `` Keeper of the Castle '' ( 1972 ) `` Ai n't No Woman ( Like the One I 've Got ) '' ( 1973 ) `` When She Was My Girl '' ( 1981 ) `` Loco in Acapulco '' ( 1988 ) Related topics Discography Members Holland -- Dozier -- Holland The Supremes Book : Four Tops Four Tops singles discography 1960s 1964 `` Baby I Need Your Loving '' `` Without the One You Love ( Life 's Not Worth While ) '' 1965 `` Ask the Lonely '' `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' `` It 's the Same Old Song '' `` Something About You '' 1966 `` Shake Me , Wake Me ( When It 's Over ) '' `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' `` Standing in the Shadows of Love '' 1967 `` Bernadette '' `` 7 - Rooms of Gloom '' / `` I 'll Turn to Stone '' `` You Keep Running Away '' 1968 `` Walk Away Renée '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` Yesterday 's Dreams '' `` I 'm in a Different World '' 1969 `` What Is a Man '' `` Do What You Gotta Do '' `` Do n't Let Him Take Your Love from Me '' 1970s 1970 `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' ( re-issue ) `` It 's All in the Game '' `` Still Water ( Love ) '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' ( with The Supremes ) 1971 `` Just Seven Numbers ( Can Straighten Out My Life ) '' `` You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart '' ( with The Supremes ) `` In These Changing Times '' `` MacArthur Park ( Part II ) '' 1972 `` A Simple Game '' `` Bernadette '' ( re-issue ) `` Walk with Me , Talk with Me , Darling '' `` ( It 's the Way ) Nature Planned It '' `` Keeper of the Castle '' 1973 `` Ai n't No Woman ( Like the One I 've Got ) '' `` Are You Man Enough '' `` Sweet Understanding Love '' `` I Just Ca n't Get You Out of My Mind '' `` One Chain Do n't Make No Prison '' `` Midnight Flower '' `` Seven Lonely Nights '' `` We All Gotta Stick Together '' 1976 `` Catfish '' `` I 'm Glad You Walked into My Life '' 1980s 1981 `` When She Was My Girl '' `` Do n't Walk Away '' 1982 `` Let Me Set You Free '' `` Back to School Again '' `` Sad Hearts '' `` Tonight I 'm Gonna Love You All Over '' `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` I Just Ca n't Walk Away '' 1985 `` Sexy Ways '' `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' ( re-issue ) `` If Ever a Love There Was '' ( with Aretha Franklin ) `` Indestructible '' `` Loco in Acapulco '' Book : Four Tops Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Brian Holland Lamont Dozier Eddie Holland Songs 1962 `` Dearest One '' `` Old Love ( Let 's Try It Again ) '' `` Darling , I Hum Our Song '' 1963 `` Leaving Here '' `` Locking Up My Heart '' `` What Goes Up Must Come Down '' / `` Come on Home '' `` Tie a String Around Your Finger '' `` Come and Get These Memories '' / `` Jealous Lover '' `` You Lost the Sweetest Boy '' `` Heat Wave '' / `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` ( He Wo n't Be True ) Little Girl Blue '' `` Mickey 's Monkey '' `` Too Hurt to Cry , Too Much in Love to Say Goodbye '' / `` Come on Home '' `` When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes '' / `` Standing at the Crossroads of Love '' `` I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying '' `` Quicksand '' / `` Darling I Hum Our Song '' `` Live Wire '' / `` Old Love ( Let 's Try It Again ) '' `` Run , Run , Run '' / `` I 'm Giving You Your Freedom '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` A Tear from a Woman 's Eyes '' `` My Lady Bug Stay Away from That Beatle '' `` Like a Nightmare '' / `` If You Were Mine '' `` In My Lonely Room '' `` Just Ai n't Enough Love '' `` Where Did Our Love Go '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` Guarantee for a Lifetime '' `` Baby I Need Your Loving '' / `` Call on Me '' `` Candy to Me '' / `` If You Do n't Want My Love '' `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` Baby Love '' / `` Ask Any Girl '' `` Come See About Me '' / ( You 're Gone But ) Always in My Heart '' `` Without the One You Love ( Life 's Not Worth While ) '' / `` Love has Gone '' `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` Where Did You Go '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' / `` I 'm in Love Again '' `` You 've Been a Long Time Coming '' `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` Nowhere to Run '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' / `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' `` The Only Time I 'm Happy '' `` Mother Dear '' / `` He Holds His Own '' `` Nothing but Heartaches '' / `` He Holds His Own '' `` Love ( Makes Me Do Foolish Things ) '' `` It 's the Same Old Song '' / `` Your Love Is Amazing '' `` Mother Dear '' / `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' / `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` Something About You '' `` Take Me in Your Arms ( Rock Me a Little While ) '' `` Darling Baby '' `` There 's a Ghost in My House '' 1966 `` ( I 'm a ) Roadrunner '' `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' `` Ask any Man '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` There 's No Love Left '' `` Shake Me , Wake Me ( When It 's Over ) '' / `` Just as Long as You Need Me '' `` Helpless '' / `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Call on Me '' `` Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart '' / `` He 's All I Got '' `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` I Like Everything About You '' `` I Guess I 'll Always Love You '' `` Nothing but Soul '' `` Love 's Gone Bad '' / `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' / `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' / `` Until You Love Someone '' `` Stay in My Lonely Arms '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' / `` I Wanna Mother You , Smother You With Love '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' / `` Remove This Doubt '' `` Standing in the Shadows of Love '' / Since You 've Been Gone '' `` I 'm Ready for Love '' `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' `` Heaven Must Have Sent You '' 1967 `` Just One Last Look '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' / There 's No Stopping Us Now '' `` Your Love Is Amazing '' `` Jimmy Mack '' / `` Third Finger , Left Hand '' `` Bernadette '' / `` I Got a Feeling '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` The Happening '' / `` All I Know About You '' `` Just Ai n't Enough Love '' `` 7 - Rooms of Gloom '' / `` I 'll Turn to Stone '' `` I Understand My Man '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' / `` I 'll Take Care of You '' `` Reflections '' / `` Going Down for the Third Time '' `` One Way Out '' `` You Keep Me Running Away '' / `` If You Do n't Want My Love '' `` I Got a Feeling '' `` In and Out of Love '' / `` I Guess I 'll Always Love You '' 1968 `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` Forever Came Today '' `` I 'm in a Different World '' 1969 `` We 've Got a Way Out Love '' `` Crumbs off the Table '' 1970 `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' `` ( You 've Got Me ) Dangling on a String '' `` Everything 's Tuesday '' `` Band of Gold '' `` Westbound # 9 '' 1972 `` The Day I Found Myself '' `` Do n't Leave Me Starvin ' for Your Love '' `` Why Ca n't We Be Lovers '' 1973 `` You 're Gonna Need Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` Early Morning Love '' `` Where Do I Go from Here '' 1976 `` I 'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking '' `` High Energy '' `` Let Yourself Go '' 1982 `` We Can Never Light That Old Flame Again '' Related topics Motown Hot Wax Records Invictus Records List of songs written by Holland , Dozier and Holland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_the_Same_Old_Song&oldid=833494791 '' Categories : 1965 singles Four Tops songs Songs written by Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Motown singles Torch songs Song recordings produced by Brian Holland Song recordings produced by Lamont Dozier 1965 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who has presented it'll be alright on the night
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It 'll be Alright on the Night Presented by Denis Norden ( 1977 -- 2006 ) Griff Rhys Jones ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Narrated by David Walliams ( 2018 -- ) Composer ( s ) Rod Argent & Peter Van Hooke ( 1990 -- 2006 ) Music 4 ( 2008 -- ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 42 Production Production location ( s ) The London Studios ( 1977 - 2016 ) Running time 45 - 60 minutes ( including adverts ) Production company ( s ) LWT ( 1977 -- 2004 ) Granada ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 -- 2008 ) ITV Studios ( 2011 -- ) Release Original network Channel 4 ( one episode ) , ITV , STV , UTV Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1977 -- 2001 ) 16 : 9 ( 2001 -- ) Original release 18 September 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Auntie 's Bloomers Outtake TV TV 's Bloopers & Practical Jokes TV 's Naughtiest Blunders
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Denis Norden|Griff Rhys Jones
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It 'll be Alright on the Night
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it'll be alright on the night
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This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It 'll be Alright on the Night Presented by Denis Norden ( 1977 -- 2006 ) Griff Rhys Jones ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Narrated by David Walliams ( 2018 -- ) Composer ( s ) Rod Argent & Peter Van Hooke ( 1990 -- 2006 ) Music 4 ( 2008 -- ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 42 Production Production location ( s ) The London Studios ( 1977 - 2016 ) Running time 45 - 60 minutes ( including adverts ) Production company ( s ) LWT ( 1977 -- 2004 ) Granada ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 -- 2008 ) ITV Studios ( 2011 -- ) Release Original network Channel 4 ( one episode ) , ITV , STV , UTV Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1977 -- 2001 ) 16 : 9 ( 2001 -- ) Original release 18 September 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Auntie 's Bloomers Outtake TV TV 's Bloopers & Practical Jokes TV 's Naughtiest Blunders It 'll be Alright on the Night is a British television bloopers show screened on ITV and produced by ITV Studios . It is one of the first shows created with the specific purpose of showing behind the scenes bloopers from film and TV and has run since 18 September 1977 . The show was originally presented by Denis Norden from 1977 until 2006 . Griff Rhys Jones took over as presenter from 2008 until 2016 . A new series of episodes was broadcast in 2018 narrated by David Walliams . Contents 1 Format 2 Episodes 3 Broadcasting 4 Denis Norden 's Laughter File 4.1 Episodes 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Format ( edit ) The show is usually one hour in length and aired in ITV 's Saturday evening entertainment slot . However , some of the first few episodes up to and including It 'll be Alright on the Night 6 , which aired in 1990 , originally went out on a Sunday evening . A new episode aired on Sunday 28 December 2014 . Two episodes also debuted on a Friday : It 'll be Alright on the Night 3 and It 'll be Alright on Christmas Night on Christmas Day 1981 and 1987 respectively . The show 's success led to the competing BBC One series Auntie 's Bloomers presented by Terry Wogan , which focused on bloopers from some of the BBC archives . The shows followed a simple format . Norden , traditionally holding his trademark clipboard in his hand , appeared on an otherwise empty stage and delivered a humorous piece to camera , followed by a selection of outtakes taken from various sources . Popular sources for clips include numerous British and American sitcoms , news reports and foreign broadcasts which may or may not include explanatory subtitles . The show returned in September 2008 with Griff Rhys Jones who presented 11 episodes of It 'll be Alright on the Night . The last episode featuring Rhys Jones was broadcast on 4 June 2016 . After a two - year break , the show returned in summer 2018 with brand new episodes featuring David Walliams as narrator , which is opposed to a presenter in the studio , which meant that for the first time since the show began , there was no longer a studio set , no longer a studio audience and no longer an on - screen personality . Walliams provides commentary on the clips via voice - over , so that more outtakes can be shown . Episodes ( edit ) The audience figures ( where given ) are those for the initial transmission of an episode . It was not unknown , especially in the early years of the series , for episodes to achieve higher ratings on repeat showings . For instance , It 'll be Alright on the Night 2 ( first shown on 28 October 1979 ) was watched by 16 million viewers for a repeat showing in February 1983 , while It 'll be Alright on the Night 4 ( first shown on 11 March 1984 ) was watched by 18.5 million viewers on its initial repeat in January 1985 . A further repeat of The Second Worst of Alright on the Night ( first shown on 24 November 1985 ) achieved the programme 's highest ratings of 19.92 million in February 1992 . Episode Episode name Original airdate Presenter / Narrator Viewers ( millions ) It 'll be Alright on the Night 1 18 September 1977 Denis Norden It 'll be Alright on the Night 2 28 October 1979 The Worst of Alright on the Night 21 September 1980 It 'll be Alright on the Night 3 25 December 1981 5 It 'll be Alright on the Night 4 11 March 1984 16.90 6 It 'll be Alright Late at Night 11 July 1985 7 The Second Worst of Alright on the Night 24 November 1985 14.55 8 It 'll be Alright on Christmas Night 25 December 1987 17.95 9 10 Years of It 'll be Alright on the Night 25 December 1988 10 It 'll be Alright on the Night 6 1 December 1990 17.92 11 It 'll be Alright on the Night 7 2 January 1993 12 The Utterly Worst of Alright on the Night 10 April 1994 13 The Kids from Alright on the Night 26 November 1994 14 It 'll be Alright on the Night 8 10 December 1994 14.89 15 Alright on the Night 's Cockup Trip 12 October 1996 13.00 16 It 'll be Alright on the Night 10 15 November 1997 17 21 Years of Alright on the Night 24 January 1998 18 It 'll be Alright on the Night 11 2 October 1999 10.12 19 It 'll be Alright on the Night 12 27 January 2001 9.17 20 It 'll be Alright on Election Night 7 June 2001 6.77 21 It 'll be Alright on the Night 13 17 August 2001 6.61 22 It 'll be Alright on the Night 15 : Silver Jubilee Special 14 September 2002 8.11 23 More Kids from Alright on the Night 28 September 2002 5.61 24 Alright on the Night 's All - Star Special 31 August 2003 9.63 25 It 'll be Alright on the Night 16 6 September 2003 5.53 26 It 'll be Alright on the Night 18 2 October 2004 6.89 27 It 'll be Alright on the Night 19 24 December 2004 5.84 28 Alright on the Night 's 50 Years of ITV 17 September 2005 6.28 29 It 'll be Alright on the Night 20 18 March 2006 5.32 30 It 'll be Alright on the Night 2008 : Part 1 20 September 2008 Griff Rhys Jones 4.30 31 It 'll be Alright on the Night 2008 : Part 2 25 December 2008 3.99 32 It 'll be Alright on the Night 2011 : Part 1 28 December 2011 4.95 33 It 'll be Alright on the Night 2011 : Part 2 31 December 2011 3.73 34 All New It 'll be Alright on the Night 2012 28 December 2012 3.91 35 All New It 'll be Alright on the Night 2014 : Part 1 5 January 2014 3.86 36 It 'll be Alright on the Night 's Best of the Worst 12 January 2014 3.64 37 All New It 'll be Alright on the Night 2014 : Part 2 19 May 2014 3.11 38 All New It 'll be Alright on the Night 2014 : Part 3 28 December 2014 3.43 39 It 'll be Alright on the Night 2015 30 December 2015 3.80 40 All New It 'll be Alright on the Night 2016 4 June 2016 2.76 41 David Walliams Presents -- Return of Alright on the Night 22 August 2018 David Walliams 42 David Walliams Presents - Revenge of Alright on the Night 29 August 2018 Broadcasting ( edit ) Despite being a staple of ITV 's light entertainment programming for nearly 40 years , comparatively few editions of It 'll Be Alright on the Night have been produced , with rarely more than one new episode a year being screened . Episodes presented by Denis Norden have normally included a number in their title screens to aid identification with the audience , while from 2008 to 2016 , episodes presented by Griff Rhys Jones did not do so . Towards the end of the Denis Norden era , episodes up to and including It 'll be Alright on the Night 20 were prefixed with `` All New '' to avoid viewer confusion with repeat screenings of earlier episodes . During its run , several special episodes were also made , including anniversary specials , a late night edition for Channel 4 with more mature adult content and a one - off political special to mark the 2001 general election . The majority of the episodes were filmed at The London Studios , but in the show 's later years , the Granada studios in Manchester were also used , as well as the now - closed ( and demolished ) Meridian studios at Northam , Southampton . A few editions were also filmed on - location ; most notably , Alright on the Night 's Cockup Trip which was presented from the Great Cockup fell in the Lake District , 21 Years of Alright on the Night was presented on a yacht in the middle of the Bermuda Triangle ( which , in reality , was in the south of France ) and It 'll be Alright on the Night 11 , which was presented from an empty Haymarket Theatre , London . During its run , the series has had three main producers : Paul Smith ( 1977 -- 1984 ) , Paul Lewis ( 1984 -- 2002 ) and Simon Withington ( 2003 -- 2006 ) . Sean Miller , James Sunderland and Stephanie Dennis also produced some episodes . Grant Philpott was the series producer ( 2011 - 2012 ) and Simon Withington , who previously served as a producer from 2003 to 2006 has been the executive producer from 2014 to 2016 . From 2018 , Grant Philpott was once again the series producer . Denis Norden 's Laughter File ( edit ) The series also inspired the spin - off show Denis Norden 's Laughter File , which began airing on 22 September 1991 and ran until 13 May 2006 . Although it largely followed the same format as its sister show , while It 'll be Alright on the Night focused solely on bloopers / outtakes , Laughter File also screened clips that included pranks and practical jokes . As with It 'll Be Alright on the Night , later episodes included the words `` All New '' in their titles to avoid viewer confusion with repeat screenings of earlier episodes . The theme music used for Denis Norden 's Laughter File throughout the whole of its run was a library piece , called `` Dress to Kill '' by Errol Reid . The show 's producers were Paul Lewis ( 1991 -- 2002 ) and Simon Withington ( 2002 -- 2006 ) . Episodes ( edit ) Episode Episode name Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) Denis Norden 's 1st Laughter File 22 September 1991 17.39 Denis Norden 's 2nd Laughter File 4 October 1997 Denis Norden 's 3rd Laughter File 5 December 1998 10.00 Denis Norden 's 4th Laughter File 16 October 1999 8.46 5 Denis Norden 's 5th Laughter File 30 September 2000 8.02 6 Denis Norden 's 6th Laughter File 15 October 2001 7.21 7 Denis Norden 's 7th Laughter File 30 March 2002 5.67 8 Denis Norden 's 8th Laughter File 9 November 2002 6.62 9 Denis Norden 's 9th Laughter File 4 October 2003 5.53 10 Denis Norden 's Christmas Laughter File Special 27 December 2003 8.10 11 Denis Norden 's All New 11th Laughter File 26 December 2004 5.73 12 Denis Norden 's All New 12th Laughter File 12 February 2005 5.54 13 Denis Norden 's All New 13th Laughter File 13 May 2006 3.88 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 6 January 1979 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 8 June 1980 and 4 February 1983 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 18 December 1982 and 7 October 1984 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 11 January 1985 and 22 June 1996 . Jump up ^ Originally transmitted on Channel 4 ; subsequent repeats aired on ITV on 29 June 1986 and 19 January 1992 . Jump up ^ Retitled and re-edited as It 'll be Alright on the Night 5 for subsequent repeats on 2 October 1988 and 14 December 1991 . Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 5 September 1992 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 31 August 1991 , 17 July 1994 and 2 September 1995 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 2 January 1994 , 9 September 1995 , 1 March 1997 and 20 March 1999 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 4 June 1999 , 12 April 2000 , 1 January 2001 and 13 February 2002 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 30 December 1995 , 1 May 1999 and 20 July 2000 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 21 September 1997 , 9 May 1998 , 11 June 1999 and 6 May 2000 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 29 August 1998 , 31 July 1999 , 17 March 2001 and 24 July 2004 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 16 January 1999 and 29 April 2000 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 28 August 2000 , 28 April 2001 , 26 May 2002 and 31 July 2004 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 12 September 2001 , 26 April 2003 and 28 January 2004 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 29 December 2001 and 24 January 2004 . Jump up ^ Retitled and re-edited as 25 Years of Alright on the Night for a subsequent repeat on 12 April 2003 . Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 28 December 2002 . Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 22 March 2005 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 21 February 2004 and 29 March 2005 . Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 21 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 28 June and 31 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Scheduled to be aired on 2 July 2018 , but was moved five days later due to the England v Colombia World Cup game going into extra time . Unfortunately , the 7 July 2018 date was moved again to 22 August 2018 due to the Russia v Croatia World Cup game going into extra time . Jump up ^ Scheduled to be aired on 3 July 2018 , but was moved to exactly , a week later due to the England v Colombia World Cup game going into extra time . Unfortunately , the 10 July 2018 date was moved to 29 August 2018 due to the Russia v Croatia World Cup game going into extra time . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 20 August 1995 and 10 December 1999 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 23 May 1998 , 7 May 1999 , 20 May 2000 and 7 July 2001 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 3 December 1999 and 15 July 2000 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 8 July 2000 and 9 May 2001 . Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 23 June 2001 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` David Walliams to host new It 'll be Alright on the Night '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) It 'll be Alright on the Night on Twitter . BBC Cult TV British Film Institute page It 'll be Alright on the Night on IMDb . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27ll_Be_Alright_on_the_Night&oldid=861216651 '' Categories : 1970s British comedy television series 1980s British comedy television series 1990s British comedy television series 2000s British comedy television series 2010s British comedy television series 1977 British television programme debuts Blooper shows ITV comedy London Weekend Television programmes Television series by ITV Studios English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use British English from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 22 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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political regimes and governance in the middle east
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Democracy in the Middle East
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democracy in the middle east
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According to the Democracy Index 2016 study , Israel ( # 29 worldwide ) is the only democracy in the Middle East , while Tunisia ( # 69 worldwide ) is the only democracy in North Africa . The measure of the level of democracy in nations throughout the world published by Freedom House and various other freedom indices , the Middle Eastern and North African countries with the highest scores are Israel , Tunisia , Turkey , Lebanon , Morocco , and Kuwait . Countries that are occasionally classified as partly democratic are Egypt and Iraq . The remaining countries of the Middle East are categorized as authoritarian regimes , with the lowest scores held by Saudi Arabia and Yemen .
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Freedom House categorizes Israel and Tunisia as `` Free '' , Lebanon , Turkey , Kuwait and Morocco `` Partly Free '' , and the remaining states as `` Not Free '' ( including Western Sahara , which is controlled by Morocco ) . Events of the `` Arab Spring '' such as the Tunisian Revolution may indicate a move towards democracy in some countries which may not be fully captured in the democracy index . In 2015 , Tunisia became the first Arab country classified as free since the beginning of Lebanon 's civil war 40 years ago . Theories are diverse on the subject . `` Revisionist theories '' argue that democracy is slightly incompatible with Middle Eastern values . On the other hand , `` post-colonial '' theories ( such as those put forth by Edward Said ) for the relative absence of liberal democracy in the Middle East are diverse , from the long history of imperial rule by the Ottoman Empire , Britain and France and the contemporary political and military intervention by the United States , all of which have been blamed for preferring authoritarian regimes because this simplifies the business environment , while enriching the governing elite and the companies of the imperial countries . Other explanations include the problem that most of the states in the region are rentier states , which experience the theorized resource curse . This article follows sources that place Cyprus in Europe , not the Middle East . Contents 1 History 2 Measures of democracy 2.1 Annual assessment 3 Current state 3.1 Presidential republics 3.2 Absolute monarchy 3.3 Constitutional monarchy 3.4 Islamic governments 3.5 Iran 3.5. 1 History of political systems 3.5. 2 Issues with the current political system 3.5. 3 Public opinion of Iranians regarding the current political system 3.6 Lebanon 3.7 Israel 3.8 Palestinian Authority 4 Arab Spring 5 Secularism 6 The state , democratization and the Middle East 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire , many of the empire 's former territories fell under the rule of European countries under League of Nations mandates . Thus , European powers were instrumental in establishing the first independent governments that emerged from the Ottoman Empire . During the Cold War , the United States and the Soviet Union competed for allies in the region and the U.S. has been accused of supporting dictatorships contrary to its stated democratic principles . The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine was the beginning of a policy of American democracy promotion in the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) , leading , for example , to American intervention on behalf of the democratically elected government in the 1958 Lebanon crisis . Following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , the U.S. war in Afghanistan and Iraq War were a significant turning point for the U.S. 's shift , from political rhetoric , to the real cause of democratisation in the region , as the invasions of those countries were partly for purposes of organising democratic governments . Opponents of the act have , however , criticised that democracy can not be imposed from outside . The two countries have since had relatively successful elections , but have also experienced serious security and development problems . Some believe that democracy can be established `` only through force '' and the help of the United States . Writers such as Michele Dunne , when writing for the Carnegie Paper concurs with the rhetoric of the late Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin ( at that time , referring to peace and terrorism ) that the foreign policy position of the US should be to ' pursue peace as though there were no democratization , and pursue democratization as though there were no peace . In other words , the U.S. government should pursue reform and democratization as policy goals in the first instance without worrying excessively about tradeoffs with other goals . '' The U.S. pressure behind the calling of the 2006 Palestinian legislative election backfired , resulting in the democratically sound victory of Hamas , rather than the US supported Fatah . Drawing upon the ideas of Middle East scholar Nicola Pratt it can be argued that : ... the outcome of democratization efforts is ( in reality ) ... contingent upon the degree to which actors ' chosen strategies contribute to either reproducing or challenging the relations of power between civil society and the state . However , recent academic critics have characterized intervention in the Middle East as a means towards engendering democracy a failure . The 2011 study Costs of War from Brown University 's Watson Institute for International Studies concluded that democracy promotion has been flawed from the beginning in both Iraq and Afghanistan , with corruption rampant in both countries as the United States prepares to withdraw many of its combat troops . On a scale of democratization established by Transparency International , Iraq and Afghanistan are two of the worst - ranked countries in the world , surpassed in corruption by only Myanmar and Somalia . Sociologist Amitai Etzioni has pointed out that the prerequisite sociological conditions for the establishment of liberal democracies were not present in Iraq and Afghanistan when the United States attempted to engage in nation - building . Measures of democracy ( edit ) Main article : List of freedom indices There are several non-governmental organizations that publish and maintain indices of freedom in the world , according to their own various definitions of the term , and rank countries as being free , partly free , or unfree using various measures of freedom , including political rights , economic rights , freedom of the press and civil liberties . Annual assessment ( edit ) An analysis on the level of constitution around the world is conducted every year by Freedom House . Freedom House analyses political rights ( PR ) , civil liberties ( CL ) and overall regime status . PR and CL are rated from one to seven , with one being most free and seven being least free . Regimes are classed as either ' free , partly free or not free ' . The below table summarizes the findings of the 2010 - 2015 Freedom in the World report on the countries of the Middle East and North Africa . Key : * - Electoral democracies ( as described above ) , PR - Political Rights , CL - Civil Liberties , Free Status : Free , Partly Free , Not Free 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Country PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free Algeria 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not Bahrain 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not Egypt 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 5 5 Partly 6 5 Not 6 5 Not Gaza Strip ‡ ( PA ) 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not Iran 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not Iraq 5 6 Not 5 6 Not 5 6 Not 6 6 Not 5 6 Not 6 6 Not Israel * Free Free Free Free Free Free Jordan 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not Kuwait Partly 5 Partly 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly Lebanon 5 Partly 5 Partly 5 Partly 5 Partly 5 Partly 5 Partly Libya * 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 6 Not 5 Partly 5 Partly 6 6 Not Morocco 5 Partly 5 Partly 5 Partly 5 Partly 5 Partly 5 Partly Oman 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not Qatar 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not Saudi Arabia 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not Syria 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not Turkey * Partly Partly Partly Partly Partly Partly Tunisia * 7 5 Not 7 5 Not Partly Partly Partly Free United Arab Emirates 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not Yemen 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not West Bank ‡ ( PA ) 6 6 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not Western Sahara ‡ ( Morocco ) 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not Current state ( edit ) There are a number of pro-democracy movements in the Middle East . A prominent figure in this movement is Saad Eddin Ibrahim who advocates and campaigns for democracy in Egypt and the wider region , working with the Ibn Khaldun Centre for Development Studies and serving on the Board of Advisors for the Project on Middle East Democracy . When asked about his thoughts regarding the current state of democracy in the region he said : People 's memories ... have become tuned or conditioned to thinking that the problems in the Middle East must be a chronic condition , not that they are only 30 years old , and not realizing that the reason for the current state of the Middle East was first , the Arab - Israeli conflict , and two , the Cold War . The Cold War made the United States and other western democracies look the other way when it came to political oppression and allowed them to deal with tyrants and dictators . The Middle East Forum , a think tank based in Philadelphia , recently published their table for measurement of democracy within Middle Eastern states . Their contention is that little has changed , post-September 11 , 2001 , and if anything the `` War on Terror '' has enabled many regimes to stifle democratic progress . The results showed very little progress from 1999 - 2005 . The report even states that this pattern may be counter-productive to US interests , with Islamism being the only viable opposition to regimes in many Middle Eastern countries . As an additional measure of US attitudes towards the issue of Middle Eastern democratization , on 14 December 2006 , the US Secretary of state Condoleezza Rice stated that democracy in the Middle East was `` non-negotiable . '' Middle East scholar Louise Fawcett notes how the United Nations Development Programme 's Arab Human Development Report 2002 , drafted by Western - educated Arab intellectuals , is modelled `` on universal democratic principles . '' In addition , Fawcett argues that `` Constitutional democracy is viewed not only as an intrinsic good by the putative globalisers who drafted this Report ; it is also an instrumental necessity if the region is to stop stagnating and begin to catch up with the rest of the world . '' The level of democratic process varies widely from country to country . A few countries , such as Saudi Arabia , do not claim to be democracies ; however , most of the larger states claim to be democracies , although this claim is in most cases disputed . Presidential republics ( edit ) Main article : Presidential republic A number of republics embracing Arab Socialism , such as Syria and Egypt , regularly hold elections , but critics assert that these are not full multi-party systems . Most importantly they do not allow citizens to choose between lots of different candidates for presidency election . The constitution of modern Egypt has always given the president a virtual monopoly over the decision making process , devoting 30 articles ( 15 percent of the whole constitution ) to presidential prerogatives . According to the constitution , the Egyptian president 's powers are equivalent to those of the prime minister in parliamentary systems and to the president of the French Fifth Republic . Yemen , Lebanon and the Palestinian Authority , while also partly accepting this ideology , are generally considered more democratic than other states that do so , but the power of institutions in the latter two are limited by the domination of Syria and Israel , respectively . Absolute monarchy ( edit ) Absolute monarchy is common in the Middle East . Saudi Arabia and a few other kingdoms on the Arabian Peninsula are considered absolute monarchies . The endurance of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East is notable in comparison to the rest of the world . While such regimes have fallen throughout sub-Saharan Africa , for example , they have persisted in the Middle East . Yet Middle Eastern history also includes significant episodes of conflict between rulers and proponents of change . Constitutional monarchy ( edit ) Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the guidelines of a constitution , whether it be a written , uncodified , or blended constitution . This form of government differs from absolute monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as the source of power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution and has the powers to regulate his or her respective government . Most constitutional monarchies employ a parliamentary system in which the monarch may have strictly ceremonial duties or may have reserve powers , depending on the constitution . Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also a prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power . The Middle Eastern countries with Constitutional monarchies are generally considered democratic . For example : Jordan , Kuwait , Morocco , and Bahrain are considered constitutional monarchies . Islamic governments ( edit ) The Iranian Revolution of 1979 resulted in an electoral system ( an Islamic Republic with a constitution ) , but the system has a limited democracy in practice . One of the main problems of Iran 's system is the consolidation of too much power in the hands of the Supreme Leader who is elected by Assembly of Experts for life ( unless the Assembly of Experts decides to remove him which has never happened ) . Another main problem is the closed loop in the electoral system , the elected Assembly of Experts elect the Supreme Leader of Iran , who appoints the members of the Guardian Council , who in turn vet the candidates for all elections including the elections for Assembly of Experts . However some elections in Iran , as the election of city councils satisfies free and democratic election criteria to some extent . In other countries , the ideology ( usually out of power ) has fostered both pro-democratic and anti-democratic sentiments . The Justice and Development Party is a moderate democratic Islamist party that has come to power in traditionally secular Turkey . Its moderate ideology has been compared to Christian Democracy in Europe . The United Iraqi Alliance , the winner of the recent elections in Iraq , is a coalition including many religious parties . Iran ( edit ) History of political systems ( edit ) Historically Iranians were ruled by an absolute monarchy for several thousand years , at least since the time of the Achaemenid Empire ( 550 B.C.E. ) until the Constitutional Revolution in the early 20th century . The Constitutional Revolution in 1906 replaced the absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy . The constitution went under several revisions during the following decades . During World War II Iran stayed neutral but in 1941 the Allies ( the USSR and Great Britain ) invaded Iran and replaced the Iran 's Shah Reza Pahlavi ( who was perceived as being pro-German ) with his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to protect their access to Iranian oil , and to secure routes to ship western military aid to the Soviet Union . Iran 's parliamentary government led by Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq was toppled in a 1953 coup d'état by royalist forces supported and funded by CIA and MI6 after Mohammed Mosaddeq nationalized Iranian oil . Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi became the preeminent leader in Iran , and instated Fazlollah Zahedi from the military as the new Prime Minister . United States has considered the Shah as a close ally and Iran as its main base in the Middle East . The Shah also tried to modernize Iran 's economy and westernize Iran 's culture . These and other policies contributed to alienating nationalists , leftists , and religious groups . The monarchy was overthrown in 1979 by the Iranian Revolution . In the same year a referendum was held by Ruhollah Khomeini , that asked whether there should be an ' Islamic Republic ' or not . The 1979 referendum ( in favor of an Islamic Republic ) got 98 % support of those who voted . The constitution was modeled on the 1958 constitution of the French Fifth Republic by the Assembly of Experts for Constitution ( who were elected by direct popular vote ) and Khomeini made himself the new Supreme Leader of Iran . The constitution received above 99 % support in another 1979 referendum . After Khomeini 's death , the Assembly of Experts ( which is made of Islamic scholars elected by direct vote ) appointed Ali Khamenei as the new Supreme Leader . The constitution was also amended through a referendum in 1989 with 97 % support a few months before Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini died increasing the powers of Supreme Leader . Iran holds regular national elections by universal suffrage for all citizens ( regardless of race , religion , or sex , who are of voting age ) for electing the President , members of Parliament , Assembly of Experts , City and Village Councils where political parties support candidates . Issues with the current political system ( edit ) The current political system in Iran was designed to allow Iranians to decide their future by themselves without being oppressed by authorities , but in practice only allows a limited democracy . One of the main problems of Iran 's system is the consolidation of too much power in the hands of the Supreme Leader who is elected by the Assembly of Experts for life ( unless the Assembly of Experts decides to remove him , which has never happened ) . The power of the Supreme Leader under Iran 's constitution is almost unlimited and unrestricted in practice . This combined with the view that he is the representative of God held by some religious groups , being the head of the security and armed forces , and controlling the official state media ( the radio and television are restricted to state radio and television ) makes him immune from any kind of criticism and unchallengeable . Critics of the system or the Supreme Leader are punished severely . Critical newspapers and political parties are closed , social and political activists like writers , journalists , human right activists , university students , union leaders , lawyers , and politicians are jailed for unreasonably long periods for making simple criticism against the Supreme Leader , the Islamic Republic system , Islam and Shia doctrines , the government , and other officials . They have been even threatened by death sentence ( though all such verdict in recent years have been dropped in higher courts in recent years ) and some have been assassinated by the Ministry of Intelligence and militias in the past ( no such case has been reported in recent years ) . Another main problem is the closed loop in the electoral system , the elected Assembly of Experts elects the Supreme Leader , so in theory he is elected indirectly by popular vote , but in practice the system does not satisfy the criteria for a free election since the Supreme Leader appoints the members of the Guardian Council who in turn vet the candidates for all elections including the elections for Assembly of Experts . This loop limits the possible candidates to those agreeing with the views held by Supreme Leader and he has the final say over all important issues . Also the fourth unchangeable article of constitution states that all other articles of the constitution and all other laws are void if they violate Islamic rules , and the Guardian Council is given the duty of interpreting the constitution and verifying that all laws passed the parliament are not against Islamic laws . Many articles of constitution about political freedoms and minority rights ( e.g. education in mother language for language minorities ) have not been applied at all . Other problems include the issues with the rights of racial and religious minorities , influence and involvement of armed forces specially the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and Basij in political activities , widespread corruption in the ruling elite , problems with security forces like police and militias like Ansar - e Hezbollah , and corruption in Judiciary . Public opinion of Iranians regarding the current political system ( edit ) One should note that against all short - comings of the current system as a democracy mentioned above some recent polls in Iran by a number of respected Western polling organizations show that a considerable majority of Iranians support the system including and the religious institutions and trust it about the elections ( even the disputed presidential elections in 2009 ) . Some Iranians and political activists dispute the results of these polls arguing that the results of these polls can not be trusted because people fear to express their real opinion and the limitations on the follow of information allows the state to control the opinion of people living in more traditional parts of the country . Some of these polling organizations have responded to these claims and defended their results as correctly showing the current opinion of Iranians . The polls also show a divide between the population living in large modern cities like Tehran and people living in other more traditional and conservative parts of the country like rural areas and smaller cities . Lebanon ( edit ) Lebanon has traditionally enjoyed a confessional democratic system . The Lebanese constitution , doctored in 1926 , was based on the French constitution and guaranteed liberty and equality for all its citizens . A large number of political parties with very different ideologies , are active in Lebanon , but most of them form political alliances with other groups of similar interests . Even though certain high - profile positions in the government and the seats in the parliament are reserved for specified sects , intense competition is usually expected of political parties and candidates . In January 2015 , the Economist Intelligence Unit , released a report stating that Lebanon ranked the 2nd in Middle East and 98th out of 167 countries worldwide for Democracy Index 2014 , which ranks countries according to election processes , pluralism , government functions , political participation , political cultures and fundamental freedoms . Israel ( edit ) Israel is a parliamentary democracy represented by a very large number of parties , with universal suffrage for all citizens , regardless of race , religion , sex , or sexual orientation , who are of voting age . Palestinian Authority ( edit ) The Palestinian Authority operates presidential and parliamentary elections with universal suffrage for all citizens , regardless of race , religion , or sex , who are of voting age . However , no national elections have been held since the Fatah -- Hamas conflict erupted into violence in 2006 . Arab Spring ( edit ) Further information : Arab Spring The protests , uprisings and revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa , beginning on 18 December 2010 , brought about the overthrow of the Tunisian and Egyptian governments . Libya was brought into a 6 - month civil war which brought about the end of Gaddafi 's 41 - year rule . Bahrain and Yemen are experiencing uprisings . The uprising in Syria led to full - scale civil war . Tunisia and Egypt have held elections that were considered fair by observers . Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as Egypt 's first president to gain power through an election on 30 June 2012 ; however , after protests against him in June 2013 , as well as a 48 - hour deadline by the Egyptian Armed Forces to respond to the protesters ' demands that he did not comply with , Morsi was removed from office in July 2013 . Morsi 's Defence Minister , Abdel Fattah el - Sisi , who served as a general in the Egyptian Armed Forces at the time , was responsible for announcing the overthrow on state television . Many other countries in the region are also calling for democracy and freedom , including : Algeria , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Djibouti , Iran , Iraq , Jordan , Oman , Yemen , Kuwait , Mauritania , Morocco , Saudi Arabia , Sudan and Turkey . Research confirms that ( in general ) people in Islamic societies support democracy . Secularism ( edit ) Main article : Secularism in the Middle East Secularism in the Middle East was pioneered by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , who , though he himself had some authoritarian tendencies , helped establish the first modern Middle Eastern secular democracy in Turkey . Arab Socialism has also fostered secularism , though sometimes in what has been seen as a less democratic context . Secularism is not the same as freedom of religion , and secular governments have at times denied the rights of Islamists and other religious parties . A trend of a more liberal secularism supporting broader freedom of religion has developed recently in Turkey , while some Arab Socialist states have moved away from secularism to some extent , increasingly embracing religion , though many say without really increasing the rights of religious parties . Lebanon also is a secular state . The state , democratization and the Middle East ( edit ) The reasons for the lack of democratization in the Middle East are outlined by analysts such as Albrecht Schnabel , who says that a strong civil society is required to produce leaders and mobilize the public around democratic duties , but in order for such a civil society to flourish , a democratic environment and process allowing freedom of expression and order is required in the first place . This theory therefore supports the intervention of outside countries , such as the U.S. , in establishing democracy . `` If domestic capacities are lacking , external support may be required . Externally supported creation of fragile , yet somewhat functioning institutions is meant to trigger the momentum needed to encourage the evolution of a functioning civil society . The latter will , after a few years of consolidation and post-conflict stability , produce the first wholly internally crafted government . At that time , external involvement , if still provided at that point , can cede . '' Schnabel argues that democratization in the Middle East must come from both below and above , given that pressure from below will be pointless if the political leadership is opposed to reform , while top - down reform ( which has been the norm in the Middle East ) is not a fruitful endeavor if the political culture in society is not developed . Other analysts draw different conclusions . Drawing from the work of Alexis de Tocqueville and Robert Putnam , these researchers suggest that independent , nongovernmental associations help foster a participatory form of governance . They cite the lack of horizontal voluntary association as a reason for the persistence of authoritarianism in the region . Other analysts believe that the lack of a market - driven economy in many Middle Eastern countries undermines the capacity to build the kind of individual autonomy and power that helps promote democracy . Therefore , the relationship of the state to civil society is one of the most important indicators of the chances of democracy evolving in a particular country . Poverty , inequality , and low literacy rates also compromise people 's commitment to democratic reforms since survival becomes a higher priority . Some analysts point to MENA 's saturation with Islam as an explanation for the region 's failure to democratize . Other analysts believe that the failure of democratization results from the power of the state . Inspired by Skopcol 's work on revolution , Belin argues that democratic transition can only be carried out when the state 's coercive apparatus lacks the will or capacity to crush opponents . Authoritarianism has been exceptionally robust in the MENA region because many of the states have proven willing and able to crush reform initiatives . Moreover , almost every Arab state has been directly involved in some form of international conflict over the past decades . Research suggests that conflict involvement has a direct influence on the country 's prospects for democratization . However , critics of these theories observe that some countries which experience many of these democracy - inhibiting factors are successful in their quest for democratization . See also ( edit ) Human rights in the Middle East Human trafficking in the Middle East LGBT in the Middle East Islam and modernity Middle East and globalization Women in Arab societies American democracy promotion in the Middle East and North Africa Freedom in the World List of freedom indices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` EIU Democracy Index 2016 '' . infographics.economist.com . Jump up ^ Keating , Joshua ( 28 January 2015 ) . `` Why Was Tunisia the Only Arab Spring Country That Turned Out Well ? '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bernard . What Went Wrong ? : The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Cyprus country profile '' . Jump up ^ `` Europe map / Map of Europe -- Facts , Geography , History of Europe -- Worldatlas.com '' . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pratt , N. ( 2007 ) , `` Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Arab World '' : London : Lynne Rienner Publishers . Jump up ^ Democracy in the Middle East Can Only Be Established by Force Jump up ^ `` Carnegie Endowment for International Peace '' . Carnegieendowment.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Michele Dunne , `` Integrating Democracy Promotion into U.S. Middle East Policy '' , Carnegie Paper No. 50 , October 2004 . p 8 , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( 2006 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Bush Is Conciliatory in Accepting Victory of Hamas '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pratt , N ( May 2004 ) `` Bringing politics back in : examining the link between globalization and democratization '' Review of International Political Economy 11 : 2 , p 331 , doi : 10.1080 / 0969229042000249831 Jump up ^ `` Did the wars bring democracy to Afghanistan and Iraq ? '' . Costs of War . Brown University . Archived from the original on 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Etzioni , Amitai ( August -- September 2015 ) . `` The Democratisation Mirage '' . Survival : Global Politics and Strategy . 57 ( 4 ) : 139 -- 156 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . www.freedomhouse.org . Jump up ^ `` Ibn Khaldun Centre for Development Studies '' . Jump up ^ `` SAAD EDDIN IBRAHIM IN CONVERSATION ABOUT DEMOCRACY IN THE MIDDLE EAST -- LOGOS 4.2 SPRING 2005 '' . www.logosjournal.com . line feed character in title = at position 80 ( help ) Jump up ^ The Middle East Forum Jump up ^ `` Rice discusses Middle East Democracy '' . Jump up ^ Fawcett , L. ( 2005 ) International Relations in the Middle East Gosport : Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 926963 - 7 p 123 Jump up ^ Fawcett , L ( 2005 ) International Relations in the Middle East Gosport : Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 926963 - 7 p 123 Jump up ^ Egypt Jump up ^ Syria Jump up ^ `` MENA DEVELOPMENT REPORT '' > MENA DEVELOPMENT REPORT , `` Better Governance for Development in the Middle East and North Africa '' The World bank , Washington , D.C. 2003 , pg 45 . Jump up ^ Marsha Prepstein Posusney , Michele Penner Angrist , eds . `` Authoritarianism in the Middle East : regimes and resistance '' Lynne Rienner Publishers , London , 2005 , pg , 43 . Jump up ^ Amin saikal and Albrecht Schnabel , `` Democratization in the Middle East '' United Nations University Press New York , 2003 , pg. 70 . Jump up ^ `` Iran Public Opinion 2010 '' . Docstoc.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian Public on Current Issues '' ( PDF ) . worldpublicopinions.org. 2010 - 09 - 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Deegan , Heather. , `` The Middle East and the Problems of Democracy '' , Open university Press , Philadelphia , 1993 , pg. 103 . Jump up ^ `` CIA - The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Min - Hua Huang , `` Islam and Democracy : A Global Perspective . '' Taiwan Journal of Democracy , 1 ( 2 ) , 2005 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Mark Tessler , `` Islam and Democracy in the Middle East : The Impact of Religious Orientations on Attitudes toward Democracy in Four Arab Countries . '' Comparative Politics , 34 ( 3 ) , 2002 , p. 348 - 350 . Jump up ^ Schnabel , Albrecht . `` Democratization and Peacebuilding . '' Democratization in the Middle East : Experiences , Struggles , Challenges . Ed . Amin Saikal and Albrecht Schnabel . New York : United Nations University Press , 2003 . p. 28 Jump up ^ Schnabel , p. 35 Jump up ^ MENA DEVELOPMENT REPORT , `` Better Governance for Development in the Middle East and North Africa '' The World bank , Washington , D.C. 2003 , pg 45 . ^ Jump up to : Bellin , Eva ( 2005 ) . `` Coercive Institutions and Coercive Leaders '' in Posusney , Marsha Pripstein and Michele Penner Angrist , eds. , `` Authoritarianism in the Middle East : Regimes and Resistance '' . Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner Publishers . pp. 21 -- 38 . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 342 - 8 . Jump up ^ Korany , Bahgat , Rex Brynen and Paul Noble , eds. ( 1998 ) . Political Liberalization & Democratization in the Arab World : Volume 2 , Comparative Experiences . Boulder : Lynne Rienner Publishers . pp. 3 , 8 , 274 . ISBN 1 - 55587 - 599 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Skocpol , Theda ( 1979 ) . States and Social Revolutions . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29499 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brynen , Rex , Bahgat Korany and Paul Noble , eds. ( 1995 ) . Political Liberalization & Democratization in the Arab World : Volume 1 , Theoretical Perspectives . London : Lynne Reinner Publishers . p. 285 . ISBN 1 - 55587 - 579 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Marina Ottoway , et al. , `` Democratic Mirage in the Middle East '' , Carnegie Endowment for Ethics and International Peace , Policy Brief 20 ( October 20 , 2002 ) . Marina Ottoway and Thomas Carothers , `` Think Again : Middle East Democracy '' , Foreign Policy ( Nov. / Dec. 2004 ) . Adnan M. Hayajneh , `` The U.S. Strategy : Democracy and Internal Stability in the Arab World '' , Alternatives ( Volume 3 , No. 2 & 3 , Summer / Fall 2004 ) . Democracy in Yemen Gary Gambill , `` Jumpstarting Arab Reform : The Bush Administration 's Greater Middle East Initiative '' , Middle East Intelligence Bulletin ( Vol. 6 , No. 6 - 7 , June / July 2004 ) . Remarks by George W. Bush at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy , United States Chamber of Commerce , Washington , D.C. , `` President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East '' , ( 6 November 2003 ) . Robert Blecher , `` Free People Will Set the Course of History : Intellectuals , Democracy and American Empire '' , Middle East Report ( March 2003 ) . Robert Fisk , `` What Does Democracy Really Mean In The Middle East ? Whatever The West Decides '' , The London Independent ( 8 August 2005 ) . Fawaz Gergez , `` Is Democracy in the Middle East a Pipedream ? '' , Yale Global Online ( April 25 , 2005 ) . Adam Garfinkle , Joshua Muravchik , Jon Alterman , Michele Dunne , J. Scott Carpenter , `` Can the Middle East Sustain Democracy ? '' , Middle East Strategy at Harvard ( January 3 , 2008 ) . Arab Spring `` Ash - shab yurid isqat an - nizam '' Events by country Algeria Bahrain Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Sudan Syria Tunisia Western Sahara Yemen Groups Bahrain : Al Wefaq February 14 Youth Coalition Egypt : April 6 Youth Movement Kefaya Muslim Brotherhood ( FJP ) National Association for Change National Democratic Party National Salvation Front Revolutionary Socialists Shayfeencom The Third Square Ultras Ahlawy Libya : National Liberation Army National Transitional Council Mauritania : February 25th Movement Saudi Arabia : Women to drive movement CDHRAP Society for Development and Change Syria : Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Regional Command National Command National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces Free Syrian Army Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Hizb ut - Tahrir Foreign fighters Tunisia : Constitutional Democratic Rally Ennahda Movement Popular Front Tunisian General Labour Union Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Yemen : Alliance of Yemeni Tribes Al - Islah Hashid Houthis General People 's Congress Hiraak Notable people Women in the Arab Spring Algeria : Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Ouyahia Bahrain : Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Hasan Mushaima Ali Salman Ali Jawad al - Sheikh Egypt : Hosni Mubarak Omar Suleiman Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Ahmed Nazif Ahmed Shafik Wael Ghonim Kamal Ganzouri Khaled Mohamed Saeed Gihan Ibrahim Essam Sharaf Mohamed ElBaradei Mohamed Morsi Hesham Qandil Bassem Youssef Jordan : King Abdullah II Marouf al - Bakhit Samir Rifai Libya : Muammar Gaddafi Saif al - Islam Gaddafi Mustafa Abdul Jalil Mahmoud Jibril Mohammed Nabbous Mauritania : Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf Morocco : Mohammed VI Abbas El Fassi Saudi Arabia : Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Khaled al - Johani Manal al - Sharif Nimr al - Nimr Sudan : Omar al - Bashir Hassan al - Turabi Syria : Bashar al - Assad Muhammad Naji al - Otari Adel Safar Riyad Farid Hijab Wael Nader al - Halqi Maher al - Assad Burhan Ghalioun Moaz al - Khatib Hamza Ali Al - Khateeb Tunisia : Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Mohamed Ghannouchi Moncef Marzouki Rashid al - Ghannushi Fouad Mebazaa Beji Caid Essebsi Hamadi Jebali Mohamed Bouazizi Chokri Belaid United Arab Emirates : UAE Five Yemen : Ali Abdullah Saleh Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi Tawakkol Karman Abdul Majeed al - Zindani Ali Mohsen al - Ahmar Sadiq al - Ahmar Abdul - Malik al - Houthi Mohammed Ali al - Houthi Impact Occupy movement Albania Armenia Azerbaijan 2011 2013 Belarus Burkina Faso China Greece India 2011 2012 Iran Iraqi Kurdistan Israel Maldives Mali Mexico 2011 2012 Portugal Russia Spain Turkey 2011 -- 12 2013 United Kingdom United States Libyan Civil War ( 2011 -- present ) Egyptian crisis ( 2011 -- 14 ) UN Resolutions 65 / 265 1970 1973 2009 2014 2016 International reactions Bahrain Egypt Libya civil war military intervention death of Muammar Gaddafi Syria Tunisia Yemen Domestic reactions Egypt Libya domestic responses state 's response Syria Timelines by country Bahrain Egypt Libya Saudi Arabia Syria Yemen Democracy in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - 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Marsad Saudi Arabia : Human Rights First Society National Society for Human Rights APDWRSA Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association See also Human rights in Asia Human rights in Africa Human rights in Islamic countries Sahrawi Association of Victims Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_the_Middle_East&oldid=854263958 '' Categories : Arab Spring Democracy by location Politics of the Middle East Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia مصرى Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 02 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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return to the 36th chamber of shaolin full movie
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Return to the 36th Chamber
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return to the 36th chamber
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Return to the 36th Chamber ( 少林 搭 棚 大師 , Shao Lin ta peng hsiao tzu , Return of the Master Killer or Master Killer II ) is a 1980 Shaw Brothers Studio Hong Kong martial arts comedy film starring Gordon Liu . It was directed by Lau Kar - Leung and written by Ni Kuang . The film is the second in a loosely connected trilogy , following The 36th Chamber Of Shaolin ( 1978 ) and preceding Disciples Of The 36th Chamber ( 1985 ) . In the first and third films in the series , Liu portrays the Shaolin monk San Te , but in Return , he portrays an imposter monk .
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Plot ( edit ) The story opens at a fabric dyeing mill . The quality of the dyes has noticeably worsened , and the factory owner , Wang , and his subordinate chief , Boss Wa , decide to hire some Manchu overseers to improve the work . Wang decides to cut the workers ' salary to pay the mercenaries , and when the workers protest they are viciously thrashed . When sitting in a tea house discussing their problems , the workers are joined by Chu Jen - chieh , a good - hearted small - time con man and the foreman 's younger brother who is posing as a monk . He offers to help , but since he can not actually do kung fu , he and the foreman 's assistant , Ah Chao , devise a plan to trick the Manchu into reinstating the full salary pay , with Jen - chieh posing as the Shaolin 's head abbot of 36th Chamber , San Te . At first the scheme works , but Wang quickly works out that this man is an impostor , and has him driven away and his Manchu hirelings retaliate against the workers . Feeling guilty about what has happened , Jen - chieh leaves and heads for the Shaolin temple to learn the real fighting arts . His first attempts to enter by stealth are thwarted by the vigilant monks and his own bumbling , but eventually he manages to sneak his way in , just to run into the real San Te . He , too , realizes that Jen - chieh is not what he claims to be , but he announces that he wants to give him a chance : Jen - chieh is to build a set of scaffolds all around the temple and renovate the entire complex . Somewhat reluctantly , Jen - chieh goes to work , but he is constantly distracted by the monks practicing martial arts in the 36th Chamber , which he can overlook from his high vantage point . Eventually , he begins to train himself in kung fu by using the conditions of his assignment to improvise training facilities . However , this causes him to lag behind in his work , and it takes him more than a year to finish the gantry . As soon as Jen - chieh announces that he is finished , San Te wants him to dismantle the structure and leave the monastery . Rebelling against this decision , Jen - chieh lands himself inside the chamber , and while trying to evade the abbot chasing him , he inadvertently manages to pass all hazards set in the chamber with ease . San Te finally corners him and forces him to leave , with a strange smile on his lips . Jen - chieh returns to town to find that the conditions of the workers have worsened : Their salary has been cut by nearly half , and any who have protested had been laid off to eke out a meager existence . Elated by his return , some of the ex-workers begin to pester Jen - chieh with their high expectations , which leads to Jen - chieh instinctively and to his own surprise fighting them off with his newly acquired kung fu skills . The next morning , Jen - chieh appears at the dye mill and thrashes the overseers , using bamboo fibers ( like the ones he used when building the scaffolds ) to tie them up and incapacitate them , introducing his style as `` scaffolding kung fu '' . Once the overseers are dealt with , Wang and his bodyguards appear at the scene . Jen - chieh lures them out of the city to a mansion under construction , where he uses the building equipment and the tight quarters to his advantage . Finally overpowering Wang , he forces him to pay his workers their full wages again . Wang admits defeat , and Jen - chieh continues his training on the half - finished grounds . Cast ( edit ) Gordon Liu as Chu Jen - chieh Kara Hui as Hsiao Hung Hsiao Ho as Ah Chao Wong Ching - ho as Uncle Li Wa Lun as Chou Sheng Lee King - chue as Abbot San Te Chan Si - gaai as Ah Fen Kwan Yung - moon as Chuan Min Yeung Jing - jing as Hsiao Ting Johnny Wang Lung - wei as Huang Kao - feng Kong Do as Chief Ma Chang Yi - tao as Yuen Li - hou External links ( edit ) Return to the 36th Chamber on IMDb Return to the 36th Chamber at AllMovie Films directed by Lau Kar - leung Challenge of the Masters ( 1976 ) Executioners from Shaolin ( 1977 ) The 36th Chamber of Shaolin ( 1978 ) The Deadly Mantis ( 1978 ) Heroes of the East ( 1978 ) Deadly Strike ( 1978 ) Dirty Ho ( 1979 ) Mad Monkey Kung Fu ( 1979 ) Return to the 36th Chamber ( 1980 ) My Young Auntie ( 1981 ) Martial Club ( 1981 ) Legendary Weapons of China ( 1982 ) Cat vs Rat ( 1982 ) Lady Is the Boss ( 1983 ) The Eight Diagram Pole Fighter ( 1984 ) Disciples of the 36th Chamber ( 1985 ) Martial Arts of Shaolin ( 1986 ) Tiger on Beat ( 1988 ) Aces Go Places 5 : The Terracotta Hit ( 1989 ) Drunken Master II ( 1994 ) Drunken Master III ( 1994 ) Drunken Monkey ( 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_to_the_36th_Chamber&oldid=801768604 '' Categories : 1980 films Cantonese - language films Action comedy films Hong Kong films Kung fu films Mandarin - language films Shaw Brothers Studio films Films directed by Lau Kar - leung Martial arts comedy films Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from February 2016 All articles lacking sources Use Hong Kong English from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Hong Kong English Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Русский ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 18 : 45 . About Wikipedia
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where did the siege of petersburg take place
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Siege of Petersburg Part of the American Civil War The `` Dictator '' siege mortar at Petersburg . In the foreground , the figure on the right is Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt , chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac . Date June 9 , 1864 -- March 25 , 1865 ( 9 months , 2 weeks and 2 days ) Location Petersburg , Virginia Result Union victory Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant George Meade Benjamin Butler Robert E. Lee P.G.T. Beauregard Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of the James Army of Northern Virginia Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia Strength 67,000 -- 125,000 ∼ 52,000 Casualties and losses 42,000 ( estimate ) 28,000 ( estimate )
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Petersburg , Virginia
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Siege of Petersburg
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siege of petersburg
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The Richmond -- Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg , Virginia , fought from June 9 , 1864 , to March 25 , 1865 , during the American Civil War . Although it is more popularly known as the Siege of Petersburg , it was not a classic military siege , in which a city is usually surrounded and all supply lines are cut off , nor was it strictly limited to actions against Petersburg . The campaign consisted of nine months of trench warfare in which Union forces commanded by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully and then constructed trench lines that eventually extended over 30 miles ( 48 km ) from the eastern outskirts of Richmond , Virginia , to around the eastern and southern outskirts of Petersburg . Petersburg was crucial to the supply of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's army and the Confederate capital of Richmond . Numerous raids were conducted and battles fought in attempts to cut off the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad . Many of these battles caused the lengthening of the trench lines .
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Lee finally gave in to the pressure and abandoned both cities in April 1865 , leading to his retreat and surrender at Appomattox Court House . The Siege of Petersburg foreshadowed the trench warfare that was common in World War I , earning it a prominent position in military history . It also featured the war 's largest concentration of African American troops , who suffered heavy casualties at such engagements as the Battle of the Crater and Chaffin 's Farm . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 2.3 Comparison between Union and Confederate armies 2.4 Role of Negroes 3 Initial attempts to capture Petersburg 3.1 Butler 's assault ( June 9 ) 3.2 Meade 's assaults ( June 15 -- 18 , 1864 ) 4 Initial attempts to cut the railroads ( June 21 -- 30 ) 4.1 Jerusalem Plank Road ( June 21 -- 23 ) 4.2 Wilson - Kautz Raid ( June 22 -- July 1 ) 5 First Battle of Deep Bottom ( July 27 -- 29 ) 6 The Crater ( July 30 ) 7 Second Deep Bottom ( August 14 -- 20 ) 8 Operations against the Weldon Railroad 8.1 Globe Tavern ( August 18 -- 21 ) 8.2 Second Reams Station ( August 25 ) 9 Beefsteak Raid ( September 14 -- 17 ) 10 Union offensives , late September 10.1 New Market Heights ( September 29 -- 30 ) 10.2 Peebles Farm ( September 30 -- October 2 ) 11 Actions near Richmond , October 11.1 Darbytown and New Market Roads ( October 7 ) 11.2 Darbytown Road ( October 13 ) 11.3 Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) 12 Boydton Plank Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) 13 Hatcher 's Run ( February 5 -- 7 , 1865 ) 14 Confederate breakout attempt at Fort Stedman ( March 25 ) 15 Aftermath 16 Classifying the campaigns 17 Battlefield preservation 18 See also 19 Notes 20 References 21 Further reading 22 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Further information : American Civil War Soldiers in the trenches . Trench warfare would appear again more infamously in World War I In March 1864 , Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and was given command of the Union Army . He devised a coordinated strategy to apply pressure on the Confederacy from many points , something President Abraham Lincoln had urged his generals to do from the beginning of the war . Grant put Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman in immediate command of all forces in the West and moved his own headquarters to be with the Army of the Potomac ( still commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade ) in Virginia , where he intended to maneuver Lee 's army to a decisive battle ; his secondary objective was to capture Richmond ( the capital of the Confederacy ) , but Grant knew that the latter would happen automatically once the former was accomplished . His coordinated strategy called for Grant and Meade to attack Lee from the north , while Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler drove toward Richmond from the southeast ; Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel to control the Shenandoah Valley ; Sherman to invade Georgia , defeat Gen. Joseph E. Johnston , and capture Atlanta ; Brig . Gens . George Crook and William W. Averell to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia ; and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks to capture Mobile , Alabama . Most of these initiatives failed , often because of the assignment of generals to Grant for political rather than military reasons . Butler 's Army of the James bogged down against inferior forces under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard before Richmond in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign . Sigel was soundly defeated at the Battle of New Market in May and soon afterward he was replaced by Maj. Gen. David Hunter . Banks was distracted by the Red River Campaign and failed to move on Mobile . However , Crook and Averell were able to cut the last railway linking Virginia and Tennessee , and Sherman 's Atlanta Campaign was a success , although it dragged on through the fall . On May 4 , Grant and Meade 's Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River and entered the area known as the Wilderness of Spotsylvania , beginning the six - week Overland Campaign . At the bloody but tactically inconclusive Battle of the Wilderness ( May 5 -- 7 ) and Battle of Spotsylvania Court House ( May 8 -- 21 ) , Grant failed to destroy Lee 's army but , unlike his predecessors , did not retreat after the battles ; he repeatedly moved his army leftward to the southeast in a campaign that kept Lee on the defensive and moved ever closer to Richmond . Grant spent the remainder of May maneuvering and fighting minor battles with the Confederate army as he attempted to turn Lee 's flank and lure him into the open . Grant knew that his larger army and base of manpower in the North could sustain a war of attrition better than Lee and the Confederacy could . This theory was tested at the Battle of Cold Harbor ( May 31 -- June 12 ) when Grant 's army once again came into contact with Lee 's near Mechanicsville . He chose to engage Lee 's army directly , by ordering a frontal assault on the Confederate fortified positions on June 3 . This attack was repulsed with heavy losses . Cold Harbor was a battle that Grant regretted more than any other and Northern newspapers thereafter frequently referred to him as a `` butcher '' . Although Grant suffered high losses during the campaign -- approximately 50,000 casualties , or 41 % -- Lee lost even higher percentages of his men -- approximately 32,000 , or 46 % -- losses that could not be replaced . On the night of June 12 , Grant again advanced by his left flank , marching to the James River . He planned to cross to the south bank of the river , bypassing Richmond , and isolate Richmond by seizing the railroad junction of Petersburg to the south . While Lee remained unaware of Grant 's intentions , the Union army constructed a pontoon bridge 2,100 feet ( 640 m ) long and crossed the James River on June 14 -- 18 . What Lee had feared most of all -- that Grant would force him into a siege of Richmond -- was poised to occur . Petersburg , a prosperous city of 18,000 , was a supply center for Richmond , given its strategic location just south of Richmond , its site on the Appomattox River that provided navigable access to the James River , and its role as a major crossroads and junction for five railroads . Since Petersburg was the main supply base and rail depot for the entire region , including Richmond , the taking of Petersburg by Union forces would make it impossible for Lee to continue defending Richmond ( the Confederate capital ) . This represented a change of strategy from that of the preceding Overland Campaign , in which confronting and defeating Lee 's army in the open was the primary goal . Now , Grant selected a geographic and political target and knew that his superior resources could besiege Lee there , pin him down , and either starve him into submission or lure him out for a decisive battle . Lee at first believed that Grant 's main target was Richmond and devoted only minimal troops under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to the defense of Petersburg . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle at Second Petersburg , Union order of battle at First Deep Bottom , Union order of battle at the Crater , Union order of battle at Globe Tavern , Union order of battle at Chaffin 's Farm , Union order of battle at Boydton Plank Road Key Union commanders Lt. Gen . Ulysses S. Grant Maj. Gen . George G. Meade Maj. Gen . Benjamin Butler At the beginning of the campaign , Grant 's Union forces consisted of the Army of the Potomac , under Maj. Gen. George G. Meade , and the Army of the James , under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler . The Army of the Potomac included : II Corps , under Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . David B. Birney and John Gibbon and Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow . V Corps , under Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Charles Griffin , Romeyn B. Ayres , Samuel W. Crawford , and Lysander Cutler . VI Corps , under Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . David A. Russell , Thomas H. Neill , and James B. Ricketts . ( The VI Corps was on detached service in the Shenandoah Valley from mid-July to early December 1864 . ) IX Corps , under Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . James H. Ledlie , Robert B. Potter , Orlando B. Willcox , and Edward Ferrero ( the latter division being manned by United States Colored Troops ) . Maj. Gen. John G. Parke replaced Burnside after the Battle of the Crater . Cavalry Corps , under Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Alfred T.A. Torbert , David McM . Gregg , and James H. Wilson . Sheridan and much of his command were on detached service in the Shenandoah Valley from mid-July 1864 to late March 1865 . Upon their return , Sheridan often referred to his Cavalry Corps as the Army of the Shenandoah , reflecting their role in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . The Army of the James included : X Corps , under Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Terry , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Robert S. Foster and Adelbert Ames . XVIII Corps , under Maj. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . William T.H. Brooks , John H. Martindale , and Edward W. Hinks ( the latter also a USCT division ) . XXIV Corps , under Maj. Gen. Edward O.C. Ord , including the divisions of Brig. Gen. Robert S. Foster , Maj. Gen. Thomas M. Harris , and Brig. Gen. Charles Devens . XXV Corps , under Maj. Gen. Godfrey Weitzel , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Charles J. Paine , William Birney , and Edward A. Wild . Cavalry Division , under Brig. Gen. August Kautz . On December 3 , 1864 , the racially integrated X Corps and XVIII Corps were reorganized to become the all - white XXIV Corps and the all - black ( officers excepted ) XXV Corps . Grant made his headquarters in a cabin on the lawn of Appomattox Manor , the home of Dr. Richard Eppes and the oldest home ( built in 1763 ) in what was then City Point , but is now Hopewell , Virginia . Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Key Confederate commanders Gen . Robert E. Lee Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard Lt. Gen . James Longstreet Lt. Gen . Richard S. Ewell Lt. Gen . A.P. Hill Lee 's Confederate force consisted of his own Army of Northern Virginia , as well as a scattered , disorganized group of 10,000 men defending Richmond under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard . Many of the men under Beauregard 's command consisted of soldiers who were either too young or too old to fight in the Army of Northern Virginia , or men who had been discharged from Lee 's army due to wounds that rendered them unfit for service . The Army of Northern Virginia was initially organized into four corps : First Corps , under Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . George E. Pickett , Charles W. Field , and Joseph B. Kershaw . Lt. Gen. James Longstreet returned from medical leave and resumed command of the corps on October 19 . Anderson was given command of the new Fourth Corps , which included the division of Maj. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson . Second Corps , under Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early , was detached on June 12 for operations in the Shenandoah Valley and played no direct role in the defense of Petersburg . Third Corps , under Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . Henry Heth and Cadmus M. Wilcox and Brig. Gen. William Mahone . Cavalry Corps , under Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . Fitzhugh Lee and W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee . Beauregard 's Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia had four depleted divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Robert Ransom , Jr. , Robert F. Hoke , and William H.C. Whiting , and Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt . ( Later in the campaign , Beauregard 's department was expanded and reorganized to consist of the divisions of Maj . Gens . Hoke and Bushrod Johnson ) . Comparison between Union and Confederate armies ( edit ) Grant 's armies were significantly larger than Lee 's during the campaign , although the strengths varied . During the initial assaults on the city , 15,000 Federal troops faced about 5,400 men under Beauregard . By June 18 , the Federal strength exceeded 67,000 against the Confederate 20,000 . More typical of the full campaign was in mid-July , when 70,000 Union troops faced 36,000 Confederates around Petersburg , and 40,000 men under Butler faced 21,000 around Richmond . The Union Army , despite suffering horrific losses during the Overland Campaign , was able to replenish its soldiers and equipment , taking advantage of garrison troops from Washington , D.C. , and the increasing availability of African - American soldiers . By the end of the siege , Grant had 125,000 men to begin the Appomattox Campaign . The Confederate army , in contrast , had difficulty replacing men lost through battle , disease , and desertion . As a result of this severe lack of manpower facing the Confederates , when Beauregard 's men occupied the trenches around the city , there were gaps in the line of up to 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) between men . Role of negroes ( edit ) Main article : Negroes at the Siege of Petersburg Negroes were present at Petersburg on both sides of the conflict . United States Colored Troops fought with the Union Army , while other negroes worked at Union supply depots . On the side of the Confederacy , enslaved and free negroes dug trenches around Petersburg . Initial attempts to capture Petersburg ( edit ) Butler 's assault ( June 9 ) ( edit ) Further information : First Battle of Petersburg Confederate Trenches . Fascine Trench Breastworks , Petersburg , Va . -- NARA -- 524792 Richmond -- Petersburg Theater , fall 1864 Confederate Union While Lee and Grant faced each other after Cold Harbor , Benjamin Butler became aware that Confederate troops had been moving north to reinforce Lee , leaving the defenses of Petersburg in a vulnerable state . Sensitive to his failure in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign , Butler sought to achieve a success to vindicate his generalship . He wrote , `` the capture of Petersburg lay near my heart . '' Petersburg was protected by multiple lines of fortifications , the outermost of which was known as the Dimmock Line , a line of earthworks and trenches 10 miles ( 16 km ) long , with 55 redoubts , east of the city . The 2,500 Confederates stretched thin along this defensive line were commanded by a former Virginia governor , Brig. Gen. Henry A. Wise . Despite the number of fortifications , because of a series of hills and valleys around the outskirts of Petersburg there were several places along the outer defenses where cavalry could easily ride through undetected until they reached the inner defenses of the city . Butler 's plan was formulated on the afternoon of June 8 , 1864 , calling for three columns to cross the Appomattox and advance with 4,500 men . The first and second consisted of infantry from Maj. Gen. Quincy A. Gillmore 's X Corps and U.S. Colored Troops from Brig. Gen. Edward W. Hinks 's 3rd Division of XVIII Corps , which was to attack the Dimmock Line east of the city . The third was 1,300 cavalrymen under Brig. Gen. August Kautz , who were to sweep around Petersburg and strike it from the southeast . The troops moved out on the night of June 8 , but made poor progress . Eventually the infantry crossed by 3 : 40 a.m. on June 9 and by 7 a.m. , both Gillmore and Hinks had encountered the enemy , but stopped at their fronts . Gillmore told Hinks that he would attack but that both of the infantry columns should await the cavalry assault from the south . Kautz 's men did not arrive until noon , however , having been delayed en route by numerous enemy pickets . They assaulted the Dimmock Line where it crossed the Jerusalem Plank Road ( present - day U.S. Route 301 , Crater Road ) . The Confederates ' Battery 27 , also known as Rives 's Salient , was manned by 150 militiamen commanded by Maj . Fletcher H. Archer . Kautz first launched a probing attack , then paused . His main attack was by the 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry against the Home Guard , a group consisting primarily of teenagers , elderly men , and some wounded soldiers from city hospitals . The Home Guards retreated to the city with heavy losses , but by this time Beauregard had been able to bring reinforcements from Richmond to bear , which were able to repulse the Union assault . Kautz , hearing no activity on Gillmore 's front , presumed that he was left on his own and withdrew . Confederate casualties were about 80 , Union 40 . Butler was furious with Gillmore 's timidity and incompetence and arrested him . Gillmore requested a court of inquiry , which was never convened , but Grant later reassigned him and the incident was dropped . Meade 's assaults ( June 15 -- 18 , 1864 ) ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Petersburg Siege of Petersburg , assaults on June 15 -- 18 Grant selected Butler 's Army of the James , which had performed poorly in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign , to lead the expedition toward Petersburg . On June 14 he directed Butler to augment the XVIII Corps , commanded by Brig. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith , to a strength of 16,000 men , including Kautz 's cavalry division , and use the same route employed in the unsuccessful attacks of June 9 . Since Beauregard had insufficient men available to defend the entire Dimmock Line , he concentrated 2,200 troops under Brig. Gen. Henry A. Wise in the northeastern sector . Even with this concentration , infantrymen were spaced an unacceptable 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) apart . His remaining 3,200 men were facing Butler 's army at Bermuda Hundred . Baldy Smith and his men crossed the Appomattox shortly after dawn on June 15 . Kautz 's cavalry , leading the advance , encountered an unexpected stronghold at Baylor 's farm northeast of Petersburg . Brig. Gen. Edward W. Hinks 's men launched two attacks on the Confederates and captured a cannon , but the overall advance was delayed until early afternoon . Smith started his attack after delaying until about 7 p.m. , deploying a strong skirmish line that swept over the earthworks on a 3.5 - mile ( 5.6 km ) front , causing the Confederates to retreat to a weaker defensive line on Harrison 's Creek . Despite this initial success and the prospect of a virtually undefended city immediately to his front , Smith decided to wait until dawn to resume his attack . By this time Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock , the II Corps commander , had arrived at Smith 's headquarters . The normally decisive and pugnacious Hancock , who outranked Smith , was uncertain of his orders and the disposition of forces , and uncharacteristically deferred to Smith 's judgment to wait . Beauregard wrote later that Petersburg `` at that hour was clearly at the mercy of the Federal commander , who had all but captured it . '' But he used the time he had been granted to good advantage . Receiving no guidance from Richmond in response to his urgent requests , he unilaterally decided to strip his defenses from the Howlett Line , which was bottling up Butler 's army in Bermuda Hundred , making the divisions of Maj . Gens . Robert Hoke and Bushrod Johnson available for the new Petersburg defensive line . Butler might have used this opportunity to move his army between Petersburg and Richmond , which would have doomed the Confederate capital , but he once again failed to act . By the morning of June 16 , Beauregard had concentrated about 14,000 men in his defensive line , but this paled in comparison to the 50,000 federals that now faced him . Grant had arrived with Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside 's IX Corps , addressed the confusion of Hancock 's orders , and ordered a reconnaissance for weak points in the defensive line . Hancock , in temporary command of the Army of the Potomac until Maj. Gen. George G. Meade arrived , prepared Smith 's XVIII corps on the right , his own II Corps in the center , and Burnside 's IX Corps on the left . Hancock 's assault began around 5 : 30 p.m. as all three corps moved slowly forward . Beauregard 's men fought fiercely , erecting new breastworks to the rear as breakthroughs occurred . Upon the arrival of General Meade , a second attack was ordered and Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow led his division forward . Although Barlow 's men managed to capture their objectives , a counterattack drove them back , taking numerous Union prisoners . The survivors dug in close to the enemy works . June 17 was a day of uncoordinated Union attacks , starting on the left flank where two brigades of Burnside 's IX Corps under Brig. Gen. Robert B. Potter stealthily approached the Confederate line and launched a surprise attack at dawn . Initially successful , it captured nearly a mile of the Confederate fortifications and about 600 prisoners , but the effort eventually failed when Potter 's men moved forward to find another line of entrenchments . IX Corps assaults at 2 p.m. , led by the brigade of Brig. Gen. John F. Hartranft , and in the evening , by Brig. Gen. James H. Ledlie 's division , both failed . During the day , Beauregard 's engineers had laid out new defensive positions a mile to the west of the Dimmock Line , which the Confederates occupied late that night . Robert E. Lee had systematically ignored all of Beauregard 's pleas for reinforcements until now , but dispatched two divisions of his men , exhausted from the Overland Campaign , to Petersburg , beginning at 3 a.m. on June 18 . With the arrival of Lee 's two divisions , under Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw and Charles W. Field , Beauregard had over 20,000 men to defend the city , but Grant 's force had been augmented by the arrival of Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren 's V Corps and 67,000 Federals were present . On the morning of June 18 , Meade went into a rage directed at his corps commanders because of his army 's failure to take the initiative and break through the thinly defended Confederate positions and seize the city . He ordered the entire Army of the Potomac to attack the Confederate defenses . The first Union attack began at dawn , started by the II and XVIII Corps on the Union right . The II Corps was surprised to make rapid progress against the Confederate line , not realizing that Beauregard had moved it back the night before . When they encountered the second line , the attack immediately ground to a halt and the corps suffered under heavy Confederate fire for hours . By noon , another attack plan had been devised to break through the Confederate defenses . However , by this time , elements of Lee 's army had reinforced Beauregard 's troops . By the time the Union attack was renewed , Lee himself had taken command of the defenses . Maj. Gen. Orlando B. Willcox 's division of the IX Corps led the renewed attack but it suffered significant losses in the marsh and open fields crossed by Taylor 's Branch . Warren 's V Corps was halted by murderous fire from Rives 's Salient , an attack in which Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain , commanding the 1st Brigade , First Division , V Corps , was severely wounded . At 6 : 30 p.m. , Meade ordered a final assault , which also failed with more horrendous losses . One of the leading regiments was the 1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment , which lost 632 of 900 men in the assault , the heaviest single - battle loss of any regiment during the entire war . Having achieved almost no gains from four days of assaults , and with Lincoln facing re-election in the upcoming months in the face of a loud public outcry against the casualty figures , Meade ordered his army to dig in , starting the ten - month siege . During the four days of fighting , Union casualties were 11,386 ( 1,688 killed , 8,513 wounded , 1,185 missing or captured ) , Confederate 4,000 ( 200 killed , 2,900 wounded , 900 missing or captured ) . Initial attempts to cut the railroads ( June 21 -- 30 ) ( edit ) After failing to capture Petersburg by assault , Grant 's first objective was secure the three remaining open rail lines that served Petersburg and Richmond : the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad ; the South Side Railroad , which reached to Lynchburg in the west ; and the Weldon Railroad , also called the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad , which led to Weldon , North Carolina , and the Confederacy 's only remaining major port , Wilmington , North Carolina . Grant decided on a wide - ranging cavalry raid ( the Wilson - Kautz Raid ) against the South Side and Weldon railroads , but he also directed that a significant infantry force be sent against the Weldon closer to his current position . Meade selected the II Corps , still temporarily commanded by Birney , and Wright 's VI Corps . Jerusalem Plank Road ( June 21 -- 23 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road Siege of Petersburg , movements against the railroads and A.P. Hill 's counterattack , June 21 -- 22 On June 21 , elements of the II Corps probed toward the railroad and skirmished with Confederate cavalry . By the morning of June 22 , a gap opened up between the two corps . While the II Corps moved forward , the VI Corps encountered Confederate troops from Maj. Gen. Cadmus Wilcox 's division of Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill 's corps and they began to entrench rather than advance . Brig. Gen. William Mahone observed that the gap between the two Union corps was widening , creating a prime target . Mahone had been a railroad engineer before the war and had personally surveyed this area south of Petersburg , so he was familiar with a ravine that could be used to hide the approach of a Confederate attack column . At 3 p.m. , Mahone 's men emerged in the rear of the II Corps division of Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow , catching them by surprise , and Barlow 's division quickly collapsed . The division of Brig. Gen. John Gibbon , which had erected earthworks , was also surprised by an attack from the rear and many of the regiments ran for safety . The II Corps troops rallied around earthworks that they had constructed on the night of June 21 and stabilized their lines . Darkness ended the fighting . On June 23 , the II Corps advanced to retake its lost ground , but the Confederates had pulled back , abandoning the earthworks they had captured . Under orders from General Meade , the VI Corps sent out a heavy skirmish line after 10 a.m. in a second attempt to reach the Weldon Railroad . Men from Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Grant 's 1st Vermont Brigade had begun tearing up track when they were attacked by a larger force of Confederate infantry . Numerous Vermonters were taken prisoner and only about half a mile of track had been destroyed when they were chased away . Meade was unable to urge Wright forward and called off the operation . Union casualties were 2,962 , Confederate 572 . The battle was inconclusive , with advantages gained on both sides . The Confederates were able to retain control of the Weldon Railroad . The Federals were able to destroy a short segment of the Weldon before being driven off , but more importantly , the siege lines were stretched further to the west . Wilson - Kautz raid ( June 22 -- July 1 ) ( edit ) Further information : Wilson - Kautz Raid , Battle of Staunton River Bridge , Battle of Sappony Church , and First Battle of Ream 's Station Wilson - Kautz Raid , June 22 -- July 1 In parallel to Birney 's and Wright 's infantry action at the Jerusalem Plank Road , Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson was ordered by Meade to conduct a raid destroying as much track as possible south and southwest of Petersburg . Grant considered Wilson 's 3rd Division of the Cavalry Corps too small to conduct the operation alone -- particularly since Meade required Wilson to leave 1,400 men behind for picket duty -- so he directed Butler to contribute Brig. Gen. August Kautz 's small division ( 2,000 troopers ) to the effort . Early on the morning of June 22 , 3,300 men , and 12 guns organized into two batteries , departed Mount Sinai Church and began to destroy railroad track and cars of the Weldon Railroad at Reams Station , 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of Petersburg . Kautz 's men moved to the west to Ford 's Station and began destroying track , locomotives , and cars on the South Side Railroad . On June 23 , Wilson proceeded to the junction of the Richmond and Danville Railroad at Burkeville , where he encountered elements of Rooney Lee 's cavalry between Nottoway Court House and Black 's and White 's ( modern - day Blackstone ) . The Confederates struck the rear of his column , forcing Col. George A. Chapman 's brigade to fend them off . Wilson followed Kautz along the South Side Railroad , destroying about 30 miles ( 50 km ) of track as they went . On June 24 , while Kautz remained skirmishing around Burkeville , Wilson crossed over to Meherrin Station on the Richmond and Danville and began destroying track . On June 25 , Wilson and Kautz continued tearing up track south to the Staunton River Bridge at Roanoke Station ( modern - day Randolph ) , where they encountered approximately 1,000 `` Old Men and Boys '' ( the Home Guard ) , commanded by Capt . Benjamin L. Farinholt , dug in with earthworks and prepared artillery positions at the bridge . The Battle of Staunton River Bridge was a minor affair in which Kautz attempted multiple frontal assaults against the Home Guard , but his men never came closer than 80 yards ( 73 m ) . Lee 's cavalry division closed on the Federals from the northeast and skirmished with Wilson 's rear guard . Casualties on the Union side amounted to 42 killed , 44 wounded , and 30 missing or captured ; Confederate losses were 10 killed and 24 wounded . Kautz 's men gave up and retreated to the railroad depot at 9 p.m. Despite these relatively minor losses , the two Union cavalry generals decided to abandon their mission , leaving the Staunton River bridge intact and having inflicted only minor damage on the railroads . Commanders of the Wilson - Kautz Raid Brig. Gen . James H. Wilson Brig. Gen . August Kautz As Wilson and Kautz turned back to the east after their defeat at Staunton River Bridge , Rooney Lee 's cavalry pursued and threatened their rear . Meanwhile , Robert E. Lee ordered Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton 's cavalry , which had been engaged with Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan 's cavalry at the Battle of Trevilian Station on June 11 -- 12 , to join the pursuit and attack Wilson and Kautz . Before leaving on his raid , Wilson had received assurances from Meade 's chief of staff , Maj. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys , that the Army of the Potomac would be immediately taking control of the Weldon Railroad at least as far south as Reams Station , so Wilson decided that would be an appropriate place to return to Union lines . The Union defeat at Jerusalem Plank Road made those assurances inoperable . Wilson and Kautz were surprised on the afternoon of June 28 when they reached Stony Creek Station , 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Reams , as hundreds of Hampton 's cavalrymen ( under Brig. Gen. John R. Chambliss ) and infantry blocked their path . In the Battle of Sappony Church , Wilson 's men tried to break through , but had to fall back when Confederate Brig. Gen. Matthew C. Butler and Thomas L. Rosser threatened to envelop Wilson 's left flank . Kautz 's division , following Wilson 's , took a back road in the direction of Reams Station and was attacked by Rooney Lee 's division late in the day . The Union cavalrymen were able to slip out of the trap under the cover of darkness and rode north on the Halifax Road for the supposed security of Reams Station . `` Dictator '' siege mortar on the U.S. Military Railroad at Petersburg In the First Battle of Reams Station on June 29 , Kautz approached Reams Station from the west expecting to find the friendly infantry promised by Humphreys , but found Confederate infantry instead -- Mahone 's division blocking the approaches to the Halifax Road and the railroad behind well constructed earthworks . Kautz 's attack by the 11th Pennsylvania and the 1st District of Columbia Cavalry along the Depot Road was unsuccessful and Mahone counterattacked against the flank of the Pennsylvanians . On the Stage Road to the north of the station , the brigades of Brig. Gen. Lunsford L. Lomax and Williams C. Wickham maneuvered around the 2nd Ohio Cavalry and 5th New York Cavalry , turning the Federal left flank . Wilson sent a messenger north who was able to slip through the Confederate lines and urgently requested help from Meade at City Point . Meade alerted Wright to prepare to move his entire VI Corps to Reams Station , but he realized that it would take too long on foot and requested help from Phil Sheridan 's cavalry as well . Sheridan demurred , complaining of the effect on his `` worn - out horses and exhausted men . '' After the war , arguments persisted between Sheridan and Wilson about whether the former had adequately protected the raiders from the Confederate cavalry of Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee . Sheridan did reach Reams Station by 7 p.m. , only to find that the VI Corps infantry had in fact arrived but that Wilson and Kautz had departed . Caught in a trap without promise of immediate aid , the Wilson - Kautz raiders burned their wagons and destroyed their artillery pieces and fled to the north before the reinforcements arrived . They lost hundreds of men as prisoners in what was called `` a wild skedaddle . '' At least 300 escaped slaves who had joined the Union cavalrymen during the raid were abandoned during the retreat . The raiders reentered Federal lines around 2 p.m. on July 1 . They had destroyed 60 miles ( 97 km ) of track , which took the Confederates several weeks to repair , but it came at the cost of 1,445 Union casualties , or about a quarter of their force ( Wilson lost 33 killed , 108 wounded , and 674 captured or missing ; Kautz lost 48 killed , 153 wounded , and 429 captured or missing ) . Although Wilson counted the raid as a strategic success , Ulysses S. Grant reluctantly described the expedition as a `` disaster . '' First Battle of Deep Bottom ( July 27 -- 29 ) ( edit ) Further information : First Battle of Deep Bottom First Battle of Deep Bottom , July 27 -- 29 In preparation for the forthcoming Battle of the Crater , Grant wanted Lee to dilute his forces in the Petersburg trenches by attracting them elsewhere . He ordered Hancock 's II Corps and two divisions of Sheridan 's Cavalry Corps to cross the river to Deep Bottom by pontoon bridge and advance against the Confederate capital . His plan called for Hancock to pin down the Confederates at Chaffin 's Bluff and prevent reinforcements from opposing Sheridan 's cavalry , which would attack Richmond if practicable . If not -- a circumstance Grant considered more likely -- Sheridan was ordered to ride around the city to the north and west and cut the Virginia Central Railroad , which was supplying Richmond from the Shenandoah Valley . When Lee found out about Hancock 's pending movement , he ordered that the Richmond lines be reinforced to 16,500 men . Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw 's division and brigades from Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox 's division moved east on New Market Road and took up positions on the eastern face of New Market Heights . Hancock and Sheridan crossed the pontoon bridge starting at 3 a.m. , July 27 . The II Corps took up positions on the east bank of Bailey 's Creek , from New Market Road to near Fussell 's Mill . Sheridan 's cavalry captured the high ground on the right , overlooking the millpond , but they were counterattacked and driven back . The Confederate works on the west bank of Bailey 's Creek were formidable and Hancock chose not to attack them , spending the rest of the day performing reconnaissance . While Hancock was stymied at Bailey 's Creek , Robert E. Lee began bringing up more reinforcements from Petersburg , reacting as Grant had hoped . He assigned Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson to take command of the Deep Bottom sector and sent in Maj. Gen. Henry Heth 's infantry division and Maj. Gen. W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee 's cavalry division . Troops were also hurriedly detailed from the Department of Richmond to help man the trenches . On the morning of July 28 , Grant reinforced Hancock with a brigade of the XIX Corps . Sheridan 's men attempted to turn the Confederate left , but their movement was disrupted by a Confederate attack . Three brigades attacked Sheridan 's right flank , but they were unexpectedly hit by heavy fire from the Union repeating carbines . Mounted Federals in Sheridan 's reserve pursued and captured nearly 200 prisoners . No further combat occurred and the expedition against Richmond and its railroads was terminated on the afternoon of July 28 . Satisfied that the operation had distracted sufficient Confederate forces from his front , General Grant determined to proceed with the assault against the Crater on July 30 . Union casualties at the First Battle of Deep Bottom were 488 ( 62 killed , 340 wounded , and 86 missing or captured ) ; Confederate casualties were 679 ( 80 killed , 391 wounded , 208 missing or captured ) . The Crater ( July 30 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of the Crater Siege of Petersburg , Battle of the Crater , July 30 Grant wanted to defeat Lee 's army without resorting to a lengthy siege -- his experience in the Siege of Vicksburg told him that such affairs were expensive and difficult on the morale of his men . Lt. Col. Henry Pleasants , commanding the 48th Pennsylvania Infantry of Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside 's IX Corps , offered a novel proposal to solve Grant 's problem . Pleasants , a mining engineer from Pennsylvania in civilian life , proposed digging a long mine shaft underneath the Confederate lines and planting explosive charges directly underneath a fort ( Elliott 's Salient ) in the middle of the Confederate First Corps line . If successful , Union troops could drive through the resulting gap in the line into the Confederate rear area . Digging began in late June , creating a mine in a `` T '' shape with an approach shaft 511 feet ( 156 m ) long . At its end , a perpendicular gallery of 75 feet ( 23 m ) extended in both directions . The gallery was filled with 8,000 pounds of gunpowder , buried 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) underneath the Confederate works . Burnside had trained a division of United States Colored Troops ( USCT ) under Brig. Gen. Edward Ferrero to lead the assault . Two regiments were to leave the attack column and extend the breach by rushing perpendicular to the crater , while the remaining regiments were to rush through , seizing the Jerusalem Plank Road . Burnside 's two other divisions , made up of white troops , would then move in , supporting Ferrero 's flanks and race for Petersburg itself . However , the day before the attack , Meade , who lacked confidence in the operation , ordered Burnside not to use the black troops in the lead assault , claiming that if the attack failed black soldiers would be killed needlessly , creating political repercussions in the North . Burnside protested to General Grant , who sided with Meade . When volunteers were not forthcoming Burnside selected a replacement white division by having the three commanders draw lots . Brig. Gen. James H. Ledlie 's 1st Division was selected , but he failed to brief the men on what was expected of them and was reported during the battle to be drunk , well behind the lines , and providing no leadership . ( Ledlie was later dismissed for his actions during the battle . ) Sketch of the explosion seen from the Union line . At 4 : 44 a.m. on July 30 , the charges exploded in a massive shower of earth , men , and guns . A crater ( still visible today ) was created , 170 feet ( 52 m ) long , 60 to 80 feet ( 24 m ) wide , and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) deep . The blast destroyed the Confederate fortifications in the immediate vicinity , and instantly killed between 250 and 350 Confederate soldiers . Ledlie 's untrained white division was not prepared for the explosion , and reports indicate they waited ten minutes before leaving their own entrenchments . Once they had wandered to the crater , instead of moving around it as the black troops had been trained to do , they moved down into the crater itself . Since this was not the planned movement , there were no ladders provided for the men to use in exiting the crater . The Confederates , under Maj. Gen. William Mahone , gathered as many troops together as they could for a counterattack . In about an hour 's time , they had formed up around the crater and began firing rifles and artillery down into it , in what Mahone later described as a `` turkey shoot '' . The plan had failed , but Burnside , instead of cutting his losses , sent in Ferrero 's men . Now faced with considerable flanking fire , they also went down into the crater , and for the next few hours , Mahone 's soldiers , along with those of Maj. Gen. Bushrod Johnson and artillery , slaughtered the men of the IX Corps as they attempted to escape from the crater . Some Union troops eventually advanced and flanked to the right beyond the Crater to the earthworks and assaulted the Confederate lines , driving the Confederates back for several hours in hand - to - hand combat . Mahone 's Confederates conducted a sweep out of a sunken gully area about 200 yards ( 180 m ) from the right side of the Union advance . This charge reclaimed the earthworks and drove the Union force back towards the east . Grant wrote that , `` It was the saddest affair I have witnessed in the war . '' Union casualties were 3,798 ( 504 killed , 1,881 wounded , 1,413 missing or captured ) , Confederate casualties were approximately 1,500 ( 200 killed , 900 wounded , 400 missing or captured ) . Many of these losses were suffered by Ferrero 's division of the USCT . Burnside was relieved of command . Second Deep Bottom ( August 14 -- 20 ) ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Deep Bottom Second Battle of Deep Bottom , August 14 -- 20 On the same day the Union failed at the Crater , Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early was burning the town of Chambersburg , Pennsylvania , as he operated out of the Shenandoah Valley , threatening towns in Maryland and Pennsylvania , as well as the District of Columbia . Robert E. Lee was concerned about actions that Grant might take against Early and sent the infantry division of Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw from Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson 's corps and the cavalry division commanded by Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee to Culpeper , Virginia , where they could either provide aid to Early or be recalled to the Richmond - Petersburg front as needed . Grant misinterpreted this movement and assumed that Anderson 's entire corps had been removed from the vicinity of Richmond , leaving only about 8,500 men north of the James River . He determined to try again with an advance toward the Confederate capital led by Hancock . This would either prevent reinforcements from aiding Early or once again dilute the Confederate strength in the defensive lines around Petersburg . On August 13 , the X Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. David B. Birney , and Brig. Gen. David McM . Gregg 's cavalry division crossed pontoon bridges from Bermuda Hundred to Deep Bottom . The II Corps crossed by steamships the night of August 13 -- 14 . Birney 's X Corps troops successfully pushed aside pickets on the Kingsland Road , but were stopped by the fortifications on New Market Heights . The II Corps units moved slowly into position , suffering numerous deaths from heat stroke . It was not until midday on August 14 that the Union made contact with the Confederates , manning rifle pits on the Darbytown Road just north of the Long Bridge Road . The Union generals were surprised at the Confederate strength . On the right , a full Confederate division commanded by Maj. Gen. Charles W. Field was dug in . Chaffin 's Bluff was defended by a division under Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox and reinforcements were arriving . Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow 's 10,000 men in two divisions of II Corps attacked Fussell 's Mill . They were able to drive away two Confederate cavalry regiments at the mill , but they were repulsed by Brig. Gen. George T. Anderson 's brigade . When Field took Anderson 's brigade from his right flank , it weakened the line in front of Birney 's corps , which moved forward and occupied some of the Confederate entrenchments and captured four guns . Although the Union attacks had been generally unsuccessful , they had some of the effect Grant desired . Lee became convinced that the threat against Richmond was a serious one and he dispatched two infantry brigades of Maj. Gen. William Mahone 's division and the cavalry divisions of Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton and W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee . Hancock ordered Birney 's corps to make a night march to join Barlow 's end of the line . Birney 's movement was delayed by difficult terrain for most of August 15 and Hancock 's plan for an attack was abandoned for the day . On August 16 , Gregg 's cavalry swept to the right and rode northwest on the Charles City Road toward Richmond . They found Rooney Lee 's cavalry division blocking the road and a full day of fighting resulted . Confederate Brig. Gen. John R. Chambliss was killed during the fighting . The infantrymen of the X Corps had a better start to the day , as Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Terry 's division broke through the Confederate line . Wright 's Brigade was hit hard and retreated , opening a significant gap . The heavily wooded terrain prevented Birney and Hancock from understanding that they had reached a position of advantage and they were unable to exploit it before Field rearranged his lines to fill the gap and drive back the Federals . Lee planned a counterattack against the Union right for 11 a.m. on August 18 , but it was poorly coordinated and made no significant gains . On the night of August 20 , Hancock withdrew his force back over the James . Union casualties were approximately 2,900 men , some due to heat stroke . Confederate casualties were 1,500 . Operations against the Weldon Railroad ( edit ) Globe Tavern ( August 18 -- 21 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Globe Tavern Siege of Petersburg , capture of the Weldon Railroad , August 18 -- 19 While the II Corps fought at Deep Bottom , Grant planned another attack against the Weldon . He chose Gouverneur K. Warren 's V Corps to lead the operation . Grant was encouraged by a message he received August 17 from President Abraham Lincoln : I have seen your despatch expressing your unwillingness to break your hold where you are . Neither am I willing . Hold on with a bulldog grip , and chew and choke as much as possible . Grant remarked to his staff , `` The President has more nerve than any of his advisors . '' At dawn on August 18 , Warren advanced to the south and reached the railroad at Globe Tavern around 9 a.m. Parts of the division under Brig. Gen. Charles Griffin began to destroy the track while a brigade from Brig. Gen. Romeyn B. Ayres 's division formed in line of battle and moved north to block any Confederate advance from that direction . Ayres encountered Confederate troops at about 1 p.m. and Warren ordered the division under Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford to move forward on Ayres 's right in an attempt to outflank the Confederate left . A.P. Hill sent three brigades to meet the advancing Union divisions . At about 2 p.m. they launched a strong attack and pushed the Union troops back to within less than a mile of Globe Tavern . Warren counterattacked and regained his lost ground . His men entrenched for the night . Reinforcements arrived during the night -- the Union IX Corps under Maj. Gen. John G. Parke , Rooney Lee 's Confederate cavalry division and three infantry brigades from Mahone 's division . In the late afternoon of August 19 , Mahone launched a flanking attack that found a weak spot in Crawford 's line , causing hundreds of Crawford 's men to flee in panic . Heth launched a frontal assault against the center and left , which was easily repulsed by Ayres 's division . The XI Corps counterattacked and fighting ended at dusk . On the night of August 20 -- 21 , Warren pulled his troops back two miles ( 3 km ) to a new line of fortifications , which were connected with the main Union lines on the Jerusalem Plank Road . The Confederates attacked at 9 a.m. on August 21 , with Mahone striking the Federal left and Heth the center . Both attacks were unsuccessful against the strong entrenchments and resulted in heavy losses . By 10 : 30 a.m. , the Confederates withdrew . Union casualties at Globe Tavern were 4,296 ( 251 killed , 1,148 wounded , 2,897 missing / captured ) , Confederate 1,620 ( 211 killed , 990 wounded , 419 missing / captured ) . The Confederates had lost a key section of the Weldon Railroad and were forced to carry supplies by wagon 30 miles ( 48 km ) from the railroad at Stony Creek up the Boydton Plank Road into Petersburg . This was not yet a critical problem for the Confederates . A member of Lee 's staff wrote , `` Whilst we are inconvenienced , no material harm is done us . '' Grant was not entirely satisfied with Warren 's victory , which he rightly characterized as wholly defensive in nature . Globe Tavern was the first Union victory of the campaign . Second Reams Station ( August 25 ) ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Ream 's Station General Grant wanted the Weldon closed permanently , destroying 14 miles ( 23 km ) of track from Warren 's position near Globe Tavern as far south as Rowanty Creek ( about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) north of the town of Stony Creek ) . He assigned the operation to Hancock 's II Corps , which was in the process of moving south from their operation at Deep Bottom . He chose Hancock 's corps because Warren was busy extending the fortifications at Globe Tavern , although his selection was of troops exhausted from their efforts north of the James and their forced march south without rest . Grant augmented Hancock 's corps with Gregg 's cavalry division . Gregg 's division departed on August 22 and , after driving off Confederate pickets , they and the II Corps infantry division commanded by Brig. Gen. Nelson A. Miles destroyed the railroad tracks to within 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) of Reams Station . Early on August 23 , Hancock 's other division , commanded by Brig. Gen. John Gibbon , occupied Reams Station , taking up positions in earthworks that had been constructed by the Union cavalry during the Wilson - Kautz Raid in June . Robert E. Lee considered that the Union troops at Reams Station represented not only a threat to his supply line , but also to the county seat of Dinwiddie County ; if Dinwiddie Court House were to fall , the Confederates would be forced to evacuate both Petersburg and Richmond because it represented a key point on the army 's potential retreat route . He also saw an opportunity -- that he could impose a stinging defeat on the Union Army not long before the presidential election in November . Lee ordered Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill to take the overall command of an expedition that included 8 -- 10,000 men -- both cavalry and infantry . Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox 's division assaulted the Union position at about 2 p.m. on August 25 . Despite launching two attacks , Wilcox was driven back by Miles 's division , which was manning the northern part of the earthworks . To the south , Gibbon 's division was blocking the advance of Hampton 's cavalry , which had swept around the Union line . Confederate reinforcements from Heth 's and Mahone 's divisions arrived while the Confederate artillery softened up the Union position . The final attack began around 5 : 30 p.m. against Miles 's position and it broke through the northwest corner of the Union fortifications . Hancock desperately galloped from one threatened point to the next , attempting to rally his men . As he witnessed the men of his once proud corps reluctant to retake their positions from the enemy , he remarked to a colonel , `` I do not care to die , but I pray God I may never leave this field . '' By this time , Hampton 's cavalry was making progress against Gibbon 's infantry to the south , launching a surprise dismounted attack that caused many of Gibbon 's men to flee or surrender . This allowed Hampton to flank Miles . Hancock ordered a counterattack , which provided time to allow for an orderly Union withdrawal to Petersburg after dark . Union casualties at Reams Station were 2,747 ( the II Corps lost 117 killed , 439 wounded , 2,046 missing / captured ; the cavalry lost 145 ) , Confederate 814 ( Hampton 's cavalry lost 16 killed , 75 wounded , 3 missing ; Hill 's infantry 720 total ) . Although the Confederates had won a clear victory and had humiliated the veterans of II Corps , they had lost a vital piece of the Weldon Railroad and from this point on they were able to transport supplies by rail only as far north as Stony Creek Depot , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Petersburg . From that point , supplies had to be unloaded and wagon trains had to travel through Dinwiddie Court House and then on the Boydton Plank Road to get the supplies into Petersburg . The South Side Railroad was the only railroad left to supply Petersburg and Lee 's army . Beefsteak raid ( September 14 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Further information : Beefsteak Raid On September 5 , a scout attached to the Jeff Davis Legion , Sgt . George D. Shadburne , gave a report to Wade Hampton on his reconnaissance behind the Union lines . At about 5 miles east of Grant 's headquarters at City Point , a supply depot at Coggins Point on the James River , he found `` 3,000 beeves ( beef cattle ) , attended by 120 men and 30 citizens , without arms . '' Just two days earlier , Robert E. Lee had suggested to Hampton that Grant 's rear area was `` open to attack . '' On September 14 , while Grant was in the Shenandoah Valley conferring with Sheridan , Hampton led about 4,000 men in four brigades southwest from Petersburg along the Boydton Plank Road and followed a looping course through Dinwiddie Court House , Stony Creek Station , and by early morning on September 15 had crossed Blackwater Swamp at Cook 's Bridge . At 12 a.m. on September 16 , Hampton launched an attack in three columns : Rooney Lee 's division on the left against the Union troops camped at Prince George Court House , the brigade of Brig. Gen. James Dearing on the right against Cocke 's Mill , and the brigade of Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Rosser and a detachment under Lt. Col. Lovick P. Miller in the center to seize the cattle herd . The surprise attacks met only minimal resistance and by 8 a.m. , Hampton 's men were driving 2,486 cattle south toward Cook 's Bridge . A Union attempt by 2,100 cavalrymen under Brig. Gen. Henry Davies , Jr. , to intercept the Confederates and their prize was unsuccessful and Hampton retraced his steps back to Petersburg , turning the cattle over to the Confederate commissary department . For days , the Confederate troops feasted on beef and taunted their Union counterparts across the lines . A visitor to Grant 's headquarters asked the general , `` When do you expect to starve out Lee and capture Richmond ? '' Grant replied , `` Never , if our armies continue to supply him with beef cattle . '' Union offensives , late September ( edit ) New Market Heights ( September 29 -- 30 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Chaffin 's Farm During the night of September 28 -- 29 , Butler 's Army of the James crossed the James River to assault the Richmond defenses north of the river . The columns attacked at dawn . After initial Union successes at New Market Heights and Fort Harrison , the Confederates rallied and contained the breakthrough . Lee reinforced his lines north of the James and , on September 30 , he counterattacked unsuccessfully . The Federals entrenched , and the Confederates erected a new line of works cutting off the captured forts . As Grant anticipated , Lee shifted troops to meet the threat against Richmond , weakening his lines at Petersburg . Peebles Farm ( September 30 -- October 2 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Peebles 's Farm In combination with Butler 's offensive north of the James River , Grant extended his left flank to cut Confederate lines of communication southwest of Petersburg . Two divisions of the IX corps under Maj. Gen. John G. Parke , two divisions of the V Corps under Warren , and Gregg 's cavalry division were assigned to the operation . On September 30 , the Federals marched via Poplar Spring Church to reach Squirrel Level and Vaughan Roads . The initial Federal attack overran Fort Archer , flanking the Confederates out of their Squirrel Level Road line . Late afternoon , Confederate reinforcements arrived , slowing the Federal advance . On October 1 , the Federals repulsed a Confederate counterattack directed by A.P. Hill . Reinforced by Maj. Gen. Gershom Mott 's division , the Federals resumed their advance on October 2 , captured Fort MacRae ( which was lightly defended ) and extended their left flank to the vicinity of Peebles ' and Pegram 's Farms . With these limited successes , Meade suspended the offensive . A new line was entrenched from the Federal works on Weldon Railroad to Pegram 's Farm . Actions near Richmond , October ( edit ) Darbytown and New Market Roads ( October 7 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Darbytown and New Market Roads Responding to the loss of Fort Harrison and the increasing Federal threat against Richmond , Gen. Robert E. Lee directed an offensive against the Union far right flank on October 7 . After routing the Federal cavalry from their position covering Darbytown Road , Field 's and Hoke 's divisions assaulted the main Union defensive line along New Market Road and were repulsed . The Federals were not dislodged , and Lee withdrew into the Richmond defenses . Darbytown Road ( October 13 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Darbytown Road On October 13 , Union forces advanced to find and feel the new Confederate defensive line in front of Richmond . While mostly a battle of skirmishers , a Federal brigade assaulted fortifications north of Darbytown Road and was repulsed with heavy casualties . The Federals retired to their entrenched lines along New Market Road . Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road In combination with movements against the Boydton Plank Road at Petersburg , Benjamin Butler attacked the Richmond defenses along Darbytown Road with the X Corps . The XVIII Corps marched north to Fair Oaks where it was soundly repulsed by Field 's Confederate division . Confederate forces counterattacked , taking some 600 prisoners . The Richmond defenses remained intact . Of Grant 's offensives north of the James River , this was repulsed most easily . Boydton Plank Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Boydton Plank Road Siege of Petersburg , actions on October 27 Directed by Hancock , divisions from three Union corps ( II , V , and IX ) and Gregg 's cavalry division , numbering more than 30,000 men , withdrew from the Petersburg lines and marched west to operate against the Boydton Plank Road and South Side Railroad . The initial Union advance on October 27 gained the Boydton Plank Road , a major campaign objective . But that afternoon , a counterattack near Burgess ' Mill spearheaded by Henry Heth 's division , and Wade Hampton 's cavalry isolated the II Corps and forced a retreat . The Confederates retained control of the Boydton Plank Road for the rest of the winter . It marked the last battle for Hancock , who resigned from field command because of wounds sustained at Gettysburg . Hatcher 's Run ( February 5 -- 7 , 1865 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Hatcher 's Run On February 5 , 1865 , Gregg 's cavalry division rode out to the Boydton Plank Road via Ream 's Station and Dinwiddie Court House in an attempt to intercept Confederate supply trains . Warren 's V Corps crossed Hatcher 's Run and took up a blocking position on the Vaughan Road to prevent interference with Gregg 's operations . Two divisions of the II Corps under Maj. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys shifted west to near Armstrong 's Mill to cover Warren 's right flank . Late in the day , John B. Gordon attempted to turn Humphrey 's right flank near the mill but was repulsed . During the night , the Federals were reinforced by two divisions . On February 6 , Gregg returned to Gravelly Run on Vaughan Road from his unsuccessful raid and was attacked by elements of Brig. Gen. John Pegram 's Confederate division . Warren pushed forward a reconnaissance in the vicinity of Dabney 's Mill and was attacked by Pegram 's and Mahone 's divisions . Pegram was killed in the action . Although the Union advance was stopped , the Federals extended their siegeworks to the Vaughan Road crossing of Hatcher 's Run . Confederate breakout attempt at Fort Stedman ( March 25 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Fort Stedman Siege of Petersburg , actions preceding Five Forks By March 1865 , Lee 's army was weakened by desertion , disease , and shortage of supplies and he was outnumbered by Grant by about 125,000 to 50,000 . Lee knew that an additional 50,000 men under Sheridan would be returning soon from the Shenandoah Valley and Sherman was marching north through the Carolinas to join Grant as well . Lee had Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon plan a surprise attack on the Union lines that would force Grant to contract his lines and disrupt his plans to assault the Confederate works ( which , unbeknownst to Lee and Gordon , Grant had already ordered for March 29 ) . The attack would be launched with almost half of Lee 's infantry from Colquitt 's Salient against Fort Stedman , and Gordon had hopes that he could drive into the Union rear area as far as City Point . Gordon 's attack started at 4 : 15 a.m. Lead parties of sharpshooters and engineers masquerading as deserting soldiers headed out to overwhelm Union pickets and to remove obstructions that would delay the infantry advance . They were followed by three groups of 100 men assigned to storm the Union works and stream back into the Union rear area . Brig. Gen. Napoleon B. McLaughlen rode to Fort Haskell , just to the south of Battery XII , which he found to be ready to defend itself . As he moved north , he ordered Battery XII to open fire on Battery XI and a reserve infantry regiment briefly re-captured Battery XI . Assuming that he had sealed the only breach in the line , McLaughlen rode into Fort Stedman and began giving orders to the men . He suddenly realized that they were Confederates and they realized he was a Union general , capturing him . Gordon soon arrived at Fort Stedman and found his attack had so far exceeded his `` most sanguine expectations . '' Within minutes , Batteries X , XI , and XII and Fort Stedman had been seized , opening a gap nearly 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) long in the Union line . Gordon turned his attention to the southern flank of his attack and Fort Haskell . The Confederate artillery from Colquitt 's Salient began bombarding Fort Haskell and the Federal field artillery returned fire , along with the massive siege guns in the rear . Gordon 's attack began to flounder . His three 100 - man detachments were wandering around the rear area in confusion and many had stopped to satisfy their hunger with captured Federal rations , as the main Union defense force began to mobilize . Maj. Gen. John G. Parke of the IX Corps acted decisively , ordering the reserve division under Brig. Gen. John F. Hartranft to close the gap . Hartranft organized defensive forces that completely ringed the Confederate penetration by 7 : 30 a.m. , stopping it just short of the military railroad depot . The Union artillery , aware that Confederates occupied the batteries and Fort Stedman , launched punishing fire against them . By 7 : 45 a.m. , 4,000 Union troops under Hartranft were positioned in a semicircle of a mile and a half , and counterattacked , causing heavy casualties to the now - retreating Confederates . The attack on Fort Stedman had no impact on the Union lines . The Confederate Army was forced to set back its own lines , as the Union attacked further down the front line . To give Gordon 's attack enough strength to be successful , Lee had weakened his own right flank . The II and VI Corps seized much of the entrenched Confederate picket line southwest of Petersburg , but found the main line still well manned . This Union advance prepared the ground for Grant 's breakthrough attack in the Third Battle of Petersburg on April 2 , 1865 . Union casualties in the Battle of Fort Stedman were 1,044 ( 72 killed , 450 wounded , 522 missing or captured ) , Confederate casualties a considerably heavier 4,000 ( 600 killed , 2,400 wounded , 1,000 missing or captured ) . But more seriously , the Confederate positions were weakened . After the battle , Lee 's defeat was only a matter of time . His final opportunity to break the Union lines and regain the momentum was gone . Aftermath ( edit ) Grant 's final assaults and Lee 's retreat ( start of the Appomattox Campaign ) After nearly ten months of siege , the loss at Fort Stedman was a devastating blow for Lee 's army , setting up the Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1 , the Union breakthrough at Petersburg on April 2 , the surrender of the city of Petersburg at dawn on April 3 , and Richmond that same evening . After his victory at Five Forks , Grant ordered an assault along the entire Confederate line beginning at dawn on April 2 . Parke 's IX Corps overran the eastern trenches but were met with stiff resistance . At 5 : 30 a.m. on April 2 , Wright 's VI Corps made a decisive breakthrough along the Boydton Plank Road line . While riding between the lines to rally his men , A.P. Hill was shot and killed by two Union soldiers . Wright 's initial breakthrough was halted mid-day at Fort Gregg . Gibbon 's XXIV Corps overran Fort Gregg after a heroic Confederate defense . This halt in the advance into the city of Petersburg allowed Lee to pull his forces out of Petersburg and Richmond on the night of April 2 , and head for the west in an attempt to meet up with forces under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina . The resulting Appomattox Campaign ended with Lee 's surrender to Grant on April 9 at Appomattox Court House . Richmond -- Petersburg was a costly campaign for both sides . The initial assaults on Petersburg in June 1864 cost the Union 11,386 casualties , to approximately 4,000 for the Confederate defenders . The casualties for the siege warfare that concluded with the assault on Fort Stedman are estimated to be 42,000 for the Union and 28,000 for the Confederates . Smoke is still rising from the ruins of Richmond , Virginia after surrendering on April 3 , 1865 following the Union victory at the Siege of Petersburg . Union cavalry mounts with carbines visible are hitched in the foreground . Confederate artilleryman killed at Fort Mahone during the final Union assault against the trenches at Petersburg . Photo by Thomas C. Roche , April 3 , 1865 . Classifying the campaigns ( edit ) Military historians do not agree on precise boundaries between the campaigns of this era . This article uses the classification maintained by the U.S. National Park Service 's American Battlefield Protection Program . An alternative classification is maintained by West Point ; in their Atlas of American Wars ( Esposito , 1959 ) , the Siege of Petersburg ends with the Union assault and breakthrough of April 2 . The remainder of the war in Virginia is classified as `` Grant 's Pursuit of Lee to Appomattox Court House ( 3 -- 9 April 1865 ) '' . Trudeau 's Last Citadel conforms to this classification . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) The various historic sites and battlegrounds related to the Siege of Petersburg are spread out across a vast area in the Petersburg vicinity . These sites and battlefields are primarily preserved by the National Park Service as the Petersburg National Battlefield , which features 13 separate sites on a 33 - mile driving tour . The park 's primary sections are the City Point Unit , where Grant had his headquarters ; the Eastern Front battlefield , which features the Crater and the main visitor center ; the Five Forks battlefield and the Poplar Grove National Cemetery . The siege - ending `` Breakthough '' battlefield is preserved as Pamplin Historical Park , a privately owned park open to the public . In addition , the Civil War Trust ( a division of the American Battlefield Trust ) and its partners have acquired and preserved 121 acres ( 0.49 km ) of battlefield land in four transactions since 2005 , including a 33 - acre parcel where Confederate Gen. A.P. Hill was killed on April 2 , 1865 . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Petersburg National Battlefield African Americans at the Siege of Petersburg Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Armies in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siege of Petersburg . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , et al. , vol. 3 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Calkins . `` Petersburg '' . Civil War Trust . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign '' . American Battlefield Protection Program . National Park Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 96 ; Eicher , pp. 661 , 691 -- 92 ; Davis , p. 18 ; Salmon , p. 251 ; Fuller , pp. 207 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 680 -- 82 , 691 -- 93 ; Davis , p. 18 ; Hattaway and Jones , pp. 517 -- 26 ; Fuller , pp. 207 -- 08 , 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Welsh , pp. 96 , 101 ; Eicher , pp. 663 -- 87 ; Hattaway and Jones , pp. 540 -- 46 , 552 -- 67 , 577 -- 80 ; Salmon , pp. 251 -- 58 ; Bonekemper , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Welsh , pp. 102 , 118 ; Davis , pp. 34 -- 36 ; Welcher , p. 994 ; Eicher , p. 687 ; Hattaway and Jones , pp. 588 -- 91 ; Salmon , pp. 395 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 486 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 492 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 495 -- 501 ; Welsh , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 501 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 680 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 18 , 49 , 64 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 806 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 395 ; Davis , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 352 ; Welsh , p. 118 ; Salmon , pp. 401 -- 03 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 27 -- 31 ; Kennedy , p. 352 ; Salmon , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 33 ; Kennedy , p. 352 ; Salmon , p. 403 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 38 -- 39 ; Davis , pp. 37 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 37 -- 45 , 51 ; Davis , pp. 39 -- 44 ; Salmon , pp. 403 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Fuller , p. 226 ; Davis , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 44 -- 45 ; Trudeau , pp. 47 -- 48 ; Welsh , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 45 -- 46 ; Salmon , p. 405 ; Trudeau , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 46 -- 50 ; Salmon , pp. 405 -- 06 ; Trudeau , pp. 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 121 ; Davis , pp. 46 -- 50 ; Salmon , pp. 405 -- 06 ; Trudeau , pp. 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 121 ; Davis , pp. 49 -- 52 ; Eicher , p. 690 ; Salmon , p. 406 ; Trudeau , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 313 . The author presents casualty figures from a wide variety of sources and provides his best estimate . Trudeau , p. 55 , agrees with the 4,000 Confederate losses , but cites Union killed and wounded at 8,150 , with an additional 1,814 missing . Kennedy , p. 353 , cites 9,964 -- 10,600 for the Union , 2,974 -- 4,700 for the Confederates ; Salmon , p. 406 , cites 8,150 Federal and 3,236 Confederate casualties ; Welsh , p. 122 , provides the breakdown of the 4,000 Confederate casualties . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 406 , considers the Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road to be the initial action of the Wilson - Kautz raid of June 22 -- 30 , but this is not a convention widely accepted by other historians . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 65 . Despite Hancock 's incapacitation , he chose to accompany the column . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 406 ; Trudeau , p. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 353 -- 54 ; Eicher , p. 690 ; Trudeau , pp. 69 -- 74 ; Salmon , pp. 406 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , 354 . Trudeau , p. 78 , lists the Union II Corps casualties as 650 killed and wounded , 1,742 captured ; VI Corps casualties as 150 . on the Confederate side , Trudeau , p. 80 , lists Mahone 's casualties as 421 , Wilcox 's 151 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 354 ; Trudeau , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Longacre , p. 289 ; Salmon , 397 ; Kennedy , p. 303 , and Salmon , p. 410 , cite 5,500 men . Jump up ^ Located at the currently unincorporated community of Reams , Virginia , this railroad station is referred to variously as Reams , Ream 's , and Reams 's Station . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 397 ; Longacre , pp. 287 -- 89 ; Starr , pp. 179 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Longacre , p. 289 ; Starr , pp. 181 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 411 -- 13 ; Longacre , pp. 289 -- 90 ; Starr , pp. 191 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 414 -- 15 ; Longacre , pp. 290 -- 91 ; Starr , pp. 193 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 414 -- 15 ; Starr , pp. 197 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Longacre , pp. 292 -- 93 ; Salmon , pp. 415 -- 16 ; Starr , pp. 203 -- 07 . Casualty figures are from Starr . Kennedy , p. 355 , cites the total of 1,445 . Salmon claims 1,800 . Jump up ^ Davis , 69 -- 70 ; Salmon , p. 416 ; Horn , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 103 ; Salmon , pp. 416 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 70 ; Salmon , p. 418 ; Horn , pp. 107 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 314 . Salmon , p. 418 , estimates 488 Union , 650 Confederate . Horn , p. 108 , estimates 488 Union , 700 Confederate . Kennedy , p. 355 , estimates 1,000 total . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 720 -- 21 ; Davis , pp. 67 -- 69 , 72 ; Trudeau , pp. 99 -- 105 ; Kennedy , p. 355 ; Salmon , pp. 418 -- 20 ; Welsh , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 106 -- 07 ; Eicher , p. 721 ; Salmon , pp. 420 -- 21 ; Davis , p. 74 ; Kennedy , p. 355 ; Welsh , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 75 -- 88 ; Trudeau , pp. 109 -- 26 ; Salmon , pp. 420 -- 21 ; Eicher , pp. 721 -- 22 ; Welsh , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 315 . Trudeau , p. 127 cites 3,798 Union , 1,491 Confederate ( 361 killed , 727 wounded , 403 missing or captured ) . Davis , p. 89 , cites 3,500 Union casualties , 1,500 Confederate . Eicher , p. 723 , cites 4,400 total casualties . Kennedy , p. 356 , and Salmon , p. 421 , cite 3,798 Union casualties , 1,491 Confederate . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 95 ; Trudeau , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 147 -- 52 ; Horn , pp. 120 , 127 ; Davis , pp. 95 -- 97 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Horn , pp. 127 -- 28 ; Trudeau , pp. 151 -- 52 ; Davis , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 153 -- 54 ; Davis , p. 98 ; Horn , p. 128 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 154 -- 57 ; Horn , pp. 129 -- 31 ; Kennedy , pp. 356 -- 57 ; Davis , p. 99 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 357 ; Trudeau , pp. 160 -- 61 , 164 , 170 ; Horn , pp. 131 -- 32 ; Davis , p. 99 ; Salmon , p. 424 . Casualty figures from Bonekemper , p. 314 . Trudeau , p. 170 , estimates 2,901 Union , 1,000 Confederate . Salmon , p. 418 , and Kennedy , p. 357 , estimate 2,900 Union , 1,300 Confederate . Horn , p. 108 , estimates 2,901 Union , 1,500 Confederate . ^ Jump up to : Trudeau , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 101 ; Trudeau , pp. 162 -- 63 ; Salmon , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 164 -- 73 ; Salmon , pp. 424 -- 25 ; Davis , pp. 101 -- 04 ; Eicher , p. 725 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 316 . Kennedy , p. 360 , and Salmon , p. 426 , estimate 4,455 Union , 1,600 Confederate . Horn , p. 140 , estimates 4,279 Union , about 2,300 Confederates . Eicher cites Union losses as 926 killed and wounded , 2,810 missing or captured . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 104 ; Trudeau , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 141 ; Trudeau , pp. 176 -- 79 , 182 ; Kennedy , p. 360 ; Salmon , pp. 426 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 179 , 181 -- 86 ; Salmon , p. 428 ; Davis , p. x ; Horn , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 428 ; Horn , pp. 141 -- 50 ; Calkins , np. ; Kennedy , pp. 360 -- 62 ; Trudeau , pp. 183 -- 88 ; Davis , pp. 105 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 189 . Kennedy , p. 362 , cites 2,742 Union casualties , 814 Confederate . Salmon , p. 428 , cites 2,700 Union casualties , about 2,000 of which were captured , and `` about 800 '' Confederate . Eicher , p. 725 , cites Union casualties of 2,372 ( with `` many '' prisoners ) , Confederate 720 . Horn , p. 151 , cites `` more than 2,700 '' Union , 720 Confederate . Davis , p. 109 , cites 2,400 Union casualties , 2,150 of which were prisoners . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 190 ; Calkins , np. ; Kennedy , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 195 -- 201 ; Davis , pp. 110 -- 15 . Jump up ^ NPS , Chaffin 's Farm and New Market Heights . Jump up ^ NPS , Peebles Farm . Jump up ^ NPS , Darbytown and New Market Roads . Jump up ^ NPS , Darbytown Road . Jump up ^ NPS , Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road . Jump up ^ NPS , Boydton Plank Road . Jump up ^ NPS , Hatcher 's Run . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 448 ; Korn , pp. 33 -- 34 ; Greene , pp. 108 -- 12 ; Horn , p. 209 ; Trudeau , pp. 333 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 337 -- 42 ; Salmon , p. 450 ; Korn , pp. 34 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Korn , pp. 36 -- 38 ; Trudeau , pp. 342 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Korn , pp. 38 -- 39 ; Horn , pp. 214 -- 16 ; Greene , p. 114 ; Salmon , p. 450 ; Trudeau , pp. 348 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Horn , pp. 215 -- 16 ; Salmon , pp. 467 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 319 . Kennedy , p. 373 , and Salmon , p. 450 , estimate 1,017 Union , 2,681 Confederate ( including 1,949 prisoners ) . Horn , p. 216 , estimates 2,087 Union , `` about 4,000 '' Confederate . Korn , p. 39 , estimates 1,000 Union ( half taken prisoner ) , 3,500 Confederate ( 1,900 prisoners ) . Greene , pp. 114 -- 15 , estimates 1,000 Union ( more than half taken prisoner ) , 2,700 -- 4,000 Confederate . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Frassanito , p. 360 . Jump up ^ NPS campaigns . The references by Kennedy and Salmon also use this classification . Jump up ^ Esposito , maps 138 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 355 -- 98 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 29 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Bonekemper , Edward H. , III . A Victor , Not a Butcher : Ulysses S. Grant 's Overlooked Military Genius . Washington , DC : Regnery , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 062 - X . Chick , Sean Michael . The Battle of Petersburg , June 15 -- 18 , 1864 . Lincoln , NE : Potomac Books , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1612347127 Davis , William C. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Death in the Trenches : Grant at Petersburg . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4776 - 2 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Frassanito , William A. Grant and Lee : The Virginia Campaigns 1864 -- 1865 . New York : Scribner , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 17873 - 7 . Fuller , Maj. Gen. J.F.C. Grant and Lee , A Study in Personality and Generalship . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1957 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 13400 - 5 . Greene , A. Wilson . The Final Battles of the Petersburg Campaign : Breaking the Backbone of the Rebellion . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 610 - 0 . Hattaway , Herman , and Archer Jones . How the North Won : A Military History of the Civil War . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00918 - 5 . Horn , John . The Petersburg Campaign : June 1864 -- April 1865 . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58097 - 024 - 2 . Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Lankford , Nelson . Richmond Burning : The Last Days of the Confederate Capital . New York : Viking , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03117 - 8 . Longacre , Edward G. Lincoln 's Cavalrymen : A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 1049 - 1 . Miller , Francis Trevelyan , Robert S. Lanier , and James Verner Scaife , eds . The Photographic History of the Civil War . 10 vols . New York : Review of Reviews Co. , 1911 . ISBN 0 - 7835 - 5726 - 4 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Sommers , Richard J. Richmond Redeemed : The Siege at Petersburg . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 15626 - X . Note : Despite the broad title , Sommer 's work covers only those battles between September 29 and October 2 , 1864 . Starr , Stephen Z . The Union Cavalry in the Civil War . Vol. 2 , The War in the East from Gettysburg to Appomattox 1863 -- 1865 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3292 - 0 . Trudeau , Noah Andre . The Last Citadel : Petersburg , Virginia , June 1864 -- April 1865 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1861 - 3 . Welcher , Frank J. The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . Vol. 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Welsh , Douglas . The Civil War : A Complete Military History . Greenwich , CT : Brompton Books Corporation , 1981 . ISBN 1 - 890221 - 01 - 5 . This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign ( Eastern Theater ) '' . Further reading ( edit ) Bearss , Edwin C. , with Bryce A. Suderow . The Petersburg Campaign . Vol. 1 , The Eastern Front Battles , June -- August 1864 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 090 - 3 . Bearss , Edwin C. , with Bryce A. Suderow . The Petersburg Campaign . Vol. 2 , The Western Front Battles , September 1864 -- April 1865 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 104 - 7 . Bowery , Charles R. , Jr. , and Ethan S. Rafuse . Guide to the Richmond -- Petersburg Campaign . U.S. Army War College Guides to Civil War Battles . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1960 - 3 . Greene , A. Wilson . A Campaign of Giants : The Battle for Petersburg . Vol. 1 : From the Crossing of the James to the Crater . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2018 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4696 - 3857 - 7 . Rhea , Gordon C. On to Petersburg : Grant and Lee , June 4 -- 15 , 1864 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 6747 - 2 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 -- 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . External links ( edit ) Petersburg Campaign in Encyclopedia Virginia The Battle of Petersburg : Battle maps , history articles , photos , and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Animated history of the Siege of Petersburg Siege of Petersburg Online Pamplin Historical Park and The National Museum of the Civil War Soldier includes a presentation of the breakthrough at Boydton Line and other museum exhibits . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Petersburg
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what are the major rules of china’s one-child policy
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One - child policy
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one - child policy
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The one - child policy , a part of the family planning policy , was a population planning policy of China . It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out in 2015 . The policy allowed exceptions for many groups , including ethnic minorities . In 2007 , 36 % of China 's population was subject to a strict one - child restriction , with an additional 53 % being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl . Provincial governments imposed fines for violations , and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work .
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According to the Chinese government , 400 million births were prevented . This claim has been called `` false '' by scholars , because `` three - quarters of the decline in fertility since 1970 occurred before the launching of the one - child policy ; and most of the further decline in fertility since 1980 can be attributed to economic development . '' Thailand and Iran , along with the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu , have had similar declines of fertility without a one - child policy . Although 76 % of Chinese people supported the policy in a 2008 survey , it was controversial outside of China . On October 29 , 2015 , it was reported that the existing law would be changed to a two - child policy , citing a statement from the Communist Party of China . The new law became effective on January 1 , 2016 , following its passage in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on December 27 , 2015 . China 's population ( 1961 -- 2008 ) Population in China Year Million Change Change / year 1964 694.6 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1982 1008.2 313.6 + 17.42 2000 1265.8 257.6 + 14.31 1339.7 73.9 + 7.39 Source : Census of China Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 History 2.1 Implementation 2.2 Relaxation 3 Abolition 4 Administration 5 Effects 5.1 Fertility rates 5.2 Continuation of demographic transition 5.3 Disparity in sex ratio at birth 5.4 Education 5.5 Adoption 5.6 Twins 5.7 Quality of life for women 5.8 Healthcare improvements 5.9 `` Four - two - one '' problem 5.10 Unregistered children 5.11 Potential social problems 5.12 Birth tourism 6 Criticism 6.1 Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction 6.2 Unequal enforcement 6.3 Human rights violations 6.4 Effect on infanticide rates 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Introduction ( edit ) Birth rate in China During the period of Mao Zedong 's leadership in China , the birth rate fell from 37 per thousand to 20 per thousand . Infant mortality declined from 227 per thousand births in 1949 to 53 per thousand in 1981 , and life expectancy dramatically increased from around 35 years in 1948 to 66 years in 1976 . Until the 1960s , the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible because of Mao 's belief that population growth empowered the country , preventing the emergence of family planning programs earlier in China 's development . The population grew from around 540 million in 1949 to 940 million in 1976 . Beginning in 1970 , citizens were encouraged to marry at later ages and have only two children . Although the fertility rate began to decline , the Chinese government observed the global debate over a possible overpopulation catastrophe suggested by organizations such as Club of Rome and Sierra Club . While visiting Europe in 1979 , one of the top Chinese officials , Song Jian , read two influential books of the movement , The Limits to Growth and A Blueprint for Survival . With a group of mathematicians , Song determined the correct population of China to be 700 million . A plan was prepared to reduce China 's population to the desired level by 2080 , with the one - child policy as one of the main instruments of social engineering . In spite of some criticism inside the party , the plan ( also referred to as the Family Planning Policy ) was officially adopted in 1979 . The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then - surging population and limit the demands for water and other resources , as well as to alleviate social , economic and environmental problems in China . The policy was formally implemented as a temporary measure on September 18 , 1980 . History ( edit ) The one - child policy was originally designed to be a One - Generation Policy . It was enforced at the provincial level and enforcement varied ; some provinces had more relaxed restrictions . The one - child limit was most strictly enforced in densely populated urban areas . Beginning in 1980 , official policy granted local officials the flexibility to make exceptions and allow second children in the case of `` practical difficulties '' ( such as cases in which the father is a disabled serviceman ) or when both parents are single children , and some provinces had other exemptions worked into their policies as well . In most areas , families were allowed to apply to have a second child if their first - born is a daughter . Furthermore , families with children with disabilities have different policies and families whose first child suffers from physical disability , mental illness , or intellectual disability were allowed to have more children . However , second children were sometimes subject to birth spacing ( usually 3 or 4 years ) . Children born in overseas countries were not counted under the policy if they do not obtain Chinese citizenship . Chinese citizens returning from abroad were allowed to have a second child . Sichuan province allowed exemptions for couples of certain backgrounds . By one estimate there were at least 22 ways in which parents could qualify for exceptions to the law towards the end of the one - child policy 's existence . As of 2007 , only 35.9 % of the population were subject to a strict one - child limit . 52.9 % were permitted to have a second child if their first was a daughter ; 9.6 % of Chinese couples were permitted two children regardless of their gender ; and 1.6 % -- mainly Tibetans -- had no limit at all . The Danshan , Sichuan Province Nongchang Village people Public Affairs Bulletin Board in September 2005 noted that RMB 25,000 in social compensation fees were owed in 2005 . Thus far 11,500 RMB had been collected , so another 13,500 RMB had to be collected . Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake , a new exception to the regulations was announced in Sichuan province for parents who had lost children in the earthquake . Similar exceptions had previously been made for parents of severely disabled or deceased children . People have also tried to evade the policy by giving birth to a second child in Hong Kong , but at least for Guangdong residents , the one - child policy was also enforced if the birth was given in Hong Kong or abroad . In accordance with China 's affirmative action policies towards ethnic minorities , all non-Han ethnic groups are subjected to different laws and were usually allowed to have two children in urban areas , and three or four in rural areas . Han Chinese living in rural towns were also permitted to have two children . Because of couples such as these , as well as who simply pay a fine ( or `` social maintenance fee '' ) to have more children , the overall fertility rate of mainland China was close to 1.4 children per woman as of 2011 . Implementation ( edit ) The Family Planning Policy was enforced through a financial penalty in the form of the `` social child - raising fee '' , sometimes called a `` family planning fine '' in the West , which was collected as a fraction of either the annual disposable income of city dwellers or of the annual cash income of peasants , in the year of the child 's birth . For instance , in Guangdong , the fee is between 3 and 6 annual incomes for incomes below the per capita income of the district , plus 1 to 2 times the annual income exceeding the average . Both members of the couple need to pay the fine . As part of the policy , women were required to have a contraceptive intrauterine device ( IUD ) surgically installed after having a first child , and to be sterilized by tubal ligation after having a second child . From 1980 to 2014 , 324 million Chinese women were fitted with IUDs in this way and 107 million were sterilized . Women who refused these procedures -- which many resented -- could lose their government employment and their children could lose access to education or health services . The IUDs installed in this way were modified such that they could not be removed manually , but only through surgery . In 2016 , following the abolition of the one - child policy , the Chinese government announced that IUD removals would now be paid for by the government . Relaxation ( edit ) In 2013 , Deputy Director Wang Peian of the National Health and Family Planning Commission said that `` China 's population will not grow substantially in the short term '' . A survey by the commission found that only about half of eligible couples wish to have two children , mostly because of the cost of living impact of a second child . In November 2013 , following the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , China announced the decision to relax the one - child policy . Under the new policy , families could have two children if one parent , rather than both parents , was an only child . This mainly applied to urban couples , since there were very few rural only children due to long - standing exceptions to the policy for rural couples . The coastal province of Zhejiang , one of China 's most affluent , became the first area to implement this `` relaxed policy '' in January 2014 . The relaxed policy has been implemented in 29 out of the 31 provinces , with the exceptions of Xinjiang and Tibet . Under this policy , approximately 11 million couples in China are allowed to have a second child ; however , only `` nearly one million '' couples applied to have a second child in 2014 , less than half the expected number of 2 million per year . By May 2014 , 241,000 out of 271,000 applications had been approved . Officials of China 's National Health and Family Planning Commission claimed that this outcome was expected , and that `` second - child policy '' would continue progressing with a good start . Abolition ( edit ) See also : Two - child policy § China In October 2015 , the Chinese news agency Xinhua announced plans of the government to abolish the one - child policy , now allowing all families to have two children , citing from a communiqué issued by the Communist Party `` to improve the balanced development of population '' -- an apparent reference to the country 's female - to - male sex ratio -- and to deal with an aging population according to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . The new law took effect 1 January 2016 after it was passed in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on 27 December 2015 . The rationale for the abolition is summarized by former Wall Street Journal reporter Mei Fong : `` The reason China is doing this right now is because they have too many men , too many old people , and too few young people . They have this huge crushing demographic crisis as a result of the one - child policy . And if people do n't start having more children , they 're going to have a vastly diminished workforce to support a huge aging population . '' China 's ratio is about five working adults to one retiree ; the huge retiree community must be supported , and that will dampen future growth , according to Fong . Since the citizens of China are living longer and having fewer children , the growth of the population imbalance is expected to continue , as reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation which referred to a United Nations projections forecast that `` China will lose 67 million working - age people by 2030 , while simultaneously doubling the number of elderly . That could put immense pressure on the economy and government resources . '' The longer term outlook is also pessimistic , based on an estimate by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , revealed by Cai Fang , deputy director . `` By 2050 , one - third of the country will be aged 60 years or older , and there will be fewer workers supporting each retired person . '' Although many critics of China 's reproductive restrictions approve of the policy 's abolition , some say that the move to the two - child policy will not end forced sterilizations , forced abortions , or government control over birth permits . Others also state that the abolition is not a sign of the relaxation of authoritarian control in China . A reporter for CNN said , `` It was not a sign that the party will suddenly start respecting personal freedoms more than it has in the past . No , this is a case of the party adjusting policy to conditions ... The new policy , raising the limit to two children per couple , preserves the state 's role . '' The abolition may not achieve a significant benefit , as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation analysis indicates : `` Repealing the one - child policy may not spur a huge baby boom , however , in part because fertility rates are believed to be declining even without the policy 's enforcement . Previous easings of the one - child policy have spurred fewer births than expected , and many people among China 's younger generations see smaller family sizes as ideal . '' The CNN reporter adds that China 's new prosperity is also a factor in the declining birth rate , saying , `` Couples naturally decide to have fewer children as they move from the fields into the cities , become more educated , and when women establish careers outside the home . '' Administration ( edit ) The one - child policy was managed by the National Population and Family Planning Commission under the central government since 1981 . The Ministry of Health of the People 's Republic of China and the National Health and Family Planning Commission were made defunct and a new single agency National Health and Family Planning Commission took over national health and family planning policies in 2013 . The agency reports to the State Council . The policy was enforced at the provincial level through fines that were imposed based on the income of the family and other factors . `` Population and Family Planning Commissions '' existed at every level of government to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work . Effects ( edit ) Fertility rates ( edit ) China had small family by 1978 before start of one - child policy in 1979 According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives , it is complicated to evaluate the effects of the one - child policy on family outcomes because the Chinese government had already enacted aggressive family planning policy before the introduction of the one - child policy ; seen a sharp drop in fertility rates before the enactment of the one - child policy ; the one - child policy coincided with Chinese economic reform which would have contributed to reduced fertility rates ; and other developing East Asian countries also experienced sharp declines in fertility rates . According to the study , `` In general , very different views exist on how the one - child policy affected fertility : one group of studies argued that the one - child policy had a significant or decisive effect on fertility in China , while another group argued that socioeconomic development played a key role in China 's fertility decline . A plausible reconciliation of these views is that the one - child policy accelerated the already - occurring drop in fertility for a few years , but in the longer term , economic development played a more fundamental role in leading to and maintaining China 's low fertility level . To put it more bluntly , China 's fertility might well have dropped to the current low level with rapid economic development , even without the one - child policy , although the timeline of the decline would not appear quite the same . '' Continuation of demographic transition ( edit ) Further information : Demographics of China and Demographic transition The progression of China 's population pyramid , International Futures . The fertility rate in China continued its fall from 2.8 births per woman in 1979 ( already a sharp reduction from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s ) to 1.5 in 2010 . This is similar to demographic transition seen in Thailand , Indian states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu which have undergone similar changes in fertility rates without a one child policy . Disparity in sex ratio at birth ( edit ) The sex ratio at birth in People 's Republic of China , males per 100 females , 1980 -- 2010 . For more details on this topic , see Missing women of China . The sex ratio of a newborn infant ( between male and female births ) in mainland China reached 117 : 100 , and stabilized between 2000 and 2013 , substantially higher than the natural baseline , which ranges between 103 : 100 and 107 : 100 . It had risen from 108 : 100 in 1981 -- at the boundary of the natural baseline -- to 111 : 100 in 1990 . According to a report by the National Population and Family Planning Commission , there will be 30 million more men than women in 2020 , potentially leading to social instability , and courtship - motivated emigration . The disparity in the gender ratio at birth increases dramatically after the first birth , for which the ratios remained steadily within the natural baseline over the 20 year interval between 1980 and 1999 . Thus , a large majority of couples appear to accept the outcome of the first pregnancy , whether it is a boy or a girl . If the first child is a girl , and they are able to have a second child , then a couple may take extraordinary steps to assure that the second child is a boy . If a couple already has two or more boys , the sex ratio of higher parity births swings decidedly in a feminine direction . This demographic evidence indicates that while families highly value having male offspring , a secondary norm of having a girl or having some balance in the sexes of children often comes into play . Zeng 1993 reported a study based on the 1990 census in which they found sex ratios of just 65 or 70 boys per 100 girls for births in families that already had two or more boys . A study by Anderson & Silver ( 1995 ) found a similar pattern among both Han and non-Han nationalities in Xinjiang Province : a strong preference for girls in high parity births in families that had already borne two or more boys . This tendency to favour girls in high parity births to couples who had already borne sons was later also noted by Coalenad , who suggested as well that once a couple had achieved its goal for the number of males , it was also much more likely to engage in `` stopping behavior '' , i.e. , to stop having more children . The long - term disparity has led to a significant gender imbalance or skewing of the sex ratio . As reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , China has between 32 million and 36 million more males than would be expected naturally , and this has led to social problems . `` Because of a traditional preference for baby boys over girls , the one - child policy is often cited as the cause of China 's skewed sex ratio ... Even the government acknowledges the problem and has expressed concern about the tens of millions of young men who wo n't be able to find brides and may turn to kidnapping women , sex trafficking , other forms of crime or social unrest . '' The situation will not improve in the near future . According to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , there will be 24 million more men than women of marriageable age by 2020 . Education ( edit ) According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives , `` existing studies indicate either a modest or minimal effect of the fertility change induced by the one - child policy on children education '' . Adoption ( edit ) A roadside sign in rural Sichuan : `` It is forbidden to discriminate against , mistreat or abandon baby girls . '' The one - child policy of China made it more expensive for parents with children to adopt , which may have had an effect upon the numbers of children living in state - sponsored orphanages . However , in the 1980s and early 1990s , poor care and high mortality rates in some state institutions generated intense international pressure for reform . In the 1980s , adoptions accounted for half of the so - called `` missing girls '' . Through the 1980s , as the one - child policy came into force , parents who desired a son but had a daughter often failed to report or delayed reporting female births to the authorities . Some parents may have offered up their daughters for formal or informal adoption . A majority of children who went through formal adoption in China in the later 1980s were girls , and the proportion who were girls increased over time . In an interview with National Public Radio on October 30 , 2015 , Adam Pertman , president and CEO of the National Center on Adoption and Permanency , indicated that many young girls were adopted by citizens of other countries , particularly the United States , a trend which has been declining for some years . `` The infant girls of yesteryear have not been available , if you will , for five , seven years . China has been ... trying to keep the girls within the country ... And the consequence is that , today , rather than those young girls who used to be available -- primarily girls -- today , it 's older children , children with special needs , children in sibling groups . It 's very , very different . '' Twins ( edit ) Since there are no penalties for multiple births , it is believed that an increasing number of couples are turning to fertility medicines to induce the conception of twins . According to a 2006 China Daily report , the number of twins born per year was estimated to have doubled . Quality of life for women ( edit ) The one - child policy has played a major role in improving the quality of life for women in China . For thousands of years , girls have held a lower status in Chinese households . However , the one - child policy 's limit on the number of children has prompted parents of women to start investing money in their well - being . As a result of being an only child , women have increased opportunity to receive an education , and support to get better jobs . Healthcare improvements ( edit ) It is reported that the focus of China on population planning helps provide a better health service for women and a reduction in the risks of death and injury associated with pregnancy . At family planning offices , women receive free contraception and pre-natal classes that contributed to the policy 's success in two respects . First , the average Chinese household expends fewer resources , both in terms of time and money , on children , which gives many Chinese people more money with which to invest . Second , since Chinese adults can no longer rely on children to care for them in their old age , there is an impetus to save money for the future . `` Four - two - one '' problem ( edit ) A government sign in Tangshan Township : `` For a prosperous , powerful nation and a happy family , please practice family planning . '' As the first generation of law - enforced only - children came of age for becoming parents themselves , one adult child was left with having to provide support for his or her two parents and four grandparents . Called the `` 4 - 2 - 1 Problem '' , this leaves the older generations with increased chances of dependency on retirement funds or charity in order to receive support . If personal savings , pensions , or state welfare fail , most senior citizens would be left entirely dependent upon their very small family or neighbours for assistance . If , for any reason , the single child is unable to care for their older adult relatives , the oldest generations would face a lack of resources and necessities . In response to such an issue , all provinces have decided that couples are allowed to have two children if both parents were only children themselves : By 2007 , all provinces in the nation except Henan had adopted this new policy ; Henan followed in 2011 . Unregistered children ( edit ) Further information : Heihaizi Heihaizi ( Chinese : 黑 孩子 ; pinyin : hēiháizi ) or `` black child '' is a term denoting children born outside the one - child policy , or generally children who are not registered in the Chinese national household registration system . Being excluded from the family register ( in effect , a birth certificate ) , they do not legally exist and as a result can not access most public services , such as education and health care , and do not receive protection under the law . Potential social problems ( edit ) Some parents may over-indulge their only child . The media referred to the indulged children in one - child families as `` little emperors '' . Since the 1990s , some people have worried that this will result in a higher tendency toward poor social communication and cooperation skills amongst the new generation , as they have no siblings at home . No social studies have investigated the ratio of these over-indulged children and to what extent they are indulged . With the first generation of children born under the policy ( which initially became a requirement for most couples with first children born starting in 1979 and extending into the 1980s ) reaching adulthood , such worries were reduced . However , the `` little emperor syndrome '' and additional expressions , describing the generation of Chinese singletons are very abundant in the Chinese media , Chinese academia and popular discussions . Being over-indulged , lacking self - discipline and having no adaptive capabilities are traits that are highly associated with Chinese singletons . Some 30 delegates called on the government in the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference in March 2007 to abolish the one - child rule , citing `` social problems and personality disorders in young people '' . One statement read , `` It is not healthy for children to play only with their parents and be spoiled by them : it is not right to limit the number to two children per family , either . '' The proposal was prepared by Ye Tingfang , a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , who suggested that the government at least restore the previous rule that allowed couples to have up to two children . According to a scholar , `` The one - child limit is too extreme . It violates nature 's law . And in the long run , this will lead to mother nature 's revenge . '' Birth tourism ( edit ) Reports surfaced of Chinese women giving birth to their second child overseas , a practice known as birth tourism . Many went to Hong Kong , which is exempt from the one - child policy . Likewise , a Hong Kong passport differs from China mainland passport by providing additional advantages . Recently though , the Hong Kong government has drastically reduced the quota of births set for non-local women in public hospitals . As a result , fees for delivering babies there have surged . As further admission cuts or a total ban on non-local births in Hong Kong are being considered , mainland agencies that arrange for expectant mothers to give birth overseas are predicting a surge in those going to North America . As the United States practises birthright citizenship , most children born in the US will automatically have US citizenship . The closest US location from China is Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands , a US dependency in the western Pacific Ocean that allows Chinese visitors without visa restrictions . The island is currently experiencing an upswing in Chinese births . This option is used by relatively affluent Chinese who often have secondary motives as well , wishing their children to be able to leave mainland China when they grow older or bring their parents to the US . Canada is less achievable as their government denies many visa requests . Criticism ( edit ) The policy is controversial outside China for many reasons , including accusations of human rights abuses in the implementation of the policy , as well as concerns about negative social consequences . Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction ( edit ) The Chinese government , quoting Zhai Zhenwu , director of Renmin University 's School of Sociology and Population in Beijing , estimates that 400 million births were prevented by the one - child policy as of 2011 , while some demographers challenge that number , putting the figure at perhaps half that level , according to CNN . Zhai clarified that the 400 million estimate referred not just to the one - child policy , but includes births prevented by predecessor policies implemented one decade before , stating that `` there are many different numbers out there but it does n't change the basic fact that the policy prevented a really large number of births '' . This claim is disputed by Wang Feng , director of the Brookings - Tsinghua Center for Public Policy , and Cai Yong from the Carolina Population Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Wang claims that `` Thailand and China have had almost identical fertility trajectories since the mid 1980s '' , and `` Thailand does not have a one - child policy . '' China 's Health Ministry has also disclosed that at least 336 million abortions were performed on account of the policy . According to a report by the US Embassy , scholarship published by Chinese scholars and their presentations at the October 1997 Beijing conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population seemed to suggest that market - based incentives or increasing voluntariness is not morally better but that it is in the end more effective . In 1988 , Zeng Yi and Professor T. Paul Schultz of Yale University discussed the effect of the transformation to the market on Chinese fertility , arguing that the introduction of the contract responsibility system in agriculture during the early 1980s weakened family planning controls during that period . Zeng contended that the `` big cooking pot '' system of the People 's Communes had insulated people from the costs of having many children . By the late 1980s , economic costs and incentives created by the contract system were already reducing the number of children farmers wanted . A long - term experiment in a county in Shanxi Province , in which the family planning law was suspended , suggested that families would not have many more children even if the law were abolished . A 2003 review of the policy - making process behind the adoption of the one - child policy shows that less intrusive options , including those that emphasized delay and spacing of births , were known but not fully considered by China 's political leaders . Unequal enforcement ( edit ) Corrupted government officials and especially wealthy individuals have often been able to violate the policy in spite of fines . Filmmaker Zhang Yimou had three children and was subsequently fined 7.48 million yuan ( $1.2 million ) . For example , between 2000 and 2005 , as many as 1,968 officials in central China 's Hunan province were found to be violating the policy , according to the provincial family planning commission ; also exposed by the commission were 21 national and local lawmakers , 24 political advisors , 112 entrepreneurs and 6 senior intellectuals . Some of the offending officials did not face penalties , although the government did respond by raising fines and calling on local officials to `` expose the celebrities and high - income people who violate the family planning policy and have more than one child '' . Also , people who lived in the rural areas of China were allowed to have two children without punishment , although the family is required to wait a couple of years before having another child . Human Rights violations ( edit ) Further information : Human rights in China The one - child policy has been challenged for violating a human right to determine the size of one 's own proper family . According to a 1968 proclamation of the International Conference on Human Rights , `` Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children . '' According to the UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph , a quota of 20,000 abortions and sterilizations was set for Huaiji County in Guangdong Province in one year due to reported disregard of the one - child policy . According to the article local officials were being pressured into purchasing portable ultrasound devices to identify abortion candidates in remote villages . The article also reported that women as far along as 8.5 months pregnant were forced to abort , usually by an injection of saline solution . A 1993 book by social scientist Steven W. Mosher reported that women in their ninth month of pregnancy , or already in labour , were having their children killed whilst in the birth canal or immediately after birth . According to a 2005 news report by Australian Broadcasting Corporation correspondent John Taylor , China outlawed the use of physical force to make a woman submit to an abortion or sterilization in 2002 but ineffectively enforces the measure . In 2012 , Feng Jianmei , a villager from central China 's Shaanxi province was forced into an abortion by local officials after her family refused to pay the fine for having a second child . Chinese authorities have since apologized and two officials were fired , while five others were sanctioned . In the past China promoted eugenics as part of its population planning policies , but the government has backed away from such policies , as evidenced by China 's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities , which compels the nation to significantly reform its genetic testing laws . Recent research has also emphasized the necessity of understanding a myriad of complex social relations that affect the meaning of informed consent in China . Furthermore , in 2003 , China revised its marriage registration regulations and couples no longer have to submit to a pre-marital physical or genetic examination before being granted a marriage license . The United Nations Population Fund 's ( UNFPA ) support for family planning in China , which has been associated with the One - Child policy in the United States , led the United States Congress to pull out of the UNFPA during the Reagan administration , and again under George W. Bush 's presidency , citing human rights abuses and stating that the right to `` found a family '' was protected under the Preamble in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . President Obama resumed U.S. government financial support for the UNFPA shortly after taking office in 2009 , intending to `` work collaboratively to reduce poverty , improve the health of women and children , prevent HIV / AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries '' . Effect on infanticide rates ( edit ) Sex - selected abortion , abandonment , and infanticide are illegal in China . Nevertheless , the United States Department of State , the Parliament of the United Kingdom , and the human rights organization Amnesty International have all declared that infanticide still exists . A writer for the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs wrote , `` The ' one - child ' policy has also led to what Amartya Sen first called ' Missing Women ' , or the 100 million girls ' missing ' from the populations of China ( and other developing countries ) as a result of female infanticide , abandonment , and neglect '' . The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation offered the following summary as to the long term effects of sex - selective abortion and abandonment of female infants : `` Multiple research studies have also found that sex - selective abortion -- where a woman undergoes an ultrasound to determine the sex of her baby , and then aborts it if it 's a girl -- was widespread for years , particularly for second or subsequent children . Millions of female fetuses have been aborted since the 1970s . China outlawed sex selective abortions in 2005 , but the law is tough to enforce because of the difficulty of proving why a couple decided to have an abortion . The abandonment , and killing , of baby girls has also been reported , though recent research studies say it has become rare , in part due to strict criminal prohibitions . '' Anthropologist G. William Skinner at the University of California , Davis and Chinese researcher Yuan Jianhua have claimed that infanticide was fairly common in China before the 1990s . In popular culture ( edit ) Ball , David ( 2002 ) . China Run . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 74322743 - 3 . A novel about an American woman who travels to China to adopt an orphan of the one - child policy , only to find herself a fugitive when the Chinese government informs her that she has been given `` the wrong baby '' . The prevention of a state - imposed abortion during labor to conform with the one child policy is a key plot point in Tom Clancy 's novel The Bear and the Dragon . The difficulties of implementing the one - child policy are dramatized in Mo Yan 's novel Frog ( 2009 ; English translation by Howard Goldblatt , 2015 ) . Avoiding the family - planning enforcers is at the heart of Ma Jian 's novel The Dark Road ( translated by Flora Drew , 2013 ) . Novelist Lu Min writes about her own family 's experience with the One Child Policy in her essay `` A Second Pregnancy , 1980 '' ( translated by Helen Wang , 2015 ) . Xue , Xinran ( 2015 ) . Buy Me the Sky . Rider ( imprint ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8460 - 4471 - 7 . Tells the stories of the children brought up under China 's one - child policy and the effect that has had on their lives , families and ability to deal with life 's challenges . Fong , Mei ( 2016 ) . One Child : The Story of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 9780544275393 . 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San Jose Mercury News . CA . Jump up ^ `` A Second Pregnancy , 1980 '' , Paper republic . Further reading ( edit ) Better 10 Graves Than One Extra Birth : China 's Systemic Use of Coercion To Meet Population Quotas . Washington , DC : Laogai Research Foundation . 2004 . ISBN 1 - 931550 - 92 - 1 . Fong , Mei ( 2015 ) . One Child : The Past and Future of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 544 - 27539 - X . Interview with Mei on her challenges writing the book . Hardee - Cleaveland , Karen ( 1988 ) . Family Planning in China : Recent Trends , Volume 3 . Center for International Research , U.S. Bureau of the Census . Goh , Esther C.L. ( 2011 ) . `` China 's One - Child Policy and Multiple Caregiving : raising little suns in Xiamen '' ( PDF ) . Journal of International and Global Studies . New York : Routledge . Greenhalgh , Susan ( 2008 ) . Just One Child : Science and Policy in Deng 's China ( illustrated ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25339 - 1 . Johnson , Kay Ann ( 2016 ) . China 's Hidden Children : Abandonment , Adoption , and the Human Costs of the One - Child Policy . University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0226352510 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Population policy in China . Family Planning in China `` Illegal births and legal abortions -- the case of China '' . Reprod Health . 2 : 5 . 2005 . PMC 1215519 . PMID 16095526 . doi : 10.1186 / 1742 - 4755 - 2 - 5 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child%20policy
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who played an important role in america and french revolution
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France in the American Revolutionary war
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france in the american revolutionary war
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France allied with the United States during the American Revolutionary War ( American War of Independence 1775 -- 1783 ) in 1778 , declared war on Great Britain , and sent its armies and navy to fight Britain while providing money and matériel to arm the new republic . French intervention made a decisive contribution to the U.S. victory in the war . Motivated by a long - term rivalry with Britain and by revenge for its territorial losses during the French and Indian War , France began secretly sending supplies in 1775 . Spain and the Netherlands joined France , making it a global war in which the British had no major allies . France incurred a debt of over 1 billion livres .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 American origins of the conflict 2 French involvement 2.1 Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war 2.2 Entry into the war 2.3 North American operations 2.4 Other theaters 3 Peace and consequences 4 Financial aspects 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Bibliography 7.1 English 7.2 Primary sources 7.3 French American origins of the conflict ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution After its defeat in the Seven Years ' War in 1763 , France lost its vast holdings in North America . Meanwhile , the American colonists and the British government began to fight over whether Parliament in London or the colonial assemblies had primary responsibility for taxation . The ideological conflict escalated into open warfare in 1775 , at which point the American patriots took control of the colonies from the British , who refused to consider independence . France , who had been rebuilding her Navy and other forces , saw this as an opportunity to seriously weaken her perennial enemy . French involvement ( edit ) Choiseul actively reorganised the French army and navy for a future war of revenge against Britain . France bitterly resented its loss in the Seven Years ' War and sought revenge , and wanted to keep Britain from becoming too powerful . Following the Declaration of Independence , the American Revolution was well received by both the general population and the aristocracy in France . The Revolution was perceived as the incarnation of the Enlightenment Spirit against the `` English tyranny . '' Benjamin Franklin , dispatched to France in December 1776 to rally its support , was welcomed with great enthusiasm . At first , French support was covert ; French agents sent the Patriots military aid ( predominantly gunpowder ) through a company called Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie , beginning in the spring of 1776 . Estimates place the percentage of French supplied arms to the Americans in the Saratoga campaign up to 90 % . By 1777 , over five million livres of aid had been sent to the American rebels . Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle or animated by the sincere ideals of liberty and republicanism , volunteers like Pierre Charles L'Enfant joined the American army . The most famous was Lafayette , a charming young aristocrat who defied the king 's order and enlisted in 1777 at age 20 . He became an aide to George Washington and a combat general . More importantly he solidified a favourable American view of France . Kramer argues that Lafayette provided a legitimacy for the war and confidence that there was serious European support for independence . Lafayette 's personal style was highly attractive ; the young man learned quickly , adapted to the Patriot style , avoided politics , and became a fast friend of General Washington . Fifty years later , after a major career in French politics , he returned as a beloved hero of the war . Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war ( edit ) Before open war between France and Britain , Pierre Beaumarchais was at the center of an arms traffic to support American Insurgents . Up against the British power , the young nation lacked arms and allies , and so turned towards France . France was not directly interested in the conflict , but saw it as an opportunity to contest British power by supporting a new British opponent . Through negotiations conducted first by Silas Deane and then Benjamin Franklin , France began covert support of the American cause . Secretly approached by Louis XVI and France 's foreign minister , the comte de Vergennes , Pierre Beaumarchais was authorized to sell gunpowder and ammunition to the Americans for close to a million pounds under the veil of the French company Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie . The aid given by France , much of which passed through the neutral Dutch West Indies port of Sint Eustatius , contributed to George Washington 's survival against the British onslaught in 1776 and 1777 , and was a major factor in the defeat of General Burgoyne 's expedition in the Champlain corridor that ended in a British disaster at Saratoga . French ports accommodated American ships , including privateers and Continental Navy warships , that acted against British merchant ships . France provided significant economic aid , either as donations or loans , and also offered technical assistance , granting some of its military strategists `` vacations '' , so they could assist American troops . Silas Deane , appointed by the Americans , and , helped by French animosity towards Britain , obtained unofficial aid , starting in early 1776 . However , the goal was the total involvement of France in the war . A new delegation composed of Franklin , Deane , and Arthur Lee , was appointed to lobby for the involvement of European nations . Franklin , age 70 and already well known in French intellectual circles for his scientific discoveries , served as the chief diplomat with the title of `` minister '' ( the term `` ambassador '' was not used ) . He dressed in rough frontier clothes rather than formal court dress , and met with many leading diplomats , aristocrats , intellectuals , scientists and financiers . Franklin 's image and writings caught the French imagination -- there were many images of him sold on the market -- and he became the image of the archetypal new American and a hero for aspirations for a new order inside France . When the international climate at the end of 1777 had become tenser , Habsburg Austria requested the support of France in the War of the Bavarian Succession against Prussia in line with the Franco - Austrian Alliance . France refused , causing the relationship with Austria to turn sour . Under these conditions , asking Austria to assist France in a war against the British was impossible . Attempts to rally Spain also failed : Spain did not immediately recognize potential gains , and the American revolutionary spirit was seen as threatening the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown in its own American colonies . Public opinion in France was in favor of open war , but King Louis and his advisors were reluctant due to the possible risks and heavy expenses involved . The king 's economic and military advisors in particular remained reluctant . The French Navy was being rapidly rebuilt , but there were doubts as to how ready it was for serious conflict . Financiers Turgot and Necker warned war would be very expensive for France 's wobbly system of taxation and finance . The Americans argued that an alliance of the United States , France , and Spain would assure a rapid defeat of the British , but Vergennes , waiting until his navy was ready , hesitated . On July 23 , 1777 , Vergennes decided that it was time to decide either total assistance , with war , or abandonment of the new nation . The choice , ratified by the king , was war . Entry into the war ( edit ) Main article : Franco - American alliance Surrender of General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga , by John Trumbull , 1822 The British had taken Philadelphia in 1777 , but American victory at the Battle of Saratoga brought back hope to the Patriots and enthusiasm in France . The army of Burgoyne surrendered to American forces after Saratoga and France realized that the United States could be victorious . The king directed Vergennes to negotiate an alliance with the Americans . France formally recognized the United States on February 6 , 1778 , with the signing of the Treaty of Alliance . Hostilities soon followed after Britain declared war on France on March 17 , 1778 . The British naval force , then the largest fleet afloat , and French fleet confronted each other from the beginning . The British avoided intercepting a French fleet that left Toulon under the comte d'Estaing in April for North America , fearing the French fleet at Brest might then be used to launch an invasion of Britain . France had kept the Brest fleet to protect commercial shipping in European waters , and it sailed out only after a British fleet was confirmed to have left in pursuit of d'Estaing , thus weakening the British Channel fleet . In spite of this reduction the British fleet still outnumbered the French fleet at Brest , and Admiral d'Orvilliers was instructed to avoid combat when he sailed in July . D'Orvilliers met the fleet of Admiral Augustus Keppel in the indecisive Battle of Ushant on July 27 , after which both fleets returned to port for repairs . France did consider the landing of 40,000 men in the nearby British Isles but abandoned the idea because of logistical issues . On the continent , France was protected through its alliance with Austria which , even if it did not take part in the American Revolutionary War , affirmed its diplomatic support of France . Other nations in Europe at first refused to openly join the war but both Spain and the Dutch Republic gave unofficial support to the American cause . Vergennes was able to convince the Spanish to formally enter the war in 1779 and , in 1780 , Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic over claims of Dutch violations of neutrality . North American operations ( edit ) Franco - American routes during the Yorktown campaign . French participation in North America was initially maritime in nature and marked by some indecision on the part of its military leaders . In 1778 , American and French planners organized an attempt to capture Newport , Rhode Island , then under British occupation . The attempt failed , in part because Admiral d'Estaing did not land French troops prior to sailing out of Narragansett Bay to meet the British fleet . He then sailed for Boston after his fleet was damaged in a storm . In 1779 , d'Estaing again led his fleet to North America for joint operations , this time against British - held Savannah , Georgia . About 3,000 French joined with 2,000 Americans in the Siege of Savannah , in which a naval bombardment was unsuccessful . An attempted assault of the entrenched British position was repulsed with heavy losses . Support became more notable when , in 1780 , 6,000 soldiers led by Rochambeau landed at Newport , itself abandoned in 1779 by the British , where the French established a naval base . These forces were largely inactive since the fleet was closely watched by the British fleet from its bases in New York and eastern Long Island . By early 1781 , with the war dragging on , French military planners were finally convinced that more significant operations would be required in North America to bring a decisive end to the war . That year 's West Indies fleet was commanded by the comte de Grasse , and specific arrangements were made to coordinate operations with him . De Grasse asked to be supplied with North American pilots and to be informed of possible operations in North America to which he might contribute . Rochambeau and Washington met at Wethersfield , Connecticut in May 1781 to discuss their options . Washington wanted to drive the British from both New York City and Virginia ( the latter led first by turncoat Benedict Arnold , then by Brigadier William Phillips and eventually by Charles Cornwallis ) . Virginia was also seen as a potent threat that could be fought with naval assistance . These two options were dispatched to the Caribbean along with the requested pilots . Rochambeau , in a separate letter , urged de Grasse to come to the Chesapeake Bay for operations in Virginia . Following the Wethersfield conference , Rochambeau moved his army to White Plains , New York and placed his command under Washington . De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy Yorktown , Virginia . De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October . The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco - American army to begin a march for Virginia . De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette 's army in the blockade of Cornwallis . A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse 's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the Battle of the Chesapeake and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival . The Siege of Yorktown and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America . Other theaters ( edit ) The capture of the island of Grenada by the troops of D'Estaing . Other important battles between the French and the British were spaced out around the globe , from the West Indies to India . France 's navy at first dominated in the West Indies , capturing Dominica , Grenada , Saint Vincent , Montserrat , Tobago , and St. Kitts , but losing St. Lucia at the beginning of the war . A planned Franco - Spanish invasion of Jamaica was aborted after the decisive Battle of the Saintes in 1782 . At the end of the war the French captured the Turks and Caicos Islands . In European waters , France and Spain joined forces with the entry of Spain into the war in 1779 . An attempted invasion of Britain failed due to a variety of factors . French and Spanish forces besieged Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783 , but were unsuccessful in either storming the site , or preventing repeated British relief of its garrison . They were more successful in capturing Minorca in Europe and Demerara and Essequibo in South America in February 1782 . In India , British troops gained control of French outposts in 1778 and 1779 , sparking the Kingdom of Mysore , a longtime French ally , to begin the Second Anglo - Mysore War . Allied with the French , the Mysoreans for a time threatened British positions on the east coast , but that war ended status quo ante bellum in 1784 . A French fleet commanded by the Bailli de Suffren fought a series of largely inconclusive battles with a British fleet under Sir Edward Hughes , and the only major military land action , the 1783 Siege of Cuddalore , was cut short by news that a preliminary peace had been signed . Because of decisive battles on American soil , the French were in a strong position during the peace negotiations in Paris . Peace and consequences ( edit ) Starting with the Siege of Yorktown , Benjamin Franklin never informed France of the secret negotiations that took place directly between Britain and the United States . Britain acknowledged that the United States owned all the land south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River , except for Florida ( which went to Spain ) . However , since France was not included in the American - British peace discussions , the alliance between France and the U.S. was weakened . Thus the influence of France and Spain in future negotiations was limited . Ratification of the Treaty of Paris , 1783 . The British delegation refused to pose for the picture The war formally ended in September 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris . France gained ( or regained ) territories in the Americas , Africa , and India . Losses in the 1763 Treaty of Paris and in the Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) were in part regained : Tobago , Saint Lucia , the Senegal River area , as well as increased fishing rights in Terra Nova . Spain regained Florida and Minorca , but Gibraltar remained in the hands of the British . Because the French involvement in the war was distant and naval in nature , over a billion livres tournois were spent by the French government to support the war effort , raising its overall debt to about 3.315 billion . The finances of the French state were in disastrous shape and were made worse by Jacques Necker , who , rather than increase taxes , used loans to pay off debts . State secretary in Finances Charles Alexandre de Calonne attempted to fix the deficit problem by asking for the taxation of the property of nobles and clergy but was dismissed and exiled for his ideas . The French instability further weakened the reforms that were essential in the re-establishment of stable French finances . Trade also severely declined during the war , but was revived by 1783 . The war was especially important for the prestige and pride of France , who was reinstated in the role of European arbiter . However , Great Britain , not France , became the leading trading partner of the United States . The French took pride in their cultural influence on the young country through the Enlightenment , as attested by Franklin and Jefferson , and as embodied in the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787 . In turn the Revolution influenced France . Liberal elites were satisfied by the victory but there were also some major consequences . European conservative Royalists and nobility had become nervous , and began to take measures in order to secure their positions . On May 22 , 1781 , the Decree of Ségur closed the military post offices of the upper rank to the common persons , reserving those ranks exclusively for the nobility . Financial aspects ( edit ) In all the French spent 1.3 billion livres to support the Americans directly , in addition to the money it spent fighting Britain on land and sea outside the U.S. France 's status as a great modern power was re-affirmed by the war , but it was detrimental to the country 's finances . Even though France 's European territories were not affected , victory in a war against Great Britain with battles like the decisive siege of Yorktown in 1781 had a large financial cost which severely degraded fragile finances and increased the national debt . France gained little except that it weakened its main strategic enemy and gained a new , fast - growing ally that could become a welcome trading partner . However , the trade never materialized , and in 1793 the United States proclaimed its neutrality in the war between Great Britain and the French Republic . Some historians argue that France primarily sought revenge against Great Britain for the loss of territory in North America and India from the previous conflict . But Jonathan R. Dull states that France intervened because of dispassionate calculation , not because of Anglophobia or a desire to avenge the loss of Canada . See also ( edit ) Franco - American alliance List of French units in the American Revolutionary War References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ronald , and Peter J. Albert , eds . Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 ( United States Capitol Historical Society , 1981 ) Jump up ^ `` Journal of the American Revolution , The Gunpowder shortage ( September 9 , 2013 ). ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Lloyd S. Kramer , `` America 's Lafayette and Lafayette 's America : A European and the American Revolution , '' William & Mary Quarterly ( 1981 ) 38 # 2 pp 228-241.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Georges Édouard Lemaître ( 2005 ) . Beaumarchais . Kessinger Publishing . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson ; et al. ( 2009 ) . American Foreign Relations , Volume 1 : A History to 1920 . Cengage Learning . pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Henry Lumpkin ( 2000 ) . From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South . iUniverse . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ Peter S. Onuf ( 1991 ) . Establishing the New Regime : The Washington Administration . Taylor & Francis . pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress ( 2002 ) . The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad . The Minerva Group , Inc . pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff ( 2006 ) . A Great Improvisation : Franklin , France , and the Birth of America . Macmillan . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth , `` Bridging the Continental Divide : Colonial America 's ' French Quarter . ' '' OAH Magazine of History 25.1 ( 2011 ) : 19 - 24 . Jump up ^ Peter McPhee ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Melbourne U. p. 34 . Jump up ^ Peter P. Hill ( 1988 ) . French Perceptions of the Early American Republic , 1783 - 1793 . American Philosophical Society . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , The French Navy and American Independence : A Study of Arms and Diplomacy , 1774 - 1787 ( 1975 ) Bibliography ( edit ) English ( edit ) Bemis , Samuel Flagg . The Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 1935 ) Brown , John L. `` Revolution and the Muse : the American War of Independence in Contemporary French Poetry . '' William and Mary Quarterly 1984 41 ( 4 ) : 592 -- 614 . Issn : 0043 - 5597 Fulltext in : Jstor Brecher , Frank W. Securing American Independence : John Jay and the French Alliance . Praeger Publishers , 2003 . Pp . xiv , 327 online Chartrand , René , and Back , Francis . The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey ; 1991 . Corwin , Edward S. French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 Archon Books ; 1962 . Dull , Jonathan R. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ; Yale U. Press , 1985 . Dull , Jonathan R . The French Navy and American Independence : A Study of Arms and Diplomacy 1774 -- 1787 ( 1975 ) Kaplan , Lawrence S . `` The Diplomacy of the American Revolution : the Perspective from France . '' Reviews in American History 1976 4 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 390 . review of Dull ( 1975 ) in JSTOR Gottschalk , Louis . Lafayette Comes to America 1935 online ; Lafayette Joins the American Army ( 1937 ) Hoffman , Ronald and Albert , Peter J. , ed . Peace and the Peacemakers : The Treaty of 1783 . U. Press of Virginia , 1986 . 263 pp . Hoffman , Ronald and Albert , Peter J. , ed . Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 . U. Press of Virginia , 1981 . 200 pp . Hudson , Ruth Strong . The Minister from France : Conrad - Alexandre Gérard , 1729 -- 1790 . Lutz , 1994 . 279 pp . Hutson , James H. John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 1980 ) Kennett , Lee . The French Forces in America , 1780 -- 1783. Greenwood , 1977 . 188 pp . Kramer , Lloyd . Lafayette in Two Worlds : Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. ( 1996 ) . 355 pp . Morris , Richard B . `` The Great Peace of 1783 , '' Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings ( 1983 ) Vol. 95 , pp 29 -- 51 . Morris , Richard B . The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence ( 1975 ) Perkins , James Breck . France in the American Revolution 1911 online Popofsky , Linda S. and Sheldon , Marianne B. `` French and American Women in the Age of Democratic Revolution , 1770 -- 1815 : a Comparative Perspective . '' History of European Ideas1987 8 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 597 -- 609 . Issn : 0191 - 6599 Pritchard , James . `` French Strategy and the American Revolution : a Reappraisal . '' Naval War College Review 1994 47 ( 4 ) : 83 -- 108 . Issn : 0028 - 1484 Schaeper , Thomas J. France and America in the Revolutionary Era : The Life of Jacques - Donatien Leray de Chaumont , 1725 -- 1803 . Berghahn Books , 1995 . 384 pp. He provided military supplies . Unger , Harlow Giles . Lafayette Wiley , 2002 online Van Tyne , C.H. `` Influences which Determined the French Government to Make the Treaty with America , 1778 , '' American Historical Review ( 1916 ) 21 # 3 pp. 528 -- 541 in JSTOR Primary sources ( edit ) Lafayette , Marquis de . Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution : Selected Letters and Papers , 1776 -- 1790 . Vol. 2 : April 10 , 1778 -- March 20 , 1780 . Cornell U. Press , 1979 . 518 pp . French ( edit ) Susan Mary Alsop , Les Américains à la cour de Louis XVI , 1982 . Traduction française : Jean - Claude Lattès ( 1983 ) . Henri Haeau , Complot pour l'Amérique 1775 -- 1779 , Paris , Éditions Robert Laffont , 1990 , ISBN 2 - 221 - 05364 - 8 J. - M. Bizière et J. Sole , Dictionnaire des Biographies , Paris , Éditions du Seuil , 1993 . Olivier Chaline , La France au XVIIIe siècle ( 1715 -- 1787 ) , Paris , Éditions Belin , 1996 . Joël Cornette , Absolutisme et Lumière 1652 -- 1783 , collection Carré Histoire , Paris , Éditions Hachette , 2000 . ISBN 2 - 01 - 145422 - 0 Jean Egret , Necker , ministre de Louis XVI , 1776 -- 1790 , Honoré Champion ; Paris , 1975 . André Zysberg , La Monarchie des Lumières ( 1775 -- 1786 ) , Paris , Éditions du Seuil , 2002 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%20in%20the%20American%20Revolutionary%20War
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where is dr martin filmed in the uk
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Since the 1980s the village has served as backdrop to various television productions , including the ITV series Doc Martin , and is home to the group Fisherman 's Friends , sea - shanty singers .
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Port Isaac
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port isaac
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Port Isaac ( Cornish : Porthysek ) is a small and picturesque fishing village on the Atlantic coast of north Cornwall , England , United Kingdom . The nearest towns are Wadebridge and Camelford , both ten miles away . Port Gaverne , commonly mistaken to be part of Port Isaac , is a nearby hamlet that has its own history . The meaning of the Cornish name is `` corn port '' , indicating a trade in corn from the arable inland district .
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Since the 1980s the village has served as backdrop to various television productions , including the ITV series Doc Martin , and is home to the group Fisherman 's Friends , sea - shanty singers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Port 1.2 Lifeboat 2 Transport 3 Places of worship 4 Film location 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Port Isaac viewed from the west Port ( edit ) Port Isaac 's pier was constructed during the reign of Henry VIII . `` ... Tudor pier and breakwater have now yielded to a strong new sea - wall balanced by an arm on the opposite side of the cove , and we do not doubt that the fishermen sleep more soundly in their beds on stormy nights . '' ( Arthur Mee : Cornwall ; The King 's England ; London : Hodder & Stoughton , 1937 , p. 184 . ) The village centre dates from the 18th and 19th centuries , from a time when its prosperity was tied to local coastal freight and fishing . The port handled cargoes of coal , wood , stone , ores , limestone , salt , pottery and heavy goods which were conveyed along its narrow streets . Small coastal sailing vessels were built below Roscarrock Hill . The pilchard fishery began here before the 16th century and in 1850 there were 49 registered fishing boats and four fish cellars . Fishermen still work from the Platt , landing their catches of fish , crab and lobsters . The historic core of the village was designated a Conservation Area in 1971 and North Cornwall District Council reviewed this in 2008 with the endorsement of detailed Port Isaac Conservation Area Appraisal document and a related Conservation Area Management Plan . The village has around 90 Listed buildings ( all Grade II ) . Lifeboat ( edit ) The Port Isaac lifeboat station was established in 1869 following the delivery of two lifeboats , Richard and Sarah . The former boathouse building was until recently the Post Office but is now a gift shop . In the early 1960s the Royal National Lifeboat Institution introduced the Inshore Lifeboat , and in 1967 the Port Isaac Station reopened with a new class D inshore lifeboat . Since that time , the lifeboat has responded to more than 623 calls , saving more than 333 lives . Today , Port Isaac 's crew and shore helpers man the station 24 hours a day , 365 days a year , providing full coverage of part of the north coast of Cornwall . The current lifeboat is called ' Copeland Bell ' . In July 2012 , the crew of the lifeboat received medals for gallantry following a dangerous rescue . This was only the second time in RNLI history that the entire crew of a D class , inflatable , lifeboat have received gallantry medals . It was the first time a silver medal had been awarded to a member of a Port Isaac crew since 1870 . Transport ( edit ) Until the closure of the Okehampton to Wadebridge railway line in 1966 the village was served by a station at Port Isaac Road . The station , some three miles ( five kilometres ) inland from Port Isaac , opened on 1 June 1895 , and had a passing loop and a single siding with headshunt that served a goods shed and loading dock . All its buildings were built of local stone : station building and signal box locking room on the up platform , the small waiting shelter on the down platform , and the goods shed . Ticket sales were low , 4,500 annually in 1928 , dropping to less than 2,000 in 1936 ; freight dropped in a similar way over the same period . The station layout did not change until the station siding was taken out of use in December 1965 . The station was unstaffed from 6 December 1965 and closed on 3 October 1966 . The station buildings and goods shed survive largely unchanged . There are two large car parks on the outskirts of the village . The village is served by Western Greyhound 's 584 bus service from Wadebridge to Camelford which runs five times daily in each direction , except for Sundays . A summer Sunday service provides up to four return journeys . Newquay Cornwall Airport , located in Newquay , is the closest airport to the village . Places of worship ( edit ) The church of St Peter was built as a chapel - of - ease in the parish of St Endellion in 1882 -- 84 ; Port Isaac became a separate parish in 1913 , though more recently it has returned to St Endellion parish . The church is built of granite and stone and the style adopted was Early English . A former Methodist chapel converted into a pottery and art gallery The village has had three Nonconformist places of worship : the oldest was a Quaker meeting house , 1806 ; from 1832 it was used by the Baptists but was converted to a dwelling house in 1871 . The United Methodist chapel ( 1846 ) and the Wesleyan Methodist chapel are both now closed . The nearest Roman Catholic church is in Tintagel . Film location ( edit ) View of Doc Martin 's fictional home , which is actually `` Fern Cottage '' shown in the centre of the picture Locations in and around the village have been used for a number of films and television series , including : Poldark ( 1975 -- 77 ) , a BBC television series , used locations in the area . Tarry - Dan Tarry - Dan Scarey Old Spooky Man ( 1978 ) , BBC supernatural play . The Nightmare Man ( 1981 ) , BBC drama serial , filmed in and around the village -- which doubled for a Scottish island . Oscar and Lucinda ( 1997 ) , film . Saving Grace ( 2000 ) , a comedy film , was filmed in and around the village . DIY SOS ( 2001 ) , featured the village hall being decorated . Doc Martin ( 2004 -- present ) , ITV series , seven series filmed in the port ( using the fictional name of `` Portwenn '' ; also used in the Sky Pictures movies Doc Martin and Doc Martin and the Legend of the Cloutie under its true name , `` Port Isaac '' ) . The Shell Seekers ( 2005 ) , a television production with Vanessa Redgrave , where the village was used as the backdrop and many scenes were shot in the main street . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Place - names in the Standard Written Form ( SWF ) : List of place - names agreed by the MAGA Signage Panel . Cornish Language Partnership . Jump up ^ `` Must see fishing villages in Cornwall '' . Travel Daily News . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Clegg , David ( 2005 ) Cornwall & the Isles of Scilly . Leicester : Matador ; pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ British Listed Buildings -- Endellion Parish Jump up ^ -- Port Isaac office website Jump up ^ RNLI Website -- RNLI Press release Jump up ^ `` Port Isaac article in Genuki '' . Genuki . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Port Isaac . Port Isaac website Information on Port Isaac lifeboat station Ceremonial county of Cornwall Cornwall Portal Unitary authorities Cornwall Council Council of the Isles of Scilly Major settlements Bodmin Bude Callington Camborne Camelford Falmouth Fowey Hayle Helston Launceston Liskeard Looe Lostwithiel Marazion Newlyn Newquay Padstow Par Penryn Penzance Porthleven Redruth Saltash St Austell St Blazey St Columb Major St Ives St Just in Penwith St Mawes Stratton Torpoint Truro Wadebridge See also : List of civil parishes in Cornwall Rivers Allen Camel Cober De Lank Fal Fowey Gannel Gover Hayle Helford Inny Kensey Lerryn Looe Lynher Menalhyl Ottery Par Pont Pill Port Navas Red Seaton St Austell Tamar Tiddy Truro Valency full list ... Topics History Status debate Flag Culture Economy Places Population of major settlements Demography Notable people The Duchy Diocese Politics Schools Hundreds / shires Places of interest full list ... History of fishing History History of fishing Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture Chasse - marée Fishing in Cornwall Fishery Protection Squadron Fishing stage Garum Harold Innis and the cod fishery Migratory Fishery of Labrador Munster pilchard fishery 1570 -- 1750 Pearling in Western Australia S'Argamassa Roman fish farm Scania Market Scottish east coast fishery Traditional fishing boat Conflicts Bering Sea Arbitration Cod Wars Crab Wars Lobster War Newlyn riots Oyster Wars Shetland bus Turbot War Disasters and memorials 1959 Escuminac disaster 2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster Eyemouth disaster Moray Firth fishing disaster Steveston Fisherman 's Memorial Stotfield fishing disaster ( hide ) Historic fishing villages and communities Fishing villages Akwidaa Algajola Ardglass Bermeo Bethsaida Bolungarvík Cadgwith Catalan Bay Chorkor Ciboure Clovelly Cullercoats Dunmore East Ea Elantxobe Findon Getaria Gilleleje Grip Guéthary Gümüşlük Hondarribia Hovden Huanchaco Kaunolu Village Ladner Lamorna Lekeitio Marsaxlokk Moskenes Mundaka Mutriku Newhaven Nyksund Old Perlican Ondarroa Ona Orio Pasaia Peggys Cove Pittenweem Plentzia Po Toi O Polperro Port Isaac Portavogie Portmahomack Portofino Red Bay Reine Sa Riera St Abbs Saint - Jean - de-Luz Saint Malo Sayulita Sigri Staithes Steveston Súðavík Suðureyri Tai O Tilting Trinity Udappu Vernazza Walraversijde Zumaia more ... Communities Atlit Yam Bhoi Hạ Long Bay Lofoten Makassan Newfoundland outports Póvoa de Varzim Sørvágur Tlingit Uros Vezo more ... List of fishing villages Glossary Index Outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Isaac&oldid=800079636 '' Categories : Villages in Cornwall Fishing communities in England Fishing villages Populated coastal places in Cornwall Hidden categories : EngvarB from June 2016 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Articles containing Cornish - language text Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 11 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Isaac
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what is the black hawk helicopter used for
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Sikorsky UH - 60 Black Hawk
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sikorsky uh - 60 black hawk
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UH - 60 Black Hawk A UH - 60 Black Hawk from the 2nd Cavalry Regiment of United States Army Europe . Role Utility helicopter Manufacturer Sikorsky Aircraft First flight 17 October 1974 Introduction 1979 Status In service Primary users United States Army Japan Self Defense Forces Colombian Armed Forces Republic of Korea Armed Forces Produced 1974 -- present Number built about 4,000 Unit cost UH - 60 : US $21.3 million ( avg . U.S. procurement , 2012 ) Developed from Sikorsky S - 70 Variants Sikorsky SH - 60 Seahawk Sikorsky HH - 60 Pave Hawk Sikorsky HH - 60 Jayhawk Mitsubishi H - 60 The Sikorsky UH - 60 Black Hawk is a four - bladed , twin - engine , medium - lift utility helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft . Sikorsky submitted the S - 70 design for the United States Army 's Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System ( UTTAS ) competition in 1972 . The Army designated the prototype as the YUH - 60A and selected the Black Hawk as the winner of the program in 1976 , after a fly - off competition with the Boeing Vertol YUH - 61 . Named after the Native American war leader Black Hawk , the UH - 60A entered service with the U.S. Army in 1979 , to replace the Bell UH - 1 Iroquois as the Army 's tactical transport helicopter . This was followed by the fielding of electronic warfare and special operations variants of the Black Hawk . Improved UH - 60L and UH - 60M utility variants have also been developed . Modified versions have also been developed for the U.S. Navy , Air Force , and Coast Guard . In addition to U.S. Army use , the UH - 60 family has been exported to several nations . Black Hawks have served in combat during conflicts in Grenada , Panama , Iraq , Somalia , the Balkans , Afghanistan , and other areas in the Middle East . Contents 1 Development 1.1 Initial requirement 1.2 Upgrades and variations 2 Design 3 Operational history 3.1 Australia 3.2 Brazil 3.3 China ( People 's Republic of China ) 3.4 Taiwan ( Republic of China ) 3.5 Colombia 3.6 Israel 3.7 Mexico 3.8 Slovakia 3.9 Sweden 3.10 Turkey 3.11 United States 3.12 Other and potential users 4 Variants 4.1 Utility variants 4.2 Special purpose 4.3 Export versions 4.4 S - 70A 5 Military operators 6 Accidents 7 Specifications ( UH - 60L ) 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Citations 9.3 Bibliography 10 External links Development ( edit ) Initial requirement ( edit ) In the late 1960s , the United States Army began forming requirements for a helicopter to replace the UH - 1 Iroquois , and designated the program as the Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System ( UTTAS ) . The Army also initiated the development of a new , common turbine engine for its helicopters that would become the General Electric T700 . Based on experience in Vietnam , the Army required significant performance , survivability and reliability improvements from both UTTAS and the new powerplant . The Army released its UTTAS request for proposals ( RFP ) in January 1972 . The RFP also included air transport requirements . Transport aboard the C - 130 limited the UTTAS cabin height and length . The UTTAS requirements for improved reliability , survivability and lower life - cycle costs resulted in features such as dual - engines with improved hot and high altitude performance , and a modular design ( reduced maintenance footprint ) ; run - dry gearboxes ; ballistically tolerant , redundant subsystems ( hydraulic , electrical and flight controls ) ; crashworthy crew ( armored ) and troop seats ; dual - stage oleo main landing gear ; ballistically tolerant , crashworthy main structure ; quieter , more robust main and tail rotor systems ; and a ballistically tolerant , crashworthy fuel system . UH - 60A Black Hawks over Port Salinas during the invasion of Grenada , 1983 . The conflict saw the first use of the UH - 60 in combat . Four prototypes were constructed , with the first YUH - 60A flying on 17 October 1974 . Prior to delivery of the prototypes to the US Army , a preliminary evaluation was conducted in November 1975 to ensure the aircraft could be operated safely during all testing . Three of the prototypes were delivered to the Army in March 1976 , for evaluation against the rival Boeing - Vertol design , the YUH - 61A , and one was kept by Sikorsky for internal research . The Army selected the UH - 60 for production in December 1976 . Deliveries of the UH - 60A to the Army began in October 1978 and the helicopter entered service in June 1979 . Upgrades and variations ( edit ) After entering service , the helicopter was modified for new missions and roles , including mine laying and medical evacuation . An EH - 60 variant was developed to conduct electronic warfare and special operations aviation developed the MH - 60 variant to support its missions . Due to weight increases from the addition of mission equipment and other changes , the Army ordered the improved UH - 60L in 1987 . The new model incorporated all of the modifications made to the UH - 60A fleet as standard design features . The UH - 60L also featured more power and lifting capability with upgraded T700 - GE - 701C engines and a stronger gearbox , both developed for the SH - 60B Seahawk . Its external lift capacity increased by 1,000 lb ( 450 kg ) up to 9,000 lb ( 4,100 kg ) . The UH - 60L also incorporated the automatic flight control system ( AFCS ) from the SH - 60 for better flight control due to handling issues with the more powerful engines . Production of the L - model began in 1989 . UH - 60s equipped with machine guns near An Najaf , Iraq in May 2005 . Development of the next improved variant , the UH - 60M , was approved in 2001 , to extend the service life of the UH - 60 design into the 2020s . The UH - 60M incorporates upgraded T700 - GE - 701D engines , improved rotor blades , and state of the art electronic instrumentation , flight controls and aircraft navigation control . After the U.S. DoD approved low - rate initial production of the new variant , manufacturing began in 2006 , with the first of 22 new UH - 60Ms delivered in July 2006 . After an initial operational evaluation , the Army approved full - rate production and a five - year contract for 1,227 helicopters in December 2007 . By March 2009 , 100 UH - 60M helicopters had been delivered to the Army . In November 2014 , US military ordered 102 aircraft of various H - 60 types , worth $1.3 billion . Following an operation in May 2011 , it emerged that the 160th SOAR used a secret version of the UH - 60 modified with low - observable technology which enabled it to evade Pakistani radar . Analysis of the tail section , the only remaining part of the aircraft which crashed during the operation , revealed extra blades on the tail rotor and other noise reduction measures , making the craft much quieter than conventional UH - 60s . The aircraft appeared to include features like special high - tech materials , harsh angles , and flat surfaces found only in stealth jets . Low observable versions of the Black Hawk have been studied as far back as the mid-1970s . In September 2012 , Sikorsky was awarded a Combat Tempered Platform Demonstration ( CTPD ) contract to further improve the Black Hawk 's durability and survivability . The company is to develop new technologies such as a zero - vibration system , adaptive flight control laws , advanced fire management , a more durable main rotor , full - spectrum crashworthiness , and damage tolerant airframe ; then they are to transition them to the helicopter . Improvements to the Black Hawk are to continue until the Future Vertical Lift program is ready to replace it . In December 2014 , the 101st Airborne Division began testing of new resupply equipment called the Enhanced Speed Bag System ( ESBS ) . Soldiers pinned down in the field requiring quick resupply have depended on speed bags , bags filled with items airdropped from a UH - 60 . However , all systems were ad - hoc with bags not made to keep things secure from impacts , so up to half of the airdropped items would be damaged upon hitting the ground . Started in 2011 , the ESBS sought to standardize the airdrop resupply method and keep up to 90 percent of supplies intact . The system includes a hands - free reusable linear brake and expendable speed line and multipurpose cargo bag ; when the bag is deployed , the brake applies friction to the rope , slowing it down enough to keep the bag oriented down on the padded base , a honeycomb and foam kit inside to dissipate energy . The ESBS not only better protects helicopter - dropped supplies , it allows the Black Hawk to fly higher above the ground , 100 ft ( 30 m ) up from 10 feet , while traveling 20 knots ( 23 mph ; 37 km / h ) , limiting exposure to ground fire . Each bag can weigh 125 -- 200 lb ( 57 -- 91 kg ) and up to six can be deployed at once , dropping 40 -- 50 feet per second ( 12 -- 15 m / s ) . Since supplies can be delivered more accurately and the system can be automatically released on its own , the ESBS can enable autonomous resupply from unmanned helicopters . Design ( edit ) UH - 60A Black Hawk parked on flight line The UH - 60 features four - blade main and tail rotors , and is powered by two General Electric T700 turboshaft engines . The main rotor is fully articulated and has elastomeric bearings in the rotor head . The tail rotor is canted and features a rigid crossbeam . The helicopter has a long , low profile shape to meet the Army 's requirement for transporting aboard a C - 130 Hercules , with some disassembly . It can carry 11 troops with equipment , lift 2,600 pounds ( 1,200 kg ) of cargo internally or 9,000 pounds ( 4,100 kg ) of cargo ( for UH - 60L / M ) externally by sling . The Black Hawk helicopter series can perform a wide array of missions , including the tactical transport of troops , electronic warfare , and aeromedical evacuation . A VIP version known as the VH - 60N is used to transport important government officials ( e.g. , Congress , Executive departments ) with the helicopter 's call sign of `` Marine One '' when transporting the President of the United States . In air assault operations , it can move a squad of 11 combat troops or reposition a 105 mm M119 howitzer with 30 rounds ammunition , and a four - man crew in a single lift . The Black Hawk is equipped with advanced avionics and electronics for increased survivability and capability , such as the Global Positioning System . A view of a UH - 60L cockpit The UH - 60 can be equipped with stub wings at the top of fuselage to carry fuel tanks or various armaments . The initial stub wing system is called External Stores Support System ( ESSS ) . It has two pylons on each wing to carry two 230 US gal ( 870 L ) and two 450 US gal ( 1,700 L ) tanks in total . The four fuel tanks and associated lines and valves form the external extended range fuel system ( ERFS ) . U.S. Army UH - 60s have had their ESSS modified into the crashworthy external fuel system ( CEFS ) configuration , replacing the older tanks with up to four total 200 US gal ( 760 L ) crashworthy tanks along with self - sealing fuel lines . The ESSS can also carry 10,000 lb ( 4,500 kg ) of armament such as rockets , missiles and gun pods . The ESSS entered service in 1986 . However , it was found that the four fuel tanks obstruct the field of fire for the door guns ; thus , the external tank system ( ETS ) , carrying two fuel tanks on the stub wings , was developed . The unit cost of the H - 60 models varies due to differences in specifications , equipment and quantities . For example , the unit cost of the Army 's UH - 60L Black Hawk is $5.9 million while the unit cost of the Air Force HH - 60G Pave Hawk is $10.2 million . Operational history ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Australia has 34 Black Hawks as of 2015 . It has deployed the aircraft to East Timor and the Solomon Islands . It did not deploy Black Hawks to Afghanistan because Angus Houston , the then - defence chief , advised the government that the aircraft lacked armour and self - defence systems . Brazil ( edit ) Brazilian Air Force UH - 60L Brazil received four UH - 60L helicopters in 1997 , for the Brazilian Army peacekeeping forces . It received six UH - 60Ls configured for special forces , and search and rescue use in 2008 . It ordered ten more UH - 60Ls in 2009 ; deliveries began in March 2011 . China ( People 's Republic of China ) ( edit ) In December 1983 , examples of the Aerospatiale AS - 332 Super Puma , Bell 214ST SuperTransport and Sikorsky S - 70A - 5 ( N3124B ) were airlifted to Lhasa for testing . These demonstrations included take - offs and landings at altitudes to 17,000 feet ( 5,200 m ) and en route operations to 24,000 feet ( 7,300 m ) . At the end of this testing , the People 's Liberation Army Air Force purchased 24 S - 70C - 2s , equipped with more powerful GE T700 - 701A engines for improved high - altitude performance . While designated as civil variants of the S - 70 for export purposes , they are operated by the People 's Liberation Army Air Force . Taiwan ( Republic of China ) ( edit ) Taiwan S - 70C Taiwan operated S - 70C - 1 / 1A after the Republic of China Air Force received ten S - 70C - 1A and four S - 70C - 1 Bluehawk helicopters in June 1986 , for Search And Rescue . Four further S - 70C - 6s were received in April 1998 . The ROC Navy received the first of ten S - 70C ( M ) - 1s in July 1990 . 11 S - 70C ( M ) - 2s were received beginning April 2000 . In January 2010 , the US announced a Foreign Military Sale of 60 UH - 60Ms to Taiwan for the ROC Army . Colombia ( edit ) Colombia first received UH - 60s from the United States in 1987 . The Colombian National Police , Colombian Air Force , and Colombian Army use UH - 60s to transport troops and supplies to places which are difficult to access by land for counter-insurgency ( COIN ) operations against drug and guerrilla organizations , for search and rescue , and for medical evacuation . Colombia also operates a militarized gunship version of the UH - 60 , with stub wings , locally known as Arpía ( English : Harpy ) . The Colombian Army became the first worldwide operator of the S - 70i with Terrain Awareness and Warning Capability ( HTAWS ) after taking delivery of the first two units on 13 August 2013 . In March 2017 , the National Police of Colombia ordered 10 additional UH - 60 helicopters that will increase their total to 19 helicopters in operation . Israel ( edit ) Israel Air Force UH - 60 Yanshuf The Israeli Air Force ( IAF ) received 10 surplus UH - 60A Black Hawks from the United States in August 1994 . Named Yanshuf ( English : Owl ) by the IAF , the UH - 60A began replacing Bell 212 utility helicopters . The IAF first used the UH - 60s in combat during 1996 in southern Lebanon in Operation `` Grapes of Wrath '' against the Hezbollah . Mexico ( edit ) The Mexican Air Force ordered its first two UH - 60Ls in 1991 , to transport special forces units , and another four in 1994 . In July and August 2009 , the Federal Police used UH - 60s in attacks on drug traffickers . In August 2011 , the Mexican Navy received three upgraded and navalized UH - 60M . On 21 April 2014 , the U.S. State Department approved the sale of 18 UH - 60Ms to Mexico pending approval from Congress . In September 2014 , Sikorsky received a $203.6 million firm - fixed - price contract modification for the 18 UH - 60 designated for the Mexican Air Force . Slovakia ( edit ) In February 2015 , the U.S. State Department approved a possible Foreign Military Sale of nine UH - 60Ms with associated equipment and support to Slovakia and sent to Congress for its approval . In April 2015 , Slovakia 's government approved the procurement of nine UH - 60Ms along with training and support . In September 2015 , Sikorsky was contracted for four UH - 60Ms and equipment for Slovakia . In June 2017 the first 2 UH - 60Ms were delivered . By late 2019 Slovakia is to have 9 UH - 60Ms in total that will replace the old Soviet Mil Mi - 17s . Sweden ( edit ) Sweden requested 15 UH - 60M helicopters by Foreign Military Sale in September 2010 . The UH - 60Ms were ordered in May 2011 , and deliveries began in January 2012 . In March 2013 , Swedish ISAF forces began using Black Hawks in Afghanistan for MEDEVAC purposes . The UH - 60Ms are to be fully operational by 2017 . Turkey ( edit ) A Turkish Land Forces UH - 60 inside of a Boeing C - 17 Globemaster III while being transported to Afghanistan in order to support Operation Enduring Freedom . Turkey has operated the UH - 60 during NATO deployments to Afghanistan and the Balkans . The UH - 60 has also been used in counter-terror / internal security operations . The Black Hawk competed against the AgustaWestland AW149 in the Turkish General Use Helicopter Tender , to order up to 115 helicopters and produce many of them indigenously , with Turkish Aerospace Industries responsible for final integration and assembly . On 21 April 2011 , Turkey announced the selection of Sikorsky 's T - 70 . In the course of the coup d'état attempt in Turkey on 15 July 2016 , eight Turkish military personnel of various ranks landed in Greece ′ s northeastern city of Alexandroupolis on board the Black Hawk helicopter and claimed political asylum in Greece . The helicopter was returned to Turkey shortly thereafter . United States ( edit ) U.S. Army MH - 60L during the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993 The UH - 60 entered service with the U.S. Army 's 101st Combat Aviation Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division in June 1979 . The U.S. military first used the UH - 60 in combat during the invasion of Grenada in 1983 , and again in the invasion of Panama in 1989 . During the Gulf War in 1991 , the UH - 60 participated in the largest air assault mission in U.S. Army history with over 300 helicopters involved . Two UH - 60s ( 89 - 26214 and 78 - 23015 ) were shot down , both on 27 February 1991 , while performing Combat Search and Rescue of other downed aircrews , an F - 16C pilot and the crew of a MEDEVAC UH - 1H that were shot down earlier that day . In 1993 , Black Hawks featured prominently in the assault on Mogadishu in Somalia . Black Hawks also saw action in the Balkans and Haiti in the 1990s . U.S. Army UH - 60s and other helicopters conducted many air assault and other support missions during the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The UH - 60 has continued to serve in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq . Customs and Border Protection Office of Air and Marine ( OAM ) uses the UH - 60 in its operations specifically along the southwest border . The Black Hawk has been used by OAM to interdict illegal entry into the U.S. Additionally , OAM regularly uses the UH - 60 in search and rescue operations . Highly modified H - 60s were employed during the U.S. Special Operations mission that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden on 1 May 2011 . One such MH - 60 helicopter crash - landed during the operation , and was destroyed by the team before it departed in the other MH - 60 and a backup MH - 47 Chinook with bin Laden 's remains . Two MH - 47s were used for the mission to refuel the two MH - 60s and as backups . News media reported that the Pakistani government granted the Chinese military access to the wreckage of the crashed ' stealth ' UH - 60 variant in Abbotabad ; Pakistan and China denied the reports , and the U.S. Government has not confirmed Chinese access . Other and potential users ( edit ) The United Arab Emirates requested 14 UH - 60M helicopters and associated equipment in September 2008 , through Foreign Military Sale . It had received 20 UH - 60Ls by November 2010 . Bahrain ordered nine UH - 60Ms in 2007 . In November 2009 , the Iraqi government requested the sale of up to 27 light and medium utility helicopters , including 12 UH - 60Ms . In December 2011 , the Royal Brunei Air Force ordered twelve S - 70i helicopters , which are similar to the UH - 60M ; four aircraft had been received by December 2013 . On 12 June 2012 , the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress that Qatar requested the purchase of twelve UH - 60Ms , engines , and associated equipment . On 25 February 2013 , the Indonesian Army announced its interest in buying UH - 60 Black Hawks as part of its effort to modernize its weaponry . The army wants them for combating terrorism , transnational crime , and insurgency to secure the archipelago . On 27 May 2014 , Croatian Defence Minister Ante Kotromanović announced the beginning of negotiations for the purchase of 15 used Black Hawks . On 12 October 2018 , the US via Ambassador Robert Kohorst donated two UH - 60M helicopters with associated equipment and crew training to Croatia 's Ministry of Defence . The helicopters are to be delivered in 2020 . Tunisia requested 12 armed UH - 60M helicopters in July 2014 through Foreign Military Sale . In August 2014 , the U.S. ambassador stated that the U.S. `` will soon make available '' the UH - 60Ms to Tunisia . On 23 January 2015 , the Malaysian Defence Minister Hishammuddin Hussein confirmed that Royal Malaysian Air Force ( RMAF ) is receiving S - 70A Blackhawks from the Brunei government . These helicopters , believed to be four in total , were expected to be transferred to Malaysia by September with M134D miniguns added . The four Blackhawks were delivered to Royal Brunei Air Force ( RBAF ) in 1999 . In 2018 , Latvia requested to buy four UH - 60M Black Hawk helicopters with associated equipment for an estimated cost of $200 million . On 3 August 2018 , the State Department approved the possible Foreign Military Sale . The Defense Security Cooperation Agency delivered the required certification notifying Congress of the possible sale . Variants ( edit ) The UH - 60 comes in many variants , and many different modifications . The U.S. Army variants can be fitted with the stub wings to carry additional fuel tanks or weapons . Variants may have different capabilities and equipment to fulfill different roles . Utility variants ( edit ) Six UH - 60L Black Hawks from B Company `` Lancers '' , 5th Battalion , 101st Aviation Regiment , on an air assault mission in Iraq U.S. Army UH - 60A MEDEVAC evacuating simulated casualties during a training exercise A UH - 60A Black Hawk taking off for a training flight in 2018 . YUH - 60A : Initial test and evaluation version for U.S. Army . First flight on 17 October 1974 ; three built . UH - 60A Black Hawk : Original U.S. Army version , carrying a crew of four and up to 11 equipped troops . Equipped with T700 - GE - 700 engines . Produced 1977 -- 1989 . U.S. Army is equipping UH - 60As with more powerful T700 - GE - 701D engines and also upgrading A-models to UH - 60L standard . UH - 60C Black Hawk : Modified version for command and control ( C2 ) missions . CH - 60E : Proposed troop transport variant for the U.S. Marine Corps . UH - 60L Black Hawk : UH - 60A with upgraded T700 - GE - 701C engines , improved durability gearbox , and updated flight control system . Produced 1989 -- 2007 . UH - 60Ls are also being equipped with the GE T700 - GE - 701D engine . The U.S. Army Corpus Christi Army Depot is upgrading UH - 60A helicopters to the UH - 60L configuration . In July 2018 , Sierra Nevada Corporation proposed upgrading some converted UH - 60L helicopters for the U.S. Air Force 's UH - 1N replacement program . UH - 60V Black Hawk : Upgraded version of the UH - 60L with the electronic displays ( glass cockpit ) of the UH - 60M . Upgrades performed by Northrop Grumman featuring a centralized processor with a partitioned , modular operational flight program enabling capabilities to be added as software - only modifications . UH - 60M Black Hawk : Improved design wide chord rotor blades , T700 - GE - 701D engines ( max 2,000 shp or 1,500 kW each ) , improved durability gearbox , Integrated Vehicle Health Management System ( IVHMS ) computer , and new glass cockpit . Production began in 2006 . Planned to replace older U.S. Army UH - 60s . UH - 60M Upgrade Black Hawk : UH - 60M with fly - by - wire system and Common Avionics Architecture System ( CAAS ) cockpit suite . Flight testing began in August 2008 . Special purpose ( edit ) EH - 60A Black Hawk : UH - 60A with modified electrical system and stations for two electronic systems mission operators . All examples of type have been converted back to standard UH - 60A configuration . YEH - 60B Black Hawk : UH - 60A modified for special radar and avionics installations , prototype for stand - off target acquisition system . EH - 60C Black Hawk : UH - 60A modified with special electronics equipment and external antenna . ( All examples of type have been taken back to standard UH - 60A configuration . ) EUH - 60L ( no official name assigned ) : UH - 60L modified with additional mission electronic equipment for Army Airborne C2 . EH - 60L Black Hawk : EH - 60A with major mission equipment upgrade . UH - 60Q Black Hawk : UH - 60A modified for medical evacuation . The UH - 60Q is named DUSTOFF for `` dedicated unhesitating service to our fighting forces '' . HH - 60L ( no official name assigned ) : UH - 60L extensively modified with medical mission equipment . Components include an external rescue hoist , integrated patient configuration system , environmental control system , on - board oxygen system ( OBOGS ) , and crashworthy ambulatory seats . HH - 60M Black Hawk : UH - 60M with medical mission equipment ( medevac version ) for U.S. Army . HH - 60U : USAF UH - 60M version modified with an electro - optical sensor and rescue hoist . Three in use by Air Force pilots and special mission aviators since 2011 . Has 85 % commonality with the HH - 60W . HH - 60W : Modified version of the UH - 60M for the U.S. Air Force as a Combat Rescue Helicopter to replace HH - 60G Pave Hawks with greater fuel capacity and more internal cabin space , dubbed the `` 60 - Whiskey '' . Deliveries to begin in 2019 . Aeromedical configuration MH - 60A Black Hawk : 30 UH - 60As modified with additional avionics , night vision capable cockpit , FLIR , M134 door guns , internal auxiliary fuel tanks and other Special Operations mission equipment in early 1980s for U.S. Army . Equipped with T700 - GE - 701 engines . Variant was used by the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment . The MH - 60As were replaced by MH - 60Ls beginning in the early 1990s and passed to the Air National Guard . MH - 60K Black Hawk : Special operations modification first ordered in 1988 for use by the U.S. Army 's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ( `` Night Stalkers '' ) . Equipped with the in - flight refueling probe , and T700 - GE - 701C engines . More advanced than the MH - 60L , the K - model also includes an integrated avionics system ( glass cockpit ) , AN / APQ - 174B terrain - following radar , color weather map , improved weapons capability , and various defensive systems . MH - 60L Black Hawk : Special operations modification , used by the U.S. Army 's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ( `` Night Stalkers '' ) , based on the UH - 60L with T700 - 701C engines . It was developed as an interim version in the late 1980s pending fielding of the MH - 60K . Equipped with many of the systems used on MH - 60K , including FLIR , color weather map , auxiliary fuel system , and laser rangefinder / designator . A total of 37 MH - 60Ls were built and some 10 had received an in - flight refueling probe by 2003 . MH - 60L DAP : The Direct Action Penetrator ( DAP ) is a special operations modification of the baseline MH - 60L , operated by the U.S. Army 's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment . The DAP is configured as a gunship , with no troop - carrying capacity . The DAP is equipped with ESSS or ETS stub wings , each capable of carrying configurations of the M230 Chain Gun 30 mm automatic cannon , 19 - shot Hydra 70 rocket pod , AGM - 114 Hellfire missiles , AIM - 92 Stinger air - to - air missiles , GAU - 19 gun pods , and M134 minigun pods , M134D miniguns are used as door guns . MH - 60M Black Hawk : Special operations version of UH - 60M for U.S. Army . Features the Rockwell Collins Common Avionics Architecture System ( CAAS ) glass cockpit and more powerful YT706 - GE - 700 engines . All special operations Black Hawks to be moderized to MH - 60M standard by 2015 . MH - 60 Black Hawk stealth helicopter : One of two ( known ) specially modified MH - 60s used in the raid on Osama bin Laden 's hideout in Pakistan on 1 May 2011 was damaged in a hard landing , and was subsequently destroyed by U.S. forces . Subsequent reports state that the Black Hawk destroyed was a previously unconfirmed , but rumored , modification of the design with reduced noise signature and stealth technology . The modifications are said to add several hundred pounds to the base helicopter including edge alignment panels , special coatings and anti-radar treatments for the windshields . VH - 60Ns used to transport the President of the United States UH - 60A RASCAL : NASA - modified version for the Rotorcraft - Aircrew Systems Concepts Airborne Laboratory ; a US $25 M program for the study of helicopter maneuverability in three programs , Superaugmented Controls for Agile Maneuvering Performance ( SCAMP ) , Automated Nap - of - the - Earth ( ANOE ) and Rotorcraft Agility and Pilotage Improvement Demonstration ( RAPID ) . The UH - 60A RASCAL performed a fully autonomous flight on 5 November 2012 . U.S. Army personnel were on board , but the flying was done by the helicopter . During a two - hour flight , the Black Hawk featured terrain sensing , trajectory generation , threat avoidance , and autonomous flight control . It was fitted with a 3D - LZ laser detection and ranging ( LADAR ) system . The autonomous flight was performed between 200 and 400 feet . Upon landing , the onboard technology was able to pinpoint a safe landing zone , hover , and safely bring itself down . OPBH : On 11 March 2014 , Sikorsky successfully conducted the first flight demonstration of their Optionally Piloted Black Hawk ( OPBH ) , a milestone part of the company 's Manned / Unmanned Resupply Aerial Lifter ( MURAL ) program to provide autonomous cargo delivery for the U.S. Army . The helicopter used the company 's Matrix technology ( software to improve features of autonomous , optionally - piloted VTOL aircraft ) to perform autonomous hover and flight operations under the control of an operator using a man - portable Ground Control Station ( GCS ) . The MURAL program is a cooperative effort between Sikorsky , the US Army Aviation Development Directorate ( ADD ) , and the US Army Utility Helicopters Project Office ( UH PO ) . The purpose of creating an optionally - manned Black Hawk is to make the aircraft autonomously carry out resupply missions and expeditionary operations , while increasing sorties and maintaining crew rest requirements and leaving pilots to focus more on sensitive operations . VH - 60D Night Hawk : VIP - configured HH - 60D , used for Presidential transport by USMC . T700 - GE - 401C engines . Variant was later redesignated VH - 60N . VH - 60N White Hawk : Modified UH - 60A with some features from the SH - 60B / F Seahawks . It is used for Presidential and VIP transport by USMC . It entered service in 1988 and nine were delivered . Export versions ( edit ) UH - 60J Black Hawk : Variant for the Japanese Air Self Defense Force and Maritime Self Defense Force produced under license by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries . Also known as the S - 70 - 12 . UH - 60JA Black Hawk : Variant for the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force . It is license produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries . AH - 60L Arpía : Export version for Colombia developed by Elbit Systems , Sikorsky , and the Colombian Air Force . It is Counter-insurgency ( COIN ) attack version with improved electronics , firing system , FLIR , radar , light rockets and machine guns . AH - 60L Battle Hawk : Export armed version unsuccessfully tendered for Australian Army project AIR87 , similar to AH - 60L Arpía III . Sikorsky has also offered a Battlehawk armed version for export in the form of armament kits and upgrades . Sikorsky 's Armed Black hawk demonstrator has tested a 20 mm turreted cannon , and different guided missiles . The United Arab Emirates ordered Battlehawk kits in 2011 . UH - 60P Black Hawk : Version for South Korea army , based on UH - 60L with some improvements . Around 150 were produced under license by Korean Air . S - 70A ( edit ) Norwegian soldiers in a UH - 60 S - 70A - 9 in Australian Army service UH - 60L in the Brazilian Army service Sikorsky military model for the export market : S - 70A - 1 Desert Hawk : Export version for the Royal Saudi Land Forces . S - 70A - L1 Desert Hawk : Aeromedical evacuation version for the Royal Saudi Land Forces . S - 70A - 5 Black Hawk : Export version for the Philippine Air Force . S - 70A - 6 Black Hawk : Export version for Thailand . S - 70A - 9 Black Hawk : Export version for Australia , assembled under licence by Hawker de Havilland . First eight delivered to the Royal Australian Air Force , subsequently transferred to the Australian Army ; remainder delivered straight to the Army after rotary - wing assets divested by the Air Force in 1989 . S - 70A - 11 Black Hawk : Export version for the Royal Jordanian Air Force . S - 70A - 12 Black Hawk : Search and rescue model for the Japanese Air Self Defense Force and Maritime Self Defense Force . Also known as the UH - 60J . S - 70A - 14 Black Hawk : Export version for Brunei . S - 70A - 16 Black Hawk : Engine test bed for the Rolls - Royce / Turbomeca RTM 332 . S - 70A - 17 Black Hawk : Export version for Turkey . S - 70A - 18 Black Hawk : UH - 60P and HH - 60P for South Korea built under license . Sikorsky / Westland S - 70 - 19 Black Hawk : This version is built under license in the United Kingdom by Westland . Also known as the WS - 70 . S - 70A - 20 Black Hawk : VIP transport version for Thailand . S - 70A - 21 Black Hawk : Export version for Egypt . S - 70A - 22 Black Hawk : VH - 60P for South Korea built under license . Used for VIP transport by the Republic of Korea Air Force . Its fuselage is tipped with white to distinguish from normal HH - 60P . S - 70A - 24 Black Hawk : Export version for Mexico . S - 70A - 26 Black Hawk : Export version for Morocco . S - 70A - 27 Black Hawk : Search and rescue version for the Hong Kong Government Flying Service ; three built . S - 70A - 30 Black Hawk : Export version for Argentine Air Force , used as a VIP transport helicopter by the Presidential fleet ; one built . S - 70A - 33 Black Hawk : Export version for Royal Brunei Air Force . S - 70A - 39 Black Hawk : VIP transport version for Chile ; one built . S - 70A - 42 Black Hawk : Export version for Austria . S - 70A - 43 Black Hawk : Export version for Royal Thai Army . S - 70A - 50 Black Hawk : Export version for Israel ; 15 built . S - 70C - 2 Black Hawk : Export version for People 's Republic of China ; 24 built . S - 70i Black Hawk : International military version assembled by Sikorsky 's subsidiary , PZL Mielec in Poland . See Sikorsky SH - 60 Seahawk , Sikorsky HH - 60 Pave Hawk , and Sikorsky HH - 60 Jayhawk for other Sikorsky S - 70 variants . Military operators ( edit ) See Sikorsky SH - 60 Seahawk , Sikorsky HH - 60 Pave Hawk , Sikorsky HH - 60 Jayhawk , and Sikorsky S - 70 for operators of other H - 60 / S - 70 family helicopters An Australian Army S - 70A - 9 Black Hawk Black Hawk of the Colombian Air Force launching flares , 2011 . Japan Ground Self - Defense Force UH - 60JA U.S. Army National Guard UH - 60 Black Hawk with snow - ski kit Swedish Air Force UH - 60M Saudi Arabian National Guard UH - 60 Black Hawk Afghanistan Afghan Air Force - 8 as of January 2018 Australia Australian Army Aviation -- 34 as of 2016 Austria Austrian Air Force -- 9 ( 3 more on order ) as of 2016 Bahrain Royal Bahraini Air Force -- 8 as of 2016 Brazil Brazilian Air Force -- 16 as of 2016 Brazilian Army -- 3 as of 2016 Brazilian Navy ( see SH - 60 Seahawk ) Brunei Royal Brunei Air Force -- 12 ( see S - 70i ) as of 2016 Chile Chilean Air Force -- 3 as of 2018 , with 4 more S - 70i helicopters on order , to be delivered in 2018 and 2019 . People 's Republic of China People 's Liberation Army -- 23 ( see S - 70 ) as of 2016 Colombia Colombian Air Force -- 24 as of 2016 Colombian Army -- 55 as of 2016 Croatia Croatian Air Force - 2 UH - 60M by 2020 Egypt Egyptian Air Force -- 2 as of 2016 Unit 777 Israel Israeli Air Force -- 48 as of 2016 Japan Japan Air Self - Defence Force -- 35 UH - 60J ( see Mitsubishi H - 60 ) as of 2016 Air Rescue Wing Japan Ground Self - Defence Force -- 36 UH - 60JA ( see Mitsubishi H - 60 ) as of 2016 Japan Maritime Self - Defence Force -- 112 SH - 60J / K ( see Mitsubishi H - 60 ) as of 2016 Jordan Royal Jordanian Air Force -- 22 as of January 2018 Malaysia Royal Malaysian Air Force ( former operator ) as of 2016 Mexico Mexican Air Force -- 4 as of 2016 Mexican Navy -- 3 as of 2016 Morocco Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie -- 2 Philippines Philippine Air Force ( former operator ) as of 2016 South Korea Republic of Korea Air Force -- 29 as of 2016 Republic of Korea Army -- 68 as of 2016 Republic of Korea Navy -- 8 as of 2016 Saudi Arabia Royal Saudi Land Forces -- 43 as of 2016 Saudi Arabian National Guard -- 20 as of 2016 Slovakia Slovak Air Force -- 4 UH - 60Ms delivered as of 2018 with 5 remaining on order Sweden Swedish Air Force -- 15 as of 2016 Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Republic of China Air Force -- 13 as of 2016 Republic of China Army -- 8 as of 2016 ( 24 more on order ) Republic of China Navy -- 18 as of 2016 Thailand Royal Thai Army -- 10 as of 2016 Tunisia Tunisian Air Force - 4 UH - 60M as of 2017 ( 8 more on order ) Turkey Turkish Air Force ( 6 T - 70s on order ) as of 2016 Turkish Army 58 with 31 more T - 70s on order as of 2016 United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Air Force -- 59 as of 2016 United States United States Air Force -- ( see HH - 60 Pave Hawk ) United States Army -- 2,146 as of 2016 United States Marine Corps ( VH - 60 `` White Hawk '' , see Marine One and HMX - 1 ) Accidents ( edit ) For accidents involving other Japanese H - 60 helicopters , see Mitsubishi H - 60 § Accidents . On 14 April 1994 two US Army UH - 60 Black Hawks in northern Iraq were shot down by mistake by US Air Force F - 15s patrolling the northern no - fly zone that had been imposed after the 1991 Gulf War . 26 crew and passengers were killed . On 12 June 1996 , the Australian Special Air Service Regiment was conducting counter terrorist training in the High Range area near Townsville , North Queensland , Australia . During night insertion exercises with 5 Aviation Regiment , two S - 70A - 9 Black Hawks collided and three army air crew and fifteen SAS Regiment personnel were killed . On 10 March 2015 , a UH - 60 from Eglin Air Force Base crashed off the coast of the Florida Panhandle near the base . All 11 on board were believed killed . Specifications ( UH - 60L ) ( edit ) Data from Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes , International Directory , Black Hawk General characteristics Crew : 2 pilots ( flight crew ) with 2 crew chiefs / gunners Capacity : 2,640 lb ( 1,200 kg ) of cargo internally , including 11 troops or 6 stretchers , or 9,000 lb ( 4,100 kg ) ( UH - 60L ) of cargo externally Length : 64 ft 10 in ( 19.76 m ) Fuselage length : 50 ft 1 in ( 15.27 m ) Fuselage width : 7 ft 9 in ( 2.36 m ) ) Rotor diameter : 53 ft 8 in ( 16.36 m ) Height : 16 ft 10 in ( 5.13 m ) Disc area : 2,260 ft2 ( 210 m2 ) Empty weight : 10,624 lb ( 4,819 kg ) Max . takeoff weight : 23,500 lb ( 10,660 kg ) Rotational speed : Engine 20,900 RPM , main rotor 258 RPM ( gear ratio 81 : 1 ) Powerplant : 2 × General Electric T700 - GE - 701C turboshaft , 1,890 hp ( 1,410 kW ) each Performance Never exceed speed : 193 knots ( 222 mph ; 357 km / h ) Maximum speed : 159 kn ( 183 mph ; 294 km / h ) Cruise speed : 150 kn ( 170 mph ; 280 km / h ) Combat radius : 368 mi ( 320 nmi ; 592 km ) Ferry range : 1,380 mi ( 1,200 nmi ; 2,220 km ) with ESSS stub wings and external tanks Service ceiling : 19,000 ft ( 5,790 m ) Rate of climb : 1,315 ft / min ( 4.5 m / s ) Disc loading : 7.19 lb / ft2 ( 35.4 kg / m2 ) Power / mass : 0.192 hp / lb ( 158 W / kg ) Armament Guns : 2 × 7.62 mm ( 0.30 in ) M240 machine guns 2 × 7.62 mm ( 0.30 in ) M134 minigun or 2 × 0.50 in ( 12.7 mm ) GAU - 19 gatling guns Hardpoints : 4 , 2 per ESSS stub wings and provisions to carry combinations of : Rockets : 70 mm ( 2.75 in ) Hydra 70 rockets Missiles : AGM - 114 Hellfire laser guided missiles , AIM - 92 Stinger air - to - air missiles Other : 7.62 mm ( 0.30 in ) , 12.7 mm ( 0.50 in ) , 20 mm ( 0.787 in ) , or 30 mm ( 1.18 in ) M230 gun pods Bombs : Can be equipped with VOLCANO minefield dispersal system . See UH - 60 Armament Subsystems for more information . See also ( edit ) Aviation portal United States Army portal Black Hawk Down Related development Sikorsky S - 70 Sikorsky HH - 60 Pave Hawk Sikorsky HH - 60 Jayhawk Sikorsky SH - 60 Seahawk Piasecki X-49 Sikorsky S - 92 / Sikorsky CH - 148 Cyclone Aircraft of comparable role , configuration and era AgustaWestland AW149 Bell UH - 1 Iroquois Boeing - Vertol YUH - 61 Denel Oryx Eurocopter AS532 Cougar HAL Dhruv Harbin Z - 20 KAI Surion Mil Mi - 8 / Mil Mi - 17 NHIndustries NH90 Related lists List of helicopters List of utility helicopters List of active military aircraft of the United States List of Sikorsky S - 70 Models References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to an Army Times article , `` During the 1990s U.S. Special Operations Command worked with the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works division , which also designed the F - 117 , to refine the radar - evading technology and apply it to the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment 's MH - 60s , ( a retired special operations aviator ) said . USSOCOM awarded a contract to Boeing to modify several MH - 60s to the low - observable design `` in the ' 99 to 2000 timeframe , '' he also said . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky finally gets its own Blackhawk . '' ctpost.com . Retrieved : 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Request : Program Acquisition Costs by Weapon System '' , p. 1 - 13 . '' Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) / CFO . February 2011 . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 , pp. 8 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 , pp. 11 , 39 . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 , pp. 39 , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 , pp. 42 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Eden , Paul . `` Sikorsky H - 60 Black Hawk / Seahawk '' , Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft . Amber Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 904687 - 84 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tomajczyk 2003 , pp. 15 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : Leoni 2007 , pp. 217 -- 218 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon Acquisition Panel Authorizes UH - 60M BLACK HAWK Low Rate Initial Production . '' Sikorsky Aircraft , 4 April 2005 . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 , pp. 233 -- 236 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky Aircraft Delivers First New Production UH - 60M BLACK HAWK Helicopter to U.S. Army . '' Sikorsky Aircraft , 31 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` UH - 60 Black Hawk Sikorsky S - 70A -- Multi-Mission Helicopter . '' Army-Technology.com ' . Retrieved : 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky Aircraft Delivers 100th New Production UH - 60M BLACK HAWK Helicopter to U.S. ... '' Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Reuters , 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Dan ( 19 November 2014 ) , `` US awards Sikorsky $1.3 billion in helicopter contracts '' , Flightglobal , Reed Business Information , archived from the original on 19 November 2014 , retrieved 19 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` US used never - seen - before stealth helicopters for Osama raid . '' ndtv.com , 5 May 2011 . Retrieved : 5 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Brian , Rhonda Schwartz , Lee Ferran and Avni Patel . `` Top Secret Stealth Helicopter Program Revealed in Osama Bin Laden Raid : Experts . '' ABC World News , 4 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Naylor , Sean D. `` Army mission helicopter was secret , stealth Black Hawk . '' Army Times , 4 May 2011 . Retrieved : 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Structural Concepts and Aerodynamic Analysis for Low Radar Cross Section ( LRCS ) Fuselage Configurations . '' dtic.mil . Retrieved : 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky awarded contract to integrate and test enhanced Black Hawk helicopter capabilities . '' Sikorsky press release , 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Future Vertical Lift : Have Plan , Need Money '' . Aviationtoday.com , 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Adding new punch to aerial deliveries - Army.mil , 16 August 2013 Jump up ^ Picatinny ' Speed Bag ' resupplies Soldiers with less equipment damage - Army.mil , 25 June 2014 Jump up ^ The enhanced speed bag system - Army.mil , 7 July 2015 ^ Jump up to : Harding , Stephen . `` Sikorsky H - 60 Black Hawk '' . U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947 . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing Ltd. , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 7643 - 0190 - X . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 Jump up ^ `` VH - 60 . '' Global Security . Retrieved : 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Airworthiness Eval of UH - 60A Configured with ESSS . '' US DoD . Retrieved : 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ TFM 3 - 04.500 `` Army Aviation Maintenance , Appendix G , US Department of the Army , 26 September 2000 . '' GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved : 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` H - 60 Black Hawk Crashworthy External Fuel System ( CEFS ) '' ( PDF ) . Robertson Fuel Systems . July 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Airworthiness Eval of UH - 60A / ESSS with Hellfire Missile Launcher Installed . '' DTIC.mil . Retrieved : 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` H - 60 . '' Global Security . Retrieved : 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Australia grounds Black Hawk helicopter fleet 25 April 2012 The Telegraph Retrieved 22 May 2016 Jump up ^ Chipperfield , Mark Australian warship secretly despatched to Solomon Islands 11 June 2000 The Telegraph Retrieved 22 May 2016 Jump up ^ Black Hawk combat choppers denied Afghan Aussie troops 29 November 2014 The Australian Retrieved 22 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` Brazil Buys UH - 60L Black Hawks '' . Defense Industry Daily . 9 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Leoni 2007 , pp. 286 - 292 . Jump up ^ `` ROCAF Sikorsky S - 70C Bluehawk '' . Taiwanairpower.org. 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky S - 70C ( M ) Thunderhawk '' . Taiwanairpower.org. April 2008 . Jump up ^ Govindasamy , Siva ( 31 January 2010 ) . `` USA okays Black Hawks for Taiwan , Beijing mulls sanctions '' . Flight International . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 , pp. 270 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Arpía . SpanishDict.com . Retrieved on 30 September 2009 . `` Arpía ( ar - pee ' - ah ) noun 1 . ( Poetic . ) Harpy , a bird of prey represented by poets . ( f ) '' Jump up ^ `` SIKORSKY - Colombia Takes Delivery of First S - 70i BLACK HAWK Helicopters with Terrain Awareness and Warning Capability '' . HispanicBusiness.com. 21 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Policía de Colombia compró 10 helicópteros UH - 60A Black Hawk '' . webinfomil.com. 11 March 2017 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Leoni 2007 , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky UH - 60 / S - 70 Blackhawk ( Yanshuf ) . '' Jewish Virtual Library Retrieved : 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aztec Rotors -- Helicopters of Mexican Air Force '' . acig.org . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico sends 1,000 more police to drug area '' . MSNBC. 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican police arrest 34 drug cartel suspects '' . CNN . 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks ready to fly for the Mexican Navy '' . app.com. 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Major Arms Sales '' . dsca.mil . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky 's $8.5 - 11.7 B `` Multi-Year 8 '' H - 60 Helicopter Contract `` . Defense Industry Daily . 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slovakia -- UH - 60M Black Hawk Helicopters '' . Defense Security Cooperation Agency . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State OK 's Slovakia UH - 60 Deal '' . Defense News , 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slovakia considering US Black Hawk offer '' . Janes.com. 14 January 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jane 's Jump up ^ `` Contracts for September 3 , 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Slovakia shows off new Black Hawk '' . 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ TeamAirsoc . `` SLOVAKIA SHOWS OFF NEW BLACK HAWK - airsoc.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Sweden makes surprise Black Hawk request '' . Flightglobal.com . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden Ordering H - 60M Helicopters for Afghan CSAR / MEDEVAC '' . Defense Industry Daily . 16 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ av : Lasse Jansson . `` Helikopter 16 på väg till Afghanistan - Försvarsmakten '' . Forsvarsmakten.se . Archived from the original on 18 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sverige köper 15 Black Hawk - helikoptrar '' . expressen.se. 9 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . ( English translation ) Jump up ^ `` Turkey to decide in June between AW149 , ' T - 70 ' Black Hawk '' . Flight International . 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TAI to procure more helicopters for security '' . Today 's Zaman. 6 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Milyarlık helikopter ihalesi Skorsky'nin '' . Istanbulhaber. 21 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Picks Sikorsky Helo in $3.5 B Deal '' . Defense News . 21 April 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky wins Turkish utility helicopter battle '' . Flightglobal.com . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Soldiers Fly To Greece For Asylum '' . Jump up ^ `` Turkey coup attempt : Greek dilemma over soldiers who fled '' . BBC . 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Goebel , Greg . `` S - 70 Origins : UTTAS '' . Air Vector . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Black Hawks . '' armyaircrews.com . Retrieved : 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Page , Lewis . `` Sikorsky , US Army claim whisper - flapcopter test success . '' The Register , 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Political punch : Obama gives order , Bin Laden is killed ; White House time line . '' Archived 10 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ABC News , May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bin Laden raid : China ' viewed US helicopter wreckage ' '' . BBC.com . BBC . 15 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reports : Pakistan let Chinese inspect U.S. stealth copter . '' CNN.com , 15 August 2011 . Retrieved : 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Pakistan Granted China Access to U.S. 's Top - Secret Bin Laden Raid Chopper . '' FoxNews.com , 15 August 2011 . Retrieved : 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates -- UH - 60M Black Hawk Helicopters '' ( PDF ) . US Defense Security Cooperation Agency . 9 September 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai Helishow : UAE increases Black Hawk fleet '' . Rotorhub. 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Selected Acquisition Report - UH - 60M Black Hawk '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Defense . 31 December 2011 . p. 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations , 2003 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 7 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brunei receives first S - 70i helicopters '' . IHS Jane 's Defence Weekly . 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar -- UH - 60M Black Hawk Helicopters '' ( PDF ) . US Defense Security Cooperation Agency . 13 June 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia to purchase UH - 60 Black Hawk helicopters '' . Airrecognition.com. 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` black Hawke '' . jutarnji.hr . Jump up ^ `` Predstavljeni helikopteri Black Hawk UH - 60M '' . morh.hr . Retrieved 12 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisia -- UH - 60M Black Hawk Helicopters '' . DSCA , 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) tap.info.tn Jump up ^ Abas , Marhalim ( 23 January 2015 ) . `` RMAF getting Brunei Blackhawks '' . Malaysian Defence . Archived from the original on 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . DSCA Jump up ^ `` Black Hawk . '' U.S. Army Fact Files . Retrieved : 2 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : DoD 4120 - 15L , `` Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles , '' DoD , 12 May 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sikorsky S - 70 ( H - 60 ) Upgrades '' . ( online subscription article ) Jane 's Aircraft Upgrades , 16 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Donald , David , ed . `` Sikorsky S - 70 '' . The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft . New York : Barnes & Noble Books , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0592 - 5 . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 , pp. 217 -- 224 . Jump up ^ `` SNC Submits Sierra Force TM Helicopter in Final Bid for UH - 1N Replacement Program '' ( Press release ) . Sierra Nevada Corporation . 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northrop To Upgrade U.S. Army UH - 60L Cockpits '' , Aviation week , 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 , pp. 233 -- 244 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky Aircraft Fully Equips First U.S. Army Unit With UH - 60M BLACK HAWK Helicopters . '' Sikorsky Aircraft , 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky 's UH - 60M Upgrade Black Hawk Helicopter Achieves First Flight . '' Sikorsky , 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Army Black Hawk succeeds in combat . '' US Army , 4 March 2010 ^ Jump up to : Colucci , Frank . `` Modern Medevac Mobilized . '' Rotor & Wing , 1 October 2004 . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ `` HH - 60M Medevac Helicopter . '' Sikorsky . Retrieved : 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky pitches HH - 60Us to replace USAF Hueys '' , Flight global , 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Whiskey ' to perform personnel recovery mission '' Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... AF , 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Tomajczyk 2003 , pp. 21 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop 2008 , pp. 20 , 22 . Jump up ^ Tomajczyk 2003 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Tomajczyk 2003 , pp. 26 -- 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky S - 70A / H - 60 . '' ( online subscription article ) Jane 's Helicopter Markets and Systems , 31 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tomajczyk 2003 , pp. 23 -- 26 . Jump up ^ MH - 60 Black Hawk fact sheet , 160th SOAR , archived from the original on 31 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ( Airborne ) '' . US Army Special Operations Command . Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH - 60L DAP '' , American special ops . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky S - 70 ( H - 60 ) -- US Army MH - 60 Upgrades '' ( online subscription article ) . Jane 's Aircraft Upgrades , 2008 , 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky S - 70 ( H - 60 ) Upgrades '' ( online subscription article ) . Jane 's Aircraft Upgrades , 3 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Superfast Helicopters - Defensemedianetwork.com , 25 October 2011 Jump up ^ `` The Secret Team That Killed bin Laden '' , National Journal , 3 May 2011 , archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Helicopter Loss in bin Laden Raid Highlights Risk . '' Reuters , 3 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA , Army Research More Maneouverable Helicopters . '' Ames Research Center , 4 April 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Image of UH - 60A RASCAL first flight '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 26 November 2006 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 ... Jump up ^ `` Autonomous Black Hawk Flight System Trialled '' . Armed forces International , 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky achieves first flight of manned / unmanned Black Hawk '' , Flight global , 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Optionally Piloted Black Hawk takes off , Shephard media , 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2008 , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Leoni 2007 , pp. 214 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mitsubishi Heavy Industries UH - 60J page . '' Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Mhi.co.jp , 31 March 2005 . Retrieved : 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Leoni 2007 , pp. 270 -- 272 . Jump up ^ `` Armed BLACK HAWK Demonstrator Completes Test Program Customer Demo Shows Sikorsky Helicopter 's Weapons in Action '' . Sikorsky , 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Battlehawk . Sikorsky public relations video , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Seeks Weaponized UH - 60M ' Battlehawk ' Helicopters '' . DefenseIndustryDaily.com , 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Air / Sikorsky announce Black Hawk production agreement . ( UH - 60P military helicopters ) -- Defense Daily HighBeam Research -- FREE trial . '' Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved : 24 September 2011 . Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pike , John , ed . `` Korean Air Aerospace Division ( KAA ) . '' Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved : 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ADF Serials list of Australian Black Hawks . '' ADF Serials . Retrieved : 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ ( `` South Korean HH - 60P photos . '' airliners.net . Retrieved : 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ VH - 60P 02351 image , `` VH60P 02352 image . '' mamboccv.com . Retrieved : 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Argentine pic & video . '' helis.com . Retrieved : 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky breathes new life into PZL Mielec . '' Flight International , 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The US is starting to transform the Afghan air force '' . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Afghan Air Force receives first Black Hawk helicopters '' . Jump up ^ Jennings , Gareth ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` Afghanistan receives additional Black Hawk helos '' . IHS Jane 's 360 . London . Archived from the original on 26 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Air Forces 2016 '' . FlightGlobal . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Recepción De Helicópteros Multipropósito Mediano `` MH - 60M Black Hawk '' '' ( Press release ) ( in Spanish ) . Chilean Air Force . 30 August 2018 . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Higuera , Jose ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` Chile 's S - 70i Black Hawks to be delivered next year '' . IHS Jane 's 360 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA donates two Black Hawk helicopters to Croatia '' . thedubrovniktimes.com . Retrieved 12 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Al - Khalidi , Suleiman ; Goodman , David ; Craft , Diane ( 28 January 2018 ) . `` U.S. delivers helicopters to bolster Jordan 's border defenses '' . Reuters . Zarqa , Jordan . Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan receives final batch of UH - 60M helicopters '' . Air Recognition . 28 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Air Forces 2004 pg. 73 '' . flightglobal.com . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian Government Sikorsky - S - 70A - 34 '' . Demand media . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie S - 70 C / N 70 - 1747 '' . helis.com . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Air Forces 2004 pg. 80 '' . flightglobal.com . Nov 2004 . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Air Force Aircraft '' . paf.mil.ph . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kominek , Jiri ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Slovakia receives first Black Hawks '' . IHS Jane 's 360 . Prague . Archived from the original on 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiorenza , Nicholas ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` Slovak Air Force receives first two Black Hawks '' . IHS Jane 's 360 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ SR , MO ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Another 2 UH - 60M Black Hawks come into service with the SVK Armed Forces '' . Ministry of Defence of the Slovak republic . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Gareth ( 2 September 2016 ) . `` Taiwan orders additional Black Hawk helos '' . IHS Jane 's . London . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Air Forces 2017 '' . Flight Global . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Howe Verhovek , Sam ( 21 June 1995 ) . `` Air Force Officer Is Acquitted In Downing of Army Aircraft '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ UBC Web Design . `` Black Hawk Memorial - Monument Australia '' . monumentaustralia.org.au . Jump up ^ Botelho , Greg ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` U.S. military helicopter crashes off northwest Florida ; human remains found '' . CNN . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gunston , Bill . The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes . London : Aerospace Publishing Ltd , 1995 . ISBN 1 - 56619 - 908 - 5 . Jump up ^ Frawley , Gerald . The International Directory of Military Aircraft , 2002 / 2003 . Fyshwick , ACT , Australia : Aerospace Publications , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 875671 - 55 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Tomajczyk 2003 , pp. 11 , 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Thomas Lawrence and David Jenney ( 31 Aug 2010 ) . `` The Fastest Helicopter on Earth '' . IEEE Spectrum . Archived from the original on 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . UH - 60 Black Hawk engine 's output of 20 900 revolutions per minute turns the main rotor only 258 times per minute , a ratio of 81 to 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Weapons Systems 2011 . '' Archived 12 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . U.S. Army . Retrieved : 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2008 , p. 11 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bishop , Chris . Sikorsky UH - 60 Black Hawk . Oxford , UK : Osprey , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 852 - 6 . Leoni , Ray D. Black Hawk , The Story of a World Class Helicopter . Reston , Virginia : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56347 - 918 - 2 . Tomajczyk , Stephen F. Black Hawk . St. Paul , Minnesota : MBI , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1591 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to UH - 60 Black Hawk . External image Sikorsky UH - 60A Black Hawk cut - out showing internal components Sikorsky UH - 60A Black Hawk from Flightglobal.com Black Hawk U.S. Army fact file Lockheed Martin 's BLACK HAWK page YUH - 60A cutaway image on flightglobal.com UTTAS program , origin of the Black Hawk on helis.com UH - 60A , H - 60 , AH - 60L and Sikorsky S - 70 GlobalSecurity.org UH - 60 Blackhawk medium size utility helicopter ( Air recognition ) S - 70A - 42 Black Hawk of the Austrian Army Military.com with data on range extending devices UH - 60 Black Hawk on kamov.net Sikorsky aircraft Fixed - wing aircraft ( company designations ) S - 1 S - 2 S - 3 S - 4 S - 5 S - 6 S - 7 S - 8 S - 9 S - 10 S - 11 S - 12 S - 13 S - 14 S - 15 S - 16 S - 17 S - 18 S - 19 S - 20 S - 21 S - 22 S - 23 S - 24 S - 25 S - 26 S - 27 S - 28 S - 29 - A S - 30 S - 31 S - 32 S - 33 S - 34 S - 35 S - 36 S - 37 S - 38 S - 39 S - 40 S - 41 S - 42 S - 43 VS - 44 S - 45 Fixed - wing aircraft ( military designations ) C - 6 C - 28 JRS JR2S PS RS XBLR - 3 XPBS XSS XV - 2 Helicopters ( company designations ) VS - 300 ( S - 46 ) S - 47 S - 48 S - 49 S - 50 S - 51 S - 52 S - 53 S - 54 S - 55 S - 56 S - 57 S - 58 S - 59 S - 60 S - 61 S - 61L / N S - 61R S - 62 S - 63 S - 64 S - 65 S - 66 S - 67 S - 68 S - 69 S - 70 S - 71 S - 72 S - 74 S - 75 S - 76 S - 80 S - 92 S - 97 S - 300 S - 333 S - 434 Helicopters ( military designations ) SH - 3 HH - 3E / F R - 4 H - 5 H - 6 H - 18 H - 19 H - 34 CH - 37 XH - 39 HH - 52A CH - 53 CH - 53E CH - 53K CH - 54 HLH HH - 60G HH - 60J MH - 60R / S SH - 60B / F SH - 60J / K UH - 60 VH - 60 RAH - 66 H - 92 CH - 124 CH - 148 Experimental aircraft Cypher Cypher II Firefly X2 XBLR - 3 XV - 2 Westland Aircraft / Westland Helicopters Fixed - wing IV Wessex Dreadnought Limousine Lysander Pterodactyl PV. 3 PV. 4 PV. 6 PV. 7 Wallace Walrus Wapiti Widgeon Witch Woodpigeon Wyvern Yeovil Fixed wing fighters COW Gun Fighter F. 7 / 30 Interceptor N. 1B Wagtail Weasel Welkin Westbury Whirlwind Wizard Helicopters 30 Apache Commando Dragonfly EH101 Gazelle Lynx Merlin Puma Sea King Scout Sioux Super Lynx Wasp Wessex Westminster Whirlwind Widgeon WS - 70 Autogyro CL. 20 AgustaWestland aircraft United States helicopter designations , Army / Air Force and Tri-Service systems Numerical sequence used by USAAC / USAAF / USAF 1941 -- present ; US Army 1948 -- 1956 and 1962 -- present ; US Navy 1962 -- present Main sequence ( 1941 -- 1962 ) Prefix R - , 1941 -- 1948 R - 1 R - 2 R - 3 R - 4 R - 5 R - 6 R - 7 R - 8 R - 9 R - 10 R - 11 R - 12 R - 13 R - 14 R - 15 R - 16 Prefix H - , 1948 -- 1962 H - 5 H - 6 H - 9 H - 10 H - 11 H - 12 H - 13 / J H - 15 H - 16 H - 17 H - 18 H - 19 H - 20 H - 21 H - 22 H - 23 H - 24 H - 25 H - 26 H - 27 H - 28 H - 29 H - 30 H - 31 H - 32 H - 33 H - 34 H - 35 H - 36 H - 37 H - 38 H - 39 H - 40 H - 41 H - 42 H - 43 H - 44 H - 45 Main joint sequence ( 1962 -- present ) 1962 redesignations OH - 13 / UH - 13J UH - 19 CH - 21 OH - 23 UH - 25 CH - 34 CH - 37 HH - 43 New designations CH - 46 / HH - 46 / UH - 46 CH - 47 UH - 48 XH - 49 QH - 50 XH - 51 HH - 52 CH - 53 / HH - 53 / MH - 53 / CH - 53E / CH - 53K CH - 54 TH - 55 AH - 56 TH - 57 OH - 58 XH - 59 UH - 60 / SH - 60 / HH - 60 / MH - 60 YUH - 61 XCH - 62 YAH - 63 AH - 64 HH - 65 RAH - 66 TH - 67 MH - 68 H - 69 ARH - 70 VH - 71 UH - 72 H - 73 to H - 89 MH - 90 H - 91 VH - 92 1962 redesignations reusing old numbers UH - 1 / N / Y AH - 1 / J / T / W / Z SH - 2 / SH - 2G SH - 3 / CH - 3 / HH - 3 OH - 4 OH - 5 OH - 6 / MH - 6 / AH - 6 Not assigned Callsigns of aircraft carrying the President and Vice President of the United States Army One Air Force One Navy One Marine One Coast Guard One Executive One Army Two Air Force Two Navy Two Marine Two Coast Guard Two Executive Two 89th Airlift Wing VC - 25 C - 32 C - 40 HMX - 1 VH - 3D VH - 60N Transportation of the President of the United States White House Transportation Agency GND : 7702814 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk&oldid=865754393 '' Categories : Twin - turbine helicopters United States military helicopters Sikorsky aircraft United States helicopters 1970 -- 1979 United States military utility aircraft 1970 -- 1979 Sikorsky S - 70 Aircraft first flown in 1974 Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2018 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with short description Use dmy dates from October 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 22 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky%20UH-60%20Black%20Hawk
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who wrote i hold on by dierks bentley
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`` I Hold On '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley . It was released in August 2013 as the second single from his seventh studio album , Riser . Bentley wrote the song with Brett James .
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Bentley wrote the song with Brett James
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I Hold on
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i hold on
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`` I Hold On '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley . It was released in August 2013 as the second single from his seventh studio album , Riser . Bentley wrote the song with Brett James .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Live performances 4 Music video 5 Commercial performance 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 References Content ( edit ) The song describes the singer staying true to what he enjoys and is comfortable with , including an old truck , an old guitar , and his lover . The truck and guitar referenced are still used by Bentley today . In his Sounds Of Summer tour , he played his old guitar that has a hole in it . Part of the video in the background while he played the song showed his 1994 Chevy Silverado that he and his late father drove to Nashville . Critical reception ( edit ) Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song three out of five , writing that `` one senses him trying to do something new , something totally unique , but still not quite wanting to give up the sound and style his longtime fans appreciate . '' Dukes stated that `` lyrically , he starts strong , but levels off , relying more on attitude than substance by the midway point . '' Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave the song four stars out of five , saying that `` with low booming bass lines and a percussive arena - rock melody backing up Dierks Bentley 's lyrics , ' I Hold On ' is the kind of song that showcases Dierks Bentley in a new way . '' Bjorke called it `` a strong lyrical song , a song which showcases the artistry of Dierks Bentley that sometimes gets dismissed when he 's chasing radio airplay but is held up when he records and release stuff that does n't . '' Live performances ( edit ) Bentley debuted the song when he co-hosted The View on July 26 , 2013 . He also performed it on the season finale of America 's Got Talent on September 18 , 2013 . On January 3 , 2014 , he also performed during halftime of the 2014 Orange Bowl . Music video ( edit ) A live music video was directed by Ryan Silver and premiered in August 2013 . The official music video was directed by Wes Edwards and premiered in October 2013 . Commercial Performance ( edit ) `` I Hold On '' debuted at number 59 on the U.S. Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of September 7 , 2013 . It also debuted at number 35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and at number 84 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of September 14 , 2013 . It also debuted at number 100 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of January 4 , 2014 . The song was certified Gold by the RIAA on April 28 , 2014 , and Platinum on November 24 , 2014 . As of early May 2014 , the song has sold 610,000 copies in the United States . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 44 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 41 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 45 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 610,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Helluva Life '' by Frankie Ballard Billboard Country Airplay number - one single April 5 , 2014 Succeeded by `` Doin ' What She Likes '' by Blake Shelton References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wyland , Sarah ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Dierks Bentley Releases `` I Hold On '' as New Single `` . Great American Country . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Sterling ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Dierks Bentley Releases New Single , ' I Hold On ' '' . The Boot . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Dierks Bentley , ' I Hold On ' -- Song Review '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Single Review : Dierks Bentley - I Hold On '' . Roughstock . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vinson , Christina ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` Dierks Bentley Debuts New Song ' I Hold On ' on ' The View ' '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sciarretto , Amy ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Dierks Bentley to Perform ' I Hold On ' on ' America 's Got Talent ' Finale '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Dierks Bentley : I Hold On ( Tour Performance ) '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Dierks Bentley : I Hold On '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morris , Edward ( August 31 , 2013 ) . `` Luke Bryan 's Crash My Party Still Commands the Album Charts '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Dierks Bentley -- I Hold On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` United_StatesDierks_BentleyI_Hold_OnsingleCertRef '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Country Chart News - The Top 30 Digital Singles - May 8 , 2014 : Brantley Gilbert 's Guns N Roses Debut '' . Roughstock . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Dierks Bentley . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Country for Dierks Bentley . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Dierks Bentley . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Dierks Bentley . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Dierks Bentley . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 : Country Airplay '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 : Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ( hide ) Dierks Bentley Studio albums Do n't Leave Me in Love Dierks Bentley Modern Day Drifter Long Trip Alone Feel That Fire Up on the Ridge Home Riser Black Compilation albums Greatest Hits / Every Mile a Memory 2003 -- 2008 Singles `` What Was I Thinkin ' '' `` My Last Name '' `` How Am I Doin ' '' `` Lot of Leavin ' Left to Do '' `` Come a Little Closer '' `` Settle for a Slowdown '' `` Every Mile a Memory '' `` Long Trip Alone '' `` Free and Easy ( Down the Road I Go ) '' `` Trying to Stop Your Leaving '' `` Feel That Fire '' `` Sideways '' `` I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes '' `` Up on the Ridge '' `` Draw Me a Map '' `` Am I the Only One '' `` Home '' `` 5 - 1 - 5 - 0 '' `` Tip It On Back '' `` Bourbon in Kentucky '' `` I Hold On '' `` Drunk on a Plane '' `` Say You Do '' `` Riser '' `` Somewhere on a Beach '' `` Different for Girls '' ( feat . Elle King ) `` Black '' `` What the Hell Did I Say '' Featured singles `` The South '' ( w / The Cadillac Three , Florida Georgia Line and Mike Eli ) Concert tours Riser Tour Sounds of Summer Tour Somewhere on a Beach Tour Related articles Discography `` Murder on Music Row '' ( w / George Jones ) `` Flatliner '' ( w / Cole Swindell ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Hold_On&oldid=774409305 '' Categories : 2013 songs 2013 singles Dierks Bentley songs Capitol Records Nashville singles Songs written by Brett James Songs written by Dierks Bentley Music videos directed by Wes Edwards Billboard Country Airplay number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2017 , at 07 : 52 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Hold%20On
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which of the following is not a fundamental factor in a free enterprise system
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Capitalism
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capitalism
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Capitalism is an economic system and an ideology based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit . Characteristics central to capitalism include private property , capital accumulation , wage labor , voluntary exchange , a price system and competitive markets . In a capitalist market economy , decision - making and investment are determined by the owners of the factors of production in financial and capital markets , whereas prices and the distribution of goods are mainly determined by competition in the market .
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Economists , political economists , sociologists , and historians have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice . These include laissez - faire or free market capitalism , welfare capitalism and state capitalism . Different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free markets , public ownership , obstacles to free competition and state - sanctioned social policies . The degree of competition in markets , the role of intervention and regulation and the scope of state ownership vary across different models of capitalism . The extent to which different markets are free , as well as the rules defining private property , are matters of politics and policy . Most existing capitalist economies are mixed economies , which combine elements of free markets with state intervention and in some cases economic planning . Market economies have existed under many forms of government , in many different times , places and cultures . However , the development of capitalist societies marked by a universalization of money - based social relations , a consistently large and system - wide class of workers who must work for wages and a capitalist class which dominates control of wealth and political power developed in Western Europe in a process that led to the Industrial Revolution . Capitalist systems with varying degrees of direct government intervention have since become dominant in the Western world and continue to spread . Capitalism has been criticized for establishing power in the hands of a minority capitalist class that exists through the exploitation of a working class majority ; for prioritizing profit over social good , natural resources and the environment ; and for being an engine of inequality and economic instabilities . Supporters argue that it provides better products through competition , creates strong economic growth , yields productivity and prosperity that greatly benefits society , as well as being the most efficient system known for allocation of resources . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Agrarian capitalism 2.2 Mercantilism 2.3 Industrial capitalism 2.4 Modern capitalism 2.4. 1 Relationship to democracy 2.5 Varieties of capitalism 3 Characteristics 3.1 Summary 3.2 The market 3.3 Profit motive 3.4 Private property 3.5 Market competition 3.6 Reserve army of labour 3.6. 1 Composition of the relative surplus population 3.7 As a mode of production 4 Wage labour 4.1 Types 4.2 Comparison to slavery 5 Systemic weaknesses 5.1 Externalities 5.2 Anti-competitive practices 6 Capital accumulation 6.1 Background 6.2 Concentration and centralisation 6.3 The rate of accumulation 6.4 The circuit of capital accumulation from production 6.5 Simple and expanded reproduction 6.6 Capital accumulation as social relation 7 Supply and demand 7.1 Graphical representation of supply and demand 7.1. 1 Supply schedule 7.1. 2 Demand schedule 7.2 Equilibrium 7.3 Partial equilibrium 7.4 Empirical estimation 7.5 Macroeconomic uses of demand and supply 7.6 History 8 Capitalism and war 9 Types of capitalism 9.1 Advanced capitalism 9.2 Finance capitalism 9.3 Mercantilism 9.4 Free - market economy 9.5 Social - market economy 9.6 State capitalism 9.7 Corporate capitalism 9.8 Mixed economy 9.9 Racial capitalism 9.10 Others 10 Role of government 10.1 Adverse characteristics of capitalist governments 11 Criticism 11.1 Profit motive 11.2 Marxian responses 11.3 Supply and demand 11.4 Counter-criticisms 11.4. 1 Austrian School 11.4. 2 Ayn Rand 11.5 Economic growth 12 Economic freedom 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology ( edit ) Other terms sometimes used for capitalism : Capitalist mode of production Economic liberalism Free enterprise Free enterprise economy Free market Free market economy Laissez - faire Market economy Market liberalism Neoliberalism Self - regulating market Profits system The term `` capitalist '' , meaning an owner of capital , appears earlier than the term `` capitalism '' and it dates back to the mid-17th century . `` Capitalism '' is derived from capital , which evolved from capitale , a late Latin word based on caput , meaning `` head '' -- also the origin of chattel and cattle in the sense of movable property ( only much later to refer only to livestock ) . Capitale emerged in the 12th to 13th centuries in the sense of referring to funds , stock of merchandise , sum of money or money carrying interest . By 1283 , it was used in the sense of the capital assets of a trading firm and it was frequently interchanged with a number of other words -- wealth , money , funds , goods , assets , property and so on . The Hollandische Mercurius uses capitalists in 1633 and 1654 to refer to owners of capital . In French , Étienne Clavier referred to capitalistes in 1788 , six years before its first recorded English usage by Arthur Young in his work Travels in France ( 1792 ) . In his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation ( 1817 ) , David Ricardo referred to `` the capitalist '' many times . Samuel Taylor Coleridge , an English poet , used `` capitalist '' in his work Table Talk ( 1823 ) . Pierre - Joseph Proudhon used the term `` capitalist '' in his first work , What is Property ? ( 1840 ) , to refer to the owners of capital . Benjamin Disraeli used the term `` capitalist '' in his 1845 work Sybil . The initial usage of the term `` capitalism '' in its modern sense has been attributed to Louis Blanc in 1850 ( `` What I call ' capitalism ' that is to say the appropriation of capital by some to the exclusion of others '' ) and Pierre - Joseph Proudhon in 1861 ( `` Economic and social regime in which capital , the source of income , does not generally belong to those who make it work through their labour '' ) . Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels referred to the `` capitalistic system '' and to the `` capitalist mode of production '' in The Capital ( 1867 ) . The use of the word `` capitalism '' in reference to an economic system appears twice in Volume I of The Capital , p. 124 ( German edition ) and in Theories of Surplus Value , tome II , p. 493 ( German edition ) . Marx did not extensively use the form capitalism , but instead those of capitalist and capitalist mode of production , which appear more than 2,600 times in the trilogy The Capital . According to the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , the term `` capitalism '' first appeared in English in 1854 in the novel The Newcomes by novelist William Makepeace Thackeray , where he meant `` having ownership of capital '' . Also according to the OED , Carl Adolph Douai , a German - American socialist and abolitionist , used the phrase `` private capitalism '' in 1863 . History ( edit ) Main article : History of capitalism Capital has existed incipiently on a small scale for centuries , in the form of merchant , renting and lending activities , and occasionally as small - scale industry with some wage labour . Simple commodity exchange , and consequently simple commodity production , which are the initial basis for the growth of capital from trade , have a very long history . The `` capitalistic era '' according to Karl Marx dates from 16th century merchants and small urban workshops . Marx knew that wage labour existed on a modest scale for centuries before capitalist industry . Early Islam promulgated capitalist economic policies , which migrated to Europe through trade partners from cities such as Venice . Capitalism in its modern form can be traced to the emergence of agrarian capitalism and mercantilism in the Renaissance . Thus for much of history , capital and commercial trade existed , but it did not lead to industrialisation or dominate the production process of society . That required a set of conditions , including specific technologies of mass production , the ability to independently and privately own and trade in means of production , a class of workers willing to sell their labour power for a living , a legal framework promoting commerce , a physical infrastructure allowing the circulation of goods on a large scale , and security for private accumulation . Many of these conditions do not currently exist in many Third World countries , although there is plenty of capital and labour . Thus , the obstacles for the development of capitalist markets are less technical and more social , cultural and political . Agrarian capitalism ( edit ) The economic foundations of the feudal agricultural system began to shift substantially in 16th - century England ; the manorial system had broken down , and land began to become concentrated in the hands of fewer landlords with increasingly large estates . Instead of a serf - based system of labor , workers were increasingly employed as part of a broader and expanding money - based economy . The system put pressure on both landlords and tenants to increase the productivity of agriculture to make profit ; the weakened coercive power of the aristocracy to extract peasant surpluses encouraged them to try better methods , and the tenants also had incentive to improve their methods , in order to flourish in a competitive labor market . Terms of rent for land were becoming subject to economic market forces rather than to the previous stagnant system of custom and feudal obligation . By the early 17th - century , England was a centralized state in which much of the feudal order of Medieval Europe had been swept away . This centralization was strengthened by a good system of roads and by a disproportionately large capital city , London . The capital acted as a central market hub for the entire country , creating a very large internal market for goods , contrasting with the fragmented feudal holdings that prevailed in most parts of the Continent . Mercantilism ( edit ) Main article : Mercantilism A painting of a French seaport from 1638 at the height of mercantilism The economic doctrine prevailing from the 16th to the 18th centuries is commonly called mercantilism . This period , the Age of Discovery , was associated with the geographic exploration of the foreign lands by merchant traders , especially from England and the Low Countries . Mercantilism was a system of trade for profit , although commodities were still largely produced by non-capitalist methods . Most scholars consider the era of merchant capitalism and mercantilism as the origin of modern capitalism , although Karl Polanyi argued that the hallmark of capitalism is the establishment of generalized markets for what he called the `` fictitious commodities : '' land , labor , and money . Accordingly , he argued that `` not until 1834 was a competitive labor market established in England , hence industrial capitalism as a social system can not be said to have existed before that date . Robert Clive after the Battle of Plassey , which began East India Company rule in India England began a large - scale and integrative approach to mercantilism during the Elizabethan Era ( 1558 -- 1603 ) . A systematic and coherent explanation of balance of trade was made public through Thomas Mun 's argument England 's Treasure by Forraign Trade , or the Balance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of Our Treasure . It was written in the 1620s and published in 1664 . European merchants , backed by state controls , subsidies , and monopolies , made most of their profits by buying and selling goods . In the words of Francis Bacon , the purpose of mercantilism was `` the opening and well - balancing of trade ; the cherishing of manufacturers ; the banishing of idleness ; the repressing of waste and excess by sumptuary laws ; the improvement and husbanding of the soil ; the regulation of prices ... '' The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company inaugurated an expansive era of commerce and trade . These companies were characterized by their colonial and expansionary powers given to them by nation - states . During this era , merchants , who had traded under the previous stage of mercantilism , invested capital in the East India Companies and other colonies , seeking a return on investment . Industrial capitalism ( edit ) A Watt steam engine : the steam engine fuelled primarily by coal propelled the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain In the mid-18th century , a new group of economic theorists , led by David Hume and Adam Smith , challenged fundamental mercantilist doctrines such as the belief that the world 's wealth remained constant and that a state could only increase its wealth at the expense of another state . During the Industrial Revolution , industrialists replaced merchants as a dominant factor in the capitalist system and affected the decline of the traditional handicraft skills of artisans , guilds , and journeymen . Also during this period , the surplus generated by the rise of commercial agriculture encouraged increased mechanization of agriculture . Industrial capitalism marked the development of the factory system of manufacturing , characterized by a complex division of labor between and within work process and the routine of work tasks ; and finally established the global domination of the capitalist mode of production . Britain also abandoned its protectionist policy , as embraced by mercantilism . In the 19th century , Richard Cobden and John Bright , who based their beliefs on the Manchester School , initiated a movement to lower tariffs . In the 1840s , Britain adopted a less protectionist policy , with the repeal of the Corn Laws and the Navigation Acts . Britain reduced tariffs and quotas , in line with David Ricardo 's advocacy for free trade . Modern capitalism ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) The gold standard formed the financial basis of the international economy from 1870 -- 1914 Capitalism was carried across the world by broader processes of globalization and , by the end of the 18th century , became the dominant global economic system , in turn intensifying processes of economic and other globalization . Later , in the 20th century , capitalism overcame a challenge by centrally - planned economies and is now the encompassing system worldwide , with the mixed economy being its dominant form in the industrialized Western world . Industrialization allowed cheap production of household items using economies of scale , while rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities . Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by 18th - century imperialism . After the First and Second Opium Wars and the completion of British conquest of India , vast populations of these regions became ready consumers of European exports . Also in this period , areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific islands were incorporated into the world system . Meanwhile , the conquest of new parts of the globe , notably sub-Saharan Africa , by Europeans yielded valuable natural resources such as rubber , diamonds and coal and helped fuel trade and investment between the European imperial powers , their colonies , and the United States . The inhabitant of London could order by telephone , sipping his morning tea , the various products of the whole earth , and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep . Militarism and imperialism of racial and cultural rivalries were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper . What an extraordinary episode in the economic progress of man was that age which came to an end in August 1914 . In this period , the global financial system was mainly tied to the gold standard . The United Kingdom first formally adopted this standard in 1821 . Soon to follow were Canada in 1853 , Newfoundland in 1865 , the United States and Germany ( de jure ) in 1873 . New technologies , such as the telegraph , the transatlantic cable , the radiotelephone , the steamship and railway allowed goods and information to move around the world at an unprecedented degree . The New York stock exchange traders ' floor ( 1963 ) In the period following the global depression of the 1930s , the state played an increasingly prominent role in the capitalistic system throughout much of the world . The postwar boom ended in the late 1960s and early 1970s , and the situation was worsened by the rise of stagflation . Monetarism , a modification of Keynesianism that is more compatible with laissez - faire , gained increasing prominence in the capitalist world , especially under the leadership of Ronald Reagan in the U.S. and Margaret Thatcher in the UK in the 1980s . Public and political interest began shifting away from the so - called collectivist concerns of Keynes 's managed capitalism to a focus on individual choice , called `` remarketized capitalism '' . According to Harvard academic Shoshana Zuboff a new genus of capitalism , surveillance capitalism monetizes data acquired through surveillance . She states it was first discovered and consolidated at Google , emerged due to the `` coupling of the vast powers of the digital with the radical indifference and intrinsic narcissism of the financial capitalism and its neoliberal vision that have dominated commerce for at least three decades , especially in the Anglo economies '' and depends on the global architecture of computer mediation which produces a distributed and largely uncontested new expression of power she calls `` Big Other '' . Relationship to democracy ( edit ) Many analysts assert that China is one of the main examples of state capitalism in the 21st century The relationship between democracy and capitalism is a contentious area in theory and in popular political movements . The extension of universal adult male suffrage in 19th century Britain occurred along with the development of industrial capitalism , and democracy became widespread at the same time as capitalism , leading capitalists to posit a causal or mutual relationship between them . However , in the 20th century , according to some authors , capitalism also accompanied a variety of political formations quite distinct from liberal democracies , including fascist regimes , absolute monarchies , and single - party states . Democratic peace theory asserts that democracies seldom fight other democracies , but critics of that theory suggest that this may be because of political similarity or stability rather than because they are democratic or capitalist . Moderate critics argue that though economic growth under capitalism has led to democracy in the past , it may not do so in the future , as authoritarian regimes have been able to manage economic growth without making concessions to greater political freedom . One of the biggest supporters of the idea that capitalism promotes political freedom , Milton Friedman , argues that competitive capitalism allows economic and political power to be separate , ensuring that they do not clash with one another . This idea has been challenged given the current influence capitalist lobbying has had on policy in the United States . The approval of Citizens United ( organization ) , has led people to question the very idea that competitive capitalism promotes political freedom . The ruling on Citizens United allows corporations to spend undisclosed and unregulated amounts of money on political campaigns , shifting outcomes to the interests and undermining true democracy . As explained in Robin Hahnel 's writings , the centerpiece of the ideological defense of the free market system is the concept of economic freedom , and that supporters equate economic democracy with economic freedom and claim that only the free market system can provide economic freedom . According to Hahnel , there are a few objections to the premise that capitalism offers freedom through economic freedom . These objections are guided by critical questions about who or what decides whose freedoms are more protected . Often , the question of inequality is brought up when discussing how well capitalism promotes democracy . An argument that could stand is that economic growth can lead to inequality given that capital can be acquired at different rates by different people . In Capital in the Twenty - First Century , Thomas Piketty of the Paris School of Economics asserts that inequality is the inevitable consequence of economic growth in a capitalist economy and the resulting concentration of wealth can destabilize democratic societies and undermine the ideals of social justice upon which they are built . Marxists , anarchists ( except for anarcho - capitalists ) , and other leftists argue that capitalism is incompatible with democracy since capitalism according to Marx entails `` dictatorship of the bourgeoisie '' ( owners of the means of production ) while democracy entails rule by the people . States with capitalistic economic systems have thrived under political regimes deemed to be authoritarian or oppressive . Singapore has a successful open market economy as a result of its competitive , business - friendly climate and robust rule of law ; nonetheless , it often comes under fire for ( 1 ) its brand of government , which , though democratic and consistently one of the least corrupt , operates largely under a one - party rule , and ( 2 ) not vigorously defending freedom of expression , given its government - regulated press , as well as penchant for upholding laws protecting ethnic and religious harmony , judicial dignity and personal reputation . The private ( capitalist ) sector in the People 's Republic of China has grown exponentially and thrived since its inception , despite having an authoritarian government . Augusto Pinochet 's rule in Chile led to economic growth and high levels of inequality by using authoritarian means to create a safe environment for investment and capitalism . Varieties of capitalism ( edit ) Peter A. Hall and David Soskice argued that modern economies have developed two different forms of capitalism : liberal market economies ( or LME ) ( e.g. US , UK , Canada , New Zealand , Ireland ) and coordinated market economies ( CME ) ( e.g. Germany , Japan , Sweden , Austria ) . Those two types can be distinguished by the primary way in which firms coordinate with each other and other actors , such as trade unions . In LMEs firms primarily coordinate their endeavors by way of hierarchies and market mechanisms . Coordinated market economies more heavily rely on non-market forms of interaction in the coordination of their relationship with other actors ( for a detailed description see Varieties of Capitalism ) . These two forms of capitalisms developed different industrial relations , vocational training and education , corporate governance , inter-firm relations and relations with employees . The existence of these different forms of capitalism has important societal effects , especially in periods of crisis and instability . Since the early 2000s the number of labor market outsiders has rapidly grown in Europe , especially among the youth , potentially influencing social and political participation . Using varieties of capitalism theory it is possible to disentangle the different effects on social and political participation that an increase of labor market outsiders has in liberal and coordinated market economies ( Ferragina et al. 2016 ) . The social and political disaffection , especially among the youth , seems to be more pronounced in liberal than coordinated market economies . This signals an important problem for liberal market economies in a period of crisis . If the market does not provide consistent job opportunities ( as it has in previous decades ) , the shortcomings of liberal social security systems may depress social and political participation even further than in other capitalist economies . Characteristics ( edit ) Further information : Academic perspectives on capitalism Capitalism is `` production for exchange '' driven by the desire for personal accumulation of money receipts in such exchanges , mediated by free markets . The markets themselves are driven by the needs and wants of consumers and those of society as a whole . Contemporary mainstream economics , particularly that associated with the right , holds that by an `` invisible hand '' , through little more than the freedom of the market , is able to match social production to these needs and desires . Summary ( edit ) In general , capitalism as an economic system and mode of production can be summarised by the following : Capital accumulation : Production for profit and accumulation as the implicit purpose of all or most of production , constriction or elimination of production formerly carried out on a common social or private household basis . Commodity production : Production for exchange on a market ; to maximise exchange - value instead of use - value . Private ownership of the means of production : High levels of wage labour . The investment of money to make a profit . The use of the price mechanism to allocate resources between competing uses . The market ( edit ) The price ( P ) of a product is determined by a balance between production at each price ( supply , S ) and the desires of those with purchasing power at each price ( demand , D ) : this results in a market equilibrium , with a given quantity ( Q ) sold of the product , whereas a rise in demand would result in an increase in price and an increase in output In free - market and laissez - faire forms of capitalism , markets are used most extensively with minimal or no regulation over the pricing mechanism . In mixed economies , which are almost universal today , markets continue to play a dominant role but are regulated to some extent by government in order to correct market failures , promote social welfare , conserve natural resources , fund defense and public safety or for other reasons . In state capitalist systems , markets are relied upon the least , with the state relying heavily on state - owned enterprises or indirect economic planning to accumulate capital . Supply is the amount of a good or service produced by a firm and which is available for sale . Demand is the amount that people are willing to buy at a specific price . Prices tend to rise when demand exceeds supply , and fall when supply exceeds demand . In theory , the market is able to coordinate itself when a new equilibrium price and quantity is reached . Competition arises when more than one producer is trying to sell the same or similar products to the same buyers . In capitalist theory , competition leads to innovation and more affordable prices . Without competition , a monopoly or cartel may develop . A monopoly occurs when a firm supplies the total output in the market ; the firm can therefore limit output and raise prices because it has no fear of competition . A cartel is a group of firms that act together in a monopolistic manner to control output and prices . Efforts are made by government to prevent the creation of monopolies and cartels . In 1890 , the Sherman Anti-Trust Act became the first legislation passed by the U.S. Congress to limit monopolies . Profit motive ( edit ) The profit motive is a theory in capitalism which posits that the ultimate goal of a business is to make money . Stated differently , the reason for a business 's existence is to turn a profit . The profit motive functions on the rational choice theory , or the theory that individuals tend to pursue what is in their own best interests . Accordingly , businesses seek to benefit themselves and / or their shareholders by maximizing profits . In capitalist theoretics , the profit motive is said to ensure that resources are being allocated efficiently . For instance , Austrian economist Henry Hazlitt explains : `` If there is no profit in making an article , it is a sign that the labor and capital devoted to its production are misdirected : the value of the resources that must be used up in making the article is greater than the value of the article itself . '' In other words , profits let companies know whether an item is worth producing . Theoretically in free and competitive markets , maximising profits ensures that resources are not wasted . Private property ( edit ) The relationship between the state , its formal mechanisms , and capitalist societies has been debated in many fields of social and political theory , with active discussion since the 19th century . Hernando de Soto is a contemporary economist who has argued that an important characteristic of capitalism is the functioning state protection of property rights in a formal property system where ownership and transactions are clearly recorded . According to de Soto , this is the process by which physical assets are transformed into capital , which in turn may be used in many more ways and much more efficiently in the market economy . A number of Marxian economists have argued that the Enclosure Acts in England , and similar legislation elsewhere , were an integral part of capitalist primitive accumulation and that specific legal frameworks of private land ownership have been integral to the development of capitalism . Market competition ( edit ) Main article : Competition ( economics ) In capitalist economics , market competition is the rivalry among sellers trying to achieve such goals as increasing profits , market share , and sales volume by varying the elements of the marketing mix : price , product , distribution , and promotion . Merriam - Webster defines competition in business as `` the effort of two or more parties acting independently to secure the business of a third party by offering the most favourable terms '' . It was described by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations ( 1776 ) and later economists as allocating productive resources to their most highly valued uses and encouraging efficiency . Smith and other classical economists before Cournot were referring to price and non-price rivalry among producers to sell their goods on best terms by bidding of buyers , not necessarily to a large number of sellers nor to a market in final equilibrium . Competition is widespread throughout the market process . It is a condition where `` buyers tend to compete with other buyers , and sellers tend to compete with other sellers '' . In offering goods for exchange , buyers competitively bid to purchase specific quantities of specific goods which are available , or might be available if sellers were to choose to offer such goods . Similarly , sellers bid against other sellers in offering goods on the market , competing for the attention and exchange resources of buyers . Competition results from scarcity -- there is never enough to satisfy all conceivable human wants -- and occurs `` when people strive to meet the criteria that are being used to determine who gets what '' . Reserve army of labour ( edit ) Main article : Reserve army of labour In a Marxist analysis of the capitalist economy , the reserve army of labour refers to the unemployed and under - employed . It is synonymous with `` industrial reserve army '' or `` relative surplus population '' , except that the unemployed can be defined as those actually looking for work and that the relative surplus population also includes people unable to work . The use of the word `` army '' refers to the workers being conscripted and regimented in the workplace in a hierarchy , under the commanding heights of the economy . Prior to the start of the capitalist era in human history ( i.e. before the 1500s ) , structural unemployment on a mass scale rarely existed , other than that caused by natural disasters and wars . In ancient societies , all people who could work necessarily had to work , otherwise they would starve ; a slave or a serf by definition could not become `` unemployed '' . There was normally very little possibility of `` earning a crust '' without working at all , and the usual attitude toward beggars and idlers was harsh . Children began to work already at a very early age . Indeed , the word `` employment '' is linguistically a product of the capitalist era . A permanent level of unemployment presupposes a working population which is to a large extent dependent on a wage or salary for a living , without having other means of livelihood , as well as the right of enterprises to hire and fire employees in accordance with commercial or economic conditions . The expression `` unemployed '' in English , in the sense of `` temporarily out of work '' , dates back to the 1660s ; reference to `` the unemployed '' as a group was first made in 1782 ; and reference to `` unemployment '' as a general condition is first attested in 1888 . The first recorded discussion of the reserve army of labour is in a manuscript written by Karl Marx : Big industry constantly requires a reserve army of unemployed workers for times of overproduction . The main purpose of the bourgeois in relation to the worker is , of course , to have the commodity labour as cheaply as possible , which is only possible when the supply of this commodity is as large as possible in relation to the demand for it , i.e. , when the overpopulation is the greatest . Overpopulation is therefore in the interest of the bourgeoisie , and it gives the workers good advice which it knows to be impossible to carry out . Since capital only increases when it employs workers , the increase of capital involves an increase of the proletariat , and , as we have seen , according to the nature of the relation of capital and labour , the increase of the proletariat must proceed relatively even faster . The ... theory ... which is also expressed as a law of nature , that population grows faster than the means of subsistence , is the more welcome to the bourgeois as it silences his conscience , makes hard - heartedness into a moral duty and the consequences of society into the consequences of nature , and finally gives him the opportunity to watch the destruction of the proletariat by starvation as calmly as other natural event without bestirring himself , and , on the other hand , to regard the misery of the proletariat as its own fault and to punish it . To be sure , the proletarian can restrain his natural instinct by reason , and so , by moral supervision , halt the law of nature in its injurious course of development . -- Karl Marx , Wages , December 1847 Marx introduced the concept in chapter 25 of the first volume of Das Kapital , which states : Capitalistic accumulation itself ... constantly produces , and produces in the direct ratio of its own energy and extent , a relatively redundant population of workers , i.e. , a population of greater extent than suffices for the average needs of the valorisation of capital , and therefore a surplus - population ... It is the absolute interest of every capitalist to press a given quantity of labour out of a smaller , rather than a greater number of labourers , if the cost is about the same ... The more extended the scale of production , the stronger this motive . Its force increases with the accumulation of capital . His argument is that as capitalism develops , the organic composition of capital will increase , which means that the mass of constant capital grows faster than the mass of variable capital . Fewer workers can produce all that is necessary for society 's requirements . In addition , capital will become more concentrated and centralised in fewer hands . This being the absolute historical tendency , part of the working population will tend to become surplus to the requirements of capital accumulation over time . Paradoxically , the larger the wealth of society , the larger the industrial reserve army will become . Marx called it `` the antagonism of capital accumulation '' and he cites his The Poverty of Philosophy , ( Chapter 2 , Section 1 ) to explain this phenomenon in relation with relations of production . One could add that the larger the wealth of society , the more people it can support who do not work . However , as Marx develops the argument further , it also becomes clear that , depending on the state of the economy , the reserve army of labour will either expand or contract , alternately being absorbed or expelled from the employed workforce . Taking them as a whole , the general movements of wages are exclusively regulated by the expansion and contraction of the industrial reserve army , and these again correspond to the periodic changes of the industrial cycle . They are , therefore , not determined by the variations of the absolute number of the working population , but by the varying proportions in which the working - class is divided into active and reserve army , by the increase or diminution in the relative amount of the surplus - population , by the extent to which it is now absorbed , now set free . In recent years , there has been growing research on the concept of `` the precariat '' , to describe a growing reliance on temporary , part - time workers with precarious status , who share aspects of the proletariat and the reserve army of labor . Precarious workers do work part - time or full - time in temporary jobs , but they can not really earn enough to live on , and depend partly on friends or family , or on state benefits , to survive . Typically they do not become truly `` unemployed '' , but they do n't have a stable job to go to either . The rise of `` the precariat '' has been attributed to the emergence of global neoliberalism . Although non-employed people who are unable or uninterested in performing legal paid work are not considered among the `` unemployed '' , the concept of `` conjunctural unemployment '' is used in economics nowadays . Economists often distinguish between short - term `` frictional '' or `` cyclical '' unemployment , and longer - term `` structural unemployment '' . Sometimes there is a short - term mismatch between the demand and supply of labour , at other times there is much less total demand for labour than supply for a long - time . If no possibility for getting a job at all in the foreseeable future exists , many younger people decide to migrate or emigrate to a place where they can find work . Composition of the relative surplus population ( edit ) Marx discusses the army of labor and the reserve army in Capital , Ch. 25 , Section IV . The Army of Labor consists in those working - class people employed in average or better than average jobs . Not every one in the working class gets one of these jobs . There are then four other categories where members of the working class might find themselves : the `` stagnant pool '' , the floating reserves , the latent reserve , and pauperdom . Finally , people may leave the army and the reserve army by turning to criminality , and Marx refers to such people as `` lumpenproletariat '' . The stagnant part consists of marginalised people with `` extremely irregular employment '' . Stagnant pool jobs are characterized by below average pay , dangerous working conditions , they may be temporary . Those caught in the stagnant pool have jobs , so the modern definition of the employed would include both the army of labor plus the stagnant pool . However , they are constantly on the lookout for something better . The modern unemployed would refer primarily to the floating reserve , people who used to have good jobs , but are now out of work . They certainly hope that their unemployment is temporary ( `` conjunctural unemployment '' ) , but they are well aware that they could fall into the stagnant pool or the pauper class . The latent part consists of that segment of the population not yet fully integrated into capitalist production . In Marx ' day , he was referring to people living off of subsistence agriculture who were looking for monetary employment in industry . In modern times , people coming from slums in developing countries where they survive largely by non-monetary means , to developed cities where they work for pay might form the latent . Housewives who move from unpaid to paid employment for a business could also form a part of the latent reserve . They are not unemployed , because they are not necessarily actively looking for a job ; but if capital needs extra workers , it can pull them out of the latent reserve . In this sense , the latent forms a reservoir of potential workers for industries . Pauperdom is where one might end up . The homeless is the modern term for paupers . Marx calls them people who can not adapt to capital 's never ending change . For Karl Marx , `` the sphere of pauperism '' , including those still able to work , orphans and pauper children , and the `` demoralised and ragged '' or `` unable to work '' . As a mode of production ( edit ) Further information : Mode of production In Karl Marx ' critique of political economy and subsequent Marxian analyses , the capitalist mode of production refers to the systems of organising production and distribution within capitalist societies . Private money - making in various forms ( renting , banking , merchant trade , production for profit , etc . ) preceded the development of the capitalist mode of production as such . The capitalist mode of production proper , based on wage - labour and private ownership of the means of production , and on industrial technology , began to grow rapidly in Western Europe from the industrial revolution , later extending to most of the world . The term capitalist mode of production is defined by private ownership of the means of production , extraction of surplus value by the owning class for the purpose of capital accumulation , wage - based labour , and , at least as far as commodities are concerned , being market - based . Capitalism in the form of money - making activity has existed in the shape of merchants and money - lenders who acted as intermediaries between consumers and producers engaging in simple commodity production ( hence the reference to `` merchant capitalism '' ) since the beginnings of civilisation . What is specific about the `` capitalist mode of production '' is that most of the inputs and outputs of production are supplied through the market ( i.e. they are commodities ) and essentially all production is in this mode . For example , in flourishing Feudalism , most or all of the factors of production including labour are owned by the feudal ruling class outright and the products may also be consumed without a market of any kind , it is production for use within the feudal social unit and for limited trade . This has the important consequence that the whole organisation of the production process is reshaped and re-organised to conform with economic rationality as bounded by capitalism , which is expressed in price relationships between inputs and outputs ( wages , non-labour factor costs , sales , profits ) rather than the larger rational context faced by society overall . That is , the whole process is organised and re-shaped in order to conform to `` commercial logic '' . Essentially , capital accumulation comes to define economic rationality in capitalist production . A society , region or nation is capitalist if the predominant source of incomes and products being distributed is capitalist activity , but even so this does not yet mean necessarily that the capitalist mode of production is dominant in that society . Wage labour ( edit ) Main article : Wage labour An industrial worker amidst heavy steel semi-products ( Kinex Bearings , Bytča , Slovakia , c. 1995 -- 2000 ) Wage labour refers to the sale of labour under a formal or informal employment contract to an employer . These transactions usually occur in a labour market where wages are market determined . Individuals who possess and supply financial capital or labor to productive ventures often become owners , either jointly ( as shareholders ) or individually . In Marxist economics these owners of the means of production and suppliers of capital are generally called capitalists . The description of the role of the capitalist has shifted , first referring to a useless intermediary between producers to an employer of producers , and eventually came to refer to owners of the means of production . Labor includes all physical and mental human resources , including entrepreneurial capacity and management skills , which are needed to produce products and services . Production is the act of making goods or services by applying labor power . Critics of the capitalist mode of production see wage labour as a major , if not defining , aspect of hierarchical industrial systems . Most opponents of the institution support worker self - management and economic democracy as alternatives to both wage labour and to capitalism . While most opponents of the wage system blame the capitalist owners of the means of production for its existence , most anarchists and other libertarian socialists also hold the state as equally responsible as it exists as a tool utilised by capitalists to subsidise themselves and protect the institution of private ownership of the means of production . As some opponents of wage labour take influence from Marxist propositions , many are opposed to private property , but maintain respect for personal property . Types ( edit ) The most common form of wage labour currently is ordinary direct , or `` full - time '' , employment in which a free worker sells his or her labour for an indeterminate time ( from a few years to the entire career of the worker ) , in return for a money - wage or salary and a continuing relationship with the employer which it does not in general offer contractors or other irregular staff . However , wage labour takes many other forms , and explicit as opposed to implicit ( i.e. conditioned by local labour and tax law ) contracts are not uncommon . Economic history shows a great variety of ways in which labour is traded and exchanged . The differences show up in the form of : Employment status : a worker could be employed full - time , part - time , or on a casual basis . He or she could be employed for example temporarily for a specific project only , or on a permanent basis . Part - time wage labour could combine with part - time self - employment . The worker could be employed also as an apprentice . Civil ( legal ) status : the worker could for example be a free citizen , an indentured labourer , the subject of forced labour ( including some prison or army labour ) ; a worker could be assigned by the political authorities to a task , they could be a semi-slave or a serf bound to the land who is hired out part of the time . So the labour might be performed on a more or less voluntary basis , or on a more or less involuntary basis , in which there are many gradations . Method of payment ( remuneration or compensation ) . The work done could be paid `` in cash '' ( a money - wage ) or `` in kind '' ( through receiving goods and / or services ) , or in the form of `` piece rates '' where the wage is directly dependent on how much the worker produces . In some cases , the worker might be paid in the form of credit used to buy goods and services , or in the form of stock options or shares in an enterprise . Method of hiring : the worker might engage in a labour - contract on his or her own initiative , or he or she might hire out their labour as part of a group . But he or she may also hire out their labour via an intermediary ( such as an employment agency ) to a third party . In this case , he or she is paid by the intermediary , but works for a third party which pays the intermediary . In some cases , labour is subcontracted several times , with several intermediaries . Another possibility is that the worker is assigned or posted to a job by a political authority , or that an agency hires out a worker to an enterprise together with means of production . Comparison to slavery ( edit ) Main article : Wage slavery Pinkerton guards escort strikebreakers in Buchtel , Ohio , 1884 Wage labour has long been compared to slavery . As a result , the phrase `` wage slavery '' is often utilised as a pejorative for wage labour . Similarly , advocates of slavery looked upon the `` comparative evils of Slave Society and of Free Society , of slavery to human Masters and slavery to Capital '' , and proceeded to argue that wage slavery was actually worse than chattel slavery . Slavery apologists like George Fitzhugh contended that workers only accepted wage labour with the passage of time , as they became `` familiarised and inattentive to the infected social atmosphere they continually inhale '' . Scholars have debated the exact relationship between wage labor , slavery , and capitalism at length , especially for the antebellum United States . Similarities between wage labour and slavery were noted as early as Cicero in Ancient Rome . With the advent of the industrial revolution , thinkers such as Proudhon and Marx elaborated the comparison between wage labour and slavery in the context of a critique of societal property not intended for active personal use , while Luddites emphasised the dehumanisation brought about by machines . Before the American Civil War , Southern defenders of African American slavery invoked the concept of wage slavery to favorably compare the condition of their slaves to workers in the North . The United States abolished slavery during the Civil War , but labor union activists found the metaphor useful . According to Lawrence Glickman , in the Gilded Age `` references abounded in the labor press , and it is hard to find a speech by a labour leader without the phrase '' . The slave , together with his labour - power , was sold to his owner once for all ... The ( wage ) labourer , on the other hand , sells his very self , and that by fractions ... He ( belongs ) to the capitalist class ; and it is for him ... to find a buyer in this capitalist class . `` '' Karl Marx According to Noam Chomsky , analysis of the psychological implications of wage slavery goes back to the Enlightenment era . In his 1791 book On the Limits of State Action , classical liberal thinker Wilhelm von Humboldt explained how `` whatever does not spring from a man 's free choice , or is only the result of instruction and guidance , does not enter into his very nature ; he does not perform it with truly human energies , but merely with mechanical exactness '' and so when the labourer works under external control , `` we may admire what he does , but we despise what he is '' . Both the Milgram and Stanford experiments have been found useful in the psychological study of wage - based workplace relations . Additionally , as per anthropologist David Graeber , the earliest wage labour contracts we know about were in fact contracts for the rental of chattel slaves ( usually the owner would receive a share of the money , and the slave , another , with which to maintain his or her living expenses . ) Such arrangements , according to Graeber , were quite common in New World slavery as well , whether in the United States or Brazil . C.L.R. James argued in The Black Jacobins that most of the techniques of human organisation employed on factory workers during the industrial revolution were first developed on slave plantations . Girl pulling a coal tub in mine , from official report of the British parliamentary commission in the mid 19th century Some anti-capitalist thinkers claim that the elite maintain wage slavery and a divided working class through their influence over the media and entertainment industry , educational institutions , unjust laws , nationalist and corporate propaganda , pressures and incentives to internalise values serviceable to the power structure , state violence , fear of unemployment and a historical legacy of exploitation and profit accumulation / transfer under prior systems , which shaped the development of economic theory : Adam Smith noted that employers often conspire together to keep wages low : The interest of the dealers ... in any particular branch of trade or manufactures , is always in some respects different from , and even opposite to , that of the public ... ( They ) have generally an interest to deceive and even to oppress the public ... We rarely hear , it has been said , of the combinations of masters , though frequently of those of workmen . But whoever imagines , upon this account , that masters rarely combine , is as ignorant of the world as of the subject . Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit , but constant and uniform combination , not to raise the wages of labor above their actual rate ... It is not , however , difficult to foresee which of the two parties must , upon all ordinary occasions , have the advantage in the dispute , and force the other into a compliance with their terms . Aristotle made the statement `` ... the citizens must not live a mechanic or a mercantile life ( for such a life is ignoble and inimical to virtue ) , nor yet must those who are to be citizens in the best state be tillers of the soil ( for leisure is needed both for the development of virtue and for active participation in politics ) '' , often paraphrased as `` all paid jobs absorb and degrade the mind . '' Cicero wrote in 44 BC that `` ... vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour , not for artistic skill ; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery '' . Somewhat similar criticisms have also been expressed by some proponents of liberalism , like Henry George , Silvio Gesell and Thomas Paine , as well as the Distributist school of thought within the Roman Catholic Church . To Marxist and anarchist thinkers like Bakunin and Kropotkin , wage slavery was a class condition in place due to the existence of private property and the state . This class situation rested primarily on : the existence of property not intended for active use , the concentration of ownership in few hands , the lack of direct access by workers to the means of production and consumption goods the perpetuation of a reserve army of unemployed workers . For Marxists , labour - as - commodity , which is how they regard wage labour , provides a fundamental point of attack against capitalism . `` It can be persuasively argued '' , noted one concerned philosopher , `` that the conception of the worker 's labour as a commodity confirms Marx 's stigmatization of the wage system of private capitalism as ' wage - slavery ; ' that is , as an instrument of the capitalist 's for reducing the worker 's condition to that of a slave , if not below it . '' That this objection is fundamental follows immediately from Marx 's conclusion that wage labour is the very foundation of capitalism : `` Without a class dependent on wages , the moment individuals confront each other as free persons , there can be no production of surplus value ; without the production of surplus - value there can be no capitalist production , and hence no capital and no capitalist ! '' Systemic weaknesses ( edit ) Externalities ( edit ) Main articles : Externality and Commons Market failure occurs when an externality is present and a market will often either under - produce a product with a positive externalisation or overproduce a product that generates a negative externalisation . Air pollution , for instance , is a negative externalisation that can not be easily incorporated into markets as the world 's air is not owned and then sold for use to polluters . So , too much pollution could be emitted and people not involved in the production pay the cost of the pollution instead of the firm that initially emitted the air pollution . Critics of market failure theory , like Ronald Coase , Harold Demsetz , and James M. Buchanan argue that government programs and policies also fall short of absolute perfection . While all nations currently have some kind of market regulations , the desirable degree of regulation is disputed . Anti-competitive practices ( edit ) Main article : Anti-competitive practices Further information : Competition law The doctrine of free competition is essential to the functioning of a capitalist economy and as such anti-competitive behaviour in the market poses a crucial weakness in capitalist economics . Issues such as monopolistic behaviour on the part of corporations and aspects of intellectual property laws pose problems to capitalist economies . Capital accumulation ( edit ) Main article : Capital accumulation Further information : Money The accumulation of capital refers to the process of `` making money '' , or growing an initial sum of money through investment in production . Capitalism is based around the accumulation of capital , whereby financial capital is invested in order to make a profit and then reinvested into further production in a continuous process of accumulation . In Marxian economic theory , this dynamic is called the law of value . Capital accumulation forms the basis of capitalism , where economic activity is structured around the accumulation of capital , defined as investment in order to realize a financial profit . In this context , `` capital '' is defined as money or a financial asset invested for the purpose of making more money ( whether in the form of profit , rent , interest , royalties , capital gain or some other kind of return ) . In economics , accounting and Marxian economics , capital accumulation is often equated with investment of profit income or savings , especially in real capital goods . The concentration and centralisation of capital are two of the results of such accumulation . In modern macroeconomics and econometrics the phrase capital formation is often used in preference to `` accumulation '' , though the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) refers nowadays to `` accumulation '' . The phrase is occasionally used in national accounts . Background ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Accumulation can be measured as the monetary value of investments , the amount of income that is reinvested , or as the change in the value of assets owned ( the increase in the value of the capital stock ) . Using company balance sheets , tax data and direct surveys as a basis , government statisticians estimate total investments and assets for the purpose of national accounts , national balance of payments and flow of funds statistics . Usually the Reserve Banks and the Treasury provide interpretations and analysis of this data . Standard indicators include Capital formation , Gross fixed capital formation , fixed capital , household asset wealth , and foreign direct investment . Organisations such as the International Monetary Fund , the UNCTAD , the World Bank Group , the OECD , and the Bank for International Settlements used national investment data to estimate world trends . The Bureau of Economic Analysis , Eurostat and the Japan Statistical Office provide data on the United States , Europe and Japan respectively . Other useful sources of investment information are business magazines such as Fortune , Forbes , The Economist , Business Week , etc. , and various corporate `` watchdog '' organisations and non-governmental organisation publications . A reputable scientific journal is the Review of Income & Wealth . In the case of the United States , the `` Analytical Perspectives '' document ( an annex to the yearly budget ) provides useful wealth and capital estimates applying to the whole country . In Karl Marx ' economic theory , capital accumulation refers to the operation whereby profits are reinvested increasing the total quantity of capital . Capital is viewed by Marx as expanding value , that is , in other terms , as a sum of capital , usually expressed in money , that is transformed through human labor into a larger value , extracted as profits and expressed as money . Here , capital is defined essentially as economic or commercial asset value in search of additional value or surplus - value . This requires property relations which enable objects of value to be appropriated and owned , and trading rights to be established . Capital accumulation has a double origin , namely in trade and in expropriation , both of a legal or illegal kind . The reason is that a stock of capital can be increased through a process of exchange or `` trading up '' but also through directly taking an asset or resource from someone else , without compensation . David Harvey calls this accumulation by dispossession . The continuation and progress of capital accumulation depends on the removal of obstacles to the expansion of trade , and this has historically often been a violent process . As markets expand , more and more new opportunities develop for accumulating capital , because more and more types of goods and services can be traded in . But capital accumulation may also confront resistance , when people refuse to sell , or refuse to buy ( for example a strike by investors or workers , or consumer resistance ) . Concentration and centralisation ( edit ) According to Marx , capital has the tendency for concentration and centralisation in the hands of the wealthy . Marx explains : `` It is concentration of capitals already formed , destruction of their individual independence , expropriation of capitalist by capitalist , transformation of many small into few large capitals ... Capital grows in one place to a huge mass in a single hand , because it has in another place been lost by many ... The battle of competition is fought by cheapening of commodities . The cheapness of commodities demands , caeteris paribus , on the productiveness of labour , and this again on the scale of production . Therefore , the larger capitals beat the smaller . It will further be remembered that , with the development of the capitalist mode of production , there is an increase in the minimum amount of individual capital necessary to carry on a business under its normal conditions . The smaller capitals , therefore , crowd into spheres of production which Modern Industry has only sporadically or incompletely got hold of . Here competition rages ... It always ends in the ruin of many small capitalists , whose capitals partly pass into the hands of their conquerors , partly vanish . '' The rate of accumulation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Marxian economics , the rate of accumulation is defined as ( 1 ) the value of the real net increase in the stock of capital in an accounting period , ( 2 ) the proportion of realised surplus - value or profit - income which is reinvested , rather than consumed . This rate can be expressed by means of various ratios between the original capital outlay , the realised turnover , surplus - value or profit and reinvestments ( see , e.g. , the writings of the economist Michał Kalecki ) . Other things being equal , the greater the amount of profit - income that is disbursed as personal earnings and used for consumptive purposes , the lower the savings rate and the lower the rate of accumulation is likely to be . However , earnings spent on consumption can also stimulate market demand and higher investment . This is the cause of endless controversies in economic theory about `` how much to spend , and how much to save '' . In a boom period of capitalism , the growth of investments is cumulative , i.e. one investment leads to another , leading to a constantly expanding market , an expanding labor force , and an increase in the standard of living for the majority of the people . In a stagnating , decadent capitalism , the accumulation process is increasingly oriented towards investment on military and security forces , real estate , financial speculation , and luxury consumption . In that case , income from value - adding production will decline in favour of interest , rent and tax income , with as a corollary an increase in the level of permanent unemployment . The more capital one owns , the more capital one can also borrow . The inverse is also true , and this is one factor in the widening gap between the rich and the poor . Ernest Mandel emphasised that the rhythm of capital accumulation and growth depended critically on ( 1 ) the division of a society 's social product between `` necessary product '' and `` surplus product '' , and ( 2 ) the division of the surplus product between investment and consumption . In turn , this allocation pattern reflected the outcome of competition among capitalists , competition between capitalists and workers , and competition between workers . The pattern of capital accumulation can therefore never be simply explained by commercial factors , it also involved social factors and power relationships . The circuit of capital accumulation from production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Strictly speaking , capital has accumulated only when realised profit income has been reinvested in capital assets . But the process of capital accumulation in production has , as suggested in the first volume of Marx ' Das Kapital , at least seven distinct but linked moments : The initial investment of capital ( which could be borrowed capital ) in means of production and labor power . The command over surplus - labour and its appropriation . The valorisation ( increase in value ) of capital through production of new outputs . The appropriation of the new output produced by employees , containing the added value . The realisation of surplus - value through output sales . The appropriation of realised surplus - value as ( profit ) income after deduction of costs . The reinvestment of profit income in production . All of these moments do not refer simply to an `` economic '' or commercial process . Rather , they assume the existence of legal , social , cultural and economic power conditions , without which creation , distribution and circulation of the new wealth could not occur . This becomes especially clear when the attempt is made to create a market where none exists , or where people refuse to trade . Simple and expanded reproduction ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In volume 2 of Das Kapital , Marx continues the story and shows that , with the aid of bank credit , capital in search of growth can more or less smoothly mutate from one form to another , alternately taking the form of money capital ( liquid deposits , securities , etc . ) , commodity capital ( tradable products , real estate etc . ) , or production capital ( means of production and labor power ) . His discussion of the simple and expanded reproduction of the conditions of production offers a more sophisticated model of the parameters of the accumulation process as a whole . At simple reproduction , a sufficient amount is produced to sustain society at the given living standard ; the stock of capital stays constant . At expanded reproduction , more product - value is produced than is necessary to sustain society at a given living standard ( a surplus product ) ; the additional product - value is available for investments which enlarge the scale and variety of production . The bourgeois claim there is no economic law according to which capital is necessarily re-invested in the expansion of production , that such depends on anticipated profitability , market expectations and perceptions of investment risk . Such statements only explain the subjective experiences of investors and ignore the objective realities which would influence such opinions . As Marx states in Vol. 2 , simple reproduction only exists if the variable and surplus capital realised by Dept. 1 -- producers of means of production -- exactly equals that of the constant capital of Dept. 2 , producers of articles of consumption ( p. 524 ) . Such equilibrium rests on various assumptions , such as a constant labor supply ( no population growth ) . Accumulation does not imply a necessary change in total magnitude of value produced but can simply refer to a change in the composition of an industry ( p. 514 ) . Ernest Mandel introduced the additional concept of contracted economic reproduction , i.e. reduced accumulation where business operating at a loss outnumbers growing business , or economic reproduction on a decreasing scale , for example due to wars , natural disasters or de valorisation . Balanced economic growth requires that different factors in the accumulation process expand in appropriate proportions . But markets themselves can not spontaneously create that balance , in fact what drives business activity is precisely the imbalances between supply and demand : inequality is the motor of growth . This partly explains why the worldwide pattern of economic growth is very uneven and unequal , even although markets have existed almost everywhere for a very long - time . Some people argue that it also explains government regulation of market trade and protectionism . Capital accumulation as social relation ( edit ) `` Accumulation of capital '' sometimes also refers in Marxist writings to the reproduction of capitalist social relations ( institutions ) on a larger scale over time , i.e. , the expansion of the size of the proletariat and of the wealth owned by the bourgeoisie . This interpretation emphasises that capital ownership , predicated on command over labor , is a social relation : the growth of capital implies the growth of the working class ( a `` law of accumulation '' ) . In the first volume of Das Kapital Marx had illustrated this idea with reference to Edward Gibbon Wakefield 's theory of colonisation : Wakefield discovered that in the Colonies , property in money , means of subsistence , machines , and other means of production , does not as yet stamp a man as a capitalist if there be wanting the correlative -- the wage - worker , the other man who is compelled to sell himself of his own free - will . He discovered that capital is not a thing , but a social relation between persons , established by the instrumentality of things . Mr. Peel , he moans , took with him from England to Swan River , West Australia , means of subsistence and of production to the amount of £ 50,000 . Mr. Peel had the foresight to bring with him , besides , 3,000 persons of the working - class , men , women , and children . Once arrived at his destination , ' Mr. Peel was left without a servant to make his bed or fetch him water from the river . ' Unhappy Mr. Peel , who provided for everything except the export of English modes of production to Swan River ! -- Das Kapital , vol. 1 , ch. 33 In the third volume of Das Kapital , Marx refers to the `` fetishism of capital '' reaching its highest point with interest - bearing capital , because now capital seems to grow of its own accord without anybody doing anything . The relations of capital assume their most externalised and most fetish - like form in interest - bearing capital . We have here M − M ′ ( \ displaystyle M-M ' ) , money creating more money , self - expanding value , without the process that effectuates these two extremes . In merchant 's capital , M − C − M ′ ( \ displaystyle M-C-M ' ) , there is at least the general form of the capitalistic movement , although it confines itself solely to the sphere of circulation , so that profit appears merely as profit derived from alienation ; but it is at least seen to be the product of a social relation , not the product of a mere thing . ( ... ) This is obliterated in M − M ′ ( \ displaystyle M-M ' ) , the form of interest - bearing capital . ( ... ) The thing ( money , commodity , value ) is now capital even as a mere thing , and capital appears as a mere thing . The result of the entire process of reproduction appears as a property inherent in the thing itself . It depends on the owner of the money , i.e. , of the commodity in its continually exchangeable form , whether he wants to spend it as money or loan it out as capital . In interest - bearing capital , therefore , this automatic fetish , self - expanding value , money generating money , are brought out in their pure state and in this form it no longer bears the birth - marks of its origin . The social relation is consummated in the relation of a thing , of money , to itself . Instead of the actual transformation of money into capital , we see here only form without content . -- `` Das Kapital '' , vol. 1 , ch. 24 Supply and demand ( edit ) The price P of a product is determined by a balance between production at each price ( supply S ) and the desires of those with purchasing power at each price ( demand D ) : the diagram shows a positive shift in demand from D to D , resulting in an increase in price ( P ) and quantity sold ( Q ) of the product In capitalist economic structures , supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market . It concludes that in a competitive market , the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers ( at current price ) will equal the quantity supplied by producers ( at current price ) , resulting in an economic equilibrium for price and quantity . The four basic laws of supply and demand are : If demand increases ( demand curve shifts to the right ) and supply remains unchanged , then a shortage occurs , leading to a higher equilibrium price . If demand decreases ( demand curve shifts to the left ) and supply remains unchanged , then a surplus occurs , leading to a lower equilibrium price . If demand remains unchanged and supply increases ( supply curve shifts to the right ) , then a surplus occurs , leading to a lower equilibrium price . If demand remains unchanged and supply decreases ( supply curve shifts to the left ) , then a shortage occurs , leading to a higher equilibrium price . Graphical representation of supply and demand ( edit ) Although it is normal to regard the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied as functions of the price of the goods , the standard graphical representation , usually attributed to Alfred Marshall , has price on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis , the opposite of the standard convention for the representation of a mathematical function . Since determinants of supply and demand other than the price of the goods in question are not explicitly represented in the supply - demand diagram , changes in the values of these variables are represented by moving the supply and demand curves ( often described as `` shifts '' in the curves ) . By contrast , responses to changes in the price of the good are represented as movements along unchanged supply and demand curves . Supply schedule ( edit ) A supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied . Under the assumption of perfect competition , supply is determined by marginal cost . That is : firms will produce additional output while the cost of producing an extra unit of output is less than the price they would receive . A hike in the cost of raw goods would decrease supply , shifting costs up , while a discount would increase supply , shifting costs down and hurting producers as producer surplus decreases . By its very nature , conceptualising a supply curve requires the firm to be a perfect competitor ( i.e. to have no influence over the market price ) . This is true because each point on the supply curve is the answer to the question `` If this firm is faced with this potential price , how much output will it be able to and willing to sell ? '' If a firm has market power , its decision of how much output to provide to the market influences the market price , therefore the firm is not `` faced with '' any price , and the question becomes less relevant . Economists distinguish between the supply curve of an individual firm and between the market supply curve . The market supply curve is obtained by summing the quantities supplied by all suppliers at each potential price . Thus , in the graph of the supply curve , individual firms ' supply curves are added horizontally to obtain the market supply curve . Economists also distinguish the short - run market supply curve from the long - run market supply curve . In this context , two things are assumed constant by definition of the short run : the availability of one or more fixed inputs ( typically physical capital ) , and the number of firms in the industry . In the long - run , firms can adjust their holdings of physical capital , enabling them to better adjust their quantity supplied at any given price . Furthermore , in the long - run potential competitors can enter or exit the industry in response to market conditions . For both of these reasons , long - run market supply curves are generally flatter than their short - run counterparts . The determinants of supply are : Production costs : how much a goods costs to be produced . Production costs are the cost of the inputs ; primarily labor , capital , energy and materials . They depend on the technology used in production , and / or technological advances . See : Productivity . Firms ' expectations about future prices . Number of suppliers . Demand schedule ( edit ) A demand schedule , depicted graphically as the demand curve , represents the amount of some goods that buyers are willing and able to purchase at various prices , assuming all determinants of demand other than the price of the good in question , such as income , tastes and preferences , the price of substitute goods , and the price of complementary goods , remain the same . Following the law of demand , the demand curve is almost always represented as downward - sloping , meaning that as price decreases , consumers will buy more of the good . Just like the supply curves reflect marginal cost curves , demand curves are determined by marginal utility curves . Consumers will be willing to buy a given quantity of a good , at a given price , if the marginal utility of additional consumption is equal to the opportunity cost determined by the price , that is the marginal utility of alternative consumption choices . The demand schedule is defined as the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a given product in a given frame of time . While the aforementioned demand curve is generally downward - sloping , there may be rare examples of goods that have upward - sloping demand curves . Two different hypothetical types of goods with upward - sloping demand curves are Giffen goods ( an inferior but staple good ) and Veblen goods ( goods made more fashionable by a higher price ) . By its very nature , conceptualising a demand curve requires that the purchaser be a perfect competitor -- that is , that the purchaser has no influence over the market price . This is true because each point on the demand curve is the answer to the question `` If this buyer is faced with this potential price , how much of the product will it purchase ? '' If a buyer has market power , so its decision of how much to buy influences the market price , then the buyer is not `` faced with '' any price , and the question is meaningless . Like with supply curves , economists distinguish between the demand curve of an individual and the market demand curve . The market demand curve is obtained by summing the quantities demanded by all consumers at each potential price . Thus , in the graph of the demand curve , individuals ' demand curves are added horizontally to obtain the market demand curve . The determinants of demand are : Income . Tastes and preferences . Prices of related goods and services . Consumers ' expectations about future prices and incomes that can be checked . Number of potential consumers . Equilibrium ( edit ) Further information : Economic equilibrium In the context of supply and demand , economic equilibrium refers to a state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences the ( equilibrium ) values of economic variables will not change . For example , in the standard text - book model of perfect competition , equilibrium occurs at the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal . Market equilibrium in this case refers to a condition where a market price is established through competition such that the amount of goods or services sought by buyers is equal to the amount of goods or services produced by sellers . This price is often called the competitive price or market clearing price and will tend not to change unless demand or supply changes and the quantity is called `` competitive quantity '' or market clearing quantity . Partial equilibrium ( edit ) Main article : Partial equilibrium Partial equilibrium , as the name suggests , takes into consideration only a part of the market to attain equilibrium . Jain proposes ( attributed to George Stigler ) : `` A partial equilibrium is one which is based on only a restricted range of data , a standard example is price of a single product , the prices of all other products being held fixed during the analysis . '' The supply - and - demand model is a partial equilibrium model of economic equilibrium , where the clearance on the market of some specific goods is obtained independently from prices and quantities in other markets . In other words , the prices of all substitutes and complements , as well as income levels of consumers are constant . This makes analysis much simpler than in a general equilibrium model which includes an entire economy . Here the dynamic process is that prices adjust until supply equals demand . It is a powerfully simple technique that allows one to study equilibrium , efficiency and comparative statics . The stringency of the simplifying assumptions inherent in this approach make the model considerably more tractable , but may produce results which while seemingly precise do not effectively model real world economic phenomena . Partial equilibrium analysis examines the effects of policy action in creating equilibrium only in that particular sector or market which is directly affected , ignoring its effect in any other market or industry assuming that they being small will have little impact if any . Hence this analysis is considered to be useful in constricted markets . Léon Walras first formalised the idea of a one - period economic equilibrium of the general economic system , but it was French economist Antoine Augustin Cournot and English political economist Alfred Marshall who developed tractable models to analyse an economic system . Empirical estimation ( edit ) Demand and supply relations in a market can be statistically estimated from price , quantity , and other data with sufficient information in the model . This can be done with simultaneous - equation methods of estimation in econometrics . Such methods allow solving for the model - relevant `` structural coefficients '' , the estimated algebraic counterparts of the theory . The parameter identification problem is a common issue in `` structural estimation '' . Typically , data on exogenous variables ( that is : variables other than price and quantity , both of which are endogenous variables ) are needed to perform such an estimation . An alternative to `` structural estimation '' is reduced - form estimation , which regresses each of the endogenous variables on the respective exogenous variables . Macroeconomic uses of demand and supply ( edit ) Demand and supply have also been generalised to explain macroeconomic variables in a market economy , including the quantity of total output and the general price level . The Aggregate Demand -- Aggregate Supply model may be the most direct application of supply and demand to macroeconomics , but other macroeconomic models also use supply and demand . Compared to microeconomic uses of demand and supply , different ( and more controversial ) theoretical considerations apply to such macroeconomic counterparts as aggregate demand and aggregate supply . Demand and supply are also used in macroeconomic theory to relate money supply and money demand to interest rates , and to relate labor supply and labor demand to wage rates . History ( edit ) According to Hamid S. Hosseini , the power of supply and demand was understood to some extent by several early Muslim scholars , such as fourteenth - century Mamluk scholar Ibn Taymiyyah , who wrote : `` If desire for goods increases while its availability decreases , its price rises . On the other hand , if availability of the good increases and the desire for it decreases , the price comes down . '' Adam Smith John Locke 's 1691 work Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money . includes an early and clear description of supply and demand and their relationship . In this description demand is rent : `` The price of any commodity rises or falls by the proportion of the number of buyer and sellers '' and `` that which regulates the price ... ( of goods ) is nothing else but their quantity in proportion to their rent '' . The phrase `` supply and demand '' was first used by James Denham - Steuart in his Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy , published in 1767 . Adam Smith used the phrase in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations , and David Ricardo titled one chapter of his 1817 work Principles of Political Economy and Taxation `` On the Influence of Demand and Supply on Price '' . In The Wealth of Nations , Smith generally assumed that the supply price was fixed but that its `` merit '' ( value ) would decrease as its `` scarcity '' increased , in effect what was later called the law of demand also . Ricardo , in Principles of Political Economy and Taxation , more rigorously laid down the idea of the assumptions that were used to build his ideas of supply and demand . Antoine Augustin Cournot first developed a mathematical model of supply and demand in his 1838 Researches into the Mathematical Principles of Wealth , including diagrams . During the late 19th century the marginalist school of thought emerged . This field mainly was started by Stanley Jevons , Carl Menger , and Léon Walras . The key idea was that the price was set by the most expensive price , that is , the price at the margin . This was a substantial change from Adam Smith 's thoughts on determining the supply price . In his 1870 essay `` On the Graphical Representation of Supply and Demand '' , Fleeming Jenkin in the course of `` introduc ( ing ) the diagrammatic method into the English economic literature '' published the first drawing of supply and demand curves therein , including comparative statics from a shift of supply or demand and application to the labor market . The model was further developed and popularized by Alfred Marshall in the 1890 textbook Principles of Economics . Capitalism and war ( edit ) War typically causes the diversion , destruction and creation of capital assets as capital assets are both destroyed or consumed and diverted to types of production needed to fight the war . Many assets are wasted and in some few cases created specifically to fight a war . War driven demands may be a powerful stimulus for the accumulation of capital and production capability in limited areas and market expansion outside the immediate theatre of war . Often this has induced laws against perceived and real war profiteering . The total hours worked in the United States rose by 34 percent during World War II , even though the military draft reduced the civilian labor force by 11 percent . Assembling the North American B - 25 Mitchell at Kansas City , 1942 : the common view among economic historians is that the Great Depression ended with the advent of World War II War destruction can be illustrated by looking at World War II . Industrial war damage was heaviest in Japan , where 1 / 4 of factory buildings and 1 / 3 of plant & equipment were destroyed ; 1 / 7 of electric power - generating capacity was destroyed and 6 / 7 of oil refining capacity . The Japanese merchant fleet lost 80 % of their ships . In Germany in 1944 , when air attacks were heaviest , 6.5 % of machine tools were damaged or destroyed , but around 90 % were later repaired . About 10 % of steel production capacity was lost . In Europe , the United States and the Soviet Union enormous resources were accumulated and ultimately dissipated as planes , ships , tanks , etc. were built and then lost or destroyed . Germany 's total war damage was estimated at about 17.5 % of the pre-war total capital stock by value , i.e. about 1 / 6 . In the Berlin area alone , there were 8 million refugees lacking basic necessities . In 1945 , less than 10 % of the railways were still operating . 2395 rail bridges were destroyed and a total of 7500 bridges , 10,000 locomotives and more than 100,000 goods wagons were destroyed . Less than 40 % of the remaining locomotives were operational . However , by the first quarter of 1946 European rail traffic , which was given assistance and preferences ( by western appointed military governors ) for resources and material as an essential asset , regained its prewar operational level . At the end of the year , 90 % of Germany 's railway lines were operating again . In retrospect , the rapidity of infrastructure reconstruction appears astonishing . Initially , in May 1945 newly installed United States president Harry S. Truman 's directive had been that no steps would be taken towards economic rehabilitation of Germany . In fact , the initial industry plan of 1946 prohibited production in excess of half of the 1938 level ; the iron and steel industry was allowed to produce only less than a third of pre-war output . These plans were rapidly revised and better plans were instituted . In 1946 , over 10 % of Germany 's physical capital stock ( plant & equipment ) was also dismantled and confiscated , most of it going to the USSR . By 1947 , industrial production in Germany was at 1 / 3 of the 1938 level , and industrial investment at about 1 / 2 the 1938 level . The first big strike - wave in the Ruhr occurred in early 1947 -- it was about food rations and housing , but soon there were demands for nationalisation . The United States appointed military governor ( Newman ) however stated at the time that he had the power to break strikes by withholding food rations . The clear message was : `` no work , no eat '' . As the military controls in Western Germany were nearly all relinquished and the Germans were allowed to rebuild their own economy with Marshal Plan aid things rapidly improved . By 1951 , German industrial production had overtaken the prewar level . The Marshall Aid funds were important , but , after the currency reform ( which permitted German capitalists to revalue their assets ) and the establishment of a new political system , much more important was the commitment of the United States to rebuilding German capitalism and establishing a free market economy and government , rather than keeping Germany in a weak position . Initially , average real wages remained low , lower even than in 1938 , until the early 1950s , while profitability was unusually high . So the total investment fund , aided by credits , was also high , resulting in a high rate of capital accumulation which was nearly all reinvested in new construction or new tools . This was called the German economic miracle or `` Wirtschaftswunder '' . In Italy , the victorious Allies did three things in 1945 : they imposed their absolute military authority ; they quickly disarmed the Italian partisans from a very large stock of weapons ; and they agreed to a state guarantee of wage payments , as well as a veto on all sackings of workers from their jobs . Although the Italian Communist Party grew very large immediately after the war ended -- it achieved a membership of 1.7 million people in a population of 45 million -- it was outmaneouvred through a complicated political battle by the Christian Democrats , after three years . In the 1950s , an economic boom began in Italy , at first fuelled by internal demand , and then also by exports . In modern times , it has often been possible to rebuild physical capital assets destroyed in wars completely within the space of about 10 years , except in cases of severe pollution by chemical warfare or other kinds of irreparable devastation . However , damage to human capital has been much more devastating , in terms of fatalities ( in the case of World War II , about 55 million deaths ) , permanent physical disability , enduring ethnic hostility and psychological injuries which have effects for at least several generations . Types of capitalism ( edit ) There are many variants of capitalism in existence that differ according to country and region . They vary in their institutional makeup and by their economic policies . The common features among all the different forms of capitalism is that they are based on the production of goods and services for profit , predominantly market - based allocation of resources , and they are structured upon the accumulation of capital . The major forms of capitalism are listed hereafter : Advanced capitalism ( edit ) Main article : Advanced capitalism Advanced capitalism is the situation that pertains to a society in which the capitalist model has been integrated and developed deeply and extensively for a prolonged period . Various writers identify Antonio Gramsci as an influential early theorist of advanced capitalism , even if he did not use the term himself . In his writings Gramsci sought to explain how capitalism had adapted to avoid the revolutionary overthrow that had seemed inevitable in the 19th century . At the heart of his explanation was the decline of raw coercion as a tool of class power , replaced by use of civil society institutions to manipulate public ideology in the capitalists ' favour . Jürgen Habermas has been a major contributor to the analysis of advanced - capitalistic societies . Habermas observed four general features that characterise advanced capitalism : Concentration of industrial activity in a few large firms Constant reliance on the state to stabilise the economic system A formally democratic government that legitimises the activities of the state and dissipates opposition to the system The use of nominal wage increases to pacify the most restless segments of the work force Finance capitalism ( edit ) See also : Capitalist mode of production ( Marxist theory ) In their critique of capitalism , Marxism and Leninism both emphasise the role of `` Finance Capital '' as the determining and ruling - class interest in capitalist society , particularly in the latter stages . Rudolf Hilferding is credited with first bringing the term `` finance capitalism '' into prominence through Finance Capital , his 1910 study of the links between German trusts , banks , and monopolies -- a study subsumed by Lenin into Imperialism , the Highest Stage of Capitalism ( 1917 ) , his analysis of the imperialist relations of the great world powers . Lenin concluded that the banks at that time operated as `` the chief nerve centres of the whole capitalist system of national economy '' : for the Comintern ( founded in 1919 ) , the phrase `` dictatorship of finance capitalism '' became a regular one . Braudel would later point to two earlier periods when finance capitalism had emerged in human history -- with the Genoese in the 16th century and with the Dutch in the 17th and 18th centuries -- although at those points it developed from commercial capitalism . Giovanni Arrighi extended Braudel 's analysis to suggest that a predominance of finance capitalism is a recurring , long - term phenomenon , whenever a previous phase of commercial / industrial capitalist expansion reaches a plateau . Mercantilism ( edit ) Main articles : Mercantilism and Protectionism The subscription room at Lloyd 's of London in the early 19th century Mercantilism is a nationalist form of early capitalism that came into existence approximately in the late 16th century . It is characterized by the intertwining of national business interests to state - interest and imperialism , and consequently , the state apparatus is utilized to advance national business interests abroad . An example of this is colonists living in America who were only allowed to trade with and purchase goods from their respective mother countries ( e.g. Britain , Portugal , France ) . Mercantilism was driven by the belief that the wealth of a nation is increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations ; it corresponds to the phase of capitalist development sometimes called the primitive accumulation of capital . Free - market economy ( edit ) See also : Free market and Laissez - faire Free - market economy refers to a capitalist economic system where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy . It typically entails support for highly competitive markets and private ownership of productive enterprises . Laissez - faire is a more extensive form of free - market economy where the role of the state is limited to protecting property rights . Social - market economy ( edit ) Main articles : Social market and Nordic model A social - market economy is a nominally free - market system where government intervention in price formation is kept to a minimum but the state provides significant services in the area of social security , unemployment benefits and recognition of labor rights through national collective bargaining arrangements . This model is prominent in Western and Northern European countries , and Japan , albeit in slightly different configurations . The vast majority of enterprises are privately owned in this economic model . Rhine capitalism refers to the contemporary model of capitalism and adaptation of the social market model that exists in continental Western Europe today . State capitalism ( edit ) Main article : State capitalism State capitalism is a capitalist market economy dominated by state - owned enterprises , where the state enterprises are organized as commercial , profit - seeking businesses . The designation has been used broadly throughout the 20th century to designate a number of different economic forms , ranging from state - ownership in market economies to the command economies of the former Eastern Bloc . According to Aldo Musacchio , a professor at Harvard Business School , state capitalism is a system in which governments , whether democratic or autocratic , exercise a widespread influence on the economy either through direct ownership or various subsidies . Musacchio notes a number of differences between today 's state capitalism and its predecessors . In his opinion , gone are the days when governments appointed bureaucrats to run companies : the world 's largest state - owned enterprises are now traded on the public markets and kept in good health by large institutional investors . Contemporary state capitalism is associated with the East Asian model of capitalism , dirigisme and the economy of Norway . Alternatively , Merriam - Webster defines state capitalism as `` an economic system in which private capitalism is modified by a varying degree of government ownership and control '' . Friedrich Engels , in Socialism : Utopian and Scientific , argued that state - owned enterprises would characterize the final stage of capitalism , consisting of ownership and management of large - scale production and communication by the bourgeois state . In his writings , Vladimir Lenin characterized the economy of Soviet Russia as state capitalist , believing state capitalism to be an early step toward the development of socialism . Some economists and left - wing academics including Richard D. Wolff and Noam Chomsky argue that the economies of the former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc represented a form of state capitalism because their internal organization within enterprises and the system of wage labor remained intact . The term is not used by Austrian school economists to describe state ownership of the means of production . The economist Ludwig von Mises argued that the designation of `` state capitalism '' was simply a new label for the old labels of `` state socialism '' and `` planned economy '' , and differed only in non-essentials from these earlier designations . The debate between proponents of private versus state capitalism is centered around questions of managerial efficacy , productive efficiency , and fair distribution of wealth . Corporate capitalism ( edit ) Main article : Corporate capitalism See also : State monopoly capitalism and Crony capitalism Corporate capitalism is a free or mixed - market economy characterized by the dominance of hierarchical , bureaucratic corporations . Mixed economy ( edit ) Main article : Mixed economy See also : Economic interventionism A mixed economy is a largely market - based economy consisting of both private and public ownership of the means of production and economic interventionism through macroeconomic policies intended to correct market failures , reduce unemployment and keep inflation low . The degree of intervention in markets varies among different countries . Some mixed economies , such as France under dirigisme , also featured a degree of indirect economic planning over a largely capitalist - based economy . Most modern capitalist economies are defined as `` mixed economies '' to some degree . Racial capitalism ( edit ) In her article `` Racial Capitalism , '' Nancy Leong defines racial capitalism as `` the process '' that occurs when individuals or institutions profit `` from the racial identity of another person . '' Others ( edit ) Other variants of capitalism include : Anarcho - capitalism Community capitalism Neo-capitalism State monopoly capitalism Welfare capitalism Supercapitalism Technocapitalism Role of government ( edit ) Further information : Competition regulator , Consumer protection , and Competition law In a capitalist system , the government does not prohibit private property or prevent individuals from working where they please . The government does not prevent firms from determining what wages they will pay and what prices they will charge for their products . However , many countries have minimum wage laws and minimum safety standards . Under some versions of capitalism , the government carries out a number of economic functions , such as issuing money , supervising public utilities and enforcing private contracts . Many countries have competition laws that prohibit monopolies and cartels from forming . Despite anti-monopoly laws , large corporations can form near - monopolies in some industries . Such firms can temporarily drop prices and accept losses to prevent competition from entering the market , and then raise them again once the threat of entry is reduced . In many countries , public utilities ( e.g. electricity , heating fuel , communications ) are able to operate as a monopoly under government regulation , due to high economies of scale . Government agencies regulate the standards of service in many industries , such as airlines and broadcasting , as well as financing a wide range of programs . In addition , the government regulates the flow of capital and uses financial tools such as the interest rate to control factors such as inflation and unemployment . Adverse characteristics of capitalist governments ( edit ) Democratic socialists argue that the role of the state in a capitalist society is to defend the interests of the bourgeoisie . These governments take actions to implement such things as unified national markets , national currencies , and customs system . Capitalist governments have also been criticised as oligarchic in nature due to the inevitable inequality characteristic of economic progress . Criticism ( edit ) Further information : Opposition to capitalism and Criticism of capitalism The Industrial Workers of the World poster `` Pyramid of Capitalist System '' ( 1911 ) Critics of capitalism associate the economic system with social inequality ; unfair distribution of wealth and power ; materialism ; repression of workers and trade unionists ; social alienation ; economic inequality ; unemployment ; and economic instability . Many socialists consider capitalism to be irrational , in that production and the direction of the economy are unplanned , creating many inconsistencies and internal contradictions . Capitalism and individual property rights have been associated with the tragedy of the anticommons where owners are unable to agree . Marxian economist Richard D. Wolff postulates that capitalist economies prioritize profits and capital accumulation over the social needs of communities , and capitalist enterprises rarely include the workers in the basic decisions of the enterprise . Some labor historians and scholars have argued that unfree labor -- by slaves , indentured servants , prisoners or other coerced persons -- is compatible with capitalist relations . Tom Brass argued that unfree labor is acceptable to capital . Historian Greg Grandin argues that capitalism has its origins in slavery : `` when historians talk about the Atlantic market revolution , they are talking about capitalism . And when they are talking about capitalism , they are talking about slavery . '' Historian Edward E. Baptist claims that slavery was an integral component in the violent development of American and global capitalism . According to Immanuel Wallerstein , institutional racism has been `` one of the most significant pillars '' of the capitalist system and serves as `` the ideological justification for the hierarchization of the work - force and its highly unequal distributions of reward '' . Many aspects of capitalism have come under attack from the anti-globalization movement , which is primarily opposed to corporate capitalism . Environmentalists have argued that capitalism requires continual economic growth , and that it will inevitably deplete the finite natural resources of Earth and cause mass extinctions of animal and plant life . Such critics argue that , while this neoliberalism or contemporary capitalism has indeed increased global trade , it has also destroyed traditional ways of life , exacerbated inequality and increased global poverty -- with more living today in abject poverty than before neoliberalism , and that environmental indicators indicate massive environmental degradation since the late 1970s . Some scholars blame the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 on the neoliberal capitalist model . Following the banking crisis of 2007 , Alan Greenspan told the United States Congress on 23 October 2008 : `` The whole intellectual edifice collapsed . I made a mistake in presuming that the self - interests of organizations , specifically banks and others , were such that they were best capable of protecting their own shareholders ... I was shocked . '' Many religions have criticized or opposed specific elements of capitalism . Traditional Judaism , Christianity , and Islam forbid lending money at interest , although alternative methods of banking have been developed . Some Christians have criticized capitalism for its materialist aspects and its inability to account for the wellbeing of all people . Many of Jesus ' parables deal with economic concerns : farming , shepherding , being in debt , doing hard labor , being excluded from banquets and the houses of the rich , and have implications for wealth and power distribution . Catholic scholars and clergy have often criticized capitalism because of its disenfranchisement of the poor often promoting distributism as an alternative . In his 84 - page apostolic exhortation Evangelii gaudium , Catholic Pope Francis described unfettered capitalism as `` a new tyranny '' and called on world leaders to fight rising poverty and inequality : Some people continue to defend trickle - down theories which assume that economic growth , encouraged by a free market , will inevitably succeed in bringing about greater justice and inclusiveness in the world . This opinion , which has never been confirmed by the facts , expresses a crude and naive trust in the goodness of those wielding economic power and in the sacralized workings of the prevailing economic system . Meanwhile , the excluded are still waiting . Proponents of capitalism argue that it creates more prosperity than any other economic system , and that its benefits are mainly to the ordinary person . Critics of capitalism variously associate it with economic instability , an inability to provide for the well - being of all people , and an unsustainable danger to the natural environment . Socialists maintain that , although capitalism is superior to all previously existing economic systems ( such as feudalism or slavery ) , the contradiction between class interests will only be resolved by advancing into a completely new social system of production and distribution in which all persons have an equal relationship to the means of production . The term capitalism in its modern sense is often attributed to Karl Marx . In his magnum opus Capital , Marx analysed the `` capitalist mode of production '' using a method of understanding today known as Marxism . However , Marx himself rarely used the term `` capitalism '' , while it was used twice in the more political interpretations of his work , primarily authored by his collaborator Friedrich Engels . In the 20th century , defenders of the capitalist system often replaced the term capitalism with phrases such as free enterprise and private enterprise and replaced capitalist with rentier and investor in reaction to the negative connotations associated with capitalism . Profit motive ( edit ) The majority of criticisms against the profit motive centre on the idea that profits should not supersede the needs of people . Michael Moore 's film Sicko , for example , attacks the healthcare industry for its alleged emphasis on profits at the expense of patients . Moore explains : We should have no talk of profit when it comes to helping people who are sick . The profit motive should be nowhere involved in this . And you know what ? It 's not fair to the insurance companies either because they have a fiduciary responsibility to make as much money as they can for their shareholders . Well , the way they make more money is to deny claims or to kick people off the rolls or to not even let people on the rolls because they have a pre-existing condition . You know , all of that is wrong . Another common criticism of the profit motive is that it is believed to encourage selfishness and greed . Critics of the profit motive contend that companies disregard morals or public safety in the pursuit of profits . Free - market economists counter that the profit motive , coupled with competition , actually reduces the final price of an item for consumption , rather than raising it . They argue that businesses profit by selling a good at a lower price and at a greater volume than the competition . Economist Thomas Sowell uses supermarkets as an example to illustrate this point : `` It has been estimated that a supermarket makes a clear profit of about a penny on a dollar of sales . If that sounds pretty skimpy , remember that it is collecting that penny on every dollar at several cash registers simultaneously and , in many cases , around the clock . '' U.S. economist Milton Friedman has argued that greed and self - interest are universal human traits . On a 1979 episode of The Phil Donahue Show , Friedman states : `` The world runs on individuals pursuing their separate interests . '' He continues by explaining that only in capitalist countries , where individuals can pursue their own self - interest , people have been able to escape from `` grinding poverty '' . Marxian responses ( edit ) Main article : Marxian economics Part of a series on Marxian economics Concepts ( show ) Capital ( accumulation ) Capitalist mode of production Class process Commodity ( production ) Concrete and abstract labor Constant capital Exchange value Exploitation Labour power Labour theory of value Law of accumulation Law of value Means of production Mode of production Monopoly capitalism Organic composition of capital Productive forces Profit Prices of production Primitive accumulation Rate of exploitation Rate of profit Real prices and ideal prices Relations of production Reproduction Reserve army of labour Socially necessary labour time Socialist mode of production Socialization Simple commodity production Surplus value Surplus labour Surplus product Use value Wage labour Wage slavery Value - form Value product Variable capital Topics ( show ) Capital controversy Crisis theory Economic determinism Immiseration thesis Historical materialism Okishio 's theorem Overaccumulation Overdetermination Overproduction Kondratiev wave Technological determinism Technological unemployment Temporal single - system interpretation Falling profit - rate tendency Transformation problem Underconsumption Value Variants ( show ) Analytical Marxism Classical Marxism Orthodox Marxism Overaccumulation Neo-Marxian economics Underconsumptionism Works ( show ) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Das Kapital Grundrisse Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 The Accumulation of Capital Monopoly Capital The Theory of Capitalist Development Finance Capital People ( show ) Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Vladimir Lenin Rosa Luxemburg Rudolf Hilferding Leon Trotsky Karl Kautsky Ernest Mandel Antonie Pannekoek János Kornai Andrew Kliman Richard D. Wolff Nikolai Kondratiev Paul Sweezy Nobuo Okishio Ian Steedman John Roemer David Laibman Paul A. Baran Stephen Resnick Michał Kalecki Journals ( show ) Cambridge Journal of Economics International Journal of Political Economy Monthly Review New School Economic Review real - world economics review Rethinking Marxism Science and Society Related topics ( show ) Evolutionary economics Classical economics Marxism Marxist sociology Neoclassical economics Perspectives on capitalism Political economy Schools of economic thought Socialist economics Critiques of capitalism Economics portal Marxism portal Marx considered capitalism to be a historically specific mode of production ( the way in which the productive property is owned and controlled , combined with the corresponding social relations between individuals based on their connection with the process of production ) . The capitalist stage of development or `` bourgeois society '' , for Marx , represented the most advanced form of social organization to date , but he also thought that the working classes would come to power in a worldwide socialist or communist transformation of human society as the end of the series of first aristocratic , then capitalist , and finally working class rule was reached . Following Adam Smith , Marx distinguished the use value of commodities from their exchange value in the market . Capital , according to Marx , is created with the purchase of commodities for the purpose of creating new commodities with an exchange value higher than the sum of the original purchases . For Marx , the use of labor power had itself become a commodity under capitalism ; the exchange value of labor power , as reflected in the wage , is less than the value it produces for the capitalist . This difference in values , he argues , constitutes surplus value , which the capitalists extract and accumulate . In his book Capital , Marx argues that the capitalist mode of production is distinguished by how the owners of capital extract this surplus from workers -- all prior class societies had extracted surplus labor , but capitalism was new in doing so via the sale - value of produced commodities . He argues that a core requirement of a capitalist society is that a large portion of the population must not possess sources of self - sustenance that would allow them to be independent , and are instead forced to sell their labor for a wage . In conjunction with his criticism of capitalism was Marx 's belief that the working class , due to its relationship to the means of production and numerical superiority under capitalism , would be the driving force behind the socialist revolution . This argument is intertwined with Marx ' version of the labor theory of value arguing that labor is the source of all value , and thus of profit . Vladimir Lenin , in Imperialism , the Highest Stage of Capitalism ( 1916 ) , further developed Marxist theory and argued that capitalism necessarily led to monopoly capitalism and the export of capital -- which he also called `` imperialism '' -- to find new markets and resources , representing the last and highest stage of capitalism . Some 20th - century Marxian economists consider capitalism to be a social formation where capitalist class processes dominate , but are not exclusive . Capitalist class processes , to these thinkers , are simply those in which surplus labor takes the form of surplus value , usable as capital ; other tendencies for utilization of labor nonetheless exist simultaneously in existing societies where capitalist processes predominate . However , other late Marxian thinkers argue that a social formation as a whole may be classed as capitalist if capitalism is the mode by which a surplus is extracted , even if this surplus is not produced by capitalist activity , as when an absolute majority of the population is engaged in non-capitalist economic activity . In Limits to Capital ( 1982 ) , David Harvey outlines an overdetermined , `` spatially restless '' capitalism coupled with the spatiality of crisis formation and resolution . Harvey used Marx 's theory of crisis to aid his argument that capitalism must have its `` fixes '' but that we can not predetermine what fixes will be implemented , nor in what form they will be . His work on contractions of capital accumulation and international movements of capitalist modes of production and money flows has been influential . According to Harvey , capitalism creates the conditions for volatile and geographically uneven development Sociologists such as Ulrich Beck envisioned the society of risk as a new cultural value which saw risk as a commodity to be exchanged in globalized economies . This theory suggested that disasters and capitalist economy were inevitably entwined . Disasters allow the introduction of economic programs which otherwise would be rejected , as well as decentralizing the class structure in production . However , Philosopher Maximiliano Korstanje coined the term Thana - Capitalism to refer to a climate of social Darwinism aimed at fostering the `` Survival of the Strongest '' . In this climate of struggle , only a few win while the rest lose . Social Darwinism is seen as a metaphor explaining our obsession with consumer news and with images related to terrorism attacks , trauma - scapes , and disasters . Korstanje writes that the society of risk has gradually set the pace to a new society of Thana - Capitalism , where the main commodity is death . Not only do we consume death everywhere in the entertainment industry , newspapers , and media but in so doing we reinforce our superiority by witnessing the suffering of others . Korstanje sees the story of Noah 's Ark as an allegory for what he dubbed the first genocide . In this mythical event , God divided the world in two parts , the victims and the witnesses . This logic of the supremacy of those who live over those who die is reinforced by Christ _́ s crucifixion . Today , new emergent segments in the tourist industry are oriented to travel to places where mass deaths or traumatic event have occurred . Korstanje suggests that in secularized societies death is a sign of weakness , and consuming the deaths of others revitalizes the hopes of visitors to enter `` the hall of chosen peoples '' . Supply and demand ( edit ) At least two assumptions are necessary for the validity of the standard model : first , that supply and demand are independent ; second , that supply is `` constrained by a fixed resource '' . If these conditions do not hold , then the Marshallian model can not be sustained . Sraffa 's critique focused on the inconsistency ( except in implausible circumstances ) of partial equilibrium analysis and the rationale for the upward slope of the supply curve in a market for a produced consumption good . The notability of Sraffa 's critique is also demonstrated by Paul A. Samuelson 's comments and engagements with it over many years , for example : `` What a cleaned - up version of Sraffa ( 1926 ) establishes is how nearly empty are all of Marshall 's partial equilibrium boxes . To a logical purist of Wittgenstein and Sraffa class , the Marshallian partial equilibrium box of constant cost is even more empty than the box of increasing cost . '' Aggregate excess demand in a market is the difference between the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied as a function of price . In the model with an upward - sloping supply curve and downward - sloping demand curve , the aggregate excess demand function only intersects the axis at one point , namely , at the point where the supply and demand curves intersect . The Sonnenschein -- Mantel -- Debreu theorem shows that the standard model can not be rigorously derived in general from general equilibrium theory . The model of prices being determined by supply and demand assumes perfect competition . But : `` economists have no adequate model of how individuals and firms adjust prices in a competitive model . If all participants are price - takers by definition , then the actor who adjusts prices to eliminate excess demand is not specified '' . Goodwin , Nelson , Ackerman , and Weisskopf write : `` If we mistakenly confuse precision with accuracy , then we might be misled into thinking that an explanation expressed in precise mathematical or graphical terms is somehow more rigorous or useful than one that takes into account particulars of history , institutions or business strategy . This is not the case . Therefore , it is important not to put too much confidence in the apparent precision of supply and demand graphs . Supply and demand analysis is a useful precisely formulated conceptual tool that clever people have devised to help us gain an abstract understanding of a complex world . It does not -- nor should it be expected to -- give us in addition an accurate and complete description of any particular real world market . '' Counter-criticisms ( edit ) Austrian School ( edit ) Austrian School economists have argued that capitalism can organise itself into a complex system without an external guidance or central planning mechanism . Friedrich Hayek considered the phenomenon of self - organisation as underpinning capitalism . Prices serve as a signal as to the urgent and unfilled wants of people , and the opportunity to earn profits if successful , or absorb losses if resources are used poorly or left idle , gives entrepreneurs incentive to use their knowledge and resources to satisfy those wants . Thus the activities of millions of people , each seeking his own interest , are coordinated . Ayn Rand ( edit ) The novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand made positive moral defenses of laissez - faire capitalism , most notably in her 1957 novel Atlas Shrugged , and in her 1966 collection of essays Capitalism : The Unknown Ideal . She argued that capitalism should be supported on moral grounds , not just on the basis of practical benefits . Her ideas have had significant influence over conservative and libertarian supporters of capitalism , especially within the American Tea Party movement . Rand defined capitalism as `` a social system based on the recognition of individual rights , including property rights , in which all property is privately owned . '' According to Rand , the role of government in a capitalist state has three broad categories of proper functions : First , the police `` to protect men from criminals '' . Second , the armed services `` to protect men from foreign invaders '' . Third , the law courts `` to settle disputes among men according to objective laws '' . Economic growth ( edit ) World 's GDP per capita shows exponential growth since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution Capitalism and the economy of the People 's Republic of China Many theorists and policymakers in predominantly capitalist nations have emphasized capitalism 's ability to promote economic growth , as measured by gross domestic product ( GDP ) , capacity utilization or standard of living . This argument was central , for example , to Adam Smith 's advocacy of letting a free market control production and price , and allocate resources . Many theorists have noted that this increase in global GDP over time coincides with the emergence of the modern world capitalist system . Between 1000 and 1820 , the world economy grew sixfold , a faster rate than the population growth , so individuals enjoyed , on average , a 50 % increase in income . Between 1820 and 1998 , world economy grew 50-fold , a much faster rate than the population growth , so individuals enjoyed , on average , a 9-fold increase in income . In most capitalist economic regions such as Europe , the United States , Canada , Australia and New Zealand , the economy grew 19-fold per person , even though these countries already had a higher starting level , and in Japan , which was poor in 1820 , the increase per person was 31-fold . In the third world there was an increase , but only 5-fold per person . Economic freedom ( edit ) In his book The Road to Serfdom , Friedrich Hayek asserts that the economic freedom of capitalism is a requisite of political freedom . He argues that the market mechanism is the only way of deciding what to produce and how to distribute the items without using coercion . Milton Friedman , Andrew Brennan and Ronald Reagan also promoted this view . Friedman claimed that centralized economic operations are always accompanied by political repression . In his view , transactions in a market economy are voluntary , and that the wide diversity that voluntary activity permits is a fundamental threat to repressive political leaders and greatly diminish their power to coerce . Some of Friedman 's views were shared by John Maynard Keynes , who believed that capitalism is vital for freedom to survive and thrive . Freedom House , an American think tank that conducts international research on , and advocates for , democracy , political freedom , and human rights , has argued `` there is a high and statistically significant correlation between the level of political freedom as measured by Freedom House and economic freedom as measured by the Wall Street Journal / Heritage Foundation survey . '' See also ( edit ) Christian views on poverty and wealth Eye of a needle Anti-capitalism Corporatocracy Crony capitalism Economic sociology Late capitalism Le Livre noir du capitalisme -- 1998 French book ( The Black Book of capitalism ) Market socialism Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought Post-capitalism Post-Fordism Rent - seeking State monopoly capitalism Sustainable capitalism References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Zimbalist , Sherman and Brown , Andrew , Howard J. and Stuart ( October 1988 ) . Comparing Economic Systems : A Political - Economic Approach . Harcourt College Pub . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 512403 - 5 . Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production ( physical capital ) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit , while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage ( and who do not own the capital or the product ) . Jump up ^ Rosser , Mariana V. ; Rosser , J Barkley ( 23 July 2003 ) . Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy . MIT Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 18234 - 8 . In capitalist economies , land and produced means of production ( the capital stock ) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms . Jump up ^ Chris Jenks . Core Sociological Dichotomies . `` Capitalism , as a mode of production , is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit , where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him / her to generate that profit . '' London , England , UK ; Thousand Oaks , California , US ; New Delhi , India . SAGE . p. 383 . Jump up ^ Heilbroner , Robert L. `` Capitalism '' . Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume , eds . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2nd ed . ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2008 ) doi : 10.1057 / 9780230226203.0198 Jump up ^ Louis Hyman and Edward E. Baptist ( 2014 ) . American Capitalism : A Reader . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 8431 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gregory and Stuart , Paul and Robert ( 28 February 2013 ) . The Global Economy and its Economic Systems . South - Western College Pub . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 285 - 05535 - 0 . Capitalism is characterized by private ownership of the factors of production . Decision making is decentralized and rests with the owners of the factors of production . Their decision making is coordinated by the market , which provides the necessary information . Material incentives are used to motivate participants . Jump up ^ `` Definition of CAPITALISM '' . Jump up ^ Gregory and Stuart , Paul and Robert ( 28 February 2013 ) . The Global Economy and its Economic Systems . South - Western College Pub . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 285 - 05535 - 0 . Real - world capitalist systems are mixed , some having higher shares of public ownership than others . The mix changes when privatization or nationalization occurs . Privatization is when property that had been state - owned is transferred to private owners . Nationalization occurs when privately owned property becomes publicly owned . ^ Jump up to : Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics , 3rd Ed. , 1986 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Stilwell , Frank . `` Political Economy : the Contest of Economic Ideas . '' First Edition . Oxford University Press . Melbourne , Australia . 2002 . Jump up ^ Mandel , Ernst ( 2002 ) . An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory . Resistance Books . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876646 - 30 - 1 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Werhane , P.H. ( 1994 ) . `` Adam Smith and His Legacy for Modern Capitalism '' . The Review of Metaphysics . Philosophy Education Society . 47 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Free enterprise '' . Roget 's 21st Century Thesaurus , Third Edition . Philip Lief Group 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Capitalism . Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ www.mutualist.org . `` ... based on voluntary cooperation , free exchange , or mutual aid . '' Jump up ^ Barrons Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms , 1995 ; p. 74 . Jump up ^ `` Market economy '' , Merriam - Webster Unabridged Dictionary Jump up ^ `` About Cato '' . Cato Institute www.cato.org . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Achievements of Nineteenth - Century Classical Liberalism '' . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Although the term `` liberalism '' retains its original meaning in most of the world , it has unfortunately come to have a very different meaning in late twentieth - century America . Hence terms such as `` market liberalism , '' `` classical liberalism , '' or `` libertarianism '' are often used in its place in America . ^ Jump up to : The crisis of neoliberalism . The Real News . 30 March 2010 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . `` When we speak of neoliberalism , we speak of contemporary capitalism . '' -- Gérard Duménil , former Research Director at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) Jump up ^ Shutt , Harry ( 2010 ) . Beyond the Profits System : Possibilities for the Post-Capitalist Era . Zed Books . ISBN 1 - 84813 - 417 - 7 . Jump up ^ Braudel p. 232 Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` cattle '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : James Augustus Henry Murray . `` Capital '' . A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles . Oxford English Press . Vol. 2 . p. 93 . Jump up ^ Braudel p. 233 Jump up ^ Braudel p. 234 Jump up ^ E.g. , `` L'Angleterre a-t - elle l'heureux privilège de n'avoir ni Agioteurs , ni Banquiers , ni Faiseurs de services , ni Capitalistes ? '' in ( Étienne Clavier ) ( 1788 ) De la foi publique envers les créanciers de l'état : lettres à M. Linguet sur le n ° CXVI de ses annales p. 19 Jump up ^ Arthur Young . Travels in France . Jump up ^ Ricardo , David . Principles of Political Economy and Taxation . 1821 . John Murray Publisher , 3rd edition . Jump up ^ Samuel Taylor Coleridge . Tabel The Complete Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge . p. 267 . Jump up ^ Braudel , Fernand . The Wheels of Commerce : Civilization and Capitalism 15th -- 18th Century , Harper and Row , 1979 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Karl Marx . Chapter 16 : `` Absolute and Relative Surplus - Value . '' Das Kapital : `` The prolongation of the working - day beyond the point at which the laborer would have produced just an equivalent for the value of his labor - power , and the appropriation of that surplus - labor by capital , this is production of absolute surplus - value . It forms the general groundwork of the capitalist system , and the starting - point for the production of relative surplus - value . '' Jump up ^ Karl Marx . Chapter Twenty - Five : `` The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation '' . Das Kapital . Jump up ^ Saunders , Peter ( 1995 ) . Capitalism . University of Minnesota Press . P. 1 . Jump up ^ James Augustus Henry Murray . `` Capitalism '' p. 94 . Jump up ^ Warburton , David . Macroeconomics from the beginning : The General Theory , Ancient Markets , and the Rate of Interest . Paris , Recherches et Publications , 2003 . p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory '' . Resistance Books . 1 January 2002 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Koehler , Benedikt . Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism ( Lexington Books , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ `` Cradle of capitalism '' -- via The Economist . Jump up ^ Brenner , Robert ( 1 January 1982 ) . `` The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism '' . Past & Present ( 97 ) : 16 -- 113 . JSTOR 650630 . Jump up ^ `` The Agrarian Origins of Capitalism '' . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Burnham , Peter ( 2003 ) . Capitalism : The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics . Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Scott , John ( 2005 ) . Industrialism : A Dictionary of Sociology . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Burnham ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Polanyi , Karl . The Great Transformation . Beacon Press , Boston . 1944 . p. 87 . Jump up ^ David Onnekink ; Gijs Rommelse ( 2011 ) . Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe ( 1650 -- 1750 ) . Ashgate Publishing . p. 257 . ISBN 9781409419143 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Sir George Clark , The Seventeenth Century ( New York , Oxford University Press , 1961 ) , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Banaji , Jairus ( 2007 ) . `` Islam , the Mediterranean and the rise of capitalism '' . Journal Historical Materialism . Brill Publishers . 15 : 47 -- 74 . doi : 10.1163 / 156920607X171591 . Jump up ^ Economic system : : Market systems . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006 . Jump up ^ Watt steam engine image : located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the UPM ( Madrid ) Jump up ^ Hume , David ( 1752 ) . Political Discourses . Edinburgh : A. Kincaid & A. Donaldson . Jump up ^ `` laissez - faire '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ James , Paul ; Gills , Barry ( 2007 ) . Globalization and Economy , Vol. 1 : Global Markets and Capitalism . London : Sage Publications . Jump up ^ James Fulcher , Capitalism , A Very Short Introduction . `` In one respect there can , however , be little doubt that capitalism has gone global and that is in the elimination of alternative systems . '' p. 99 . Oxford University Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280218 - 7 . Jump up ^ James , Paul ; Gills , Barry ( 2007 ) . Globalization and Economy , Vol. 1 : Global Markets and Capitalism . London : Sage Publications . Jump up ^ `` PBS.org '' . PBS.org. 24 October 1929 . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael D. Bordo , Barry Eichengreen , Douglas A. Irwin . Is Globalization Today Really Different than Globalization a Hundred Years Ago ? NBER Working Paper No. 7195 . June 1999 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Trevor J. ( 2004 ) . Reading economic geography . Blackwell Publishing . p. 127 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 23554 - X . Jump up ^ Fulcher , James . Capitalism . 1st ed . New York , Oxford University Press , 2004 . Jump up ^ Powles , Julia ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` Google and Microsoft have made a pact to protect surveillance capitalism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zuboff , Shoshana ( 5 March 2016 ) . `` Google as a Fortune Teller : The Secrets of Surveillance Capitalism '' . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Bruce . `` Shoshanna Zuboff condemning Google `` surveillance capitalism '' `` . WIRED . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuboff , Shoshana ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Big other : surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization '' . Journal of Information Technology . Social Science Research Network . 30 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 89 . SSRN 2594754 . doi : 10.1057 / jit. 2015.5 . Jump up ^ Kaminski , Joseph . `` Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mesquita , Bruce Bueno de ( September 2005 ) . `` Development and Democracy '' . Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Single , Joseph T. ( September 2004 ) . `` Why Democracies Excel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 43000 - X p. 571 . Jump up ^ `` Transparency International Corruption Measure 2015 '' . Transparency International Corruption Measure 2015 -- By Country / Territory . Transparency International . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Klein , Naomi ( 2008 ) . The Shock Doctrine : The Rise of Disaster Capitalism . Picador . ISBN 0 - 312 - 42799 - 9 p. 105 . Jump up ^ Emanuele Ferragina et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Outsiderness and participation in liberal market economies . '' PACO The Open Journal of Sociopolitical Studies , 9 , 986 -- 1014 http://scholar.google.fr/scholar_url?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsiba-ese.unisalento.it%2Findex.php%2Fpaco%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F16664%2F14327&hl=fr&sa=T&ei=AN-iWPD-EIupmAHrx5vACw&scisig=AAGBfm3_dOCLibWFNHNtG62FKywcq7PxNA&nossl=1&ws=1920x909 Jump up ^ Adam Smith , often mis - attributed in this sense . See the Wealth of Nations section for what Smith actually said . ^ Jump up to : `` The contradictions of capitalism -- Democratic Socialist Perspective '' . dsp.org.au . Jump up ^ `` Althusser and the Renewal of Marxist Social Theory '' . ^ Jump up to : Marx , Karl . `` Economic Manuscripts : Capital Vol . I -- Chapter Thirty Two '' . Jump up ^ Foundation , Internet Memory . `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) UK Government Web Archive -- The National Archives '' . Jump up ^ James Fulcher , Capitalism A Very Short Introduction , `` the investment of money in order to make a profit , the essential feature of capitalism '' , p. 14 , Oxford , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280218 - 7 . Jump up ^ James Fulcher , Capitalism A Very Short Introduction , `` ... in the wake of the 1970 crisis , the neo-liberal model of capitalism became intellectually and ideologically dominant '' , p. 58 , Oxford , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280218 - 7 . Jump up ^ Staff , Investopedia ( 2003 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Monopoly '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hazlitt , Henry . `` The Function of Profits '' . Economics in One Lesson . Ludwig Von Mises Institute . Web . 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hernando de Soto . `` The mystery of capital '' . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Karl Marx . `` Capital , v. 1 . Part VIII : primitive accumulation '' . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ N.F.R. Crafts ( April 1978 ) . `` Enclosure and labor supply revisited '' . Explorations in economic history . 15 ( 15 ) : 172 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4983 ( 78 ) 90019 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of COMPETITION '' . Jump up ^ George J. Stigler , 2008 . ( ( 1987 ) 2008 . `` competition '' , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . Abstract . Jump up ^ Mark Blaug , 2008 . `` Invisible hand '' , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition , v. 4 , p. 565 . Abstract . ^ Jump up to : Heyne , Paul ; Boettke , Peter J. ; Prychitko , David L. ( 2014 ) . The Economic Way of Thinking ( 13th ed . ) . Pearson . pp. 102 -- 06 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 299129 - 2 . Jump up ^ Francis Green , `` The Reserve Army Hypothesis : A Survey of Empirical Applications '' , in Paul Dunne ( ed . ) , Quantitative Marxism , Cambridge , Polity Press , 1991 , pp. 123 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Garraty , John A. ( 1978 ) . Unemployment in History : Economic Thought and Public Policy . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011457 - 6 . , chapter 2 . Jump up ^ Garraty , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Online Etymological Dictionary , entry `` unemployed '' . Jump up ^ `` Wages '' , Works of Karl Marx 1847 ; source : MECW Volume 6 , p. 415 ; written : at the end of December 1847 ; first published : in Russian in the journal Sotsialisticheskoye khozyaistvo , 1924 and in German in the journal Unter dem Banner des Marxismus , 1925 . Jump up ^ Karl Marx , Das Kapital , chapter 25 Jump up ^ Capital , Volume I , Chapter 25 Jump up ^ Choonara , Esme ( October 2011 ) . `` Is there a precariat ? '' . Socialist Review . Jump up ^ Jan Breman , `` A bogus concept ? '' , New Left Review 84 , November -- December 2013 , pp. 130 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Lorna Fox O'Mahony , David O'Mahony and Robin Hickey ( eds . ) , Moral Rhetoric and the Criminalisation of Squatting : Vulnerable Demons ? ( London , Routledge , 2014 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 74061 - 4 p. 25 . Jump up ^ Fine , Ben ( 1998 ) . Labour Market Theory : A Constructive Reassessment . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 16676 - 4 . Jump up ^ Duggan , Marie Christine ( 2013 ) `` Reserve Army of Labor and Migration '' in the Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration , edited by E. Ness , Wiley Publishers . http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm451/abstract Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Marxism at marxism.org . `` Capitalism . '' . marxists.org . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Steinfeld 2009 , p. 3 : `` All labor contracts were / are designed legally to bind a worker in one way or another to fulfill the labor obligations the worker has undertaken . That is one of the principal purposes of labor contracts . '' Jump up ^ Deakin & Wilkinson 2005 . Marx 1990 , p. 1005 , defines wage labour succinctly as `` the labour of the worker who sells his own labour - power . '' ^ Jump up to : Williams , Raymond ( 1983 ) . `` Capitalism '' . Keywords : A vocabulary of culture and society , revised edition . Oxford University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520469 - 7 . Jump up ^ Christopher T.S. Ragan and Richard G. Lipsey . Microeconomics . Twelfth Canadian Edition ed . Toronto , Pearson Education Canada , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ Robbins , Richard H. Global problems and the culture of capitalism . Boston : Allyn & Bacon , 2007 . Print . Jump up ^ Thompson 1966 , p. 599 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1966 , p. 912 . Jump up ^ Ostergaard 1997 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lazonick 1990 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Hallgrimsdottir & Benoit 2007 ; Roediger 2007a . The term is not without its critics , as Roediger 2007b , p. 247 , notes : `` ( T ) he challenge to loose connections of wage ( or white ) slavery to chattel slavery was led by Frederick Douglass and other Black , often fugitive , abolitionists . Their challenge was mercilessly concrete . Douglass , who tried out speeches in work places before giving them in halls , was far from unable to speak to or hear white workers , but he and William Wells Brown did challenge metaphors regarding white slavery sharply . They noted , for example , that their escapes from slavery had left job openings and wondered if any white workers wanted to take the jobs . '' ^ Jump up to : Fitzhugh 1857 , p. xvi Jump up ^ Carsel 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Capitalism and Slavery in the United States ( Topical Guide ) -- H - Slavery -- H - Net '' . Jump up ^ `` ... vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour , not for artistic skill ; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery . '' -- De Officiis ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Proudhon 1890 . Jump up ^ Marx 1969 , Chapter VII Jump up ^ Foner 1995 , p. xix . Jump up ^ Jensen 2002 . Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Glickman ( 1999 ) . A Living Wage : American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society . Cornell UP . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Marx 1847 , Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Chomsky 1993 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Thye & Lawler 2006 . Jump up ^ Graeber 2004 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Graeber 2007 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Testimony Gathered by Ashley 's Mines Commission Laura Del Col , West Virginia University Jump up ^ `` Democracy Now '' . 19 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 1992 ) . `` Interview '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Thought Control '' . Socio - Politics . Question Everything . Jump up ^ Adam Smith -- An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations -- The Adam Smith Institute Archived 1 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Politics 1328b -- 1329a , H. Rackham trans . Jump up ^ `` The Quotations Page : Quote from Aristotle '' . Jump up ^ De Officiis Liber I XI. II Jump up ^ George 1981 , Chapter 15 Jump up ^ `` Conversation with Noam Chomsky , p. 2 of 5 '' . Jump up ^ `` Social Security History '' . Jump up ^ Marx 1990 , p. 1006 : `` ( L ) abour - power , a commodity sold by the worker himself . '' Jump up ^ Another one , of course , being the capitalists ' theft from workers via surplus - value . Jump up ^ Nelson 1995 , p. 158 . This marxist objection is what motivated Nelson 's essay , which argues that labour is not , in fact , a commodity . Jump up ^ Marx 1990 , p. 1005 . Emphasis in the original . See also p. 716 : `` ( T ) he capitalist produces ( and reproduces ) the worker as a wage - labourer . This incessant reproduction , this perpetuation of the worker , is the absolutely necessary condition for capitalist production . '' Jump up ^ `` Economics A -- Z : Capital '' . The Economist . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Marxism -- Glossary of terms : Capital '' . Marxists Internet Archive . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Marx , Karl . `` Economic Manuscripts : Capital Vol . I -- Chapter Twenty - Five '' . Jump up ^ Besanko , David ; Braeutigam , Ronald ( 2010 ) . Microeconomics ( 4th ed . ) . Wiley . Jump up ^ Note that unlike most graphs , supply & demand curves are plotted with the independent variable ( price ) on the vertical axis and the dependent variable ( quantity supplied or demanded ) on the horizontal axis . Jump up ^ `` Marginal Utility and Demand '' . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Varian , Hal R. ( 1992 ) . Microeconomic Analysis ( Third ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95735 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jain , T.R. ( 2006 ) . Microeconomics and Basic Mathematics . New Delhi : VK Publications . p. 28 . ISBN 81 - 87140 - 89 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hosseini , Hamid S. ( 2003 ) . `` Contributions of Medieval Muslim Scholars to the History of Economics and their Impact : A Refutation of the Schumpeterian Great Gap '' . In Biddle , Jeff E. ; Davis , Jon B. ; Samuels , Warren J. A Companion to the History of Economic Thought . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell . pp. 28 -- 45 ( 28 & 38 ) . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22573 - 0 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470999059. ch3 . ( citing Hamid S. Hosseini , 1995 . `` Understanding the Market Mechanism Before Adam Smith : Economic Thought in Medieval Islam , '' History of Political Economy , Vol. 27 , No. 3 , 539 -- 61 ) . Jump up ^ John Locke ( 1691 ) Some Considerations on the consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money ^ Jump up to : Thomas M. Humphrey , 1992 . `` Marshallian Cross Diagrams and Their Uses before Alfred Marshall '' , Economic Review , Mar / Apr , Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , pp. 3 -- 23 . Jump up ^ A.D. Brownlie and M.F. Lloyd Prichard , 1963 . `` Professor Fleeming Jenkin , 1833 -- 1885 Pioneer in Engineering and Political Economy '' , Oxford Economic Papers , 15 ( 3 ) , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Fleeming Jenkin , 1870 . `` The Graphical Representation of the Laws of Supply and Demand , and their Application to Labour '' , in Alexander Grant , ed. , Recess Studies , Edinburgh . Ch . VI , pp. 151 -- 85 . Edinburgh . Scroll to chapter link . Jump up ^ Grattan , Ellen R. ; Ohanian , Lee E. ( December 1999 ) . `` The macroeconomic effects of big fiscal shocks : the case of world war II '' ( PDF ) . Minneapolis Federal Reserve , Working Paper 599 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Glyn & Harrison , Capitalism since world war 2 . Fontana , 1984 . See also Karl Hardach , `` Germany 1914 -- 1917 '' , in : Carlo M. Cipolla , The Fontana History of Europe , Part One . Fontana , 1976 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Ginsborg , Paul ( 1990 ) . A History of Contemporary Italy -- Society and Politics 1943 -- 1988 . London : Penguin Books . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 012496 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ginsborg ( 1990 ) , chapter 3 . Jump up ^ Ginsborg ( 1990 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Lears , T.J. Jackson ( 1985 ) `` The Concept of Cultural Hegemony '' Jump up ^ Holub , Renate ( 2005 ) Antonio Gramsci : Beyond Marxism and Postmodernism Jump up ^ Boggs , Carl ( 2012 ) Ecology and Revolution : Global Crisis and the Political Challenge Jump up ^ Habermas , 1988 : 37 , 75 . Jump up ^ Imperialism , the Highest Stage of Capitalism ibid . Finance Capital and the Finance Oligarchy Jump up ^ Foster , John Bellamy ; Financialization , Robert W. McChesney Topics : ; Crisis , Global Economic ; Economy , Political ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Monopoly - Finance Capital and the Paradox of Accumulation '' . Monthly Review . Jump up ^ Frederic Jameson , ' Culture and Finance Capital ' , in The Jameson Reader ( 2005 ) p. 257 Jump up ^ Quoted in E.H. Carr , The Bolshevik Revolution 2 ( 1971 ) p. 137 Jump up ^ Quoted in F. A Voight , Unto Caesar ( 1938 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ C.J. Calhoun / G. Derluguian , Business as Usual ( 2011 ) p. 57 Jump up ^ Jameson , pp. 259 -- 60 Jump up ^ Musacchio , Aldo . `` Economist Debates : State capitalism : Statements '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ State capitalism . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Frederick Engels . `` Socialism : Utopian and Scientific ( Chpt. 3 ) '' . Marxists.org . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ V.I. Lenin . The Tax in Kind . Lenin 's Collected Works , 1st English Edition , Progress Publishers , Moscow , 1965 , vol. 32 , pp. 329 -- 65 . Jump up ^ V.I. Lenin . To the Russian Colony in North America . Lenin Collected Works , Progress Publishers , 1971 , Moscow , vol. 42 , pp. 425c -- 427a . Jump up ^ `` State capitalism '' in the Soviet Union , M.C. Howard and J.E. King Jump up ^ Noam Chomsky ( 1986 ) . The Soviet Union Versus Socialism . Our Generation . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard D. Wolff ( 27 June 2015 ) . Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees . Truthout . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Von Mises , Ludwig ( 1979 ) . Socialism : An Economic and Sociological Analysis . Indianapolis : LibertyClassics . ISBN 0 - 913966 - 63 - 0 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . The socialist movement takes great pains to circulate frequently new labels for its ideally constructed state . Each worn - out label is replaced by another which raises hopes of an ultimate solution of the insoluble basic problem of Socialism -- until it becomes obvious that nothing has been changed but the name . The most recent slogan is ' State Capitalism . ' It is not commonly realized that this covers nothing more than what used to be called Planned Economy and State Socialism , and that State Capitalism , Planned Economy , and State Socialism diverge only in non-essentials from the `` classic '' ideal of egalitarian Socialism Jump up ^ Leong , Nancy ( 2013 ) . `` Racial Capitalism '' . Harvard Law Review . 126 : 2152 . Jump up ^ `` Capitalism . '' World Book Encyclopedia . 1988 . p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : `` The role and character of the state under capitalism -- Democratic Socialist Perspective '' . Jump up ^ `` Capitalism vs Socialism -- Difference and Comparison -- Diffen '' . Jump up ^ `` Capitalism and Inequality '' . 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inequality inevitable under capitalism -- expert '' . Jump up ^ `` Theories of Class and Social Inequality '' . Jump up ^ `` Is Wealth and Income Inequality Inevitable in a Capitalist System ? -- Pragmatic Capitalism '' . Jump up ^ Korstanje , M ( 2015 ) . Review : Why Nations fail . The origins of Power , Prosperity and Poverty . Journal of International and Global Studies . Volume 6 , issue 2 . May 2015 . ( pp. 97 -- 100 . ) Jump up ^ Korstanje , M ( 2015 ) . A Difficult World , examining the roots of Capitalism . New York , Nova Science . Jump up ^ Brander , James A. Government policy toward business . 4th ed . Mississauga , Ontario , John Wiley & Sons Canada , 2006 . Print . Jump up ^ Frances Goldin , Debby Smith , Michael Smith ( 2014 ) . Imagine : Living in a Socialist USA . Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 230557 - 3 pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cass , Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labor ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Marcel van der Linden ( Fall 2003 ) . `` Labour History as the History of Multitudes '' . Labour / Le Travail. 52 : 235 -- 44 . JSTOR 25149390 . doi : 10.2307 / 25149390 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Gourevitch , Alex , `` Capitalism and Slavery : An Interview with Greg Grandin '' , Jacobin ( August 2014 ) . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Edward E. Baptist . The Half Has Never Been Told : Slavery And The Making Of American Capitalism . Basic Books , September 2014 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00296 - X . Jump up ^ Wallerstein , Immanuel ( 1983 ) . Historical Capitalism . Verso Books . p. 78 . ISBN 0 - 86091 - 761 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : McMurty , John ( 1999 ) . The Cancer Stage of Capitalism . Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 1347 - 7 . Jump up ^ George Monbiot ( 1 October 2014 ) . It 's time to shout stop on this war on the living world . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Ashley ( 2016 ) . Extinction : A Radical History . OR Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 944869 - 01 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jones , Campbell , Martin Parker and Rene Ten Bos , For Business Ethics . ( Routledge , 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 415 - 31135 - 7 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ IMF : The last generation of economic policies may have been a complete failure . Business Insider . May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Marc ( Winter 2012 -- 2013 ) . `` Financialization , neo-liberalism , and securitization '' . Journal of Post Keynesian Economics . 35 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 33 . JSTOR 23469991 . doi : 10.2753 / pke0160 - 3477350203 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Stein , Howard ( 25 July 2012 ) . `` The Neoliberal Policy Paradigm and the Great Recession '' ( PDF ) . Panoeconomicus. 59 ( 4 ) : 421 -- 40 . doi : 10.2298 / PAN1204421S . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . The role of deregulation and related neoliberal policies as a both a source of massive financialization of the economy and cause of the Great Recession is widely recognized in the literature ( David M. Kotz 2009 ; Bill Lucarelli 2009 ; Joseph Stiglitz 2010 ; William Tabb 2012 ) . Some authors aptly call it the `` crisis of neoliberal capitalism '' ( Kotz 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Susan Braedley and Meg Luxton , Neoliberalism and Everyday Life ( McGill - Queen 's University Press , 2010 ) , ISBN 0 - 7735 - 3692 - 2 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Manfred B. Steger and Ravi K. Roy . Neoliberalism : A Very Short Introduction . ( Oxford University Press , 2010 . ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 956051 - X . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Gérard Duménil and Dominique Lévy , The Crisis of Neoliberalism . ( Harvard University Press , 2013 ) , ISBN 0 - 674 - 07224 - 3 Jump up ^ David M Kotz , The Rise and Fall of Neoliberal Capitalism ( Harvard University Press , 2015 ) , ISBN 0 - 674 - 72565 - 4 Jump up ^ Jump up ^ New York Times , 23 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Baba Metzia 61b Jump up ^ Moehlman , 1934 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` III . The Social Doctrine of the Church '' . The Vatican . Archived from the original on 19 February 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Ross Gittins ( 9 April 2012 ) . `` What Jesus said about capitalism '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas Gubleton , archbishop of Detroit speaking in Capitalism : A Love Story Jump up ^ O'Leary , Naomi , `` Pope Attacks ' Tyranny ' of Markets in Manifesto for Papacy '' . Reuters ( November 2013 ) . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Zachary A. Goldfarb and Michelle Boorstein ( 26 November 2013 ) . Pope Francis denounces ' trickle - down ' economic theories in critique of inequality . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Milton . Capitalism and Freedom . ( Chicago ) University of Chicago , 1962 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul , Wells , Robin , Economics , Worth Publishers , New York ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Caritas in veritate paragraph 36 '' . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The Rise of Capitalism , 2011 . Socialist Standard , no . 1284 , August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' capitalism , n. 2 `` . OED Online '' . Jump up ^ `` Press Room . '' Michaelmoore.com . Michael Moore . Web . 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ballasy , Nicholas . `` Michael Moore : ' It 's Absolutely a Good Thing ' for Government to Drive Private Health Insurance Out of Business . '' Michael Moore : ' It 's Absolutely a Good Thing ' for Government to Drive Private Health Insurance Out of Business . CNS News , 2 October 2009 . Web . 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Occupy Wall Street ' Protests Give Voice to Anger Over Greed , Corporate Culture . '' PBS.com , 5 October 2011 . Web . 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Sowell , Thomas . `` Profit Motive Underrated By Intelligentsia . '' Sun - Sentinel , 26 December 2003 . Web . 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Pantin , Travis . `` Milton Friedman Answers Phil Donahue 's Charges '' . The New York Sun , 12 November 2007 . Web . 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ The Communist Manifesto Jump up ^ `` To Marx , the problem of reconstituting society did not arise from some prescription , motivated by his personal predilections ; it followed , as an iron - clad historical necessity -- on the one hand , from the productive forces grown to powerful maturity ; on the other , from the impossibility further to organize these forces according to the will of the law of value . '' -- Leon Trotsky , `` Marxism in our Time '' , 1939 ( Inevitability of Socialism ) , WSWS.org Jump up ^ Karl Marx . `` Capital . V. 3 . Chapter 47 : Genesis of capitalist ground rent '' . Marxists . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Karl Marx . Chapter Twenty - Five : The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation . Das Kapital . Jump up ^ Dobb , Maurice , 1947 . Studies in the Development of Capitalism . New York , International Publishers Co . Jump up ^ David Harvey 1989 The Condition of Postmodernity Jump up ^ Wheen , Francis . Books That Shook the World : Marx 's Das Kapital 1st ed . , London , Atlantic Books , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Imperialism , the Highest Stage of Capitalism '' . Marxists. 1916 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ See , for example , the works of Stephen Resnick and Richard Wolff . Jump up ^ Ste . Croix ; G.E.M. de ( 1982 ) . The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World . pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ David Harvey . The Limits to Capital . Verso , 17 January 2007 . ISBN 1 - 84467 - 095 - 3 Jump up ^ Lawson , Victoria . Making Development Geography ( Human Geography in the Making ) . New York : A Hodder Arnold Publication , 2007 . Print . Jump up ^ Harvey , David . Notes towards a theory of uneven geographical development . Print . Jump up ^ Beck , U. ( 1992 ) . Risk society : Towards a new modernity ( Vol. 17 ) . Sage . Jump up ^ Korstanje M. E ( 2016 ) The Rise of Thana Capitalism and Tourism , Abingdon , Routledge . Jump up ^ Korstanje ME & George B ( 2016 ) `` Craving for the consumption of suffering and Commoditization of Death : the evolving facet of Thana Capitalism '' . In Terrorism in the Global Village : how terrorism affects our lives . Korstanje M ( ed ) , Chapter 4 . New York , Nova Science Publishers . URL https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=59949&osCsid= Jump up ^ Avi J. Cohen , `` ' The Laws of Returns Under Competitive Conditions ' : Progress in Microeconomics Since Sraffa ( 1926 ) ? '' , Eastern Economic Journal , vol. 9 , no . 3 ( Jul. - Sep . ) : 1983 ) Jump up ^ Paul A. Samuelson , `` Reply '' in Critical Essays on Piero Sraffa 's Legacy in Economics ( edited by H.D. Kurz ) , Cambridge University Press , 2000 Jump up ^ Alan Kirman , `` The Intrinsic Limits of Modern Economic Theory : The Emperor has No Clothes '' , The Economic Journal , vol. 99 , no . 395 , Supplement : Conference Papers ( 1989 ) : pp. 126 -- 39 Jump up ^ Alan P. Kirman , `` Whom or What Does the Representative Individual Represent ? '' Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol. 6 , no . 2 ( Spring 1992 ) : pp. 117 -- 36 Jump up ^ Goodwin , N , Nelson , J ; Ackerman , F ; & Weisskopf , T : Microeconomics in Context 2d ed . Sharpe 2009 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 2301 - 0 Jump up ^ Walberg , Herbert ( 2003 ) . `` 4 , What is Capitalism ? '' . Education and Capitalism . Hoover Institution Press . pp. 87 -- 89 . ISBN 0 - 8179 - 3972 - 5 . Jump up ^ Burns , Jennifer ( 2006 ) . `` Godless Capitalism : Ayn Rand and the Conservative Movement '' . In Lichtenstein , Nelson . American Capitalism : Social Thought and Political Economy in the Twentieth Century . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 282 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3923 - 2 . Jump up ^ Den Uyl , Douglas & Rasmussen , Douglas ( 1984 ) . `` Capitalism '' . In Den Uyl , Douglas & Rasmussen , Douglas . The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . pp. 173 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01033 - 7 . OCLC 9392804 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Gary ( 2012 ) . Ayn Rand Nation : The Hidden Struggle for America 's Soul . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 59073 - 4 . OCLC 740628885 . Jump up ^ Ayn Rand , `` What Is Capitalism ? '' Capitalism : The Unknown Ideal , 19 Jump up ^ Ayn Rand , `` Nature of Government '' , Virtue of selfishness . Jump up ^ Angus Maddison ( 2001 ) . The World Economy : A Millennial Perspective . Paris : OECD . ISBN 92 - 64 - 18998 - X . Jump up ^ Robert E. Lucas Jr . `` The Industrial Revolution : Past and Future '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 2003 Annual Report . Archived from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ J. Bradford DeLong . `` Estimating World GDP , One Million B.C. -- Present '' . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Wolf , Why Globalization works , pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Friedrich Hayek ( 1944 ) . The Road to Serfdom . University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 32061 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bellamy , Richard ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge History of Twentieth - Century Political Thought . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56354 - 2 . Jump up ^ Adrian Karatnycky . Freedom in the World : The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties . Transaction Publishers . 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0101 - 2 . p. 11 . Bibliography Bacher , Christian ( 2007 ) . Capitalism , Ethics and the Paradoxon of Self - Exploitation . Munich : GRIN Verlag . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 638 - 63658 - 2 . Carsel , Wilfred ( 1940 ) . `` The Slaveholders ' Indictment of Northern Wage Slavery '' . Journal of Southern History . 6 ( 4 ) : 504 -- 20 . JSTOR 2192167 . Deakin , Simon ; Wilkinson , Frank ( 2005 ) . The Law of the Labour Market : Industrialization , Employment , and Legal Evolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 815281 - 1 . De George , Richard T. ( 1986 ) . Business Ethics . New York : Macmillan . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 328010 - 8 . Elkins , Caroline ( 2005 ) . Britain 's Gulag : The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 07363 - 9 . Fitzhugh , George ( 1857 ) . Cannibals All ! or , Slaves Without Masters . Richmond , VA : A. Morris . ISBN 9781429016438 . Fulcher , James ( 2004 ) . Capitalism A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280218 - 7 . Graeber , David ( 2004 ) . Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology . Prickly Paradigm Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9728196 - 4 - 0 . Graeber , David ( 2007 ) . Possibilities : Essays on Hierarchy , Rebellion and Desire . AK Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904859 - 66 - 6 . Hallgrimsdottir , Helga Kristin ; Benoit , Cecilia ( 2007 ) . `` From Wage Slaves to Wage Workers : Cultural Opportunity Structures and the Evolution of the Wage Demands of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor , 1880 -- 1900 '' . Social Forces . 85 ( 3 ) : 1393 -- 411 . JSTOR 4494978 . doi : 10.1353 / sof. 2007.0037 . James , Paul ; Gills , Barry ( 2007 ) . Globalization and Economy , Vol. 1 : Global Markets and Capitalism . London : Sage Publications . Krahn , Harvey J. , and Graham S. Lowe ( 1993 ) . Work , Industry , and Canadian Society . Second ed . Scarborough , Ont. : Nelson Canada . xii , 430 p . ISBN 0 - 17 - 603540 - 0 Lash , Scott ; Urry , John ( 2000 ) . `` Capitalism '' . In Abercrombie , Nicholas ; Hill , Stephen ; Turner , Bryan S . The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin Books . pp. 36 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 051380 - 6 . McCraw , Thomas K. ( August 2011 ) . `` The Current Crisis and the Essence of Capitalism '' . The Montreal Review . ISSN 0707 - 9656 . Nelson , John O. ( 1995 ) . `` That a Worker 's Labour Cannot Be a Commodity '' . Philosophy. 70 ( 272 ) : 157 -- 65 . JSTOR 3751199 . doi : 10.1017 / s0031819100065359 . Obrinsky , Mark ( 1983 ) . Profit Theory and Capitalism . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press -- via Questia ( subscription required ) . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 7863 - 7 . Olusoga , David ; Erichsen , Casper W. ( 2010 ) . The Kaiser 's Holocaust : Germany 's Forgotten Genocide . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 23141 - 6 . Marx , Karl ( 1847 ) . Wage Labour and Capital . Marx , Karl ( 1990 ) ( 1867 ) . Capital , Volume I. London : Penguin Classics . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044568 - 8 . Roediger , David ( 2007a ) ( 1991 ) . The Wages of Whiteness : Race and the Making of the American Working Class ( revised and expanded ed . ) . London & New York : Verso . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 145 - 8 . Roediger , David ( 2007b ) . `` An Outmoded Approach to Labour and Slavery '' . Labour / Le Travail. 60 : 245 -- 50 . JSTOR 25149808 . Steinfeld , Robert ( 2009 ) . `` Coercion / Consent in Labor '' ( PDF ) . COMPAS Working Paper No. 66 . Oxford : University of Oxford . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Wolf , Eric R. ( 1982 ) . Europe and the People Without History . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04459 - 3 . Wood , Ellen Meiksins ( 2002 ) . The Origin of Capitalism : A Longer View . London : Verso . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85984 - 392 - 5 . Young , John ( 1997 ) . Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia : The Tigray People 's Liberation Front , 1975 -- 1991 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 02606 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Alperovitz , Gar ( 2011 ) . America Beyond Capitalism : Reclaiming Our Wealth , Our Liberty , and Our Democracy , 2nd Edition . Democracy Collaborative Press . ISBN 0 - 9847857 - 0 - 1 . Altvater , Elmar ; Crist , Eileen ; Haraway , Donna ; Hartley , Daniel ; Parenti , Christian ; McBrien , Justin ; Moore , Jason ( 2016 ) . Anthropocene or Capitalocene ? Nature , History , and the Crisis of Capitalism . PM Press . ISBN 1629631485 . Ascher , Ivan . Portfolio Society : On the Capitalist Mode of Prediction . Zone Books , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1935408741 Baptist , Edward E. The Half Has Never Been Told : Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism . New York , Basic Books , 2014 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00296 - X . Barbrook , Richard ( 2006 ) . The Class of the New ( paperback ed . ) . London : OpenMute . ISBN 0 - 9550664 - 7 - 6 . Block , Fred ; Somers , Margaret R. ( 2014 ) . The Power of Market Fundamentalism : Karl Polyani 's Critique . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05071 - 6 . Braudel , Fernand . Civilization and Capitalism . Callinicos , Alex . `` Wage Labour and State Capitalism -- A reply to Peter Binns and Mike Haynes '' , International Socialism , second series , 12 , Spring 1979 . Farl , Erich . `` The Genealogy of State Capitalism '' . In : International London , vol. 2 , no . 1 , 1973 . Gough , Ian . State Expenditure in Advanced Capitalism New Left Review . Habermas , J. ( 1973 ) Legitimation Crisis ( eng . translation by T. McCarthy ) . Boston , Beacon . From Google books ; excerpt . Harvey , David ( 2014 ) . Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 936026 - X . Hyman , Louis and Edward E. Baptist ( 2014 ) . American Capitalism : A Reader . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 8431 - 1 . James , Paul ; Patomäki , Heikki ( 2007 ) . Globalization and Economy , Vol. 2 : Global Finance and the New Global Economy . London : Sage Publications . James , Paul ; Palen , Ronen ( 2007 ) . Globalization and Economy , Vol. 3 : Global Economic Regimes and Institutions . London : Sage Publications . James , Paul ; O'Brien , Robert ( 2007 ) . Globalization and Economy , Vol. 4 : Globalizing Labour . London : Sage Publications . Jameson , Fredric ( 1991 ) . Postmodernism , or , the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism . Korstanje , Maximiliano E. ( 2016 ) The rise of Thana - Capitalism and Tourism . Abingdon , Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1138209268 Kotler , Philip ( 2015 ) . Confronting Capitalism : Real Solutions for a Troubled Economic System . AMACOM . ISBN 978 - 0814436455 Mandel , Ernest ( 1999 ) . Late Capitalism . ISBN 978 - 1859842027 Mander , Jerry ( 2012 ) . The Capitalism Papers : Fatal Flaws of an Obsolete System . Counterpoint . ISBN 1 - 61902 - 158 - 7 . Marcel van der Linden , Western Marxism and the Soviet Union . New York , Brill Publishers , 2007 . Mayfield , Anthony . `` Economics '' , in his On the Brink : Resource Depletion , Debt Collapse , and Super-technology ( ( Vancouver , B.C. , Canada ) : On the Brink Publishing , 2013 ) , pp. 50 -- 104 . Musacchio , Aldo ; Lazzarini , Sergio G. ( 2014 ) . Reinventing State Capitalism : Leviathan in Business , Brazil and Beyond . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72968 - 1 . Newitz , Annalee ( 2006 ) . Pretend We ′ re Dead : Capitalist Monsters in American Pop Culture . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0822337454 . Panitch , Leo , and Sam Gindin ( 2012 ) . The Making of Global Capitalism : the Political Economy of American Empire . London , Verso . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 742 - 9 . Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 43000 - X . Polanyi , Karl ( 2001 ) . The Great Transformation : The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time . Beacon Press ; 2nd ed . ISBN 0 - 8070 - 5643 - X Richards , Jay W. ( 2009 ) . Money , Greed , and God : Why Capitalism is the Solution and Not the Problem . New York : HarperOne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 137561 - 3 Roberts , Paul Craig ( 2013 ) . The Failure of Laissez - faire Capitalism : towards a New Economics for a Full World . Atlanta , Ga. : Clarity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9860362 - 5 - 5 Robinson , William I. Global Capitalism and the Crisis of Humanity . Cambridge University Press , 2014 . ISBN 1 - 107 - 69111 - 7 Schram , Sanford F. ( 2015 ) . The Return of Ordinary Capitalism : Neoliberalism , Precarity , Occupy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0190253028 . Shaikh , Anwar . `` Capital as a Social Relation '' ( New Palgrave article ) Skoll , G.R. , & Korstanje , M.E. ( 2012 ) . `` Risks , totems , and fetishes in Marx and Freud '' . Sincronía , ( 2 ) , 11 -- 27 . Sombart , Werner ( 1916 ) Der moderne Kapitalismus . Historisch - systematische Darstellung des gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart . Final edn. 1916 , repr. 1969 , paperback edn. ( 3 vols. in 6 ) : 1987 Munich : dtv . ( Also in Spanish ; no English translation yet . ) Wallerstein , Immanuel ( 1983 ) . Historical Capitalism . Verso Books . ISBN 0 - 86091 - 761 - 4 . Wolff , Richard D. ( 2012 ) . Democracy at Work : A Cure for Capitalism . Haymarket Books . ISBN 1 - 60846 - 247 - 1 . Wood , Ellen Meiksins ( 2002 ) . The Origin of Capitalism : A Longer View . Verso . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 392 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capitalism . Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Capitalism . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Capitalism Look up capitalism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Capitalism on In Our Time at the BBC . Selected Titles on Capitalism and Its Discontents . 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when was journey to the center of the earth made
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Journey to the Center of the Earth ( French : Voyage au centre de la Terre , also translated under the titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey to the Interior of the Earth ) is an 1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne . The story involves German professor Otto Lidenbrock who believes there are volcanic tubes going toward the centre of the Earth . He , his nephew Axel , and their guide Hans descend into the Icelandic volcano Snæfellsjökull , encountering many adventures , including prehistoric animals and natural hazards , before eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy , at the Stromboli volcano .
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1864
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Journey to the Center of the Earth
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journey to the center of the earth
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Journey to the Center of the Earth ( French : Voyage au centre de la Terre , also translated under the titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey to the Interior of the Earth ) is an 1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne . The story involves German professor Otto Lidenbrock who believes there are volcanic tubes going toward the centre of the Earth . He , his nephew Axel , and their guide Hans descend into the Icelandic volcano Snæfellsjökull , encountering many adventures , including prehistoric animals and natural hazards , before eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy , at the Stromboli volcano .
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The genre of subterranean fiction already existed long before Verne . However , the present book considerably added to its popularity and influenced later such writings . For example , Edgar Rice Burroughs explicitly acknowledged Verne 's influence on his own Pellucidar series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Inspiration 3 Main characters 4 Prehistoric animals featured 5 Notes 6 Adaptations 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Radio 6.4 Theatre 6.5 Theme park ( themed areas ) and rides 6.6 Other 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The story begins in May 1863 , in the Lidenbrock house in Hamburg , Germany , with Professor Lidenbrock rushing home to peruse his latest purchase , an original runic manuscript of an Icelandic saga written by Snorri Sturluson ( Snorre Tarleson in some versions of the story ) , `` Heimskringla '' ; the chronicle of the Norwegian kings who ruled over Iceland . While looking through the book , Lidenbrock and his nephew Axel find a coded note written in runic script along with the name of a 16th - century Icelandic alchemist , Arne Saknussemm . ( This was a first indication of Verne 's love for cryptography . Coded , cryptic , or incomplete messages as a plot device would continue to appear in many of his works and in each case Verne would go a long way to explain not only the code used but also the mechanisms used to retrieve the original text . ) Lidenbrock and Axel transliterate the runic characters into Latin letters , revealing a message written in a seemingly bizarre code . Lidenbrock attempts a decipherment , deducing the message to be a kind of transposition cipher ; but his results are as meaningless as the original . Professor Lidenbrock decides to lock everyone in the house and force himself and the others ( Axel , and the maid , Martha ) to go without food until he cracks the code . Axel discovers the answer when fanning himself with the deciphered text : Lidenbrock 's decipherment was correct , and only needs to be read backwards to reveal sentences written in rough Latin . Axel decides to keep the secret hidden from Professor Lidenbrock , afraid of what the Professor might do with the knowledge , but after two days without food he can not stand the hunger and reveals the secret to his uncle . Lidenbrock translates the note , which is revealed to be a medieval note written by the ( fictional ) Icelandic alchemist Arne Saknussemm , who claims to have discovered a passage to the centre of the Earth via Snæfell in Iceland . In what Axel calls bad Latin , the deciphered message reads : The Runic cryptogram In Snefflls ( sic ) Iokulis kraterem kem delibat umbra Skartaris Iulii intra kalendas deskende , audas uiator , te ( sic ) terrestre kentrum attinges . Kod feki . Arne Saknussemm . In slightly better Latin , with errors amended : In Sneffels Jokulis craterem , quem delibat umbra Scartaris , Julii intra kalendas descende , audax viator , et terrestre centrum attinges ; quod feci . Arne Saknussemm which , when translated into English , reads : Descend , bold traveller , into the crater of the jökull of Snæfell , which the shadow of Scartaris touches ( lit : tastes ) before the Kalends of July , and you will attain the centre of the earth . I did it . Arne Saknussemm Snæfellsjökull . Professor Lidenbrock is a man of astonishing impatience , and departs for Iceland immediately , taking his reluctant nephew with him . Axel , who , in comparison , is cowardly and anti-adventurous , repeatedly tries to reason with him , explaining his fears of descending into a volcano and putting forward various scientific theories as to why the journey is impossible , but Professor Lidenbrock repeatedly keeps himself blinded against Axel 's point of view . After a rapid journey via Kiel and Copenhagen , they arrive in Reykjavík , where the two procure the services of Hans Bjelke ( a Danish - speaking Icelander eiderdown hunter ) as their guide , and travel overland to the base of the volcano . In late June , they reach the volcano , which has three craters . According to Saknussemm 's message , the passage to the center of the Earth is through the one crater that is touched by the shadow of a nearby mountain peak at noon . However , the text also states that this is only true during the last days of June . During the next few days , with July rapidly approaching , the weather is too cloudy for any shadows . Axel silently rejoices , hoping this will force his uncle -- who has repeatedly tried to impart courage to him only to succeed in making him even more cowardly still -- to give up the project and return home . Alas for Axel , however , on the second to last day , the sun comes out and the mountain peak shows the correct crater to take . After descending into the crater , the three travellers set off into the bowels of the Earth , encountering many strange phenomena and great dangers , including a chamber filled with firedamp , and steep - sided wells around the `` path '' . After taking a wrong turn , they run out of water and Axel almost dies , but Hans taps into a neighbouring subterranean river . Lidenbrock and Axel name the resulting stream the `` Hansbach '' in his honour and the three are saved . At another point , Axel becomes separated from the others and is lost several miles from them . Luckily , a strange acoustic phenomenon allows him to communicate with them from some miles away , and they are soon reunited . After descending many miles , following the course of the Hansbach , they reach an unimaginably vast cavern . This underground world is lit by electrically charged gas at the ceiling , and is filled with a very deep subterranean ocean , surrounded by a rocky coastline covered in petrified trees and giant mushrooms . The travelers build a raft out of trees and set sail . The Professor names this sea the `` Lidenbrock Sea '' and the port as `` Port Gräuben '' , after the name of his goddaughter . While on the water , they see several prehistoric creatures such as a giant Ichthyosaurus , which fights with a Plesiosaurus and wins . After the battle between the monsters , the party comes across an island with a huge geyser , which Lidenbrock names `` Axel Island '' . A lightning storm again threatens to destroy the raft and its passengers , but instead throws them onto the coastline . This part of the coast , Axel discovers , is alive with prehistoric plant and animal life forms , including giant insects and a herd of mastodons . On a beach covered with bones , Axel discovers an oversized human skull . Axel and Lidenbrock venture some way into the prehistoric forest , where Professor Lidenbrock points out , in a shaky voice , a prehistoric human , more than twelve feet in height , leaning against a tree and watching a herd of mastodons . Axel can not be sure if he has really seen the man or not , and he and Professor Lidenbrock debate whether or not a proto - human civilization actually exists so far underground . The three wonder if the creature is a man - like ape , or an ape - like man . The sighting of the creature is considered the most alarming part of the story , and the explorers decide that it is better not to alert it to their presence as they fear it may be hostile . The travellers continue to explore the coastline , and find a passageway marked by Saknussemm as the way ahead . However , it is blocked by what appears to be a recent cave - in and two of the three , Hans and the Professor , despair at being unable to hack their way through the granite wall . The adventurers plan to blast the rock with gun cotton and paddle out to sea to escape the blast . Upon executing the plan , however , they discover that behind the rockfall was a seemingly bottomless pit , not a passage to the center of the earth . The travellers are swept away as the sea rushes into the large open gap in the ground . After spending hours being swept along at lightning speeds by the water , the raft ends up inside a large volcanic chimney filling with water and magma . Terrified , the three are rushed upwards , through stifling heat , and are ejected onto the surface from a side - vent of a stratovolcano . When they regain consciousness , they discover that they have been ejected from Stromboli , a volcanic island located in southern Italy . They return to Hamburg to great acclaim -- Professor Lidenbrock is hailed as one of the great scientists of history , Axel marries his sweetheart Gräuben , and Hans eventually returns to his peaceful life in Iceland . The Professor has some regret that their journey was cut short . At the very end of the book , Axel and Lidenbrock realize why their compass was behaving strangely after their journey on the raft . They realize that the needle was pointing the wrong way after being struck by an electric fireball which nearly destroyed the wooden raft . Inspiration ( edit ) The book was inspired by Charles Lyell 's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man of 1863 ( and probably also influenced by Lyell 's earlier ground - breaking work Principles of Geology , published 1830 -- 33 ) . By that time geologists had abandoned a literal biblical account of Earth 's development and it was generally thought that the end of the last glacial period marked the first appearance of humanity , but Lyell drew on new findings to put the origin of human beings much further back in the deep geological past . Lyell 's book also influenced Louis Figuier 's 1867 second edition of La Terre avant le déluge ( `` The Earth before the flood '' ) which included dramatic illustrations of savage men and women wearing animal skins and wielding stone axes , in place of the Garden of Eden shown in the 1863 edition . It is noteworthy that at the time of writing Verne had no hesitation with having sympathetic German protagonists with whom the reader could identify . Verne 's attitude to Germans would drastically change in the aftermath of the 1871 Franco - Prussian War . After 1871 , The sympathetic if eccentric Professor Otto Lidenbrock would be replaced in Verne 's fiction by the utterly evil and demonic Professor Schultze of The Begum 's Fortune . Main characters ( edit ) Professor Otto Lidenbrock : a man of science Axel : the nephew of Professor Lidenbrock , overcautious and unadventurous student . Hans Bjelke : a Danish - speaking Icelandic eiderduck hunter who becomes their guide ; dependable , resourceful and imperturbable . Gräuben : the goddaughter of Professor Lidenbrock with whom Axel is in love , from the Vierlande area of Hamburg . Martha : the maid at the house of Professor Lidenbrock . Prehistoric animals featured ( edit ) Pterichthys Dipterides -- A two - finned fish Leptotherium -- A gazelle - like creature Merycotherium -- A cattle - like creature Anoplotherium Mastodon Megatherium Unidentified Pterosaur ( probably Pterodactylus ) Unknown species of giant bird , probably a Teratorn Ichthyosaurus Plesiosaurus Notes ( edit ) The first English edition was published in its entirety by Henry Vickers in 12 installments of a Boys magazine entitled `` The Boys Journal '' . The plates are more numerous than the book form which was published with an 1872 title page . If it was released in 1871 as a single volume it was late in the year . This `` True '' first edition also found in an octavo normal book size ( not Annual size ) , has been overlooked by bibliographers . It has a place of pre-eminence up to about a 3rd of the way through the 12 monthly issues and then slides down into the main body of the journal . The Magazine does not seem to have survived in its loose format of 12 individual parts . The 1871 English language edition published by Griffith and Farran ( named Journey to the Centre of the Earth at Project Gutenberg ) is an abridged and altered translation . It changes the Professor 's name to Hardwigg , Axel 's name to Harry ( or Henry ) Lawson , and Grauben 's name to Gretchen . It omits some chapters , while rewriting or adding portions to others . The redactor 's note by Norm Wolcott , at Project Gutenberg , claims that this translation is the most popularly reprinted one , despite the flaws . The 1877 translation by Ward , Lock , & Co. , Ltd. , translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson , is more faithful , though it too has some slight rewrites ( according to the redactor at its Project Gutenberg page , where its title is translated as Journey to the Interior of the Earth ) . The 1877 translation by Ward Lock & Co Ltd. , translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson was adapted by AD Classic Books ' 2008 edition of Journey to the Center of the Earth . In this edit by A.R. Roumanis , antiquated writing and out of date sayings were replaced which makes this the most modernized version available . The novel frequently uses the device of the Professor explaining or arguing scientific matters with Axel , in order to communicate scientific facts on which the world - view is based . In the midst of their descent , this role reverses at one point , as Axel points out strata to the Professor as another example of the same story - telling method . Many things postulated in the novel are now known to be incorrect , including the temperature of space being minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit , and volcanoes erupting due to a reaction between water and chemicals in the Earth 's crust . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 1959 : Journey to the Center of the Earth , USA , directed by Henry Levin , starring James Mason and Pat Boone . In the film , the character of Axel becomes Alec and is more adventurous than cowardly as he is in the novel . The film introduces two new main characters : a female explorer and a main antagonist . 1978 : Viaje al centro de la Tierra , Spain , directed by Juan Piquer Simón , starring Kenneth More and Pep Munné . It was distributed in Great Britain and the US as Where Time Began . 1989 : Journey to the Center of the Earth took only the title and a general idea from the Verne novel , and had a unique plot aimed at a teen audience . It was written by Debra Ricci , Regina Davis , Kitty Chalmers , and Rusty Lemorande , and was directed by Lemorande and Albert Pyun . It stars Emo Philips , Paul Carafotes , Jaclyn Bernstein , Kathy Ireland , Janet Du Plessis , Nicola Cowper , Lochner De Kock , and Ilan Mitchell - Smith . It was based on an uncompleted version , more faithful to Verne 's text , written and directed by Lemorande , that had been left unfinished because of Cannon Films ' premature closure . 2008 : Journey to the Center of the Earth is a 3 - D film by Eric Brevig . Cast members include Brendan Fraser , Anita Briem and Josh Hutcherson . The film follows as a sequel to the original book . 2008 : Journey to the Center of the Earth -- A direct - to - DVD release by The Asylum , which is a loose adaptation of the original book . It was released as Journey to Middle Earth in the United Kingdom . Walt Disney Pictures began work on a `` Journey '' in the late 1990s , but was not happy with the appearance of the subterranean caverns , so the project was scrapped and the cavern scenes were altered and used in the production of their 2001 film Atlantis : The Lost Empire . Television ( edit ) An animated television series , Journey to the Center of the Earth , first broadcast in 1967 on ABC , starring the voices of Ted Knight , Pat Harrington , Jr. , and Jane Webb , only loosely based on Verne 's novel . A limited animation television special in the Famous Classic Tales series was aired by CBS in 1977 . In 1993 , NBC aired a made - for - TV film version with a cast including John Neville , F. Murray Abraham and Kim Miyori . The film used the title and general premise of Verne 's novel , but had its heroes carry out the journey in an earth - penetrating machine . A television series was supposed to follow , but was never produced . The Wishbone 1996 episode `` Hot Diggety Dawg '' was based on the novel , featuring several major scenes starring the title character as Professor Lidenbrock . The 1999 Hallmark Entertainment movie starred Treat Williams , Jeremy London , Bryan Brown , Tushka Bergen , and Hugh Keays - Byrne ( this version deviates considerably from Verne 's original ) . A TV film version by RHI Entertainment starring Rick Schroder , Peter Fonda , Victoria Pratt , Steven Grayhm and Mike Dopud was shot on location in and around Vancouver on high definition video during the summer of 2007 . The show aired on February 4 , 2008 and been released on DVD . Victoria Pratt and Peter Fonda 's characters were added to the original story . Radio ( edit ) A 7 - part radio serial was broadcast on the BBC Home Service in 1962 . It was produced by Claire Chovil , and starred Trevor Martin and Nigel Anthony . An 8 - part radio serial was produced for BBC Radio 4 by Howard Jones in 1963 . It starred Bernard Horsfall and Jeffrey Banks . A radio drama adaptation was broadcast by National Public Radio in 2000 for its series `` Radio Tales '' . A 90 - minute radio adaptation by Stephen Walker directed by Owen O'Callan was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra on 20 November 2011 and re-broadcast on 11 and 12 November 2012 . Nicholas Le Prevost starred as Professor Otto Lidenbrock , Nathaniel Parker as Axel and Oliver Senton as Hans . Rosemary McNab , an original female character who funds and accompanies the expedition ( and has affairs with both Hans and Otto along the way ) , was played by Kristen Millwood . A two - part BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Journey to the Centre of the Earth was broadcast on 19 and 26 March 2017 , with Stephen Critchlow as Professor Lidenbrock , Joel MacCormack as Axel and Gudmundur Ingi Thorvaldsson as Hans . It was directed and produced by Tracey Neale and adapted by Moya O'Shea . Theatre ( edit ) A stage version of Journey to the Center of the Earth , written by Gerald Fitzgerald and directed by Steven - Shayle Rhodes , was produced at Pegasus Theatre in Dallas , Texas in 2000 , with substantial changes made to the characters and the plot . In 2014 , Fitzgerald 's 2 - act script was adapted into a 3 - act melodrama format and presented at the Pocket Sandwich Theatre in Dallas , directed by Joey Dietz . Theme park ( themed areas ) and rides ( edit ) A thrill ride based on the book , Journey to the Center of the Earth , is open at The Mysterious Island section of Tokyo DisneySea 's theme park . Its also includes a dark ride based on Twenty thousand leagues under the Sea . Le Visionarium ( Timekeeper ) - featuring Jules Verne in a circle vision ride ( 1992 - 2005 ) and Space Mountain , de la Terre à la Lune , in its original version ( 1995 - 2005 ) , based directly on From the earth to the Moon in Discoveryland ( the hub facing part of the Land features Steampunk related theming ) at Euro Disneyland ( now Disneyland Paris ) between 1992 and 2005 . A water ride at Water World in Federal Heights , Colorado called ' Voyage to the Center of the Earth ' is loosely based on the book . A mill chute ride , called ' Journey to the Center of the Earth ' and loosely based on the book , existed at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom from 1960 to 1992 . Other ( edit ) Video games called Journey to the Center of the Earth : in 1984 by Ozisoft for the Commodore 64 ; in 1989 by Topo Soft for the ZX Spectrum and in 2003 by Frogwares . A board game adaptation of the book designed by Rüdiger Dorn was released by Kosmos in 2008 . A concept album called Journey to the Centre of the Earth by Rick Wakeman , was released in 1974 . It combines song , narration and instrumental pieces to retell the story Rick Wakeman released a second concept album called Return to the Centre of the Earth in 1999 , it tells the story of a later set of travelers attempting to repeat the original journey . Alien Voices , an audio theater group led by Leonard Nimoy and John de Lancie , released a dramatized version of Journey to the Center of the Earth through Simon and Schuster Audio in 1997 . Christopher Lloyd 's character of Doctor Emmett Brown , one of the two main fictional characters of the Back To The Future film series , attributed the origins of his lifelong devotion to science to having read as a child the works of Jules Verne in general , and Journey to the Center of the Earth in particular . ( This is evident when he reveals that he tried to dig to the Center of the Earth at the age of twelve . ) Back to the Future Part III , especially , pays homage to Journey of the Center of the Earth where Dr. Brown carves his initials in a mineshaft after storing the time machine , just like Arne Saknussemm did to help guide future explorers . At the end of the film , it is also revealed that Dr. Brown 's two sons are named Jules and Verne . The first part of the second season of Around the World with Willy Fog by Spanish studio BRB Internacional was `` Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' . Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote the Pellucidar series using the Journey to the Center of the Earth concept . The surname of Kathy Ireland 's character in Alien From L.A. ( 1988 ) , a film about a girl who falls through the earth and discovers a repressive subterranean society , is Saknussemm . The 1992 adventure / role - playing game Quest for Glory III by Sierra Entertainment used Arne Saknoosen the Aardvark as a bit character for exploration information , alluding to the explorer Arne Saknussemm . The DC Comics comic book series Warlord took place in Skartaris , a land supposed to exist within a Hollow Earth . Its creator , Mike Grell , has confirmed that `` the name comes from the mountain peak Scartaris that points the way to the passage to the earth 's core in Journey to the Center of the Earth . '' Louis MacNeice 's final play Persons from Porlock contains a reference to Journey to the Center of the Earth at the beginning . Because his mother used to read it aloud to him , Hank became ' completely fascinated ' with ' caves and pot - holes and things ' ( p 111 ) . At the end of the play ' Herr Professor Lidebrock ' is one of the characters Hank meets down the pot hole . Hank says to him , ' Oh , my dear Professor , I 've always wanted to meet you , since my mother used to read me your adventures . How you went down the volcano and ran into all those mastodons . But , of course , in your case you got out again . ' The Professor replies , ' That was because I am a character in fiction . ' He continues , ' Jules Verne invented me ' ( p 141 ) . Halldór Laxness , the only Icelandic author to be awarded the Nobel Prize , situated his novel Under the Glacier in the area of Snæfellsjökull . The glacier has a mystic quality in the story and there are several references to A Journey to the Center of the Earth in connection with it . In the Exile computer game series and its remake , the Avernum series , the player 's party is exiled to a vast underground cavern similar to the one described in A Journey to the Center of the Earth . It also contains a subterranean ocean and networks of tunnels , but it is lit by bioluminescent mushrooms rather than an electric phenomenon . One of the goals of several of the games is to escape from the cavern . See also ( edit ) Subterranean fiction Pellucidar Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ To produce the cipher , the text is written backwards , and then each letter and punctuation mark is placed in a separate cell of a 7x3 matrix , going row by row . When each cell is filled with the first 21 letters , the 22nd letter is placed in the first cell , and so again through the matrix repeatedly until the message is complete . To decipher , one copies out the first letter of each cell , then the second , and so forth , and finally the resulting message is read backwards . Jump up ^ Criticism : Browne , E. Janet ( 2002 ) , Charles Darwin : vol. 2 The Power of Place , London : Jonathan Cape , pp. 130 , 218 , 515 , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6837 - 3 Jump up ^ The Boys Journal . Published By Henry Vickers , London . 1870 Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' . BBC Genome . BBC . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jules Verne - Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' , BBC Radio 4 , 20 Nov 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Radio 4 relevant page '' Jump up ^ World of Spectrum Jump up ^ Moby Games Jump up ^ Board Game Geek Jump up ^ Brian Cronin , 2006 , `` Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed # 54 ! '' ( archive ) Jump up ^ Louis MacNeice , Persons from Porlock , London : BBC , 1969 . Further reading ( edit ) Debus , Allen ( July 2007 ) . `` Re-Framing the Science in Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . Science Fiction Studies . 33 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 20 . JSTOR 4241461 ... External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Journey into the Interior of the Earth French Wikisource has original text related to this article : Voyage au centre de la Terre Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journey to the Center of the Earth . A Journey to the Centre of the Earth ( Griffith and Farran , 1871 ) entire early English translation . Journey to the Centre of the Earth and PDF Full text of the Oxford University Press translation , with introduction , notes and appendices . Most modern translation available online . Journey into the Interior of the Earth ( Malleson , trans. ; Ward , Lock & Co. , 1877 ) from JV.Gilead.org.il A Journey to the Interior of the Earth ( Malleson , trans. ; Ward , Lock & Co. , 1877 ) -- in easy to read HTML format . A Journey to the Interior of the Earth at Project Gutenberg ( English ) Journey to the Interior of the Earth public domain audiobook at LibriVox Free Audio Book of `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' from The Drama Pod Journey to the Center of the Earth -- Classics Illustrated comic book Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth Films 1959 film 1978 film 1989 film 2008 TV film 2008 Asylum film 2008 theatrical film Other 1967 series 1999 miniseries 1974 album 2008 video game Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island Journey Through the Impossible Works by Jules Verne Voyages extraordinaires Five Weeks in a Balloon ( 1863 ) Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 1864 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1865 ) The Adventures of Captain Hatteras ( 1866 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1867 -- 68 ) Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea ( 1869 -- 70 ) Around the Moon ( 1870 ) A Floating City ( 1871 ) The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa ( 1872 ) The Fur Country ( 1873 ) Around the World in Eighty Days ( 1873 ) The Mysterious Island ( 1874 -- 75 ) The Survivors of the Chancellor ( 1875 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1876 ) Off on a Comet ( 1877 ) The Child of the Cavern ( 1877 ) Dick Sand , A Captain at Fifteen ( 1878 ) The Begum 's Fortune ( 1879 ) Tribulations of a Chinaman in China ( 1879 ) The Steam House ( 1880 ) Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon ( 1881 ) Godfrey Morgan ( 1882 ) The Green Ray ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Inflexible ( 1883 ) The Vanished Diamond ( 1884 ) The Archipelago on Fire ( 1884 ) Mathias Sandorf ( 1885 ) The Lottery Ticket ( 1886 ) Robur the Conqueror ( 1886 ) North Against South ( 1887 ) The Flight to France ( 1887 ) Two Years ' Vacation ( 1888 ) Family Without a Name ( 1889 ) The Purchase of the North Pole ( 1889 ) César Cascabel ( 1890 ) Mistress Branican ( 1891 ) The Carpathian Castle ( 1892 ) Claudius Bombarnac ( 1892 ) Foundling Mick ( 1893 ) Captain Antifer ( 1894 ) Propeller Island ( 1895 ) Facing the Flag ( 1896 ) Clovis Dardentor ( 1896 ) An Antarctic Mystery ( 1897 ) The Mighty Orinoco ( 1898 ) The Will of an Eccentric ( 1899 ) The Castaways of the Flag ( 1900 ) The Village in the Treetops ( 1901 ) The Sea Serpent ( 1901 ) The Kip Brothers ( 1902 ) Travel Scholarships ( 1903 ) A Drama in Livonia ( 1904 ) Master of the World ( 1904 ) Invasion of the Sea ( 1905 ) Other works Novels The Waif of the Cynthia ( 1885 ) The Lighthouse at the End of the World ( 1905 ) The Golden Volcano ( 1906 ) The Chase of the Golden Meteor ( 1908 ) The Danube Pilot ( 1908 ) The Survivors of the `` Jonathan '' ( 1909 ) The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz ( 1910 ) The Barsac Mission ( 1919 ) Backwards to Britain ( 1989 , written 1859 ) Paris in the Twentieth Century ( 1994 , written 1863 ) Collections Doctor Ox ( 1874 ) Yesterday and Tomorrow ( 1910 ) Short stories `` A Drama in Mexico '' ( 1851 ) `` A Drama in the Air '' ( 1851 ) `` Martin Paz '' ( 1852 ) `` Master Zacharius '' ( 1854 ) `` A Winter amid the Ice '' ( 1855 ) `` The Count of Chanteleine '' ( 1864 ) `` The Blockade Runners '' ( 1865 ) `` Dr. Ox 's Experiment '' ( 1872 ) `` An Ideal City '' ( 1875 ) `` The Mutineers of the Bounty '' ( 1879 ) `` Ten Hours Hunting '' ( 1881 ) `` Frritt - Flacc '' ( 1884 ) `` Gil Braltar '' ( 1887 ) `` In the Year 2889 '' ( 1889 ) `` Adventures of the Rat Family '' ( 1891 ) `` Mr. Ray Sharp and Miss Me Flat '' ( 1893 ) `` The Eternal Adam '' ( 1910 ) Plays The Broken Straws ( 1850 ) Mona Lisa ( 1852 ) Blind Man 's Buff ( 1853 ) The Adoptive Son ( 1853 Knights of the Daffodil ( 1855 ) Mr. Chimpanzee ( 1858 ) The Inn in the Ardennes ( 1860 ) Eleven Days ' Siege ( 1861 ) A Nephew from America ( 1873 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1874 ) The Children of Captain Grant ( 1878 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1880 ) Journey Through the Impossible ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Pigheaded ( 1883 ) Related The Thompson Travel Agency by Michel Verne ( 1907 ) Universe Characters Aouda Tom Ayrton David Farragut Phileas Fogg Lord Glenarvan Captain Nemo Jacques Paganel Jean Passepartout Cyrus Smith Universe Leyden ball Nautilus HMS Sword Book VIAF : 181861005 GND : 4835489 - 2 SUDOC : 089079728 BNF : cb12342582t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth&oldid=805808798 '' Categories : Journey to the Center of the Earth 1864 French novels Novels by Jules Verne 1860s science fiction novels French science fiction novels Lost world novels Novels about dinosaurs Novels set in Iceland Hollow Earth in fiction Fictional subterranea French novels adapted into films Novels set in Hamburg Novels set in Sicily French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games 1863 in fiction Cryptography in fiction Travel to the Earth 's center Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Shqip Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 19 : 34 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey%20to%20the%20Center%20of%20the%20Earth
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who sang i got a brand-new pair rollerskates
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Brand New key
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brand new key
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`` Brand New Key '' is a pop song written and sung by folk music singer Melanie . Initially a track of Melanie 's album Gather Me , produced by Melanie 's husband , Peter Schekeryk , it was known also as `` The Rollerskate Song '' due to its chorus . It was her greatest success , scoring No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart during December 1971 and January 1972 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 9 song of 1972 . It also scored No. 1 in Canada and Australia and No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart . The song was featured in the 1997 movie Boogie Nights as well as the 2010 movie Jackass 3D and an episode of Helix .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Controversy 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Selected list of recorded versions 5 Parodies and other versions 6 References in popular culture 7 References Overview ( edit ) The song is sung from the viewpoint of a girl with roller skates trying to attract the attention of a boy . In an interview with Examiner.com , Melanie described what she claimed was the inspiration for the song : `` I was fasting with a 27 - day fast on water . I broke the fast and went back to my life living in New Jersey and we were going to a flea market around six in the morning . On the way back ... and I had just broken the fast , from the flea market , we passed a McDonald 's and the aroma hit me , and I had been a vegetarian before the fast . So we pulled into the McDonald 's and I got the whole works ... the burger , the shake , and the fries ... and no sooner after I finished that last bite of my burger ... that song was in my head . The aroma brought back memories of roller skating and learning to ride a bike and the vision of my dad holding the back fender of the tire . And me saying to my dad ... ' You 're holding , you 're holding , you 're holding , right ? ' Then I 'd look back and he was n't holding and I 'd fall . So that whole thing came back to me and came out in this song . '' Controversy ( edit ) Many listeners detect sexual innuendo in the lyrics , with the key in its lock thought to symbolize sexual intercourse , or in phrases such as `` I go pretty far '' and `` I 've been all around the world '' . Another common viewpoint on the song , is that the song is clearly an innocent reflection upon the typical workings of a child 's mind regarding their possessions ( In this case , quad skates and the associated key essential for tightening / loosening a locking clamp on the skates ) . Melanie has acknowledged the possibility of detecting sexual innuendo in the song , without confirming or denying the intent : ( The song ) , `` Brand New Key '' , I wrote in about fifteen minutes one night . I thought it was cute ; a kind of old thirties tune . I guess a key and a lock have always been Freudian symbols , and pretty obvious ones at that . There was no deep serious expression behind the song , but people read things into it . They made up incredible stories as to what the lyrics said and what the song meant . In some places , it was even banned from the radio . My idea about songs is that once you write them , you have very little say in their life afterward . It 's a lot like having a baby . You conceive a song , deliver it , and then give it as good a start as you can . After that , it 's on its own . People will take it any way they want to take it . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 -- 72 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 11 Canada 27 UK 46 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box Preceded by `` Family Affair '' by Sly & the Family Stone Billboard Hot 100 number - one single December 25 , 1971 -- January 8 , 1972 Succeeded by `` American Pie '' by Don McLean Preceded by `` Ernie ( The Fastest Milkman in the West ) '' by Benny Hill Australian Singles Chart number - one single February 28 , 1972 Succeeded by `` American Pie '' by Don McLean Preceded by `` I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing ( In Perfect Harmony ) '' by The New Seekers New Zealand Singles Chart number - one single March 17 , 1972 Succeeded by `` The Ranger 's Waltz '' by The Moms and Dads Preceded by `` No Charge '' by J.J. Barrie UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Wurzels version ) June 12 , 1976 -- June 19 , 1976 Succeeded by `` You to Me Are Everything '' by The Real Thing Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1995 Sharon , Lois & Bram , on the album Let 's Dance ! 1996 Rasputina , on the album Thanks for the Ether . 1998 Deana Carter , on the album Everything 's Gonna Be Alright . 2007 The Dollyrots , on the album Because I 'm Awesome . 2009 Katharine McPhee , on the album Unbroken . 2012 Olivia Newton - John , on the album A Few Best Men ( soundtrack ) . Parodies and other versions ( edit ) A version of the song entitled `` Combine Harvester '' , with new rustic - themed lyrics by Irish songwriter Brendan O'Shaughnessy ( including `` I 've got a brand new combine harvester An ' I 'll give you the key '' ) , was recorded by Irish comedian Brendan Grace , whose version scored No. 1 on the Irish Charts during 1975 . For the UK Singles Chart , West Country comedy folk act The Wurzels scored No. 1 for two weeks during June 1976 with a version of this . After the January 1994 attack on Nancy Kerrigan , a parody of `` Brand New Key '' circulated on radio stations . The parody featured lyrics from Tonya Harding 's point of view , and included the chorus , `` I 've got a brand new pair of figure skates / You 've got a busted knee ; / They 're gon na lock up my ex-husband and throw away the key . '' The song was used prominently in the 2005 movie Evil Aliens . With lyrics describing Best Film nominee Pan 's Labyrinth , Minnie Driver sang a parody of the song at the 2007 Spirit Awards ( `` I blew a giant frog to smithereens , I got his golden key '' ) . References in popular culture ( edit ) Melanie 's version is heard in the 1997 music Boogie Nights as Dirk Diggler ( Mark Wahlberg ) has his `` audition '' with Rollergirl ( Heather Graham ) in front of Jack Horner ( Burt Reynolds ) . The song is also played in Jackass 3 - D during the `` Bungee Boogie '' stunt skit ( in which the cast members use bungee cords , skateboards and a ramp to slingshot into a kiddie pool ) . On April 4 , 2016 , Jimmy Fallon lip synced the song during a `` Lip Sync Battle '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , while he competed with actress Melissa McCarthy . On the October 17 , 2016 , episode of singing competition television show The Voice , Team Miley ( Cyrus ) contestants Darby Walker and Karlee Metzger performed the song in a battle round . Despite coaches Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , and Alicia Keys all preferring Metzger 's vocal performance , Cyrus chose to name Walker the winner of the battle . Shortly after , Metzger was stolen onto Team Blake , saving her from elimination . The original version appears in season one of the FX show The Bridge , as the character Daniel Frye flushes his supply of drugs and alcohol . The original version also appears in the 2016 Hallmark TV movie : `` Signed sealed delivered from the heart '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ray Shahso ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Classic Rock Music Reporter : ' Melanie ' Safka Exclusive : `` My Mother Drove Me To Woodstock '' ( Part 1 ) `` . classicrockmusicwriter.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Brand New Key '' - Melanie `` . Superseventies.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MELANIE '' . officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 161 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Songs from the Year 1972 '' . tsort.info . Jump up ^ 1972_in_British_music # Best - selling_singles Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Maclean 's Magazine November 6 , 1995 . Vol. 108 , Iss. 45 ; pg. 72 . `` Let 's Dance by Sharon , Lois & Bram '' . Chisholm , Patricia . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 327 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Boogie Nights soundtrack listing and review by Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine http://www.allmusic.com/album/boogie-nights-original-soundtrack-mw0000027564 Retrieved 3 / 30 / 14 . Jump up ^ Lip Sync Battle with Melissa McCarthy . YouTube . April 4 , 2016 . ( hide ) Melanie Albums Born to Be ( 1968 ) Affectionately Melanie ( 1969 ) Candles in the Rain ( 1970 ) Leftover Wine ( 1970 ) The Good Book ( 1970 ) Gather Me ( 1971 ) Garden in the City ( 1972 ) Stoneground Words ( 1972 ) Melanie at Carnegie Hall ( 1973 ) Madrugada ( 1974 ) Photograph ( 1976 ) Ballroom Streets ( 1978 ) Noted singles `` Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1970 ) `` Brand New Key '' ( 1971 ) `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' ( 1973 ) Related Woodstock Music Festival Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brand_New_Key&oldid=836770815 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1972 singles 1976 singles British pop songs Melanie Safka songs Novelty songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles 1971 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 19 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand%20New%20Key
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who sings at the end of the guestbook
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The Guest Book
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the guest book
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The Guest Book is an American anthology comedy television series created by Greg Garcia . The series , which stars Charlie Robinson , Carly Jibson , Lou Wilson , and Kellie Martin , is centered on the lives of employees and visitors to a group of rental cottages in the small mountain town of Mount Trace . The regular cast plays residents in the town , while each episode is focused on a different guest star who plays an out - of - town vacationer . Garcia , who based the show on his habit of writing fake guest book entries while on vacation , will write all 10 episodes of the first season . The series premiered on TBS on August 3 , 2017 . On September 13 , 2017 , TBS renewed the series for a second season .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Recurring 1.2 Guest stars 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Charlie Robinson as Wilfred , the caretaker of the rental cottages Carly Jibson as Vivian , the owner of Chubby 's , the local strip club Lou Wilson as Frank , Vivian 's stepson Kellie Martin as Officer Kimberly Leahy Recurring ( edit ) Aloma Wright as Emma , Wilfred 's wife Garret Dillahunt as Dr. Andrew Brown Laura Bell Bundy as Jessica , Andrew 's ex-wife Trace Garcia as Bryce , Andrew and Jessica 's son Eddie Steeples as Eddie , Wilfred and Emma 's nephew Margo Martindale as Alice , Kimberly 's mother Arjay Smith as Arlo John Milhiser as Woody Tipper Newton as Sinnomin , Vivian 's employee Melanie Mosley as Kombucha , Vivian 's employee Jack Donner as Walter , an elderly patron of Chubby 's HoneyHoney as Chubby 's house band , a mailwoman ( Suzanne Santo ) and an exterminator ( Benjamin Jaffe ) Guest stars ( edit ) Danny Pudi as Tim , a teacher Jenna Fischer as Dr. Laurie Galiff , a specialist on Advanced Alzheimer 's Tommy Dewey as Blake , Trina 's prisoner Lauren Lapkus as Sandy , Tim 's wife Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Trina , a Federal Agent Michaela Watkins as Phyllis Mary Lynn Rajskub as Lynn , Ethan 's fiancee Henry Zebrowski as Ethan , Jill 's son Michael Rapaport as Adam Kate Micucci as Gillian , Adam 's co-worker Jaime Pressly as Christy , an ex-porn star Stockard Channing as Jill Andrew J. West as Tommy Affion Crockett as Darnell , a nurse Mikaela Hoover as Bethany John Ortiz as Paul , Christy 's boyfriend David Zayas as David Orson Bean as Edgar , an Alzheimer 's patient Shannon Woodward as Marla , Tommy 's girlfriend Stephnie Weir as Marcia John Hennigan as Steve Episodes ( edit ) The intended fifth episode of the series was originally intended to air on August 24 , 2017 , but was held back as it `` contained elements that were deemed too sensitive '' at that point in time . At the end of August 2017 , Garcia noted on Twitter that the held episode would not be made available `` for awhile '' , and that he hopes that it will be released at a later date . In mid-September , Garcia again posted on Twitter and confirmed that the episode would air the next Thursday as the eighth episode of the season , albeit in an edited form to fit its new place in the show 's continuity . When the episode aired , the sensitive elements were revealed to be in relation to the Unite the Right rally which took place two weeks before the episode was originally due to air . The episode depicted an Alzheimer 's patient regaining his spousal abuse tendencies and racist personality - going as far as sewing and wearing a KKK outfit with the intention of attending a rally , while also revealing he once murdered an African American while burning down a local black church . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Story One '' Michael Fresco Greg Garcia August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 1.33 Tim and Sandy travel to the cottage wanting to spice up their relationship . After feeling the pressure from Sandy , who is upset at the lack of creature comforts available to her , Tim visits a local strip club owned by Vivian and is unaware that her stepson Frank is filming the encounter . Frank shows Tim the tape and tells him that he wants money in exchange for keeping his secret . Tim knocks out Frank and locks him in his car . The next day , Tim throws Frank 's car keys onto the side of the road as he departs with Sandy . `` Story Two '' Michael Fresco Greg Garcia August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 0.97 Jill and her husband decide to drug their son Ethan 's atheist fiancee Lynn at the cottage to perform a baptism . Lynn awakens the next day to discover her leg has become infected and learns that she could lose it . After a short stay at the hospital , Lynn makes a full recovery and begins to accept the possibility of God . Jill abandons her religion as she believes her prayers went unanswered . `` Story Three '' Eyal Gordin Greg Garcia August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 1.21 Phyllis decides to help a woman in a polygamous relationship leave her husband to avoid her uncomfortable stay at the cottage with her husband , his boss and wife . She allows the woman to stay inside her husband 's bosses truck , but awakens the next day to find it stolen . After they depart , the woman calls the cottage to tell Phyllis that she had borrowed the truck to return to her husband , but has accidentally driven it into a lake . `` Story Four '' Samir Rehem Greg Garcia August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 1.08 Christy visits the cottage with her boyfriend Paul and his 8 - year old daughter . After becoming apprehensive about her relationship , Christy eats a pot brownie and spends her time high writing inside the guest book inside a crawl space . Paul reports Christy missing and discovers that she used to be a pornographic actress . Ashamed of her past , Christy reconciles with Paul and becomes a mother figure to his daughter . 5 `` Story Five '' Samir Rahem Greg Garcia August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 1.10 Federal Agent Trina brings witness Blake to Froggy Cottage to hide him from his ex-girlfriends's drug cartel connections . Blake attemps to escape only to discover that he and Trina share a love of poetry and they decide to run away together . However , Blake ditches her , only to have Trina track him down at a Mexican cantina . 6 `` Story Six '' Michael Engler Greg Garcia August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 1.16 Nerdy , obsessive compulsive , middle - aged Adam has a crush on his younger co-worker , Gillian , and creates a fake party invite to entice her to come to the cottage . It backfires when she brings another co-worker , Theo , along with her and Adam must then invite the townspeople to his party . Despite having a good time at the party , Adam has an allergic reaction to peanuts and also overhears Gillian and Theo confessing their feelings for one another . As the party ends a stranger , who received the fake party invite by accident , arrives , but Adam finds her obsessive compulsiveness weird and shuts the door in her face . 7 `` Story Seven '' Eyal Gordin Greg Garcia September 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) 0.98 Tommy wants his girlfriend Marla to do two things : 1 ) finally accept his marriage proposal and 2 ) get off crystal meth . He takes Marla to the mountains for a vacation , hoping it 'll give her a chance to break her meth habit . They break into the currently vacant Froggy Cottage , where Tommy flushes Marla 's meth down the toilet . While they are fighting , a bear breaks into the cottage . After surviving the bear visit , Marla agrees she does n't need the crystal meth and asks Tommy to marry her . 8 `` Story Eight '' Michael Engler Greg Garcia September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) 1.14 9 `` Story Nine '' Greg Garcia Greg Garcia September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 0.98 10 `` Story Ten '' Greg Garcia Greg Garcia September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 1.16 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 64 % approval rating , with an average rating of 6.33 / 10 based on 11 reviews . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 55 out of 100 based on 9 reviews . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( 2017 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Greg Garcia 's TBS Comedy ' The Guest Book ' Sets Cast '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( 2017 - 01 - 14 ) . `` TBS 's ' The Guest Book ' Cast & Guests Announced ; Kellie Martin Stars '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Guest Book , ' ' People of Earth ' and ' Wrecked ' all renewed at TBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/whoisgreggarcia/status/901954524553687040 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/whoisgreggarcia/status/901144843790934016 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/whoisgreggarcia/status/903386003888455680 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/whoisgreggarcia/status/906698565703024640 ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Guest Book. : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Guest Book Season 1 : ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Guest Book on IMDb ( hide ) TBS original programming Former 1970s debuts Best of World Championship Wrestling ( 1973 -- 87 ) Braves TBS Baseball ( 1973 -- 2007 ) Georgia Championship Wrestling ( 1972 -- 84 ) WCW Saturday Night ( 1971 -- 2000 ) 1980s debuts The Baseball Bunch ( 1980 -- 85 ) The Catlins ( 1983 -- 85 ) College Football on TBS ( 1982 -- 2006 ) Clash of the Champions ( 1988 -- 97 ) Down to Earth ( 1984 -- 87 ) G - Force : Guardians of Space ( 1986 ) Kid 's Beat ( 1983 -- 97 ) NASCAR on TBS ( 1983 -- 2000 ) National Geographic Explorer ( 1986 -- 99 ) NBA on TBS ( 1984 -- 2002 ) The New Leave It to Beaver ( 1986 -- 89 ) Night Tracks ( 1983 -- 92 ) Rocky Road ( 1985 -- 87 ) Safe at Home ( 1985 -- 88 ) Starcade ( 1982 -- 83 ) Tom and Jerry 's Funhouse on TBS ( 1986 -- 95 ) Tush ( 1980 -- 81 ) WCW Main Event ( 1988 -- 98 ) WCW Power Hour ( 1989 -- 94 ) 1990s debuts 2 Stupid Dogs ( 1993 -- 95 ) Between the Lines ( 1991 -- 94 ) Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1990 -- 96 ) Cartoon Planet ( 1995 ) The Chimp Channel ( 1999 ) Dinner and a Movie ( 1995 -- 2011 ) Live from the House of Blues ( 1995 ) Monkey - ed Movies ( ( 1998 ) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest ( 1996 -- 97 ) SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron ( 1993 -- 94 ) WCW Pro ( 1994 -- 98 ) WCW Thunder ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 2000s debuts 10 Items or Less ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Bill Engvall Show ( 2007 -- 09 ) Daisy Does America ( 2005 -- 06 ) Frank TV ( 2007 -- 08 ) He 's a Lady ( 2004 ) House Rules ( 2003 ) Lopez Tonight ( 2009 -- 11 ) Meet the Browns ( 2009 -- 11 ) Midnight Money Madness ( 2006 ) Minding the Store ( 2005 ) My Boys ( 2006 -- 10 ) Outback Jack ( 2004 ) The Real Gilligan 's Island ( 2004 -- 05 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ( 2000 -- 03 ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ( 2007 -- 12 ) Worst Case Scenarios ( 2002 ) 2010s debuts America 's Greatest Makers ( 2016 ) Are We There Yet ? ( 2010 -- 13 ) Bam 's Bad Ass Game Show ( 2014 ) CeeLo Green 's The Good Life ( 2014 ) Clipped ( 2015 ) Cougar Town ( 2013 -- 15 ) Deal with It ( 2013 -- 14 ) Deon Cole 's Black Box ( 2013 ) Funniest Wins ( 2014 ) Funny or Die Presents : America 's Next Weatherman ( 2015 ) Glory Daze ( 2010 -- 11 ) Ground Floor ( 2013 -- 15 ) King of the Nerds ( 2013 -- 15 ) Meet the Smiths ( 2015 ) Men at Work ( 2012 -- 14 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) The Pete Holmes Show ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sullivan & Son ( 2012 -- 14 ) Separation Anxiety ( 2016 ) Trust Me , I 'm a Game Show Host ( 2013 ) Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse ( 2011 -- 12 ) Wedding Band ( 2012 -- 13 ) Who Gets the Last Laugh ? ( 2013 ) Your Family or Mine ( 2015 ) Current American Dad ! ( since 2014 ) Angie Tribeca ( since 2016 ) Conan ( since 2010 ) The Detour ( since 2016 ) Drop the Mic ( since 2017 ) Full Frontal with Samantha Bee ( since 2016 ) The Guest Book ( since 2017 ) The Joker 's Wild ( since 2017 ) Major League Baseball on TBS ( since 2008 ) Movie and a Makeover ( since 2006 ) NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship ( since 2016 ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament ( since 2011 ) People of Earth ( since 2016 ) Search Party ( since 2016 ) Tarantula ( since 2017 ) Wrecked ( since 2016 ) Upcoming The Last O.G. ( 2018 ) Final Space ( 2018 ) Close Enough ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Guest_Book&oldid=813702461 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series American anthology television series English - language television programs Single - camera television sitcoms TBS ( U.S. TV channel ) programs Television series by CBS Television Studios Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 20 : 27 . About Wikipedia
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where is cook's country test kitchen located
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Cook 's Country
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cook's country
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Cook 's Country is an American half - hour television cooking show on the PBS channel . It is filmed in a renovated 1806 farmhouse known locally as Carver House ( 43 ° 15 ′ 36 '' N 73 ° 13 ′ 24 '' W / 43.25988 ° N 73.22325 ° W / 43.25988 ; - 73.22325 ) . It is located in Rupert , Vermont . The show is based on Cook 's Country magazine ( published by the same company as Cook 's Illustrated ) and a cover of the magazine appears at the start of each episode .
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The show 's tenth season will air in the fall of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Episodes 3 References 4 External links Cast ( edit ) Cook 's Country is structured similarly to America 's Test Kitchen , with many of the same cast . Christopher Kimball , Bridget Lancaster and Julia Collin - Davison are primarily featured , with Erin McMurrer joining the regular cast in Season 2 . Jack Bishop is once again in charge of the Tasting Lab , while Adam Ried continues to feature new products in the Equipment Corner . During Season 1 , Kimball 's neighbor Axel Blomberg occasionally appeared on - screen with a dish of the featured recipe , exhibiting how the recipe could be badly executed . Julia Collin - Davison did not appear during Season 2 , having given birth to a daughter shortly before that season 's episodes were filmed . She returned in Season 3 . On November 16 , 2015 , a news release from Boston Commons Press , parent company of Cooks Country , Cooks Illustrated , and America 's Test Kitchen , announced the departure of Christopher Kimball over a contract dispute . The 2016 TV programs had already been filmed with Kimball as the host , but he would not appear on any future episodes . As with Season 17 of America 's Test Kitchen and due to the departure of Christopher Kimball , Season 10 of Cook 's Country will be hosted by Bridget Lancaster & Julia Collin - Davison . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Cook 's Country episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 September 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 06 ) November 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 29 ) 13 September 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 05 ) November 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 28 ) 13 September 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 04 ) November 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 27 ) 13 September 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 10 ) January 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 14 ) 13 September 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 15 ) December 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 08 ) 6 13 September 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 07 ) November 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 23 ) 7 13 August 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 30 ) November 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 22 ) 8 13 September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 9 13 August 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 27 ) November 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 19 ) In contrast to its predecessor , Cook 's Country focuses on recipes that are more rustic , especially those from South or Southwestern America . Christopher Kimball begins each segment with a historical perspective on each recipe prior to the demonstration . The Tasting Lab segments are filmed before a live audience on location , a farmhouse in Rupert , Vermont . The theme music , `` Right Between Your Eyes '' , is performed by the San Francisco bluegrass band , Hot Buttered Rum . A title card at the end of each episode of Season 1 reads `` In Memory of Felicia Armstrong ( 1978 -- 2007 ) '' , a kitchen assistant murdered on November 1 , 2007 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` America'sTestKitchen on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Kimball to Leave America 's Test Kitchen '' . Cook 's Illustrated . November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Muse , Heather ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` Comparing Cook 's Country to America 's Test Kitchen '' . Delish . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick McArdle ( 2007 ) . `` Two Dead in Rupert Murder - Suicide '' . Rutland Herald . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official Website ( hide ) WGBH Educational Foundation Television stations WGBH - TV WGBX - TV WGBY - TV Radio stations WCAI WCRB WGBH WNAN WNCK WZAI Media accessibility efforts Media Access Group ( closed captioning and audio description ) Descriptive Video Service Television productions America 's Test Kitchen American Experience Antiques Roadshow Arthur Ask This Old House Basic Black Cook 's Country Curious George Design Squad Food Trip with Todd English French in Action Frontline Gourmet 's Adventures with Ruth Gourmet 's Diary of a Foodie Greater Boston High School Quiz Show Maria Hinojosa : One - on - One Martha Speaks Masterpiece Nova Nova ScienceNow Peep and the Big Wide World Pinkalicious & Peterrific Rough Cut -- Woodworking with Tommy Mac Simply Ming The Victory Garden This Old House Zoom Public Radio International − PRI productions Studio 360 The Takeaway To the Point The World Public Radio International − PRI distributions Afropop Worldwide America Abroad As It Happens Classical 24 Day 6 Echoes Innovation Hub Jazz After Hours Live Wire Living on Earth On Story Out in the Open Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra Podcast Playlist Q The Record Shelf Science Friday Selected Shorts The Tavis Smiley Show The Tobolowsky Files Radio hosts Kurt Andersen Clark Boyd Steve Curwood Celeste Headlee Mary Kay Magistad Lisa Mullins Femi Oke Warren Olney Jeb Sharp Tavis Smiley Faith Salie Ray Suarez Jesse Thorn Marco Werman Robin Young Websites GlobalPost Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cook%27s_Country&oldid=802055324 '' Categories : American cooking television series PBS network shows 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 2008 American television series debuts Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 18 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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fc pune city new kits for isl 2018
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FC Pune City
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fc pune city
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Rajesh Wadhawan Group ,
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Arjun Kapoor CEO Gaurav Modwel Manager Ranko Popović League Indian Super League 2017 -- 18 Regular season : 4th of 10 Finals : Semi-finals Website Club website Home colours Away colours Current season Active departments of FC Pune City Football ( Men 's ) Football Reserves ( Men 's ) Football Women ( Women 's ) FC Pune City ( FCPC ) is an Indian professional football club based in the city of Pune , Maharashtra , which plays in the Indian Super League . The club was formed in 2014 with a philosophy to provide stimulus to the growth and development of football in the state of Maharashtra and to participate in the inaugural season of the Indian Super League . The team is owned by Rajesh Wadhawan Group , its promoters Mr. Kapil Wadhawan and Mr. Dheeraj Wadhawan and actor Arjun Kapoor . The philosophy behind the inception of the club was to promote and develop the game of football in the city of Pune right from the grassroots levels onwards . FC Pune City aims to be the club which players passionately aspire to be a part of and a club to whom fans pledge their loyalties . In 2016 , FC Pune City became the only professional football club in India to have teams which participated at all levels of professional football ; Senior Team ( ISL ) , U-18 Team ( I - League U-18 ) , U - 16 Team , U-14 Team and the Women 's Team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Inception 1.2 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 1.3 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 1.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 1.5 Season 4 ( 2017 - 18 ) 2 Supporters and rivalries 3 Residential Academy 4 Crest and jersey colours 5 Home ground 6 Training facilities 7 Players 8 Technical staff 8.1 Management 8.2 Notable former players 9 Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors 10 Fan engagement and marketing initiatives 11 Team records 11.1 Seasons 11.2 Head coach 's record 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Inception ( edit ) FC Pune City ( Football Club Pune City ) , commonly known as Pune City is a professional football club based in Pune . On 13 April 2014 , it was announced that Salman Khan and the Wadhawan Group had won the bidding for the Pune franchise . Later due to issues of sponsorships and endorsements , Salman Khan opted to move out from FC Pune City . Serie A 's ACF Fiorentina came on board as technical partners while Bollywood star Hrithik Roshan joined in as the co-owner of the club in its first year of existence . Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) After successfully winning the bid for Pune franchise , The Rajesh Wadhawan Group on 30 July 2014 , the revealed its identity . Club CEO Gaurav Modwel launched the team name , logo and brand identity at an event . More importantly , they also announced their head coach in Franco Colomba and marquee player in French football legend David Trezeguet . The club bolstered its squad with the signing of Kostas Katsouranis in September 2014 , as he became the first player in Indian Super League to have played in the FIFA World Cup 2014 . John Goossens was among other notable signings for the club . For pre-season , the club travelled to Florence . The team played their first ever Indian Super League match on 14 October 2014 , away to Delhi Dynamos FC at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi in a 0 - 0 draw . On 18 October 2014 at DY Patil Stadium in Mumbai with an attendance of 28,000 , FC Pune City suffered their first loss of the ISL with a 0 - 5 scoreline to Mumbai City FC . But they found comfort in their homes in their first ever home game on 26 October 2014 at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex . FC Pune City beat FC Goa 2 - 0 in front of a packed stadium to mark their home debut with a win as Kostas Katsouranis and Captain David Trezeguet scored a goal each . In their second home fixture , the club suffered a 1 - 2 defeat against Kerala Blasters despite David Trezeguet scoring the first goal for FC Pune City in the 15th minute . Playing their third home game on the trot , the club showed great spirit against NorthEast United FC as John Goossens ' 88th minute header gave FC Pune City a 1 - 0 win , second in three matches at home . On 7 November 2014 , the club took on Atlético de Kolkata in Kolkata . FC Pune City spoiled the Kolkata side 's party registering a 3 - 1 win and halting ATK 's unbeaten run . Dudu Omagbemi scored the first goal , Kostas Katsouranis scored the second goal , picking up the Hero of the Match award while Davide Colomba scored the third goal with a deflected free kick . During the match , John Goossens suffered a serious injury after a collision with his team _́ s goalkeeper Arindam Bhattacharya . This injury brought a premature end to Goossens ' stint with FC Pune City for the rest of the season . After the high against ATK , FC Pune City managed just one win ( Mumbai City FC ) , with three draws ( Chennaiyin FC , NorthEast United , Atlético de Kolkata ) and four losses ( Chennaiyin FC , FC Goa , Delhi Dynamos & Kerala Blasters ) which pushed the team down to sixth place , missing out on qualifying for the knockout stage . Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) In 2015 , the club announced English football legend David Platt as the new head coach . A few weeks later , Adrian Mutu was announced as the marquee player alongside Ivory Coast and Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Didier Zokora . FC Pune City opened their season in some style registering an emphatic 3 - 1 win over Mumbai City FC in the Maharashtra Derby on 5 October 2015 at home . Turkish midfielder Tuncay Sanli scored twice while Israil Gurung scored once in the win . They played their second game of the season at home against NorthEast United FC . An own goal from the North East player Ralte secured the victory for home side . The third game they played was against Delhi Dynamos FC on 14 October . FC Pune City lost the game 1 - 2 with Kalu Uche being the sole scorer for FC Pune City . This game saw Jackichand Singh and Eugeneson Lyngdoh making their ISL debut . Playing their fourth consecutive home game , the David Platt managed side registered a 1 - 0 win over defending champions Atletico De Kolkata . Jackichand Singh 's goal in the second minute of the match was enough to put the home side on top of the table at the end of the match . In their next match against Chennaiyin FC , FC Pune City were handed a 1 - 2 defeat with Kalu Uche reducing the home team 's lead in the 75th minute . Back home , in an exciting match , FC Pune City came down from a goal to win 3 - 2 against Kerala Blasters . Mohammed Rafi scored a goal in the first minute for Kerala Blasters , the fastest goal ever in the history of the Hero Indian Super League ( ISL ) . He scored his second in the 30th minute but it was Kalu Uche 's brace for the hosts ( 16th and 23rd ) . In the 72nd minute , Turkish legend Tuncay Sanli scored the winner for the home team . This remained the last win for the Didier Zokora - led side . They managed three draws and five losses in the next eight matches putting them in the 7th place . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Before the start of the season , the club announced its take over of Pune FC 's Academy . As a part of developing an eco-system , the club not only boosted its preparations ahead of the upcoming season , but also put up a planned approach of turning the club into a football powerhouse . FC Pune City acquired I - League club Pune FC 's academy and their home - grown talent alongside making a significant investment to upgrade the existing infrastructure by creating top - end training facilities . Two weeks in to the season , FC Pune City 's Academy product Md . Ashique Kuruniyan got a training stint at La Liga club Villarreal and play for its third team on loan . For season three , FC Pune City brought in Barcelona and Iceland legend Eidur Gudjohnsen as their marquee player . But during a pre-season training session , Gudjohnsen picked up an injury to end his stint with the club even before it could start . Former Liverpool midfielder Momo Sissoko was roped in as the new marquee player as ISL winning coach , Antonio Habas joined the club as the new Head Coach . The season did n't start as well as expected as FC Pune City registered just two wins ( 2 - 1 against FC Goa , 2 - 1 against ATK ) in eight matches , losing their season opener against Mumbai City FC by 1 - 0 and two other games and drawing three other fixtures . With just two wins ( 1 - 0 against Mumbai City FC , 4 - 3 against Delhi Dynamos ) in their next 6 fixtures and three losses and a drawn game put the club in sixth position , missing out on yet another chance to qualify for the knockout stages . Season 4 ( 2017 - 18 ) ( edit ) FC Pune City announced their participation in the inaugural Indian Women 's League 2017 . Starting from 28 January 2017 until 14 February 2017 , the League had five other teams participating alongside FC Pune City in the final round to be held in New Delhi . The women 's team in the last one year had won the Late Lance Naik Mohan Goswamy Memorial All India Tournament 2016 in Uttarakhand , Guru Tej Bahadur Football Tournament and Mayor 's Cup in Pune and remained unbeaten in the Pune District Football Association ( PDFA ) Women 's League on their way to winning the title . In fact in both Guru Tej Bahadur Football Tournament and PDFA Women 's League this side did n't concede a single goal . In July 2017 , they beat United Poona SA 3 - 0 in the finals of WIFA Women 's Championship 2017 . A brace by Senorita added to Muriel Adam 's goal ensured the win for the outfit in the all - Pune finals played at Cooperage , Mumbai . In May , FC Pune City announced a strategic alliance with Mizoram 's Chanmari Football Club . Established in 2011 , Chanmari Football Club is based in Aizawl and participates in the Mizoram Premier League . The partnership will entail close co-operation between the first teams , academies , youth development , training support and scouting projects . However , the most significant aspect of the arrangement would be the opportunity for Chanmari FC players to represent FC Pune City at some stage in their careers . As a part of the association , FC Pune City will help the Aizawl - based club build a youth structure providing them with coaches and training equipment . This partnership will enable Chanmari FC to set up youth teams and thereby benefit local Mizoram players to train from a young age in a professional environment . A few months later in June , FC Pune City 's U-19 team won the prestigious 121st U-19 IFA Shield tournament in its debut season . A 3 - 0 win over home team and multiple time champions Mohun Bagan capped their glorious run in the century old tournament that concluded on Sunday . FC Pune City U-19 team was placed in Group B along with U-19 teams of Tata Football Academy , Mohun Bagan , Minerva Punjab . In their run to finals , FC Pune City U-19 team beat Tata Football Academy 1 - 0 . Mohun Bagan 1 - 0 , Minerva Punjab 3 - 1 before handing AIFF U-19 side 6 - 5 defeat in penalty shootout in the semifinal . Come July , the first ever player draft in Indian Super League took place . FC Pune City went into the draft with an eye on acquiring young talent for the coming season . Signing the likes of Kean Lewis , Isaac Vanmalsawma , Nim Dorjee Tamang and Wayne Vaz as well as retaining the services of the goal - keeper Vishal Kaith , FC Pune City aim to better their ISL record starting November 2017 . Besides , FC Pune City also signed the golden boot winner of the previous year 's ISL , Marcelo Leite Pereira a.k.a. Marcelinho . Forward Emiliano Alfaro joined the ranks too from NorthEast United FC . Bolstering the midfield , FC Pune City signed Marcos Tebar from Delhi Dynamos FC and brought back Jonathan Lucca from last season who alongside Diego Carlos and Robertino Pugliara form the midfield . Rafa Lopez and Damir Grgic have been roped in to strengthen the defense line of FC Pune City . Supporters and rivalries ( edit ) Orange Army : FC Pune City and its management believe that the club 's fans are an extremely important cog in the club 's system . The ' Fans come first ' policy has led the club to create many ' firsts ' in Indian football . FC Pune City is the only professional football club to have its own Merchandise Store , which is situated on Fergusson College Road , in the heart of Pune City . Fans can visit the store to buy the Home and Away jerseys of the club or opt to pick up club merchandise from a variety of selections available for sale . FC Pune City is also the first football franchise in India to launch a digital loyalty program where fans can redeem their points to buy tickets , club merchandise or get discounts at their favourite stores or restaurants . FC Pune City fans were also able to get free Wi - Fi at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex , as FC Pune City became the only football club to have free Wi - Fi for its fans during the Indian Super League . ' Orange Army ' is the official fan club of FC Pune City , which is known for its vociferous support to the team both home and away . Renowned for travelling in large numbers to support the team across the length and breadth of the country , the Orange Army is held in extremely high regard by the FC Pune City management and the players . Rivalries : FC Pune City and Mumbai City FC are the only 2 clubs in the Indian Super League from a single state , which created an elite rivalry between the two , one that is now renowned as the Maha - Derby . The high level of intensity promised during a Maha - Derby never failed to meet fans expectations and their incessant need to defeat their respective rivals kept the fans on the edge of their seats . In the most recent encounter against Mumbai City FC at Mumbai Football Arena , FC Pune City enjoyed the thrilling Maha - Derby defeating their opponents with a late goal from the super-sub Eugeneson Lyngdoh . With his late winner for FC Pune City , Lyngdoh received the Hero of the Match award in Mumbai . Residential Academy ( edit ) FC Pune City have time and time again proven that they are all about promoting young talent . With respect to their Grassroots programme , FC Pune City provide their junior , women 's and developmental teams with state of art facilities , well - maintained training grounds , and everything necessary to help with their training needs . In the past year , each of FC Pune City 's Grassroots teams have won a trophy , that includes , the U-11 , U-14 , U-16 and U-18 teams as well as the women 's team . The U-11 team won the Adidas Uprising tournament , the U-14 team won the SRPF tournament , the U-16 team won the Goa Elite Super Cup and the U-18 team won the IFA Shield beating Mohun Bagan in the finals . FC Pune City was the only ISL team participating in the tournament . Crest and jersey colours ( edit ) The FC Pune City crest is also inspired by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj . The fort within the shield , the horses and the flag are borne out of a team with a strong defensive and offensive line - up . The color Orange is synonymous with Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj , whilst the purple color and the flower are identities of ACF Fiorentina , the club which is affiliated with FC Pune City . Home ground ( edit ) FC Pune City plays their home matches at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex , Balewadi , Pune . The pitch at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex is of natural grass and its capacity for the Indian Super League Matches is 9210 . Training facilities ( edit ) FC Pune City owns 2 training facilities in the city of Pune . The Senior Team trains at the state of the art FC Pune City Training Facility which is situated at Dharawli , Pirangut whilst the Youth Teams train at the Training Pitches in Mamurdi . Both facilities have natural grass pitches . The development squads of FC Pune City train at the St. Vincent 's High School football ground . Players ( edit ) As of 19 January 2018 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Kamaljit Singh DF Harpreet Singh DF Gurtej Singh DF Rafa López 5 MF Adil Khan 6 MF Marcos Tebar 7 MF Jonatan Lucca 9 FW Emiliano Alfaro 10 FW Marcelinho 11 FW Ajay Singh 12 MF Baljit Sahni 13 GK Vishal Kaith 15 MF Marko Stankovic No . Position Player 16 DF Sarthak Golui 17 MF Rohit Kumar 18 DF Pawan Kumar 19 FW Kean Lewis 20 FW Diego Carlos 21 DF Lolo 22 MF Ashique Kuruniyan 23 MF Jewel Raja 24 GK Anuj Kumar 31 DF Lalchhuanmawia 34 FW Gani Ahmed Nigam 35 MF Isaac Vanmalsawma 36 DF Sahil Panwar Technical staff ( edit ) As of September 2017 Position Name Head Coach Ranko Popovic Assistant Coach Vladica Grujic Assistant Coach / Head of Football ( Youth ) Pradyum Reddy Assistant Coach Ivica Barbaric Goalkeeping Coach Ali Uzunhasanoglu Team Physiotherapists Zoran Guga Vasanth Bhandi Team Doctor Dr. Manit Arora Team Operations Manager Ankur Paliwal Team Masseur Ramkishan Singh Kit Manager Pritesh Mahadik Youth Team - Head Coach Anshul Katiyar Youth Team - Assistant Coach Mohan Dass Management ( edit ) As of March 2017 Position Name CEO Gaurav Modwel Notable former players ( edit ) As of March 2017 Name Country David Trezeguet France Kostas Katsouranis Greece Tuncay Sanli Turkey Didier Zokora Ivory Coast Adrian Mutu Romania Kalu Uche Nigeria Nicky Shorey England Momo Sissoko Mali Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors ( edit ) Period Kit Manufacturer Shirt Sponsor 2014 Dida DHFL Pramerica 2015 Adidas Fair and Handsome 2016 DHFL 2017 -- Suzuki Gixxer Fan engagement and marketing initiatives ( edit ) FC Pune City and its management believe that the club 's fans are an extremely important cog in the club 's system . The ' Fans come first ' policy has led the club to create many ' firsts ' in the Indian football market . FC Pune City is the only professional football club to have its own outright Merchandise Store , which is situated on Fergusson College Road , in the heart of Pune City . Fans can visit the store to buy the Home and Away jerseys of the club or opt to pick up club merchandise from a variety of selections available for sale . FC Pune City is also the first football franchise in India to launch a digital loyalty program where fans can redeem their points to buy tickets , club merchandise or get discounts at their favorite stores or restaurants . FC Pune City fans were also able to get free wi - fi at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex , as FC Pune City became the only football club to have free wi - fi for its fans during the Indian Super League . ' Orange Army ' is the official fan club of FC Pune City , which is known for its vociferous support to the team both home and away . Renowned for travelling in large numbers to support the team across the length and breadth of the country , the Orange Army is held in extremely high regard by the FC Pune City management and the players . Team records ( edit ) Seasons ( edit ) As of 10 September 2016 Year ISL Regular season Finals Top Scorer ( s ) GF GA Pts Pos . Player ( s ) Goals 2014 14 6 12 17 16 6th DNQ Kostas Katsouranis 2015 14 7 17 23 15 7th DNQ Kalu Uche Adrian Mutu 2016 14 6 13 16 16 6th DNQ Aníbal Zurdo 5 Head coach 's record ( edit ) As of 5 March 2018 Name Nationality From To GF GA Win % Franco Colomba Italy 22 June 2014 20 December 2014 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 07001285700000000000 ♠ 28.57 David Platt England 2 June 2015 20 December 2015 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 07001285700000000000 ♠ 28.57 Antonio López Habas Spain 25 April 2016 15 September 2017 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 07001285700000000000 ♠ 28.57 Miguel Martinez Gonzalez Spain 3 October 2017 3 October 2017 0 0 0 0.00 Ranko Popović Kosovo 25 September 2017 - 18 9 6 30 21 50.00 Martinez coached Pune City during their match against Mumbai City on 3 October 2016 while Habas was suspended . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/venue ^ Jump up to : Basu , Saumyajit . `` Stars embrace soccer through Indian Super League '' . Times of India . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Deshpande , Nikhil ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Hrithik Roshan to be Pune City FC Co-owner '' . Sportzwiki . India . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Share on Twitter . `` Salman Khan denies owning ISL team - Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Share on Twitter . `` FC Pune City only ISL club to have a team in the inaugural IWL '' . One India . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/sachin-tendulkar-sourav-ganguly-salman-khan-ranbir-kapoor-line-up-for-football-league/ Jump up ^ `` Squad '' . Indian Super League . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Indian Super League Seasons 2014 2015 2016 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 2014 2015 2016 2017 -- 18 Final 2014 2015 2016 2018 Player drafts 2014 ( domestic ) 2014 ( international ) 2015 ( domestic ) 2017 -- 18 ( domestic ) Teams ATK Bengaluru Chennaiyin Delhi Dynamos Goa Jamshedpur Kerala Blasters Mumbai City NorthEast United Pune City Awards Indian Super League Golden Boot Indian Super League Golden Glove Other related articles Stadiums Seasons Marquees Owners Attendance Foreign players Coaches Hat - tricks Winners 2014 : Atlético de Kolkata 2015 : Chennaiyin 2016 : Atlético de Kolkata 2017 -- 18 : Chennaiyin Football in India National teams Men India U-23 U-20 U-17 Women India U-19 U-16 League competitions Level 1 I - League ( Official league ) Indian Super League Indian Women 's League Level 2 I - League 2nd Division State / District Assam Chennai Delhi Goa Jamshedpur Karnataka Kerala Kolkata Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Mumbai Odisha Pune Punjab Sikkim Telangana Uttarakhand Cup competitions AIFF cups Santosh Trophy Super Cup Past tournaments Federation Cup ( 1977 -- 2017 ) Super Cup ( 1997 -- 2011 ) Other cups Durand Cup Other Indian football seasons State associations Defunct leagues Lists List of clubs Stadiums by capacity AIFF History Footballers League champions Sport teams based in Maharashtra American football EFLI Mumbai Gladiators Pune Marathas Badminton IBL Mumbai Masters Pune Pistons Cricket IPL Mumbai Indians Ranji Trophy Mumbai Maharashtra Football I - League Mumbai F.C. Pune F.C. ISL Mumbai City FC FC Pune City Main article : Sports in Maharashtra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC_Pune_City&oldid=840378542 '' Categories : FC Pune City Football clubs in Pune Association football clubs established in 2014 Indian Super League teams 2014 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from April 2014 Pages using Template : Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters Football team templates which use short name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Türkçe 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 14 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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abba thank you for the music doris day version
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Thank You for the Music
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thank you for the music
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This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Thank You for the Music '' Song by ABBA from the album ABBA : The Album Released 12 December 1977 ( 1977 - 12 - 12 ) Recorded 21 July 1977 at Glen Studio Length 3 : 52 Label Polar ( original release ) Songwriter ( s ) Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus Producer ( s ) Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus Music video `` Thank You for the Music '' on YouTube `` Thank You for the Music '' Single by ABBA from the album Thank You for the Music B - side `` Our Last Summer '' Released 6 November 1983 ( 1983 - 11 - 06 ) Format Vinyl Length 3 : 52 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus ABBA singles chronology `` Under Attack '' ( 1982 ) `` Thank You for the Music '' ( 1983 ) `` Dream World '' ( 1994 ) `` Under Attack '' ( 1982 ) `` Thank You for the Music '' ( 1983 ) `` Dream World '' ( 1994 ) Spanish version single cover ( 1980 ) `` Thank You for the Music '' is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA . It was originally featured on the group 's fifth studio album ABBA : The Album ( 1977 ) , and was released as a single on 6 November 1983 , to promote the Epic Records compilation album of the same name ( similar compilations were released in other countries ) . The song `` Our Last Summer '' , which was originally featured on the group 's seventh studio album Super Trouper ( 1980 ) , was the B - side . The song was simultaneously released in Ireland ( as Epic were the licensees for both UK and Ireland ) , and later released in France ( by Disques Vogue ) , with the same B - side but different artwork , and the Netherlands ( by Polydor Records ) , with `` Medley '' as the B - side ( and again , different artwork ) . `` Thank You for the Music '' was also released as a B - side with `` Eagle '' as the A-side in 1978 , which itself was only released in limited territories , namely Belgium , the Netherlands , Germany , France , Austria , Switzerland and Australia . It was released as an A-side single in South Africa where it peaked at number 2 in August 1978 and became the eighteenth best - selling single of that year . The album version was recorded on 21 July 1977 at Glen Studio after a complete alternate version ( known as `` Thank You for the Music '' ( Doris Day version ) ) was recorded on 2 June 1977 at Marcus Music Studio . The Doris Day version was first released on a box set of the same name on October 31 , 1994 . Agnetha Fältskog performed the lead vocals , with Anni - Frid Lyngstad joining in on the chorus . `` Thank You for the Music '' was intended to form part of a `` mini-musical '' called The Girl with the Golden Hair ( a phrase which is featured in the song ) that songwriters Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson included in ABBA 's 1977 tour . It was the opening track in the four - song musical , which also included `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' , `` I 'm a Marionette '' and `` Get on the Carousel '' . The first three songs from the musical were featured on ABBA : The Album ; the latter remains unreleased . `` Thank You for the Music '' is better known in its own right today . `` Gracias por la Música '' is the Spanish - language recording of `` Thank You for the Music '' , with lyrics by Buddy and Mary McCluskey . The B - side was the Spanish - language version of `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' entitled `` ¡ Dame ! ¡ Dame ! ¡ Dame ! '' . The song was released in 1980 to promote the band 's Spanish - language album / compilation Gracias Por La Música . It was the group 's seventh best - selling Spanish single , and also peaked at number 4 in Argentina . `` Thank You for the Music '' also formed part of ABBA : The Movie which featured studio recordings of selected songs from the then newly released album ABBA : The Album . The song is included in the final scenes as the hapless journalist finally gets to broadcast his ABBA radio special , including an interview , on Australian radio . The song is accompanied by footage of a studio recording session , a live stage performance and a mimed studio performance by the four members of the group . The song also plays over the closing titles as the camera pans out from the band performing in a hut on an island in the Stockholm archipelago to views of the archipelago itself . Contents 1 Reception 2 Personnel 3 Cover versions 4 Live covers and appearances in other media 5 References 6 External links Reception ( edit ) It was not released as a single in the United Kingdom and Ireland until late 1983 , peaking at number 33 and number 17 respectively , despite being released in both a poster sleeve and a picture disc in addition to the regular version . The low chart placings could be attributed to ABBA 's declining popularity since their last Top 10 hit in 1981 . Because of the song 's inclusion on ABBA : The Album and Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( both of which topped the UK charts ) , as well as being performed by the band during their world tours , it can be said that `` Thank You for the Music '' had been heard by fans and the like many times up to this point . The title itself is often also taken to signal the end of ABBA , leading it to be considered a farewell song . In the Netherlands , the song peaked at number 38 , but in France it could only manage number 58 . Personnel ( edit ) ABBA Anni - Frid Lyngstad -- lead and backing vocals Agnetha Fältskog -- lead and backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus -- backing vocals , acoustic rhythm guitar , mandolin Benny Andersson -- backing vocals , keyboards Additional personnel and production staff Lasse Wellander -- acoustic lead guitar , mandolin Rutger Gunnarsson -- bass Roger Palm -- drums , tambourine Cover versions ( edit ) The Carpenters Irish siblings The Nolans , who were often seen on various British variety TV programmes in the 1970s and early 1980s , recorded their own cover of this song . It is included on their album Nolan Sisters . German eurodance group E-Rotic recorded a cover of the song for their 1997 ABBA tribute album Thank You for the Music . The 2001 compilation ABBAMetal ( also released as A Tribute to ABBA ) features a cover by German power metal band Metalium . British vocalist Dame Vera Lynn recorded a version of this song for her self - titled album . The song 's chorus was included as part of a medley entitled `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' on the 1999 compilation ABBAmania , which coincided with a British TV special . It was performed by Tina Cousins , Billie Piper , Steps , Cleopatra and B * Witched , and peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 4 in April 1999 . The subsequent ABBAMania 2 album from 2004 contains a cover of the song performed with British TV actors Charlotte Bellamy , Jane Danson , Wendi Peters , Bernie Nolan ( of the Nolans ) , Tricia Penrose , Will Mellor , and Lee Otway on lead vocals . A cover of the song is included on the 2004 tribute album Funky ABBA by Swedish jazz musician Nils Landgren . However , this version omits everything except for the first verse and chorus . The German 2004 ABBA Mania compilation features a cover version performed by all the music artists who appeared in the TV special , with Barbara Schöneberger on lead vocals . American actress / singer Jan Gelberman recorded a cover of the song for her album With Love To Share . Swedish opera singer Anne Sofie von Otter 's cover of the song was included as a bonus track on her 2006 ABBA tribute album I Let The Music Speak . Filipino actress / singer Lea Salonga recorded a cover of the song when she was a child on her album Small Voice ( 1981 ) and later on her live dvd Your Songs ( 2009 ) A cover of the song was recorded by the finalists in the Dutch version of the music reality series Idols in 2006 . This version includes vocals by the eventual winner of that season , Raffaëla Paton . A cover of the song by Finnish a cappella choral ensemble Rajaton can be found on their 2006 ABBA tribute album Rajaton Sings ABBA With Lahti Symphony Orchestra . In the soundtrack for the 2008 movie adaptation of the stage musical Mamma Mia ! , the song is included as a hidden track sung by actress Amanda Seyfried . In the movie itself , it is heard in the end credits . In August 2008 , Gunilla Backman performed Björn Ulvaeus ' Swedish version of the song from Mamma Mia ! ( `` Tack för alla sånger '' ) on TV show Allsång på Skansen ( Sing - along at Skansen ) . It may be notable for the lyric which in the English version is `` Thanks for all the joy they 're bringing / Who can live without it '' but in Swedish is `` Vem behöver religioner ? / Dom kan vi va utan '' which roughly translates as `` Who needs religion ? / We can live without it '' , the line continuing with ( roughly translated ) `` but never without music '' . Live covers and appearances in other media ( edit ) The original ABBA recording features in the film ABBA : The Movie ( 1977 ) . A live version was performed on TV by The Carpenters on The Tonight Show hosted by John Davidson , on 27 June 1978 . They first heard the song when ABBA performed it on Starparade , as the Carpenters were sharing the bill with them for that particular episode . They laid down a track for it but Richard said : Nobody does ABBA like ABBA . I realized that , as usual , Benny and Bjorn had done the definitive arrangement and all I 'd be doing was copying it ; something I just do n't do , of course . It 's an outtake , never completed and in storage with the rest of the stuff in Pennsylvania . Fans have been requesting for years that Richard Carpenter release the Carpenters ' version . The song is performed in the Mamma Mia ! musical by the characters of Sophie and Harry . However , it omits the first verse of the original song . In the context of the musical , Harry is reminiscing about his younger , carefree days . At the same time , Sophie is letting the potential fathers get to know her better . She expresses how much she loves to sing and dance . In order to coincide with the lyric , `` I 'm the girl with golden hair , '' Sophie 's hair colour is usually blonde . `` The Girl with Golden Hair '' was a mini-musical that Benny and Bjorn wrote which ABBA performed during their 1977 tour of Europe and Australia . It is also sung by Amanda Seyfried in the end credits of the 2008 Universal Picture . American singer Deborah Boily recorded a live performance of the song for her album Thank You for the Music . All participants on the TV show Chuva de Estrelas for the channel SIC during the early 1990s sang a version of this song in the end of the show . A live version was performed by Norwegian art band , Hurra Torpedo . The song is briefly included in the ABBA medley performed by Alan Partridge on his mock chat show Knowing Me Knowing You , which is itself titled after the ABBA single of the same name . One of the show 's running gags is based around the character 's fondness of the band . 16 - year - old Zoe Birkett performed a rendition of the song on the final 6 round of hit series Pop Idol , in 2002 . In the 2003 comedy film Johnny English starring Rowan Atkinson , it is briefly sung in the dark as an echo chant . The song was sung on Australian Idol season 6 by Teale Jakubenko during ABBA week . In the `` French and Saunders : Still Alive '' farewell tour in 2008 , both Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders perform the song to close the show with Dawn choosing to send herself up by making noises instead of actually singing in some parts . Several ABBA cover bands end their concerts with `` Thank You for the Music '' , as a tribute to the original group . The horror novel Little Star by John Ajvide Lindqvist opens with a quote from `` Thank You For The Music '' . The song is also featured heavily throughout the novel and guides the climax of the story . This song was the last song played on music channel The Hits before it became 4Music . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` E-Rotic Page '' . Eurodancehits.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Oldham , A , Calder , T & Irvin , C : `` ABBA : The Name of the Game '' , page 209 . Sidgwick & Jackson , 1995 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Sitefactory ( 2012 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Lauluyhtye Rajaton - Etusivu '' . Rajaton.net . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA on TV - Allsång på Skansen '' . abbaontv.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Björn Ulvaeus speaks on Humanism '' . iheu.org. 2006 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Carpenters : Decade 1969 - 1979 ; Edited by : The Carpenters . Jump up ^ Fans Ask : Question 21 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book ABBA songs Discography Unreleased songs Ring Ring `` Ring Ring '' `` Another Town , Another Train '' `` Disillusion '' `` People Need Love '' `` I Saw It in the Mirror '' `` Nina , Pretty Ballerina '' `` Love Is n't Easy ( But It Sure Is Hard Enough ) '' `` Me and Bobby and Bobby 's Brother '' `` He Is Your Brother '' `` She 's My Kind of Girl '' `` Rock'n Roll Band '' Waterloo `` Waterloo '' `` King Kong Song '' `` Hasta Mañana '' `` My Mama Said '' `` Honey , Honey '' `` What About Livingstone ? '' ABBA `` Mamma Mia '' `` Hey , Hey Helen '' `` SOS '' `` Bang - A-Boomerang '' `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' `` Rock Me '' `` Intermezzo No. 1 '' `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' `` So Long '' Greatest Hits `` Fernando '' Arrival `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' `` Dancing Queen '' `` My Love , My Life '' `` Dum Dum Diddle '' `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' `` Money , Money , Money '' `` That 's Me '' `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' `` Tiger '' `` Arrival '' ABBA : The Album `` Eagle '' `` Take a Chance on Me '' `` One Man , One Woman '' `` The Name of the Game '' `` Move On '' `` Hole in Your Soul '' `` Thank You for the Music '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' `` I 'm a Marionette '' Voulez - Vous `` As Good as New '' `` Voulez - Vous '' `` I Have a Dream '' `` Angeleyes '' `` The King Has Lost His Crown '' `` Does Your Mother Know '' `` If It Was n't for the Nights '' `` Chiquitita '' `` Lovers ( Live a Little Longer ) '' `` Kisses of Fire '' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' `` Summer Night City '' Super Trouper `` Super Trouper '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' `` On and On and On '' `` Andante , Andante '' `` Me and I '' `` Happy New Year '' `` Our Last Summer '' `` The Piper '' `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' The Visitors `` The Visitors '' `` Head over Heels '' `` When All Is Said and Done '' `` Soldiers '' `` I Let the Music Speak '' `` One of Us '' `` Two for the Price of One '' `` Slipping Through My Fingers '' `` Like an Angel Passing Through My Room '' The Singles : The First Ten Years `` The Day Before You Came '' `` Under Attack '' Other songs `` Merry - Go - Round '' `` Elaine '' `` Put On Your White Sombrero '' `` You Owe Me One '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thank_You_for_the_Music&oldid=854596304 '' Categories : 1977 songs 1983 singles ABBA songs The Carpenters songs Polar Music singles Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Music videos directed by Lasse Hallström Songs about music Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 13 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank%20You%20for%20the%20Music
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where does in and out burger get their beef
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In - N - Out Burger products
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in - n - out burger products
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When In - N - Out Burger first opened in 1948 , the company only provided a basic menu of burgers , fries and beverages . The foods it prepared were made on - site from fresh ingredients , including its french fries which were sliced and cooked to order . Unlike other major competitors in the hamburger fast food restaurant business ( Burger King , McDonald 's and Wendy 's ) , as the chain expanded over the years , it has not added products such as chicken or salads to its menu or changed its preparation methods .
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The company utilizes a vertical integration model for its raw ingredients , procuring and manufacturing much of its food supplies in - house . The company does not utilize freezers in its operations , shipping food daily to its stores from its facilities . Instead of a broad menu like other competitors , In - N - Out has become known for its `` secret menu '' , or unadvertised variations of its burgers that are based on customer preferences , such as the popular `` Animal Style . '' Contents 1 Burgers 1.1 Meat 1.2 Secret menu variations 1.3 Onion styles 2 French fries 3 Beverages 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading Burgers ( edit ) Animal - style cheeseburger , fries , drink . All burgers consist of zero ( in the case of a ' grilled cheese ' ) or more 2 oz ( 57 g ) beef patties cooked to `` medium - well '' , and served on a toasted bun . The standard style of burger includes tomato , hand - leafed lettuce and `` spread '' , a sauce similar to Thousand Island dressing . Meat ( edit ) For most of its history , In - N - Out has produced its own meat in company - owned facilities . The chain has a policy of using only fresh meat , and all of its stores are supplied by its California manufacturing operations located in Baldwin Park . With its expansion into Texas , the restaurant opened its first production plant outside of California in a suburb of Dallas in order to increase its geographic footprint . By keeping the manufacturing process in house , the chain is able to maintain strict quality control standards . Beginning in March 2016 the company announced that it would move forward to sourcing its beef from cows that have not been treated with antibiotics . The chain did not announce a timeframe for the switch , but that it would move forward at an expedited pace . Part of the reason for the switch was that California passed a series of laws to ban the use of antibiotics in non-medical , prophylactic treatments . Additionally , several groups of consumer advocacy NGOs , led by CalPIRG , had been pressuring a number of restaurant chains to stop using meat raised with low - dose antibiotics . Secret menu variations ( edit ) The bulk of the secret menu revolves around the burgers . In - N - Out 's own website acknowledges the existence of this secret menu , publicizing `` some of the most popular items '' on what it calls the company 's `` not - so - secret menu . '' `` Animal Style '' is one of the most popular `` secret '' styles ; in addition to the standard toppings , Animal Style burgers include mustard fried onto each meat patty , pickles , grilled onions , and extra spread . `` 3 × 3 '' ( pronounced 3 - by - 3 ) , `` 4 × 4 '' , or variations of `` m '' × `` c '' , refers to a burger with a varied amount of meat patties , `` m '' , and slices of cheese , `` c '' : e.g. a burger with six meat patties and three slices of cheese is a `` 6 × 3 '' . The In - N - Out `` secret menu '' section of the website only mentions the `` 3 × 3 '' and `` 4 × 4 '' , which are registered trademarks of the company . Until 2004 , In - N - Out accommodated burger orders of any size by adding patties and slices of cheese at an additional cost . However , on October 31 , 2004 , a group of friends ordered a 100 × 100 from a location in Las Vegas , Nevada , posting photos on the web of the burger . Once word got out of the incredibly large sandwich , In - N - Out management disallowed any sandwich larger than a 4x4 . In - N - Out has two low carbohydrate offerings . `` Protein Style '' , introduced in the 1970s , replaces the bun with large leaves of lettuce ; while the `` Flying Dutchman '' is a 2x2 with no bun , no vegetables , and no spread with the cheese slices placed between both patties . Health.com rated the protein - style sandwich as the best low - carb sandwich in the United States . Onion styles ( edit ) In - N - Out 's burger customization offers customers a choice of six different onion styles - three variations of the two ways that onions can be cut ( sliced versus chopped ) . `` With onion '' or `` Chopped onion '' - standard placement , onion is put on top of the meat / cheese as the burger is cooking . `` Raw onion '' or `` Raw chopped onion '' - onion is cold and more crisp , placed on top of the spread . `` Whole grilled onion '' or `` grilled onion '' - onions are grilled until brown , placed on top of meat . French fries ( edit ) An In - N - Out employee preparing potatoes for its french fries In - N - Out uses the Kennebec variety of potato for its fries and prepares them on - site as opposed to purchasing them pre-made from other companies . The company 's french fries are cooked in `` 100 % pure , cholesterol - free sunflower oil . '' Fries can also be cooked to order , with cooking times ranging from `` light '' to `` extra well done '' . Beverages ( edit ) The company offers lemonade , iced tea , coffee , four flavors of milk shakes ( chocolate , vanilla , strawberry , and the `` not - so - secret '' Neopolitan , which is all three previous flavors mixed together ) , and soda . In - N - Out serves soda from two different companies . It serves Coca - Cola Classic , Diet Coke , and Barq 's Famous Olde Tyme Root Beer from the Coca - Cola Company , and 7 Up and Dr Pepper from the Dr Pepper Snapple Group . The company advertises that its milkshakes are made with `` 100 % real ice cream . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Over the years , this trend has evolved into what 's become known as the Secret Menu -- a list of popular burger variations that do not appear on the menu but are passed along by word of mouth . '' Jump up ^ `` In fact , it was customers who gave it the name protein style , '' said Carl Van Fleet , the company 's vice president of planning . `` They also created it , in a sense , when they began requesting it in the early 1970s ... '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Menu '' . IN - N - OUT Burger . Jump up ^ Jennings , Lisa ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger expanding to Texas '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clough , Richard ( February 24 , 2013 ) . `` Drag - racing heiress keeps In - N - Out on course '' . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Alyssa ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` In - N - Out announces big change for their burgers '' . San Francisco Gate . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Lisa ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` In - N - Out works with suppliers to move from beef raised with human antibiotics '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Olmstead , Larry ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` Great American Bites : Is In - N - Out Burger overhyped ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In - N - Out 100x100 '' . @ whatupwilly ! . January 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Rocha , Isai ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` The Ultimate Guide To Hacking The In - N - Out Menu '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom McNichol ( 14 August 2002 ) . `` The Secret Behind A Burger Cult '' . The New York Times . p . Late Edition - Final , Section F , Page 1 , Column 1 . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Daisy Nguyen ( 26 March 2004 ) . `` Bunless burgers old hat at In - N - Out '' . The Oakland Tribune . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Burger breakdow : The Best and the Worst , # 3 '' . CBS News . Health.com . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Onion styles menu at restaurant '' . Jump up ^ Oliver , Myrna ( 8 August 2006 ) . `` Esther Snyder - co-founder of In - N - Out Burger restaurants '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MENU AND FOOD QUALITY '' . IN - N - OUT Burger . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Guide To Hacking In - N - Out 's French Fries '' . Foodbeast . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` MENU AND FOOD QUALITY '' . IN - N - OUT Burger . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 . Further reading ( edit ) Perman , Stacy ( 2009 ) . In - N - Out Burger : A Behind - the - Counter Look at the Fast - Food Chain That Breaks All the Rules . New York : Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 134671 - 2 . Companies portal Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In-N-Out_Burger_products&oldid=856413446 '' Categories : Products by company Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 01 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-N-Out%20Burger%20products
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michael w smith i will be there for you
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I Will Be Here for you
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i will be here for you
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`` I Will Be Here for You '' Single by Michael W. Smith from the album Change Your World B - side `` Color Blind '' Released September 1992 Genre Pop rock Length 4 : 35 Label Reunion Songwriter ( s ) Michael W. Smith , Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Michael W. Smith , Mark Heimermann , Michael Blanton Michael W. Smith singles chronology `` Great Is the Lord '' ( 1983 ) `` I Will Be Here for You '' ( 1992 ) `` Christmas Day '' ( 2007 ) `` Great Is the Lord '' ( 1983 ) `` I Will Be Here for You '' ( 1992 ) `` Christmas Day '' ( 2007 ) `` I Will Be Here for You '' is a 1992 single written by Diane Warren and Michael W. Smith and performed by Smith . The single was a track from his album Change Your World , and was a hit on the Adult Contemporary chart , reaching No. 1 for two weeks and also peaking at No. 27 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . On Cash Box , the song peaked at No. 24 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 225 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Singles , December 5 , 1992 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Michael W. Smith Studio albums Michael W. Smith Project Michael W. Smith 2 The Big Picture i 2 ( EYE ) Go West Young Man Change Your World I 'll Lead You Home Live the Life This Is Your Time Healing Rain Stand Wonder Hymns Sovereign Hymns II - Shine On Us A Million Lights Instrumental albums Freedom Glory Christmas albums Christmas Christmastime It 's a Wonderful Christmas The Spirit of Christmas Live albums The Live Set Worship Worship Again A New Hallelujah Surrounded Compilation albums The Wonder Years The First Decade ( 1983 -- 1993 ) The Second Decade ( 1993 -- 2003 ) Decades of Worship Songs `` Great Is the Lord '' `` Place in This World '' `` I Will Be Here for You '' `` Christmas Day '' `` You Wo n't Let Go '' Other Discography Rocketown Rocketown Records This 1990s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Be_Here_for_You&oldid=847150534 '' Categories : 1992 singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Pop ballads Rock ballads Songs written by Diane Warren Songs written by Michael W. Smith Michael W. Smith songs 1992 songs 1990s single stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 07 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what colors are in a box of 12 colored pencils
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List of Crayola colored pencil colors
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list of crayola colored pencil colors
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Crayola manufactures several different types of colored pencils . The most popular one is the standard sharpenable wood - shafted pencil , which also offers the widest range of available colors . A smaller and slightly different range of colors is available in mechanical pencil format as part of their `` Twistable '' product line .
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Both formats have a certain subset of `` Erasable '' colors . Although the default colored pencils are not completely indelible , their markings have a slightly waxy texture that tends to smear and thin out rather than truly erasing . Crayola also produces several other specialty colored pencils . All Crayola colored pencils are manufactured by Brazilian Faber - Castell plants in São Carlos and are the same colors of Brazilian packages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Standard pencils 1.1 Standard colors 1.2 Metallic Colors 8 Pack 1.3 eXtreme Colors Ultra-Bright Colored Pencils , 8 Pack 1.4 Art with Edge Color FX Pencils , 16 Pack 1.5 Multicultural Colors , 8 Pack 2 Twistables 3 Specialty colored pencils 3.1 Erasable Colors 3.2 Silly Scents 3.3 Multicolor Pencils 3.4 Watercolor Pencils 3.5 Color Sticks 4 See also 5 References Standard pencils ( edit ) Wooden pencils that can be sharpened . Standard colors ( edit ) The following is a complete list of colors included in the 12 ( long and short ) , 24 , 36 , 50 , 60 , and 100 packs of Crayola 's standard colored pencils . Color values are approximate . 12 pack + 12 = 24 pack + 12 = 36 pack + 14 = 50 pack + 10 = 60 pack - 5 + 45 = 100 pack Black # 000000 Aqua Green # 03BB85 Bronze Yellow # A78B00 Bubble Gum # FFC1CC Cocoa # 5E4330 Absolute Zero # 0048ba Daffodil # FCF686 Pink Flamingo # FC74FD Blue # 0066FF Golden Yellow # FFDF00 Cool Gray # 788193 Cerulean # 006A93 Lilac # C8A2C8 Almond # EED9C4 Dark Chocolate # 503E32 Purple Heart # 652DC1 Brown # AF593E Gray # 8B8680 Dark Brown # 514E49 Gold # 867200 Metallic Blue # 708EB3 Antique Brass # C88A65 Fern # 63B76C Purple Mountain 's Majesty # D6AEDD Green # 01A368 Jade Green # 0A6B0D Green Blue # 1164B4 Harvest Gold # E2B631 Metallic Bronze # BC8777 Apricot # FDD5B1 Fiery Rose # FF5470 Razzle Dazzle Rose # EE34D2 Orange # FF861F Light Blue # 8FD8D8 Lemon Yellow # F4FA9F Lime Green # 6EEB6E Metallic Copper # B2592D Arctic Lime # D0FF14 Fuzzy Wuzzy # 87421F Red Violet # BB3385 Red # ED0A3F Light Brown # A36F40 Light Orange # FED8B1 Mango # FFC800 Olive # 497E48 Ash # B2BEB5 Granny Smith Apple # 9DE093 Royal Purple # 6B3FA0 Red Orange # FF3F34 Magenta # F653A6 Maroon # C32148 Mauve # CC99BA Plum # 6A2963 Beaver # 926F5B Heat Wave # FF7A00 Shamrock # 33CC99 Sky Blue # 76D7EA Mahogany # CA3435 Pine Green # 01796F Navy Blue # 00003B Ruby Red # E6335F Blue Bolt # 00B9FB Indigo # 4F69C6 Sizzling Sunset # FFDB00 Violet ( Purple ) # 8359A3 Peach # FFCBA4 Raspberry # E96792 Orchid # BC6CAC True Blue # 03228E Blue Violet # 6456B7 Jazzberry Jam # A50B5E Spring Frost # 87FF2A White # FFFFFF Pink # CD919E Salmon # FF91A4 Pale Rose # DCCCD7 Warm Gray # B5A895 Blush # DB5079 Khaki # F0E68C Tickle Me Pink # FC80A5 Yellow # FBE870 Tan # FA9D5A Slate # 404E5A Sand # EBE1C2 Brick Red # C62D42 Lemon Glacier # FDFF00 Timberwolf # D9D6CF Yellow Green # C5E17A Yellow Orange # FFAE42 Turquoise # 6CDAE7 Silver # A6AAAE Cantaloupe # FA9C44 Mauvelous # F091A9 Tropical Rainforest # 00755E Taupe # B99685 Copper # DA8A67 Orange Circuit # FF6E4A Unmellow Yellow # FFFF66 Teal # 0086A7 Coral Reef # FD7C6E Outer Space # 2D383A Wild Blue Yonder # 7A89B8 Cornflower # 93CCEA Palm Leaf # 6F9940 Winter Sky # FF007C Underlined colors are NOT in the `` 100 Different Colors '' pack . The year of the introduction of the 12 , 24 , 36 , 50 , 60 , and 100 packs of colored pencils is unknown . The newest 100 pack has 100 different colors , except for the 50 and 60 pack colors of Gold , Silver , Metallic Blue , Metallic Bronze , and Metallic Copper . Boxes with 100 unique colors are labeled `` Crayola Colored Pencils 100 Different Colors ! '' . 100 packs produced prior to summer 2017 had the 60 pack colors with 40 colors doubled . These boxes are labeled `` Crayola Colored Pencils The Big 100 Sharpened '' There is a special UK version of the 50 pack where Gold and Silver are swapped with Lilac and Warm Gray . It is sold in Tesco stores across the country . Metallic colors 8 pack ( edit ) Regular wooden pencils with metallic colors , they have very small flecks of sparkles in them . Colors approximate . Metallic Gold # 9F9977 Metallic Silver # BDC2C7 Metallic Bronze # BC877 Metallic Copper # B2592D Metallic Green # 839182 Metallic Purple # 996398 Metallic Blue # 708EB3 Metallic Mauve # BC749A EXtreme colors ultra-bright colored pencils , 8 pack ( edit ) The currently available `` eXtreme colors ultra-bright colored pencils '' pack has eight fluorescent colors . Colors approximate . Absolute Zero # 0048ba Fiery Rose # FF5470 Spring Frost # 87ff2a Winter Sky # ff007c Sizzling Sunset # ffdb00 Arctic Lime # d0ff11 Heat Wave # ff7a00 Lemon Glacier # e8ff14 Art with Edge color FX pencils , 16 pack ( edit ) Crayola has a 16 - pack of colored pencils called Art With Edge Color FX Pencils which contains the Metallic and eXtreme colors . It is a part of Crayola 's line of Art With Edge products . Multicultural colors , 8 pack ( edit ) Regular wooden pencils in colors which represent the colors of people 's skin . Colors include : black , red , mahogany , peach , brown , dark brown , light brown , and tan . All colors are available in other packages , none unique . Twistables ( edit ) Crayola also manufactures mechanical pencils with colored leads as part of its `` Twistables '' line , which also includes crayons and markers with a similar screw - based mechanical feed . Crayola does not currently offer refill cores for any of its Twistables products , so the pencils are intended to be discarded when empty . The external packaging of each set shows color swatches labeled by name , but the color names are not imprinted on the individual pencils themselves . They are available in 12 , ( vibrant set ) 18 , and 30 packs , an erasable 12 pack and a Silly Scents 12 pack . The 12 pack was released in 1998 , the 18 pack was released in 2008 , and the 30 pack was released in 2009 . The 30 pack contains 11 of the colors in the standard 12 pack ; sky - blue is not included . It also contains all of colors of the 18 pack ( vibrant set ) with the exception of the three fluorescent colors ( the 18 set has four colors from the 12 pack ) . The remaining eight colors ( there are six colors that are in both sets ) are unique to the 30 pack . Some of the Twistables pencil color names do not appear among the standard colored pencils as shown above . The colors are blue - violet , green - yellow , apricot , asparagus , carnation pink , and wisteria . All color values are approximate . The `` Vibrant Set '' 18 - pack that released in 2008 has relatively little duplication of the basic 12 - pack colors ; The colors from the 12 pack are italicized : 12 pack standard set 18 pack vibrant set ( four 12 - pack colors , 14 new colors ) 30 pack assorted set ( eight new colors ) Red Aqua Green Mahogany Red Orange Black Tan Orange Blue Violet Apricot Yellow Cerulean Green Yellow Yellow Green Fluorescent Orange Asparagus Green Fluorescent Pink Wisteria Sky Blue Fluorescent Yellow Gray Blue Golden Yellow Carnation Pink Violet Light Brown Light Brown Lime Green Brown Magenta Black Mango Maroon Orchid Red Orange White Yellow Green Yellow Orange Underlined colors are NOT in the 30 pack . Yellow , pink and orange are fluorescent in the 18 pack but are regular in the 30 pack . Specialty colored pencils ( edit ) Various types of colored pencils with special purposes . Erasable colors ( edit ) Crayola 's erasable colors are available in 8 - packs , 12 - packs , 24 - packs , or 36 - packs of standard sharpenable pencils . There is also a 12 - pack of `` Erasable Twistables '' pencils , which lists the same twelve colors as the standard `` Twistables '' pencils . These pencils are formulated to be easily erasable with the eraser provided at the end of each pencil , as they do not contain wax which would normally smear and thin out the markings instead of being fully erased . The 36 - pack has the following colors : Mahogany , Maroon , Red , Red Orange , Orange , Yellow Orange , Golden Yellow , Yellow , Lime Green , Yellow Green , Jade Green , Green , Teal , Aqua Green , Turquoise , Sky Blue , Cerulean , Blue , Navy Blue , Light Blue , Violet , Orchid , Magenta , Pink , Salmon , Mauve , Peach , Harvest Gold , Tan , Taupe , Light Brown , Brown , White , Slate , Gray , and Black . Silly Scents ( edit ) Silly Scents Colored Pencils Color values are approximate . The basic `` Silly Scents '' 8 - pack that released in 1998 has the following colors : Lobster Lips Sasquatch Sneakers Monkey Breath Rotten Tooth Fairy Fairy Tales Forest Oozing Ogre Zombie Laundry Ghoulish Graham Cracker In 2017 , Crayola released a 12 - pack of Silly Scents Twistables which have scents based on each colors ' name . It is a product that is a part of Crayola 's Silly Scents line . Below is a chart with each of the pack 's colors . Each color value is approximate . Cherry # ED171C Fruit Punch # E73550 Orange # ED6200 Lemon # DDD000 Green Apple # 119430 Beach # 57BCEB Blueberry # 1A63C2 Grape # B71B4C Cotton Candy # DBAAB9 Licorice # 3B322D Coconut # BCBCBC Root Beer # 825326 Multicolor pencils ( edit ) `` True to Life '' pencils are limited to eight colors ( or rather , eight color titles such as `` Maui Sunset '' and `` Amazon Rainforest '' ) , in which each pencil has a single tricolor lead . As the color titles are identical to those of the `` True to Life '' tricolored crayons , their color range is presumably similar or identical . Similarly , the 8 - pack of double - sided `` Heads ' n Tails '' pencils , in which the two sides of each pencil have two different tints or shades of the same hue , should resemble the color range of the corresponding crayons . Watercolor pencils ( edit ) Crayola 's watercolor pencils come in a 12 - pack and 24 - pack . These can be used in the same way as a standard colored pencil without water or painted with similarly to watercolor painting when water is applied . These packs contain the same colors as the standard 12 - pack and 24 - pack . Color Sticks ( edit ) Crayola produces woodless colored pencils in a 24 - pack . These colored pencils are a pentagonal shape , allowing them to be used at many different angles to draw different widths of lines . They are thicker and made entirely of solid color . This pack contains the same colors as the standard 24 - pack . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Crayola List of colors List of Crayola crayon colors List of Crayola marker colors List of Crayola paint colors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Crayola ® Colored Pencils - Long - 12 Ct . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Short Colored Pencils 12 ct . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Crayola ® Colored Pencils - Long - 24 Ct . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Crayola ® Colored Pencils - Long - 36 Ct . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Crayola ® Colored Pencils - Long - 50 Ct . Jump up ^ `` Coloured Pencils , 60 ct . '' . crayola.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : 100 ct . Colored Pencils , 100 different colors Jump up ^ `` Imgur : The most awesome images on the Internet '' . Imgur . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Metallic Colored Pencils 8 ct . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : eXtreme colors Colored Pencils 8 ct Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Art with Edge , 16 ct . Color FX Pencils Jump up ^ CrayolaStore.com : Crayola ® Multicultural Pencils - 8 Ct . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Twistables Colored Pencils , 12 Count Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Twistables Colored Pencils 18 ct . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Twistables Colored Pencils , 30 Count ^ Jump up to : Shop.Crayola.com : Erasable Twistables Colored Pencils , 12 Count ^ Jump up to : Shop.Crayola.com : Silly Scents Twistables Colored Pencils - 12ct Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Erasable Colored Pencils 12 ct . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Erasable Colored Pencils 24 ct . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : 36ct Erasable Colored Pencils Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Watercolor Pencils , Full Length 12 ct . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Watercolor Pencils 24 ct . Jump up ^ Shop.Crayola.com : Color Sticks Colored Pencils 24 Ct . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Crayola%20colored%20pencil%20colors
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who sang been through the desert on a horse with no name
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`` A Horse with No Name '' is a song written by Dewey Bunnell , and originally recorded by the folk rock band America . It was the band 's first and most successful single , released in late - 1971 in Europe and early - 1972 in the US , and topped the charts in several countries . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America .
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the folk rock band America
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A Horse with No Name
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a horse with no name
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`` A Horse with No Name '' is a song written by Dewey Bunnell , and originally recorded by the folk rock band America . It was the band 's first and most successful single , released in late - 1971 in Europe and early - 1972 in the US , and topped the charts in several countries . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Composition 3 Reception 4 Personnel 5 In popular culture 5.1 Soundtrack appearances 5.2 Musical references 5.3 Other references to the song 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) America 's self - titled debut album was released initially in Europe , without `` A Horse with No Name , '' and achieved only moderate success . Originally called `` Desert Song '' , `` Horse '' was written while the band was staying at the home studio of musician Arthur Brown , near Puddletown , Dorset . The first two demos were recorded there , by Jeff Dexter and Dennis Elliott , and were intended to capture the feel of the hot , dry desert that had been depicted at the studio from a Salvador Dalí painting , and the strange horse that had ridden out of an M.C. Escher picture . Writer Dewey Bunnell also says he remembered his childhood travels through the Arizona and New Mexico desert when his family lived at Vandenberg Air Force Base . Trying to find a song that would be popular in both the United States and Europe , Warner Brothers was reluctant to release Beckley 's `` I Need You '' ballad as the first single from America . The label asked the band if it had any other material , then arranged for America to record four more songs at Morgan Studios , Willesden in London . `` A Horse with No Name '' was released as the featured song on a three - track single in the UK , Ireland , France , Italy and the Netherlands in late 1971 . On the release `` A Horse with No Name '' shared the A-side with `` Everyone I Meet Is from California '' ; `` Sandman '' featured on the B - side . However , its early - 1972 two - track US release did not include `` Sandman '' , with `` Everyone I Meet Is from California '' appearing on the B - side . Composition ( edit ) `` A Horse with No Name '' was recorded in the key of E Dorian with acoustic guitars , bass guitar , drum kit , and bongo drums . The only other chord is a D , fretted on the low E and G strings , second fret . A 12 - string guitar plays an added F ♯ ( second fret , high E string ) on the back beat of the Em . A noted feature of the song is the driving bass line with a hammer - hook in each chorus . A `` waterfall '' - type solo completes the arrangement . Produced by Ian Samwell on the day of final recording at Morgan Studios , when at first the group thought it was too corny and took some convincing to actually play it . Gerry Beckley has explained in Acoustic Guitar magazine ( March 2007 ) that the correct tuning for the guitar is DEDGBD , low to high . The chord pattern that repeats throughout the entire song is : 202002 ( Em ) , then 020202 and 000202 . The tuning is unique to this song ; they did not use it on any other America song . Reception ( edit ) Despite the song being banned by some U.S. radio stations because of supposed drug references to heroin use , the song ascended to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and the album quickly reached platinum status . The song charted earlier in the Netherlands ( reaching number 11 ) and the UK ( reaching number 3 , the band 's only Top 40 hit in the country ) than it did in the United States . The interpretation of the song as a drug reference comes from the fact that the word `` horse '' is a common slang term for heroin . The song 's resemblance to some of Neil Young 's work aroused some controversy . `` I know that virtually everyone , on first hearing , assumed it was Neil '' , Bunnell says . `` I never fully shied away from the fact that I was inspired by him . I think it 's in the structure of the song as much as in the tone of his voice . It did hurt a little , because we got some pretty bad backlash . I 've always attributed it more to people protecting their own heroes more than attacking me . '' By coincidence , it was `` A Horse with No Name '' that replaced Young 's `` Heart of Gold '' at the number 1 spot on the U.S. pop chart . The song has received criticism for its banal , oddly phrased lyrics , including `` The heat was hot '' ; `` There were plants , and birds , and rocks , and things '' ; and `` ' Cause there ai n't no one for to give you no pain . '' Penn Jillette asked the band about their lyrics , `` there were plants , and birds , and rocks , and things '' after a show in Atlantic City , where America opened for Penn & Teller . According to Jillette , their explanation for the lyrics was that they were intoxicated with cannabis while writing it . In a 2012 interview , Beckley disputed Jillette 's story , saying , `` I do n't think Dew was stoned . '' Personnel ( edit ) ( Per back cover of 1972 vinyl issue of America . ) America Dewey Bunnell -- lead vocal , acoustic guitar Gerry Beckley -- 12 - string acoustic guitar , backing vocal Dan Peek -- bass , backing vocal Session musicians Ray Cooper -- percussion Kim Haworth -- drums In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( May 2017 ) Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) The song was featured in Hideous Kinky , a British -- French 1998 film , during a trip on the Moroccan desert . In 2008 , it was used in a Kohls TV commercial for Vera Wang . It can also be heard in Season 2 of Millennium , in the episode `` Owls '' . It can be heard on an episode of The Simpsons , `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' . In another episode , `` A Star Is Born Again '' . Ned Flanders can be heard singing it , with alternative lyrics . The song is heard in the background of season 3 episode 16 of `` Parks and Recreation '' . It was featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas on the fictional classic rock radio station K - DST . The song bookends the second episode of the third season of Breaking Bad , `` Caballo sin Nombre '' ( Spanish for `` Horse without Name '' ) , where the song plays on a car radio as Walter White drives through the desert in the beginning , before being pulled over for driving with a cracked windshield . At the end of the episode the song is sung by Walter in the shower . The song was also featured in the show Friends in Season 5 , Episode 22 , `` The One With Joey 's Big Break '' . The song is also featured in the movies The Devil 's Daughter , The Trip , and Air America . The song is also featured on the soundtrack of the 2013 motion picture American Hustle directed by David O. Russell and 2016 movie The Nice Guys . In 2014 , the song was featured in an advertisement for the Toyota Auris Hybrid . In the season 4 episode of BoJack Horseman `` The Old Sugarman Place '' , the title character drives through the desert to Patrick Carney and Michelle Branch 's interpretation of the song . This version also appears on the soundtrack album of the series . Musical references ( edit ) The song was one of many popular songs quoted and parodied on the album The Third Reich ' n Roll by The Residents . The song `` Face '' by American rock band Aerosmith released in 2001 bears a strong resemblance towards `` A Horse With No Name '' . Michael Jackson 's song `` A Place with No Name '' was released posthumously by TMZ as a 25 - second snippet on July 16 , 2009 . The snippet closely resembles `` A Horse with No Name '' . Jim Morey , both Jackson 's and America 's former band manager , has stated that `` America was honored that Michael chose to do their song and they hope it becomes available for all Michael 's fans to hear . '' The song was remastered and released in its entirety along with the original Michael Jackson recording on Jackson 's 2014 album , Xscape . The manner in which American band Drive - by Truckers ' song `` The Fourth Night of My Drinking '' begins , nods to `` A Horse with No Name '' . Other references to the song ( edit ) The song was covered by a band in the bar Robin Williams ' character hangs out at in the 1987 movie Good Morning Vietnam . Also appeared in Air America from 1990 . Plants and Birds and Rocks and Things was the title of the 1993 debut album by The Loud Family , and was quoted by songwriter Scott Miller in the first track , `` He Do the Police in Different Voices '' ( `` Maybe plants and birds and rocks and things can justify my day '' ) . It also appeared sung by members of a hippie group , `` The People '' , in Series 3 of HBO 's Six Feet Under , in the episode : `` Tears , Bones and Desire '' as the women make mops . In the episode `` Bill 's Autobiography '' on NewsRadio , Dave Foley 's character was found singing the song on an audiotape on which he records his thoughts . In 1999 , the literary magazine Lamia Ink published a short play by American playwright Meron Langsner entitled The Name of the Horse , in which the problem of the horse 's name is explored . The play is also included in a collection of parodies entitled The Sacred Cow Slaughterhouse published by Indie Theatre Now . In The Simpsons episode `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' , Homer and Marge trick Bart and Lisa into thinking they 're busy arguing so they can have their time alone . They accidentally throw a piece of clothing at the tape recorder and `` A Horse With No Name '' plays . In computer game NetHack , when the player character dismounts an unnamed horse , the game issues the message `` You 've been through the dungeon on a horse with no name '' , or , when hallucinating , `` It felt good to get out of the rain . '' In the October 7 , 2015 episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , Colbert , wearing a big and furry hat , proclaims that the titular horse 's name is `` Gary the horse '' . In the Reno 911 season five episode `` Junior Runs for Office '' , after consuming an entire pan of hashish brownies , Junior panics upon learning that `` A Horse With No Name '' is not available in the jukebox of the bar that they are in . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM ) Finland ( Finnish Singles Chart ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Easy Listening US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Singles Chart US Record World Singles Chart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Horse with No Name '' USA chart history , Billboard.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAA . `` RIAA Gold & Platinum Database '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2015/06/decadence-and-depravity-with-added-cheese/ Jump up ^ `` Highway Highlight ( from the box set booklet ) '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig ( September 30 , 1996 ) . The Billboard book of number one albums : the inside story behind pop music 's blockbuster records . Billboard Books . Jump up ^ Guitar Noise ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Guitar Coach Mag ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Liner notes , Highway Highlight '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved June 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` America singles charts history '' . Official Charts . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ America biography at Billboard Jump up ^ John Mendelsohn ( 1972 ) . `` Rolling Stone Review '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jillette , Penn . ( 2012 ) . Gilbert Gottfried Again ! ( Episode 14 , 2012 / 05 / 21 ) . Penn 's Sunday School . Ace Broadcasting Network . Jump up ^ `` Q&A With America Singer Gerry Beckley '' . Patch.com . Dec 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ splendAd - Kohl 's - Simply Vera Spring 2008 commercial Jump up ^ AMCTV ( 2010 ) . `` Walt Gets Arrested '' . Archived from the original on 1 April 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ IMDB ( 1999 ) . `` The One with Joey 's Big Break '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Place with No Name sounds like Horse with No Name '' . news.com.au . July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NetHack source code Jump up ^ Billboard : 53 . October 7 , 1972 . CS1 maint : Untitled periodical ( link ) Jump up ^ Search for Irish peaks Jump up ^ `` America Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . External links ( edit ) Official America Homepage Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Heart Of Gold '' by Neil Young Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 25 , 1972 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( hide ) America Gerry Beckley Dewey Bunnell Dan Peek Studio albums America Homecoming Hat Trick Holiday Hearts Hideaway Harbor Silent Letter Alibi View from the Ground Your Move Perspective Hourglass Human Nature Holiday Harmony Here & Now Back Pages Lost & Found Compilations History : America 's Greatest Hits Encore : More Greatest Hits Highway The Complete Greatest Hits Hits : 40th Anniversary Edition Live albums America Live In Concert ( 1985 ) In Concert ( 1995 ) Horse with No Name The Grand Cayman Concert Live In Concert : Wildwood Springs Soundtracks The Last Unicorn Singles `` A Horse with No Name '' `` I Need You '' `` Ventura Highway '' `` Muskrat Love '' `` Tin Man '' `` Lonely People '' `` Sister Golden Hair '' `` Daisy Jane '' `` Woman Tonight '' `` Today 's the Day '' `` Amber Cascades '' `` You Can Do Magic '' `` Right Before Your Eyes '' `` The Border '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Horse_with_No_Name&oldid=806620034 '' Categories : Songs about horses 1971 songs 1971 singles 1972 singles Songs written by Dewey Bunnell America ( band ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Debut singles Warner Bros. Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Untitled periodical Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with trivia sections from May 2017 All articles with trivia sections Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Sicilianu Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Horse%20with%20No%20Name
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which of the following is based on the philosophy of the chicago area project
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Chicago Area Project
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chicago area project
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Chicago Area Project is a Juvenile delinquency prevention association based in Chicago , Illinois , United States . The association has been acting since early 20th century . The project was founded by Clifford R. Shaw . As of 2009 , its current Executive Director is David E. Whittaker .
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The program is considered to be America 's first community - based delinquency prevention program . The project started to fight delinquency at `` Russell Square '' neighborhood of South Chicago during the 1930s and early 1940s . Contents ( hide ) 1 About 2 History 3 See also 4 References and notes 5 External links About ( edit ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1934 , Clifford Shaw , a University of Chicago sociologist , established the Chicago Area Project ( CAP ) . CAP attempts to resolve local problems , such as gang violence , substance abuse , unemployment , and delinquency . CAP 's goal is to stop delinquency by calling locals to actively engage in community self - development . CAP has 40 grassroots organizations and special projects that seek to develop young adults and end juvenile delinquency using community building . CAP associates , alliance partners , and special projects are in less - fortunate neighborhoods in urban areas of Chicago and across Illinois . They offer different services in which they act as mentors , trainers , and facilitators . Every affiliate is independent and focuses on the specific needs of a neighborhood and its people , which are determined by its leaders . CAP has partnered with nationwide professional and local organizations . They offer programs to help youth service workers become skilled , trained , and to advance their work with young adults . CAP uses a 3 - way approach in order to deal with delinquency and the core causes of it by having direct services , advocacy , and community organizing . CAP enables a diverse group of community stakeholders to improve neighborhood environments , decrease anti-social behavior in young adults , protect children from inappropriate institutionalization , and offer children and young people with role models for their own development . By implementing continuous advocacy projects and special projects , CAP has contributed to changing workforce development , juvenile justice , welfare and various more . CAP serves local organization and young adults by playing as facilitator , and grant manager . The CAP community works towards solving issues that are neighborhood - specific by using external resources and resolving them . By training and technical assistance , CAP partners with other grassroots organizations assists families and adolescents . In so doing , CAP improves , strengthens , and enhances community life . History ( edit ) Clifford Shaw was a strong believer that juvenile delinquency in Chicago was due to deteriorating conditions in neighborhoods . Notable sociologists from the University of Chicago and the Illinois Institute for Juvenile Research supported Clifford Shaw . He was doubtful of psychological reasons for delinquency and of associations that strived to improve specific delinquents . As a result , he established CAP as an improved version of a grassroots community organization . CAP sponsored community organizers made up of locals in high - delinquency neighborhoods . Shaw also worked with other existing organizations for example the Catholic church which was in a mainly Polish neighborhood of Russell Square . Initially , CAP 's programs had 3 predominant forms . Firstly , it arranged recreation , the Russell Square Community Committee ( RSCC ) sponsored athletic clubs . Secondly , it improved neighborhood environments ; the RSCC along with community locals created a summer camp and cleaned up community parks . Lastly , it helped delinquents ; workers arranged informal guidance sessions for many young gang members . Workers collaborated with police and teachers when young people were having problems in school or were arrested . Furthermore , when neighborhood youth were on parole , CAP leaders supervised them . In the 1930s there were only 3 community groups , which then grew to 80 in the late 1960s . In a lot of the neighborhoods , helping African Americans and Hispanics succeeded the European ethnic groups who CAP first assisted . CAP has consistently been a powerful instrument in community organizing . See also ( edit ) Organized crime in Chicago References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steven L. Schlossman , Michael W. Sedlak . `` The Chicago Area Project Revisited '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Chicago Area Project '' . Chicago Area Project . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Chicago Area Project '' . About Chicago Area Project . Chicago Area Project . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Area Project '' . The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Social work and related concepts Concepts Primary Social work Secondary Anti-oppressive practice Crisis intervention Community practice Community organization Critical social work Gerontology Group development Leadership Management New Public Management Policy analysis Program evaluation Performance measurement Psychometrics Psychosocial assessment Cognitive behavioral therapy Recreational therapy Health psychology Solution focused brief therapy Strength - based practice Systems thinking Social justice Social actions Social medicine Social learning ( social pedagogy ) Types of social work Social case worker Child protection Forensic social worker Medical social worker Psychiatric social worker Rehabilitation worker School social worker Social work in the military Social group worker Social planning Welfare worker Licensed Clinical Social Worker ( LCSW ) Qualifications Qualifications for professional social work Bachelor of Social Work ( BA , BSc or BSW ) degree Socionom ( Scandinavia ) Master of Social Work degree ( MA , MSc or MSW ) Doctor of Social Work degree ( Ph. D or DSW ) International Association of Schools of Social Work Council on Social Work Education Schools of social work Social workers by nationality American Argentine Austrian Australian Bangladeshi Belgian British Canadian Dutch French German Guyanese Hong Kong Indian Indonesian Israeli Japanese Nepalese New Zealand Norwegian Pakistani Polish Swedish Trinidad and Tobago Ugandan Professional associations International Federation of Social Workers ( IFSW ) National Association of Social Workers ( American ) Australian Association of Social Workers British Association of Social Workers Institute of Medical Social Workers ( British ) Canadian Association of Social Workers Scottish Children 's Reporter Administration Biographies Jane Addams Amartya Sen Harry Hopkins Social Welfare and Social Work portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Area_Project&oldid=801211209 '' Categories : Social work organizations Organizations based in Chicago Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 10 : 26 . 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who plays the headteacher in st trinians 2
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Rupert Everett as Miss Camilla Dagey Fritton , Archibald Fritton , and Reverend Fortnum Fritton
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Rupert Everett
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St. Trinian 's 2 : the Legend of Fritton 's Gold
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st. trinian's 2 : the legend of fritton's gold
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St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold is a 2009 British adventure comedy film directed by Oliver Parker and Barnaby Thompson , both of who directed the previous film in the series . It is the seventh in a long running series of films based on the works of cartoonist Ronald Searle , and the second film produced since the franchise was rebooted in 2007 .
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A sequel , St Trinian 's 3 : Battle of the Sexes , has been in development since 2009 , but has yet to be produced as of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Home media 6 Cancelled sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) One night , the girls of St. Trinian 's catch Celia , a member of the eco sect , retrieving an old ring from the school 's Fritton Archives , who explains that an unknown man telephoned her to retrieve it for him in exchange for £ 20,000 . Seeking to get more , Annabelle Fritton , the new head girl , demands £ 100,000 from the man when he calls back , only for him to refuse and threaten the girls for their greed . When the school 's power is cut , the girls ask their headmistress , Camilla Fritton , about why the ring might be so valuable . Camilla recognises the ring as one of two created by a pirate ancestor of hers in 1589 , which when brought together can lead the way to a buried treasure hidden somewhere in the world . Shortly after learning this , the school is besieged by masked men led by Sir Piers Pomfrey , a man of flawless reputation and a descendant of the man that was robbed by Camilla 's pirate ancestor , who steals the ring with the intention of finding the treasure . Seeking to stop him , the girls search for the second ring and find a clue left by another ancestor who located the first and left it in the archives . After a difficult time deciphering a clue they left , the girls find it to be hidden within a boy 's school , leaving a group to infiltrate it in disguise and recover it . Seeking to recover the first , the girls learn that Piers is the leader of a secret society known as AD1 , a masculinist brotherhood , and that Camilla 's old flame and former head of education , Geoffrey Thwaites , knows about him and the society . After tracking him down at a pub , Camilla convinces him to help them , whereupon she puts him through a course to help him overcome his need for drink , and assigns him to work undercover at AD1 's hideout , with Annabelle calling in the former head girl Kelly , now an M.I. 7 agent , to assist in the recovery of the ring . Despite the girls not finding it in the vault , Geoffrey spots it being worn by Piers and manages to steal it from him , returning it back to St. Trinian 's . Finding that the two rings bear longitude and latitude coordinates respectively on them , the girls find that the treasure is buried under the Globe Theatre . After organising a flash mob to keep AD1 from pursuing them , after Piers learns they recovered the first ring , Camilla , Geoffrey , the school 's bursar , Annabelle and a small group of the girls make it to the theatre , and while the girls head underneath the building , Camilla and Geoffrey pose as actors they knocked out to avoid raising an alarm . Although the girls make it to the treasure 's location within a secret room , they discover a chest within containing nothing more than a note from Pirate Fritton , who gave up being a pirate to write plays under the name of William Shakespeare , and that the treasure was the final play he wrote intended to reveal that `` he '' was a woman . Piers , managing to track them down , holds them at gunpoint and steals the play from them , revealing that his ancestors knew this fact and that he had always intended to find the play and destroy it . The girls watch as he flees the scene on his private boat . Seeking to stop him , the girls take control of the reconstruction of the Golden Hind and sail it down the Thames , whereupon they attack Pier 's boat , with Camilla recovering the play 's script from him . The girls soon return to St. Trinian 's for a wild party to celebrate their success , while Piers is exposed for being a sexist after AD1 is revealed to the media . Cast ( edit ) Talulah Riley during filming in August 2009 Rupert Everett as Miss Camilla Dagey Fritton , Archibald Fritton , and Reverend Fortnum Fritton David Tennant as Sir Piers Pomfrey , and Lord Pomfrey Colin Firth as Geoffrey Thwaites Talulah Riley as Annabelle Lealla Fritton Sarah Harding as Roxy Tamsin Egerton as Chelsea Parker Clara Paget as Bella Gabriella Wilde as Saffy Juno Temple as Celia Ella Smith as Lucy Montserrat Lombard as Zoe Zawe Ashton as Bianca Jessica Agombar as Jessica Cloe Mackie & Holly Mackie as Tania & Tara Gemma Arterton as Kelly Opossum Jones Celia Imrie as St Trinian 's Matron Toby Jones as St Trinian 's Bursar Jodie Whittaker as Beverly , the Receptionist Christian Brassington as Peters , Sir Piers ' Assistant Tom Riley as ' Romeo ' Georgia King as ' Juliet ' Ricky Wilson as Roxy 's boyfriend Katherine Parkinson as the Science teacher Production ( edit ) Principal photography started in July 2009 , at Ealing Studios and on location in various places in London , including the Globe Theatre and on ( and in ) the River Thames . The ' Old Boys School ' was filmed at Charterhouse School in Godalming , Surrey and the boys choir was the Guildford Cathedral Choir . On 16 August 2009 , hundreds of extras , along with the main characters , filmed a mass dance scene in the style of a flash mob at London 's Liverpool Street Station . The manor house used as the girls school is Knebworth House in Hertfordshire . Release ( edit ) It was announced at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival that St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold was to be released on 18 December 2009 . Box office ( edit ) It opened at # 2 in the United Kingdom , just behind James Cameron 's 3D sci fi epic Avatar , with debut week end box office figures of £ 1,586,832 . As of 10 February 2010 , the film has grossed a total of £ 7,019,714 in the United Kingdom , considerably lower than the first instalment 's £ 12,280,529 . It still turned out to be the fourth biggest hit of the Christmas season of 2009 , beaten only by Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel , Guy Ritchie 's Sherlock Holmes , and Avatar . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews , holding a 10 % ' rotten ' rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Home media ( edit ) The region 2 DVD of the film was released on 24 May 2010 . A region 1 DVD release occurred on 23 March 2011 . Cancelled sequel ( edit ) In December 2009 , it was confirmed that there will be a St Trinian 's 3 : Battle of the Sexes . There was also a competition held in 2010 , for the chance for a girl to have a walk on role in the film . As of September 2017 , no cast confirmation has been confirmed , for the third instalment . It has been assumed the film is cancelled . See also ( edit ) St Trinian 's Cross-dressing in film and television City Slickers II : The Legend of Curly 's Gold References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UK Box Office : 12 -- 14 March 2010 '' . UK Film Council . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Balls , David ( 25 May 2009 ) . `` Harding ' to star in St Trinian 's sequel ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Harding Addicts : Guildford Cathedral Choir performs in new St. Trinian 's film '' . Sarahhardingaddicts.blogspot.com. 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parker , Oliver ; Thompson , Barnaby ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold '' . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar ' soars to UK box office top spot -- Movies News '' . Digital Spy. 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ http://www.sttriniansmovie.co.uk/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 16 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold on IMDb St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold at AllMovie St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold at Rotten Tomatoes St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold at British Comedy Guide sttrinians Net St Trinian 's Gallery Movie and Character pictures St Trinian 's School Films Original series The Belles of St Trinian 's ( 1954 ) Blue Murder at St Trinian 's ( 1957 ) The Pure Hell of St Trinian 's ( 1960 ) The Great St Trinian 's Train Robbery ( 1966 ) 1980 film The Wildcats of St Trinian 's ( 1980 ) 21st century St Trinian 's ( 2007 ) St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold ( 2009 ) Soundtracks St. Trinian 's : The Soundtrack St. Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold Other Cast members list Ronald Searle Flash Harry Films directed by Oliver Parker Othello ( 1995 ) An Ideal Husband ( 1999 ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 ) Fade to Black ( 2006 ) I Really Hate My Job ( 2007 ) St Trinian 's ( 2007 ) Dorian Gray ( 2009 ) St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold ( 2009 ) Johnny English Reborn ( 2011 ) Dad 's Army ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Trinian%27s_2:_The_Legend_of_Fritton%27s_Gold&oldid=793852834 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s high school films 2000s independent films 2000s sequel films 2000s teen comedy films Adventure comedy films British films British adventure films British sequel films British teen comedy films British independent films Cross-dressing in film Films directed by Oliver Parker Films set in England Films set in London Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey St Trinian 's films Treasure hunt films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 10 : 50 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Trinian%2527s%202%3A%20The%20Legend%20of%20Fritton%2527s%20Gold
| 1,054 |
who played shere khan in the jungle book 2016
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The Jungle Book ( 2016 film )
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the jungle book ( 2016 film )
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The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Jon Favreau , produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and written by Justin Marks . Based on Rudyard Kipling 's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney 's 1967 animated film of the same name , The Jungle Book is a live - action / CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli , an orphaned human boy who , guided by his animal guardians , sets out on a journey of self - discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan . The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli and also features the voices of Bill Murray , Ben Kingsley , Idris Elba , Lupita Nyong'o , Scarlett Johansson , Giancarlo Esposito , and Christopher Walken .
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Favreau , Marks , and producer Brigham Taylor developed the film 's story as a balance between Disney 's animated adaptation and Kipling 's original works , borrowing elements from both into the film . Principal photography commenced in 2014 , with filming taking place entirely in Los Angeles . The film required extensive use of computer - generated imagery to portray the animals and settings . The Jungle Book was released in North America in Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX 3D , D - Box , and premium large formats , on April 15 , 2016 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $966 million , making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 37th - highest - grossing film of all time . The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 89th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and casting 3.2 Filming and visual effects 3.3 Sound 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other Countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mowgli is a `` man cub '' raised by the wolf Raksha and her pack , led by Akela , in an Indian jungle ever since he was brought to them as a baby by the black panther Bagheera . Bagheera trains Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves , but the boy faces certain challenges and falls behind his wolf siblings while Akela disapproves of him using human tricks like building tools instead of learning the ways of the pack . One day , during the dry season , the jungle animals gather to drink the water that remains as part of a truce during a drought that enables the jungle 's wildlife to drink without fear of being eaten by their predators . The truce is disrupted when a scarred tiger named Shere Khan arrives detecting Mowgli 's scent in the large crowd . Resentful against man for scarring him , he issues a warning that he will kill Mowgli at the end of the drought . After the drought ends , the wolves debate whether they should keep Mowgli or not . Mowgli decides to leave the jungle for the safety of his pack . Bagheera agrees with the decision and volunteers to guide him to the nearby man village . En route , Shere Khan ambushes them and injures Bagheera , but Mowgli manages to escape . Later , Mowgli meets an enormous python named Kaa who hypnotizes him . While under her influence , Mowgli sees a vision of his father being mauled while protecting him from Shere Khan . The vision also warns of the destructive power of the `` red flower '' ( fire ) . Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli , but she is attacked by a large brown sloth bear named Baloo , rescuing an unconscious Mowgli . Baloo and Mowgli bond while retrieving some difficult - to - access honey for Baloo and Mowgli agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives . Upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle , Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out . Bagheera eventually finds Mowgli and Baloo and is angered that Mowgli has not joined the humans as agreed , but Baloo calms him down and persuades both of them to sleep on it . During the night , Mowgli finds a herd of Indian elephants gathered around a ditch and uses his vines to save a baby elephant from the ditch . Although Baloo and Bagheera are both impressed , Baloo realizes that he can not guarantee Mowgli 's safety after learning that he is being hunted by Shere Khan . Baloo agrees to push Mowgli away to get him to continue onward to the man village . Mowgli is kidnapped by the `` Bandar - log '' ( monkeys ) who present him to their leader , a giant ape named King Louie . Assuming that all humans can make fire , King Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for it . Baloo distracts King Louie while Bagheera tries to sneak him out , but their plan is discovered . As King Louie chases Mowgli through his temple , he informs Mowgli of Akela 's death . King Louie 's rampage eventually causes his temple to collapse on top of him . Furious that Baloo and Bagheera never told him about Akela 's death , Mowgli goes to confront Shere Khan alone . Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle , accidentally starting a wildfire in the process . He confronts Shere Khan , who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire . Mowgli throws the torch into the water , giving Shere Khan the advantage . Baloo , Bagheera , and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off , giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap . He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch , which breaks under the tiger 's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death . Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire . In the aftermath , Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack . Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use , having found his true home and calling with his wolf family , Baloo , and Bagheera . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Jungle Book characters Neel Sethi , the actor who portrayed Mowgli Neel Sethi as Mowgli , a young boy who was raised by wolves . Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli 's father Voice cast ( edit ) Bill Murray as Baloo , a sloth bear who befriends Mowgli . Ben Kingsley as Bagheera , a black panther who is Mowgli 's mentor and protector . Idris Elba as Shere Khan , a fearsome , scar - faced tiger with a grudge against Mowgli . Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha , a female wolf who is Mowgli 's adoptive mother . Scarlett Johansson as Kaa , an enormous python . Giancarlo Esposito as Akela , a male wolf who leads the pack . Christopher Walken as King Louie , a giant ape who rules the Bandar - log . Garry Shandling as Ikki , a porcupine that observes the Water Truce . Brighton Rose as Grey Brother , a wolf cub that is Mowgli 's adoptive brother . Jon Favreau as Fred , a Pygmy Hog . Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel . Russell Peters as Rocky , a rhinoceros . Madeleine Favreau as Raquel , a rhinoceros . Sara Arrington as an antelope Emjay Anthony , Max Favreau , Chloe Hechter , Asher Blinkoff , Knox Gagnon , Sasha Schrieber , and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves . Dee Bradley Baker , Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , and Allan Trautman provide additional animal voices . Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) `` The idea of going out to the jungle and shooting this , it just felt like it would n't have the magic that the 1967 film had had . There was a dreamlike quality to it . There was a surreal quality to it . It was a high - water mark for character animation and to me , that 's what I remember about it . And so I wanted to make sure we preserved that ... But what ( Alan ) Horn said was : Look at the technology . Look at Life of Pi , Avatar . Why not use the technology to create a whole world that transports you ? Let 's really embrace this new technology and see what we can do if we push its limit . '' -- Jon Favreau on approaching the film 's technical intent . Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action remake of The Jungle Book was in development on July 9 , 2013 , with Justin Marks set to write the script . The film would be Disney 's second live - action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling 's works , following the 1994 film , and the studio 's third overall after the 1967 animated musical . Jon Favreau was later confirmed as director on November 5 , 2013 . Favreau as a child used to watch Disney 's 1967 animated musical version . He felt the need to strike a balance between the two films by retaining the buoyant spirit of the 1967 film , including some of its memorable songs , while crafting a movie with more realism and peril . He also stressed the importance of nature and realized how things have shifted during Kipling 's time and now , `` In Kipling 's time , nature was something to be overcome . Now nature is something to be protected . '' He was encouraged by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn to take advantage of the film 's setting and story as an opportunity to use the latest advancements in photorealistic rendering , computer - generated imagery , and motion capture technologies . The story of the film is not independently taken from Kipling 's works , but also borrows cinematic inspirations from other films , including the child - mentor relationship in Shane ( 1953 ) , the establishment of rules in a dangerous world from Goodfellas ( 1990 ) and the use of a shadowy jungle figure in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . The cast was announced between March and August 2014 , with Idris Elba being announced to voice Shere Khan during early stages and Bill Murray eventually confirmed as the voice of Baloo in August 2014 . Between then , Scarlett Johansson , Ben Kingsley , and Christopher Walken were confirmed to play Kaa , Bagheera , and King Louie . Favreau decided to cast Johansson to play Kaa , originally a male character , as he felt the original film was `` a little too male - oriented . '' Favreau and Marks noticed the lack of female characters in the 1967 film version and wanted to address that by featuring Raksha 's character more prominently , as in Kipling 's tales . Lupita Nyong'o was cast as Raksha as Favreau believed her voice imbued the emotion required for the role , `` Lupita has tremendous depth of emotion in her performance . There 's an emotional underpinning she brings , and a strength , and we wanted that for this surrogate mother . Much of that comes from her voice . '' Favreau also decided to change King Louie from an orangutan to a Gigantopithecus due to the fact that orangutans are not native to India , where the story takes place . His character was given a slight alteration from the 1967 film and was partly inspired by Marlon Brando 's character Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now , as well as incorporating Walken 's own physical mannerisms . In regards to Louie 's changes , Favreau stated , `` We created this looming figure that was trying to extract the secret of fire from Mowgli . And also this gave Mowgli the idea that if he had fire , he could have power over Shere Khan , whether it was good or bad . So there was a Lord of the Rings aspect to that ; the fire was almost like the ring in that was going to give someone ultimate power , but corrupt them as well as create destruction . '' The film is dedicated to Garry Shandling , who voiced a porcupine in the film and died of a heart attack before the film 's release . The search for casting Mowgli was extensive , with thousands of children auditioning from the United States , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , and Canada . Eventually , newcomer Neel Sethi was confirmed for the role , with casting director Rebecca Williams describing him as embodying `` the heart , humor , and daring of the character . He 's warm and accessible , yet also has an intelligence well beyond his years and impressed us all with his ability to hold his own in any situation . '' Sethi underwent parkour training in preparation for the role . Pixar Animation Studios assisted in the development of the story , as well as providing suggestions for the film 's end credits sequence . Filming and visual effects ( edit ) Principal photography took place entirely on sound stages at L.A. Center Studios in downtown Los Angeles . The animal characters were created entirely in key frame computer animation , with the assistance of footage of real animal movement , the actors recording their lines , and performance capture for reference . The production team underwent a thorough process to realistically convey the animals ' speaking , while still making them perceptually believable to the audience . Favreau researched earlier films featuring anthropomorphic animals -- including Walt Disney 's animated features , such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bambi , as well as modern films such as Babe -- and adopted certain techniques from those films into The Jungle Book . Nearly 70 separate species of animals native to India are featured in the film , with several species being portrayed as `` 150 % larger '' than their actual counterparts . Jim Henson 's Creature Shop was brought in to provide animal puppet figures for Sethi to act against , although none appear in the finished film . The animal puppets were performed by Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , Allan Trautman , and April Warren . Favreau utilized motion capture with certain actors , expressing a desire to avoid overusing the technology in order to prevent evoking an uncanny valley effect . Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) and Weta Digital created the film 's visual effects . MPC developed new software for animating muscular structure in the animals . Around 1,000 remote jungle locations in India were photographed and used as reference in post-production . Weta was responsible for animating the King Louie sequence , with visual effects supervisor Keith Miller adding that , `` It was important for Jon to see Christopher Walken in the creature . So we took some of the distinctive Walken facial features -- iconic lines , wrinkles and folds -- and integrated them into the animated character . '' Favreau expressed desire in wanting the film 's 3D shots to imbue the abilities of the multiplane camera system utilized in Disney 's earlier animated films . At Favreau 's behest , the idea was extended into the film 's version of the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo , which was recreated as `` a hand - painted , cel - animated multi-plane logo '' in homage to the animated films of that era , also incorporating the word `` Presents '' in the same style as the 1967 film 's opening credits . The film 's ending also features the original physical book that opened the 1967 film . Sound ( edit ) Director Jon Favreau and composer John Debney sought to recreate the Fantasound experience Walt Disney , himself , had in mind . When mixing the soundtrack in Dolby Atmos , as Favreau said , `` we isolated instruments when we could . And in the sound mix , we created a Fantasound mix . If you see the film in Atmos , you will feel that there are instruments that move around the theater . '' A mention for Fantasound appears in the film 's closing credits . Music ( edit ) The musical score for The Jungle Book was composed and conducted by frequent Favreau collaborator John Debney , mostly drawing from George Bruns ' original music . Though Favreau decided not to make the film a musical , nevertheless , he and Debney incorporated several songs from the 1967 animated film . `` The Bare Necessities , '' written by Terry Gilkyson , is performed by Murray and Sethi , and a cover version by Dr. John is featured in the end credits . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' and `` Trust in Me '' -- written by the Sherman Brothers -- are performed by Walken and Johansson , respectively ; Richard M. Sherman wrote revised lyrics for Walken 's version of `` I Wan'na Be Like You . '' Johansson 's rendition of `` Trust in Me '' was produced by Mark Ronson and appears in the end credits only . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Jungle Book ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by John Debney Released April 15 , 2016 Recorded 2015 -- 16 Studio Sony Pictures Studios ( score ) Esplanade Studios , New Orleans Chalice Recording Studios Music Shed Studios , New Orleans Genre Orchestral , swing jazz Length 74 : 17 Label Walt Disney Producer John Debney John Debney chronology The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) The Young Messiah 2016 The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Jungle Book2016 Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016 Walt Disney Records released the film 's soundtrack on April 15 , 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Dr. John and The Nite Trippers 3 : 36 2 . `` Trust in Me '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Scarlett Johansson 2 : 55 3 . `` Main Titles / Jungle Run '' John Debney & George Bruns 2 : 27 4 . `` Wolves / Law of the Jungle '' John Debney 2 : 16 5 . `` Water Truce '' John Debney 3 : 40 6 . `` Rains Return '' John Debney 1 : 46 7 . `` Mowgli 's Leaving / Elephant Theme '' John Debney 3 : 28 8 . `` Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede '' John Debney 2 : 06 9 . `` Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue '' 5 : 21 10 . `` Honeycomb Climb '' 3 : 31 11 . `` Man Village '' 2 : 59 12 . `` Mowgli and the Pit '' 3 : 26 13 . `` Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli '' 1 : 52 14 . `` Arriving at King Louie 's Temple '' 4 : 35 15 . `` Cold Lair Chase '' 4 : 03 16 . `` Red Flower '' 3 : 15 17 . `` To the River '' 3 : 05 18 . `` Shere Khan 's War Theme '' 2 : 37 19 . `` Shere Khan and the Fire '' 4 : 52 20 . `` Elephant Waterfall '' 3 : 27 21 . `` Mowgli Wins the Race '' 0 : 41 22 . `` Jungle Book Closes '' 2 : 16 23 . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Christopher Walken 3 : 02 24 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Bill Murray , Kermit Ruffins 3 : 01 Total length : 74 : 17 Note 1 . ^ Original `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' melody composed by Leigh Harline ; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina . Release ( edit ) Jon Favreau at the premiere of The Jungle Book in Sydney , Australia The film was originally scheduled for October 9 , 2015 , but the film 's release date was later postponed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to April 15 , 2016 . The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in the United States , and is the first film to be released in Dolby Vision 3D ( in a few select theaters in New York City and Chicago ) . The Jungle Book held its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre on April 4 , 2016 . It was released in 15 countries , a week ahead of its U.S. debut on April 15 , in countries like Argentina , Australia , Russia , Malaysia , and most notably in India on April 8 . The release date in India was strategic for the film as it coincided with the Indian New Year and was a holiday in most parts of the country . It had a Hindi - dubbed version , starring Irrfan Khan as Baloo 's voice . Disney India also commissioned a contemporary recording of `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' ( originally used for the popular Indian version of Japanese anime series Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ) , overseen by the song 's composers Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar , and released it as part of the film 's promotional campaign in India . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released digitally on August 23 , 2016 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 ( August 22 in the UK ) . A 3D Blu - ray was said to be coming by the end of the year . The film topped the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film became a huge financial success and a surprise hit . It briefly held the record for the biggest remake of all time until the studio 's own Beauty and the Beast surpassed it the following year . It grossed $364 million in the United States and Canada and $602.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $966.6 million , against a budget of $175 million . Worldwide , the film was released across 28,000 RealD 3D screens and had an IMAX worldwide opening of $20.4 million from 901 IMAX screens , a new record for a PG film . It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX screens worldwide . On May 13 , it became the second film of 2016 ( after the studio 's own Zootopia ) to pass the $800 million mark . On June 10 , it became the third film of 2016 after Zootopia and Captain America : Civil War to pass the $900 million mark . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $258 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the sixth-most profitable release of 2016 . United States and Canada ( edit ) Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards , starting from $60 million to as high as $88 million , with female and older male quadrants being the prime draw . The Jungle Book was shown across 4,028 theaters of which 3,100 theaters ( 75 % ) were in 3D , including 376 IMAX screens , 463 premium large format screens , and 145 D - Box locations . It opened Friday , April 15 , 2016 , on around 9,500 screens across 4,028 theaters , and earned $32.4 million , the fourth - biggest April Friday . This includes $4.2 million from Thursday previews , the biggest preview number for a Disney live - adaptation film ( tied with Maleficent ) , an almost unheard - of for a PG title which rarely attracts many ticketbuyers later in the night . In total , it earned $103.3 million in its opening weekend , exceeding expectations by 40 % and recorded the biggest PG - rated April opening ( breaking Hop 's record ) , the second - biggest Disney live - action adaptation opening ( behind Alice in Wonderland ) , and the second - biggest April opening ( behind Furious 7 ) . It also performed exceptionally well in both 3D and IMAX formats , where they both generated an income of $44 million and $10.4 million of the film 's opening - weekend gross , respectively , the later broke the record for the biggest April Disney release IMAX opening . Notably , it also became the only second PG - rated release to ever open above $100 million ( following Alice in Wonderland ) and the third film of 2016 overall to open above $100 million ( following Deadpool and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) . It earned $130.7 million in its first full week , the second - biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , behind only Alice in Wonderland 's $146.6 million seven - day gross . Buoyed by excellent word of mouth and benefiting from spring break , it fell only by 40 % in its second weekend earning $61.5 million , still maintaining the top position and far surpassing newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War . That puts The Jungle Book in the top fifteen second weekends of all time and in terms of films that opened above $100 million , it scored the fourth - smallest drop behind Shrek 2 ( − 33 % ) , Spider - Man ( − 39 % ) , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( − 39 % ) . Of those numbers , $5.6 million came from IMAX shows for a two weekend cumulative total of $18.4 million which represents about 10 % of its entire North American box office gross . It crossed $200 million on its twelfth day of release and managed to hold the top spot for the third consecutive weekend with $43.7 million from 4,041 theaters ( an addition of 13 more theaters ) , a fall of only 29 % , outgrossing the next six pictures combined ( including the openings of three newcomers ) and recorded the sixth - biggest third weekend of all time . Moreover , the 29 % drop is the smallest third - weekend drop ( from its second weekend ) for a $100 million opener ever . Disney added an additional 103 theaters for the film 's fourth weekend of release which propelled its theater count to 4,144 theaters , but nevertheless , it was overtaken by Disney 's own Captain America : Civil War after experiencing a 50 % decline . It passed $300 million on its thirtieth day of release , on May 14 , as it continued to witness marginal declines in the wake of several new releases weekend after weekend . It made 3.53 times its opening weekend numbers , which is one of the biggest of all time for a film opening above $100 million . It became one of the few surprise hits and one of the highest - grossing films of the year , alongside Finding Dory , The Secret Life of Pets , and Zootopia , centered around talking animals to dominate the year - end chart . Other countries ( edit ) The film was released in approximately 70 countries . Outside the US and Canada , it opened across 15 markets and 69 IMAX screens a week ahead of its US debut , and faced notable competition from newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War and holdover Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the latter of which was entering its third weekend . The reason behind the divided release pattern was because Disney wanted to get some space before Captain America : Civil War releases in early May , as well as availing school holidays and avoiding local competitors . It eventually grossed $31.7 million , debuting at first place in all markets and second overall at the international box office , behind Dawn of Justice , which was playing across 67 markets . In its second weekend , it expanded to an additional 49 countries ( 88 % of its total marketplace ) and grossed $138.6 million from 64 countries , easily topping the international box office , a bulk of it came from China . Approximately 63 % or $85 million of that came from 3D screenings , with the largest 3D opening haul represented by China ( 98 % ) , Germany ( 83 % ) , Brazil ( 73 % ) , Russia ( 60 % ) , Mexico ( 47 % ) , and the UK ( 39 % ) . $10 million alone came from 525 IMAX screens , a record for a PG and April release . It further continued to hold the top spot in its third weekend after adding another $98.9 million from 53 territories , falling only by a marginal 32 % . IMAX generated another $6.1 million from 484 IMAX theaters for a three - weekend total of $20.6 million . After three straight No. 1 runs , it was finally dethroned by the studio 's Captain America : Civil War in its fourth weekend . In India , it scored the second - biggest opening day for a Hollywood film , earning $1.51 million ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ) from around 1,500 screens and went on to score the second - biggest Hollywood opening weekend of all time , with $8.4 million from 1,600 screens , behind only Furious 7 in terms of local as well as U.S. currency , performing better than expected and its initial $5 -- 6 million opening projection . Its opening weekend in India alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of Disney 's other live - fantasy adaptations -- Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz the Great and Powerful , and Alice in Wonderland -- in the country . It then went on to score the biggest opening and single week for a Hollywood film with $15.1 million . In its second weekend , it dropped just by a mere 40 % to $4.97 million . In just ten days , it became the fourth - highest - grossing Hollywood film there with $21.2 million . On Wednesday , April 19 -- its twelfth day of release -- it surpassed Furious 7 to become the highest - grossing Hollywood / foreign release of all time there . By the end of its theatrical run , the film made an estimated $38.8 million with half of its revenue -- 58 % -- coming from local dubbed versions , compared to Avengers : Age of Ultron , which saw 45 % of its revenue from dubbed versions . In China , where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest , expectations were high , with projections going as high $154 -- 200 million or more . Ultimately , it was unable to hit these marks . Before the release of the film in the state , Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month , in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure . Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals , heartwarming story , and talking animal cast . It earned around $12 million on its opening day , including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings . Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception ( albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics ) , it rose 72 % on its second day to $20 million . Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million , including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens , a new record for April release . Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever , the second - biggest for a family film ( behind Kung Fu Panda 3 ) , the second - biggest April debut ( behind Furious 7 ) , and the fourth - biggest Disney opening ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend , after dropping by a mere 20 % to $29.8 million , despite facing some competitions . It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters , adding $1.2 million on its last day . Albeit falling just below expectations , it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth - biggest Disney release there . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an opening weekend total of £ 9.9 million ( $14.1 million ) from 594 theaters and in France with $8.1 million . Elsewhere , the highest openings were recorded in Russia and the CIS ( $7.4 million ) , Germany ( $5.1 million ) , Spain ( $3.9 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Argentina ( $2.3 million ) , and in Malaysia , where it scored the biggest opening weekend for a live - action Disney film with $2.3 million . In the UK , it became the first film of 2016 to earn over £ 5 million in three straight weekends and the first film since Jurassic World , Spectre , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( all 2015 films ) to achieve such an accomplishment , and the first film of 2016 to earn above £ 40 million ( $58 million ) . In South Korea , it faced competition with Warcraft , but ended up debuting atop the charts with $6.2 million . It has so far grossed a total of $18 million there . It opened in Japan on August 11 , alongside the superhero film X-Men : Apocalypse and delivered a four - day opening of $6.2 million from 676 screens ( $3 million in two days ) , debuting at second place behind The Secret Life of Pets . Although the opening figure was considered mediocre , Deadline.com noted that Japan is a market that can see big multiples . It fell just 30 % in its second weekend earning $2.1 million for an eleven - day total of $13.7 million . In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of the US and Canada were China ( $150.1 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $66.2 million ) and India ( $38.8 million ) . It was the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Europe with a total of $209 million , the United Kingdom and Ireland , and in India ( although it was later surpassed by Sultan , in terms of Hollywood / imported films , it is still the biggest ) . Critical response ( edit ) The vocal performances of Bill Murray ( left ) , Idris Elba ( middle ) , and Ben Kingsley ( right ) were particularly praised . The film received praise for its visual effects , vocal performances , direction , musical score , and its faithfulness to the animated film . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % , based on 296 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` As lovely to behold as it is engrossing to watch , The Jungle Book is the rare remake that actually improves upon its predecessors -- all while setting a new standard for CGI . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Ninety - seven percent of the audience gave the film an A or a B. It got As from both the under - and over-25 crowd and A+ among those under 18 years of age , and also for the over-50 audience . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Exceptionally beautiful to behold and bolstered by a stellar vocal cast , this umpteenth film rendition of Rudyard Kipling 's tales of young Mowgli 's adventures amongst the creatures of the Indian jungle proves entirely engaging , even if it 's ultimately lacking in subtext and thematic heft . '' Andrew Barker of Variety felt that this version `` ca n't rival the woolly looseness of Disney 's 1967 animated classic , of course , but it succeeds on its own so well that such comparisons are barely necessary . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five , and deemed it `` a sincere and full - hearted adaptation that returns to Kipling for fresh inspiration . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap says `` This ' Book ' might lack the post-vaudeville razzamatazz of its predecessor , but director Jon Favreau and a team of effects wizards plunge us into one of the big screen 's most engrossing artificial worlds since Avatar . '' Peter Bradshaw , writing for The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars and felt that the film had a touch of Apocalypto in it , finding the plot elements to be similar to those in The Lion King . He wrote that the film was `` spectacular , exciting , funny and fun '' and that it `` handsomely revives the spirit of Disney 's original film . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com wrote that the film had laughs , excitement , an exceptional voice cast and , most importantly , a lot of heart , calling it a cinematic achievement like no other . He particularly praised Murray 's performance and the visual effects , deeming it `` simply astonishing . '' Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an `` A -- , '' calling it one of the biggest surprises of 2016 . He , however , felt the two songs were rather unnecessary and distracting , and believed the film to be a little too frightening for children . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three - and - a-half stars , pointing out the CGI as the apex achievement of the film . He labelled it `` a beautifully rendered , visually arresting take on Rudyard Kipling 's oft - filmed tales '' but found the musical numbers to be trivial , saying that without the musical numbers , the film might have been a more exhilarating streamlined adventure . Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan remarked that `` The Jungle Book is the kind of family film calculated to make even those without families wish they had one to take along . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , labeling it scary and thrilling , yet unique and unforgettable , and adding that it `` fills us with something rare in movies today -- a sense of wonder . '' The Village Voice 's Bilge Ebiri hailed the film as fast and light and that it `` manages to be just scary enough to make us feel the danger of solitude in the middle of a massive jungle , but never indulgent or gratuitous . '' The New York Times ' Manohla Dargis was less enthusiastic . Cath Clarke of Time Out compared Elba 's character of Shere Khan to Scar from The Lion King , calling him `` baddie of the year . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com also had high praise for Elba 's portrayal of Shere Khan stating : `` His loping menace is envisioned so powerfully that he 'd be scary no matter what , but the character becomes a great villain through imaginative empathy . We understand and appreciate his point - of - view , even though carrying it out would mean the death of Mowgli . '' The film 's visual effects and 3D photography were compared to those of Avatar , Gravity , Hugo , and Life of Pi . Sarah Ward of Screen International wrote that the level of detail on display in the film `` is likely to evoke the same jaw - dropping reaction as James Cameron 's box office topper . '' Entertainment Weekly called it `` one of the few 3D movies that actually benefits from being in 3D . '' The film also had a positive reception from Indian contemporary critics and publications , such as The Times of India , The Hindu , India Today , The Indian Express , and The Economic Times . The film also had its share of negative reviews with most reviewers criticizing the inconsistent tone of the film and the director 's indecision to stick to one vision . Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine wrote , `` Jon Favreau draws heavily on his film 's animated predecessor for plot , characterizations , songs , and set pieces , but does n't know how to fit these familiar elements into his own coherent vision '' . Josh Spiegel of Movie Mezzanine also echoed these feelings , saying that the film `` stumbles because the people involved are n't willing to fully commit to either making a near - shot - for - shot remake or going in a completely different direction '' . Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald felt that the movie was soulless , writing that `` The better these talking beasts look , the more the film resembles a gorgeous screen saver . You admire The Jungle Book , but you ca n't lose yourself in it '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Sequel ( edit ) Following the film 's early financial and critical success , the studio has begun working on a sequel . Jon Favreau is reported to return as director and Neel Sethi is reported to reprise his role as Mowgli , while screenwriter Justin Marks is also in negotiations to return . It was announced on April 25 , 2016 that Favreau and Marks will return to direct and write , and the sequel could potentially have a release sometime in 2019 and will be shot back - to - back with a live - action remake of The Lion King . However , it was reported in March 2017 that the sequel was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE JUNGLE BOOK ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch and Nancy Tartaglione ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' , ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' To Ignite Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McMarry ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' to Rule Box Office Kingdom With $70 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Says ' The Jungle Book ' Will Be His ' Avatar , ' Reveals New Images '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rawal , Sugandha ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau breathes new life to Kipling classic ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Business Standard . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Marks To Adapt Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Reboot At Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jon Favreau in Talks to Direct ' Jungle Book ' for Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rainey , James ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` How Jon Favreau Combined CGI and One Real Boy to Remake ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Idris Elba to Voice Man - Eating Tiger in Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Scarlett Johansson , Lupita Nyong'o in Talks for Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Kingsley to Voice Bagheera in Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Adds Christopher Walken & Giancarlo Esposito '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Errico , Marcus ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Favreau Breaks Down Disney 's Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Teaser : From the Digital Toolbox to the ' Bear Necessities ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau on the Subtle SFX Beauty of The Jungle Book and Casting Lupita Nyong'o '' . New York . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Inside The Jungle Book 's king - sized change to King Louie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How Jon Favreau Juggled Walt Disney 's Legacy and Digital Effects That Go Beyond ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Finds its Mowgli in Newcomer Neel Sethi '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Drew . `` 9 Things Disney Fans Need to Know About The Jungle Book , According to Jon Favreau '' . Disney Insider . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` CGI power ! ' The Jungle Book ' was shot entirely in downtown L.A. '' USA Today . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Human Mowgli is at the heart of ' Jungle Book ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Virtual Production for ' Jungle Book ' Detailed During HPA Tech Retreat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How They Pulled Off the Oscar - Bound VFX Hybrid '' . Indiewire . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reif , Alex ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fantasound Returns in 2016 with the Jungle Book '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Debney to Score Jon Favreau 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Film Music Reporter . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau brings CG realism to ' The Jungle Book ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Set To Release The Jungle Book Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes Release Date of ' Jungle Book : Origins ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Switches Places With ' Finest Hours , ' Pushed to Spring 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Wild With $101 M To $103.6 M ; ' Barbershop ' Cuts $20 M+ ; ' Criminal ' In Cooler -- Box Office Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fatema Etemadi ; Maya Anderma ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Premiere : Hollywood Reflects on a Disney Classic '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : 5 reasons you should watch Jon Favreau film with your kids this weekend '' . The Indian Express . April 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Rapoza ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` What Indians Are Really Saying About Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Irrfan Khan On Why ' The Jungle Book ' Has Resonated in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Jungle Book remake branded ' too scary for kids ' by Indian censor '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ondvdreleases.com/2590-the-jungle-book.html Jump up ^ `` Disney 's The Jungle Book Blu - ray and Digital HD Details '' . Comingsoon.net . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book , ' ' Me Before You ' Debut at Top of Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Notches Second Week Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Moviegoers Flocking To Superhero Films , Talking Animal Toons And Almost Nothing Else '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Rules With A Mighty $103 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' A $337 M Offshore Beast As ' Huntsman ' Musters $80 M ; ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Global -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Jungle Book '' to Cross $800 M Mark Globally `` . The Walt Disney Company . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Passes $500 M Overseas On Way To $800 M WW , To Top ' Deadpool ' In UK '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Roars to $900 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` No. 6 ' The Jungle Book ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Batman V Superman ' Will Turn A Profit Despite Critical Kryptonite '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' expected to swing past $70 million in box office debut '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' and ' Barbershop 3 ' Seek Strong Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Earns Huge $32.4 M For $90 - 95M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings to Stellar $4.2 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Overcomes PG Stigma , Wowing Audiences of All Ages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Scores Huge $103.6 M U.S. Debut , Climbs to $291 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Captivates Moviegoers and Captures Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Opens with Massive $103 Million , Global Cume Tops $290 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Ends First Week With $130 M U.S. , Tops $400 M Worldwide Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Still A Box Office Bestseller With $60.8 M , ' Huntsman ' Trips With $20.1 M -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Tops With Huge $60 M Weekend , ' Batman V Superman ' Passes ' Iron Man ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Repeats , ' Huntsman ' Falls On His Axe and ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Tops $200 M U.S. In Just 12 Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' King Again , Reigns On Newcomer Parade : ' Keanu ' , ' Mother 's Day ' & ' Ratchet & Clank ' -- Monday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Snags Record - Low Third Weekend Plunge For A $100 M+ Opener '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Forecast : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Looks to Become Fourth $200 + Million Opener '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Civil War ' B.O. Slowed By Moms , But Still 5th - Best Opening Of All - Time With $178 M -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opens to Mighty $181.8 M in U.S. , Hits $678.4 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Hits $828 M , ' Mother 's Day ' Crumbles Again '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Swings With $57.1 M Overseas Through Thursday -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $487.7 M Offshore ; ' Jungle Book ' Swings With $31.7 M ; ' Huntsman ' Misses Mark ; ' Zootopia ' Sets Dis China Record -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Jumps To $138.6 M ; Passing $300 M WW Today , ' Batman v Superman ' At $829 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Grabs $200.4 M In Debut ; ' Jungle Book ' A Beast , And With ' Zootopia ' Disney Has $1.24 B From Three Titles -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Rocks India 's Box Office With Second Best Debut Ever For A Hollywood Film '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Nears $800 M Worldwide , ' Jungle Book ' And ' Huntsman ' Open Overseas '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Indian Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Second Highest Hollywood Opening Ever in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Swings to $57 Million at International Box Office , Breaks Big Record in India '' . Variety . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Back - End Profits In Prospect For Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` India Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Becomes Top Hollywood Release Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Disney India Getting Out of Bollywood Production ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Revenue in India Rises 10 Percent , Boosted by Dubbed Versions '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` On Screen China : Disney Hopes ' Jungle ' will Rumble Box Office '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings In China To $12 Million Opening Day , 250 % Better Than ' Zootopia ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Will Join The $1 Billion Club '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Flouts Bad Weather In China For $20 Million Saturday , Huge 72 % Fri - Sat Jump '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney ' Jungle Book ' China Date Follows ' Zootopia ' Hit , Leads Shanghai Park '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Swings $50 Million Opening for Disney '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Goes Bananas With $50 M Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice ' Sees $62.7 M In Offshore Looking Glass ; ' Warcraft ' Scores $31.7 M ; ' X-Men ' Cumes $183.4 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` China Goes Wild For ' Jungle Book ' With $50 Million Debut Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Holds Ahead of ' Huntsman , ' ' Sassy Girl ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book ahead of the pack in UK while Mirren eyes a hit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America unseats Jungle Book at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men gang up on an exhausted Captain America at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $300 M+ WW Through Monday With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $51.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Swims Past $100 M Overseas ; ' Pets ' Is Cat 's Meow In UK ; ' Warcraft ' Tops $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Rounds Up $243 M Overseas & $465 M Global Cumes ; ' Pets ' Prancing To $600 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Pets ' Goes Top as ' Shin Godzilla ' Breaks Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pets ' Pushes ' Suicide Squad ' From # 1 Offshore Perch , Collars $675 M WW ; Supervillains Gain On $600 M -- Intl B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' Opens at No. 4 with $2.4 M ; ' Secret Life of Pets ' Stays No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $34 M In Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $70 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Goes To The Mat ; Will Wrestling Drama Break Bollywood Bank ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Jungle Book , The ( United States , 2016 ) '' . ReelViews . James Berardinelli . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney Goes Wild '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zoller Seitz , Matt . `` THE JUNGLE BOOK '' . RogerEbert . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` The Jungle Book review : all of the talking animals , ranked '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Angie ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Early Buzz : Critics Go Wild for Disney 's 3D Remake '' . / Film . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beatrice Verhoeven ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is a ' Jaw - Dropper ' and ' Technical Marvel , ' Critics Say '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` What Critics Are Saying About ' The Jungle Book , ' ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' and ' Criminal ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Forget about your worries , this new Jungle Book makes perfect sense -- review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duralde , Alonso ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : ' Babe ' Meets Rudyard Kipling in Mostly Satisfying Remake '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book review -- spectacular revival of Disney 's family favourite '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney 's New Version Is A Stunning Visual Marvel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Nashawaty ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : It all looks real as boy meets talking animals '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travis ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW The Jungle Book '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bilge Ebiri ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` In ' The Jungle Book , ' Disney Builds a Better Reboot '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Recycled ' Jungle Book ' Puts a Real Boy in a Forest of Pixels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Cath ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book '' . Time Out . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is A Towering Visual Achievement '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Sarah ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Review '' . Screen International . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Ankita ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' movie review round - up : What critics have to say about Neel Sethi - starrer '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rasquinha , Reagan Gavin ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Sankhayan ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : The law of the jungle prevails '' . The Hindu . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Ananya ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review : Neel Sethi brings alive Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli '' . India Today . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Langer , Shalini ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review , four stars '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balapurwala , Tasneem ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' review : A visual and aural treat ! '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/the-jungle-book Jump up ^ http://moviemezzanine.com/jungle-book-essay/ Jump up ^ http://www.miami.com/039the-jungle-book039-soulless-adventure-pg-article Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book 2 ' in the Works With Jon Favreau , Justin Marks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Stakes Out Release Dates for ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Maleficent 2 ' and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Claims Dates for Several New Movies ; Confirms ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Mary Poppins ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ' The Lion King ' and ' The Jungle Book 2 ' '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live - action musical version of The Lion King , one that will take the Jungle Book 's photo - realistic technology further , and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal Film portal 2010s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Official website The Jungle Book on IMDb The Jungle Book at Box Office Mojo The Jungle Book at Rotten Tomatoes The Jungle Book at Metacritic Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1975 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Films directed by Jon Favreau Made ( 2001 ) Elf ( 2003 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Chef ( 2014 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! 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they go to bed with gilda they wake up with me
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In 1941 , Hayworth said she was the antithesis of the characters she played . `` I naturally am very shy ... and I suffer from an inferiority complex . '' Her provocative role in Gilda , in particular , was responsible for people expecting her to be what she was not . Hayworth once said , with some bitterness , `` Men go to bed with Gilda , but wake up with me . ''
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Rita Hayworth
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rita hayworth
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Rita Hayworth ( born Margarita Carmen Cansino ; October 17 , 1918 -- May 14 , 1987 ) was an American actress and dancer . She achieved fame during the 1940s as one of the era 's top stars , appearing in a total of 61 films over 37 years . The press coined the term `` The Love Goddess '' to describe Hayworth after she had become the most glamorous screen idol of the 1940s . She was the top pin - up girl for GIs during World War II .
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Hayworth is perhaps best known for her performance in the 1946 film noir , Gilda , opposite Glenn Ford , in which she played the femme fatale in her first major dramatic role . Fred Astaire , with whom she made two films , called her his favorite dance partner . Her greatest success was in the Technicolor musical Cover Girl ( 1944 ) , with Gene Kelly . She is listed as one of the top 25 female motion picture stars of all time in the American Film Institute 's survey , AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Stars . In 1980 , Hayworth was diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease , which contributed to her death at age 68 . The public disclosure and discussion of her illness drew attention to Alzheimer 's , and helped to increase public and private funding for Alzheimer 's research . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Peak years at Columbia 2.3 The Hollywood princess 2.4 Returning to Columbia 2.5 Struggles with Columbia Pictures 2.6 Public image 3 Personal life 3.1 Marriages and family 3.1. 1 Edward Charles Judson 3.1. 2 Orson Welles 3.1. 3 Prince Aly Khan 3.1. 4 Dick Haymes 3.1. 5 James Hill 3.2 Health 3.3 Political views 4 Religion 5 Death 6 Accolades 7 Legacy 8 Film and television credits 9 Cultural references 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Early life ( edit ) At age 12 , Margarita Cansino was dancing professionally as her father 's partner in the Dancing Cansinos ( 1931 ) . Margarita Cansino at age 16 , with her father and dancing partner Eduardo Cansino ( 1933 ) Rita and Eduardo Cansino ( 1935 ) Hayworth was born in Brooklyn , New York , in 1918 as Margarita Carmen Cansino , the oldest child of two dancers . Her father , Eduardo Cansino Sr. , was from Castilleja de la Cuesta , a little town near Seville , Spain . Her mother , Volga Hayworth , was an American of Irish - English descent who had performed with the Ziegfeld Follies . The couple married in 1917 . They also had two sons : Eduardo Jr. and Vernon . Her maternal uncle Vinton Hayworth was also an actor . Margarita 's father wanted her to become a professional dancer , while her mother hoped she would become an actress . Her paternal grandfather , Antonio Cansino , was renowned as a classical Spanish dancer . He popularized the bolero , and his dancing school in Madrid was world - famous . Hayworth later recalled , `` From the time I was three and a half ... as soon as I could stand on my own feet , I was given dance lessons . '' She noted `` I did n't like it very much ... but I did n't have the courage to tell my father , so I began taking the lessons . Rehearse , rehearse , rehearse , that was my girlhood '' . She attended dance classes every day for a few years in a Carnegie Hall complex , where she was taught by her uncle Angel Cansino . Before her fifth birthday she was one of the Four Cansinos featured in the Broadway production of The Greenwich Village Follies at the Winter Garden Theatre . In 1926 at the age of eight , she was featured in La Fiesta , a short film for Warner Bros . In 1927 , her father took the family to Hollywood . He believed that dancing could be featured in the movies and that his family could be part of it . He established his own dance studio , where he taught such stars as James Cagney and Jean Harlow . During the Great Depression , he lost all his investments as commercial interest in his dancing classes waned . In 1931 , Eduardo Cansino partnered with his 12 - year - old daughter to form an act called the Dancing Cansinos . Since under California law Margarita was too young to work in nightclubs and bars , her father took her with him to work across the border in Tijuana , Mexico . In the early 1930s , it was a popular tourist spot for people from Los Angeles . Because she was working , Cansino never graduated from high school , but she completed the ninth grade at Hamilton High in Los Angeles . Cansino ( Hayworth ) took a bit part in the film Cruz Diablo ( 1934 ) at age 16 , which led to another bit part in the film In Caliente ( 1935 ) with the Mexican actress Dolores del Río . She danced with her father in such nightspots as the Foreign and the Caliente clubs . Winfield Sheehan , the head of the Fox Film Corporation , saw her dancing at the Caliente Club and quickly arranged for Hayworth to do a screen test a week later . Impressed by her screen persona , Sheehan signed her for a short - term , six - month contract at Fox , under the name Rita Cansino , the first of two name changes during her film career . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Fox publicity photograph of Rita Cansino ( 1935 ) During her time at Fox , Hayworth was billed as Rita Cansino and appeared in unremarkable roles , often cast as the exotic foreigner . In late 1934 , aged 16 , she performed a dance sequence in the Spencer Tracy film Dante 's Inferno ( 1935 ) , and was put under contract in February 1935 . She had her first speaking role as an Argentinian girl in Under the Pampas Moon ( 1935 ) . She played an Egyptian girl in Charlie Chan in Egypt ( 1935 ) , and a Russian dancer in Paddy O'Day ( 1935 ) . Sheehan was grooming her for the lead in the 1936 Technicolor film Ramona , hoping to establish her as Fox Film 's new Dolores del Río . By the end of her six - month contract , Fox had merged into 20th Century Fox , with Darryl F. Zanuck serving as the executive producer . Dismissing Sheehan 's interest in her and giving Loretta Young the lead in Ramona , Zanuck did not renew Cansino 's contract . Sensing her screen potential , salesman and promoter Edward C. Judson , with whom she would elope in 1937 , got freelance work for her in several small - studio films and a part in the Columbia Pictures feature Meet Nero Wolfe ( 1936 ) . Studio head Harry Cohn signed her to a seven - year contract and tried her out in small roles . Cohn argued that her image was too Mediterranean , which limited her to being cast in `` exotic '' roles that were fewer in number . He was heard to say her last name sounded too Spanish . Judson acted on Cohn 's advice : Rita Cansino became Rita Hayworth when she adopted her mother 's maiden name , to the consternation of her father . With a name that emphasized her British - American ancestry , people were more likely to regard her as a classic `` American '' . Columbia Pictures publicity photograph of Rita Hayworth ( 1940 ) With Cohn and Judson 's encouragement , Hayworth changed her hair color to dark red and had electrolysis to raise her hairline and broaden the appearance of her forehead . Hayworth appeared in five minor Columbia pictures and three minor independent movies in 1937 . The following year , she appeared in five Columbia B movies . In 1939 , Cohn pressured director Howard Hawks to use Hayworth for a small but important role as a man - trap in the aviation drama Only Angels Have Wings , in which she played opposite Cary Grant and Jean Arthur . With this film 's box - office success , fan mail for Hayworth began pouring into Columbia 's publicity department . Cohn began to see Hayworth as his first and official new star . The studio never officially had stars under contract , except for Jean Arthur , who was trying to break with it . Cohn began to build up Hayworth in 1940 in features such as Music in My Heart , The Lady in Question , and Angels Over Broadway . That year , she was first featured in a Life magazine cover story . Cohn loaned Hayworth to Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer to appear in Susan and God opposite Joan Crawford . While on loan to Warner Bros. , Hayworth appeared as the second female lead in The Strawberry Blonde ( 1941 ) , opposite James Cagney . Because the film was a big box - office success , Hayworth 's popularity rose and she immediately became one of Hollywood 's hottest actresses . So impressed was Warner Bros. , they tried to buy Hayworth 's contract from Columbia , but Cohn refused to release her . Her success led to a supporting role in Blood and Sand ( 1941 ) opposite Tyrone Power and Linda Darnell with Fox , the studio that had dropped her six years before . In one of her most notable screen roles , Hayworth played Doña Sol des Muire , the first of many screen sirens . With Fred Astaire in You Were Never Lovelier ( 1942 ) She returned in triumph to Columbia Pictures and was cast in the musical You 'll Never Get Rich ( 1941 ) opposite Fred Astaire in one of the highest - budgeted films Columbia had ever made . The picture was so successful , the studio produced and released another Astaire - Hayworth picture the following year , You Were Never Lovelier . Astaire 's biographer Peter Levinson writes that the dancing combination of Astaire and Hayworth was `` absolute magnetism on the screen . '' Although Astaire made 10 films with Ginger Rogers , his other main dancing partner , Hayworth 's sensuality surpassed Rogers 's cool technical expertise . `` Rita 's youthful exuberance meshed perfectly with Fred 's maturity and elegance , '' says Levinson . When Astaire was asked who his favorite dance partner was , he tried not answering the question , but later admitted it was Hayworth : `` All right , I 'll give you a name , '' he said . `` But if you ever let it out , I 'll swear I lied . It was Rita Hayworth . '' Astaire commented that `` Rita danced with trained perfection and individuality ... She was better when she was ' on ' than at rehearsal . '' Biographer Charlie Reinhart describes the effect she had on Astaire 's style : There was a kind of reserve about Fred . It was charming . It carried over to his dancing . With Hayworth there was no reserve . She was very explosive . And that 's why I think they really complemented each other . Iconic photograph of Rita Hayworth for Life ( August 11 , 1941 ) In August 1941 , Hayworth was featured in an iconic Life photo in which she posed in a negligee with a black lace bodice . Bob Landry 's photo made Hayworth one of the top two pin - up girls of the World War II years ; the other was Betty Grable , in a 1943 photograph . For two years , Hayworth 's photograph was the most requested pin - up photograph in circulation . In 2002 , the satin nightgown Hayworth wore for the photo sold for $26,888 . In March 1942 , Hayworth visited Brazil as a cultural ambassador for the Roosevelt administration 's Good Neighbor policy , under the auspices of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs . Peak years at Columbia ( edit ) Hayworth had top billing in one of her best - known films , the Technicolor musical Cover Girl , released in 1944 . The film established her as Columbia 's top star of the 1940s , and it gave her the distinction of being the first of only six women to dance on screen with both Gene Kelly and Fred Astaire . `` I guess the only jewels of my life , '' Hayworth said in 1970 , `` were the pictures I made with Fred Astaire ... And Cover Girl , too . '' Hayworth and choreographer Jack Cole in Tonight and Every Night ( 1945 ) For three consecutive years , starting in 1944 , Hayworth was named one of the top movie box - office attractions in the world . She was adept in ballet , tap , ballroom , and Spanish routines . Cohn continued to showcase Hayworth 's dance talents . Columbia featured her in the Technicolor films Tonight and Every Night ( 1945 ) with Lee Bowman and Down to Earth ( 1947 ) with Larry Parks . Hayworth as Gilda ( 1946 ) Her sexy , glamorous appeal was most noted in Charles Vidor 's film noir Gilda ( 1946 ) with Glenn Ford , which caused censors some consternation . The role , in which Hayworth wore black satin and performed a legendary one - glove striptease , `` Put The Blame On Mame '' , made her into a cultural icon as a femme fatale . While Gilda was in release , it was widely reported that an atomic bomb which was scheduled to be tested at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean 's Marshall Islands would bear an image of Hayworth , a reference to her bombshell status . Although the gesture was undoubtedly meant as a compliment , Hayworth was deeply offended . Orson Welles , then married to Hayworth , recalled her anger in an interview with biographer Barbara Leaming : `` Rita used to fly into terrible rages all the time , but the angriest was when she found out that they 'd put her on the atom bomb . Rita almost went insane , she was so angry ... She wanted to go to Washington to hold a press conference , but Harry Cohn would n't let her because it would be unpatriotic . '' Welles tried to persuade Hayworth that the whole business was not a publicity stunt on Cohn 's part , that it was simply homage to her from the flight crew . On the June 30 , 1946 broadcast of Orson Welles Commentaries , Welles said of the imminent test , `` I want my daughter to be able to tell her daughter that grandmother 's picture was on the last atom bomb ever to explode . '' The fourth atomic bomb ever to be detonated was decorated with a photograph of Hayworth cut from the June 1946 issue of Esquire magazine . Above it was stenciled the device 's nickname , `` Gilda '' , in two - inch black letters . Hayworth in The Lady from Shanghai ( 1947 ) Hayworth 's performance in Welles 's 1947 film The Lady from Shanghai was critically acclaimed . The film 's failure at the box office was attributed in part to Hayworth 's famous red hair being cut short and bleached platinum blonde for the role . Cohn had not been consulted and was furious that Hayworth 's image was changed . Also in 1947 , Hayworth was featured in a Life cover story by Winthrop Sargeant that resulted in her being nicknamed `` The Love Goddess '' . The term was adopted and used later as the title of a biopic and of a biography about her . In a 1980s interview , Hayworth said , `` Everybody else does nude scenes , but I do n't . I never made nude movies . I did n't have to do that . I danced . I was provocative , I guess , in some things . But I was not completely exposed . '' Her next film , The Loves of Carmen ( 1948 ) with Glenn Ford , was the first film co-produced by Columbia and Hayworth 's production company , The Beckworth Corporation ( named for Rebecca , her daughter with Welles ) . It was Columbia 's biggest moneymaker that year . She received a percentage of the profits from this and all her subsequent films until 1954 , when she dissolved Beckworth to pay off debts . The Hollywood Princess ( edit ) Rita Hayworth and Prince Aly Khan at their wedding reception in the garden of the Château de l'Horizon , near Cannes ( May 27 , 1949 ) In 1948 , at the height of her fame , Hayworth traveled to Cannes and was introduced to Prince Aly Khan . They began a year - long courtship , and were married on May 27 , 1949 . Hayworth left Hollywood and sailed for France , breaking her contract with Columbia . Because Hayworth was already one of the most well - known celebrities in the world , the courtship and the wedding received enormous press coverage around the world . Because she was still legally married to second husband Orson Welles , Hayworth also received some negative backlash for her courtship with the prince , causing some American fans to boycott her pictures . The wedding marked the first time a Hollywood actress became a princess . On December 28 , 1949 , Hayworth gave birth to the couple 's only daughter , Princess Yasmin Aga Khan . Though Hayworth was anxious to start a new life abroad , away from Hollywood , Aly Khan 's flamboyant lifestyle and duties proved too difficult for Hayworth . She struggled to fit in with his friends , and found it difficult to learn French . Aly Khan was also known in circles as a playboy , and it was suspected that he had been unfaithful to Hayworth during the marriage . In 1951 , Hayworth set sail with her two daughters for New York . Although the couple did reconcile for a short time , they officially divorced in 1953 . Returning to Columbia ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the collapse of her marriage to Khan , Rita Hayworth was forced to return to Hollywood to star in her `` comeback '' picture , Affair in Trinidad ( 1952 ) which again paired her with Glenn Ford . Director Vincent Sherman recalled that Hayworth seemed `` rather frightened at the approach of doing another picture '' . She continued to clash with Columbia boss Harry Cohn , and was placed on suspension during filming . Nevertheless , the picture was highly publicized . The picture ended up grossing $1 million more than her previous blockbuster , Gilda . She continued to star in a string of successful pictures . In 1953 , she had two films released : Salome with Charles Laughton and Stewart Granger , and Miss Sadie Thompson with José Ferrer and Aldo Ray . She was off the big screen for another four years , mainly because of a tumultuous marriage to the singer Dick Haymes . During her marriage to Haymes , she was involved in much negative publicity , which significantly lessened her appeal . By the time she returned to the screen for Fire Down Below ( 1957 ) , Kim Novak had become Columbia 's top female star . Her last musical was Pal Joey ( 1957 ) . After this film , Hayworth left Columbia for good . She received good reviews for her performance in Separate Tables ( 1958 ) , with Burt Lancaster and David Niven , and The Story on Page One ( 1960 ) . She continued working throughout the 1960s . In 1962 , her planned Broadway debut in Step on a Crack was cancelled for undisclosed health reasons . The Money Trap ( 1964 ) paired her , for the last time , with good friend Glenn Ford . She continued to act in films until the early 1970s . She made comedic television appearances on Laugh In and The Carol Burnett Show in the 1970s . Her last film was The Wrath of God ( 1972 ) . Struggles with Columbia pictures ( edit ) Hayworth had a strained relationship with Columbia Pictures for many years . In 1943 , she was suspended without pay for nine weeks because she refused to appear in Once Upon a Time . During this period in Hollywood , contract players could not choose their films ; they were on salary rather than receiving a fixed amount per picture . Glenn Ford and Hayworth in Gilda ( 1946 ) In 1947 , Hayworth 's new contract with Columbia provided a salary of $250,000 plus 50 % of film 's profits . In 1951 , Columbia alleged it had $800,000 invested in properties for her , including the film she walked out on that year . Hayworth left Hollywood to marry Prince Aly Khan and was suspended for failing to report to work on the film Affair in Trinidad . In 1952 , Hayworth refused to report for work because she objected to the script . In 1955 , she sued Columbia Pictures to be released from her contract , but asked for her $150,000 salary , alleging that the filming failed to start when agreed . She said , `` I was in Switzerland when they sent me the script for Affair in Trinidad and I threw it across the room . But I did the picture , and Pal Joey , too . I came back to Columbia because I wanted to work and first , see , I had to finish that goddamn contract , which is how Harry Cohn owned me ! '' `` Harry Cohn thought of me as one of the people he could exploit , and make a lot of money , '' Hayworth said in 1972 . `` And I did make a lot of money for him , but not much for me . '' Years after her film career had ended and long after Cohn had died , Hayworth still resented her treatment by both him and Columbia . She spoke bluntly in a 1968 interview : I used to have to punch a time clock at Columbia . Every day of my life . That 's what it was like . I was under exclusive contract , like they owned me ... I think he had my dressing room bugged ... He was very possessive of me as a person , he did n't want me to go out with anybody , have any friends . No one can live that way . So I fought him ... You want to know what I think of Harry Cohn ? He was a monster . Hayworth resented the fact that the studio had failed to train her to sing or even to encourage her to learn how to sing . Although she appeared to sing in many of her films , she was usually dubbed . Because the public did not know her secret , she was embarrassed to be asked to sing by troops at USO shows . `` I wanted to study singing '' , Hayworth complained , `` but Harry Cohn kept saying , ' Who needs it ? ' and the studio would n't pay for it . They had me so intimidated that I could n't have done it anyway . They always said , ' Oh , no , we ca n't let you do it . There 's no time for that ; it has to be done right now ! ' I was under contract , and that was it . '' Hayworth did sing the acoustic guitar version of `` Put the Blame on Mame '' in Gilda . The other songs in the picture were dubbed by Anita Ellis . Cohn had a reputation as a taskmaster , but he had his own criticisms of Hayworth . He had invested heavily in her before she began a reckless affair with the married Aly Khan , and it could have caused a backlash against her career and Columbia 's success . For instance , an article in the British periodical The People called for a boycott of Hayworth 's films : `` Hollywood must be told its already tarnished reputation will sink to rock bottom if it restores this reckless woman to a place among its stars . '' Cohn expressed his frustration in a 1957 interview with Time magazine : `` Hayworth might be worth ten million dollars today easily ! She owned 25 % of the profits with her own company and had hit after hit and she had to get married and had to get out of the business and took a suspension because she fell in love again ! In five years , at two pictures a year , at 25 % ! Think of what she could have made ! But she did n't make pictures ! She took two or three suspensions ! She got mixed up with different characters ! Unpredictable ! '' Public image ( edit ) Hayworth was a top glamour girl in the 1940s , a pin - up girl for military servicemen and a beauty icon for women . At 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) and 120 lb ( 54 kg ) , she was tall enough to be a concern for dancing partners such as Fred Astaire . She reportedly changed her hair color eight times in eight movies . In 1949 , Hayworth 's lips were voted best in the world by the Artists League of America . She had a modeling contract with Max Factor to promote its Tru - Color lipsticks and Pan-Stik make - up . Personal life ( edit ) Marriages and family ( edit ) In 1941 , Hayworth said she was the antithesis of the characters she played . `` I naturally am very shy ... and I suffer from an inferiority complex . '' Her provocative role in Gilda , in particular , was responsible for people expecting her to be what she was not . Hayworth once said , with some bitterness , `` Men go to bed with Gilda , but wake up with me . '' Hayworth 's two younger brothers , Eduardo Cansino Jr . ( October 13 , 1919 -- March 11 , 1974 ) and Vernon Cansino , both served in World War II . Vernon left the United States Army in 1946 with several medals , including the Purple Heart , and later married Susan Vail , a dancer . Eduardo Jr. followed Hayworth into acting ; he was also under contract with Columbia Pictures . In 1950 , he made his screen debut in The Great Adventures of Captain Kidd . Hayworth was married and divorced five times . She said , `` Basically , I am a good , gentle person , but I am attracted to mean personalities . '' Edward Charles Judson ( edit ) Edward Judson and Rita Hayworth ( 1942 ) In 1937 , when Hayworth was 18 , she married Edward Judson , an oilman turned promoter who was more than twice her age . They married in Las Vegas . He had played a major role in launching her acting career . A shrewd businessman , he was domineering and became her manager for months before he proposed . `` He helped me with my career , '' Hayworth conceded after they divorced , `` and helped himself to my money . '' She alleged that Judson compelled her to transfer a considerable amount of her property to him and she promised to pay him $12,000 under threats that he would do her `` great bodily harm . '' She filed for divorce from him on February 24 , 1942 , with a complaint of cruelty . She noted to the press that his work took him to Oklahoma and Texas while she lived and worked in Hollywood . Judson was as old as her father , who was enraged by the marriage , which caused a rift between Hayworth and her parents until the divorce . Judson had failed to tell Hayworth before they married that he had previously been married twice . When she left him , she literally had no money ; she asked her friend Hermes Pan if she could eat at his home . Orson Welles ( edit ) Wedding of Orson Welles and Rita Hayworth , with best man Joseph Cotten ( September 7 , 1943 ) Hayworth married Orson Welles on September 7 , 1943 , during the run of The Mercury Wonder Show . None of her colleagues knew about the planned wedding ( before a judge ) until she announced it the day before . For the civil ceremony , she wore a beige suit , a ruffled white blouse , and a veil . A few hours after they got married , they returned to work at the studio . They had a daughter , Rebecca , who was born on December 17 , 1944 , and died at the age of 59 on October 17 , 2004 . They struggled in their marriage , with Hayworth saying that Welles did not want to be tied down : During the entire period of our marriage , he showed no interest in establishing a home . When I suggested purchasing a home , he told me he did n't want the responsibility . Mr. Welles told me he never should have married in the first place ; that it interfered with his freedom in his way of life . Despite this , Hayworth called Welles the `` great love of her life '' . On November 10 , 1947 , she was granted a divorce that became final the following year . Prince Aly Khan ( edit ) Rita Hayworth and Aly Khan in Paris in 1952 , before their divorce In 1948 , Hayworth left her film career to marry Prince Aly Khan , a son of Sultan Mahommed Shah , Aga Khan III , the leader of the Ismaili sect of Shia Islam . They were married on May 27 , 1949 . Her bridal trousseau had been influenced by Dior 's `` New Look '' , launched in 1947 . Aly Khan and his family were heavily involved in horse racing , owning and racing horses . Hayworth had no interest in the sport , but became a member of the Del Mar Thoroughbred Club anyway . Her filly , Double Rose , won several races in France and finished second in the 1949 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe . In 1951 , while still married to Hayworth , Khan was spotted dancing with the actress Joan Fontaine in the nightclub where he and Hayworth had met . Hayworth threatened to divorce him in Reno , Nevada . In early May , Hayworth moved to Nevada to establish legal residence to qualify for a divorce . She stayed at Lake Tahoe with their daughter , saying there was a threat the child would be kidnapped . Hayworth filed for divorce from Khan on September 2 , 1951 , on the grounds of `` extreme cruelty , entirely mental in nature . '' Hayworth once said she might convert to Islam , but did not . During the custody fight over their daughter , Princess Yasmin Aga Khan , born ( 1949 - 12 - 28 ) December 28 , 1949 , the prince said he wanted her to be raised as a Muslim ; Hayworth wanted the child to be raised as a Christian . Hayworth rejected his offer of $1 million if she would rear Yasmin as a Muslim from age seven and allow her to go to Europe to visit with him for two or three months each year , stating : Nothing will make me give up Yasmin 's chance to live here in America among our precious freedoms and habits . While I respect the Muslim faith , and all other faiths , it is my earnest wish that my daughter be raised as a normal , healthy American girl in the Christian faith . There is n't any amount of money in the entire world for which it is worth sacrificing this child 's privilege of living as a normal Christian girl here in the United States . There just is n't anything else in the world that can compare with her sacred chance to do that . And I 'm going to give it to Yasmin regardless of what it costs . In January 1953 Hayworth was granted a divorce from Aly Khan on the grounds of extreme mental cruelty . Hayworth 's daughter Yasmin played about the court while the case was being heard , finally climbing on to the Judge 's lap . Dick Haymes ( edit ) Rita Hayworth and Dick Haymes obtaining their marriage license in Las Vegas ( September 23 , 1953 ) When Hayworth and Dick Haymes first met , he was still married and his singing career was waning . When she showed up at the clubs , he got a larger audience . Haymes was desperate for money , because two of his former wives were taking legal action against him for unpaid child support . His financial problems were so bad , he could not return to California without being arrested . On July 7 , 1954 , his ex-wife Nora Eddington got a bench warrant for his arrest , because he owed her $3,800 in alimony . Less than a week earlier , his other ex-wife , Joanne Dru , also got a bench warrant because she said he owed $4,800 in support payments for their three children . Hayworth ended up paying most of Haymes 's debts . Haymes was born in Argentina , and did not have solid proof of American citizenship . Not long after he met Hayworth , U.S. officials initiated proceedings to have him deported to Argentina for being an illegal alien . He hoped Hayworth could influence the government and keep him in the United States . When she assumed responsibility for his citizenship , a bond was formed that led to marriage . The two were married on September 24 , 1953 , at the Sands Hotel , Las Vegas , and their wedding procession went through the casino . From the start of their marriage , Haymes was deeply indebted to the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) . When Hayworth took time off from attending his comeback performances in Philadelphia , the audiences sharply declined . Haymes 's $5000 weekly salary was attached by the IRS to pay a $100,000 bill , and he was unable to pay his pianist . Haymes ' ex-wives demanded money while Hayworth publicly bemoaned her own lack of alimony from Aly Khan . At one point , the couple was effectively imprisoned in a hotel room for 24 hours in Manhattan at the Hotel Madison as sheriff 's deputies waited outside threatening to arrest Haymes for outstanding debts . At the same time , Hayworth was fighting a severe custody battle with Khan , during which she reported death threats against their children . While living in New York , Hayworth sent the children to live with their nanny in Westchester County . They were found and photographed by a reporter from Confidential magazine . After a tumultuous two years together , Haymes struck Hayworth in the face in 1955 in public at the Cocoanut Grove nightclub in Los Angeles . Hayworth packed her bags , walked out , and never returned . The assault and crisis shook her , and her doctor ordered her to remain in bed for several days . Hayworth was short of money after her marriage to Haymes . She had failed to gain child support from Aly Khan . She sued Orson Welles for back payment of child support which she claimed had never been paid . This effort was unsuccessful and added to her stress . James Hill ( edit ) James Hill and Rita Hayworth obtaining their marriage license in Santa Monica ( January 27 , 1958 ) Hayworth began a relationship with film producer James Hill , whom she went on to marry on February 2 , 1958 . He put her in one of her last major films , Separate Tables . This film was popular and highly praised , although The Harvard Lampoon named her the worst actress of 1958 for her performance . On September 1 , 1961 , Hayworth filed for divorce , alleging extreme mental cruelty . Hill later wrote Rita Hayworth : A Memoir , in which he suggested that their marriage collapsed because he wanted Hayworth to continue making movies , while she wanted them both to retire from Hollywood . In his autobiography , Charlton Heston wrote about Hayworth 's brief marriage to Hill . One night Heston and his wife Lydia joined the couple for dinner at a restaurant in Spain with the director George Marshall and the actor Rex Harrison , Hayworth 's co-star in The Happy Thieves . Heston wrote that the occasion `` turned into the single most embarrassing evening of my life , '' describing how Hill heaped `` obscene abuse '' on Hayworth until she was `` reduced to a helpless flood of tears , her face buried in her hands . '' Heston wrote that the others sat stunned , witnesses to a `` marital massacre '' and , though he was `` strongly tempted to slug him '' ( Hill ) , he left with his wife Lydia after she stood up , almost in tears . Heston wrote , `` I 'm ashamed of walking away from Miss Hayworth 's humiliation . I never saw her again . '' Health ( edit ) Hayworth and Carol Burnett on The Carol Burnett Show ( 1971 ) Lily Tomlin and Hayworth on Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1971 ) Hayworth reprising the role of Sadie Thompson on Laugh - In ( 1971 ) Orson Welles noted Hayworth 's problem with alcohol during their marriage , but he never believed that her problem was alcoholism . `` It certainly imitated alcoholism in every superficial way , '' he recalled in 1983 . `` She 'd fly into these rages , never at me , never once , always at Harry Cohn or her father or her mother or her brother . She would break all the furniture and she 'd get in a car and I 'd have to get in the car and try to control her . She 'd drive up in the hills suicidally . Terrible , terrible nights . And I just saw this lovely girl destroying herself . I admire Yasmin so much . '' Yasmin Aga Khan spoke of her mother 's long struggle with alcohol : I remember as a child that she had a drinking problem . She had difficulty coping with the ups and downs of the business ... As a child , I thought , ' She has a drinking problem and she 's an alcoholic . ' That was very clear and I thought , ' Well , there 's not much I can do . I can just , sort of , stand by and watch . ' It 's very difficult , seeing your mother , going through her emotional problems and drinking and then behaving in that manner ... Her condition became quite bad . It worsened and she did have an alcoholic breakdown and landed in the hospital . In 1972 , the 54 - year - old Hayworth wanted to retire from acting , but she needed money . At the suggestion of Robert Mitchum , she agreed to film The Wrath of God . The experience exposed her poor health and her worsening mental state . Because she could not remember her lines , her scenes were shot one line at a time . In November , she agreed to complete one more movie , the British film Tales That Witness Madness , but because of her worsening health , she left the set and returned to the United States . She never returned to acting . In March 1974 , both of her brothers died within a week of each other , which caused her great sadness and led to heavy drinking . In January 1976 at London 's Heathrow Airport , Hayworth was removed from a TWA flight after having an angry outburst while traveling with her agent . The event attracted much negative publicity ; a disturbing photograph was published in newspapers the next day . Hayworth 's alcoholism hid symptoms of what was eventually understood to be Alzheimer 's disease . `` It was the outbursts , '' said Yasmin Aga Khan . `` She 'd fly into a rage . I ca n't tell you . I thought it was alcoholism -- alcoholic dementia . We all thought that . The papers picked that up , of course . You ca n't imagine the relief just in getting a diagnosis . We had a name at last , Alzheimer 's ! Of course , that did n't really come until the last seven or eight years . She was n't diagnosed as having Alzheimer 's until 1980 . There were two decades of hell before that . '' Biographer Barbara Leaming wrote that Hayworth aged prematurely because of her addiction to alcohol and also because of the many stresses in her life . `` Despite the artfully applied make - up and shoulder - length red hair , there was no concealing the ravages of drink and stress , '' she wrote of Hayworth 's arrival in New York in May 1956 in order to begin work on Fire Down Below , her first film in three years . `` Deep lines had crept around her eyes and mouth , and she appeared worn , exhausted -- older than her thirty - eight years . '' Alzheimer 's disease had been largely forgotten by the medical community since its discovery in 1906 . Medical historian Barron H. Lerner wrote that when Hayworth 's diagnosis was made public in 1981 , she became `` the first public face of Alzheimer 's , helping to ensure that future patients did not go undiagnosed ... Unbeknownst to her , Hayworth helped to destigmatize a condition that can still embarrass victims and their families . '' In July 1981 , Hayworth 's health had deteriorated to the point that a judge in Los Angeles Superior Court ruled that she should be placed under the care of her daughter , Princess Yasmin Aga Khan of New York City . Hayworth lived in an apartment at The San Remo on Central Park West adjoining that of her daughter , who arranged for her mother 's care during her final years . When asked how her mother was doing , Yasmin replied , `` She 's still beautiful . But it 's a shell . '' In 1983 , Rebecca Welles arranged to see her mother for the first time in seven years . Speaking to his lifelong friend Roger Hill , Orson Welles expressed his concern about the visit 's effect on his daughter . `` Rita barely knows me now , '' Welles said . He recalled seeing Hayworth three years before at an event which the Reagans held for Frank Sinatra . `` When it was over , I came over to her table and I saw that she was very beautiful , very reposed looking , and did n't know me at first . After about four minutes of speaking , I could see that she realized who I was , and she began to cry quietly . '' In an interview which he gave the evening before his death in 1985 , Welles called Hayworth `` one of the dearest and sweetest women that ever lived '' . Political views ( edit ) Hayworth was a lifelong Democrat who was an active member of the Hollywood Democratic Committee and was active in the campaign of Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the 1944 presidential election . Religion ( edit ) Hayworth was a Roman Catholic whose marriage to Prince Aly Khan was deemed `` illicit '' by Pope John XXIII . Death ( edit ) Hayworth 's grave at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City , California Rita Hayworth lapsed into a semicoma in February 1987 . She died at age 68 from complications associated with Alzheimer 's disease three months later on May 14 , 1987 , at her home in Manhattan . President Ronald Reagan , who had been one of Hayworth 's contemporaries in Hollywood , issued a statement : Rita Hayworth was one of our country 's most beloved stars . Glamorous and talented , she gave us many wonderful moments on stage and screen and delighted audiences from the time she was a young girl . In her later years , Rita became known for her struggle with Alzheimer 's disease . Her courage and candor , and that of her family , were a great public service in bringing worldwide attention to a disease which we all hope will soon be cured . Nancy and I are saddened by Rita 's death . She was a friend who we will miss . We extend our deep sympathy to her family . A funeral service was held on May 18 , 1987 , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills . Pallbearers included actors Ricardo Montalbán , Glenn Ford , Cesar Romero , Anthony Franciosa , choreographer Hermes Pan , and a family friend , Phillip Luchenbill . She was interred at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City . Her headstone includes Yasmin 's sentiment : `` To yesterday 's companionship and tomorrow 's reunion . '' Accolades ( edit ) Hayworth receives the National Screen Heritage Award of the National Film Society ( 1978 ) Hayworth received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama for her performance in Circus World ( 1964 ) . In 1978 at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington , DC , Hayworth was presented with the inaugural National Screen Heritage Award of the National Film Society , a group that published American Classic Screen magazine ( 1976 -- 84 ) . In 1999 , Hayworth was acknowledged as one of the top - 25 greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood cinema in the American Film Institute 's survey , AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Stars . Legacy ( edit ) The public disclosure and discussion of Hayworth 's illness drew international attention to Alzheimer 's disease , which was little known at the time , and it helped to greatly increase federal funding for Alzheimer 's research . The Rita Hayworth Gala , a benefit for the Alzheimer 's Association , is held annually in Chicago and New York City . The program was founded in 1985 by Princess Yasmin Aga Khan , in honor of her mother . She is the hostess for the events and a major sponsor of Alzheimer 's disease charities and awareness programs . As of August 2017 , a total of more than $72 million had been raised through events in Chicago , New York and Palm Beach , Florida . On October 17 , 2016 , a press release from the Springer Associates Public Relations Agency announced that Rita Hayworth 's former manager and friend , Budd Burton Moss , initiated a campaign to solicit the United States Postal Service to issue a commemorative stamp featuring Hayworth . Springer Associates also announced that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences would be lobbied in hopes of having an honorary Academy Award issued in memory of Hayworth . The press release added that Hayworth 's daughter , Princess Yasmin Aga Khan , the Alzheimer 's Association of Greater Los Angeles , and numerous prominent personalities of stage and screen were supporting the Moss campaign . The press release stated the target date for fulfillment of the stamp and Academy Award to be on October 17 , 2018 , on what will be the centennial of Hayworth 's birth . Film and television credits ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1926 Fiesta , La La Fiesta Short subject Credited as Rita Cansino 1934 Cruz Diablo Extra Uncredited 1935 In Caliente Credited as Rita Cansino 1935 Under the Pampas Moon Carmen Credited as Rita Cansino 1935 Charlie Chan in Egypt Nayda Credited as Rita Cansino 1935 Dante 's Inferno Dancer Credited as Rita Cansino 1935 Piernas de seda Ballerina Credited as Rita Cansino 1935 Hi , Gaucho ! Dolores Uncredited 1935 Paddy O'Day Tamara Petrovitch Credited as Rita Cansino 1936 Professional Soldier Gypsy Dancer Credited as Rita Cansino 1936 Human Cargo Carmen Zoro Credited as Rita Cansino 1936 Dancing Pirate Specialty Dancer Uncredited 1936 Meet Nero Wolfe Maria Maringola Credited as Rita Cansino 1936 Rebellion Paula Castillo Alternative title : Lady from Frisco Credited as Rita Cansino 1937 Old Louisiana Angela Gonzales Alternative title : Louisiana Gal Credited as Rita Cansino 1937 Hit the Saddle Rita Credited as Rita Cansino 1937 Trouble in Texas Carmen Serano Credited as Rita Cansino 1937 Criminals of the Air Rita Owens 1937 Girls Can Play Sue Collins 1937 Game That Kills , The The Game That Kills Betty Holland 1937 Life Begins with Love Dinner Guest 's Girl Friend Uncredited 1937 Paid to Dance Betty Morgan Alternative title : Hard to Hold 1937 Shadow , the the Shadow Mary Gillespie 1938 Who Killed Gail Preston ? Gail Preston 1938 Special Inspector Patricia Lane Alternative title : Across the Border 1938 There 's Always a Woman Mary -- Ketterling 's Secretary Uncredited 1938 Convicted Jerry Wheeler 1938 Juvenile Court Marcia Adams 1938 Renegade Ranger , The The Renegade Ranger Judith Alvarez 1939 Homicide Bureau J.G. Bliss 1939 Lone Wolf Spy Hunt , The The Lone Wolf Spy Hunt Karen 1939 Only Angels Have Wings Judy MacPherson 1940 Music in My Heart Patricia O'Malley 1940 Blondie on a Budget Joan Forrester 1940 Susan and God Leonora Stubbs 1940 Lady in Question , The The Lady in Question Natalie Roguin 1940 Angels Over Broadway Nina Barona 1941 Strawberry Blonde , The The Strawberry Blonde Virginia Brush 1941 Affectionately Yours Irene Malcolm 1941 Blood and Sand Doña Sol 1941 You 'll Never Get Rich Sheila Winthrop 1942 My Gal Sal Sally Elliott 1942 Tales of Manhattan Ethel Halloway 1942 You Were Never Lovelier Maria Acuña 1944 Cover Girl Rusty Parker / Maribelle Hicks 1945 Tonight and Every Night Rosalind Bruce 1946 Gilda Gilda Mundson Farrell 1947 Down to Earth Terpsichore / Kitty Pendleton 1947 Lady from Shanghai , The The Lady from Shanghai Elsa Bannister 1948 Loves of Carmen , The The Loves of Carmen Carmen Producer ( uncredited ) 1952 Affair in Trinidad Chris Emery Producer ( uncredited ) 1953 Salome Princess Salome Alternative title : Salome : The Dance of the Seven Veils Producer ( uncredited ) 1953 Miss Sadie Thompson Sadie Thompson 1957 Fire Down Below Irena 1957 Pal Joey Vera Prentice - Simpson 1958 Separate Tables Ann Shankland 1959 They Came to Cordura Adelaide Geary 1959 Story on Page One , The The Story on Page One Josephine Brown / Jo Morris 1961 Happy Thieves , The The Happy Thieves Eve Lewis Executive producer 1964 Circus World Lili Alfredo 1965 Money Trap , The The Money Trap Rosalie Kenny 1966 Poppy Is Also a Flower , The The Poppy Is Also a Flower ( TV ) Monique Marko 1967 Rover , The The Rover Aunt Caterina Alternative title : L'avventuriero 1968 Bastard , The The Bastard Martha Alternative title : I bastardi 1970 Road to Salina Mara Alternative title : La route de Salina 1970 Naked Zoo , The The Naked Zoo Mrs. Golden 1971 Carol Burnett Show , The The Carol Burnett Show ( TV series ) Herself Episode # 4.20 1971 Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( TV series ) Herself Episode # 5.3 1972 Wrath of God , The The Wrath of God Señora De La Plata Cultural references ( edit ) The film I Remember Better When I Paint ( 2009 ) describes how Hayworth took up painting while struggling with Alzheimer 's and produced art . See also ( edit ) Rita Hayworth -- Wikipedia book References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth , 68 , films ' ' Love Goddess ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . May 16 , 1987 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Leaming , Barbara ( 1989 ) . If This Was Happiness : A Biography of Rita Hayworth . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81978 - 6 . Jump up ^ Márquez Reviriego , Víctor ( March 24 , 1984 ) . `` Del firmamento al limbo '' . ABC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ware , Susan ; Braukman , Stacy , eds. ( 2005 ) . Notable American Women : A Biographical Dictionary . Volume 5 : Completing the Twentieth Century . Cambridge , Mass. : Belknap Press . p. 281 . ISBN 9780674014886 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Born to Rita After Pre-dawn Dash to Clinic '' , Associated Press , December 28 , 1949 ; accessed June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Vincent Hayworth Has Two Beauties Saying ' Uncle ' '' . The Baytown Sun ( Baytown , Texas ) . January 29 , 1951 . p. 6 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth Delights Papa and Mama Cansino . '' Ellensburg Daily Record , July 13 , 1944 . Accessed June 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Rita Hayworth 's Grandfather Dies at 89 . '' Los Angeles Times , June 22 , 1954 Jump up ^ Agan , Patrick ( 1979 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Love Goddesses . Los Angeles : Pinnacle Books . ISBN 9780523406237 . ^ Jump up to : Morella , Joe ; Epstein , Edward Z. ( 1983 ) . Rita : The Life of Rita Hayworth . New York : Delacourte Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 29265 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Cansinos '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' Greenwich Follies ' Anew '' . The New York Times . September 21 , 1923 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Burroughs Hannasberry , Karen ( 2010 ) . Femme Noir : Bad Girls of Film . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 786 - 44682 - X . Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth Goes on a Bicycle Picnic '' . Life . 9 ( 3 ) : 58 . July 15 , 1940 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Peter . Puttin ' On the Ritz : Fred Astaire and the Fine Art of Panache , A Biography , St. Martin 's Press ( 2009 ) pp. 123 - 24 Jump up ^ You Were Never Lovelier , fair use clip Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth Rises from Bit Parts Into a Triple - Threat Song & Dance Star '' . Life . 11 ( 6 ) : 33 . August 11 , 1941 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Life with Rita Hayworth : Hollywood Legend , Pinup Icon '' . Life . Time Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stamberg , Susan ( May 13 , 2002 ) . `` Rita Hayworth , Present at the Creation '' . Morning Edition . NPR . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Robert . `` Robert Osborne on Pin - Up Girls '' . Now Playing . Turner Classic Movies ( June 2015 ) : 4 . Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth Nightgown From Her Famous World War II Publicity Photos '' . Sotheby 's . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Benamou , Catherine L. ( 2007 ) . It 's All True : Orson Welles 's Pan-American Odyssey . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 244 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24247 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Girl '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Faris , Gerald ( May 18 , 1987 ) . `` A Screen Goddess and Hollywood Rebel Loses The Battle Against Disease '' . The Age . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hallowell , John ( October 25 , 1970 ) . `` Rita Hayworth : Do n't Put the Blame on Me , Boys '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 07 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Krebs , Albin ( May 16 , 1987 ) . `` Rita Hayworth , Movie Legend , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 Orson Welles Commentaries '' . Internet Archive . June 30 , 1946 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Goddess Revisited : Rita Hayworth 's Bomb Image Found '' . CONELRAD Adjacent ( blog ) . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sargeant , Winthrop ( November 10 , 1947 ) . `` The Cult of the Love Goddess in America '' . Life . 23 ( 19 ) : 80 -- 96 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 1993 ) . The Merchant Prince of Poverty Row : Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813118413 . Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth Replaced in Play '' , AP , August 24 , 1962 . Jump up ^ `` Screen News Here and in Hollywood '' . The New York Times . March 22 , 1943 . Jump up ^ Hopper , Hedda ( October 22 , 1947 ) . `` Looking at Hollywood '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Hayworth , Studio Agree Once Again '' . The New York Times . January 9 , 1952 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth Files Suit to End Film Contract '' . Los Angeles Times . April 9 , 1955 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Nancy ( February 11 , 1972 ) . `` Rita Hayworth Still Ranks as Beauty '' . Copley News Service . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hallowell , John ( June 23 , 1968 ) . `` Rita : Hollywood Still Is Her Town But No One Knows She 's There '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Kobal , John ( 1982 ) . Rita Hayworth : The Time , the Place , and the Woman . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 05634 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Gilda '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Call for Boycott of Rita Hayworth '' . The Age ( Australian Associated Press ) . April 30 , 1951 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mason , Jerry ( January 3 , 1942 ) . `` Meet Rita Hayworth '' . Spokesman - Review . Spokane , Washington . ( This Week ) . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Chapman , John . `` Red Heads '' , Chicago Daily Tribune , May 25 , 1941 Jump up ^ `` Presenting : Ten Most Perfect Features in the World , '' AP , February 17 , 1949 . Accessed June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Louella O. `` Rita , Shy Off Set , Now Groomed for Vamp Role , '' St. Petersburg Times , May 25 , 1941. ( 1 ) Accessed June 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ellenberger , Allan R. ( May 1 , 2001 ) . Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries : A Directory . McFarland , 2001 . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 45019 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Chatter '' , People , July 15 , 1974 . Accessed June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth Tells of Threats by Ex-Mate '' , Los Angeles Times , July 3 , 1943 , pg . A16 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( September 8 , 1943 ) . `` Actor Orson Welles Weds Rita Hayworth . Couple Married In Superior Court At Santa Monica '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . Orson Welles and Rita Hayworth were married today by Superior Court Judge Orlando Rhodes. ... Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth wins divorce from Orson '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . Washington . Associated Press . November 10 , 1947 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Staff writer , `` Love 's Long Shot '' , Time October 17 , 1949 . Accessed May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth Files Divorce Action in Reno , '' Los Angeles Times , September 2 , 1951 Jump up ^ `` Prince Wants Yasmin Back '' , Associated Press , October 31 , 1953 . Accessed June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rita Says No to Million '' , Sydney Morning Herald , September 13 , 1953 . Accessed June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RITA HAYWORTH GETS DIVORCE '' . The Manchester Guardian . 27 January 1953 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Haymes Faces Arrest Over Alimony '' , Los Angeles Times , October 5 , 1956 Jump up ^ `` Haymes Hears Sour Music , '' AP , July 7 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Marriage Falls Down and So Does Rita '' , UP , August 30 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth Sends Thanks to Lampoon For ' Worst ' Prize '' . The Harvard Crimson . March 19 , 1959 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Heston , Charlton ( 1997 ) . In the Arena : An Autobiography . New York : Boulevard Books . p. 253 . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 267 - X . ^ Jump up to : Tarbox , Todd , Orson Welles and Roger Hill : A Friendship in Three Acts . Albany , Georgia : BearManor Media , 2013 , ISBN 1 - 59393 - 260 - X . Jump up ^ Lindström , Pia . `` Alzheimer 's Fight in Her Mother 's Name '' , New York Times , February 23 , 1997 . ( 2 ) Accessed June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thames , Stephanie . `` The Wrath of God , '' TCM.com . Accessed June 14 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Actress Helped from Jet '' , St. Petersburg Times , January 21 , 1976 . Jump up ^ `` Love Goddess ' Rita Hayworth is dead at 68 '' . Ocala Star = Banner . Florida . Associated Press . May 16 , 1987 . p. 1A . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Paul , `` Alzheimer 's : A Daughter 's Nightmare '' , Los Angeles Times , April 11 , 1989 ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Barron H. ( November 20 , 2006 ) . `` Rita Hayworth 's misdiagnosed struggle '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth Placed in Conservatorship '' AP , July 23 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` Orson Welles ' Last Interview ( excerpt ) '' . The Merv Griffin Show , October 10 , 1985 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jordan , David M. ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` FDR , Dewey , and the Election of 1944 '' . Indiana University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Horne , Gerald ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Class Struggle in Hollywood , 1930 - 1950 : Moguls , Mobsters , Stars , Reds , and Trade Unionists '' . University of Texas Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ http://www.emol.org/film/archives/hayworth/index.html Jump up ^ Reagan , Ronald ( May 15 , 1987 ) . `` Statement on the Death of Rita Hayworth '' . The American Presidency Project . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Rita Hayworth Mourners Told of Her Shyness and ' Gentle ' Nature '' . Los Angeles Times . May 19 , 1987 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Tibbetts , John C. ; Welsh , James M ( 2010 ) . American Classic Screen Interviews . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 9780810876743 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Recognizes the 50 Greatest American Screen Legends '' ( Press release ) . American Film Institute . June 16 , 1999 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Rita Hayworth Gala '' . Alzheimer 's Association . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Brozan , Nadine ( May 24 , 1985 ) . `` The Evening Hours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Rita Hayworth Gala '' . Alzheimer 's Association . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Rita Hayworth Luncheon in Palm Beach '' . Alzheimer 's Association . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday , Rita Hayworth '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rita Hayworth '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gitau , Rosalia ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Art Therapy for Alzheimer 's '' . The Huffington Post . Further reading ( edit ) McLean , Adrienne L ( 2004 ) . Being Rita Hayworth : Labor , Identity , and Hollywood Stardom . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3389 - 9 . Peary , Gerald ( 1976 ) . Rita Hayworth : A Pyramid Illustrated History of the Movies . ISBN 0 - 515 - 04116 - 5 . Ringgold , Gene ( 1974 ) . The Films of Rita Hayworth : The Legend and Career of a Love Goddess . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 0439 - 0 . Roberts - Frenzel , Caren ( 2001 ) . Rita Hayworth : A Photographic Retrospective . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 1434 - 4 . Moss , Budd Burton ( 2015 ) . HOLLYWOOD : Sometimes the Reality is Better Than the Dream . ISBN 978 - 1 - 943625 - 33 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Rita Hayworth ( category ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rita Hayworth Rita Hayworth at the Internet Broadway Database Rita Hayworth on IMDb Rita Hayworth at the TCM Movie Database Rita Hayworth at Find a Grave Photos of Rita Hayworth in Down to Earth by Ned Scott BNE : XX1060016 BNF : cb12152674b ( data ) GND : 118547402 ISNI : 0000 0001 2125 9394 LCCN : n82156801 MusicBrainz : eae4e657 - 1944 - 482e - b0cf - 204ab47d22d6 NARA : 10568956 NKC : xx0153445 NLA : 35335585 SELIBR : 290932 SNAC : w6wh456b SUDOC : 030026520 VIAF : 29571900 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rita_Hayworth&oldid=842669726 '' Categories : 1918 births 1987 deaths 20th Century Fox contract players 20th - century American actresses American female dancers American dancers American film actresses American film producers American people of English descent American people of Irish descent American people of Spanish descent American racehorse owners and breeders American radio actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Princesses by marriage Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City California Democrats Deaths from Alzheimer 's disease Disease - related deaths in New York ( state ) Hispanic and Latino American actresses New York ( state ) Democrats People from Brooklyn People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Qajar dynasty American Roman Catholics Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from October 2013 Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 71 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 22 : 16 . 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which places in kerala are affected by flood
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Beginning on 15 August 2018 , severe floods affected the south Indian state of Kerala , due to unusually high rainfall during the monsoon season . It was the worst flooding in Kerala in nearly a century . Over 483 people died , and 15 are missing . At least a million people were evacuated , mainly from Chengannur , Pandanad , Edanad , Aranmula , Kozhencherry , Ayiroor , Ranni , Pandalam , Kuttanad , Aluva , and Chalakudy , N. Paravur , Chendamangalam , Eloor and few places in Vypin Island . All 14 districts of the state were placed on red alert . According to the Kerala government , one - sixth of the total population of Kerala had been directly affected by the floods and related incidents . The Indian government had declared it a Level 3 Calamity , or `` calamity of a severe nature '' . It is the worst flood in Kerala after the great flood of 99 that happened in 1924 .
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2018 Kerala floods
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2018 kerala floods
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Kerala Flood 2018 Date July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 ) -- August 2018 Location Kerala , India Cause Low pressure Heavy rain Large discharge from dams Landslide Deaths 483 dead , 15 went missing Property damage ₹ 19,500 crore ( US $3 billion ) ( estimated ) Website www.keralarescue.in Death toll by date Date Death toll People in relief camps Aug 9 23 8,000 Aug 10 29 53,501 Aug 11 33 60,622 Aug 13 39 N / A Aug 15 47 N / A Aug 16 105 150,000 Aug 17 114 314,391 Aug 18 195 887,000 Aug 19 220 724,649 Aug 20 252 1,028,073 -- -- -- Aug 30 483 N / A Monsoon rainfall that affected India from August 13 to 20 , 2018 Red alert issued by India Meteorological Department ( earlier in August ) Beginning on 15 August 2018 , severe floods affected the south Indian state of Kerala , due to unusually high rainfall during the monsoon season . It was the worst flooding in Kerala in nearly a century . Over 483 people died , and 15 are missing . At least a million people were evacuated , mainly from Chengannur , Pandanad , Edanad , Aranmula , Kozhencherry , Ayiroor , Ranni , Pandalam , Kuttanad , Aluva , and Chalakudy , N. Paravur , Chendamangalam , Eloor and few places in Vypin Island . All 14 districts of the state were placed on red alert . According to the Kerala government , one - sixth of the total population of Kerala had been directly affected by the floods and related incidents . The Indian government had declared it a Level 3 Calamity , or `` calamity of a severe nature '' . It is the worst flood in Kerala after the great flood of 99 that happened in 1924 . Thirty - five out of the fifty - four dams within the state were opened for the first time in history . All five overflow gates of the Idukki Dam were opened at the same time , for the first time in 26 years . Heavy rains in Wayanad and Idukki have caused severe landslides and have left the hilly districts isolated . The situation was regularly monitored by the Prime Minister , and the National Crisis Management Committee coordinated the rescue and relief operations . Contents 1 Their causes 2 Impact 3 Rescue 3.1 Animals 4 Relief and monetary aid 4.1 Government , NGOs and NPOs 4.2 Housing Projects for Flood victims by NGOs 4.3 Corporate and Individuals 5 Response 5.1 International 6 Rainfall data 6.1 Rainfall departures 6.2 Cumulative rainfall by district 7 Immediate drought after flood 8 References 9 External links Their causes ( edit ) Kerala received heavy monsoon rainfall , which was about 256 % more than the usual rain fall in Kerala , on the mid-evening of August 8 , resulting in dams filling to capacity ; in the first 24 hours of rainfall the state received 310 mm ( 12 in ) of rain . Almost all dams had been opened since the water level had risen close to overflow level due to heavy rainfall , flooding local low - lying areas . For the first time in the state 's history , 35 of its 54 dams had been opened . The Government of Kerala argued in the Supreme Court that the sudden release of water from the Mullaperiyar Dam by the Tamil Nadu government was one of the reasons for the devastating flood in Kerala . The Tamil Nadu government rejected the argument , saying that Kerala suffered the deluge due to the discharge of excess water from 80 reservoirs across Kerala , spurred by heavy rains from within the state ; It also argued that the flood surplus from the Idukki dam is mainly due to the flows generated from its own independent catchment due to unprecedented heavy rainfall , while the discharge from Mullaperiyar dam was significantly less . Though it is difficult to attribute any single event to climate change , its possible role in causing the heavy rainfall event over Kerala can not be ruled out . Impact ( edit ) Kerala before ( Above ) and after ( Below ) the floods , released by NASA . The images are false - color , which makes flood water appear dark blue and vegetation bright green . Play media The flooded Mullassery Canal , Angamaly , Kerala , India A state official told AFP that 370 people have died , while The Economic Times has reported that 33,000 people have been rescued . The Kerala State Disaster Management Authority has placed the state in a red alert as a result of the intense flooding . A number of water treatment plants were forced to cease pumping water , resulting in poor access to clean water , especially in northern districts of the state . Over 3,274 relief camps have been opened at various locations to accommodate the flood victims . It is estimated that 1,247,496 people have found shelter in such camps . The flooding has affected hundreds of villages , destroyed an estimated 10,000 km ( 6,200 mi ) of roads and thousands of homes have been damaged or destroyed . The Government cancelled Onam celebrations , whose allocated funds have been reallocated to relief efforts . On August 12 , Cochin International Airport , India 's fourth busiest in terms of international traffic , and the busiest in the state suspended all operations until 29 August , following runway flooding . Many schools throughout the state have been closed , and tourists have been dissuaded or banned from some districts due to safety concerns . Kochi Metro was closed briefly on August 16 , and has since begun offering free service to aid those affected by the flooding . Due to heavy rain and rising water levels the southern railway has suspended train services on the Thiruvananthapuram - Kottayam - Ernakulam and Ernakulam - Shoranur - Palakkad sections . A flooded home as on 16 August 2018 ( left ) , A street flooded in Kerala ( center ) and Aerial view as seen on 16 August 2018 ( right ) Rescue ( edit ) Southern Naval Command initiates Operation Madad in Kerala on 16 August 2018 Padivattom disaster relief camp on 17 August 2018 Odisha fire personnel leaving from Bhubaneswar for rescue operations in Kerala Being instructed by the Cabinet Secretary , senior officers of Defence Services , NDRF , NDMA and secretaries of Civilian Ministries conducted meetings with Kerala Chief Secretary . Following the decisions taken during these meetings , the Centre launched massive rescue and relief operations . In one of the largest rescue operations , 40 helicopters , 31 aircraft , 182 teams for rescue , 18 medical teams of defense forces , 58 teams of NDRF and 7 companies of Central Armed Police Forces were pressed into service along with over 500 boats and necessary rescue equipments . The fishermen from across Kerala were engaged in the flood rescue missions . According to the government 's estimate , a total of 4,537 from the fishermen community participated in the rescue operation with 669 fishing boats . They managed to rescue more than 65,000 people from various districts . Pinarayi Vijayan honoured the fishermen and the Fisheries Minister J. Mercykutty Amma said that the government will provide financial aid to repair the fishing boats which were partially damaged in the rescue operations while new ones will be provided for those boats which were completely destroyed . According to estimates , seven boats were completely destroyed , while 452 were partially destroyed . Animals ( edit ) Sally Varma of Humane Society International arranged for animals to be rescued and transported to special shelters that housed affected animals . Social media has been used to highlight the rescue of multiple animals - dogs , cats , goats , cows , cattle , ducks and snakes , with animal feed and medicine transported to affected areas . A worker with the Humane Society International spoke out against the tethering and leaving of pets that occurred . `` That became a problem . So many tethered animals just drowned . These animals are natural swimmers , and it is better to keep them free so they can swim to higher ground . '' According to government records more than 8,000 cattle , calves and buffaloes , 3,297 goats , and 47 dogs have died due to the flooding . The District Collector of Malappuram , and its Chief of Police have instructed the police force to save any animal that they encounter during rescue operations . Relief and monetary aid ( edit ) Government , ngos and npos ( edit ) The Government of Kerala started a donation website for flood victims . As of 30 August 2018 , ₹ 1,206.7 crore ( US $170 million ) was collected from the public including organisations , corporate firms and famous personalities . The Prime Minister of India , Narendra Modi announced a sum of ₹ 500 crore ( US $70 million ) as interim relief for Kerala on 18 August 2018 . This is in addition to ₹ 562.45 crore ( US $78 million ) already made available in SDRF of the State and ₹ 100 crore ( US $14 million ) announced on 12 August 2018 by the Home Minister . The central government also said in its press release that this ₹ 600 crore ( US $84 million ) is only the advance assistance and that additional funds will be released by the NDRF when an inter-ministerial team visits again and assesses the damage . The central government , in one of the largest rescue operations , deployed 40 helicopters , 31 aircraft , 500 boats , 182 rescue teams and 18 medical teams of defence forces , 58 teams of NDRF and 7 companies of Central Armed Police Forces . Together they saved over 60,000 human lives . European Union announced an assistance of ₹ 1.53 crore ( US $210,000 ) in aid funding to the Indian Red Cross Society for providing relief to flood - affected people in Kerala . The Governments of Qatar , Pakistan , Maldives and Thailand extended condolences and offered humanitarian assistance and monetary aid . Mata Amritanandamayi Math donated ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) to the Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund , in addition to providing relief materials and helping in rescue operations . People 's Foundation , an NGO based in Calicut , had served with 37,000 volunteers for rescue and hygiene operations . Their volunteers had cleaned 11,139 houses and conducted 494 relief camps for flood victims . They also committed to build 500 houses which having the cost of ₹ 30 crore ( US $4.2 million ) A fundraising campaign started on Facebook by charitable organisations Knanaya Catholic Yuvajanavedhi of Chicago and Care and Share along with a person named Arun Simon Nellamattom and others raised and donated US $1.6 million to Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund . IsraAid , an Israeli NGO sent relief workers to distribute supplies and assess needs for clean water , sanitation , and psychological care . Many Members of Parliament , Members of State Legislative Assemblies and Councils , civil servants and government employees across the country have also donated their one month 's salary and / or allowances towards Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund . Chief Ministers of almost all the states and Union Territories have pledged monetary aid from their respective state funds in addition to dispatch of various relief materials such as potable water , blankets , packed food , rice , water - purifying machines , daily - use and healthcare products . Monetary contributions are listed below : State / Union Territory Amounts Refs Andhra Pradesh ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Arunachal Pradesh ₹ 3 crore ( US $420,000 ) Assam ₹ 3 crore ( US $420,000 ) Bihar ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Chhattisgarh ₹ 3 crore ( US $420,000 ) Delhi ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Goa ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) Gujarat ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Haryana ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Himachal Pradesh ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) Jharkhand ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) Karnataka ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Madhya Pradesh ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Maharashtra ₹ 20 crore ( US $2.8 million ) Manipur ₹ 2 crore ( US $280,000 ) Meghalaya ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) Mizoram ₹ 2 crore ( US $280,000 ) Nagaland ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) Odisha ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Puducherry ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) Punjab ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) Rajasthan ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Tamil Nadu ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Telangana ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.5 million ) Tripura ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) Uttar Pradesh ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.1 million ) Uttarakhand ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) West Bengal ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Total ₹ 212 crore ( US $30 million ) Housing Projects for Flood victims by NGOs ( edit ) Name of Organization Number of House Refs Act On 300 Peoples Fondation 500 Muslim Jamaath 1000 Joy Alukkas 250 Muthoot Group 200 Co operative department 1500 Total 3750 Corporate and individuals ( edit ) Google , Facebook and e-commerce websites Amazon , Flipkart , BigBasket , Airtel Payments Bank , Paytm and Google Pay have also provided an option for donation for relief efforts on their respective platforms . Major oil companies of India such as BPCL , HPCL , IOCL and others have collectively donated ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.5 million ) to the Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund , in addition to providing relief materials and helping in rescue operations . Reliance Foundation chairperson Nita Ambani has announced a donation of ₹ 21 crore ( US $2.9 million ) to the Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund , besides relief materials worth around ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.0 million ) . Adani Foundation the CSR , sustainability and community outreach arm of the Adani Group , has committed to provide ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) for immediate relief and another ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) is earmarked for rehabilitation and resettlement . Star India , its parent company 21st Century Fox and their employees have collectively donated ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) . Canara Bank , a leading nationalized public sector bank , donated ₹ 5.01 crore ( US $700,000 ) towards Kerala Chief Minister 's Disaster Relief Fund . Besides this , 10000 kg of rice packets were also donated under CSR . Bollywood actor Sushant Singh Rajput has donated ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) to the Kerala Chief Minister 's relief fund on behalf of an Instagram fan . He also sent his team for relief activity in Kerala . Vidya Balan , Siddharth Roy Kapoor , Shah Rukh Khan , Amitabh Bachchan , Abhishek Bachchan , Alia Bhatt , Siddharth Suryanarayan , Rishi Kapoor , Vidhu Vinod Chopra , Akshay Kumar , Suriya and Resul Pookutty are others from film industry to have contributed to Kerala Chief Minister 's relief fund . KP Hussain , chairman of Fathima Healthcare Group , has donated ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) to the Kerala Chief Minister 's relief fund , and another ₹ 4 crore ( US $560,000 ) for medical relief aid . Doctor , entrepreneur and philanthropist Dr. Shamsheer Vayalil will donate ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.0 million ) for the relief of flood victims by setting up a project to fight housing , education and healthcare issues . UAE - based Indian businesses have donated ₹ 18.85 crore ( US $2.6 million ) so far to Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Foundation 's relief fund . Among those to donate were Indian businessmen Yusuff Ali M.A. , chairman and managing director of LuLu Group International , and Dr. B.R. Shetty , founder and chairman of NMC Health . Bombay High Court directed Galpha Laboratories to deposit a sum of ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $210,000 ) towards the Kerala Chief Minister 's Fund after losing trademark infringement case filed by Glenmark Pharmaceuticals . The court initially said that Galpha Laboratories would have to pay the sum to Glenmark Pharmaceuticals . However , Glenmark Pharmaceuticals requested the court to direct Galpha Laboratories to deposit the sum in an NGO . Following this , the court directed that the money is to be deposited in the Kerala Chief Minister 's Fund . Indian cricket team captain , Virat Kohli , dedicated his team 's test win over England at Trent Bridge to the flood victims of Kerala . The Indian team is planning to donate match fees for Kerala flood victims . Chipsan Aviation provided 3 helicopters for rescue & Relief operations . CHD Group , a Mangalore - headquartered public health organization led by Dr. Edmond Fernandes , MD has been working tirelessly in championing the needs of tribal communities , adivasis and other backward areas in optimizing their healthcare post disaster . Response ( edit ) India 's Prime Minister Narendra Modi being received by the Governor of Kerala P. Sathasivam and the Chief Minister of Kerala , Pinarayi Vijayan , on his arrival , in Kochi , to survey the flood - affected areas , on 18 August 2018 . At a press conference on 11 August , Chief Secretary Tom Jose said , `` Things are well under control . The government is on top of the situation . '' Prime Minister Narendra Modi conducted an aerial survey and offered federal support to Kerala . Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan described the floods as `` something that has never happened before in the history of Kerala '' and placed some of the blame on neighbouring Tamil Nadu for releasing excess water from the State - operated Mullaperiyar dam , which worsened the situation . International ( edit ) The United States embassy urged its citizens to avoid traveling to the affected areas . The UAE embassy in India issues warning for its citizens regarding the flood . The embassy also said that the weather agencies in India have given warnings regarding heavy rainfall in the southern state of Kerala . The President of UAE His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan has instructed the formation of a national emergency committee to provide relief assistance to people affected by flash floods in the Indian state of Kerala . Imran Khan , the newly elected Prime minister of Pakistan expressed his grief at the loss of lives in Kerala floods , and he said his country is ready to provide any humanitarian assistance if needed . There was a controversy regarding an alleged offer of US $100 million from the Government of the UAE . Ministry of External Affairs of India clarified that they received no such offer for financial help from any country . The UAE Ambassador to India also declared that , officially , there was no announcement on donation to the State of Kerala . Rainfall data ( edit ) Rainfall departures ( edit ) Week by week departures from normal ( % ) ( date indicates the end of the week ) 50 100 150 200 250 300 6 / 6 6 / 13 6 / 20 6 / 27 7 / 4 7 / 11 7 / 18 7 / 25 8 / 1 8 / 8 8 / 15 8 / 22 8 / 29 9 / 5 Cumulative rainfall by district ( edit ) 1 June 2018 -- 22 August 2018 Percentage increase in rainfall compared to normal . ( 1 June 2018 -- 17 August 2018 ) District Rainfall ( mm ) Normal ( mm ) % increase Alappuzha 1648.1 1309.5 29 % Ernakulam 2305.9 1606.0 48 % Idukki 3211.1 1749.1 94 % Kannur 2450.9 2234.9 10 % Kasaragod 2549.94 2489.1 12 % Kollam 1427.3 985.4 56 % Kottayam 2137.6 1452.6 50 % Kozhikode 2796.4 2156.5 30 % Malappuram 2529.8 1687.3 52 % Palakkad 2135.0 1254.2 75 % Pathanamthitta 1762.7 1287.5 44 % Thiruvananthapuram 920.8 643.0 45 % Thrissur 1894.5 1738.2 16 % Wayanad 2676.8 2167.2 26 % Kerala 2226.4 1620.0 41 % Immediate drought after flood ( edit ) A few days after receiving one of the highest rainfall in a century , Kerala came under the threat of severe drought . Water level in wells , ponds and rivers have recorded lowest levels and some wells even collapsed . The water level in wells , especially in high ranges of Idukki district has come down by 20 feet in just a matter of 15 days . Chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan has directed the State council for Science , Technology & Environment to carry out studies on the phenomenon after floods across the state and suggest possible solutions to the problem . A.B. Anita , executive director , Centre for Water Resources Development Management ( CWRDM ) , an autonomous research institution under the State government , said heavy run - off of the top soil in the upland areas and the siltation in the rivers were the reasons for the falling water level . The top soil in the hills and upland areas had been removed in the flash floods to a depth of up to two metres in many places . As the top soil was shaved off , it ruined the hills ' capacity to sponge in rainwater , she said . Ms. Anita cited ecological destruction caused by deforestation , harmful land use in the upland areas and sand mining in the streams and rivers as having contributed to the top soil run - off and siltation . This was exacerbated by the impact of climate change at the macro level . Echoing her views , experts at the National Institute of Technology , Calicut , ( NIT - C ) said it was usual for the water level in the rivers and domestic wells to fall after fluvial floods . `` Normally , a river flows through the sand of its own bearing till the mouth . However , this time the discharge has been full , taking the sand and the rocks in the youth - stage along with the floods . `` So the water level in the rivers comes down . And when the river water level is reduced , the groundwater table also does not get replenished since the rivers and groundwater table are connected , '' said K. Saseendran , geologist and professor at the NIT - C . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 483 Dead , 14 Missing In Kerala Floods : Pinarayi Vijayan '' . Archived from the original on 1 September 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala floods : Insurers expect ₹ 500 crore hit from claims '' . News18 . Kochi. 13 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2018 . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` KERALA FLOODS - A TIMELINE '' . The New Indian Express . 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Floods 2018 Video '' . 28 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Baynes , Chris ( 15 August 2018 ) . `` Worst floods in nearly a century kill 44 in India 's Kerala state amid torrential monsoon rains '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 15 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 483 dead in Kerala floods and landslides , losses more than annual plan outlay : Pinarayi Vijayan '' . 30 August 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Disaster Management Authority on Twitter '' . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Babu , Gireesh ( 17 August 2018 ) . `` Monsoon havoc in Kerala : 324 lives lost since May 29 , says CM Vijayan '' . Business Standard India . Archived from the original on 17 August 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flood hit over Chengannur '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attempts to rescue people in Pandanad , continue '' . Archived from the original on 21 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kerala floods live updates : Death toll rises to 79 ; Kochi airport to remain closed till August 26 '' . Times of India . Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Death toll soars in India monsoon floods '' . BBC News . 16 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sudden water release by Tamil Nadu from Mullaperiyar a reason for deluge : Kerala to SC - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , T. ca Sharad ( 2018 - 08 - 20 ) . `` The Hindu explains : ' Calamity of a severe nature ' '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Centre declares Kerala floods ' Level - 3 ' calamity ; demand to call it ' national disaster ' either ignorance or mischief - Firstpost '' . www.firstpost.com . Archived from the original on 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water Resources '' . ECONOMIC REVIEW 2017 . State Planning Board , Kerala . Archived from the original on 29 August 2018 . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All 5 Idukki Dam gates opened for the 1st time in history as Kerala battles unending rains '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 10 August 2018 . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Landslides hit several places in Malabar ; Munnar , Wayanad isolated '' . Mathrubhumi . Archived from the original on 15 August 2018 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kerala floods : Centre to give more funds to state , says Rs 600 crore was only advance assistance '' . The Indian Express . 23 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Fawkes , Chris ( 10 August 2018 ) . `` Active monsoon brings more flooding '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 13 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Swati ( 16 August 2018 ) . `` Kerala floods : Red alert issued as death toll rises in Indian state '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India 's devastating rains match climate change forecasts '' . AFP.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2018 . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Padanna , Ashraf ( 16 August 2018 ) . `` India monsoon floods kill 73 in Kerala '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Floods LIVE : Death toll rises to 114 , rescue operations underway '' . The Economic Times . 16 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` India : Death toll in devastating Kerala floods rises to 77 '' . Al Jazeera. 16 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Surya , Jisha ( 16 August 2018 ) . `` Kerala floods : Drinking water supply hit in major places '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 17 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pradha , Bibhudatta . `` Over 8 Lakh People in Nearly 4,000 Relief Camps Across Flood - Hit Kerala '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on 20 August 2018 . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala floods kill dozens with 36,000 evacuated '' . The Guardian . 12 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala floods : Govt puts off Onam celebrations '' . Times of India . 14 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala floods LIVE updates : Death toll touches 75 , Cochin airport to remain closed till August 26 afternoon '' . The Indian Express . 16 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala floods live updates : Death toll rises to 79 ; Kochi airport to remain closed till August 26 -- The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NDRF saved 535 lives and evacuated more than 24,600 marooned people in flood - hit Kerala '' . National Disaster Response Force . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original on 30 August 2018 . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNC Terminates ' OP Madad ' '' . Press Information Bureau . Ministry of Defence . Archived from the original on 8 August 2018 . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HADR Operations by IAF in Kerala '' . Press Information Bureau . Ministry of Defence . Archived from the original on 8 August 2018 . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flood Relief Operation by Indian Army in Kerala '' . Press Information Bureau . Ministry of Defence . Archived from the original on 30 August 2018 . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Kerala Floods 2018 : Fishermen of Kerala -- Supermen without capes Updated Aug 21 , 2018 19 : 22 IST Mirror Now Digital Jump up ^ `` Kerala floods : Fishermen set a new model in rescue mission '' . Times of India . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fishermen who saved flood - hit people in Kerala have a name - Coastal Warriors '' . Times of India . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala 's ' big salute ' to fishermen who rescued flood - hit people '' . Times of India . Archived from the original on 31 August 2018 . Retrieved 29 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fishermen 's rescue efforts commended '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 30 August 2018 . Retrieved 29 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's ' biggest ' pet rescue operation in Kerala floods '' . BBC News . 23 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala floods : Animal rescue helpline flooded with calls '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 21 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund '' . Archived from the original on 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 24 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PMO India 's Official Tweet '' . 18 August 2018 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Central assistance to flood affected Kerala '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 1 September 2018 . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MoHA , India - Central assistance to flood affected Kerala '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 24 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will release more funds to Kerala after fresh assessment of damages : Center '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` EU Gives 190,000 Euros To Indian Red Cross For Kerala Flood Relief '' . Jump up ^ `` European Union to help in Kerala flood relief through Red Cross '' . Jump up ^ `` EU announces Euro 1.9 lakh to Indian Red Cross Society for Kerala flood relief '' . Indian Express . Archived from the original on 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PM of Qatar tweets for support '' . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PM of Pakistan tweets for support '' . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives to contribute towards Kerala flood relief '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mata Amritanandamayi Math donates Rs 10 crore to CM 's Relief Fund '' . The New Indian Express . 30 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2018 . Retrieved 31 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` People 's foundation serviced with 37000 volunteer & builds 500 houses , having the cost of 30Cr '' . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Flood Relief Fund from USA through Facebook Campaign '' . Jump up ^ `` Handing over check to CM '' . Jump up ^ `` IsraAID sends team to help flood victims in southern India '' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IsraAid comes to the rescue after horrific floods strike Kerala , India '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DMK MLAs and MPs will donated their salary to Kerala flood relief '' . Archived from the original on 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vice President Donates one month salary to Kerala flood relief '' . Jump up ^ `` AAP MLAs and MPs donate their one month salary to Kerala flood relief fund '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrababu Naidu , CM - AP on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Pema Khandu , CM - AR on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Assam on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Nitish Kumar , CM - BR on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Raman Singh , CM - CG on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Arvind Kejriwal , CM - DL on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Goa on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Gujarat on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` M.L. Khattar , CM - HR on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Himachal Pradesh on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Raghubar Das , CM - JH on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka gives Rs 10 crore aid , to send doctors to rain - ravaged Kerala '' . The New Indian Express . 11 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2018 . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CMO Madhya Pradhesh on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Maharashtra on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` N. Biren Singh , CM - MN on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Meghalaya set to donate Rs 1 crore for Kerala Flood Relief '' . shillongnews.in. 22 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2018 . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CMO Mizoram on Twitter , Retweeted by INCMizoram 's Verified Twitter account '' . Jump up ^ `` Ram Madhav , Spokesperson BJP on Twitter , Retweeted by CM Neiphiu Rio 's Verified Twitter account '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Odisha on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Puducherry on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Capt . Amarinder Singh , CM - PB on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Rajasthan on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` E. Palaniswami , CM - TN on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Telangana on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Biplab Kr . Deb , CM - TR on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Uttar Pradesh on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` T.S. Rawat , CM - UK on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Mamata Banerjee , CM - WB on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` പ്രളയബാധിത പ്രദേശങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ച് റിപ്പോര്ട്ട് തയ്യാറാക്കും ; ജില്ലാ കളക്ടര് '' . Information and Public Relations Department , Govt. of Kerala ( in Malayalam ) . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flood Relief Rehabilitation Project distribution '' . People 's Foundation . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaath plans 1,000 houses for flood victims '' . The Hindu . 8 September 2018 . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joyalukkas group to construct 250 houses for Kerala flood victims - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` പ്രളയത്തില് വീട് നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട 200 കുടുംബങ്ങള്ക്ക് മുത്തൂറ്റ് ഗ്രൂപ്പിന്റെ വീട് '' . News Time Network ( in Malayalam ) . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` പ്രളയത്തിൽ വീട് നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട 1500 കുടുംബങ്ങൾക്ക് സഹകരണ വകുപ്പ് വീടുവച്ച് നൽകുമെന്ന് മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി '' . Malayalam Web Dunia ( in Malayalam ) . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Report , Web . `` CMDRF -- Government of Kerala , India '' . Archived from the original on 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HPCL 's status on Twitter '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOCL 's status on Twitter '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BPCL 's status on Twitter '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reliance Foundation , Bajaj donate for Kerala floods '' . freepressjournal.in . Archived from the original on 22 August 2018 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adani Group 's announcement on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adani Foundation commits INR 50 crore to Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund '' . Adani 's Website . Archived from the original on 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star India increases donation to Rs 5 cr '' . Business Standard . Archived from the original on 21 August 2018 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star India ups its contribution to Rs 5 crores donation for the Kerala Flood Relief efforts '' . Star India 's Website . Archived from the original on 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star India 's announcement on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Canara Bank , donates Rs. 5.01 Cr towards Kerala Chief Minister 's Disaster Relief Fund '' . 24x7newsworld.com . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Floods : Sushant Singh Rajput Donates Rs 1 Crore On Behalf Of A Fan . Details Here '' . NDTV.com . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sushant Singh Rajput donates Rs 1 crore as aid for Kerala on behalf of a fan . Read details '' . Hindustan Times . 22 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sushant Singh Rajput does his bit for Kerala , contributes Rs 1 cr after fan 's Instagram request '' . The Economic Times . 21 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala floods : On behalf of a fan , MS Dhoni actor Sushant Singh Rajput donates Rs 1 crore to flood victims '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` केरल बाढ़ पीड़ितों के लिए इस एक्टर ने दिए 1 करोड़ , इस वजह से लिया फैसला '' . livehindustan.com ( in Hindi ) . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 23 August 2018 ) . `` After donating Rs. 1 crore for Kerala Flood Relief , Sushant Singh Rajput sends a team of volunteers to ground zero ! - Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CMO Kerala thanks Bollywood on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Actor Siddharth donates to Kerala CMDRF '' . Jump up ^ `` UAE - based Indian - origin tycoons pledge ₹ 12.5 crore ( US $1.7 million ) for Kerala flood victims '' . timesofindia . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Offers RS 700 Crore In Aid , NRI Billionaire To Donate Rs 50 Crore '' . Headlines Today . Archived from the original on 21 August 2018 . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UAE - based Indian businessmen donate $2.7 m for Kerala flood victims '' . arabianbusiness.com . Archived from the original on 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bombay HC orders errant firm to give Rs. 1.5 cr. to Kerala flood relief '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 31 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli dedicates test win over England to Kerala flood victims '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indian cricket team planning to give match fee to Kerala flood relief fund '' . Jump up ^ `` Heavy flooding puts Kerala in crisis '' . The Hindu . 11 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flood toll in India 's tourist hotspot Kerala jumps to 67 '' . Channel NewsAsia. 16 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Report , Web . `` Kerala floods : UAE embassy in India issues warning '' . www.khaleejtimes.com . Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UAE leaders order formation of emergency committee to provide aid to Kerala '' . 18 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2018 . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Customized Rainfall Information System ( CRIS ) '' . hydro.imd.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Customized Rainfall Information System ( CRIS ) '' ( PDF ) . Hydromet Division , India Meteorological Department , Ministry Of Earth Sciences . Jump up ^ `` After Floods Now Drought ? High - Temperature Increases Fear Of Drought In Parts Of Kerala '' . 15 September 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers , wells dry up in flood - hit Kerala , govt orders study '' . 15 September 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After massive floods , Kerala now faces the possibility of a partial drought '' . 15 September 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After devastating floods , water level in Kerala rivers fall '' . 15 September 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Kerala floods . Official Rescue and Information Website Kerala CMDRF Donation Portal Disasters in India in 2018 ( 2018 ) January 4 Mamoon Manzil fire January 13 Pawan Hans Dauphin crash January 26 Kolhapur bus accident May 2 -- 3 2018 Indian dust storms June 28 2018 UY Aviation King Air C90 crash August 2018 Kerala flood September 4 2018 Kolkata bridge collapse Incidents resulting in at least 50 deaths shown in italics Deadliest incident shown in Bold smallcaps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Kerala_floods&oldid=866453502 '' Categories : 2018 disasters in India 2018 floods August 2018 events in India Disasters in Kerala Floods in India Hidden categories : CS1 Malayalam - language sources ( ml ) CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) Articles with short description Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use Indian English from September 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2018 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 12 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20Kerala%20floods
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what was the environment like in the carboniferous period
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Carboniferous
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carboniferous
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The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period 358.9 million years ago ( Mya ) , to the beginning of the Permian Period , 298.9 Mya . The name Carboniferous means `` coal - bearing '' and derives from the Latin words carbō ( `` coal '' ) and ferō ( `` I bear , I carry '' ) , and was coined by geologists William Conybeare and William Phillips in 1822 .
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Based on a study of the British rock succession , it was the first of the modern ' system ' names to be employed , and reflects the fact that many coal beds were formed globally during that time . The Carboniferous is often treated in North America as two geological periods , the earlier Mississippian and the later Pennsylvanian . Terrestrial animal life was well established by the Carboniferous period . Amphibians were the dominant land vertebrates , of which one branch would eventually evolve into amniotes , the first solely terrestrial vertebrates . Arthropods were also very common , and many ( such as Meganeura ) were much larger than those of today . Vast swaths of forest covered the land , which would eventually be laid down and become the coal beds characteristic of the Carboniferous stratigraphy evident today . The atmospheric content of oxygen also reached their highest levels in geological history during the period , 35 % compared with 21 % today , allowing terrestrial invertebrates to evolve to great size . The later half of the period experienced glaciations , low sea level , and mountain building as the continents collided to form Pangaea . A major marine and terrestrial extinction event , the Carboniferous rainforest collapse , occurred at the end of the period , caused by climate change . Contents ( hide ) 1 Subdivisions 2 Palaeogeography 3 Climate 4 Rocks and coal 5 Life 5.1 Plants 5.2 Marine invertebrates 5.3 Freshwater and lagoonal invertebrates 5.4 Terrestrial invertebrates 5.5 Fish 5.6 Tetrapods 5.7 Fungi 6 Extinction events 6.1 Romer 's gap 6.2 Carboniferous rainforest collapse 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Subdivisions ( edit ) In the United States the Carboniferous is usually broken into Mississippian ( earlier ) and Pennsylvanian ( later ) subperiods . The Mississippian is about twice as long as the Pennsylvanian , but due to the large thickness of coal - bearing deposits with Pennsylvanian ages in Europe and North America , the two subperiods were long thought to have been more or less equal in duration . In Europe the Lower Carboniferous sub-system is known as the Dinantian , comprising the Tournaisian and Visean Series , dated at 362.5 - 332.9 Ma , and the Upper Carboniferous sub-system is known as the Silesian , comprising the Namurian , Westphalian , and Stephanian Series , dated at 332.9 - 298.9 Ma . The Silesian is roughly contemporaneous with the late Mississippian Serpukhovian plus the Pennsylvanian . In Britain the Dinantian is traditionally known as the Carboniferous Limestone , the Namurian as the Millstone Grit , and the Westphalian as the Coal Measures and Pennant Sandstone . The faunal stages from youngest to oldest , together with some of their subdivisions , are : Late Pennsylvanian : Gzhelian ( most recent ) Noginskian / Virgilian ( part ) Late Pennsylvanian : Kasimovian Klazminskian Dorogomilovksian / Virgilian ( part ) Chamovnicheskian / Cantabrian / Missourian Krevyakinskian / Cantabrian / Missourian Middle Pennsylvanian : Moscovian Myachkovskian / Bolsovian / Desmoinesian Podolskian / Desmoinesian Kashirskian / Atokan Vereiskian / Bolsovian / Atokan Early Pennsylvanian : Bashkirian / Morrowan Melekesskian / Duckmantian Cheremshanskian / Langsettian Yeadonian Marsdenian Kinderscoutian Late Mississippian : Serpukhovian Alportian Chokierian / Chesterian / Elvirian Arnsbergian / Elvirian Pendleian Middle Mississippian : Visean Brigantian / St Genevieve / Gasperian / Chesterian Asbian / Meramecian Holkerian / Salem Arundian / Warsaw / Meramecian Chadian / Keokuk / Osagean ( part ) / Osage ( part ) Early Mississippian : Tournaisian ( oldest ) Ivorian / ( part ) / Osage ( part ) Hastarian / Kinderhookian / Chouteau Palaeogeography ( edit ) A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous ; this created the widespread inland seas and the carbonate deposition of the Mississippian . There was also a drop in south polar temperatures ; southern Gondwanaland was glaciated throughout the period , though it is uncertain if the ice sheets were a holdover from the Devonian or not . These conditions apparently had little effect in the deep tropics , where lush swamps , later to become coal , flourished to within 30 degrees of the northernmost glaciers . Generalized geographic map of the United States in Middle Pennsylvanian time . Mid-Carboniferous , a drop in sea level precipitated a major marine extinction , one that hit crinoids and ammonites especially hard . This sea level drop and the associated unconformity in North America separate the Mississippian subperiod from the Pennsylvanian subperiod . This happened about 323 million years ago , at the onset of the Permo - Carboniferous Glaciation . The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain - building , as the supercontinent Pangaea came together . The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana , which collided with North America -- Europe ( Laurussia ) along the present line of eastern North America . This continental collision resulted in the Hercynian orogeny in Europe , and the Alleghenian orogeny in North America ; it also extended the newly uplifted Appalachians southwestward as the Ouachita Mountains . In the same time frame , much of present eastern Eurasian plate welded itself to Europe along the line of the Ural Mountains . Most of the Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangea was now assembled , although North China ( which would collide in the Latest Carboniferous ) , and South China continents were still separated from Laurasia . The Late Carboniferous Pangaea was shaped like an `` O . '' There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous -- Panthalassa and Paleo - Tethys , which was inside the `` O '' in the Carboniferous Pangaea . Other minor oceans were shrinking and eventually closed - Rheic Ocean ( closed by the assembly of South and North America ) , the small , shallow Ural Ocean ( which was closed by the collision of Baltica and Siberia continents , creating the Ural Mountains ) and Proto - Tethys Ocean ( closed by North China collision with Siberia / Kazakhstania ) . Climate ( edit ) Average global temperatures in the Early Carboniferous Period were high : approximately 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) . However , cooling during the Middle Carboniferous reduced average global temperatures to about 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) . Lack of growth rings of fossilized trees suggest a lack of seasons of a tropical climate . Glaciations in Gondwana , triggered by Gondwana 's southward movement , continued into the Permian and because of the lack of clear markers and breaks , the deposits of this glacial period are often referred to as Permo - Carboniferous in age . The thicker atmosphere and stronger coriolis effect due to Earth 's faster rotation ( a day lasted for 22.4 hours in early Carboniferous ) created significantly stronger winds than today . The cooling and drying of the climate led to the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse ( CRC ) during the late Carboniferous . Tropical rainforests fragmented and then were eventually devastated by climate change . Rocks and coal ( edit ) Lower Carboniferous marble in Big Cottonwood Canyon , Wasatch Mountains , Utah . Carboniferous rocks in Europe and eastern North America largely consist of a repeated sequence of limestone , sandstone , shale and coal beds . In North America , the early Carboniferous is largely marine limestone , which accounts for the division of the Carboniferous into two periods in North American schemes . The Carboniferous coal beds provided much of the fuel for power generation during the Industrial Revolution and are still of great economic importance . The large coal deposits of the Carboniferous may owe their existence primarily to two factors . The first of these is the appearance of wood tissue and bark - bearing trees . The evolution of the wood fiber lignin and the bark - sealing , waxy substance suberin variously opposed decay organisms so effectively that dead materials accumulated long enough to fossilise on a large scale . The second factor was the lower sea levels that occurred during the Carboniferous as compared to the preceding Devonian period . This promoted the development of extensive lowland swamps and forests in North America and Europe . Based on a genetic analysis of mushroom fungi , it was proposed that large quantities of wood were buried during this period because animals and decomposing bacteria had not yet evolved enzymes that could effectively digest the resistant phenolic lignin polymers and waxy suberin polymers . They suggest that fungi that could break those substances down effectively only became dominant towards the end of the period , making subsequent coal formation much rarer . The Carboniferous trees made extensive use of lignin . They had bark to wood ratios of 8 to 1 , and even as high as 20 to 1 . This compares to modern values less than 1 to 4 . This bark , which must have been used as support as well as protection , probably had 38 % to 58 % lignin . Lignin is insoluble , too large to pass through cell walls , too heterogeneous for specific enzymes , and toxic , so that few organisms other than Basidiomycetes fungi can degrade it . To oxidize it requires an atmosphere of greater than 5 % oxygen , or compounds such as peroxides . It can linger in soil for thousands of years and its toxic breakdown products inhibit decay of other substances . One possible reason for its high percentages in plants at that time was to provide protection from insects in a world containing very effective insect herbivores ( but nothing remotely as effective as modern insectivores ) and probably many fewer protective toxins produced naturally by plants than exist today . As a result , undegraded carbon built up , resulting in the extensive burial of biologically fixed carbon , leading to an increase in oxygen levels in the atmosphere ; estimates place the peak oxygen content as high as 35 % , as compared to 21 % today . This oxygen level may have increased wildfire activity . It also may have promoted gigantism of insects and amphibians -- creatures that have been constrained in size by respiratory systems that are limited in their physiological ability to transport and distribute oxygen at the lower atmospheric concentrations that have since been available . In eastern North America , marine beds are more common in the older part of the period than the later part and are almost entirely absent by the late Carboniferous . More diverse geology existed elsewhere , of course . Marine life is especially rich in crinoids and other echinoderms . Brachiopods were abundant . Trilobites became quite uncommon . On land , large and diverse plant populations existed . Land vertebrates included large amphibians . Life ( edit ) Plants ( edit ) Etching depicting some of the most significant plants of the Carboniferous . Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Coal Plants . Early Carboniferous land plants , some of which were preserved in coal balls , were very similar to those of the preceding Late Devonian , but new groups also appeared at this time . Ancient in situ lycopsid , probably Sigillaria , with attached stigmarian roots . Base of a lycopsid showing connection with bifurcating stigmarian roots . The main Early Carboniferous plants were the Equisetales ( horse - tails ) , Sphenophyllales ( scrambling plants ) , Lycopodiales ( club mosses ) , Lepidodendrales ( scale trees ) , Filicales ( ferns ) , Medullosales ( informally included in the `` seed ferns '' , an artificial assemblage of a number of early gymnosperm groups ) and the Cordaitales . These continued to dominate throughout the period , but during late Carboniferous , several other groups , Cycadophyta ( cycads ) , the Callistophytales ( another group of `` seed ferns '' ) , and the Voltziales ( related to and sometimes included under the conifers ) , appeared . The Carboniferous lycophytes of the order Lepidodendrales , which are cousins ( but not ancestors ) of the tiny club - moss of today , were huge trees with trunks 30 meters high and up to 1.5 meters in diameter . These included Lepidodendron ( with its cone called Lepidostrobus ) , Anabathra , Lepidophloios and Sigillaria . The roots of several of these forms are known as Stigmaria . Unlike present - day trees , their secondary growth took place in the cortex , which also provided stability , instead of the xylem . The Cladoxylopsids were large trees , that were ancestors of ferns , first arising in the Carboniferous . The fronds of some Carboniferous ferns are almost identical with those of living species . Probably many species were epiphytic . Fossil ferns and `` seed ferns '' include Pecopteris , Cyclopteris , Neuropteris , Alethopteris , and Sphenopteris ; Megaphyton and Caulopteris were tree ferns . The Equisetales included the common giant form Calamites , with a trunk diameter of 30 to 60 cm ( 24 in ) and a height of up to 20 m ( 66 ft ) . Sphenophyllum was a slender climbing plant with whorls of leaves , which was probably related both to the calamites and the lycopods . Cordaites , a tall plant ( 6 to over 30 meters ) with strap - like leaves , was related to the cycads and conifers ; the catkin - like reproductive organs , which bore ovules / seeds , is called Cardiocarpus . These plants were thought to live in swamps . True coniferous trees ( Walchia , of the order Voltziales ) appear later in the Carboniferous , and preferred higher drier ground . Marine invertebrates ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the oceans the most important marine invertebrate groups are the Foraminifera , corals , Bryozoa , Ostracoda , brachiopods , ammonoids , hederelloids , microconchids and echinoderms ( especially crinoids ) . For the first time foraminifera take a prominent part in the marine faunas . The large spindle - shaped genus Fusulina and its relatives were abundant in what is now Russia , China , Japan , North America ; other important genera include Valvulina , Endothyra , Archaediscus , and Saccammina ( the latter common in Britain and Belgium ) . Some Carboniferous genera are still extant . The microscopic shells of radiolarians are found in cherts of this age in the Culm of Devon and Cornwall , and in Russia , Germany and elsewhere . Sponges are known from spicules and anchor ropes , and include various forms such as the Calcispongea Cotyliscus and Girtycoelia , the demosponge Chaetetes , and the genus of unusual colonial glass sponges Titusvillia . Both reef - building and solitary corals diversify and flourish ; these include both rugose ( for example , Caninia , Corwenia , Neozaphrentis ) , heterocorals , and tabulate ( for example , Chladochonus , Michelinia ) forms . Conularids were well represented by Conularia Bryozoa are abundant in some regions ; the fenestellids including Fenestella , Polypora , and Archimedes , so named because it is in the shape of an Archimedean screw . Brachiopods are also abundant ; they include productids , some of which ( for example , Gigantoproductus ) reached very large ( for brachiopods ) size and had very thick shells , while others like Chonetes were more conservative in form . Athyridids , spiriferids , rhynchonellids , and terebratulids are also very common . Inarticulate forms include Discina and Crania . Some species and genera had a very wide distribution with only minor variations . Annelids such as Serpulites are common fossils in some horizons . Among the mollusca , the bivalves continue to increase in numbers and importance . Typical genera include Aviculopecten , Posidonomya , Nucula , Carbonicola , Edmondia , and Modiola Gastropods are also numerous , including the genera Murchisonia , Euomphalus , Naticopsis . Nautiloid cephalopods are represented by tightly coiled nautilids , with straight - shelled and curved - shelled forms becoming increasingly rare . Goniatite ammonoids are common . Trilobites are rarer than in previous periods , on a steady trend towards extinction , represented only by the proetid group . Ostracoda , a class of crustaceans , were abundant as representatives of the meiobenthos ; genera included Amphissites , Bairdia , Beyrichiopsis , Cavellina , Coryellina , Cribroconcha , Hollinella , Kirkbya , Knoxiella , and Libumella . Amongst the echinoderms , the crinoids were the most numerous . Dense submarine thickets of long - stemmed crinoids appear to have flourished in shallow seas , and their remains were consolidated into thick beds of rock . Prominent genera include Cyathocrinus , Woodocrinus , and Actinocrinus . Echinoids such as Archaeocidaris and Palaeechinus were also present . The blastoids , which included the Pentreinitidae and Codasteridae and superficially resembled crinoids in the possession of long stalks attached to the seabed , attain their maximum development at this time . Aviculopecten subcardiformis ; a bivalve from the Logan Formation ( Lower Carboniferous ) of Wooster , Ohio ( external mold ) . Bivalves ( Aviculopecten ) and brachiopods ( Syringothyris ) in the Logan Formation ( Lower Carboniferous ) in Wooster , Ohio . Syringothyris sp. ; a spiriferid brachiopod from the Logan Formation ( Lower Carboniferous ) of Wooster , Ohio ( internal mold ) . Palaeophycus ichnosp. ; a trace fossil from the Logan Formation ( Lower Carboniferous ) of Wooster , Ohio . Crinoid calyx from the Lower Carboniferous of Ohio with a conical platyceratid gastropod ( Palaeocapulus acutirostre ) attached . Conulariid from the Lower Carboniferous of Indiana . Tabulate coral ( a syringoporid ) ; Boone Limestone ( Lower Carboniferous ) near Hiwasse , Arkansas . Freshwater and lagoonal invertebrates ( edit ) Freshwater Carboniferous invertebrates include various bivalve molluscs that lived in brackish or fresh water , such as Anthraconaia , Naiadites , and Carbonicola ; diverse crustaceans such as Candona , Carbonita , Darwinula , Estheria , Acanthocaris , Dithyrocaris , and Anthrapalaemon . The upper Carboniferous giant spider - like eurypterid Megarachne grew to legspans of 50 cm ( 20 in ) . The Eurypterids were also diverse , and are represented by such genera as Anthraconectes , Megarachne ( originally misinterpreted as a giant spider , hence its name ) and the specialised very large Hibbertopterus . Many of these were amphibious . Frequently a temporary return of marine conditions resulted in marine or brackish water genera such as Lingula , Orbiculoidea , and Productus being found in the thin beds known as marine bands . Terrestrial invertebrates ( edit ) Fossil remains of air - breathing insects , myriapods and arachnids are known from the late Carboniferous , but so far not from the early Carboniferous . The first true priapulids appeared during this period . Their diversity when they do appear , however , shows that these arthropods were both well developed and numerous . Their large size can be attributed to the moistness of the environment ( mostly swampy fern forests ) and the fact that the oxygen concentration in the Earth 's atmosphere in the Carboniferous was much higher than today . This required less effort for respiration and allowed arthropods to grow larger with the up to 2.6 - meter - long ( 8.5 ft ) millipede - like Arthropleura being the largest - known land invertebrate of all time . Among the insect groups are the huge predatory Protodonata ( griffinflies ) , among which was Meganeura , a giant dragonfly - like insect and with a wingspan of ca . 75 cm ( 30 in ) -- the largest flying insect ever to roam the planet . Further groups are the Syntonopterodea ( relatives of present - day mayflies ) , the abundant and often large sap - sucking Palaeodictyopteroidea , the diverse herbivorous Protorthoptera , and numerous basal Dictyoptera ( ancestors of cockroaches ) . Many insects have been obtained from the coalfields of Saarbrücken and Commentry , and from the hollow trunks of fossil trees in Nova Scotia . Some British coalfields have yielded good specimens : Archaeoptitus , from the Derbyshire coalfield , had a spread of wing extending to more than 35 cm ( 14 in ) ; some specimens ( Brodia ) still exhibit traces of brilliant wing colors . In the Nova Scotian tree trunks land snails ( Archaeozonites , Dendropupa ) have been found . The late Carboniferous giant dragonfly - like insect Meganeura grew to wingspans of 75 cm ( 30 in ) . The gigantic Pulmonoscorpius from the early Carboniferous reached a length of up to 70 cm ( 28 in ) . Fish ( edit ) Many fish inhabited the Carboniferous seas ; predominantly Elasmobranchs ( sharks and their relatives ) . These included some , like Psammodus , with crushing pavement - like teeth adapted for grinding the shells of brachiopods , crustaceans , and other marine organisms . Other sharks had piercing teeth , such as the Symmoriida ; some , the petalodonts , had peculiar cycloid cutting teeth . Most of the sharks were marine , but the Xenacanthida invaded fresh waters of the coal swamps . Among the bony fish , the Palaeonisciformes found in coastal waters also appear to have migrated to rivers . Sarcopterygian fish were also prominent , and one group , the Rhizodonts , reached very large size . Most species of Carboniferous marine fish have been described largely from teeth , fin spines and dermal ossicles , with smaller freshwater fish preserved whole . Freshwater fish were abundant , and include the genera Ctenodus , Uronemus , Acanthodes , Cheirodus , and Gyracanthus . Sharks ( especially the Stethacanthids ) underwent a major evolutionary radiation during the Carboniferous . It is believed that this evolutionary radiation occurred because the decline of the placoderms at the end of the Devonian period caused many environmental niches to become unoccupied and allowed new organisms to evolve and fill these niches . As a result of the evolutionary radiation Carboniferous sharks assumed a wide variety of bizarre shapes including Stethacanthus which possessed a flat brush - like dorsal fin with a patch of denticles on its top . Stethacanthus 's unusual fin may have been used in mating rituals . Akmonistion of the shark order Symmoriida roamed the oceans of the early Carboniferous . Falcatus was a Carboniferous shark , with a high degree of sexual dimorphism . Tetrapods ( edit ) Carboniferous amphibians were diverse and common by the middle of the period , more so than they are today ; some were as long as 6 meters , and those fully terrestrial as adults had scaly skin . They included a number of basal tetrapod groups classified in early books under the Labyrinthodontia . These had long bodies , a head covered with bony plates and generally weak or undeveloped limbs . The largest were over 2 meters long . They were accompanied by an assemblage of smaller amphibians included under the Lepospondyli , often only about 15 cm ( 6 in ) long . Some Carboniferous amphibians were aquatic and lived in rivers ( Loxomma , Eogyrinus , Proterogyrinus ) ; others may have been semi-aquatic ( Ophiderpeton , Amphibamus , Hyloplesion ) or terrestrial ( Dendrerpeton , Tuditanus , Anthracosaurus ) . The Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse slowed the evolution of amphibians who could not survive as well in the cooler , drier conditions . Reptiles , however , prospered due to specific key adaptations . One of the greatest evolutionary innovations of the Carboniferous was the amniote egg , which allowed the laying of eggs in a dry environment , allowing for the further exploitation of the land by certain tetrapods . These included the earliest sauropsid reptiles ( Hylonomus ) , and the earliest known synapsid ( Archaeothyris ) . These small lizard - like animals quickly gave rise to many descendants , reptiles , birds , and mammals . Reptiles underwent a major evolutionary radiation in response to the drier climate that preceded the rainforest collapse . By the end of the Carboniferous period , amniotes had already diversified into a number of groups , including protorothyridids , captorhinids , araeoscelids , and several families of pelycosaurs . The amphibian - like Pederpes , the most primitive Mississippian tetrapod Hylonomus , the earliest sauropsid reptile , appeared in the Pennsylvanian . Petrolacosaurus , the first diapsid reptile known , lived during the late Carboniferous . Archaeothyris was a very early synapsid and the oldest known . Fungi ( edit ) Because plants and animals were growing in size and abundance in this time ( for example , Lepidodendron ) , land fungi diversified further . Marine fungi still occupied the oceans . All modern classes of fungi were present in the Late Carboniferous ( Pennsylvanian Epoch ) . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Extinction events ( edit ) Romer 's gap ( edit ) Main article : Romer 's gap The first 15 million years of the Carboniferous had very limited terrestrial fossils . This gap in the fossil record is called Romer 's gap after the American palaentologist Alfred Romer . While it has long been debated whether the gap is a result of fossilisation or relates to an actual event , recent work indicates the gap period saw a drop in atmospheric oxygen levels , indicating some sort of ecological collapse . The gap saw the demise of the Devonian fish - like ichthyostegalian labyrinthodonts , and the rise of the more advanced temnospondyl and reptiliomorphan amphibians that so typify the Carboniferous terrestrial vertebrate fauna . Carboniferous rainforest collapse ( edit ) Main article : Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse Before the end of the Carboniferous Period , an extinction event occurred . On land this event is referred to as the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse ( CRC ) . Vast tropical rainforests collapsed suddenly as the climate changed from hot and humid to cool and arid . This was likely caused by intense glaciation and a drop in sea levels . The new climatic conditions were not favorable to the growth of rainforest and the animals within them . Rainforests shrank into isolated islands , surrounded by seasonally dry habitats . Towering lycopsid forests with a heterogeneous mixture of vegetation were replaced by much less diverse tree - fern dominated flora . Amphibians , the dominant vertebrates at the time , fared poorly through this event with large losses in biodiversity ; reptiles continued to diversify due to key adaptations that let them survive in the drier habitat , specifically the hard - shelled egg and scales , both of which retain water better than their amphibian counterparts . See also ( edit ) Carboniferous tetrapods Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse Important Carboniferous Lagerstätten East Kirkton Quarry ; c. 350 mya ; Bathgate , Scotland Hamilton Quarry ; 320 mya ; Kansas , US Mazon Creek ; 300 mya ; Illinois , US List of fossil sites ( with link directory ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Image : Sauerstoffgehalt - 1000mj. svg Jump up ^ File : OxygenLevel - 1000ma. svg Jump up ^ Image : Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide. png Jump up ^ Image : All palaeotemps. png Jump up ^ Haq , B.U. ; Schutter , SR ( 2008 ) . `` A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea - Level Changes '' . Science . 322 ( 5898 ) : 64 -- 68 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 322 ... 64H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1161648 . PMID 18832639 . Jump up ^ Rev. W.D. Conybeare and William Phillips , Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales ... , Part I , ( London , England : William Phillips , 1822 ) . On page 323 , Conybeare titles the chapter `` Book III . Medial or Carboniferous Order . '' Jump up ^ Cossey , P.J. et al. ( 2004 ) British Lower Carboniferous Stratigraphy , Geological Conservation Review Series , no 29 , JNCC , Peterborough ( p3 ) Jump up ^ `` The Carboniferous Period '' . ^ Jump up to : Russell Garwood ; Gregory Edgecombe ( 2011 ) . `` Early terrestrial animals , evolution and uncertainty '' . Evolution , Education , and Outreach. 4 ( 3 ) : 489 -- 501 . doi : 10.1007 / s12052 - 011 - 0357 - y . ^ Jump up to : Beerling , David ( 2007 ) . The emerald planet : how plants changed Earth 's history . Oxford University press . p. 47 . ISBN 9780192806024 . ^ Jump up to : Sahney , S. ; Benton , M.J. & Falcon - Lang , H.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica '' ( PDF ) . Geology. 38 ( 12 ) : 1079 -- 1082 . Bibcode : 2010Geo ... 38.1079 S . doi : 10.1130 / G31182. 1 . Jump up ^ Menning et al. ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Stanley , S.M. ( 1999 ) . `` Earth System History '' . New York : Freeman and Company . Jump up ^ Fact or Fiction : The Days ( and Nights ) Are Getting Longer Jump up ^ Climate and the Carboniferous Period Jump up ^ Stanley ( 1999 ) , p 426 Jump up ^ Floudas , D. ; Binder , M. ; Riley , R. ; Barry , K. ; Blanchette , R.A. ; Henrissat , B. ; Martinez , A.T. ; Otillar , R. ; Spatafora , J.W. ; Yadav , J.S. ; Aerts , A. ; Benoit , I. ; Boyd , A. ; Carlson , A. ; Copeland , A. ; Coutinho , P.M. ; de Vries , R.P. ; Ferreira , P. ; Findley , K. ; Foster , B. ; Gaskell , J. ; Glotzer , D. ; Gorecki , P. ; Heitman , J. ; Hesse , C. ; Hori , C. ; Igarashi , K. ; Jurgens , J.A. ; Kallen , N. ; Kersten , P. ; Kohler , A. ; Kues , U. ; Kumar , T.K.A. ; Kuo , A. ; LaButti , K. ; Larrondo , L.F. ; Lindquist , E. ; Ling , A. ; Lombard , V. ; Lucas , S. ; Lundell , T. ; Martin , R. ; McLaughlin , D.J. ; Morgenstern , I. ; Morin , E. ; Murat , C. ; Nagy , L.G. ; Nolan , M. ; Ohm , R.A. ; Patyshakuliyeva , A. ; Rokas , A. ; Ruiz - Duenas , F.J. ; Sabat , G. ; Salamov , A. ; Samejima , M. ; Schmutz , J. ; Slot , J.C. ; St. John , F. ; Stenlid , J. ; Sun , H. ; Sun , S. ; Syed , K. ; Tsang , A. ; Wiebenga , A. ; Young , D. ; Pisabarro , A. ; Eastwood , D.C. ; Martin , F. ; Cullen , D. ; Grigoriev , I.V. ; Hibbett , D.S. ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` The Paleozoic Origin of Enzymatic Lignin Decomposition Reconstructed from 31 Fungal Genomes '' . Science . 336 ( 6089 ) : 1715 -- 1719 . Bibcode : 2012Sci ... 336.1715 F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1221748 . PMID 22745431 . Jump up ^ Biello , David ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` White Rot Fungi Slowed Coal Formation '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Waugh , Rob ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` Mushrooms may have stopped coal from forming 300 million years ago - and discovery could be key to creating new biofuels '' . Mail online . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Robinson , JM . 1990 Lignin , land plants , and fungi : Biological evolution affecting Phanerozoic oxygen balance . Geology 18 ; 607 -- 610 , on p608 . Jump up ^ http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:16907261&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20b%3ADocG%3AResult&ao= Jump up ^ Dudley , Robert ( 24 March 1998 ) . `` Atmospheric Oxygen , Giant Paleozoic Insects and the Evolution of Aerial Locomotor Performance '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 201 : 1043 -- 1050 . Jump up ^ A HISTORY OF PALAEOZOIC FORESTS - Part 2 The Carboniferous coal swamp forests Archived 2012 - 09 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2010 . Fern . Encyclopedia of Earth . National council for Science and the Environment Archived November 9 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Washington , DC ^ Jump up to : Garwood , Russell J. ; Sutton , Mark D. ( 2010 ) . `` X-ray micro-tomography of Carboniferous stem - Dictyoptera : New insights into early insects '' . Biology Letters. 6 : 699 -- 702 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2010.0199 . PMC 2936155 . PMID 20392720 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Russell Garwood ; Jason A. Dunlop ; Mark D. Sutton ( 2009 ) . `` High - fidelity X-ray micro-tomography reconstruction of siderite - hosted Carboniferous arachnids '' . Biology Letters. 5 ( 6 ) : 841 -- 844 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.0464 . PMC 2828000 . PMID 19656861 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : R. Aidan Martin . `` A Golden Age of Sharks '' . Biology of Sharks and Rays . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stanley ( 1999 ) , p 411 - 12 . Jump up ^ M. Alan Kazlev ( 1998 ) The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era : 299 to 359 million years ago Archived 2008 - 06 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , Palaeos.org , Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 23 Jump up ^ Blackwell , Meredith , Vilgalys , Rytas , James , Timothy Y. , and Taylor , John W. 2008 . Fungi . Eumycota : mushrooms , sac fungi , yeast , molds , rusts , smuts , etc ... Version 21 February 2008 . http://tolweb.org/Fungi/2377/2008.02.21 in The Tree of Life Web Project , http://tolweb.org/ Jump up ^ Ward , P. et al. ( 2006 ) : Confirmation of Romer 's Gap is a low oxygen interval constraining the timing of initial arthropod and vertebrate terrestrialization . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences no 103 ( 45 ) : pp 16818 - 16822 . Jump up ^ Heckel , P.H. ( 2008 ) . `` Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far - field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets '' . Resolving the late Paleozoic ice age in time and space : Geological Society of America Special Paper . 441 : 275 -- 289 . doi : 10.1130 / 2008.2441 ( 19 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8137 - 2441 - 6 . Sources ( edit ) Dudley , Robert ( 1998 ) . `` Atmospheric Oxygen , Giant Paleozoic Insects and the Evolution of Aerial Locomotor Performance '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 201 : 1043 -- 1050 . Menning , M. ; Alekseev , A.S. ; Chuvashov , B.I. ; Davydov , V.I. ; Devuyst , F. - X. ; Forke , H.C. ; Grunt , T.A. ; Hance , L. ; Heckel , P.H. ; Izokh , N.G. ; Jin , Y. - G. ; Jones , P.J. ; Kotlyar , G.V. ; Kozur , H.W. ; Nemyrovska , T.I. ; Schneider , J.W. ; Wang , X. - D. ; Weddige , K. ; Weyer , D. & Work , D.M. ( 2006 ) . `` Global time scale and regional stratigraphic reference scales of Central and West Europe , East Europe , Tethys , South China , and North America as used in the Devonian -- Carboniferous -- Permian Correlation Chart 2003 ( DCP 2003 ) '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 240 ( 1 - 2 ) : 318 -- 372 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2006.03. 058 . Ogg , Jim ( June 2004 ) . `` Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points ( GSSP 's ) '' . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2006 . Stanley , S.M. ( 1999 ) . Earth System History . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 2882 - 6 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Carboniferous System '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works on the topic : Paleozoic # Carboniferous Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carboniferous . `` Geologic Time Scale 2004 '' . International Commission on Stratigraphy ( ICS ) . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Examples of Carboniferous Fossils 60 + images of Carboniferous Foraminifera Geologic history of Earth Cenozoic era1 ( present -- 66.0 Mya ) Quaternary ( present -- 2.588 Mya ) Holocene ( present -- 11.784 kya ) Pleistocene ( 11.784 kya -- 2.588 Mya ) Neogene ( 2.588 -- 23.03 Mya ) Pliocene ( 2.588 -- 5.333 Mya ) Miocene ( 5.333 -- 23.03 Mya ) Paleogene ( 23.03 -- 66.0 Mya ) Oligocene ( 23.03 -- 33.9 Mya ) Eocene ( 33.9 -- 56.0 Mya ) Paleocene ( 56.0 -- 66.0 Mya ) Mesozoic era1 ( 66.0 -- 252.17 Mya ) Cretaceous ( 66.0 -- 145.0 Mya ) Late ( 66.0 -- 100.5 Mya ) Early ( 100.5 -- 145.0 Mya ) Jurassic ( 145.0 -- 201.3 Mya ) Late ( 145.0 -- 163.5 Mya ) Middle ( 163.5 -- 174.1 Mya ) Early ( 174.1 -- 201.3 Mya ) Triassic ( 201.3 -- 252.17 Mya ) Late ( 201.3 -- 237 Mya ) Middle ( 237 -- 247.2 Mya ) Early ( 247.2 -- 252.17 Mya ) Paleozoic era1 ( 252.17 -- 541.0 Mya ) Permian ( 252.17 -- 298.9 Mya ) Lopingian ( 252.17 -- 259.8 Mya ) Guadalupian ( 259.8 -- 272.3 Mya ) Cisuralian ( 272.3 -- 298.9 Mya ) Carboniferous ( 298.9 -- 358.9 Mya ) Pennsylvanian ( 298.9 -- 323.2 Mya ) Mississippian ( 323.2 -- 358.9 Mya ) Devonian ( 358.9 -- 419.2 Mya ) Late ( 358.9 -- 382.7 Mya ) Middle ( 382.7 -- 393.3 Mya ) Early ( 393.3 -- 419.2 Mya ) Silurian ( 419.2 -- 443.8 Mya ) Pridoli ( 419.2 -- 423.0 Mya ) Ludlow ( 423.0 -- 427.4 Mya ) Wenlock ( 427.4 -- 433.4 Mya ) Llandovery ( 433.4 -- 443.8 Mya ) Ordovician ( 443.8 -- 485.4 Mya ) Late ( 443.8 -- 458.4 Mya ) Middle ( 458.4 -- 470.0 Mya ) Early ( 470.0 -- 485.4 Mya ) Cambrian ( 485.4 -- 541.0 Mya ) Furongian ( 485.4 -- 497 Mya ) Series 3 ( 497 -- 509 Mya ) Series 2 ( 509 -- 521 Mya ) Terreneuvian ( 521 -- 541.0 Mya ) Proterozoic eon2 ( 541.0 Mya -- 2.5 Gya ) Neoproterozoic era ( 541.0 Mya -- 1 Gya ) Ediacaran ( 541.0 - ~ 635 Mya ) Cryogenian ( ~ 635 - ~ 720 Mya ) Tonian ( ~ 720 Mya - 1 Gya ) Mesoproterozoic era ( 1 -- 1.6 Gya ) Stenian ( 1 - 1.2 Gya ) Ectasian ( 1.2 - 1.4 Gya ) Calymmian ( 1.4 - 1.6 Gya ) Paleoproterozoic era ( 1.6 -- 2.5 Gya ) Statherian ( 1.6 - 1.8 Gya ) Orosirian ( 1.8 - 2.05 Gya ) Rhyacian ( 2.05 - 2.3 Gya ) Siderian ( 2.3 - 2.5 Gya ) Archean eon2 ( 2.5 -- 4 Gya ) Eras Neoarchean ( 2.5 -- 2.8 Gya ) Mesoarchean ( 2.8 -- 3.2 Gya ) Paleoarchean ( 3.2 -- 3.6 Gya ) Eoarchean ( 3.6 -- 4 Gya ) Hadean eon2 ( 4 -- 4.6 Gya ) kya = thousands years ago . Mya = millions years ago . Gya = billions years ago. 1 = Phanerozoic eon. 2 = Precambrian supereon . Source : ( 2015 / 01 ) . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Divisions of Geologic Time -- Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units USGS Retrieved 10 March 2013 . GND : 4126367 - 4 NDL : 00570587 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carboniferous&oldid=827080727 '' Categories : Carboniferous Paleozoic Geological periods Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Periods with timeline in infobox All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 17 : 34 . 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